ACTA CARSOLOGICA	33/1	22	319-328	LJUBLJANA 2004
COBISS:1.04
HIGH-ACCURACY GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF UNDERGROUND KARST FEATURES AND FORMATIONS
IN CAVE MAPPING
VISOKO LOČLJIVA GRAFIČNA PREDSTAVITEV PODZEMSKIH
KRAŠKIH OBLIK
GÄBOR SZUNYOGH1
1 Dr. Szunyogh Gabor, Berzsenyi Daniel Foiskola, Fizika Tanszek, Szombathely, Karolyi Gäspär ter 4, H 9700, e-mail: szgabor@deimos.bdtf.hu
Abstract	UDC: 551.44:528.94
Gabor Szunyogh: High-accuracy graphic representation of underground karst features and formations during cave mapping
We attempt to develop a new method of cave mapping, which would be superior in terms of the amount and quality of the documented information, relative to the "standard" methods of cave survey. The method envisages that everything that can be seen in the cave which is being surveyed, e.g., corrosional features, cave formations, water bodies, fallen rock blocks, fractures in cave walls, artificial (engineering) structures, etc., must be represented on the map. The method employs the traditional system of map symbols; the accuracy of the produced map, however, approaches the accuracy of the engineering survey maps. The maps accurately render positions, shapes and dimensions of cave features: for example all stalagmites with diameters greater than ca. 10 cm, and all rock blocks with linear sizes exceeding 0.5 m are shown on the maps individually. In the report we will elaborate on the most important aspects of this mapping method, including stages of survey and mapping, system of drawing, map symbols.
Key words: cave mapping, engineering, Baradla cave, Beke cave, cave atlas, detailed survey.
Izvleček	UDC: 551.44:528.94
Gabor Szunyogh: Visoko ločljiva grafična predstavitev podzemskih kraških oblik
Prispevek predstavlja poskus razvoja nove metode kartiranja jam. Metoda nadgrajuje klasično kartiranje z večjo količino in natančnostjo podatkov, pri čemer predvideva, da na jamski načrt vnesemo vse kar v jami vidimo: korozijske oblike, vodna telesa, podorne bloke, razpoke v jamskih stenah, umetne posege v jamo itd. Metoda uporablja tradicionalen nabor simbolov, pri čemer ločljivost ustreza ločljivosti inženirskih načrtov. Na karti so natančno predstavljene lokacija, oblika in dimenzija jamskih oblik; npr. vsi stalagmiti z premerom nad 10 cm in vsi bloki z linearno dimenzijo nad 0.5 m so posamično prikazani. Prispevek obravnava najpomembnejše vidike te metode, predstavi različne faze meritev in kartiranja, način risanja in kartografske simbole. Ključne besede: kartiranje jam, jama Baradla , jama Beke, atlas jam, natančna izmera jam.
ANTECEDENTS
Since the 18th century the detailed surveying of caves has been the object of many well-known surveyors, e.g. Jozsef Sartory (1794, in Bendefy 1962), Keresztely Raisz (1806, in Bredeczky 1907), Imre Vass (1831), Kälmän Münich (1886, in Dudich 1932), Ödön Konrad (1936) and György Orszagh (1989), who have contributed to the mapping of the Baradla cave. Their aim was partly to produce a mapped record of the newly discovered passages, indicating their locations by marks on the surface, and partly to promote surveying in preparation for mining operations needed to allow access to the cave easier for visitors.
However, changes in the technique of mapping as well as stricter demands concerning mapped representation of caves required a technically precise, large scale (1:100) presentation of the Bara-dla: The resulting map could serve as a true basis for up-to-date methods of speleological research, planning and execution of technical and maintenance work in the passages open to the public, as well as for reflecting as truly as possible the features of the cave.
