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Leading article/Uvodnik
Slovenian Nursing Review facing contemporary publishing challenges
Obzornik zdravstvene nege pred novodobnimi izzivi publiciranja
Ema Dornik, Andreja Mihelič Zajec
Journals are an important method for disseminating research findings and other evidence for practice (Higgins & Farrelly, 2007; Mihelic Zajec, 2007; Oermann, et al., 2008). Nurses and midwives are also aware of their responsibility to share valuable knowledge and expertise through written communication to improve the quality of practice, create an evidence base, and actively contribute to the development as well as promotion of their profession (Mihelic Zajec, 2007), and enhance client health care (Happell, 2008; Palese, 2014). At the clinical level there needs to be a commitment and a strategy to ensure that evidence and practice are linked (Watson, 2016).
Nurses and midwives are the largest group of health care workers in the world (Horton, Tschudin & Forget, 2007; Tolson, 2014) as well as in Slovenia (Dornik, 2013). Nursing profession must be transparent in self-regulation. It should function and be presented as an evidence-based professional discipline (research, guidelines, standards, the best quality practice possible, active participation of patients, etc.). Nursing today should be viewed as a profession and science, with its own autonomous development, which explores different approaches to patient care in order to determine their impact on nursing outcomes. The nursing research should be discipline-oriented and develop a scientific base of professional nursing practice (Skela-Savic, 2014). The results of previous studies in Slovenia confirm a strong relation between education and research in nursing (Dornik, et al., 2005). It should be noted that adequate education and adequate professional knowledge play an important role in this respect (Dornik, 2013; Palese, 2014; Skela-Savic, 2013; 2014).
A brief review of the article titles suffices to ascertain the relevance and current significance of the topics, domestically and worldwide, covered in the Slovenian
Nursing Review (Mihelic Zajec & Dornik, 2008). The great interest of the professional and lay audience entailed a free internet access to all the published articles, which was introduced by the editorial board in 2013 (Skela-Savic, 2013). Higher educational levels of authors and the improved quality of the published papers created the need for constructive evaluation of the journal and its contents.
In order to enhance and achieve the professional and scientific comparability and equal rank with other sciences in the information technology areas in Slovenia and worldwide, it is imperative that the journal follows a unified evaluation system and categorisation of domestic and foreign journals, which often serve as an instrument to measure the research efforts and results. The journal evaluation requires a strict adherence to the adopted general publishing criteria and standards. We are aiming to achieve the quality levels of other renowned journals.
The editorial boards of the leading scientific and professional journals are striving to include their journals into the domestic and international databases, which are referential for specific professional fields. The Slovenian Nursing Review is currently indexed in a number of data bases: CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), ProQuest (ProQuest Online Information Service), Crossref (Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency), COBIB.SI (The union bibliographic/ catalogue database), Biomedicina Slovenica, dLib.si (Digital Library of Slovenia) (Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 2016); we are eagerly awaiting feedback information about the journal evaluation and the assigned impact factor.
What and how we write is of crucial importance for evaluation and comparison of the journal's relative importance to other journals in the same field. Written
Assistant Professor Ema Dornik, PhD, MSc, BSN, RN; Vrbanska cesta 12b, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia Correspondence e-mail/Kontaktni e-naslov: ema.dornik@guest.arnes.si
Lecturer Andreja Mihelič Zajec, BSc, RN; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Received/Prejeto: 26. 10. 2016 Accepted/Sprejeto: 3. 11. 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.14528/snr.2016.50.4.140
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words actually hold power and drive our behaviour, reasoning, organize ideas and legitimize as well as validate our ideas and actions. Written words can also be stored, analysed, processed, compared, and verified. The increased number of the original and the review scientific articles published in the Slovenian Nursing Review is due to the publication of the results of the doctorial and master's theses, the diploma works and gradually improved professional literacy of Slovenian nurses and midwives. The reputation, quality and visibility of the Slovenian Nursing Review is the result of contemporaneous, congruous, and conscientious endeavours of the editorial board, authors, reviewers, the publisher and also the readers.
