Editorial
Dear readers.
We have included five articles in this issue of the Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, which can be divided into three content sets. The first set consists of articles related to implementing police activities in the local environment in Hungary and Slovenia. The second content set consists of articles created with the help of a systematic review of the literature in the field of emergent violence in primary and secondary schools and among the elderly in institutional care and at their homes. The last article is dedicated to analysing the danger of terrorist attacks with the help of drones.
Laszlo Christian and Jozsef Bacsardi in their paper present lesser-known ways of carrying out police activities in rural areas of Hungary. Municipalities in Hungary have played a significant role in maintaining rural security for centuries through the operation of field guards, formerly field police, as a local governmental law enforcement body. Laying down the legal framework for the operation of field guards in the 19th century and this framework which has hardly changed in the socialist period, still defines the security tasks of local governments to the outer areas of the municipalities. The authors examined the legal framework and practical tasks of field guards. Bojan Ticar analyses the safety powers of municipal wardens from the perspective of the applicable Slovenian law. The paper is a comprehensive review of municipal wardens' measures to ensure safety at the local level. The author conducted a review based on grammatical and dogmatic interpretation of applicable legal regulations and selected decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia and an analytical method (de lege lata) of the review of the Slovenian legislation in the field in question.
Teja Prime, Teja Lobnikar, Blazka Tratnik and Miha Dvojmoc present a comprehensive literature review on peer violence in primary and secondary schools. The systematic literature review was performed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, using the PRISMA method. The main finding is that the issue of bullying and cyberbullying is extensive and complex, yet there is still no single definition of the analysed phenomenon. Traditional bullying in primary schools reaches up to 76%, while the prevalence of cyberbullying varies below 10%. There is more cyberbullying in secondary schools (67%), while traditional bullying is as high as 97%. Male students are more often perpetrators, while female students are more often victims. Risk factors for exposure to violence include belonging to an ethnic minority and the lower economic class. Well-developed emotional intelligence is highlighted as a protective factor. In the next paper, Teja Prime, Branko Lobnikar and Kaja Prislan investigate the current state of research on elder abuse both in the institutional and domestic environment. The paper aims to shed light on areas requiring additional research and present the directions for further research. Also in this paper a systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The
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authors emphasised that elder abuse is an under-researched topic. The lack of research is particularly apparent in the incidence and nature of the problem in the home environment. Rates of psychological abuse, neglect and physical abuse are high in nursing homes and among older visitors to ambulatory care facilities and emergency departments, while self-neglect, neglect and psychological abuse are prevalent in the home environment. The studies show that women between the ages of 70 and 75, who are socially isolated and require daily care, are more exposed to abuse, and the perpetrators of the abuse are most often family members.
In a recent paper in this issue of the journal Ice Ilijevski, Zlate Dimovski and Kire Babanoski discuss the weaponisation of drones for terrorist purposes. The threat of using drones, which are evolving rapidly and becoming more efficient and powerful, is more and more attractive to use by terrorist organisations. Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are remotely controlled aircraft that can be equipped with various technical equipment, including equipment of deadly weapons for attacking targets. Because of their precision, efficiency, and economy, terrorist organisations in the last decade have been using drones to carry out terrorist attacks all over the world. The threat coming from the air is complex and sophisticated and has forced the states to undertake countermeasures and develop defensive tactics against drone strikes. The authors highlighted the threat of drones attacking critical infrastructure. So, developing protective and preventive mechanisms is more than necessary to prevent future attacks with drones.
We hope the readers will find the articles worth reading and a good source of fresh ideas for future research and hopefully new papers.
Prof. Branko Lobnikar, PhD Editor of English Issues
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Uvodnik
Spoštovani bralci in bralke.
V to številko revije Varstvoslovje smo vključili pet člankov, ki jih lahko razdelimo v tri vsebinske sklope. V prvi sklop lahko uvrstimo prispevka o izvajanju policijske dejavnosti v lokalnem okolju na Madžarskem in v Sloveniji. Drugi vsebinski sklop tvorita sistematična pregleda literature s področja razumevanja nasilja v dveh ranljivih skupinah prebivalstva: v osnovnih in srednjih šolah ter med starejšimi v institucionalnem varstvu in na domu. Zadnji članek je posvečen analizi nevarnosti terorističnih napadov s pomočjo dronov.
