EARLIER KNOWLEDGE OF THE AMERICAN CAVES REPORTED IN VALVASOR'S "DIE EHRE DES S HERZOGTHUMS CRAIN" (1689) - FROM 1513 ZGODNJE POZNAVANJE AMERIŠKIH JAM (OD 1513 DAUE) O KATERIH POROČA VALVASOR V "DIE EHRE DESS HERZOGTHUMS GRAIN" (1689) TREVOR R. SHAW Izvleček UDK 551.442(7)(091) TVevor R. Shaw: Zgodnje poznavanje ameriških jam (od 1513 dalje) o katerih poroča Valvasor v "Die Ehre Dess Herzogthums Grain" (1689) Pri iskanju podatkov o štirih ameriških jamah, ki jih opisuje Valvasoijev soavtor Francisci v Die Ehre dess Herzogthums Grain (1689), so bili ugotovljeni opisi treh zgodnjih obiskov jam - v Gvatemali pred 1625, v Mehiki med 1612 in 1621 in na Hispanioli okoli 1513. Četrta jama, v Andih, je nedoločljiva in verjetno plod domišljije. Za opis jame na Hispanioli, izšel 1516, kaže, da je najstarejša omemba kake ameriške jame sploh. Ključne besede: speleologija, zgodovina speleologije, Valvasor, Amerika, Gvatemala, Mehika, Zahodna Indija Abstract UDC 551.442(7)(091) IVevor R. Shaw: Earlier knowledge of the American caves reported in Valvasor's "Die Ehre dess Herzogthums Grain" (1689) - from 1513 In tracing the information provided on four American caves by Valvasor's co-author Francisci in Die Ehre dess Herzogthums Grain (1689), three early cave visits are described - in Guatemala before 1625, in Mexico between 1612 and 1621, and in Hispaniola about 1513. The fourth cave, in the Andes, is unidentifiable and probably imaginary. The description of the Hispaniola cave, published in 1516, seems to be the earliest account known of any American cave. Key words: speleology, history of speleology, Valvasor, America, Guatemala, Mexico, West Indies Address - Naslov Dr. Trevor R. Shaw, O.B.E. The Old Rectory Shoscombe BATH BA2 8NB UNITED KINGDOM introduction One of the reasons why Valvasor's descriptions of Slovenia in his Die Ehre dess Herzogthums Grain (1689) are so accurate and dependable is that they are written from his own direct knowledge and based on his own travels and researches. It is therefore worth examining some of those other parts of the book that were written by his collaborator Erasmus Francisci, because they are usually derived from earlier writings and so are liable to retain any errors that these might have contained. The investigation has uncovered some interestingly early records of caves being visited in America, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Francisci was responsible for those parts of Die Ehre ... that deal with the early history of Slovenia, and also those additions which serve to provide wider context for Valvasor's descriptions, such as accounts of similar places in other lands. It is usually clear from this which sections were written by him, and Baraga (1990) has given guidance on which ones he wrote. Not only were his sources various, and therefore of different intrinsic reliability, but the information in them was often taken at second- or even third-hand from earlier books, thus introducing greater possibilities of error. This is not to say that he was a poor scholar - probably Valvasor would not have made him his collaborator if he had been - but the greater opportunities for error in the information Francisci provided necessarily makes it less dependable. For this reason the present paper investigates the sources of the statements made in Die Ehre ... about caves in Central and South America and in islands of the Caribbean. At the very least this will date the information more exactly. In addition it may give more facts about the caves concerned; and it may also uncover errors or anomaUes that might throw doubt on its truth. A very brief preliminary note on these American sources has already been published (Shaw 1993), and a detailed analysis of the origins of the Die Ehre ... statement on the Bonewell karst spring in England (Shaw 1994) showed that it derived ultimately from a book published in 1607, some 80 years earlier. The caves considered here were all introduced by Francisci to provide a world-wide background for Valvasor's own descriptions of karst phenomena in Slovenia. He describes two caves in Central America, one in a Caribbean island and one in South America (Fig. 1). Other foreign caves mentioned by him, but not of concern here, include ones in Austria, France, Germany, Greece and Switzerland (Kranjc 1989). It will be shown that Francisci's accounts of the four American caves in Die Ehre ... can be traced back to earlier ones dating variously between 1513 and 1665. These dates should be seen in the context of European discovery of the region and the other early descriptions of caves there. It was in 1492 that Columbus first saw land in the western hemisphere at what is now San Salvador island in the Bahamas. His first voyage, in 1492 and 1493, saw the discovery of many of the Caribbean islands. In his second voyage (1493-1496) he discovered many more, and set up the first European colony that survived, in Hispaniola. The first landing on the mainland, on the north coast of what is now Venezuela, took place in 1498; Honduras and other parts of Central America were reached in 1502 (Morison 1974). Caves in America were, of course, known to man long before the Fig. 1. American caves referred to in Die Ehre . . . 