All the people involved in the publication of a paper should be aware of their responsibility (Mihelic Zajec & Dornik, 2008). There is an increasing number of the bibliometric reviews of references of research papers in nursing and health care (Dornik, 2007; Higgins & Farrelly, 2007; Ergul, et al., 2010; Hunt, et al., 2012; Papavasiliou, et al., 2012). Some bibliometric analyses also document the development of the nursing research (Oermann, et al., 2008), and new bibliometric analyses of the published serial publications are emerging in the field of nursing and allied professions (Smith & Hazelton, 2008; Kim & Choi, 2014; Harris, 2016; Shawwa, et al., 2016; Bradshaw & Brook, 2016).
An indicator of the development in nursing is also a compilation of serial publications in the Journal Citation Report (JCR), which offers the impact factor information on the world leading serial publications, published annually by Thomson Reuters. In the category 'nursing', there are 1260 hits (journals) for the period 1994-2015. The impact factor ranking system is based on the number of times a journal is included in the JCR in an individual year. According to the JCR, a growing trend of these publications has been noted in the last few years. In the year 2008, there were 62 serial publications included in this category, and this number increased from 74 (2009), 89 (2010), 101 (2011), 103 (2012), 109 (2013), 113 (2014) to 118 (2015) (data retrieved from JCR, October 15, 2016).
In science, the impact factor is generally used as an objective means of measuring a journal's academic influence and the publishing authors. The impact factor of a journal for an individual year is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years. Due to the fact that the impact factor refers to a specific time period it is possible to calculate it for any individual time period. As the journals are classified according to specific disciplines, they may be viewed and evaluated in the context of their specific field (Faktor vpliva, 2016).
In Slovenia, the impact factor includes also the Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), which is issued twice a year by Leiden University's Centre for Science & Technology Studies in collaboration
with Elsevier Store Publishers. All empirical results are derived from the Scopus abstract and indexing database, existing since 1999. The SNIP measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field. It also allows direct comparison of sources in different subject fields. The impact of a single citation is given higher value in subject areas where citations are less likely, and vice versa. It is defined as the ratio of a journal's citation count per paper and the citation potential in its subject field (SNIP, 2016).
According to SNIP, there are 1781 hits (journals) in the category 'nursing' for the period 1999-2015, based on the number of times a journal is included in the database in an individual year. A growing trend of these publications has been noted also in this database. In the year 2008, there were 118 serial publications included in this category, and this number increased from 136 (2009), 139 (2010), 150 (2011), 148 (2012), 158 (2013), 156 (2014) to 153 (2015), data retrieved from SNIP, October 15, 2016.
The measurement of academic excellence is still based on the traditional bibliometric indexes, such as the number of publications and citations, which provide the metrics of academic literature. The Slovenian Current Research Information System (SICRIS) is one of the tools for managing research activities in Slovenia. It is a national information system with databases on researchers, research organizations and research projects integrated and interconnected among each other.
The development of information-communication technology enhanced new ways of information transfer and the introduction of articles in digital form. Digitalisation contributes to greater visibility and recognition among a wider professional public at home and abroad. To be visible means to be present in the global professional community, but it also enables easier verification and validation of the published information. Nowadays the printed and electronic versions of the articles may be available, but the electronic access to journals provides greater advantages in the processes of finding (enhanced search ability), accessing, retrieving papers and the possible interaction between authors and readers and economic feasibility (Izquierdo, Izquierdo & Izquierdo, 2007). Today, new methods of communication and collaboration are emerging also in the field of research and publication (e.g. blogs, social networks) by means of which the ideas and publications may spread quickly. It is quite common to find articles only in a digital form instead of in the traditional printed version. Therefore, the citation counts as a traditional way of evaluating a research article for impact may miss a lot of impact and usage. In 2010 a new concept called alternative metrics, or almetrics was introduced to take into account new types of research outputs and new ways of interacting with research online.
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Almetrics is not a simple complement or alternative to traditional metrics but considers the wide range of available metrics - from scholarly impact on one end to popular and societal impact on the other (Luprich, 2016).
Scientific works are traditionally published in scientific journal with a high impact factor. As an alternative, there are currently new possibilities of making papers openly available and accessible online. Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use of publications or research results (free reuse, research dissemination or publication). It has affected the copyright-related issues and changed the contractual arrangements between authors and publishers. Most commonly the authors retain the economic or property rights of the published works. The economic rights are a property right which is limited in time and which may be transferred by the author to other people in the same way as any other property. These rights authorise the authors to use the work in the form of their choice. The open access environment has created a number of new copyright models, which stand in contrast to the traditional academic journals and provide a citation advantage over traditional publication models, increasing their citeability as the main bibliometric indices (Korez, et al., 2016).
