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113
received: 2020-01-27                 DOI 10.19233/ASHN.2020.14
RESEARCH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DETERMINANTS 
CONTROLLING THE ACCUMULATION OF CERTAIN METALS IN THE 
LEAVES OF DYSPHANIA AMBROSIOIDES 
Ouassima RIFFI, Jamila FLIOU,, Mohammed ELHOURRI, Mostafa EL IDRISSI, Ali AMECHROUQ
Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substance, Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Science, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
e-mail: alienseignant@gmail.com
Fatimazahra BENADDI & Said CHAKIR
Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Biology, University Moulay Ismail, Faculty of Science, BP 11201, Zitoune, 
Meknes, Morocco
ABSTRACT
In this research, we are interested in the study of the leaves of the plant Dysphasia ambrosioides and its 
extracts: on the one hand, by IR spectroscopic analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), and determination of metals by 
atomic absorption spectrophotometer (SAA); and on the other, carrying out phytochemical screening of extracts 
of leaves of D. ambrosioides.
Key words: heavy metals, Dysphasia ambrosioides, pollution, alkaloids, tannins, glycosids, flavonoids
RICERCA E CARATTERIZZAZIONE DEI DETERMINANTI CHE CONTROLLANO 
L’ACCUMULO DI ALCUNI METALLI NELLE FOGLIE DI DYSPHANIA AMBROSIOIDES 
SINTESI
In questa ricerca gli autori si sono interessati allo studio delle foglie della pianta Dysphasia ambrosioides e dei 
suoi estratti: da un lato, mediante analisi spettroscopica IR, termogravimetria (TGA) e determinazione dei metalli 
mediante spettrofotometro ad assorbimento atomico (SAA); e dall’altro, effettuando lo screening fitochimico di 
estratti di foglie di D. ambrosioides.
Parole chiave: metalli pesanti, Dysphasia ambrosioides, inquinamento, alcaloidi, tannini, glicosidi, flavonoidi
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INTRODUCTION
Today, a significant percentage of the drugs author-
ized by government agencies are naturally occurring 
molecules, or compounds derived therefrom (about 
50%). As a consequence, there is a significant potential 
for discovering new molecules of therapeutic interest in 
plants. Among these plants we chose to study the Dys-
phasia ambrosioides (L) Mosyakin & Clemants. It is a wild 
species of tropical America naturalized in the Old World, 
an upright herb, annual or perennial, with a more or less 
pubescent branching stem. It is commonly employed as 
an antimicrobial, antifungal (Paul et al.,1993; Boutkhil et 
al., 2009; Boutkhil et al., 2011; Cicera et al., 2018), anti-
rheumatic, analgesic (Okuyama et al., 1993), sedative, 
antipyretic (Gadano et al., 2006), also used for the treat-
ment of respiratory, urogenital disorders, and vascular, 
nervous, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and 
high cholesterol (Cruz et al., 2007), due to its cytotoxic 
(Ruth et al., 2015), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and 
anti-Leishmanial activities (Monzotea et al., 2014; Luz et 
al., 2017; Reyes-Becerril et al., 2019).
Among pollutants generated by industrial activities, 
heavy metals (i.e., Cu, Pb, Cr, etc.) pose several concerns. 
These elements readily bio-accumulate and have a recog-
nised eco-toxicity. Moreover, they are involved in several 
pathologies (in the central nervous system, liver, kidneys; 
and can also cause cancers and embryonic malforma-
tions) (Abrahams et al., 2002).