1. cave near Oaxaca in Mexico. 2. Gruta Lanquin, Guatemala. 3. Cueva Infiemo, on the island of Hispaniola. The cave in the Andes is unidentifiable. Europeans landed there. In the diy region of Yucatan in Mexico they were the sole permanent sources of water and so were of great importance to the Maya people living in the area. Remains of pottery as early as 200 A D have been found in the caves there (Brainerd 1953). In the Nan Tunch cave in Guatemala, a group of Mayan calendar glyphs or symbols painted on the wall is interpreted to mean 18 December 738 A D (Stuart 1981), and pottery from around 850 or 900 A D has been found in Gruta Seamay, also in Guatemala (Gould 1968). Of the European accounts of American caves, the earliest now appear to be those of Peter Martyr, published in 1516, on caves in Hispaniola. One of these is the ultimate source of Francisci's information, and is considered in detail later. It was in 1548 that Diego Ruiz de Vallejo went into a cave near Escuque in Venezuela, and in 1579 a cave near the city of Trujillo was mentioned by Alonso Pacheco (Urbani 1993). The first record of the well-known Cueva del Guacharo in Venezuela appears to be in a letter of 21 July 1660 by Agustin de Frias, a Capuchin priest, and the first published mention of it was in a book by Jose de Carabantes printed in 1666 (Urbani 1989). Caves and karst springs in Yucatan were referred to in a manuscript of 1566 by the Spanish priest Diego de Landa (1941) who travelled extensively in several parts of Mexico. Vazquez de Espinosa (1942, 1948) visited caves in Mexico between 1612 and 1621. Besides his description of one near Oaxaca, from which Francisci derived his account, he reported others in the Chiapas district of Mexico and (between 1617 and 1619) in Peru. erasmus francisci So as to understand Francisci's contribution to Die Ehre ... it is necessary to know a little about the man himself and the extent of his scholarship. In view of his importance, both in this paper and as the associate of Valvasor, two engravings of him are reproduced here (Figs. 2 and 3). He was born at Lübeck on 19 November 1627 and died in Nürnberg on 20 December 1694 (i. e. 1 January 1695 according to the new style Gregorian calendar used in Catholic countries) (Baraga 1990). He lived in Nürnberg, the city in which Die Ehre ... was published. Francisci wrote or edited more than 53 books on a very wide range of subjects, including biographies, histories, religious books and compilations of travel writings. As Baraga has pointed out, the range of subjects that he wrote about makes him one of the first professional generalist German writers. Many of his works are compilations. He never went to Carniola but the nature of his contribution to Die Ehre ... is such that this is not a disadvantage. Fig. 2. Erasmus Francisci, from an engraving printed after his death in 1694, in the Department of Prints and Drawings of the British Museum. Height of original portrait 130 mm. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum ERA^I PRANCJSCJ »Ml g^srrtS ft fi§ &m/ ^JJwtjitos / M f Fig. 4. The title page of Francisci's book of 1668, reproduced by permission of the British Library (shelfmark 572. i. 19). Height of original 310 mm. Fig. 3. Erasmus Francisci, from an undated engraving in the library of the Theological Seminary in Ljubljana, reproduced with permission. Copy made by Carmen Narobe of SAZU. Height of original portrait (within oval) 87 mm. Not surprisingly, when he needed to insert information on American caves in Die Ehre ..., Francisci made use of his own previous book on the region, Ost- und West-Indischer wie auch Sinesischer Lust und Stats-Garten ... die berühmten natür- und künstiche Berge, Thäler, Holen ... (Francisci 1668); the full title can be seen in Fig. 4. The fact that this book was compiled from already existing information was quite usual at this time. It was like a textbook, drawing on other relevant publications. This is not to minimise its value either to his contemporaries or to historians, since the 17th century and earlier sources that he used were not all readily available even then. The very fact that such compilations existed in relatively large numbers shows that they fulfilled a purpose. Dapper's regional descriptions, one of which plays a significant part in