In Slovenia, there is a movement towards regulation and application of open access on a national level. The Republic of Slovenia acceded to the adoption of open access mandates for scientific information, aligned with the recommendations of the European Commission, and adopted the National strategy of open access to scientific publications and research data in Slovenia 2015-2020 (2015). The strategy emphasises that open access to scientific publications encompasses gratis access to the full text of publications in a repository on the world wide web or to the full text on the publisher's website and licensing the content with "open access licenses. The repository has to enable free access, unlimited dissemination, interoperability and preservation. Open access licenses enable various re-use (besides reading, download and printing, also copying, usage, distribution, transmission and public display, the making and distribution of derivative works in any digital medium for any responsible purpose). The two main modes of open access to scientific articles are: /a)/ Self-archiving in a repository (also referred to as green open access), where the author or their representative archives (deposits) the published article or the final peer-reviewed manuscript in an online repository, respecting the copyright, before, alongside or after its publication. Repository software allows the author to delay access to the full text of the appropriate version of the article ("embargo period") because of the publishers' requirements as holders of material copyright. /b)/ Publication of an article in an open
access journal (also referred to as gold open access) enables that an article is openly accessible immediately upon publication, the copyright is managed with open access licenses (the authors retain the material copyright, the published article can be archived in the repository). The eventual cost of publishing an open access article (i.e. Article Processing Charges - APC) is paid by the author, the reader has no costs. The finances for paying the Article Processing Charges can be ensured by the research organisation to which the researcher is affiliated, by the research funder or by another organisation. Within its business model also the publisher can ensure the finances needed. With the payment of Article Processing Charges, openness of scientific articles can also be ensured by the third mode in hybrid journals. These are subscription journals which establish open access to the article full text after the payment of Article Processing Charges, authors retain the material copyright through the licensing with open access licenses, e. g. Creative Commons, and grant the rights to third parties according to the features of a chosen license" (The National strategy of open access to scientific publications and research data in Slovenia 2015-2020, 2015). The literature demonstrates that open access is associated with increases in citations of the journal (Laakso & Bjork, 2016). Researchers can use open practices to their advantage to gain more media attention and funding opportunities (McKiernan, et al., 2016; Skoric, et al., 2016).
Along with greater access to the published sources, new challenges as well as drawbacks may arise. The dark side of publishing is the proliferation of deceptive and dishonest practices of publishers, journals, websites in scientific communication (predatory or spurious scholarlyopen-accessjournals,theso-calledquestionable standalone journals, falsified metrics, etc.). Although the open access is associated with this phenomenon, it does not necessarily entail fraud. A number of initiatives and documents have been published worldwide to minimize the risks associated with open access publishing. In June 2015, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) produced a second version of the document Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, including the so-called white lists (safe and trustworthy) and black lists (potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open access publishers). There are also other open access sources that may be helpful in assessing journal quality and in identifying journals that engage in unethical practices (Google, research or academic blogs, DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals, the initiative "Think. Check. Submit", ROAD - Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources, OASPA - Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, SHERPA/RoMEO, etc.). In Slovenia, the portals with verified data encompass COBIB.SI, SICRIS and Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) (Voncina, et al., 2016).
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The open access should become a value, respected by researchers, publishers and larger community. The basic principle of open access publishing is transparency and immediate access to the results of publicly funded research without subscription or authorship limitations. Currently, most of the scientific publications and research data are free to access, but open access without financial, legal, or technical barriers has yet to be ensured (Open Access Slovenia, 2016).
The editorial board of the Slovenian Nursing Review is responding to many new challenges. The fifty-year tradition, our experience and achievements, and the response of the readers encourage us to pursue our ambitious plans for the future.