Today, a lot of research investigates the impact 
of heavy metals on the rate of germination and plant 
growth. For example, Mihoub et al., (2005) showed that 
during the germination of pea seeds (Pisum Sativum (L.)), 
the cotyledons in stressed grains gradually accumulate 
Cd and Cu, and retain high contents of Fe, Mg, and 
Zn. Some plants have little or no tolerance and die in 
contact with heavy metals. Others have defence reac-
tions, and slow absorption by secreting acids which will 
increase the pH and consequently reduce the mobility 
of trace elements. Others are metal tolerant, and even 
accumulate them, concentrating them. These plants are 
said to be “hyper-accumulative” and metallophilic. The 
trace elements are absorbed by the roots and most often 
stay there. The translocation in the aerial parts (stems, 
leaves) varies depending on the metal and indicates an 
increase in the concentration of metals in the soil. Lead 
remains in the roots, while Cd passes more easily through 
the aerial parts. Studies have shown that certain plants, 
called metallophytes, are capable of developing normally 
on sites highly contaminated with various metals and 
some of these plants, qualified as hyper-accumulators 
(Brooks, 1998), are capable of massively storing metals 
in their aerial parts. There is also phyto-extraction, based 
on the use of hyper-accumulative plants, which absorb 
metals from the soil and accumulate them in aerial organs 
(McGrath, 1998). This method is effective for a wide 
variety of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn…). 
Phenolic compounds are a widely used class of 
secondary metabolites and are located in the vacuoles 
of plant cells, in the intercellular space as well as on the 
surface of plants. They form a large group of compounds 
which include simple phenols, such as phenolic acids, 
flavonoids (flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins) and 
polymerized phenols, such as tannins and lignins. They 
participate in defence reactions against pathogens, and 
in allelopathy protect cell structures from the unwanted 
effects of excess photochemical energy and ultraviolet 
radiation, especially UV-B rays. Phenolic compounds 
found in flowers and fruits have the property to colour 
these organs (Winkel-Shirley, 2001). 
In this research, a preliminary investigation in order 
to study the leaves of the D. ambrosioides plant by de-
termining its chemical composition was conducted by 
IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 
determination of metals by atomic absorption spectro-
photometer (SAA). A phytochemical screening for other 
compounds present in the aqueous extract was performed 
as well.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collection of samples
The leaves of Dysphasia ambrosioides were collected 
during spring, 2019, at Ain Orma park (33°53’36″N 
5°32’50″W), which is located between the cities of 
Meknes and Khemissat, in the region of Fes-Meknes 
(Morocco).
After collection, the leaves of the plant were washed 
separately, dried at room temperature in a dry and ven-
tilated space, and protected from light to avoid loss of 
active substances. After drying, the various organs were 
finely ground and powdered using an electric mill. The 
powder obtained was stored in closed jars and kept in 
absence of light.
Analytical techniques
Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the chemi-
cal functions of organic molecules. Briefly, the infrared 
radiation is an electromagnetic radiation with a wave-
length greater than that of the visible light but shorter 
than that of the microwave light. The infrared domain 
studied was between 4000 cm-1 and 400 cm-1, which 
corresponds to the vibration energy domain of the bonds. 
The apparatus used in this analysis was Fourier transform 
infrared spectroscopy (IR-TR) type JASCO 4100.   
Thermogravimetric analysis is a thermal analysis tech-
nique which consists of measuring the mass of a sample 
when it is subjected to temperature variations (or time) 
in an inert environment (Nitrogen, Argon, or Helium for 
high-temperature tests), or oxidant (dioxygen). The ther-
mogravimetric analysis device (TGA) employed was the 
Shimadzu thermal analysis type. The curves recorded for 
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temperature ranged from 0 °C to 700 °C. The heating rate 
was equal to 10 °C/min.
For mineralization and dosing, 6 g of sample were put 
in a porcelain dish and calcined at 600 ºC in a muffle fur-
nace (t=6 hours). The ash obtained was mineralized with 
75% HNO3 in a beaker and then brought to dryness until 
the mineralization discoloured (t=4 hours). The residue 
was filtered on Whatman-type filter paper. 
The determination of heavy metals was carried out 
using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (Shimadzu-
type model AA-7000). The device was controlled by 
WIZARD software. A hollow cathode lamp (Hamamatsu 
Photonics K.K.) was used as the radiation source and a 
deuterium lamp for the correction of non-specific absorp-
tions. The carrier gas used for the flame was a mixture of 
air-acetylene. The standard solutions were prepared by 
diluting the stock solutions with a concentration of 1000 
mg/L. The calibration range was prepared according to 
the element to be assayed. 