László Christián in József Bacsárdi v svojem prispevku predstavljata manj znane načine izvajanja policijskih dejavnosti na podeželju Madžarske. Občine na Madžarskem so že stoletja imele pomembno vlogo pri ohranjanju varnosti na podeželju. Za izvajanje teh nalog so ustanovile podeželske straže, v preteklosti imenovane tudi podeželska policija. Določitev pravnega okvira za delovanje podeželskega redarstva sega v 19. stoletje in ta okvir, ki se v socialističnem obdobju madžarske države skoraj ni spremenil, še vedno opredeljuje varnostne naloge lokalnih oblasti. V prispevku tako spoznamo pravne okvirje in praktične naloge podeželskega redarstva na Madžarskem. Bojan Tičar v svojem prispevku analizira varnostna pooblastila občinskih redarjev z vidika veljavne slovenske zakonodaje. Prispevek je izčrpen pregled pooblastil in nalog občinskih redarjev za zagotavljanje varnosti na lokalni ravni. Avtor je opravil temeljito analizo delovanja in pooblastil občinskih redarjev v Sloveniji, ki temelji na jezikovni in dogmatski razlagi veljavnih pravnih predpisov in izbranih odločb Ustavnega sodišča Republike Slovenije ter analitični metodi (de lege lata) presoje slovenske zakonodaje na obravnavanem področju.
Teja Primc, Teja Lobnikar, Blažka Tratnik in Miha Dvojmoč s pomočjo sistematičnega pregleda literature v bazah podatkov Web of Science in Scopus po metodi PRISMA razpravljajo o vrstniškem nasilju v osnovnih in srednjih šolah. Njihova glavna ugotovitev je, da je problematika nasilja in spletnega ustrahovanja obsežna in kompleksna, kljub temu pa še vedno ni enotne opredelitve analiziranega pojava. Nasilje in ustrahovanje v prostorih osnovnih šol dosega do 76 %, medtem, ko se pojavnost spletnega ustrahovanja giblje pod 10 %. Povzročitelji so pogosteje dečki, deklice pa so večkrat v vlogi žrtve. Dejavnika tveganja za izpostavljenost nasilju sta pripadnost etnični manjšini in nižjemu ekonomskemu statusu. Kot varovalni dejavnik je izpostavljena dobro razvita čustvena inteligenca. V srednjih šolah je v primerjavi z osnovnimi šolami spletnega ustrahovanja več (67 %), medtem ko tradicionalno ustrahovanje in različne oblike nasilja dosegajo kar neverjetnih 97 %. Dijaki so pogosteje povzročitelji, dijakinje pa žrtve nasilja. Bolj izpostavljeni nasilju so dijaki s slabo samopodobo, pripadniki etničnih manjšin in dijaki z nižjim ekonomskim statusom. Dejavniki tveganja za povzročitev nasilja so predhodna zgodovina nasilja, zloraba substanc, slaba družba in slabo družinsko okolje. Teja Primc, Branko Lobnikar in Kaja Prislan v prispevku raziskujejo trenutno stanje raziskav zlorabe starejših tako v institucionalnem kot v domačem okolju. Namen njihovega prispevka je ugotoviti stanje raziskanosti nasilja nad
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starejšimi v institucionalnem in domačem okolju in predstaviti ključne ugotovitve obstoječih študij. Tudi v tem prispevku so avtorji uporabili sistematični pregled literature z uporabo metode PRISMA. Ugotovili so, da je nasilje nad starejšimi premalo raziskano področje, še posebej primanjkuje raziskav o pojavnosti in naravi problematike v domačem okolju. Obstoječe študije se vsebinsko osredotočajo na posamezne oblike nasilja, povzročitelje in dejavnike tveganja. V domovih za starejše in med starejšimi obiskovalci ambulant ter urgentnih oddelkov je visoka pojavnost psihičnega nasilja, zanemarjanja in fizičnega nasilja, medtem ko v domačem okolju prevladuje samozanemarjanje, zanemarjanje in psihično nasilje. Nasilju so pogosteje izpostavljene ženske, stare med 70 in 75 let, ki so socialno izolirane in potrebujejo vsakodnevno oskrbo. Povzročitelji nasilja so najpogosteje družinski člani.
Zlate Dimovski, Ice Ilijevski in Kire Babanoski v zadnjem prispevku v tej številki revije Varstvoslovje razpravljajo o uporabi dronov za teroristične namene. Grožnja uporabe brezpilotnih letal in dronov, ki se hitro tehnično razvijajo, je vse bolj privlačna tudi za teroriste. Zaradi svoje natančnosti, učinkovitosti in ekonomičnosti je v zadnjem desetletju uporaba dronov v terorističnih napadih vedno bolj pogosta. Avtorji so posebej izpostavili grožnjo napada na kritično infrastrukturo s pomočjo dronov in opozarjajo na nujnost razvoja zaščitnih in preventivnih mehanizmov.
V uredništvu upamo, da bodo bralci našli članke, vredne branja, in da bodo le-ti dober vir svežih idej za prihodnje raziskave in upajmo tudi nove prispevke.
Prof. Branko Lobnikar
urednik angleških številk revije Varstvoslovje
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