Slovenian translation/Prevod v slovenščino
Objave so pomemben način komuniciranja v strokovni javnosti (Higgins & Farrelly, 2007; Mihelič Zajec, 2007; Oermann, et al., 2008), tudi medicinske sestre in babice nosimo odgovornost za posredovanje znanja svojim kolegicam in širši javnosti tako z namenom dvigovanja kakovosti prakse, povečanja baze znanja in promocije lastne profesije (Mihelič Zajec, 2007) kot tudi za izboljšanje izidov zdravstvene obravnave (Happell, 2008; Palese, 2014). V klinični praksi so potrebni predanost zagotavljanju povezovanja dokazov s prakso in temu ustrezne strategije (Watson, 2016).
Medicinske sestre in babice smo najštevilčnejša poklicna skupina v zdravstvu tako v svetu (Horton, Tschudin & Forget, 2007; Tolson, 2014) kot tudi v Sloveniji (Dornik, 2013). Zdravstvena nega mora biti transparentna pri samoregulaciji, deluje in predstavlja naj se kot stroka, katere osnova za delovanje so dokazi (raziskave, smernice, standardi, najboljša praksa v danem trenutku, aktivna vloga pacientov v zdravstveni obravnavi ipd.). Danes je zdravstveno nego treba predstavljati kot stroko in znanost, ki se samostojno razvija, raziskuje pristope k pacientom, ki bodo imeli vpliv na njihovo zdravje. Z znanstvenoraziskovalnim delom pa si mora izboriti status, da na probleme na svojem področju delovanja odgovarja z znanstvenim pristopom (Skela-Savič, 2014). Rezultati predhodnih raziskav v Sloveniji potrjujejo medsebojno povezanost izobraževanja in raziskovalnega dela medicinskih sester (Dornik, et al., 2005). Ne gre pozabiti, da imajo ustrezna izobrazba in zadostna znanja pri tem pomembno vlogo (Dornik, 2013; Palese, 2014; Skela-Savič, 2013; 2014).
Že bežen pregled naslovov, objavljenih v Obzorniku zdravstvene nege, odseva aktualnost obravnavnih tem v danem času v domačem in v tujem strokovnem prostoru (Mihelič Zajec & Dornik, 2008). Ključnega pomena pa je branost Obzornika zdravstvene nege v stroki in izven, zato je uredništvo v letu 2013 (Skela-
Savič, 2013) v želji po večji dostopnosti, branosti in citiranju člankov začelo z intenzivnimi pripravami za prosti e-dostop do vseh objavljenih vsebin. Z razvojem izobraževanja in z dvigom kakovosti objavljenih člankov pa se s časom pojavi tudi potreba po vrednotenju revije in v njej objavljenih člankov.
Da bi dosegli strokovno in znanstveno primerljivost in se enakovredno ostalim disciplinam uvrščali v strokovnoinformacijski prostor v Sloveniji in v svetu, je treba slediti enotno izoblikovanemu sistemu evalvacije in kategorizacije naših in mednarodnih revij, ki so pogosto tudi orodje za vrednotenje raziskovalne uspešnosti. Kadar poskušamo izmeriti ugled revije, je neizogibno, da upoštevamo veljavna merila v širši publicistični javnosti. Trudimo se torej, da bi dosegli nivo uglednih revij.
Uredništva uglednih znanstvenih in strokovnih revij si prizadevajo uvrstiti svoje revije v domače in mednarodne baze podatkov, ki so referenčne za določeno strokovno področje. Tudi Obzornik zdravstvene nege ni izvzet, indeksiran je v več bazah: CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), ProQuest (ProQuest Online Information Service), Crossref (Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency), COBIB.SI (Vzajemna bibliografsko-kataložna baza podatkov), Biomedicina Slovenica, dLib.si (Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije) (Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 2016); nestrpno pa tudi pričakujemo povratno informacijo glede evalvacije revije za pridobitev faktorja vpliva.