Several procedures were used to determine the dif-
ferent chemical groups contained in a plant organ. These 
are tests based on solubility tests, colouring, and precipi-
tation reactions, as well as exams under ultraviolet light. 
The quantitative study of the raw extract by means of 
spectrophotometric assays aimed at determining the total 
content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and con-
densed tannins. Three calibration curves were drawn for 
this objective and carried out for each type of assay. The 
results in gallic acid, quercetin and catechin equivalent 
are expressed in mg/g of dry matter. 
Fifty grams of the powder was added to 500 mL of 
absolute ethanol, the mixture stirred for 24 hours at 4 
°C, then let stand for a few hours. The mixture was then 
filtered through glass wool and then through sintered 
glass (funnel N° 03), the filtrate stored at 4 °C until use.
The determination of the total polyphenols was 
carried out by the Folin-Ciocalteu method described 
by Wende et al., (2007) with some modifications. This 
colorimetric method is based on the reduction of the 
phosphotungsten-phosphomolybdenum complex of Folin 
reagent by the phenolic groups of the samples, yielding 
products of blue colouring in alkaline media. Briefly, 
0.1 mL of the extract of was added to 2.5 mL of distilled 
water and 0.5 mL of Folin reagent. After 5 min, 1.0 mL 
of sodium carbonate (20%) was added to the reaction 
mixture and the whole incubated for 1 hour at room tem-
perature. The absorbance was read at 765 nm using a UV 
spectrophotometer. The results are expressed in milligram 
equivalent of gallic acid/g of dry extract with reference to 
the calibration curve of gallic acid.
The determination of flavonoids was carried out ac-
cording to the method of aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) 
(Bahorun et al., 1996); 1 mL of each extract (prepared 
in methanol) with suitable dilutions was added to 1 mL 
of the AlCl3 solution (2% in methanol). After 10 minutes 
of incubation and reaction, the absorbance was read at 
430 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. The results are 
expressed in mg equivalent of quercetin/g of dry extract 
with reference to the standard curve for quercetin. 
The dosage of condensed tannins was carried out 
for the extract according to the method of Richard et 
al., (1978) and Heimler et al., (2006). At 400 µL of each 
sample or standard (prepared in methanol and in distilled 
water for Aq. E.) with suitable dilutions, 3 mL of the vanil-
lin solution (4% in methanol) and 1.5 mL of concentrated 
HCl were added. After 15 min, the absorption was read 
at 500 nm. The concentration of tannins is deduced from 
the calibration range established with catechin and ex-
pressed in milligrams of catechin equivalent per gram of 
dry extract (mg EC/mg ES).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The water content in samples is 4.48 %, which is 
a low value. Several factors could influence the water 
and dry matter content of the plant, such as the nature 
of the fibres, the age of the plant, the condition of the 
soil, and the shelf life of the plant after harvest. The in-
frared spectroscopic analyses of the calcined samples at 
temperatures of 110 °C, 325 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C are 
illustrated in Figure 1.
The IR spectrum shows the presence of a broad and 
intense band around 3500 cm-1 attributable to the valence 
vibration band of the alcohol function ν(O-H), and another 
band which appears around 2900 cm-1 attributable to 
the valence vibration band ν(C-H). Similarly, we note the 
presence of a thin band around 1700 cm-1 relating to 
the valence vibration band of ν(C=O). All of these bands 
assume that the powder contains organic molecules hav-
ing alcohol and ketone. Fliou et al., 2019 analysed the 
 
 
FIG 1  Fig. 1: IR spectrum (KBr) of leaves of Dysphania ambrosi-
oides at different temperatures.
Sl. 1: IR spekter (KBr) listov vrste Dysphania ambrosioides 
pri različnih temperaturah.
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Daphne gnidium L. plant by infrared spectroscopy. The 
results obtained are similar to those found in this work. 
