PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST ON THE SOUTHEASTERN EDGE OF THE TRNOVSKI GOZD AND NANOS PLATEAUS (SOUTHWESTERN SLOVENIA) FITOCENOLOŠKA OZNAKA ALTIMONTANSKEGA BUKOVEGA GOZDA NA JUGOVZHODNEM ROBU TRNOVSKEGA GOZDA IN NANOSA (JUGOZAHODNA SLOVENIJA) Igor Dakskobler1 ABSTRACT Phytosociological description of altimontane beech forest on the southeastern edge of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus (southwestern Slovenia) We conducted a phytosociological study into altimon-tane beech and beech-maple stands on the peaks of the southeastern part of the Trnovski gozd plateau (Moščeniški hrib = Moščanarski hrib, Marni vrh, Križna gora, Špičasti vrh, Špik, Javornik) and the Nanos plateau (vicinity of Pleša) and compared their floristic composition with the floristic composition of similar communities that were described in Slovenia and belong to the associations Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum and Ranunculo platanifolii-Fa-getum. Based on these comparisons we classify them into the association Isopyro-Fagetum, into the new geographical variant named after the species Cardamine pentaphyllos and into two new subassociations, -scopolietosum carniolicae and -stellarietosum montanae. Montane beech forests in the sinkholes of the Kalski gozd forest (the northeastern part of the Banjšice plateau), whose floristic composition is similar to the studied forests, especially in the occurrence of spring geophytes, are classified into the new subassociation Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Isopyro-Fa-getum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, Trnovski gozd, Nanos, Banjšice, Slovenia IZVLEČEK Fitocenološka oznaka altimontanskega bukovega gozda na jugovzhodnem robu Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa (jugozahodna Slovenija) Fitocenološko smo preučili altimontanske bukove in bukovo-javorove sestoje na vrhovih v jugovzhodnem delu Trnovskega gozda (Moščeniški hrib = Moščanarski hrib, Marni vrh, Križna gora, Špičasti vrh, Špik, Javornik) in Nanosa (okolica Pleše) in njihovo floristično sestavo primerjali s floristično sestavo podobnih v Sloveniji opisanih fitocenoz iz asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum in Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum. Na podlagi teh primerjav jih uvrščamo v asociacijo Isopyro-Fagetum, v novo geografsko varianto, imenovano po vrsti Cardamine pentaphyllos in v dve novi subasociaciji -scopolietosum carniolicae in -stella-rietosum montanae. Njim po floristični sestavi, še posebej spomladanskih geofitih, podobne montanske bukove gozdove v vrtačah Kalskega gozda (severovzhodni del planote Banjšice), uvrščamo v novo subasociacijo Lamio orvalae-Fa-getum stellarietosum montanae. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Isopyro--Fagetum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, Trnovski gozd, Nanos, Banjšice, Slovenija 1 Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin and Biotechnical Faculty of the University in Ljubljana, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2, 5-59, LJUBLJANA 2014 1 INTRODUCTION While the forest vegetation of the Trnovski gozd plateau has been relatively well researched (Zupančič 1967, 1969, 1980, 1999, 2012, Puncer 1979, marinček 1996, 1998, Marinček & Čarni 2010, Marinček et al. 1993, Surina 2002, Surina & Dakskobler 2013, Dakskobler, Urbančič & A. Wraber 2000, Dakskobler 1997, 2003), the Nanos plateau, although a subject of some of the listed publications, has not been studied as much. Beech forest syntaxa described or mentioned for this area include: Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Lamio orvale-Fagetum, Omphalodo-Fagetum, Ranun-culo platanifolii-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum (Stellario glochidispermae-Fagetum) and Polysticho lon-chitis-Fagetum. Stands of all listed communities were detected and recorded also during our previous research of forest vegetation on the Trnovski gozd plateau. In recent years, Idrian botanists (R. Terpin, A. Vončina) told us about the beech stands in the belt extending from Javornik past Kanji Dol, Strmec and Mrzli Log to Križna Gora which are special for the abundance of geophytes in the herb layer (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Allium usinum, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Scopolia carniolica, Scilla bifolia, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides) in the early spring (April, early May) - see also Dakskobler, Terpin & Vončina (2010: 83). These forest stands usually grow on sunny, gentle to moderately steep, gullied and very rocky slopes or on top areas of hills, at elevations ranging between 950 m to 1250 m (rarely higher, up to 1350 m a.s.l.). The geological bedrock is limestone, dolomite limestone or dolomite, the soil is shallow, fresh, rendzi-na, brown rendzina, rarely also brown calcareous soils (Chromic Cambisols). Beech is the dominant species in the tree layer; also frequent is sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), in places also European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and wych elm (Ulmusglabra). Norvey spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba) occur only sporadically as individual specimens. We made a total of 84 releves that unequivocally characterise altimontane beech stands on calcareous bedrock and compared Figure 1: Approximate localities of the researched beech stands on tha map of Slovenia Slika 1: Približna nahajališča preučevanih bukovih sestojev na zemljevidu Slovenije these stands with similar beech and beech-maple communities described at this elevation belt from the Illyr-ian alliance Aremonio-Fagion and from the associations Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum and Stellario montanae-Fagetum. Having estimated the diagnostic species and conducted the hierarchical classification we aimed to select the most suitable syn-taxonomic designation and rank for the described stands. Due to the similarities in the herb layer they were compared also to the montane beech forest on the slightly lower high-karst plateau of Banjšice (Lamio or-valae-Fagetum stellarietosum) in order to establish the differences and similarities between them; this forest had already been studied some time ago, but we have not, until now, validly published the results. 2 METHODS Beech stands on the Banjšice, Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus (Figure 1) were studied applying the Central-European phytosociological method (Braun--Blanquet 1964). In order to obtain the best possible floristic inventory the majority of releves were made twice, in spring and in early summer. The releves were entered into the FloVegSi database (T. Seliskar, Vreš & A. Seliškar 2003). Combined cover-abundance values were transformed into ordinal values 1- 9 (van der Maarel 1979). Numerical comparisons were conducted with the software package SYN-TAX (Podani 2001). Releves were arranged into analytic tables based on hierarchical classification. We integrated the results of the (unweighted) pair group method with arithmetic mean "(Unweighted) average linkage" - UPGMA, where we applied Wishart's similarity ratio. Phytosociological groups (= groups of diagnostic species) were formed on the basis of our own criteria, but with consideration of several authors. The floristic composition of the studied beech stands was compared to the floristic composition of similar altimontane beech communities in Slovenia. In our comparison we applied the hierarchical classification and two-dimensional ordination (principal coordinates analysis, PCoA, similarity ratio) and analysis of the proportion of diagnostic species of syntaxonomical groups. The nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is Martinčič & al. (2007), Martinčič (2003, 2011) for names of mosses, Suppan, Prügger & Mayrhofer (2000) for the names of lichens and Urbančič et al. (2005) for the names of soil types. The nomenclature source for the names of syntaxa are Šilc & Čarni (2012), with the exception of the name of the class Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. 2.1 Ecological description of the study area Beech stands were recorded on sunny slopes of Moščeniški (Moščanarski) hrib (1356 m) above Pred- meja, under Marni vrh (1080 m) and under Vrh Hoje (1105 m) above Otlica (these two sites were the most remote into the interior of the plateau), under Veliki Kamen (1076 m) and Mali Kamen (1045 m) above Križna gora, under Križna gora above Col (957 m), on the hills between Mrzli Log, Zadlog and Črni Vrh (Brkovnik, Špičasti vrh - 1128 m, Špik - 1068 m), under the ridge of Javornik (1240 m) above Kanji Dol and on the southeastern rim of Nanos around Pleša (1262 m) - Figure 2. The geoological bedrock of the research area consists of Jurassic limestones and dolomites (Trnovski gozd) and of Cretaceous limestones with dolomite intercalations (Nanos) - Buser (1973, 2009), Janež et al. (1997); the predominating soil types are rendzina and brown calcareous soil (Lovrenčak 1998, Prus, in litt.). The climate is temperate continental, with mean annual temperature of 6 °C to 7 °C (Ce-gnar 1998) and mean annual precipitation of between 2000 mm and 2200 mm, which decreases considerably on the rims of the Nanos plateau (B. Zupančič 1995, 1998). The vegetation, including secondary meadows and pastures on the southern rims of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus, is still heavily influenced by the sub-Mediterraanean climate. The wind (bora) and snow are important climatic factors. As a rule, strong winds make the snow cover very uneven (high snow drifts accumulating on leeward slopes, wind-eroded areas on ridges) and the trees on peaks and ridges remain low and grouped in clusters due to the strong bora wind that blows there. The prevailing vegetation on the southern rims of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus is beech forest. In slightly lower areas between 800 m and 1000 m it is classified into the associations Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum, and at elevations exceeding 1000 m mainly into the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum. The Dinaric fir-beech forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum) is the predominating community in the interior of both plateaus. Figure 2: Localities of researched montane and altimontane beech stands in Kalski gozd, on the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus Slika 2: Nahajališča raziskovanih montanskih in altimontanskih bukovih gozdov v Kalskem gozdu, Trnovskem gozdu in na Nanosu IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Altimontane beech forest on the southeastern border of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 0,5 0,45 ■i^ 0,4 0,35 ^^ 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0H m 11 Figure 3: Dendrogram of releves of altimontane beech stands on the southeastern border of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus ((UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 3: Dendrogram popisov altimontanskih bukovih sestojev na jugovzhodnem robu Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa (UPGMA, similarity ratio) 0,6: 0,55: 0,5: 0,45: 0,4: 0,35: -iS 0,3: 0,25: 0,2: 0,15: 0,1: 0,05: 0- IFsm IFcp IFct IFscl IFsc2 IFhn IFam IFaa RpFit RpFsn SmF Figure 4: Dendrogram of stands of the associations Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum and Stellario montanae-Fagetum in Slovenia (UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 4: Dendrogram sestojev asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in Stellario montanae-Fagetum v Sloveniji (UPGMA, similarity ratio) 0,35 0,3 IFam ■ 0,25 0,2 IFaa ■ IFcp 0,15 0,1 IFhn ■ 0,05 0 -0,05 RpFit IFfe ■ IFsc2 ■ ■ IFsc1 -0,1 -0,15 RpFsn IFsm ■ IFct ■ -0,2 -0,25 -0,3 SmF ■ 1 ' -0,3 1 1 1 1 1 -0,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0,1 0 Axis 1 ' 1 ' 0,1 ' ' 1 0,2 Figure 5: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of stands of the associations Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum and Stellario montanae-Fagetum in Slovenia (PCoA, similarity ratio) Slika 5: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram sestojev asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in Stellario montanae-Fagetum v Sloveniji (PCoA, similarity ratio) Legend to Figures 4 and 5: 1 IFsm Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae, Trnovski gozd 2 IFcp Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens, Trnovski gozd 3 IFfe Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior, Nanos 4 IFct Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Cardamine trifolia, Trnovski gozd 5 IFsc1 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum, Trnovski gozd 6 IFsc2 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Campanula latifolia, Trnovski gozd 7 IFhn Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Helleborus niger, Trnovski gozd 8 IFam Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum, Košir (1979) 9 IFaa Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae, Košir (1979) 10 RpFit Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides (Marinček & Čarni 2010) 11 RpFsn Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum, Marinček & Čarni (2010) 12 SmF Stellario montanae-Fagetum, Zupančič (2012) In terms of floristic similarity the recorded beech criterion they were arranged mainly in analytical tables. The differences are mainly in the presence and medium coverage of certain species (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Allium ursinum, Corydalis solida, Scopolia carniolica, Lunaria rediviva), partly also in the geological bedrock (dolomite or limestone) and in the presence of some frigophilous species of spruce forests (see Tables 1, 2, 3 and 5). We made a synthetic table (Table 4) where we grouped our releves into seven stands formed several groups (Figure 3) and based on this groups, to which we added five columns. These five columns demonstrate the floristic composition of the syntaxa that are, according to our findings, the most similar to the stands on the southern edge of the Trnovski gozd plateau. The comparison comprised the following syntaxa: Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum (Košir 1979, Table 4), Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae (Košir 1979, Tab. 7), Ranunculo pla-tanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides (Marincek 2004, Table 1, Marincek & Čarni 2010, Table 10), Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum (Marincek & Čarni 2010, Table 7) and Stellario monta-nae-Fagetum (Zupančič 2012, Table 1, columns 1 to 16). Thus we obtained a table with 12 columns which we compared using hierarchical classification and two-dimensional ordination (Figures 4 and 5). With the exception of one group (the releves under Moščeniški hrib, which are specific both in terms of floristics and stands), the researched stands from the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus grouped separately from other compared syntaxa. The stands of the syn-taxa Stellario montanae-Fagetum and