Vprašanje Kaj in kako pišemo? je eno ključnih, po katerem nas ocenjujejo tudi drugi. Zavedati se moramo, da imajo zapisane besede moč, saj se shranjujejo, obdelujejo, primerjajo, preverjajo ipd. K porastu objavljenih izvirnih in preglednih znanstvenih člankov v Obzorniku zdravstvene nege so pripomogli objavljeni rezultati doktorskih, magistrskih in diplomskih del ter postopno izboljševanje strokovne pismenosti med slovenskimi medicinskimi sestrami in babicami. Ugled, kakovost in odmevnost Obzornika zdravstvene nege je torej rezultat sočasnega, usklajenega in dobro opravljenega dela uredništva, avtorjev, recenzentov, tudi bralcev ter izdajatelja. Vsak posamezni subjekt v procesu objavljanja se mora zavedati svoje naloge in predvsem odgovornosti (Mihelič Zajec & Dornik, 2008). Vse več je bibliometričnih analiz raziskovalnega delovanja medicinskih sester oz. raziskovalnega delovanja na področju zdravstvene nege oz. zdravstva (Dornik, 2007; Higgins & Farrelly, 2007; Ergul, et al., 2010; Hunt, et al., 2012; Papavasiliou, et al., 2012), nekatere bibliometrične analize citirane literature pa kažejo tudi na razvoj raziskovalnega dela v zdravstveni negi (Oermann, et al., 2008), čedalje bolj pa so aktualne tudi bibliometrične raziskave izdanih serijskih publikacij na področju zdravstvene nege in sorodnih ved (Smith & Hazelton, 2008; Kim & Choi, 2014; Harris, 2016; Shawwa, et al., 2016; Bradshaw & Brook, 2016).
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Pokazatelj razvoja zdravstvene nege v svetu je tudi nabor serijskih publikacij v bazi Journal Citation Report (JCR), ki vsebuje podatke o faktorju vpliva za pomembnejše serijske publikacije iz svetovne produkcije in jo izdaja Thomson Reuters. V kategoriji »nursing« (zdravstvena nega) je v bazi JCR (obdobje 1994-2015) skupno 1260 zadetkov (revij, pri čemer je posamezna revija upoštevana tolikorkrat, kolikorkrat je v bazo vključena glede na posamezno leto). Pregled za nekaj zadnjih let kaže na naraščajoč trend, leta 2008 je bilo v tej kategoriji vključenih 62 serijskih publikacij, nato vsako leto več: 74 (2009), 89 (2010), 101 (201l), 103 (2012), 109 (2013), 113 (2014) do 118 serijskih publikacij leta 2015 (podatki iz baze JCR z dne 15. 10. 2016).
V	znanosti se faktor vpliva splošno uporablja kot objektivno merilo ugleda oz. pomembnosti znanstvenih revij, s tem pa tudi raziskovalcev, ki v teh revijah objavljajo. Faktor vpliva za posamezno leto se izračuna kot razmerje med številom citatov člankov posamezne revije v tej in drugih indeksiranih revijah za predhodni dve leti ter številom vseh člankov v tej reviji v tem obdobju, ki se jih v znanosti citira. Vrednost je tako povprečje citatov na članek v tej reviji za zadnji dve leti. Glede na to, da se faktor vpliva nanaša na določeno obdobje, ga je možno izračunati za poljubno časovno obdobje. Ta ocena je uporabna tudi za primerjavo revij znotraj ožjega področja znanosti, saj so revije klasificirane po področjih (Faktor vpliva, 2016).
V	Sloveniji se pri vrednotenju znanstvenega dela upošteva tudi baza Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), ki jo dvakrat letno izda Center za znanstvene in tehnološke študije Univerze v Leidnu (Leiden University's Centre for Science & Technology Studies) v sodelovanju z založbo Elsevier. Le-ta vsebuje zapise s podatki o faktorju vpliva znanstvenih publikacij, ki jih pokriva baza podatkov Scopus, in sicer od leta 1999 naprej. SNIP meri faktor vpliva nekega vira, in sicer tako, da prilagodi citate na osnovi skupnega števila citatov na nekem področju. Z upoštevanjem značilnosti področja posameznega vira tako omogoča neposredno primerjavo virov z različnih področij. Vplivu enega citata se pripiše višja vrednost na področjih, kjer so citati manj verjetni, in obratno. Gre za razmerje med povprečno citiranostjo nekega vira in potencialom citiranosti tega področja (SNIP, 2016). V bazi SNIP je za obdobje 1999-2015 v kategoriji »nursing« skupno 1781 zadetkov (revij, pri čemer je posamezna revija upoštevana tolikokrat, kolikokrat je v bazo vključena glede na posamezno leto). Naraščajoči trend revij s področja zdravstvene nege se kaže tudi v tej bazi - leta 2008 je bilo v tej kategoriji vključenih 118 serijskih publikacij, naslednja leta 136 (2009), 139 (2010), 150 (2011), 148 (2012), 158 (2013), 156 (2014) in 153 serijskih publikacij leta 2015 (podatki iz baze SNIP z dne 15. 10. 2016).