At temperatures of 110 °C and 325 °C, we notice the 
persistence of the valence vibration bands: ν(OH), ν(C-H), and 
ν(C=O) and a decrease in their intensity. At 450 °C, there 
is the disappearance of two bands relating to the vibra-
tion bands of the alcohol and ketone functions, and the 
appearance of a new band around 1480 cm-1 relating to 
the valence vibration band Ca (CaCO3). This could be ex-
plained by the beginning of the disappearance of organic 
matter. At 600 °C, we notice the disappearance of organic 
matter, and the appearance of the bands relative to other 
mineral elements such as kaolinite, smectite, calcite and 
silicon oxide (Fig. 2) (Hachi et al., 2002).
To follow the loss of sample mass during the rise of 
temperature, we used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 
and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The temperatures 
related to degradation rates were evaluated. The thermo-
gram obtained is shown in Figure 3.
The thermal degradation of the sample can be identi-
fied by the decrease in its weight. The difference in mass 
is due to the endothermic and exothermic combustion 
reactions that occur.
The transformation process is characterized by thermal 
degradation presented by 3 stages: the first corresponds 
to a mass loss of 0.747 mg or 11.87 %. This loss, which 
is observed at a temperature of 110 °C, is attributed to 
the evaporation of the water contained in the plant. The 
second step is observed at 325 °C, corresponding to the 
start of the thermal degradation of organic matter with a 
mass loss of 3.477 mg or 55.25%. Finally, the third stage, 
at 454.87 °C, records a mass loss of 1.315 mg or 20.90% 
and is related to the total destruction of organic matter 
(Tab. 1). 
The ATD diagram of the plant shows peaks indicating 
the different degradation reactions. An endothermic peak 
at 70.62 °C is attributed to the evaporation of absorbed 
water and two exothermic peaks, at 324.04 and 468.36 
°C, are attributed to the degradation of organic matter. 
Indeed, the results of the calcinations confirm those of 
differential thermal analysis (DTA) by the loss of half of 
the organic matter at a temperature of 300 °C, and that 
this loss is considerable at 600 °C. The contents of heavy 
metal are presented in Table 2.
The results revealed a high retention of Na and Ca, 
with a content of 22.117 and 37.2633 mg/kg, respective-
ly. These concentrations are below the authorized limit. 
Other elements such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Li are present at 
low contents, while Cd, Pb, K are almost non-existent. 
These results show that all the heavy metal contents are 
 
 
Fig. 2 Fig. 2: IR spectrum of powdered leaves of D. ambro-
sioides at 600 °C. (K: Kaolinite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4], MO: 
Organic matter, S: Smectite, Calcite [CaCO3]: Silicon 
oxide [SiO2]).
Sl. 2: IR spekter listov v prahu vrste D. ambrosioides 
pri 600 °C. (K: Kaolinit [Al2Si2O5(OH)4], MO: Organ-
ska snov, S: Smectit, Kalcit [CaCO3]: Silicijev dioksid 
[SiO2]).
-0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00
Time [min]
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
mg
TGA
-0.00
100.00
uV
DTA
-0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
C
Temp
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
mg/min
DrTGA
70.62C
324.04xC
468.36C
-0.747xmg
-11.870x%
Weight Loss
-3.477mg
-55.252x%
Weight Loss
-1.315xm
-20.896x%
Weight Loss
59.00C
305.46C
454.87C
ATG/ATD : CP
 
Fig. 3  
Fig. 3: ATG/ATD curve of the raw powder of the leaves of 
D. ambrosioides.
Sl. 3: ATG/ATD krivulja prahu listov vrste D. ambrosioides.
Plant Step Temperature
A loss of mass 
(%)
Powder leaves 
of 
Dysphania 
ambrosioides
1 110 °C 11.87
2 325 °C 67.12
3 600 °C 88.02
Tab. 1: Mass loss of leaves of D. ambrosioides as an 
effect of temperature.
Tab. 1: Izguba mase listov vrste D. ambrosioides pri 
različnih temperaturah.
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lower than the standards proposed by the WHO, Kabata-
Pendias, (1986) and Schroeder, (1967). This suggests that 
D. ambrosioides is not toxic with these trace elements. 
The results of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and 
condensed tannins contents in the aqueous extract are 
summarized in Table 3.