this study, were also compilations. Although much of the content of such books came from earlier sources, this did not make them out of date. Often the information used was all that was available, and this is particularly true where explorations of the New World were concerned. People did not waste time rediscovering and describing the same places. Thus such 17th century compilations were different in nature and purpose to those popular ones of the 19th century with titles such as The Wonders of Nature and Art (Smith 1803-04) or Facts from the World of Nature (Loudon 1848), which were produced for popular reading or to instruct children. a cave in guatemala The cave near Verapaz in Guatemala described by Francisci in Die Ehre ... (1689, r. 487) is undoubtedly Gruta Lanquin (2298 m long) close to the town of the same name in Alta Verapaz, at 15® 35' N, 90° 03' W. There are modern descriptions of the cave by Gurnee (1962) and Courbon et al. (1989). The 1689 description is almost identical to that of Dapper, first published in 1670, but Francisci's own earlier account had a little more information in it. In its turn, this was derived from that of Laet in 1625. The Die Ehre ... account is as follows: In der Guatemalischen Gegend Vera paz, hart am Flecken S. Augustin findt sich zwischen zween Bergen eine steinerne Hole mit einem weiten Munde: in derselben trifft man einen grossen geraumen Platz an mit vielen Winckeln. Durch den Felsen tröpffeit eine versteinernde Feuchtigkeit hinem: die in selbiger Holen viel Bildnissen mancherley Gestalten figurirt derer schöner Glantz mit dem weissesten Alabaster um dem Preis ringet. Man vemimt aber auch daselbst ein furchtsames Geräusch so von einem Wasser sich erregt und von allen Ecken zivo Picquen hoch hinunter fällt in einen Wasser-Pfuhl: welcher eine unergründliche Tieffe hat hohe Wellen wirfft und einen mächtigen Strom von sich heraus schiesst. Rather than translate the German text of Die Ehre ... into English at this point, it is compared with an earlier text, also in German, from which it is derived. The immediate predecessor of the Die Ehre ... account, though not necessarily its source, is by Olfert Dapper. A copy of the 1673 German edition of Dapper's book survives in Valvasor's own library in Zagreb, and it is included (without date) in the list of sources printed at the beginning of Die_Ehre ... Further confirmation that this was the edition used is that it is cited by page number for the Mexican cave description discussed later. The equivalent description of the Guatemalan cave in this 1673 edition is: Dichte bey dem Flecken des heiligen Augustiens lieget zwischen zween Bergen eine steinerne Höhle mit einem weiten Munde und in derselben eine grosse Fläche vol Winckel. Aus dem stähtigen durchtrüpfelen entstehen vielerhand Wunderliche Bilder weiche vor keinen weissen Albaster weichen. Man höret ein erschröckliches rauschen des Wassers welches an allen enden zwo Pieken hoch niederfället in ein Meer darinnen der unmäslichen tieffe wegen grosse Wasserwogen sich erhöben. Aus diesen Meere komt ein grosser Strohm geschossen. (Dapper 1673: 305) The same facts and comments appear in the same sequence as in Die Ehre ... and with many of the same words and similar phrases presented in the same order, though the 1689 account is a little longer. A contemporary English translation (Ogilby 1671: 228) renders Dapper's text as: ... St. Augustines; near unto which there is said to be a Cave and Fountain within Ground, which converts the Water that falleth into it out of several lesser Springs, into a kind of Alabaster or Stone, perfectly white, and fashions it likewise into Pillars, Statues, and other artificial Forms of very curious Workmanship, as Laet reporteth. We shall come to Laet's description in due course. Because Dapper's writing was so similar to that in Die Ehre ... on three of the four caves considered in this paper, and evidently was its direct source in at least one of these cases, the somewhat complex matter of the publication and disputed authorship of his book is summarised here. Olfert Dapper was born at Amsterdam in 1636 and died in December 1689 (Brugmans 1927). He was a medical doctor but was particularly interested in geography and history (Hoefer 1855). From 1670 to 1688 he published a 12-volume collection of voyages and descriptions of foreign countries in Dutch. In this collection, the volume on America was attributed on the title page to Arnoldus Montanus (1671) and the description of the Guatemala cave is found on page 271. An English version of this was printed in 1670 as though the author was John Ogilby, and reissued in 1671. The German edition of 1673, already mentioned, was translated by J. C. Beers from the Dutch but Dapper is named on the title