Vrednotenje znanstvene in strokovne uspešnosti
se še vedno opira na tradicionalne bibliometrične kazalce, kot so število objav, število citatov in drugo, leti so merilo za t. i. prepoznavanje ugleda in znanstvene odličnosti. Tovrstni primer spremljanja uspešnosti slovenskih raziskovalcev je SICRIS - Slovenian Current Research Information System/Informacijski sistem o raziskovalni dejavnosti v Sloveniji (SICRIS, 2016).
Z razvojem informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije so se pojavile nove možnosti širjenja informacij, kar je vplivalo tudi na pojav člankov v elektronski obliki. Prisotnost med elektronskimi mediji prispeva k večji prepoznavnosti v široki strokovni javnosti, ki presega nacionalne meje. Biti viden, pomeni biti prisoten v svetovni strokovni javnosti, kar pa vpliva tudi na večjo preverljivost kakovosti objavljenih del. Elektronske revije imajo prednosti, kot so dostopnost od kjerkoli in kadarkoli, enostavnejše sodelovanje med avtorji in bralci ter manjši stroški izdaje (Izquierdo, Izquierdo & Izquierdo, 2007). Danes se vse bolj uporabljajo novejše metode komuniciranja in medsebojnega sodelovanja tudi na področju raziskovanja in objavljanja (npr. spletni blogi, družbena omrežja ipd.), preko katerih se ideje in objave hitro širijo. Tako marsikateri članek danes več ne ubira klasičnih poti objav. V letu 2010 se je uveljavil izraz za nov način oz. koncept spremljanja učinkovitosti in uporabnosti raziskovanja, imenovan alternativne meritve ali altmetrika, ki upošteva nove vrste rezultatov raziskav in nove načine interakcije z raziskavami na spletu in upošteva široko paleto razpoložljivih meritev, od znanstvenega vpliva na eni strani do splošnega in družbenega vpliva na drugi strani (Luprich, 2016).
Tradicionalne poti objavljanja znanstvenega dela so znanstvene revije z visokimi faktorji vpliva. Alternativa temu pa so danes tudi nove možnosti objave v odprtem dostopu. Odprti dostop (angl. open access) je spremenil upravljanje z avtorskimi pravicami in temeljna značilnost zanj je zadržanje materialnih avtorskih pravic za objavljena dela. Lastništvo nad materialnimi avtorskimi pravicami odpira možnosti poljubnega razširjanja in objavljanja publikacij in raziskovalnih podatkov pod pogoji, ki jih raziskovalec sam določa ali z njimi soglaša. Novi založniški poslovni modeli, kot sta objavljanje v odprtem dostopu in odprto recenziranje, npr. odprta recenzija publikacij po objavi, vplivajo na povečanje števila citatov kot najpomembnejšega bibliometričnega merila (Korez, et al., 2016).