Ranunculo-Fage-tum stellarietosum nemorum, and the stands of the syntaxa Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae and Ranunculo-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides are relatively similar. The most similar to the stands from the southern edge of the Trnovski gozd plateau are the stands of the syntaxon Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum. The comparison clearly indicates a group of very similar Illyrian altimontane beech communities on calcareous bedrock and their floristic composition allows for the possibility that they could be classified into all three compared associations - Is-opyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo-Fagetum and (or) Stellario--Fagetum. We compared the presence of diagnostic species of the listed associations in the studied communities. Košir (1979) lists Isopyrum thalictroides, Co-rydalis cava, Ribes uva-crispa and Rumex arifolius as character species of the association Isopyro-Fagetum, while the differential species of this association comprise, among others, Scilla bifolia, Veratrum album, Adoxa moschatellina, Polygonatum verticillatum, Anemone ranunculoides, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Stellaria montana, Gagea lutea, Arum maculatum and Adenostyles alliariae. Most of the listed species occur also in the researched stands. Adenostyles alliariae and Chrysosplenium alternifolium are very rare. We also did not record Ribes uva-crispa and Scrophularia ver-nalis, but these two species are not frequent in Košir's releves either (frequency under 50%). In our opinion, the diagnostic value of some of the listed species is in that they characterise the altimontane belt and usually occur in all of the compared altimontane beech communities (e.g. Veratrum album and Polygonatum verticillatum). Zupančič (2012) is of the same opinion. Marincek & Čarni (2010) list the following species as diagnostic for the syntaxon Ranunculo-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemo-rum: Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus platanifo-lius, Adenostyles glabra (character and differential species of the association), Aremonia agrimonoides, Cala- mintha grandiflora (geographical differential species), Oxalis acetosella, Stellaria nemorum, Cardamine bulbi-fera, Galium odoratum, Adenostyles alliariae, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Doronicum austriacum (differential species of lower units). The diagnostic value of character species of the association is low, as they are found in most altimontane beech communities. Stellaria nemo-rum was not recorded among the differential species of lower units in the studied stands, but we did record a similar species, S. montana. It is possible that in the releves made by Marinček and published by Marincek & Čarni (ibid.) S. montana also occurs alongside S. nemorum. Marinček & Čarni (2010) list the following species as diagnostic for the syntaxon Ranun-culo-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides: Isopyrum thalictroides, Adenostyles alliariae, Leucojum vernum, Ranunculus ficaria, Crocus vernus, Corydalis cava and Veronica montana. In the studied stands, Ranunculus ficaria was not recorded among the diagnostic species and Veronica montana occurred very rarely. Zupančič (2012) selected Stellaria montana, Polystic-hum aculeatum and Cardamine pentaphyllos as character species of the association Stellario montanae-Fage-tum, and Acer pseudoplatanus, Scrophularia nodosa and Corydalis cava as the differential species. All these species occur also in the studied phytocoenoses. We find that in terms of floristic similarity these do not group together with the releves of the syntaxa Stella-rio-Fagetum and Ranunculo-Fagetum stellarietosum nemorum that originate from the same phytogeo-graphical region, but show a certain similarity with the syntaxon Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum from the pre-Dinaric phytogeographical region. This similarity is grounded in ecological characteristics. In either case this means mountain tops and frequently sunny rather than shady rocky slopes under hills, in our case on the Primorska (littoral) side of the highkarst plateaus of Trnovski gozd and Nanos. The soil is shallow, but fresh and nutrient rich, mainly rendzina. The spring aspect is characterised by numerous geo-phytes. The association Isopyro-Fagetum must be given priority also because it was described much earlier (Košir 1962) than the associations Ranunculo-Fage-tum and Stellario-Fagetum. According to our findings the stands of the association Isopyro-Fagetum therefore occur also in the northwestern part of the Dinaric phytogeographical region, in the belt of zonal altimon-tane beech forests from the association Ranunculo pla-tanifolii-Fagetum, with which they sometimes come in contact. Transitions between them are also possible, as demonstrated in releves 1 to 7 in Table 2, and they could be classified, based on floristic composition, also into the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum. In our opinion, diagnostic species of the association Iso-pyro-Fagetum comprise Isopyrum thalictroides, Cory-dalis cava, C. solida, Anemone ranunculoides, Scilla bi-folia, Gagea lutea, Allium ursinum, Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis (the studied stands are dominated by the form Galanthus nivalis forma Sortež - BavcoN 2008: 21-22), Arum maculatum and Scrophularia ver-nalis. The joint occurrence of the listed species along with the presence of certain diagnostic species of alti-montane beech forests (Ranunculus platanifolius, Polygonatum verticillatum, Veratrum album s. lat.) indicates special site conditions (sufficient moisture and warmth) on the hills on the Primorska (littoral) side of the Dinaric high-karst plateaus and on top areas of hills in the pre-Dinaric region. Floristically, the joint occurrence of the listed geophytes quite clearly differentiates these stands from similar phytocoenoses from the associations Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum and Stellario montanae-Fagetum. On the Trnovski gozd plateau, the beech-maple community from the association Stellario montanae-Fagetum is distributed in the interior of the plateau, in a colder and moister local climate, which is demonstrated also in its composition by groups of diagnostic species, with a relatively large proportion of species of spruce forests (Vaccinio-Picee-tea) and tall herbs (Mulgedio-Aconitetea) - column 9 in Table 5. In terms of phytogeography, the studied stands from the Trnovski gozd plateau are classified into the new, northwestern-Dinaric geographical variant Iso-pyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos. Its differential species are Cardamine pentaphyllos, Scopo-lia carniolica, Rhamnus fallax and Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum, but Lunaria rediviva and Campanula latifolia also have a certain diagnostic value. Its stands are characterised by a relatively frequent occurrence of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in the tree layer. We propose that the pre-Dinaric variant be named after Cardamine kitaibelii: Isopyro-Fgaetum var. geogr. Cardamine kitaibelii. Its differential species are Carda-mine kitaibelii (Cardamine polyphylla) and Cardamine waldsteinii (= C. savensis). For the pre-Alpine form (Is-opyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae, Menina planina) we propose it be named after spruce (Picea abies): Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Picea abies. The occurrence of spruce on the mountain pasture Menina planina is largely connected with past management (when it was deliberately introduced and promoted) and the spruce in the stands of the association Isopyro-Fagetum probably occurs mainly subspontaneously there (Zupančič, in litt.); however, its natural occurrence in the foothills of the Savinja Alps cannot be excluded. 3.1.1 Lower syntaxonomical units of the geographical variant Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Cardamine pen-taphyllos The most characteristic stands of the association Iso-pyro-Fagetum on the Trnovski gozd plateau are classified into the subassociation Isopyro-Fagetum scopolie-tosum carniolicae subass. nov. hoc loco. Its nomenclat-ural type, holotypus, is releve No. 12 in Table 1 and its differential species are Scopolia carniolica, Lunaria re-diviva and Campanula latifolia. We distinguish two variants, var. typica (releves 1 to 24 in Table 1) and a slightly more "aceretal" variant var. Campanula latifolia (releves 25 to 39 in Table 1), which is characterised by a higher frequency and abundance of Lunaria redi-viva, Campanula latifolia and Polystichum braunii as compared to the typical variant. Releves Nos. 1 to 7 in Table 2 are a transitional form towards the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum and are temporarily classified into the frigophilous variant Isopyro-Fage-tum scopolietosum var. Cardamine trifolia. Releves 8 to 19 in Table 2 are a dolomitophilous form classified into the syntaxon Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Hel-leborus niger and their differential species include Cyclamen purpurascens and Cirsium erisithales. Rel-eves 20 to 28 in Table 2 are temporarily treated as the variant Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior whose relative diagnostic species are Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and Allium ursinum. Most of the rel-eves of this beech-maple forest were made on the Nanos plateau, in the vicinity of Pleša, but certain diagnostic species of the association Isopyro-Fagetum (e.g. Isopyrum thalictroides, Arum maculatum and Scilla bifolia) and some of the diagnostic species of the geographical variant Cardamine pentaphyllos (Carda-mine pentaphyllos and Scopolia carniolica) were no longer found there. These releves are generally still more similar to other stands of the association Isopyro--Fagetum than to the stands of other compared syn-taxa - this is indicated also by their grouping with certain releves of the syntaxon Isopyro-Fagetum scopolie-tosum (columns 29 to 31 in Table 2). Also atypical are releves in columns 32 to 36 in Table 2, where tall herb species from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea are slightly more poorly represented (possibly because these rel-eves were not repeated in the summer). For the time being they are classified into the syntaxon Isopyro-Fa-getum var. Cyclamen purpurascens. Beech-maple stands in Table 3 that were made under Moščeniški (Mošančarski) hrib hill above Predmeja grouped completely separately from all other compared phytocoe-noses. These forest stands were largely cleared in the past or were affected by natural hazards, which is re- fleeted in the predominance of pole stands. Despite the absence of some of the diagnostic species it is our opinion that they also should be classified into the association Isopyro-Fagetum rather than into the association Stellario-Fagetum with which they share certain similarities. We classify them into the subassociation Iso-pyro-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae subass. nova hoc loco (the nomenclatural type, holotypus, is releve No. 7 in Table 3). Stellaria montana and Urtica dioica are the differential species of the subassociation and indicate nitrophilous, moist and relatively warm sites on sunny aspects where snow melts faster, similar to some geophytes - Corydalis cava, C. solida, Arum ma-culatum, Gagea lutea, Galanthus nivalis forma Sortež, the latter in Slovenia only rarely occurs at such high elevations, at 1350 m a.s.l., and Campanula latifolia. In addition to the typical variant (var. typica) we also distinguish the variant with Campanula latifolia (releves Nos. 7 to 9 in Table 3), which characterises more nitro-philous sites on the top area of the hill. Its differential species are also Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat. and Doro-nicum austriacum. 3.2 Comparison of the altimontane beech forest on the southeastern border of the Trnovski gozd plateau with the montane beech forest in Kalski gozd on the Banjšice plateau The montane beech forest in Kalski gozd in the northeastern part of the Banjšice plateau was phytosocio-logically studied years ago, but our findings were only noted in a detailed report (Dakskobler 1986) in which we described two syntaxa, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stel-larietosum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum luzuletosum luzuloidis. The releve material for the subassociation -stellarietosum montanae was later supplemented and published in a synthetic form (Dakskobler, Seliskar & Vres 1999, Table 3, column 1). In this paper, we publish it also in the analytical form (Table 6). Basic ecological characteristics of the region where these stands were recorded are the following. The elevation of the releves is between 800 m and 970 m a.s.l. (Figure 2). The highest peaks of the Banjšice plateau are Lašček and Veliki vrh, both 1071 m a.s.l., so the stands here occur at lower elevations than the compared stands from the Trnovski gozd plateau. The geological bedrock is Jurassic, in places also Cretaceous limestone (Buser 2009). The climate is moist and montane with the mean average precipitation of around 2200 mm (B. Zupančič 1995, 1998) and the mean annual temperature of 7 °C to 8 °C (Cegnar 1998). The predominating vegetation is beech forest, classified into the associa- tions Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum (Dakskobler 1997) and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. Stands of the subassocia-tion Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae were found mainly on the rims and at the bottom of karstic sinkholes, on rocky sites. We excavated soil profiles on two spots and had them analysed by the Centre for Pedology and Plant Protection of the Department of Agronomy at the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana; the soil was described by Prus (in litt.). He determined lessived, medium deep brown calcareous soil at the bottom of the sinkhole, and brown rendzina, mull, colluvial-deluvial on the slope of the sinkhole. Ecological conditions are therefore comparable with those on the southern slopes of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus. The difference is that the predominating bedrock on the Banjšice plateau is exclusively limestone, whereas in the researched parts of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus limestone is often mixed with dolomite. Another difference is in the stand composition and structure. Kalski gozd is dominated by more or less pure beech stands, mainly of coppice origin. Sycamore maple (Acerpseudoplatanus) is very rare in the tree layer, but frequent in the herb layer. Its low frequency in the tree layer is probably the result of past management. The stand structure on the Trnovski gozd plateau is considerably better, with a higher proportion of seed source trees and more sycamore maple, European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra) trees in the tree layer. The composition of the herb layer in compared phytocoenoses is very similar. It is characterised above all by spring geo-phytes. The geophytes that cover the largest areas in Kalski gozd are Cardamine enneaphyllos, Corydalis cava, Anemone ranunculoides, A. nemorosa, in places also Cardamine pentaphyllos, Corydalis solida, Gagea lutea; Isopyrum thalictroides and Crocus napolitanus (C. vernus subsp. vernus) are rare and Galanthus nivalis very rare. The frequent occurrence of Arum macula-tum and Scrophularia vernalis indicates nutrient-rich soil. Scilla bifolia, Leucojum vernum, Allium ursinum, Scopolia carniolica and Campanula latifolia were not recorded anywhere within the studied stands in Kalski gozd and Lunaria rediviva is also very rare. The summer aspect is recognised by high medium coverage of Stellaria montana, Lamium orvala, Cardamine bulbife-ra, Galium odoratum, Senecio ovatus, Urtica dioica, Circaea lutetiana, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum aculeatum and Athyrium filix-femina. Indicators of ni-trophilous and fresh sites, Cardamine flexuosa and Veronica montana, in places also Circaea intermedia, occur quite frequently. There are comparatively a lot more species of forest clearings and ruderal sites in these stands, which is the result of management (thin- ning). The most common among them are Galeopsis speciosa, G. pubescens and Rubus hirtus. Some acido-philous species, such as Luzula luzuloides, which is the most frequent, and individual specimens of other aci-dophilous species, e.g. Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Dryopteris expansa and D. carthusiana, indicate les-sived soils and their acid reaction. As the sites are moist and rocky, the rocks are covered by a rich moss layer and several ferns, including Cystopteris fragilis. Compared to the stands on the Trnovski gozd plateau the stands in Kalski gozd comprise fewer diagnostic species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion (Vicia oroboi-des, Hacquetia epipactis, Omphalodes verna, Cala-mintha grandiflora, Helleborus niger and Euphorbia carniolica, for example, were not recorded); on the other hand, Helleborus odorus, which together with some more thermophilous species (e.g. Sesleria autu-mnalis) indicates a slightly warmer climate and the vicinity of the stands of the association Seslerio autu-mnalis-Fagetum, occurs frequently. Much less frequent in the montane beech stands in Kalski gozd are character species of tall herb communities from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea and some other diagnostic species of the altimontane belt (see also column 13 in Table 5). Veratrum album and Saxifraga rotundifolia were recorded only a few times in the stands of the subassociation Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum, while Ranunculus platanifolius and Polygonatum verti-cillatum were not recorded at all. The same applies to Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat., Thalictrum aquilegiifoli-um and Doronicum austriacum, and to the shrubs Lo-nicera alpigena and L. nigra. Despite these differences the floristic similarity of the stands of the subassocia-tion Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum with the stands of the subassociation Isopyro-Fagetum scopolie-tosum according to S0rensen (1948) is about 64 %, which allows for the classification of the compared phytocoenoses into the same community at the rank of association. In order to confirm or reject this supposition we used hierarchical classification and two-dimensional ordination to compare the stands of the syntaxon Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum with some other forms of the association Isopyro-Fagetum on the Trnovski gozd plateau and with the classic form of this association (Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Carda-mine kitaibelii) from the pre-Dinaric region of Slovenia (Košir 1979). This comparison (Figures 6 and 7) demonstrates that beech stands from the sinkholes of Kal-ski gozd do not group together with the syntaxa from the association Isopyro-Fagetum. With some of their characteristics, e.g. nitrophilous sites, they slightly resemble the stands of the syntaxon Isopyro-Fagetum Figure 6: Dendrogram of some subunits of the associations Isopyro-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 6: Dendrogram nekaterih oblik asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (UPGMA, similarity ratio) 0,25- LoFsm ■ 0,20,15- IFam ■ IFsm ■ 0,1- 0,05- -0,05 ^ -0,1: -0,15^ -0,2^ n oc - IFsc ■ IFhn IFfe " ■ -0,25 ^ -0,4 -0,35 -0 ,3 -0,25 -0,2 -0,15 -0,1 -0,05 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 Axis 1 Figure 7: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of some subunits of the associations Isopyro-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (PCoA, similarity ratio) Slika 7: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram nekaterih oblik asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (PCoA, similarity ratio) Legend to Figures 6 and 7: LoFsm Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae, Kalski gozd IFsc Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum, Trnovski gozd IFhn Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Helleborus niger, Trnovski gozd IFfe Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior, Nanos IFsm Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae, Trnovski gozd IFam Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum, Košir (1979) stellarietosum from Moščeniški hrib above Predmeja, but their floristic composition as a whole is very different. Based on these comparisons they cannot yet be classified into the association Isopyro-Fagetum and we therefore stick to our existing classification into the syntaxon Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum mon-tanae, which we validly describe in this article. Its no- menclatural type, holotypus, is releve No. 5 in Table 6. The differential species of the subassociation are Stellaria montana, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides, Veronica montana and Scrop-hularia vernalis. Geographical differential species are Cardamine pentaphyllos, Sesleria autumnalis and Anemone trifolia. 4 CONCLUSIONS Beech and beech-maple forests of the altimontane belt on the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus have so far been classified into the associations Ranunculo plata-nifolii-Fagetum and Stellario montanae-Fagetum. These two associations could also comprise altimon-tane beech stands in the southeastern part of the Trnovski gozd plateau, in the belt from Javornik past Kanji Dol, Strmec and Mrzli Log to Križna Gora, which are characterised by abundant geophytes in the herb layer (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Alli-um usinum, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Scopolia carnioli-ca, Scilla bifolia, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides). Their site characteristics (rocky top areas of hills and their sunny slopes) and occurrence of most of the diagnostic species also allow for their classification into the association Isopyro-Fagetum that has so far been known on similar sites in the pre-Dinaric and pre-Al-pine phytogeographical regions. Such classification is corroborated also by the comparison with numerical methods. We described a new geographical variant Is-opyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos and new subassociations, Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum and -stellarietosum montanae. The species that differentiate the new geographical variant and subassocia-tion -scopolietosum are Cardamine pentaphyllos, Scopo-lia craniolica, Lunaria rediviva, Rhamnus fallax, Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum and Campanula latifo-lia, while the endemic taxon Scopolia carniolica f. hla-dnikiana is its special feature. The latter was found in a small hollow on a sunny dolomite slope under Špičasti vrh (0050/3) at the elevation of 1100 m and not, as we had mistakenly published (Dakskobler 2013: 42), at the altitude of 1000 m. Floristically very similar montane beech forests in sinkholes of Kalski gozd in the eastern part of the Banjšice plateau are classified, based on numerical comparisons and established ecological differences, into the new subassociation Lamio orva-lae-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae. The conspectus of the newly described syntaxa is as follows: Class: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 Order: Fagetalia sylvaticae Walas 1933 Alliance: Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1938) Borhidi in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 Association: Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 -scopolietosum carniolicae subss. nov. var. typica var. Campanula latifolia var. Cardamine trifolia var. Helleborus niger -stellarietosum montanae subass. nov. var. typica var. Campanula latifolia Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior prov. Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens prov. Association: Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (Ht. 1938) Borhidi 1963 -stellarietosum montanae subass. nov. Division of the described stands in terms of phytogeo-graphy is as follows: Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Cardamine ki-taibelii Košir (=Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. Arum maculatum Košir 1979), pre-Dinaric region Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Picea abies Košir (=Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. Ade-nostyles alliariae Košir 1979), pre-Alpine region Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos var. geogr. nova, the northern part of the Dinaric region Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (Ht. 1938) Borhidi 1963 var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos Marinček 1995 (the pre-Alpine and northwestern Dinaric regions) The studied beech forests are mainly managed forests whose growth potential is generally low due to the extreme sites (rockiness, shallow soil, exposure to the bora wind), but which still have a pronounced protective function. Montane beech forests in Kalski gozd, where growth conditions in sinkholes are very good, are an exception. The protective function is the most important in the stands on ridges and any clear-felling here would lead to severe degradation. In addition, the studied forests are a site of some protected species and (or) species of conservation concern (Anon. 2002, 2004). The taxa Helleborus niger, H. odorus, Cyclamen purpurascens, Convallaria majalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Listera ovata, Lilium martagon, L. bulbiferum, Iris graminea, Neottia nidus-avis, Sedum maximum and Platanthera bifolia are protected, but generally not threatened. The Red List includes two rare endemic taxa, Ranunculus wraberi and Scopolia carnio-lica f. hladnikiana, as well as Veratrum nigrum. 5 POVZETEK 5.1 Uvod Gozdna vegetacija Trnovskega gozda je razmeroma dobro raziskana (Zupančič 1967, 1969, 1980, 1999, 2012, Puncer 1979, Marinček 1996, 1998, Marinček & Čarni 2010, Marinček et al. 1993, Surina 2002, Surina & Dakskobler 2013, Dakskobler, Urbančič & A. Wraber 2000, Dakskobler 1997, 2003), malo manj to velja za Nanos, čeprav se nekatere prej naštete objave nanašajo tudi nanj. S tega območja so opisani ali vsaj omenjeni naslednji sintaksoni bukovih gozdov: Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Lamio orvale-Fagetum, Omphalodo-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum (Stellario glochidisper-mae-Fagetum) in Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum. Sestoje vseh naštetih združb smo opazili in popisali tudi pri naših dosedanjih raziskavah gozdne vegetacije Trnovskega gozda. Idrijski botaniki (R. Terpin, A. Vončina) so nas v zadnjih letih opozorili na bukove sestoje v pasu od Javornika mimo Kanjega Dola, Strmca in Mrzlega Loga do Križne Gore, katerih posebnost je bujna zeliščno plast geofitov (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Allium usinum, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Sco-polia carniolica, Scilla bifolia, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides) zgodaj spomladi (aprila, začetek maja) - glej tudi Dakskobler, Terpin & Vončina (2010: 83). Osnovna značilnost teh gozdnih sestojev je, da navadno uspevajo na prisojnih, položnih do zmerno strmih užlebljenih in precej skalnatih pobočjih ali na samem ovršju vzpetin, na nadmorski višini od 950 m do 1250 m (redko tudi višje, do nadmorske višine 1350 m). Geološka podlaga je apnenec, dolomitni apnenec ali dolomit, tla pa so plitva, sveža, rendzina, rjava rendzina, redko tudi rjava pokarbonatna tla. Bukev je dominantna vrsta drevesne plasti, ob njej je pogost gorski javor (Acer pseudoplatanus), ponekod tudi veliki jesen (Fraxinus excelsior) in gorski brest (Ulmus glabra). Smreka (Picea abies) in jelka (Abies alba) se pojavljata le tu in tam kot posamična primes. Skupno smo naredili 84 fitocenoloških popisov, ki nedvomno označujejo altimontansko bukovje na karbonatni podlagi, in ga primerjali s podobnimi v tem višinskem pasu opisanimi bukovimi in bukovo-javorovimi združbami iz ilirske zveze Aremonio-Fagion, iz asociacij Isopyro-Fage-tum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in Stellario mon-tanae-Fagetum. Na podlagi hierarhične klasifikacije in po presoji diagnostičnih vrst smo poskušali za opisane sestoje izbrati najprimernejšo sintaksonomsko oznako in rang. Zaradi podobnosti v zeliščni plasti smo jih primerjali tudi z gorskim bukovim gozdom na nekoliko nižji visokokraški planoti Banjšice (Lamio orvalae--Fagetum stellarietosum), ki smo ga preučili, a rezultatov do zdaj še ne veljavno objavili, že pred precej leti, in ugotavljali podobnosti in razlike. 5.2 Metode Bukove sestoje na Banjšicah, v Trnovskem gozdu in na Nanosu (slika 1) smo preučevali po srednjeevropski metodi (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Večji del fitocenolo-ških popisov smo naredili dvakrat, spomladi in v začetku poletja, da smo pridobili čim popolnejši flori-stični inventar. Popise smo vnesli v bazo FloVegSi (T. Seliškar, Vreš & A. Seliškar 2003). Kombinirane ocene zastiranja in pogostnosti smo pretvorili v ordi-nalne vrednosti od 1 do 9 (van der Maarel 1979). Nu-merične primerjave smo opravili s programom SYN--TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). Popise smo uredili v analitske preglednice na podlagi hierarhične klasifikacije. Upoštevali smo rezultate metode kopičenja na podlagi povezovanja (netehtanih) srednjih razdalj "(Unweighted) average linkage" - UPGMA, kjer smo uporabljali Wishartov koeficient podobnosti (similarity ratio). Fi-tocenološke skupine (= skupine diagnostičnih vrst) smo ob upoštevanju številnih avtorjev oblikovali po lastnih merilih. Floristično sestavo preučenih bukovih sestojev smo primerjali s floristično sestavo podobnih altimontanskih bukovih združb v Sloveniji. Pri primerjavi smo uporabili hierarhično klasifikacijo in dvorazsežno ordinacijo (metodo glavnih koordinat, PCoA, koeficient podobnosti je bil »similarity ratio«) in analizo deležev diagnostičnih vrst sintaksonomskih skupin. Nomenklaturni viri za imena praprotnic in se-menk so Martinčič & al. (2007), za imena mahov Martinčič (2003, 2011), za imena lišajev Suppan, Prügger & Mayrhofer (2000) in Urbančič et al. (2005) za imena talnih tipov. Nomenklaturni vir za imena sintaksonov sta Šilc & Čarni (2012), razen za ime razreda Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. 