page as the author. This information is summarised by Sabin (1873, 1880) in his bibliography of books on America, where he calls Ogilby's and Dapper's books "impudent plagiarism" of Montanus's work. The actual authorship is still disputed (see Schuller 1907). For simplicity I have followed the practice of Die Ehre ... and of the British Museum library catalogue, and referred to the 1673 edition as by Dapper; the others are cited under the author's name given on the title page. Whoever the author was, the books are regarded as "careful compilation(s) by a scholar ... including ... material from unpublished manuscripts which have since been lost" although he never visited the places described (Tye and Jones 1993). It is clear too that the German edition cited in Die Ehre ..., and even the first printing in 1670, appeared after the publication of Francisci's 1668 book. Furthermore, Francisci (1688: 1091) includes some information not present in Dapper's account - a remark on extreme cold in the cave - which shows that he could not have borrowed from a draft of Dapper's book before its publication, but must have used the much earlier description by Laet (see later). Nevertheless it remains that the Die Ehre ... text, although supplied by Francisci, is so similar to Dapper's that in 1689 Francisci must have used that rather than his own previous account. Tantalisingly, Francisci (1668) refers to "Franciscus de Ulloa, in seiner Schiffabriss Verzeichniss bezeugt" ("in his ship's log book") as if as a source for the cave description. Ulloa, with three ships, was exploring on the west coast of Central America in 1539 and 1540, so this suggests an early origin for the information. However, all the published versions of his account traced (Ulloa 1556; 1809; Wagner 1929) and other references to his travels (e. g. Morison 1974) describe only coastal explorations, with no journeys far inland and no reports of caves. So, either a now lost Ulloa manuscript was seen by Francisci (as will be seen later, Francisci's knowledge of a cave in Mexico was derived from a manuscript which was not published until 1942) or the citation arose from a copying error. Whichever was the case, Francisci's own source was clearly one of the editions of Johannes de Laet's "The New World and a Description of the West Indies". The content and sequence of the description are very similar in both books. Laet writes: Near the town on S. Augustin and between two mountains, there can be seen a cave in the rock which can contain many men. Inside its large entrance it is low and dark, like several others close by, and a certain liquor drips continually, turning into a white stone like alabaster and forming many columns and statues by an unusual process of nature: inside, there is a cold so gripping & acute that it is said to get into the bones: also one can hear there a confused murmuring of running water which comes from various streams, falling first of all into a pool in a deep pit where they combine and then flow off as a river which is large enough to carry boats, once it has left the cave. lOAMES m XAir ANT-WÖPIÄNUS. Fig. 5. Johannes de Laet at the age of 60 in 1642. An engraving by I. van Brouckhorst. Height of original portrait 211 mm. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum. This translation has been made from the French edition of 1640 (p. 247). The book was published first in Dutch in 1625, with a second edition in 1630; a Latin version appeared in 1633 followed by the French one in 1640. So it was a popular book and one that was easily accessible in the 17th century. In a copy of Kircher's (1665) Mundus Subterraneus a contemporary owner has inserted a marginal note in ink about Laet's mention of this cave. Johannes de Laet (Fig. 5) was born at Antwerp in 1581 and died at Leiden in 1649 (Bekkers 1970). Other sources (Brugmans 1930; Elaut 1962) give different years for his birth but Bekkers argues convincingly that it must have been towards the end of 1581. Laet studied philosophy and theology at Leiden, but after being appointed one of the 19 directors of the Dutch West India Company in 1621 his chief interests were in geography, history and languages. He was a prolific writer and his best-known book is the one quoted here. In the same way that Laet's description was repeated and recycled in the 17th century, it was again summarised a hundred years later by Rosenmüller and Tillesius (1799: 69-70), and as late as 1887 Schwalbe in turn cited their publication in referring to the extreme cold in the inner part of the cave. a cave near oaxaca in mexico The cave close to Cuertlavaca near Oaxaca in Mexico, described in Die Ehre ..., has not been identified as there are many caves in that area. Perhaps the present pubhcation will stimulate