Photochemical screening revealed the richness in 
this plant of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, 
catechic tannins, flavonoids (Leucoanthocyans), sterols 
and tri-terpenes, mucilages, oses and holosides. These 
results were found by Oliveira et al. (2017), who dem-
onstrated that these secondary metabolites found in D. 
ambrosioides have positive effects in the fight against 
cattle ticks.
The results also show the absence of certain families, 
such as gallic tannins, anthracene derivatives, antho-
cyanins, flavones, flavonones, flavonols, catechols, 
saponosides, prothocyanidols and iridoids. The latter are 
considered to be powerful allelopathic agents, that is to 
say that they produce secondary metabolites which can 
alter the growth and/or the development of other systems 
(Rodrigues et al., 2009; Lôbo et al., 2008).
The concentration of total polyphenols is based on the 
regression equation (r2=0.992) of the calibration range 
established with gallic acid (Fig. 4). It is expressed in 
milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram of the dry 
extract (mg EAG/g ES). 
These results suggest that the ethanoic extract is rich 
in total phenolic compounds, with a content of 42.57 mg 
EAG/g ES. Previous works (Nowak et al., 2016) on Cheno-
podium (L.) showed that the highest levels of polyphenols 
were observed in Chenopodium album (3.36 mg/g DW), 
seeds of Chenopodium urbicum (3.87 mg / g DW) and C. 
urbicum roots (1.52 mg/g DW). According to Dini et al., 
(2010) the seeds of bitter Chenopodium quinoa contain 
Metalelement
Content 
(mg/kg)
Content 
normal in 
plants by 
OMS 
(mg/kg)
Normal 
concentration 
(mg/Kg) (Kabata-
Pendias, 1986)
Heavy metal 
content in the 
human body (mg/
kg) (according to 
Schroeder, 1967)
Iron (Fe) 1.5175 - - 60
Copper (Cu) 0.1256 150 - 1
Zinc (Zn) 1.1637 - 27 - 150 33
Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 0.3 0.05 - 0.2 -
Lead (Pb) 0.0145 10 5 - 10 -
Sodium (Na) 22.127 - - 800
Lithium (Li) 0.1154 - - -
Potassium (K) 0.008 - - -
Calcium (Ca) 37.2633 - - 19000
Tab. 2: Heavy metal content in leaves of D. ambrosio-
ides. 
Tab. 2: Vsebnost kovin v listih vrste D. ambrosioides.
Aqueous extract 
of the leaves of
D. ambrosioides
Alkaloids +
Tannins
Catechic tannins +
Gallic tannins -
Anthracenederivatives
Free anthracene -
Anthracenecombined
O-heteroside -
Heterosidegenin -
C-heteroside -
flavonoids
Anthocyanins -
Flavones -
Flavanones -
Flavonols -
Leucoanthocyanins +
Catechol -
Saponosides -
Sterols and tri-terpenes +++
Mucilage +
Oses and holosides +++
Prothocyanidols -
Iridoids -
Tab. 3: Results of phytochemical screening of the 
extract of D. ambrosioides. (-): Absence, (+): Pre-
sence.
Tab. 3: Tab. 3: Rezultati fitokemičnega pregleda 
izvlečkov vrste D. ambrosioides. (-): Odsotnost, (+): 
Prisotnost.
 
y = 0.0094x - 0.0447
R² = 0.9929
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
A
bs
or
ba
nc
e 
(%
)
Concentration of Gallic acid (µg/mL) 
Fig. 4: Gallic acid calibration curve for the determina-
tion of total phenols.
Sl. 4: Umeritvena krivulja galne kisline za določevanje 
celokupnih fenolov
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86.4 mg of AGE/10 g DW and of sweet C. quinoa 77.2 
mg of AGE/10 g DW. Chenopodium pallidicaule has a 
higher total polyphenol content of 413 mg GAE/100 g 
DW (Dasgupta et al., 2007).