5.2.1 Ekološka oznaka raziskovanega območja Bukove sestoje smo popisali na prisojnih pobočjih Mo-ščeniškega (Moščanarskega) hriba (1356 m) nad Pred-mejo, pod Marnim vrhom (1080 m) in Vrhom Hoje (1105 m) nad Otlico (to sta bili najbolj v notranjost planote umaknjeni nahajališči), pod Velikim (1076 m) in Malim Kamnom (1045 m) nad Križno goro, pod Križno goro nad Colom (957 m), na vzpetinah med Mrzlim Logom, Zadlogom in Črnim Vrhom (Brkov-nik, Špičasti vrh - 1128 m, Špik - 1068 m), pod grebenom Javornika (1240 m) nad Kanjim Dolom in na jugovzhodnem robu Nanosa okoli Pleše (1262 m) - slika 2. Geološka podlaga raziskovanega območja so jurski apnenci in dolomiti (Trnovski gozd) in kredni apnenci z vložki dolomita (Nanos) - Buser (1973, 2009), Janež et al. (1997), prevladujoči talni tip so rendzina in rjava pokarbonatna tla (Lovrenčak 1998, Prus, in litt.). Podnebje je zmernocelinsko, gorsko s povprečno letno temperaturo okoli 6 °C - 7 °C (Cegnar 1998) in povprečno letno množino padavin od 2000 mm do 2200 mm, na obrobju Nanosa tudi precej manj (B. Zupančič 1995, 1998). Na južnih robovih Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa se v rastju, tudi na drugotnih travnikih in pašnikih, še precej pozna submediteranski vpliv. Pomembna podnebna dejavnika sta veter (burja) in sneg. Snežna odeja je zaradi močnih vetrov navadno zelo neenakomerna (visoki zameti v zavetrju, spihana območja na grebenih), močna burja pa na vrhovih in grebenih pogojuje nizko in šopasto rast dreves. Prevladujoča vegetacija na južnih robovih Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa je bukov gozd. V nekoliko nižjih predelih med 800 m in 1000 m ga uvrščamo v asociaciji Seslerio au-tumnalis-Fagetum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, na nadmorski višini nad 1000 m pa v glavnem v asociacijo Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum. Dinarski jelovo-bu-kov gozd (Omphalodo-Fagetum) je prevladujoča združba notranjosti obeh planot. 5.3 Rezultati in razprava 5.3.1 Altimontanski bukov gozd na jugovzhodnem robu Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa Popisani bukovi sestoji so se na podlagi floristične podobnosti združevali v več skupin (slika 3) in po tem merilu smo jih v glavnem uredili v analitske preglednice. Razlike so predvsem v prisotnosti in srednjem zastiranju nekaterih vrst (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Allium ursinum, C. solida, Scopolia carniolica, Lunaria rediviva), deloma tudi v geološki podlagi (dolomit ali apnenec) in v prisotnosti nekaterih hladno-ljubnih vrst smrekovih gozdov (glej preglednice 1, 2, 3 in 5). Izdelali smo sintezno preglednico (preglednica 4), kjer smo naše popise združili v sedem skupin in jim dodali še pet stolpcev. V njih je floristična sestava sin-taksonov, ki so po našem vedenju najbolj podobni preučenim sestojem na južnem robu Trnovskega gozda. V primerjavo smo vključili naslednje sintaksone: Iso-pyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum (Košir 1979, preglednica 4), Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae (Košir 1979, preglednica 7), Ranunculo platanifolii-Fa-getum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides (Marinček 2004, preglednica 1, Marinček & Čarni 2010, preglednica 10), Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum (Marinček & Čarni 2010, preglednica 7) in Stellario mon-tanae-Fagetum (Zupančič 2012, preglednica 1, stolpci 1 do 16). Tako smo dobili preglednico s 12 stolpci in jih med seboj primerjali s hierarhično klasifikacijo in dvorazsežno ordinacijo (sliki 4 in 5). Preučeni sestoji iz Trnovskega gozda in z Nanosa so se razen ene skupine (popisi pod Moščeniškim hribom, ki so floristično in sestojno posebni) združevali ločeno od ostalih primerjanih sintaksonov. Razmeroma podobni so si sestoji sintaksonov Stellario montanae-Fagetum in Ranuncu-lo-Fagetum stellarietosum nemorum ter sestoji sintaksonov Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae in Ranunculo-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides. Sestojem z južnega roba Trnovskega gozda so še najbolj podobni sestoji sintaksona Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum. Primerjava očitno kaže na skupino precej podobnih ilirskih altimontanskih bukovih združb na karbonatni podlagi in njihova floristična sestava do- pušča možnost, da jih lahko uvrstimo v vse tri primerjane asociacije, Isopyro-Fagetum, Ranunculo-Fagetum in (ali) Stellario-Fagetum. Primerjali smo prisotnost diagnostičnih vrst naštetih asociacij v preučenih fito-cenozah. Košir (1979) kot značilnice asociacije Iso-pyro-Fagetum našteva vrste Isopyrum thalictroides, Co-rydalis cava, Ribes uva-crispa in Rumex arifolius, razli-kovalnice te asociacije pa so vrste Scilla bifolia, Veratrum album, Adoxa moschatellina, Polygonatum verti-cillatum, Anemone ranunculoides, Chrysosplenium al-ternifolium, Stellaria montana, Gagea lutea, Arum maculatum, Adenostyles alliariae in še nekatere druge. Večina od naštetih vrst uspeva tudi v preučenih sestojih. Zelo redki sta vrsti Adenostyles alliariae in Chryso-splenium alternifolium in nismo popisali vrst Ribes uva-crispa in Scrophularia vernalis, ki pa tudi v Koširjevih popisih nista pogosti (frekvenca pod 50 %). Nekatere od naštetih vrst imajo po našem mnenju digno-stično vrednost le v tem, da označujejo altimontanski pas in so navadno prisotne v vseh primerjanih alti-montanskih bukovih združbah (na primer vrsti Veratrum album in Polygonatum verticillatum). Enako meni tudi Zupančič (2012). Marinček & Čarni (2010) kot diagnostične vrste sintaksona Ranunculo-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum naštevata Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus pla-tanifolius, Adenostyles glabra (asociacijske značilne in razlikovalne vrste), Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamintha grandiflora (geografski razlikovalnici), Oxalis acetosella, Stellaria nemorum, Cardamine bulbifera, Galium odoratum, Adenostyles alliariae, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Doronicum austriacum (razlikovalnice nižjih enot). Diagnostična vrednost značilnic asociacije je majhna, saj jih najdemo v večini altimontanskih bukovih združb, med razlikovalnicami nižjih enot v preučenih sestojih nismo popisali vrste Stellaria nemo-rum, pač pa podobno vrsto S. montana. Možno je, da tudi v popisih, ki jih je naredil Marinček in sta jih objavila Marinček & Čarni (ibid.), poleg vrste S. nemorum uspeva tudi vrsta S. montana. Marinček & Čarni (2010) med diagnostičnimi vrstami sintaksona Ranun-culo-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides naštevata Isopyrum thalictroides, Adenostyles alliariae, Leucojum vernum, Ranunculus ficaria, Crocus vernus, Co-rydalis cava in Veronica montana. Med njimi v preučenih sestojih nismo popisali vrste Ranunculus ficaria in zelo redko vrsto Veronica montana. Zupančič (2012) je za značilnice asociacije Stellario montanae-Fagetum izbral vrste Stellaria montana, Polystichum aculeatum in Cardamine pentaphyllos, kot razlikovalnice pa vrste Acer pseudoplatanus, Scrophularia nodosa in Corydalis cava. Vse naštete vrste uspevajo tudi v preučenih fito-cenozah. Ugotavljamo, da se te po floristični podobno- sti ne združujejo skupaj s popisi sintaksonov Stellario--Fagetum in Ranunculo-Fagetum stellarietosum nemo-rum, čeprav le ti izvirajo iz istega fitogeografskega območja, pač pa kažejo določeno podobnost s sintakso-nom Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum iz preddi-narskega fitogeografskega območja. Ta podobnost je utemeljena na ekoloških značilnostih. V obeh primerih so to ovršja in večkrat prisojna kot osojna skalnata pobočja pod vzpetinami, v našem primeru na primorski (litoralni) strani visokokraških planot Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa. Tla so plitva, a sveža in bogata s hranili, v glavnem rendzina. Spomladanski aspekt označujejo številni geofiti. Asociaciji Isopyro-Fagetum moramo dati prednost tudi zato, ker je bila v primerjavi z asociacijama Ranunculo-Fagetum in Stellario-Fagetum opisana precej prej (KošiR 1962). Po naših spoznanjih torej sestoji asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum uspevajo tudi v severozahodnem delu dinarskega fitogeografskega območja, v pasu conalnih altimontanskih bukovih gozdov iz asociacije Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, s katerimi so ponekod stični. Mogoči so tudi prehodi med njima in pokazali smo jih v popisih 1 do 7 v preglednici 2, ki bi jih na podlagi floristične sestave lahko uvrstili tudi v asociacijo Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum. Diagnostične vrste asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum so po našem mnenju Isopyrum thalictroides, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Anemone ranunculoides, Scilla bifolia, Gagea lutea, Allium ursinum, Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis (v preučenih sestojih prevladuje forma Sortež -Bavcon 2008: 21-22), Arum maculatum in Scrophula-ria vernalis. Skupno uspevanje naštetih vrst ob prisotnosti nekaterih diagnostičnih vrst altimontanskih bukovih gozdov (Ranunculus platanifolius, Polygona-tum verticillatum, Veratrum album s. lat.) označuje posebne rastiščne razmere (dovolj vlage in toplote) na vzpetinah na primorski (litoralni) strani dinarskih vi-sokokraških planot in na ovršju hribov v preddinar-skem območju. Skupno uspevanje naštetih geofitov te sestoje floristično dokaj jasno razlikuje od podobnih fitocenoz iz asociacij Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in Stellario montanae-Fagetum. Bukovo-javor jeva združba iz asociacije Stellario montanae-Fagetum je v Trnovskem gozdu razširjena v notranjosti planote, v bolj hladnem in vlažnem krajevnem podnebju, kar kaže tudi njena sestava po skupinah diagnostičnih vrst z razmeroma večjim deležem vrst smrekovih gozdov (Vaccinio-Piceetea) in visokih steblik (Mulgedio-Aconi-tetea) - stolpec 9 v preglednici 5. Preučene sestoje v Trnovskem gozdu v fitogeograf-skem smislu uvrščamo v novo severozahodnodinarsko geografsko varianto Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Car-damine pentaphyllos. Njene razlikovalnice so vrste Cardamine pentaphyllos, Scopolia carniolica, Rhamnus fallax in Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum, določeno diagnostično vrednost pa imata tudi vrsti Lunaria rediviva in Campanula latifolia. Posebnost njenih sestojev je razmeroma pogosta prisotnost velikega jesena (Fraxinus excelsior) in gorskega bresta (Ulmusglabra) v drevesni plasti. Za predinarsko varianto predlagamo poimenovanje po vrsti Cardamine kitaibelii: Isopyro-Fgaetum var. geogr. Cardamine kitaibelii. Njeni razlikovalnici sta vrsti Cardamine kitaibelii (Cardamine polyphylla) in Cardamine waldsteinii (= C. savensis). Za predalpsko obliko (Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae, Me-nina planina) predlagamo poimenovanje po smreki (Picea abies): Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Picea abies. Uspevanje smreke na Menini planini je sicer v precejšnji meri povezano s preteklim gospodarjenjem (ko so jo načrtno vnašali in pospeševali) in verjetno v tamkajšnjih sestojih asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum uspeva predvsem subspontano (Zupančič, in litt.), a ne moremo izključiti njenega naravnega uspevanja v prigorju Savinjskih Alp. 5. 3.1.1 Nižje sintaksonomske enote geografske variante Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos Najbolj značilne sestoje asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum v Trnovskem gozdu uvrščamo v subasociacijo Isopyro--Fagetum scopolietosum carniolicae subass. nova hoc loco. Njen nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 12 v preglednici 1, razlikovalnice pa vrste Scopolia carni-olica, Lunaria rediviva in Campanula latifolia. Razlikujemo dve varianti, var. typica (popisi 1 do 24 v preglednici 1) in še nekoliko bolj aceretalno varianto var. Campanula latifolia (popisi 25 do 39 v preglednici 1), ki jo z večjo pogostnostjo in obilnostjo kot v tipični varianti označujejo vrste Lunaria rediviva, Campanula latifolia in Polystichum braunii. Popisi št. 1 do 7 v preglednici 2 so prehodna oblika proti asociaciji Ra-nunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in jih začasno uvrščamo v hladnoljubno varianto Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Cardamine trifolia. Popisi številka 8 do 19 v preglednici 2 so dolomitofilna oblika, ki jo uvrščamo v sintakson Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Helle-borus niger, njihovi razlikovalnici sta tudi vrsti Cyclamen purpurascens in Cirsium erisithales. Popise številka 20 do 28 v preglednici 2 začasno vrednotimo kot varianto Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior, njene relativne diagnostične vrste so Fraxinus excelsior, Acerpseudoplatanus in Allium ursinum. Večino popisov tega bukovo-j avorovega gozda smo naredili na Nanosu, v okolici Pleše in v njih nismo več našli nekaterih diagnostičnih vrst asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum (na primer vrst Isopyrum thalictroides, Arum macula- tum in Scilla bifolia), prav tako ne nekaterih diagnostičnih vrst geografske variante Cardamine pentaphyl-los (Cardamine pentaphyllos in Scopolia carniolica). V splošnem pa so ti popisi še vedno bolj podobni ostalim sestojem asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum kot sestojem drugih primerjanih sintaksonov - to kaže tudi njihovo združevanje z nekaterimi popisi sintaksona Isopyro--Fagetum scopolietosum (stolpci 29 do 31 v preglednici 2). Netipični so tudi popisi v stolpcih 32 do 36 v preglednici 2, kjer so nekoliko slabše zastopane vrste visokih steblik iz razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea (mogoč vzrok temu je v dejstvu, da teh popisov nismo ponovili v poletnem času). Za zdaj jih uvrščamo v sintakson Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens. Povsem ločeno od vseh ostalih primerjanih fitocenoz so se združevali bukovo-javorovi sestoji v preglednici 3, ki smo jih naredili pod Moščeniškim (Mošančarskim) hribom nad Predmejo. Ti gozdni sestoji so bili v preteklosti močno izsekani ali prizadeti zaradi ujm, saj prevladujejo drogovnjaki. Kljub odsotnosti nekaterih diagnostičnih vrst je po našem mnenju tudi v tem primeru ustreznejša njihova uvrstitev v asociacijo Iso-pyro-Fagetum kot pa v asociacijo Stellario-Fagetum, s katero kažejo določeno podobnost. Uvrščamo jih v subasociacijo Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum monta-nae subass. nova hoc loco (nomenklaturni tip, holo-typus, je popis št. 7 v preglednici 3). Razlikovalnici subasociacije sta vrsti Stellaria montana in Urtica dio-ica, ki kažeta na nitrofilna, vlažna in tudi razmeroma topla rastišča v prisojni legi, kjer sneg prej skopni, podobno kot nekateri geofiti: Corydalis cava, C. solida, Arum maculatum, Gagea lutea, Galanthus nivalis (forma Sortež) - ta redkokje v Sloveniji uspeva tako visoko, na nadmorski višini 1350 m in tudi vrsta Campanula latifolia,. Poleg tipične variante (var. typica) razlikujemo tudi varianto z vrsto Campanula latifolia (popisi št. 7 do 9 v tabeli 3), ki označuje najbolj nitro-filna rastišča na ovršju vzpetine. Njeni razlikovalnici sta tudi vrsti Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat. in Doroni-cum austriacum. 