investigation locally. Tracing the source of the 1689 information here is less complex than it was for the Lanquin cave in Guatemala. The cave is not mentioned at all in Francisci's earlier book and the 1689 text is taken almost verbatim from Dapper's 1673 edition. The information contained there came, via Laet's 1625 book, from Vazquez de Espinosa's then unpubhshed manuscript of about ten years earlier. The Die Ehre ... text reads; Lust Beschaffenheit der Mexicanischen Hole Kuertlavaka Keines mittelmässigen Lobs mag auch berechtigt seyn die Hole bey dem Mexicanischen Flecken Kuertlavaka, an einem hohen Berge in Neu Spannien (oder Mexico) Sie hat einen gar engen Eintritt: der sich aber bald nachdem man ein wenig hineingekommen zu einem vierecktem funfftzig-schuhigem Platz erweitert: An dessen Ende eine Brunn-Grube mit hohen Treppen (oder Stafeln) gefunden wird: woselbst ein krummer und insamer Weg angeht und eine gantze Meile weit lausst; aber fast auf Art der Irrgarten gerichtet ist. Nachmals trifft man noch einen andren grossen Platz an welchen ein Spring-Brunn frisches Wassers belustiget und nicht weniger ein nechst dabey rinnender lieblich-schöner Bach recommendirt. Wie aber die übrige Theile dieser Holen gestaltet senn mögen weiss bisshero die Verborgenheit für sich allein nur: weil noch zur Zeit sich Niemand hat weiter hinein erkühnt.<''> Sihe das 2 Buch Americae c. 15. p. 287 (Valvasor 1689, 1 : 490) Again, the Die Ehre ... text is left untranslated here, the better to compare it with the description it acknowledges as its source (Dapper 1673: 287): Bey den Flecken Kuertlavaka lieget ein hoher Berg darinnen eine wunderseltsame Höhle zu finden. Der Eingang dieser Höhle ist sehr änge. Wan man ein wenig hineingelanget ist siehet man einen viereckichten Platz von fünfzig Fützen. Am ende desselben stehen Brunnen oder Gruben mit hohen Treppen; bey denen ein krummer Weg der auf die weise der Irrgarten sich eine Meile lang erstreket beginnet. Hierauf folget noch ein ander grosser Platz mit einem Springbrunnen vol guhten Wassers versehen; bey welchem einer schöne Bach fliesset. Weil aber niemand sich weiter in gemeldte Höhle hinein begeben so ist das übrige bis nochzu verborgen gebheben. The same description appears in the Dutch version (Montanus 1671: 254), and the English translation (Ogilby 1671: 269) reads: Not far from the Village Cuertlavaca, lies a high Mountain, remarkable for a strange Cave, whose Entrance is very narrow, at the end whereof appears a square Place of fifty Foot; upon one side whereof stand Pits with Steps; near which begins a crooked Way of a League long; at the end of which is a spacious Place with a Fountain of good Water; from the Foot of which flows a small Brook: But because none have made any farther discovery of this Cave, the other parts of it remain yet unknown. In turn, this Dapper/Montanus/Ogilby description is clearly taken from de Laet's account first pubhshed in Dutch (1625: 164), and repeated in the subsequent Latin and French editions: On the borders of the villages of Cuertlavaca and Tequicistepeque there is a wonderful place under a high mountain which was entered in the past by a Jacobin monk with some natives; the descent into it is so narrow that they could only go in one at a time, inside there is a place 50 feet square, where there are some pits with steps; from thence one goes by a route with many bends, and with twists like a labyrinth, to a large space in the middle of which a spring wells up and forms a stream on one side: having walked there for an hour, as they could find no end, they came back by following a thread which they had fixed at the cave mouth. (translated from Laet 1640: 175) Laet's description of 1625 was the earliest one to be printed but he must have obtained his information, perhaps in his capacity as a director of the Dutch West India Company, from the Spanish traveller Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, whose own nearly identical account was written about the same time but not published until the 20th century: In the villages of Cuertlavaca and Tequixtepec there is a very high sierra, and on its slopes there is another cave with a mouth so narrow that a man can hardly get through it; immediately one enters a square room over 50 feet high, and beyond this reception chamber there are flights of steps; next there is a passage with many turns like a labyrinth, through which one walks following a cord which serves as a guide to keep one from getting lost and which is fastened at the entrance. Beyond this labyrinth there is a large plaza and in the midst of it a spring of excellent water; the heathen did not venture to drink it, for they considered that it was sacred and that those who drank of it, would die; at one side of