The concentration of flavonoids was deduced from the 
calibration ranges established with quercetin (Fig. 5). It is 
expressed in milligrams of quercetin equivalent per gram 
of the dry extract (mg EQ/g ES). According to the calibra-
tion curve, the total content of flavonoids extracted from 
the extract of D. ambrosioides leaves with ethanol is of 
the order of 20.19 (mg EQ/g ES).
The concentration of flavonoids was determined us-
ing the spectrophotometric method in the presence of 
aluminium chloride. The results obtained showed that 
the concentration of flavonoids in the extract is 20.19 mg 
EQ/g of ES. This value is lower than the value found by 
Tanzeel et al., (2018), either a content of 57±1.41 µgQE/
mg of extract. Sajjad et al., (2016) have explained this 
variation in phenolic and flavonoid compounds in dif-
ferent parts of the plant by the polarity of the solvent and 
with antioxidant and medicinal properties. The calibra-
tion curve was constructed using catechin as a reference 
standard (Fig. 6).
According to the calibration curve, the content of con-
densed tannins in the extract of leaves of D. ambrosioides 
is of the order of 38.78 (mg EQ/g ES). The results showed 
that the content of condensed tannins in the ethanoic 
extract of the leaves of D. ambrosioides is 38.78 mg EQ/g 
ES. Upon comparison of these results with those of Ksouri 
et al. (2009) on Tamarix gallica, whose leaves recorded 
a total activity of 14.66 mg EAG/g DM, we note that the 
content of condensed tannins in the ethanoic extract of 
the leaves of D. ambrosioides can be considered to have 
strong antioxidant activity because they are very good 
scavengers for free radicals and also inhibit the formation 
of superoxide radicals.
CONCLUSIONS
Infrared spectroscopic analysis and differential ther-
mal analysis have shown that the plant D. ambrosioides 
undergoes a loss of organic matter as the temperature 
increases. The remaining mineral matter was analysed 
by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed 
that the plant contained certain metallic elements in 
small quantities, such as Na, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Li, 
while the content of Cd and Pb was almost non-existent. 
Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed a signifi-
cant presence of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and 
condensed tannins.
 
 
Fig. 5 
y = 0,0071x + 0,0215
R² = 0,9804
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
A
bs
or
ba
nc
e 
(%
)
Concentration of Quercetin (µg/ml)
Fig. 5: Quercetin calibration curve for the assay of 
flavonoids. 
Sl. 5: : Umeritvena krivulja za kvercetin za analizo 
flavonoidov.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 6 
y = 0,0005x - 0,0048
R² = 0,9812
-0,01
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0 40 80 120 160
A
bs
or
ba
nc
e 
(%
)
Concentration of Catechin (µg/mL)
Fig.  6: Catechin calibration curve for the determinati-
on of condensed tannins.
Sl. 6: Umeritvena krivulja katehina za določevanje 
kondenziranih taninov.
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RAZISKAVA O DEJAVNIKIH, KI VPLIVAJO NA KOPIČENJE NEKATERIH KOVIN V LISTIH 
VRSTE DYSPHANIA AMBROSIOIDES 
Ouassima RIFFI, Jamila FLIOU,, Mohammed ELHOURRI, Mostafa EL IDRISSI, Ali AMECHROUQ
Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substance, Moulay Ismail University, Faculty of Science, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
e-mail: alienseignant@gmail.com
Fatimazahra BENADDI & Said CHAKIR
Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Biology, University Moulay Ismail, Faculty of Science, BP 11201, Zitoune, 
Meknes, Morocco
POVZETEK
V pričujoči raziskavi so avtorji raziskovali liste rastline Dysphasia ambrosioides in njihove izvlečke z uporabo 
IR spektroskopske analize, termogravimetrije (TGA), določali kovine z atomsko absorpcijsko spektrofotometrijo 
(SAA) ter opravili fitokemični pregled izvlečkov listov vrste D. ambrosioides.
Ključne besede: težke kovine, Dysphasia ambrosioides, onesnaženje, alkaloidi, tanini, glikozidi, flavonoidi
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