5.3.2 Primerjava altimontanskega bukovega gozda z južnih pobočij Trnovskega gozda z gorskim bukovim gozdom v Kalskem gozdu na Banjšicah Montanski bukov gozd v Kalskem gozdu v severovzhodnem delu planote Banjšice smo fitocenološko preučili že pred precej leti, a naša spoznanja zapisali le v elaboratu (Dakskobler 1986). V njem smo opisali dva sin-taksona, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum luzuletosum luzuloidis. Kasneje smo popisno gradivo za subasociacijo -stellarieto-sum montanae dopolnili in ga v sintezni obliki že obja- vili (Dakskobler, Seliskar & Vres 1999, preglednica 3, stolpec 1). Zdaj ga objavljamo tudi v analitski obliki (preglednica 6). Osnovne ekološke značilnosti območja, kjer smo te sestoje popisali, so naslednje. Nadmorska višina popisov je od 800 m do 970 m nm. v. Ti sestoji uspevajo na nižji nadmorski višini od primerjanih v Trnovskem gozdu, saj sta najvišji vzpetini Banj-šic, Lašček in Veliki vrh, visoki le 1071 m nm v. Geološka podlaga je jurski, ponekod tudi kredni apnenec (Buser 2009). Podnebje je vlažno in gorsko, z letno povprečno množino padavin okoli 2200 mm (B. Zupančič 1995, 1998) in srednjo letno temperaturo 7 °C do 8 °C (Cegnar 1998). Prevladujoča vegetacijaje je bukov gozd, ki ga uvrščamo v asociaciji Seslerio autu-mnalis-Fagetum (Dakskobler 1997) in Lamio orvalae--Fagetum. Sestoje subasociacije Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum stellarietosum montanae smo našli večinoma na obodih in v dnu kraških vrtač, na skalnatih rastiščih. Na dveh mestih smo izkopali talna profila in analize so opravili na Centru za pedologijo in varstvo rastlin Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani, tla pa je opisal Prus (in litt.). V dnu vrtače je ugotovil sprana srednje globoka rjava pokarbonatna tla, na pobočju vrtače pa rjavo rendzino, sprsteninasto, koluvi-alno-deluvialno. Ekološke razmere so torej precej primerljive z razmerami na južnih pobočjih Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa. Razlika je v tem, da na Banjšicah prevladuje izključno apnenec, v preučenih delih Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa pa je pogosto primešan dolomit. Razlika je tudi v sestojni zasnovi in zgradbi. V Kalskem gozdu prevladujejo bolj ali manj čisti bukovi sestoji, večinoma panjevskega izvora. Gorski javor (Acer pseudoplatanus) je v drevesni plasti zelo redek, pogost pa je v zeliščni plasti. Njegova majhna prisotnost v drevesni plasti je najbrž posledica preteklega gospodarjenja. Zasnova sestojev v Trnovskem gozdu je bistveno boljša, več je semenovcev in več je v drevesni plasti gorskega javorja, velikega jesena (Fraxinus excelsior) in gorskega bresta (Ulmusglabra). Precej podobna je v primerjanih fitocenozah sestava zeliščne plasti. Zanjo so značilni predvsem spomladanski geofiti, med katerimi v Kalskem gozdu največjo površino zastirajo vrste Cardamine enneaphyllos, Corydalis cava, Anemone ranunculoides, A. nemorosa, ponekod tudi Cardamine pentaphyllos, Corydalis solida, Gagea lutea, redko Isopyrum thalictroides in Crocus napolitanus (C. vernus subsp. vernus) in zelo redko Galanthus nivalis. Na s hranili bogata rastišča kažeta pogosti vrsti Arum ma-culatum in Scrophularia vernalis. V preučenih sestojih v Kalskem gozdu nismo nikjer popisali vrst Scilla bifo-lia, Leucojum vernum, Allium ursinum, Scopolia carni-olica in Campanula latifolia, zelo redka je tudi navadna srebrenka (Lunaria rediviva). Poletni aspekt prepozna- mo po velikem srednjem zastiranju vrst Stellaria montana, Lamium orvala, Cardamine bulbifera, Galium odoratum, Senecio ovatus, Urtica dioica, Circaea luteti-ana, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum aculeatum in Athyrium filix-femina. Precej pogosti sta pokazateljici nitrofilnih in svežih rastišč Cardamine flexuosa in Veronica montana in ponekod tudi vrsta Circaea intermedia. Kot posledica gospodarjenja (redčenj) v teh sestojih uspeva primerjalno precej več vrst gozdnih posek in ruderalnih rastišč. Najpogostejše med njimi so Ga-leopsis speciosa, G. pubescens in Rubus hirtus. Na sprana tla in njihovo kislo reakcijo kažejo nekatere acid-ofilne vrste, najbolj pogosta med njimi je Luzula lu-zuloides, a posamično uspevajo tudi druge, na primer Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Dryopteris expansa in D. carthusiana. Ker so rastišča vlažna in skalnata, te skale pokriva bogata mahovna plast in tudi nekatere praproti, med njimi Cystopteris fragilis. V primerjavi s sestoji v Trnovskem gozdu so v Kalskem gozdu precej slabše zastopene diagnostične vrste zveze Aremonio-Fagion (nismo na primer popisali vrst Vicia oroboides, Ha-cquetia epipactis, Omphalodes verna, Calamintha gran-diflora, Helleborus niger in Euphorbia carniolica), pač pa je pogost blagodišeči teloh (Helleborus odorus), ki skupaj s še nekaterimi bolj toploljubnimi vrstami (na primer Sesleria autumnalis), kaže na nekoliko toplejše podnebje in na bližino sestojev asociacije Seslerio autu-mnalis-Fagetum. Precej manj pogoste so v montan-skem bukovju v Kalskem gozdu značilnice združb visokih steblik iz razreda Mulgedio-Aconitetea in neketa-re druge diagnostične vrste altimontanskeg pasu (glej tudi stolpec 13 v preglednici 5). Vrsti Veratrum album in Saxifraga rotundifolia smo v sestojih subasociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum popisali le nekajkrat, vrst Ranunculus platanifolius in Polygonatum verticillatum pa sploh ne. Enako velja za vrste Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat., Thalictrum aquilegiifolium in Doronicum austriacum ter za grmovnici Lonicera alpi-gena in L. nigra. Kljub tem razlikam je floristična podobnost sestojev subasociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum s sestoji subasociacije Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum po S0rensenu (1948) okoli 64 %, kar dopušča uvrstitev primerjanih fitocenoz v isto združbo na rangu asociacije. Da bi to potrdili ali zavrgli, smo s hierarhično klasifikacijo in dvorazsežno ordinacijo sestoje sintaksona Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum primerjali še z nekaterimi drugimi oblikami asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum v Trnovskem gozdu ter s klasično obliko te asociacije (Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Cardamine kitaibelii) iz preddinarskega sveta Slovenije (Košir 1979). Ta primerjava (sliki 6 in 7) pokaže, da so bukovi sestoji iz vrtač Kalskega gozda ne združujejo skupaj s sintaksoni iz asociacije Isopyro-Fa- getum. Po nekaterih znakih, nitrofilnosti rastišč, so nekoliko podobni sestojem sintaksona Isopyro-Fage-tum stellarietosum z Moščeniškega hriba nad Predme-jo, nikakor pa ne po celotni floristični sestavi. Na podlagi teh primerjav jih za zdaj ne moremo uvrstiti v asociacijo Isopyro-Fagetum in ostajamo pri dozdajšnji uvrstitvi v sintakson Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarie-tosum montanae, ki ga v tem članku tudi veljavno opisujemo. Njegov nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je fitoce-nološki popis št. 5 v preglednici 6. Razlikovalnice su-basociacije so vrste Stellaria montana, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides, Veronica montana in Scrophularia vernalis. Geografske razli-kovalnice so vrste Cardamine pentaphyllos, Sesleria autumnalis in Anemone trifolia. 5.4 Zaključki Bukove in bukovo-javorove gozdove altimontanskega pasu v Trnovskem gozdu in na Nanosu smo do zdaj uvrščali v asociaciji Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum in Stellario montanae-Fagetum. V ti dve asociaciji bi lahko uvrstili tudi altimontanske bukove sestoje v jugovzhodnem delu Trnovskega gozda, v pasu od Javor-nika mimo Kanjega Dola, Strmca in Mrzlega Loga do Križne Gore, katerih posebnost je bujna zeliščna plast geofitov (Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Allium usinum, Corydalis cava, C. solida, Scopolia carniolica, Scilla bifolia, Gagea lutea, Anemone ranunculoides). Značilnosti njihovih rastišč (skalnata ovršja vzpetin in njihova prisojna pobočja) in prisotnost večine diagnostičnih vrst dopušča tudi njihovo uvrstitev v asociacijo Isopyro-Fagetum, ki smo jo do zdaj poznali na podobnih rastiščih v preddinarskem in predalpskem fitogeo-grafskem območju. Takšno uvrstitev podpira tudi primerjava z numeričnimi metodami. Opisali smo novo geografsko varianto Isopyro-Fagetum var. geogr. Car-damine pentaphyllos in novi subasociaciji Isopyro-Fa-getum scopolietosum in -stellarietosum montanae. Vrste, ki razlikujejo novo geografsko varianto in suba-sociacijo -scopolietosum, so Cardamine pentaphyllos, Scopolia craniolica, Lunaria rediviva, Rhamnus fallax, Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum in Campanula latifolia, posebnost pa je endemit Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana. Slednjega smo našli v manjši kotanji na prisojnem dolomitnem pobočju pod Špičastim vrhom (0050/3) na nadmorski višini 1100 m in ne, kot smo pomotoma objavili (Dakskobler 2013: 42), na nadmorski višini 1000 m. Floristično precej podobne mon-tanske bukove gozdove v vrtačah Kalskega gozda v vzhodnem delu planote Banjšice na podlagi numerič-nih primerjav in ugotovljenih ekoloških razlik uvršča- mo v novo subasociacijo Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stella-rietosum montanae. Pregled novo opisanih sintaksonov je naslednji: Razred: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 Red: Fagetalia sylvaticae Walas 1933 Zveza: Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1938) Borhidi in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 Asociacija: Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 -scopolietosum carniolicae subss. nov. var. typica var. Campanula latifolia var. Cardamine trifolia var. Helleborus niger -stellarietosum montanae subas. nov. var. typica var. Campanula latifolia Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior prov. Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens prov. Asociacija: Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (Ht. 1938) Borhidi 1963 -stellarietosum montanae subass. nov. Členitev opisanih sestojev v fitogeografskem smislu pa je naslednja: Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Cardamine ki-taibelii Košir (= Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. Arum maculatum Košir 1979), preddinarsko območje Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Picea abies Košir (= Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. Ade-nostyles alliariae Košir 1979), predalpsko območje Isopyro-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos var. geogr. nova, severni del dinarskega območja Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (Ht. 1938) Borhidi 1963 var. geogr. Cardamine pentaphyllos Marinček 1995 (predalpsko in severozahodno dinarsko območje) Raziskani bukovi gozdovi so v glavnem gospodarski, njihov rastni potencial je zaradi precej skrajnih rastišč (veliki skalnatosti, plitvih tal, izposatavljenosti burji) v splošnem majhen in imajo poudarjeno varovalno vlogo. Izjema so gorski bukovi gozdovi v Kal-skem gozdu, kjer je v vrtačah rastnost zelo dobra. V sestojih na grebenih je varovalna vloga tudi najpomembnejša in bi morebitna golosečnja povzročila hudo degradacijo. Preučeni gozdovi so tudi rastišče nekaterih zavarovanih in (ali) varstveno pomembnih vrst (Anon. 2002, 2004). Zavarovani, a v splošnem ne-ogroženi, so taksoni Helleborus niger, H. odorus, Cyclamen purpurascens, Convallaria majalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Leucojum vernum, Galanthus nivalis, Listera ovata, Lilium martagon, L. bulbiferum, Iris graminea, Neottia nidus-avis, Sedum maximum in Platanthera bi-folia. Na Rdečem seznamu sta redka endemita Wraber-jeva zlatica (Ranunculus wraberi) in Hladnikov volčič (Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana) ter črna čmerika (Veratrum nigrum). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - ZAHVALA I would like to thank Rafko Terpin, Anka Vončina and Elvica Velikonja for the guidance and advice in the research of beech forests of the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus. Mag. Tomaž Prus described the soil in Kalski gozd and helped me with the explanation of the soil conditions on the Trnovski gozd plateau. I am grateful to Academician Dr. Mitja Zupančič and Mag. Andrej Seliškar for their peer review of the text, corrections and supplements thereto. Iztok Sajko prepared Figure 2 for print. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. 6. REFERENCES - LITERATURA Anonymus, 2002: Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v rdeči seznam. Priloga 1: Rdeči seznam praprotnic in semenk (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Uradni list RS 82/2002, pp. 8893-8910. Anonymous, 2004: Uredba o zavarovanih prosto živečih rastlinskih vrstah. Uradni list RS 46/2004. Bavcon, j., 2008: Mali navadni zvonček (Galanthus nivalis L.) in njegova raznolikost v Sloveniji. Common Smow-drop (Galanthus nivalis L.) and its divesity in Slovenia. Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, Ljubljana, 96 pp. Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auf., Springer Verlag, Wien-New York, 865 pp. Buser, S., 1973: Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100 000. Tolmač lista Gorica. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd, 50 s. Buser, S., 2009: Geološka karta Slovenije 1: 250.000. Geološki zavod Slovenije, Ljubljana. Cegnar. t, 1998: Temperatura zraka. In: Fridl, J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko: Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 100-101. Dakskobler, i., 1986: Prispevek k poznavanju gorskih bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji. Soško gozdno gopodarstvo Tolmin (Elaborat, 52 str. + priloge). Dakskobler, I., 1997: Geografske variante asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum (Ht.) M. Wraber ex Borhidi 1963. Razprave 4. Razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 38 (8): 165-255. Dakskobler, I., 2003: Asociacija Rhododendro hirsuti-Fagetum Accetto ex Dakskobler 1998 v zahodni Sloveniji. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 44-2: 5-85. Dakskobler, I., 2013: Novosti v flori zahodne, severozahodne in osrednje Slovenije. Hladnikia (Ljubljana) 31: 31-50. Dakskobler, I., A. Seliskar & B. Vreš, 1999: Stellaria nemorum L. and Stellaria montana Pierrat (Caryophylla-ceae) in the forest communities of Slovenia. Folia Geobotanica (Praha) 34 (1): 115-125. Dakskobler, I., M. Urbančič & A. Wraber, 2000: Gozd bukve in jelke z dlakavim slečem (Omphalodo-Fagetum rhododendretosum hirsuti) v Trnovskem gozdu (zahodna Slovenija). Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva (Ljubljana) 62: 5-52. Dakskobler, I., R. Terpin & A. Vončina, 2010: Rastlinstvo in rastje Občine Idrija. In: Nared, J. & D. Perko (eds.): Na prelomnici. Razvojna vprašanja občine Idrija. Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, pp. 81-95. Janež, J., J. Čar, P. Habič & R. Podobnik, 1997: Vodno bogastvo Visokega krasa. Geologija d.o.o.,Idrija, 167 pp. Košir, Ž., 1962: Übersicht der Buchenwälder in Übergangsgebiet zwischen Alpen und Dinariden. Mitteilungen der Ostalpin-Dinarischen Pflanzensoziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft (Padova) 2: 54-66. Košir, Ž., 1979: Ekološke, fitocenološke in gozdnogospodarske lastnosti Gorjancev v Sloveniji. Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva (Ljubljana) 17(1): 1-242. Lovrenčak, f., 1998: Prsti. In: Fridl, J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko: Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 114-115. Marinček, L., 1996: Subalpine Buchenwälder in den Westlichen Dinariden. Atti del 24o Simposio della Societa Estalpino-Dinarica di Fitosociologia. - Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto. Sez.: Arch., St., Sc. nat. Suppl. II, vol. 11 (1995), Rovereto, pp. 197-208. Marinček, L., 1998: Hochmontane Buchenwälder Illyriens. Annales (Koper) Series Historia Naturalis 13: 103-108. Marinček, L., 2004: Gozdna vegetacija Menine planine. Kamniški zbornik (Kamnik) 17: 225-240. Marinček, L., L. Mucina, M. Zupančič, L. Poldini, I. Dakskobler & M. Accetto, 1993: Nomenklatorische Revision der illyrischen Buchenwälder (Verband Aremonio-Fagion). Studia Geobotanica (Trieste) 12 (1992): 121-135. Marinček, L. & A. Čarni, 2010: Altimontanski bukovi gozdovi podzveze Saxifrago-Fagenion (Aremonio-Fagion). Scopolia (Ljubljana) 69: 1-107. Maarel van der, E., 1979: Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97-114. Martinčič, a., 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 2 (1): 91-166. Martinčič, a., 2011: Seznam jetrenjakov (Marchanthiophyta) in rogovnjakov (Anthocerotophyta) Slovenije. Scopo-lia (Ljubljana) 72: 1-38. Martinčič, a., T. Wraber, N. Jogan, A. Podobnik, B. Turk, B. Vreš, V. Ravnik, B. Fraiman, S. Strgulc Kraišek, B. Trčak, T. Bačič, M. A. Fischer, K. Eler & B. Surina, 2007: Mala flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Četrta, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana. 967 pp. Podani, J., 2001: SYN-TAX 2000. Computer Programs for Data Analysis in Ecology and Systematics. User's Manual, Budapest, 53 pp. Puncer, I., 1979: Ekološke in floristične značilnosti združbe Abieti-Fagetum na Trnovskem gozdu. In: Rauš, Dj. (ed.): Drugi kongres ekologa Jugoslavije II, Savez društava ekologa Jugoslavije, Zagreb, pp. 925-938. Seliškar, t., B. Vreš & A. Seliškar, 2003: FloVegSi 2.0. Računalniški program za urejanje in analizo bioloških podatkov. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. S0rensen, Th., 1948: A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberns Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter (K0benhavn) 5 (4): 1-34. Suppan, U., J. Prügger & H. Mayrhofer, 2000: Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 76: 1-215. Surina, B., 2002: Phytogeographycal Differentiation of Dinaric Fir-Beech Forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum s. lat.) in the Western Part of the Illyrian Floral Province. Acta Botanica Croatica (Zagreb) 62 (2): 145-178. Surina, B. & I. Dakskobler, 2013: Phytosociology and ecology of the Dinaric fir-beech forests (Omphalodo-Fage-tum) at the north-western part of the Illyrian floral province (NW Dinaric Alps). Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 12 (1): 11-85. Šilc, U. & A. Čarni, 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 11 (i): 113-164. Urbančič, M., p. Simončič, T. Prus & L. Kutnar, 2005: Atlas gozdnih tal. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije, Gozdarski vestnik & Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana.100 pp. Zupančič, B., 1995: Klimatografija Slovenije. Padavine 1961-1990. Hidrometeorološki zavod Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 366 pp. Zupančič, B., 1998: Padavine. In: Fridl, J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko: Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 98-99. Zupančič, M., 1967: Der dinarische Bergahorn-Buchenwald (Aceri-Fagetum dinaricum) im slowenischen Hochkarstgebiet. Mitt. ostalp.-din. Pflanzensoz. Arbeitsgem. (Trieste) 7: 89-96. Zupančič, M., 1969: Vergleich der Bergahorn-Buchengesellschaften (Aceri-Fagetum) im alpinen und dinarischen Raume. Mitt. ostalp.-din. Pflanzensoz. Arbeitsgem. (Camerino) 9: 119-131. Zupančič, M., 1980: Smrekovi gozdovi v mraziščih Dinarskega gorstva Slovenije. Dela 4. razreda SAZU 24, Ljubljana, 262 pp. + preglednice. Zupančič, M., 1999: Smrekovi gozdovi Slovenije (Spruce forests in Slovenia). Dela 4. raz. SAZU 36, Ljubljana, 212 pp. + preglednice. Zupančič, M., 2012: Syntaxonomic problems of altimontane beech forests of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion in Slovenia. Folia biologica et geologica (Ljubljana) 53(1-2): 83-127. Figure 8 (Slika 8): Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana, Špičasti vrh. Foto (Photo): I. Dakskobler Figure 9 (Slika 9): Campanula latifolia, Javornik, Foto (Photo): I. Dakskobler Figures 10, 11, 12. Photo: I. Dakskobler Slike 10, 11, 12. Foto: I. Dakskobler Figure 10: Southeastern part of the Trnovski gozd plateau Slika 10: Jugovzhodni del Trnovskega gozda Figure 11: Stand of the association Isopyro-Fagetum in the early spring (Nanos) Slika 11: Sestoj asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum zgodaj spomladi (Nanos) Figure 12: Stand of the association Isopyro-Fagetum in summer (Moščeniški hrib) Slika 12: Sestoj asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum poleti (Moščeniški hrib) IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST SZZISZ OSO! w Z Q rt o 00 o c^ o LO 001? £T0Z/ZZ/9 :j[Tds - i|.iA TU.I3 CO 06T917Z 090! w Q U u o c^ o c^ r-v ■'t 001? Zl0Z/0£/£ :j[Tds - i|.iA TU.I3 r-v CO 09TT > < ^ rt O o c^ LO o 00 LO ■'t LO 001? ZT0Z/6/Z baoibujtj - :J[TU.IOAI;{ vo CO 0£TT ^ L/^ < ^ rt o c^ O o r-v LO o CO ^ CO LO oot ZT0Z/6/Z fOZlSZ OTZT W Z < ^ rt o o c^ u^ LO c^ LO 001? £TOZ/£/Z CO ZOZISZ OOZT U S5 O ^ rt o o o LO o c^ LO C'^ r-v CO ■'t oot £TOZ/£/Z CO CO TOZTSZ OOZT w S5 ^ rt o CO o c^ o o c^ C'^ r-v oot £TOZ/£/Z CN CO flZ9fZ 09TT S5 ^ rt o o c^ LO o c^ ^ o CO r-v oot ZT0Z/6/Z c^^ fZZ9fZ SZTT U n ^ rt o c^ LO r-v o ■'t C-v CN \D 001? ZlOZIZIf l|.IA TiSBOids OOZTSZ OZTT > ;zi u^ n ^ rt o o 00 L/^ u^ 001? £TOZ/£/Z c^ CN L0Z9fZ STZT w Z u^ ^ rt o 00 o o c^ o ■'t r-v u^ 001? ZT0Z/0£/£ 00 CN fOZ9fZ OTZT > Z ^ rt o o c^ - o c^ o ■'t ^ L/^ oot Z10ZI0£I£ r-v CN L£Z9fZ OOTT J Z ^^^ n ^ rt o o c^ o c^ o ■'t C-v 00 LO 001? ZlOZIZIf l|.IA TiSBOids CN £ZZ9fZ 0£TT w Z n ^ rt LO o c^ LO o c^ o LO CN r-v 001? ZlOZIZIf l|.IA TiSBOids 68T917Z S90T > Z S5 n ^ rt o c^ LO o c^ LO o LO CCi r-v \D 001? Z10ZI0£I£ :j[Tds - i|.iA TU.I3 CN 9ZZ9f'Z 080! > o Q o c^ LO o c^ LO o CO ■'t oot ZlOZIZIf u^Asi - Bjog -euzii-^ CO CN 80T917Z SOTT > ^ rt o ■'t c^ LO LO o r-v 001? ZT0Z/8T/S afoH iI-iA CN CN SlLZfZ OTTT Q ^ rt o c^ LO o c^ LO C'^ r-v ■'t r-v ooz ZlOZIZIf l|.IA TlSBOlds C-^ S6TTSZ OT^TT Z u^ ^ rt o LO LO 00 a 001? £TOZ/£/Z o CN 00Z9f-Z O^TT > ^ rt o CO o c^ O CO o 00 o o CO c^ oot Z10ZI0£I£ a^ 9ZTTSZ 080T J LO Q ^ rt o o 00 LO o c^ o oot ZlOZIZIf CCi 60Z917Z 0£ZT > ^^^ ^ rt o c^ - o 00 C'^ u^ 001? Z10ZI0£I£ r-v Z0Z917Z 90ZT LO ^ rt o o c^ LO o CO ■'t r-v ■'t oot Z10ZI0£I£ £6TTSZ SSTT J LO n ^ rt o LO c^ r^ CN \D 001? £TOZ/£/Z i|.iA AOiBpAog - :J[TU.IOAI;{ ^^^ Z6T917Z STTT J o CO o c^ LO o 00 LO C'^ 00 CN oot Z10ZI0£I£ OOTTSZ 060T > ^ rt o ■'t o c^ o c^ CCi 001? £T0Z/8/Z >IiuAO>iJa CO 9ZT917Z T60T J S5 ^^^ ^ rt o c^ o c^ LO ■'J? c-v 001? ZTOZ/ZZ/£ :j[TUAo:j[.ig - CN Z8T917Z 090T LO Q ^ rt LO o c^ LO r-v o o ■'t 00 LO \D oot Z10ZI0£I£ :j[Tds - i|.iA TU.I3 Z0T917Z 080T > r^ ^ rt o r-v o c^ o \D o LO u^ 001? ZT0Z/8T/S afoH iI-iA o 080T J o CO o c^ LO O 00 LO c> VO ■'t oot ZT0Z/8T/S 3foH q-iA c^ T£Z917Z S80T > J z n ^ rt o LO o 00 - o c^ CCi c^ LO 001? ZlOZIZIf TOT|Tqo:j[ Bi^ - Bjog Muzii"^ 00 0£Z917Z S60T J ^ o Q ^ rt o CO o c^ o c^ LO LO CO o 00 ■'t oot ZlOZIZIf TOT|Tqo)j - Bjog -euzii-^ r-v 80Z917Z ozz: > ^ rt o LO o c^ LO o c^ o ■'t 001? Z10ZI0£I£ VO 6£ZZ17Z OZOT Z ^ rt o c^ LO o 00 r-v LO oot Z10ZILZI£ :j[TUAo:j[.ig - Bjog -euzii-^ LO ££Z917Z 080T n o o c^ LO LO ■'J? oot ZlOZIZIf TOT|TqO)J - l|.IA TlSBOlds S90T J n ^ rt o o c^ - o 00 o ■'t o \D oot ZlOZIZIf TOT|Tqo:j[ - l|.IA TlSBOlds CO 6ZZ9fZ S60T n ^ rt o c^ o 00 L^ C-v ^ \D 001? ZlOZIZIf TOT|Tqo:j[ Bi^ - Bjog Buzii'^ CN lll9fZ 060T o o CO o c^ o 00 LO o ■'t 00 oot Z10ZILZI£ :j[TUAo:j[.ig - goq T|z.ipv S69Z17Z 080T ^ rt o ■'t o 00 o r-v o ■'t 00 001? Z10ZILZI£ :j[TUAo:j[.ig - Bjog Buzii'^ T2 O O ^ -s ^ s Ii ZCi Qti S > . ^^ ^ .CD O > o Ph2 ooC^ C 0» cu (U - o s K S S . J^ Is S3 M ^ o IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST pHC^c^^v -S <3 S a ^ E/OSOO £/0S00 T/OSTO Z/OSTO T/OSTO T/OSTO T/OSTO T/OSTO £/0S00 T/OSTO T/OSTO T/OSTO £/0S00 £/0S00 £/0S00 9mzf £9lSZf S999Zf £S06Z17 SZZSZf 9Z09Z^ L999Z^ lZ9ZZf 6S6ZZ17 ZOZSZf 88T8Z17 9l9ZZf 9S9ZZf Z017Z80S 176£Z80S TT8£80S 688Z80S Z0T1780S Z0Z1780S 88Z1780S 6Z8£80S £S17Z80S 08Z1780S 9£01780S T601780S 1717SZ80S 8917Z80S ^ cn ^ ^ cn ^ r^ ^ ■ ^ smzf Loums £/0S00 0TT£Z17 T17ZZ80S 1^/61700 T8178T17 0617880S £/0S00 lf9ZZf 88£Z80S T/OSTO 6ZLLZf ZT£1780S T/OSTO 90LLZf 98Z1780S a^ £/0S00 OSl£Zf 80TZ80S CCi T/OSTO ZZ6£80S r-v T/OSTO 9Z08Z17 Z6T1780S £/0S00 9£SLZf Z0S1780S T/OSTO Z179ZZ17 Z0£1780S £/0S00 0Z9£Z17 66Z980S cn £/0S00 ZZ9£Zf T08980S £/0S00 f9l£Zf 1717£Z80S 1^/61700 00178T17 TZ17880S o ^/6^00 S9£8Tfr Z0S880S c^ £/0S00 Z0T£Z17 09Z980S 00 £/0S00 0ZT£Z17 T9Z980S r-v T/OSTO L£Z9Zf Z96£80S VO £/0S00 S£Z£Z17 0£8980S Ln £/0S00 T00Z80S £/0S00 999ZZ^ 9£0Z80S cn £/0S00 0£T£Z17 £9Z980S £/0S00 Z89£Z17 86Z980S - £/0S00 £0Z£Z17 8ZZ980S S S o? o? io s C5 C5 o ^ + ^ ^ ■ ^ ^ cn ^ ^ cn ^ IT 'č( C - ,<5 tö pjpqpjpjpqpjpjpqpjpj cn r^ ^ ■-J ■TS 'S S Q U ^ ^ bhb^ a H g Ln vi^ ooo ^ 00 CN-H'-"CN + rt rt rt« 1» ■li « -a <3 ^^ ^^ « CS c;^ c;^ i K tu S S S S-------- -- JS tJHüCtJHÜH C^<^(JPhPH(J PH < H ^^^^^PhPHPHPHPH K K Ö S S S ö Ö Ö U H IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST oococo Ln Ln '^-H .+ • . + + + + f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! I S ^ S -š « .il « h ^^ t! ^ S Ci S K ■o Ci Ci S Q.J ti^ Ö u w H ^ cp cp ^ cp O «o Ö Ö Ö Ö ^^ ^ s^ss g 5 3 ts ^ ^ K TS TS TS O S « « s ^ ■is.!^ „ .. s -S i; c^ t-i ^ c^ ^ c^ ci, f ■ IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST 00 00 00 00 cnln -HCNCN o -SS OJ TD cu -O O e 1 O s ii K S « ts Q Q cS S ts g 5 Ci -'S Ci o -o «D S O s Sš s = « fp ti S s- s ^ K ^ S S iš Ž3 -.SS « S « „ o c^ o 53 t „^ ts « « « « « ts « s „s J: J: 5: J: « S ts « n. i;^ g s S IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST cn cn cn cn r^ r^ r^ r^ CA 00 cn 00 00 cn M M M M S 3 >> ii j; s -Ö s ^ Ž, O a g š s; a Ph a -'S o I -Si o JD .12 K JšS Q s .iS •3 JvS is K o «D 1 «D -5 S C S JS -'S K -iS cš -si .i^ c^ n^ IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST cocooo OOOOOOCO -H CNCN co -h co -h -Ort-O cococn ICO .—I .-H,—I.—I.—I.—I.—I.—I.—I.—l"^.—I.—I.—I.—I.—.-H,—I.—I "^.-H.—I g cq U U g SS 'i: s o q s « .Xi o -= « tij g ^ S rSS K § c;? c2 ^ is 3 w IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST f! f! f! f! f! CNCN-H ^^^^^^^^ >5« oo rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt rt rt s: , ii 3 š 5 « JS ^^ S ^^ Is S - s ^ d? K Q Ci Q O s p o s s s ^ t^ -g I ^ ^^ S 3 s? rt H H O a 55 ^ ^ iS 'S s -ž K s e e ^ s 3 -s C? o ~ o ^ ^^ K oq ^ IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST cocococococococo s ^ S A Ö ■■2 S s ^ Qua o 3 rt s cu C c: cu «Ö CD c e "c^ TD cu C CD NJ CN CD c e cu JIJ -iy Q cu nJ < Q IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST Z'iZ9fZ 0£0T > o r^ < Q aj o c^ o c^ o o ■'t ZlOHOH^ qjA Aaofjaj - BJOS BUZIJ)^ az9^iz StOT un < aj o ■'t o c^ Ln o 00 o o cn ■'t VO cn o o ■'t STOS/OT/t Z9Z9^rZ 01^01 > un < Q aj o c^ C-v c-^ o o ■'t ZlOHOHf lSZ9fZ OOOT u r^ < Q aj Ln o c^ 00 ^ CN o o ■'t ZlOHOHf qjA Aaofjaj-BJoS BUZIJ)^ 9fZ9fZ 080! u < aj o c^ CN o ■'t o u^ 00 CN Ln o o ■'t STOS/OT/t 8£Z917Z StOT u Ln o c^ - o r-v Ln C'^ 00 u^ o o ■'t ZlOZIHf qjA iisBoidg c^ £0Z917Z OTZT w aj o ■'t o c^ o c^ O ■'t o o ■'t Z\OZIO£l£ CA r^ 66TTSZ 01^11 > z un n aj rt o - Ln c^ Ln CN ■'t o o ■'t eios/e/z 00 r^ lZl9fZ OSZT u S5 Oi o o c^ - o c^ o O ■'t ■'t cn cn o o ■'t STOs/oe/t - souBjsj r^ Z£l9fZ OiZl W o cn Oi rt o CN o c^ Ln Ln o c^ Ln O ■'t 00 O ■'t o o ■'t STOs/oe/t SOUBJSJ \o c^ S^Zl > un Q aj O CN o c^ o c^ Ln ■'t ■'t Ln CN o o ■'t STOs/oe/t i^ssid-sou^N S£Z9fZ SZOT u n aj o c^ Ln o 00 Ln 00 r-v ■'t o o ■'t ZlOZIZIf qjA iisBoidg ^ sz:9fz SfZl u S5 - n aj O o c^ Ln cüo - o Ln o ■'t o o ■'t Z\OZIO£lf Bsa^j-souB^ cn r^ fz:9fz OSZT n aj - o c^ ^ o c^ o ■'t r-v Ln o o ■'t Z\OZIO£lf Bsa^j-souB^ r^ r^ £Zl9fZ OTZT > o r^ o o c^ Ln Ln o r-v Ln o r-v Ln ■'t o o ■'t STOs/oe/t SOUBJS^ r^ ££T917Z 09ZT W o r^ aj o ■'t o c^ o \D j^ž r-v CN r-v o o ■'t Z\OZIO£lf SOUB^ o r^ ZZl9fZ S6TT u o o CN o c^ Ln O Ln o cn o ■'t o o ■'t STOs/oe/t SOUBJS^ CA 9T0817Z 51^6 u S5 n aj o c^ Ln O 00 Ln ■'J? r-v \D o o ■'t £\OZIfZlf BJoS BuziJ)^ - 00 ST0817Z 01^6 u n aj rt Ln o c^ Ln c^ Ln c^ ■'t o £\OZIfZlf BJoS BuziJ)^ - 1^108172 0Z6 u S5 U U o c^ Ln Ln o 00 Ln ■'J? C-v Ln o £\OZIfZlf BJoS BuziJ)^ - ^ £T0817Z 9Z6 > z Ln U U o CN o c^ Ln o Ln ■'t ^ o r-v o eios/ts/t BJoS BuziJ)^ - un 8ZZ917Z SZOT W Ln Q aj rt O o c^ CN o Ln Ln CN Ln 00 cn o o ■'t ZlOZIZIf UBABJ - BJoS BUZIJ)^ ^^ ZZZ917Z 080! > o CN n aj o c^ u. o c^ c^ Ln Ln Ln o o ■'t ZlOZIZIf UBABJ - BJoS BUZIJ)^ cn 88T9frZ OSOT u O CN Q Ln o 00 o o o ■'J? 00 o o ■'t STOs/oe/e :j[ids - qjA lUJQ 98T917Z 01^01 W O CN Q cu Pi o c^ - o c^ c^ o ■'t c^ Ln o o ■'t Z\OZIO£l£ :j[ids - qjA lUJQ T6T917Z OtOT W O CO n cu Pi o o c^ Ln - o r-v o ■'J? VO o o ■'t STOs/oe/e :j[ids - qjA lUJQ S8T917Z ZTOT o CO Q cu Pi o c^ o o o ■'t Z\OZIO£l£ :j[ids - qjA lUJQ CA 1^819172 086 W r^ n cu Pi o c^ Ln o c^ c^ o o ■'t Z\OZIO£l£ :j[ids - qjA lUJQ 00 £8T917Z 51^6 W Ln CN Q u p^ o CN o c^ o 00 o ■'t r-v r-v o o ■'t STOs/oe/e :j[ids - qjA lUJQ SOZTSZ S£ZT W Z Ln u u o o c^ o ■'t o o ■'t eios/e/z 15 ü S J 1= «Ö is H > il I» 15 S -o Tä il ^ ZTT917Z 090! « 9U9n cn 0ll9fZ ^ 60T917Z OZOT S90T 060! ^80! 060! ^ un ^ ZT0Z/8T/S ZT0Z/8T/S ZT0Z/8T/S ZT0Z/8T/S ZlOHLZU ZT0Z/8T/S l|.IA TU-IBpY afoH qJA 12 Ji 2i s ^ N o o ^ C -.-J "č^ s - rt H-1 s^ d t^ o td eg > ■ ^^ X) VH S S-H cu cu CU > ty J» ČU -iS U TD 0» cu TD cu TD O g O HJ O d > o s VH S o S3 SSSi S Ž > 0» C d o S-H d J» cu -O -ES p^ S ^^ ca IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST ooooc^ 0c^ln-h00 -HLnoo ■'^oor-v-'^ fl6f00 ZSLlZf 90T980S v/evoo 60ZTZ17 Z00S80S 1^/61700 £0£ZZf Sl7£S80S 1^/61700 ff9:Zf 0TT980S v/evoo 9SZTZ17 Z0ZS80S £/0S00 9TSZZ17 6178Z80S T/OSTO Z9T8Z17 17601^805 c^ T/OSTO sieizf 8l7£l780S oo T/OSZO 6T89Z17 00£0Z0S f^ T/OSZO ZZZHOS T/OSZO £98921? 