this spring runs a little stream. The cave goes much farther; they have never found the end of it; the heathen considered it a holy place. (Vazquez de Espinosa 1942:182) Vazquez de Espinosa was a Carmelite friar and Spanish writer born in Jerez de la Frontera in the last third of the 16th century and who died in Seville in 1630. He travelled in America from 1612 or before until about 1622 when he returned to Spain. He was certainly in Mexico in 1612; from 1614 to 1619 he is known to have been in Ecuador and Peru for at least part of the time; and in 1620 and 1621 he was in Guatemala. His information on the cave, which seems to be based on a visit to it, therefore dates probably from 1612 or 1613 and this is supported by the position of the description in his manuscript. The lengthy manuscript account of his travels, now in the Barberini Collection in the Vatican Library (Barb. Lat. 3584), is known to have been written in 1628 and corrected in 1629. It is likely that earher drafts or at least notes existed and Laet must have obtained his information from these. Vazquez de Espinosa had begun printing his manuscript before he died in 1630, and some of the sheets already printed evidently got into circulation for they are referred to in the 1738 edition of a library catalogue (Leon Pinelo 1737-38). Whether the passage quoted here was in those printed pages is not known. Certainly it was not included in the book he published in 1623. For complete publication in the original Spanish the manuscript had to wait until 1948, but an Enghsh translation appeared six years earlier, with an introduction by C. U. Clark from which most of the above information has been obtained. As was the case with the Guatemala cave, the same information continued to be printed, sometimes without acknowledgement, in the 18th century. Thus Schwabe (1755) used it in his 21-volume description of the world, and it appeared again in Rosenmüller and Tillesius (1799: 70). a cave in hispaniola The origin of the information given in Die Ehre ... on a cave in Hispaniola has been traced back to 1513. The identity of the cave is discussed later after the full description contained in the source document has been presented. The 1689 text is short: Petrus Martyr zeuget in der Americanischen Insel Hispaniola, (S. Domingo, oder Dominici) sey gleichfalls eine Hole oder holer Erd-Schlund dabey immerfort ein solches Krachen und Stürmen wütet dass biss auf 5 (welsche) Meilen niemand hinzu treten darff soferrn er nicht sterben oder auss weningste um sein Gehör kommen will. (Valvasor, i: 142) Peter Martyr testifies also to a cave or chasm in the American island of Hispaniola (S. Domingo or Dominica) round which there are always such storms and gales that no-one can come within 5 (foreign) miles of it lest he die or at least become deaf.) The derivation of this passage is complex, and part of it obscure. Dapper (1673: 185) does describe a deafening cave in Hispaniola. But his text does not resemble that of Die Ehre ... The contemporary translation (Ogilby 1671: 322) reads: In the said Province of Caizimu is a very remarkable Rock, or vast Stone to be seen, at the Foot of a high Mountain; and underneath the said Stone is a great Cave, into which they go through a large Passage, not unlike a Temple Door; near which conjoyn many deep Rivers, with such a Noise and Foam, that they lose both their Sight and Hearing, whoever approach the same. In 1668 Francisci gave quite a lengthy account (Fig. 6) of what must be the same cave, but it is very different to his insertion in Die Ehre ... As in Dapper's paragraph, there is no mention in the 1668 book of the five-mile radius within which people are injured or killed by the noise; and Die Ehre ... says nothing of the sea being nearby, as the 1668 account does. So the precise source of the wording used in Die Ehre ..., and in particular of the "five-mile" phrase, is not known. That five-mile statement was perpetuated after Valvasor's time, however, for it is repeated by Derham (1713 and later editions), in a further modified form. There is no doubt, however, where the 1668 text comes from; it is taken direct from the account by Peter Martyr (1457-1526), being an almost exact translation of the original Latin. Peter Martyr's text is printed here in the Enghsh translation of 1555, with spelling updated to 1612. To make it easier to read, the modern letter "v" has also been inserted in place of the original OT.ITrt. PctruiMartyr «tJdOte/iH !StM)Kii S«f sw(r«i SliiKtiMtiiMicii 3nflil, fSmlj Hifl'sniolar, l>«6 ill «lief ^»»illQ t«; I feH)ft/1?aiMM«C3i7iniu. eiiwrdx otoff« j I-. nil« en 3ap(l«if!trn «tlolido frwioi, c. rot.. oimfam en 'MctlMnitiitfoiiipiijii» nf 3gpm. iij Libto 4. 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