Odprti dostop je v Sloveniji v fazi vzpostavljanja na nacionalni ravni. Septembra 2015 je bila v skladu s priporočili Evropske komisije sprejeta Nacionalna strategija odprtega dostopa do znanstvenih objav in raziskovalnih podatkov v Sloveniji 2015-2020 (2015), ki poudarja, da »odprti dostop do znanstvenih objav pomeni brezplačen dostop do celotne vsebine objav v repozitoriju na svetovnem spletu ali na založnikovem spletnem mestu ter upravljanje avtorskih pravic s prostimi licencami. Repozitorij mora omogočiti
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prost dostop, neomejeno razširjanje, povezljivost (interoperabilnost) in trajno hranjenje. Proste licence omogočajo raznoliko nadaljnjo uporabo (poleg branja, shranitve in izpisa tudi razmnoževanje, uporabo, razširjanje, prenos ter javni prikaz dela, izdelavo in razširjanje izpeljanih del v katerem koli digitalnem mediju za katerikoli odgovoren namen). Glavna načina odprtega dostopa do znanstvenih člankov sta: /a)/ Samoshranjevanje v repozitorij (imenovano tudi zeleni odprti dostop), kjer avtor ali njegov zastopnik ob upoštevanju avtorskopravnih vidikov pred, ob ali po objavi članka arhivirata (shranita) končni recenzirani rokopis ali objavljeni članek v odprtodostopni repozitorij. Programska oprema repozitorija avtorju omogoča, da lahko zaradi zahtev založnikov kot nosilcev materialnih avtorskih pravic dostop do celotne vsebine ustrezne različice članka časovno zamakne (>obdobje embarga<). /b)/ Objava v odprto dostopni reviji (imenovana tudi zlati odprti dostop) omogoči, da je članek odprto dostopen takoj ob objavi, avtorskopravni vidik je upravljan s prostimi licencami (avtorji zadržijo materialne avtorske pravice, v repozitorij je lahko shranjen objavljeni članek). Morebitni strošek objave odprtega članka (Article Processing Charges, APC) plača avtor, bralec nima stroškov. Sredstva za plačilo stroškov objave odprtega članka lahko avtorju zagotovijo matična raziskovalna organizacija, financer raziskave ali druga organizacija. Kritje lahko zagotovi tudi založnik v okviru svoje poslovne politike. /Poleg dveh glavnih je pogost še tretji način:/ Odprtost znanstvenih člankov je ob plačilu stroškov odprte objave možno zagotoviti tudi v hibridnih revijah. To so naročniške revije, ki ob plačilu stroškov odprte objave vzpostavijo odprti dostop do celotne vsebine članka, avtorji ob uporabi prostih licenc, na primer Creative Commons, zadržijo materialne avtorske pravice, in podelijo dovoljenje za uporabo tretjim osebam v skladu s pogoji izbrane licence« (Nacionalna strategija odprtega dostopa do znanstvenih objav in raziskovalnih podatkov v Sloveniji 2015-2020, 2015). Dokazano je, da je odprti dostop povezan z večjo citiranostjo revije (Laakso & Bjork, 2016) in prepoznavnostjo znanstvenega dela, prav tako se znižajo stroški objave (McKiernan, et al., 2016; Škoric, et al., 2016).
Ne gre pozabiti, da se vzporedno z vse večjo dostopnostjo in odprtostjo pojavljajo novi izzivi, a hkrati tudi pasti. Tako se v svetu pojavljajo vedno nove oblike nepoštenih praks založnikov, revij in spletnih strani v znanstvenem komuniciranju (plenilske in lažne revije, t.i. sporne revije, ponarejene metrike ...). Čeprav se ta pojav povezuje z odprtostjo dostopa, ga ne smemo z njim enačiti. V mednarodnem prostoru so prisotne spodbude in dokumenti pri objavljanju, kot so Principi transparentnosti in najboljše prakse znanstvenega objavljanja (COPE - Committe on Publication Ethics), tako imenovani "white lists/ beli seznami" (zaupanja vrednih) in "black lists/črni
seznami" (neetičnih) revij, ki raziskovalcem pomagajo pri odločitvah glede objav, ter številni prosto dostopni viri (Google, blogi raziskovalcev, DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals, iniciativa »Think. Check. Submit«, ROAD - Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources, OASPA - Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, SHERPA/RoMEO ipd.) kot pripomočki. V Slovenji so portali s preverjenimi podatki COBIB.SI, SICRIS in ARRS - Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (Vončina, et al., 2016).
Odprti dostop bi moral postati vrednota, cenjena med raziskovalci, založniki in v širši javnosti. Osnovni princip odprtega dostopa je takojšnja dostopnost rezultatov javno financiranih raziskav na svetovnem spletu brez naročniških ali avtorskopravnih omejitev. Trenutno gre večinoma za prosti (brezplačen) dostop do objav na svetovnem spletu in ne odprti dostop (Open Access Slovenia, 2016).
Pred uredništvom Obzornika zdravstvene nege je še veliko izzivov in smelih načrtov. Uspehi in vidni rezultati, ki temeljijo na preteklih izkušnjah, spremljanju svetovnega razvoja in 50-letni tradiciji, zagotovo ne bodo izostali.
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Cite as/Citirajte kot:
Dornik, E. & Mihelič Zajec, A., 2016. Slovenian Nursing Review facing contemporary publishing challenges. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 50(4), pp. 256-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14528/snr.2016.50.4140