9Z170Z0S ^^^ £/0S00 f:9ZZf SZZZ80S T/OSZO Z£89Z17 £Tl70Z0S T/OSZO fZl9Zf TTI^OZOS T/OSZO 179S9Z17 flfOLOi T/OSZO Z8Z9Z17 S8170Z0S T/OSZO fZZ9Zf S£SOZOS c^ T/OSTO 880£Z17 1766£80S 00 T/OSTO IflSZf ZTT1780S t-v T/OSTO £9f£Zf 6011^805 T/OSTO 80S£Z17 £/0S00 lSZ£Zf SZ6980S £/0S00 i:Z£Zf 9S0Z80S cn £/0S00 ZZ0SZ17 06£Z80S £/0S00 oeiszf 60£Z80S £/0S00 flZSZf 9S£Z80S o £/0S00 Z6TSZ17 TSZZ80S c^ £/0S00 l6ZSZf 17£ZZ80S 00 £/0S00 6S£SZ17 17ZTZ80S r-v T/OSTO 90£8Z17 8Z6£80S 1^/61700 ZZZ8T17 S98880S Ln 1^/61700 Lf99lf £1^16805 v/evoo Z688T17 £8T680S cn 1^/61700 0ZS8T17 80S880S £/0S00 ZLL£Zf' 0^89805 - 1^/61700 608811? 06Z880S S S O JJ cu u >1« o? o? Oi o s CS CS dy O U o u Ir e _ cn ts + -H N -H ts + ts + K I ^^ 'i^ 'i^ 'i^ ^ s -s s .iä ■O« H H •SS JS <3 •SS K Q o s Q s; Q.J < H f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST Lnoooovo cncn-h-h -h-h -HCNCN-H -HCS+^H CN-H-H-H -HCN-H-H f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! ^^^^ S Ci BJ ■o 'is '(1 -S s ^ - ^ « ^ i U ^ 3 3 3 3 K K Ö ts is s 3 ^ Ii cpcp^cpcp-e'is OOOOO-O.^ ts t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ s Ö o Tš u w H s - t-H -iq g:; n; ■ ^^ .2 "Is S 'c: UhUHUH Unt^ K tu s ^^ "S K o « Ö tu ^ K I ^ Q o IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST ■'^■'^^COCOCNCNCNCNCN -SS OJ JšS S-H cu -O TD O S JšS s ci^ Bq J^ IT br K S S JS S s O S "js «D K JD g S g s -O O «u s -iS O K -- O « S e U K S » tu >3 ÜJS a IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST COCN-H 00 lncn oor-vC-v-'^^cNvo f! f! f! f! f! f! S -si ci ci «d ci ^ Ji s a I <5 « « a š^ <3 s ^ ^^^^^ i;-;^.!^ s - K s js S S ts 0 P O ^^ ^ ii Ö > ■iä i-: rt H .Is Šš J^ ^ ^ u s ^ K - ^ ki^o k k IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST OOOOOOOOOOVO^^^ C^^N COCOCOCOCOCNCNCNCN -H ooooooo ti g f! f! f! f! f! f! f! .3 .. =5 oooooooooooooooooo f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! f! s •is - S ^ S « o fc -J^ ■i? S t: a ^ i^s ü 1= ^ s 5 S tp S 'S -3 s k o l ^^ ^^ S Uh UH Ci Ci Ci C «Ö Ci if ci^ O "-H CO CN CO -Si -sl JH JU JIJ JIJ nJ Pi < JS c: c: o .o VH o c: -TD CD C TD U rt _ t^ g CD -!:= U Q V U Q U Table 3 (Preglednica 3) : Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum - Trnovski gozd Number of releve (Zaporedna številka popisa) Database number of releve (Delovna številka popisa) Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Parent material (Matična podlaga) Soil (Tla) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plast) Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) Moss layer (Mahovna plast) Maximum diameter of trees (Največji prsni premer dreves) Maximum height of tress (Največja drevesna višina) Number of species (Število vrst) Releve area (Velikost popisne ploskve) E3b E3a E2 E1 E0 cm m Date of taking releve (Datum popisa) Locality (Nahajališče) Quadrant (Kvadrant) Coordinate GK Y (D-48) Coordinate GK X (D-48) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 7 671 7 7 8 7 9 7 0 81 81 2 81 18 4 2 81 4 2 81 4 2 81 4 2 81 4 2 81 4 2 4 2 81 4 2 4 2 1260 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1350 1345 SW SW SW SW SW W SW S SE 20 30 25 20 25 25 5 15 30 DA DA DA DA DA DA DA DA DA Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re 20 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 20 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 90 90 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 70 80 80 80 70 80 80 80 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 30 30 30 30 35 30 30 30 18 19 20 19 18 16 10 15 14 37 35 35 33 32 33 49 43 48 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 f^ 10 f^ 10 r^ 10 f^ 10 r^ 10 f^ 10 c^ 10 f^ 10 f^ ll^ ikš ikš ikš ikš ikš ikš ikš ikš ikš o M o M o M o M o M o M o M o M o M c^ 4 0 0 c^ 4 0 0 cR 4 0 0 4 0 0 cR 4 0 0 4 0 0 aR ''t 0 0 cR 4 0 0 cR 0 0 8 2 14 15 3 12 3 8 5 2 3 6 8 2 3 0 2 5 3 5 c^ 31 31 31 33 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 9 3 6 0 2 6 17 6 3 8 6 12 71 74 7 2 0 co 17 7 8 0 co 19 905 19 950 19 0 5 19 0 5 91 0 5 19 0 5 0 5 91 905 5 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) FS Corydalis cava E1 1 4 3 TA Arum maculatum E1 1 1 1 EC Galanthus nivalis E1 2 + 1 QF Gagea lutea E1 1 + + TA Corydalis solida E1 . 1 1 QF Anemone ranunculoides E1 + Differential species of the geographical variant (Razlikovalnice geografske variante) TA Campanula latifolia E1 . . . . TA Lunaria rediviva E1 . 2 . . TA Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 . . . . Differential species of the subassociation (Razlikovalne vrste subasociacije) AF Stellaria montana E1 + 1 + + GU Urtica dioica E1 . 1 1 1 Differential species of the variant (Razlikovalne vrste variante) Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat. E1 . . . . Doronicum austriacum E1 . . . . AF Aremonio-Fagion Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 3 1 3 2 Aremonia agrimonoides E1 . r + + Lamium orvala E1 + 2 . . Calamintha grandiflora E1 + . . . Cyclamen purpurascens E1 . . + . TA Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3b 1 4 2 4 Pr. 9 9 9 9 8 3 Fr. 100 100 100 100 89 33 1 1 1 3 33 1 11 + 1 11 + 1 1 9 100 3 3 3 8 89 1 + 1 3 33 3 + + 3 33 2 + 8 89 3 33 2 22 1 11 1 11 1 + 9 100 m m m 2 2 4 + Number of releve (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pr. Fr. Acer pseudoplatanus E3a + + 2 22 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b + 1 11 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 + + + + + 5 56 Adoxa moschatellina E1 + + 1 + 1 2 1 2 8 89 Geranium robertianum E1 + + + + + 5 56 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 + + + 3 33 Polystichum aculeatum E1 + + + 3 33 Cardamine flexuosa E1 r 1 11 AI Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1 + 1 11 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Fagus sylvatica E3b 5 3 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 9 100 Fagus sylvatica E3a + + + + 1 + 6 67 Fagus sylvatica E2b + + + + 5 56 Fagus sylvatica E2a + + 2 22 Fagus sylvatica E1 + + + + 5 56 Galium odoratum E1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 + 9 100 Cardamine bulbifera E1 2 2 2 1 2 + 1 + 8 89 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 8 89 Actaea spicata E1 + + + + + + 7 78 Cardamine impatiens E1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 7 78 Myosotis sylvatica E1 + + + 1 + 1 7 78 Paris quadrifolia E1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 78 Mycelis muralis E1 + + + + + + 6 67 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 + + + + + 5 56 Lilium martagon E1 + r + + + 5 56 Scrophularia nodosa E1 + + 1 1 1 5 56 Daphne mezereum E2a + + + + 4 44 Epilobium montanum E1 + + + + 4 44 Mercurialis perennis E1 1 + + 4 44 Salvia glutinosa E1 + + + + 4 44 Heracleum sphondylium E1 + 1 + 3 33 Lathyrus vernus E1 1 + + 3 33 Poa nemoralis E1 + + 2 22 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 + 1 11 AF Querco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa E1 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 + 9 100 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 r 1 11 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Luzula luzuloides E1 + + + + 1 + + 7 7,8 Oxalis acetosella E1 + + + + + 5 56 Maianthemum bifolium E1 + 1 + 3 33 Circaea alpina E1 + + 2 22 SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sambucus racemosa E2 + + + 3 33 Sorbus aucuparia E3b + 1 11 Sorbus aucuparia E1 + + 2 22 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Senecio ovatus E1 1 + 1 + + + 1 1 1 9 100 Veratrum album subsp. lobelianum E1 1 3 1 + 1 1 2 7 78 Milium effusum E1 + 1 + + + + 6 67 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 + + + + + 1 6 67 Silene dioica E1 + + 2 22 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 + 1 11 Athyrium filix-femina E1 + 1 11 Adenostyles alliariae E1 + 1 11 Myrrhis odorata E1 + 1 11 Rumex arifolius E1 + 1 11 Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 + 1 11 EA Epilobietea angustifolii Rubus idaeus E2a + + + + + 5 56 Galeopsis speciosa E1 + + + 3 33 Number of releve (Zaporedna številka popisa) MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Taraxacum officinale TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra AT Asplenietea trichomanis Cystop te ris fragilis Ml Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Pseudoleskeella catenulata Schistidium apocarpum Homalothecium lutescens Isothecium alopecuroides Ctenidium molluscum Homalothecium philippeanum Tortella tortuosa E1 E1 E1 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pr. Fr. + + + 3 33 + + + + 4 44 + 1 11 + + + + + + + + 8 89 1 1 + + + + + + 8 89 + + + + + + + 7 78 + + + + 4 44 + + 2 22 + + 2 22 + 1 11 Legend - Legenda Releves 1-6: Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum var. typica Releves 7-9: Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum var. Campanula latifolia A Limestone - apnenec D Dolomite - dolomit Re Rendzina - rendzina IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST Table 4: Synoptyc table of the syntaxa Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum and Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum Preglednica 4: Sintezna preglednica sintaksonov Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario montanae-Fagetum in Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Number of releves (Število popisov) Area (Območje) 1 24 ro C u '-p 2 15 nr nv 4 12 5 12 7 28 C ^ ^ n 2 arm >N o 'S t^ 8 19 ni ei 9 16 Ph S 10 16 o << A 11 20 12 9 bi ik S fe: ^ Cm ^ ^ (N ^ E1 E1 E1 E3 E2 E1 E3 E2 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 Differential speies of the geographical variants (Razlikovalnice geografskih variant) AF Scopolia carniolica FS Cardaminapentaphyllos TA Lunaria rediviva FS Fraxinus excelsior FS Fraxinus excelsior FS Fraxinus excelsior TA Ulmus glabra TA Ulmus glabra TA Ulmus glabra AF Rhamnus fallax TA Campanula latifolia AF Cardamine kitaibelii (C. polyphylla) AF Cardamine waldtsteinii (C. savensis) AF Aremonio-Fagion Cardamine trifolia Cardamine enneaphyllos Vicia oroboides Stellaria montana Aremonia agrimonoides Lamium orvala Cyclamen purpurascens Omphalodes verna E1 Calamintha grandiflora E1 Euphorbia carniolica E1 Hacquetia epipactis E1 Helleborus niger E1 Scopolia carniolica f. hladnikiana E1 Knautia drymeia E1 Ranunculus wraberi E1 EC Erytrhronio-Carpinion Crocus vernus subsp. vernus E1 Primula vulgaris E1 Helleborus odorus E1 Helleborus dumetorum E1 33 33 8 20 14 Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksonoV) c sF c Fs c FI -Q FI feFI c FI a F sF p Pi m S a F F p Pi s F Author (Avtor) ID ID ID ID ID ID ŽK LM MZ ŽK LM ID Diagnostic species of the association Isopyro-Fagetum (Diagnostične vrste asociacije Isopyro-Fagetum) FS Corydalis cava E1 96 100 43 83 25 60 96 5 26 88 40 100 FS Leucojum vernum E1 92 100 29 25 17 60 21 6 56 65 QF Anemone ranunculoides E1 83 60 92 75 32 69 25 33 TA Arum maculatum E1 75 60 43 92 17 100 100 11 100 FS Allium ursinum E1 71 47 83 92 20 29 15 TA Corydalis solida E1 58 60 14 33 58 60 11 94 5 89 QF Gagea lutea E1 54 40 42 33 20 11 13 100 QF Scilla bifolia E1 54 47 14 75 8 57 94 20 TA Isopyrum thalictroides E1 38 80 14 42 8 89 100 95 EC Galanthus nivalis E1 8 33 50 61 100 TA Scrophularia vernalis E1 18 25 100 100 71 50 17 96 93 57 25 8 60 25 71 100 57 50 20 19 5 11 38 33 296 42 75 40 21 20 17 33 5 46 7 143 33 25 46 33 43 25 60 13 13 21 7 29 8 20 33 50 71 17 20 13 53 8 33 68 50 13 13 100 50 58 20 25 58 81 100 95 0 83 80 100 100 92 100 75 89 31 100 95 89 75 60 14 58 67 11 19 8 37 . 50 47 8 58 80 11 81 31 60 100 38 14 50 8 20 4 58 38 31 85 33 33 27 43 92 67 20 47 56 5 22 25 7 14 83 1 8 100 18 19 21 27 57 75 11 5. 21 7 43 50 25 47 10 11 17 42 8 20 5 5. 17 27 33 25 5 6 17 83 1 25 7 69 40 . 4 17 17 6 20 Sueeessive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3 88 100 71 42 83 80 75 74 100 5 100 Acer pseudoplatanus E2 46 40 42 25 89 58 75 35 11 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 75 47 86 33 33 20 63 31 56 Geranium robertianum E1 83 53 43 42 42 100 7 32 56 25 10 56 Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 75 53 433 17 6 11 Adoxa moschatellina E1 75 60 43 50 42 80 54 42 44 81 35 Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat. E1 54 33 57 42 20 21 25 33 Polystichum aculeatum E1 54 73 100 50 8 40 21 26 81 63 25 33 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 46 60 29 17 58 5 13 10 Aruncus dioicus E1 13 33 43 17 5 25 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 13 47 14 20 4 11 13 33 Polystichum x luerssenii E1 13 33 Acer platanoides E3 4 11 Acer platanoides E1 8 7 Hesperis candida E1 8 7 Dryopteris affinis E1 8 Polystichum braunii E1 4 40 Cardamine flexuosa E1 14 11 Tilia platyphyllos E3 14 Polystichum x bicknellii E1 8 Scrophularia vernalis E1 18 25 Euonymus latifolia E2 4 Alnion incanae Solanum dulcamara Impatiens noli-tangere Festuca gigantea Listera ovata Glechoma hirsuta Chrysosplenium alternifolium FS Fagetalia sylvaticae E1 13 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 27 7 7 16 21 . 14 21 50 69 30 Fagus sylvatica E3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 Fagus sylvatica E2 88 80 86 83 67 20 89 95 94 100 50 56 Fagus sylvatica E1 46 13 100 25 33 20 47 13 30 56 Mercurialis perennis E1 100 80 100 100 75 100 32 21 31 25 10 44 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 100 93 100 100 67 80 54 84 100 38 80 89 Galium odoratum E1 96 80 71 83 50 100 100 74 81 50 90 100 Daphne mezereum E2 88 73 86 100 75 60 32 32 44 75 65 44 Lilium martagon E1 88 80 71 33 83 7 47 31 19 10 56 Paris quadrifolia E1 88 67 71 67 58 80 75 63 56 88 95 78 Mycelis muralis E1 83 53 86 58 58 40 11 58 81 19 35 67 Heracleum sphondylium E1 79 67 71 100 75 100 7 16 38 33 Cardamine bulbifera E1 75 87 71 100 92 100 100 74 31 94 95 89 Actaea spicata E1 67 87 86 75 58 20 14 16 81 78 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 67 67 43 83 33 60 14 89 82 31 45 56 Lonicera alpigena E2 67 60 100 75 50 80 46 16 25 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 67 60 29 58 50 60 29 5 11 Poa nemoralis E1 63 47 71 17 33 6 5 22 Symphytum tuberosum E1 58 33 29 58 58 40 36 63 6 88 90 Scrophularia nodosa E1 54 60 42 42 11 53 88 6 56 Sambucus nigra E2 50 40 75 8 40 Epilobium montanum E1 42 40 43 17 53 75 25 20 44 Prenanthes purpurea E1 42 40 43 58 33 47 31 10 Salvia glutinosa E1 38 47 100 58 20 5 19 5 44 Carex sylvatica E1 29 13 17 17 14 47 56 75 Lathyrus vernus E1 29 7 29 58 50 60 31 33 Campanula trachelium E1 21 20 14 50 50 20 5 10 Neottia nidus-avis E1 21 14 33 33 10 Sanicula europaea E1 21 7 29 33 25 4 21 31 15 Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 17 7 50 58 60 14 32 69 75 Prunus avium E3 17 13 17 Prunus avium E2 4 13 8 8 4 8 Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Prunus avium Euphorbia dulcis Myosotis sylvatica Phyteuma spicatum s. lat. Ranunculus lanuginosus Festuca altissima Cardamine impatiens Asarum europaeum Brachypodium sylvaticum Circaea lutetiana Hordelymus europaeus Pulmonaria officinalis Epipactis helleborine Galeobdolon montanum Melica nutans Cephalanthera damasonium Galium laevigatum Viola reichenbachiana Petasites albus QP Quercetaliapubescenti-petraeae (incl. Festuco-Brometea) Melittis melissophyllum Sorbus aria Sorbus aria Sorbus aria Convallaria majalis Arabis hirsuta Arabis turrita Lathyrus venetus Ostrya carpinifolia Prunus mahaleb Sesleria autumnalis Tamus communis Tanacetum corymbosum (subsp. clusii ?) Stachys recta Hypericum montanum QR Quercetalia roboris Rubus hirtus Hieracium lachenalii Pteridium aquilinum Serratula tinctoria Veronica officinalis QF Querco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa Lonicera xylosteum Aegopodium podagraria Moehringia trinervia Cruciata glabra Rosa arvensis Stellaria holostea Clematis vitalba Corylus avellana Dactylorhiza fuchsii Hepatica nobilis Platanthera bifolia Veronica montana Carex pilosa Viola riviniana Carex digitata Veratrum nigrum Ranunculus ficaria Festuca heterophylla VP Vaccinio-Piceetea E1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E3 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 13 E1 13 17 25 20 11 13 7 13 13 8 . 47 4. 4 4 4 4 13 13 14 50 . 25 58 8 25 40 17 . 5. 42 56 16 6 58 69 11 13 11 . 20 32 11 14 14 8 17 17 58 17 6 21 19 13 14 14 17 17 13 7 17 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 17 8 17 25 8 20 25 25 29 5 5 10 65 78 78 E1 96 100 86 100 75 E2 29 27 86 58 E1 25 33 14 58 25 E1 21 7 17 33 E1 8 14 8 8 E2 8 8 E1 8 7 14 8 50 E2 4 E2 4 7 25 E1 4 8 E1 4 14 25 8 E1 13 8 E1 14 E1 8 E1 8 E1 E1 E1 E1 100 79 79 31 100 75 100 60 21 . 19 6 . . 5 . 19 10 . 11 6 4 39 26 20 20 10 11 35 13 25 45 2 6 4 4 4 4 5 8 5 7 5 Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Maianthemum bifolium Gentiana asclepiadea Oxalis acetosella Lonicera nigra Valeriana tripteris Luzula luzulina Calamagrostis arundinacea Rosa pendulina Solidago virgaurea Veronica urticifolia Abies alba Abies alba Abies alba Picea abies Picea abies Picea abies Hieracium murorum Luzula luzuloides Dryopteris dilatata Aposeris foetida Dryopteris expansa Homogyne sylvestris Luzula pilosa Clematis alpina Vaccinium myrtillus Huperzia selago Luzula sylvatica Laserpitium krapfii Phegopteris connectilis Polystichum lonchitis Gymnocarpyum dryopteris Circaea alpina EP Erico-Pinetea Calamagrostis varia Cirsium erisithales Carex alba Rubus saxatilis SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae E1 E1 E3 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 1 2 3 4 5 67 20 71 58 42 63 47 100 50 17 46 47 29 33 33 33 71 25 8 25 27 57 8 33 21 13 14 17 17 13 33 17 43 42 17 17 27 29 17 8 17 33 57 8 43 8 8 13 14 8 13 7 29 17 17 13 7 29 33 8 43 8 14 8 8 29 8 8 7 14 17 42 8 60 43 8 4 33 6 20 20 60 20 20 20 20 20 25 14 8 16 21 89 5 5 5 5 16 11 11 21 16 9 44 63 94 25 6 13 19 13 19 13 10 81 11 25 70 95 15 27 7 7 14 14 14 14 14 7 71 25 . 14 42 8 25 8 8 Sorbus aucuparia E3 17 27 14 8 Sorbus aucuparia E2 8 13 42 17 8 Sorbus aucuparia E1 38 20 86 8 8 Sambucus racemosa E2 29 40 43 8 25 Salix caprea E3 4 20 17 Rhamno-Prunetea Rubus fruticosus agg. E2 4 7 Euonymus europaea E1 4 8 Rhamnus catharticus E2 8 vMulgedio-Aconieteta Senecio ovatus E1 96 73 100 92 92 Veratrum album subsp. lobelianum E1 96 100 100 67 92 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 92 87 100 58 75 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 75 73 57 58 58 Milium effusum E1 46 13 29 17 33 Athyrium filix-femina E1 42 80 71 42 42 Silene dioica E1 25 20 8 8 Doronicum austriacum E1 21 40 14 17 Saxifraga rotundifolia E1 21 53 29 8 Ribes alpinum E2 17 29 8 25 Phyteuma ovatum E1 13 33 25 Anthriscus nitida E1 8 7 33 Geranium sylvaticum E1 4 Poa hybrida E1 4 13 16 21 25 50 0 32 5 5 5 19 13 6 . . 19 25 25 55 . 38 5 13 56 . 25 37 56 25 38 88 75 19 63 80 . . 15 5 30 78 75 75 . 20 .5 22 20 22 33 57 68 56 100 90 78 54 68 75 25 75 67 . 53 31 25 65 11 50 . 55 67 90 11 10 22 32 38 . 10 33 37 62 69 30 11 . 6 . 10 . 11 29 58 100 81 . 19 . 35 7 6 11 5 11 5 Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Cicerbita alpina Salix appendiculata Senecio nemorensis Allium victorialis Pleurospermum austriacum Rumex arifolius Ribes uva-crispa Chaerophylum hirsutum Myrrhis odorata Stellaria nemorum Adenostyles alliariae Crepis paludosa Geum rivale TG Trifolio-Geranietea Hypericum perforatum Digitalis grandiflora Origanum vulgare Lilium bulbiferum Polygonatum odoratum Valeriana wallrothii Achillea distans Iris graminea Verbascum lanatum Fragaria moschata EA Epilobietea angustifolii Rubus idaeus Galeopsis speciosa Stachys alpina Fragaria vesca Hypericum hirsutum Arctium nemorosum Bromus benekenii Galeopsis pubescens Stachys sylvatica MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Poa angustifolia Veronica chamaedrys Taraxacum officinale Crocus albiflorus Dactylis glomerata Galium mollugo Deschampsia cespitosa Trolius europaeus Ajuga reptans GU Galio-Urticetea Urtica dioica Chaerophyllum aureum Geum urbanum Lamium maculatum Geranium phaeum Alliaria petiolata Rumex alpinus TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes Sedum hispanicum Cystopteris fragilis Cardaminopsis arenosa Moehringia muscosa Polypodium vulgare Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 58 53 86 58 25 20 14 68 68 13 45 E1 8 E1 4 E1 4 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 58 E1 25 E1 13 E1 8 E1 8 E1 4 E1 E1 E1 E1 4 E1 4 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 38 E1 13 E1 4 E1 4 E1 E1 E1 E1 13 E1 29 E1 25 E1 25 E1 8 E1 8 E1 4 E1 4 2 20 7 7 56 33 8 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 26 31 . 10 . 4 29 7 4 56 79 44 25 6 13 13 19 11 15 30 53 44 75 90 11 13 6 10 14 14 43 8 33 17 8 20 14 14 14 20 17 25 8 8 31 11 31 16 33 13 29 14 14 . 42 40 21 8 33 . . 17 56 33 55 10 . . . 33 . 31 70 . 19 . 5 . . . 10 . 88 19 19 89 13 14 29 33 57 58 17 25 17 25 8 8 8 17 8 26 56 80 44 15 4 11 44 44 30 11 27 29 33 . 29 25 20 19 4 11 8 8 11 7 5 5 7 Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Asplenium viride E1 4 7 43 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae E1 8 Sedum maximum E1 8 Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Ctenidium molluscum E0 100 87 100 100 58 80 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 75 60 57 58 50 80 Homalothecium lutescens E0 71 7 14 50 58 40 Schistidium apocarpum E0 71 27 71 75 50 80 Tortella tortuosa E0 67 7 29 17 17 20 Neckera crispa E0 33 7 71 42 8 20 Peltigera canina E0 25 53,3 8 8 20 Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 17 27 14 17 Plagiomnium undulatum Plagiochila porelloides Pseudoleskeella catenulata E0 17 E0 13 E0 13 27 13 13 Anomodon attenuatus E0 8 17 56 Anomodon viticulosus E0 8 17 13 Hypnum cupressiforme E0 8 13 8 13 Paraleucobryum sauteri E0 8 14 8 Polytrichum formosum E0 8 13 57 25 8 20 19 Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 8 33 14 17 19 Atrichum undulatum E0 4 25 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 4 27 Bryum capillare E0 4 20 Dicranum scoparium E0 4 14 Homalothecium sericeum E0 4 17 . . Mnium thomsonii E0 4 14 Neckera complanata E0 4 8 20 . Collema cristatum E0 4 Conocephalum conicum E0 7 13 Homalothecium philippeanum E0 7 25 . 20 . Mnium marginatum E0 7 Porella platyphylla E0 7 8 Fissidens dubius E0 29 8 25 Marchantia polymorpha E0 14 Cladonia pyxidata E0 14 19 Bartramia pomiformis E1 5 Dicranodontium sp. E0 5 Metzgeria furcata E0 5 Taxiphyllum depressum E0 62 Orthodicranum montanum E0 50 Mnium spinosum E0 31 Peltigera leucophlebia E0 31 Eurchinchium zetterstedtii E0 25 Mnium seligeri E0 25 Rhizomnium punctatum E0 19 Pellia epiphylla E0 13 Tortella fragilis E0 6 Thuidium tamariscinum E0 8 11 9 19 10 11 12 47 88 42 31 . 56 31 38 13 50 0 40 55 15 10 20 22 44 78 89 11 10 10 5 10 Legend - Legenda 1 IFsc1 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. typica, Trnovski gozd 2 IFsc2 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Campanula latifolia, Trnovski gozd 3 IFct Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Cardamine trifolia, Trnovski gozd 4 IFhn Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Helleborus niger, Trnovski gozd 5 IFfe Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior, Nanos 6 IFcp Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens, Trnovski gozd 7 IFam Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum, Košir (1979) 8 RpFsn Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum, Marinček & Čarni (2010) 9 SmF Stellario montanae-Fagetum, Zupančič (2012) 10 IFaa Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae, Košir (1979) 11 RpFit Ranuncolo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides (Marinček & Čarni 2010) 12 IFsm Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae, Trnovski gozd 7 8 9 2 2 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST Table 5: Groups of diagnostic species in the stands of the association Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario-Fagetum, Ranunculo-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (relative frequencies) Preglednica 5: Fitosociološka sestava sestojev asociacij Isopyro-Fagetum, Stellario-Fagetum, Ranunculo-Fagetum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum (relativne frekvence) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Number of releve (Število popisov) Area (Območje) Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksonov) Author (Avtor) Aremonio-Fagion Erythronio-Carpinion Tilio-Acerion Alnion incanae Fagetalia sylvaticae Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Quercetalia roboris Querco-Fagetea Vaccinio-Piceetea Erico-Pinetea Sambuco-Salicion capreae Rhamno-Prunetea Mulgedio-Aconieteta Trifolio-Geranietea Epilobietea angustifolii Molinio-Arrhenetheretea Galio-Urticetea Thlaspietea rotundifolii Asplenietea trichomanis Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) 1 24 ki in 2 15 nr ni ro Total (Skupaj) c1 2c t Fs cFI ID ID ID 8,7 7,5 8,6 0,8 1,4 0,2 15,3 17,1 12,4 0,2 0,6 37,2 34,0 30,3 0,1 0,5 0,3 6,4 5,8 4,2 6,3 6,5 13,1 0,2 0,1 1,4 1,5 2,0 3,0 0,1 0,1 8,8 10,6 8,9 0,3 0,1 1,8 1,8 2,6 0,1 0,7 0,9 2,0 1,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 1,7 2,0 3,7 9,2 7,8 9,1 100 100 100 4 12 5 12 "T rh son n h F ID 13 2.5 8,1 0,1 38,4 1,9 0,4 8.6 5.6 1,1 0,5 0,1 5.7 0,5 1,5 0,3 0,1 3,1 8,3 100 6 5 n e m a k ik fe fF ID 10 1,2 9,5 0,2 38,4 1,5 0,2 6,9 6,1 1,0 1.4 0,2 11,3 0,5 1.5 0,8 1,9 0,5 1,0 5,9 100 7 28 33 Ph ID 10,3 0,5 16,8 42,7 0,5 5,9 5,4 1,1 8 19 P 9 16 O H 10 16 AFA 11 20 12 9 F P Pi čš o S 2,7 9,0 16,7 14,1 15,5 18,0 . 0,1 1,1 0,5 1,1 0,5 10,8 100 0,6 1,5 0,2 100 2,9 0,6 0,1 0,8 0,8 4,3 100 2,6 0,4 2,2 1,1 1,7 15,6 100 0,4 1,0 0,6 1,4 100 2,7 2,1 0,1 2,0 1,1 4,7 100 13 18 TI eč sl m a F n s F p F m S a a F iF p ms F ms F o L ŽK LM MZ ŽK LM ID ID 11,1 9,1 6,6 11,3 10,8 6,6 6,0 6,5 0,3 3,5 2,8 2,5 1,9 15,9 10,2 9,9 9,4 3,2 16,6 9,9 1,7 1,1 1,1 2,3 0,7 0,3 2,2 39,7 38,7 30,2 31,6 30,6 35,2 37,6 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,7 1,1 0,3 0,9 9,9 3,8 1,4 10,6 5,4 6,1 6,0 2,7 9,0 9,9 12,1 14,6 4,7 5,4 0,3 1,2 0,1 0,1 1,1 2,1 0,5 1,7 1,0 10,8 2,2 0,8 2,2 1,1 0,3 8,9 100 3,0 3,6 0,4 0,9 1,6 0,1 3,5 15,1 100 Legend -Legenda 1 IFsc1 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. typica, Trnovski gozd 2 IFsc2 Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Campanula latifolia, Trnovski gozd 3 IFct Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Cardamine trifolia, Trnovski gozd 4 IFhn Isopyro-Fagetum scopolietosum var. Helleborus niger, Trnovski gozd 5 IFfe Isopyro-Fagetum var. Fraxinus excelsior, Nanos 6 IFcp Isopyro-Fagetum var. Cyclamen purpurascens, Trnovski gozd 7 IFam Isopyro-Fagetum var. Arum maculatum, Košir (1979) 8 RpFsn Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora stellarietosum nemorum, Marinček & Čarni (2010) 9 SmF Stellario montanae-Fagetum, Zupančič (2012) 10 IFaa Isopyro-Fagetum var. Adenostyles alliariae, Košir (1979) 11 RpFit Ranuncolo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Isopyrum thalictroides (Marinček & Čarni 2010) 12 IFsm Isopyro-Fagetum stellarietosum montanae, Trnovski gozd 13 LoF Lamio orvalae-Fagetum stellarietosum, Kalski gozd IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST in m ut utegaF m a Cm 18 406122 17 306122 16 206122 15 106122 14 006122 13 995122 12 895122 11 795122 10 695122 9 595122 8 495122 7 395122 6 295122 5 195122 4 095122 3 985122 2 785122 1 585122 p o p n d o el op le N b m b m o > V U ^ > V ^ 9N 8S co^Mu ^ ^ O ONr^f^U o^gMU LT) 8 4 84 9 98 87 86 3 83 C ^U M s a lp a a ^^ ^ > m d lab a an -c t-j 2 m m ev ol lo e O Ji n ee js S nš div a o ts U N ^^ ^^ 886I/8J/9 ZI9V66 Af9f0f SII90IS ^^ 886I/8J/9 fl-if-ie SeiSOl' IflLOlS + ^^ 886I/6J/9 V!9Vg6 690Z0IS + ^^ ^ 886I/8J/9 ZlSfee SiSfOf ZJSSOIS ^^ ^ 886I/8J/9 S;^ 2/81^66 ZIEI^OI' 9JJS0IS + ^ 8861 '9 9Z B zisfee nffOf /591^015 + 32.11 2/81^66 OlLfOf 9JZS0IS ^ ^ 8861 '9 82 B 610501^ 8ZIZ0IS ^ 8861 ^ 8861 ^ 8861 8861 9 9Z Z/Sf66 OlL£Of 8S0S0IS 9 82 S;^ ZI9f66 6LS£0f ££2£0IS 9 82 S;^ 190501^ VSiLOlS 9 82 H 2/81^66 8511^01' fZffOl^ ^^ So 8861 '9 82 ZISf66 KffOf ^^ 886I/0£/9 fl-if-ie 98SZ0IS + ^^ 8861/82/9 S;^ l'/8l'86 ZZAfOf fAfAOlS + ^ ^ 8861/82/9 B Z/Sf66 l'6I£0IS + (N + + + ^ 8861/62/9 2/81^66 ^^ ^ 8861/82/9 Z/Sf66 11 ilLfOf 9I8S0IS + is m 0 o n g m sev cve n irD( S-i ^ ^ 6 te men i diaghit rage ge hi t sr t« > ms em leu Z p o p av a ■ß 3 u a ni ird or o u « ^ § o e c vr a ni idr ro o u os m ne Q h-q Q F A sedi s oil sli cn nr ^ ^ ^ oQSc^oh IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST 01 028 + + + + + + + + + + + 5+121 51+121 EEEE p o p iš «ö a ^ e fn op nsol St: & b m u a n « Se pa rga ni pi xlla aCod ♦J Se o ee aar Q ri r aa CACC ■^S .2 ETA U E iT A TA rd n e peo uu su ps ps ps cm : « «fiS ea a du a ia i yn ats ni ps AAAC s d aaa ^^ ^^^ S ta sss te uuu IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST Ph + + + + + + + + 1;^ + + +^ + + • + • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ^^^ • + + + + + + + • + + + + + + + + • + + • + + + + + • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + • 00^+^^ + + +^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + • + + • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + • + + ^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + (N + + + +^ + + + + + + + + O OJ C 1= ^^ Ii Ö s H o ^ S .o -Si S a i: S s S g to to to s H H H s s 0 -S Jg s Söjo § 2 > £ ? « S ö S S g to S g S S 0 U S S o Si s 5 3 i o a g IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST 6 ^ + + + + + • ^ + • + + + + + ^ + + + + + + + + • + + + +• + + + +• + rt + + + + + kl iv n d er rop a Z( IS eo le b aa as so a ft a a tn uoo ulu orc om pu reu e :5 o u u u u n C tn ta rga ad o ^ ^ I te am tp nu o ail x px arm TT^w s po er u aa rg et ■ ^ ^ aepr ia cap sa tae ^ J? ^^^^ - s -oi id e egl u s .: u m ubm bm c a a P > - s U < -xi mu u bl uin m ui ipl a m u ry se tar ht bi tA iR reV aoli ofi s ot < E IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST + + + + • + + ++• + + • + + + +• + + + + • + + + + + + + + + + + + MMMM WWW wwwwww wwww w p o p a kl iv n d a N 0 -SL, r a rbe aira mb raga ua ni bi a sn sun usa o c mm au S ^ ST^ŽJ i er as G T •S p s; ie •S^ts a oa te h ci mc ti A M ^ i ^ . al ir ~ ~ a ^ S ..a a a xs o v; QOQf-^t- O U G ^^ s g ra K yt S u l e R T gl S v m v o h i h AC AT s ae gifra esss 2 g d ao M m ni it se u di c oi sul le lo m ro m ui ic p m e al .ps idi in ht tyh ih c io me et c ar iag lo Ct C d rice mum aa t m IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALTIMONTANE BEECH FOREST 11 666 ^^ + + + + + 2.11 ON • + + k o la p op n o b n d p s tal m mu ic in el le du n usom r o er o c r ""CD um ui in m u al lilpa m ul la re b m pd m o ir c m ^ o ron o; uyr rB o n noC ps su t a ►J o b m asa U a -o ^"c S3 .^ciS U Sf ^ u -J U omr J: ^ U o VO) M o U «