Surveying operations for such a map, i.e. one that meant a significant step forward in its wealth of detail as compared to earlier surveys became timely when the international "spiritual value" of caves of Aggtelek had grown in consequence of the Aggtelek Karst (together with its caves enjoying increased protection) was included in the UNESCO's World Natural Heritage List and partly also because the need for radical modernization of installments serving tourism had become apparent. Operations for the new survey were started in 1990 by commission of the Department of Speleology of the Ministry of Environment and Regional Development. Employing high-accuracy survey, we have produced a 1:100-scale map of the Beke cave near Aggtelek (Szunyogh 1995). The map is in a form of an atlas (75 sheets in the A/1 format). Over the last 5 years, a similar map of the Baradla cave is being prepared (52 sheets are ready).
CARTOGRAPHIC CONTENT OF THE NEW SURVEY
Obviously, the new survey contains the generally accepted elements of cave maps, but has been complemented by a number of (morphologic, hydrologic and cave-engineering) cartographic elements satisfying further needs set in the introduction.
The border line of the maps of the passages is formed by the contours of the horizontal (so called shadow) projection. This contour, however, differs according to the character of the passage in question (e.g. friable, scalloped surface, niches, spherical cavities, fissures, or reinforced with natural stone, beveled stone retaining wall, poured concrete) (Fig. 1). The various slope features along passages are indicated by special symbols within the contours: near plane, cone- or funnel-shaped banks, steep rocks, slopes marked with corrosional troughs; scallop-covered areas; clay and rock crests (Fig. 2). Further symbols are (semi)vertical scarps: marked scarps of a passage; minor scarps of ca 20-30 cm maximum height; scarps with scallops, alcoves, crests and "bear's claw traces"; shafts and chimneys (Fig. 3). Lines separating sections of abruptly changing height of the roof are also indicated. The materials of the banks and floors of the passages are marked distinctly: rocky areas; clayey-sandy passage floors; surfaces of gravely sand or sandy gravel as well as surfaces of clay or sand mixed with rock debris (Fig. 2). The map shows where the passages are covered with debris and where ripplemarks are found in the stream bed.
As inundated areas surfaces under water by normal water level of the cave stream are indicated,
and cave ponors, underwater pits, and pools are also represented (Fig. 4). Special symbols show the surface of streams disappearing in lower passages and under various blocks and rock arches. Cave ponds and smaller water-filled basins are also shown. Drawn to scale the map also contains individual typical features of caved-in masses markedly determining the cave's aspect, and special symbols for smaller (thinner than 10- 15 cm) and larger (thicker than 10- 15 cm) stalagmites, groups of dripstone, flowstones, oblique stalagmites and stalactites and toppled dripstone columns (Fig. 4).
Fig. 1: Symbols of the border line of the passages.
Fig. 2: Symbols of various slope features along passages and materials of the banks and floors of the passages.
The information on the map sheets includes interior passage heights, the comparative heights of significant cave formations, numbered stops along guided cave tours (displayed on boards in the cave), further, numbers painted on the walls during earlier surveys, as well as location and number of the surveying polygon points (Fig. 3). Arrows crossed with multiple small lines show the dip of concrete pavements (low, steep or very steep gradient).
The atlas also indicates numerous non-natural cave objects e.g. concrete pavements, concrete or
Fig. 3: Information on the map sheets and symbols of formation elements of vertical scarps.
Fig. 4: Symbols of inundated areas and significant individual typical features.
natural kerbs, natural stone support under pavements, buttresses and pillars of natural stone, masonry, bridges and bridgepillars (Fig. 5). As a result of detailed, precise survey it also shows concrete steps, steps cut into, or rising above the clay floor and/or steps made of natural flagstones; paths and foot steps trodden in the clay floor. Indicated are also concrete slabs, beams, boards and planks "scattered" on the cave floor. From among installations serving tourism the map shows the location of loudspeakers, reflectors and spotlights and their sheltering/shading walls, of electric distributor- and switchboard-boxes, as well as of natural-stone covers of electric cables, ducts and other installations (e. g. oil pumps and oil tanks). Entrances and doors are marked as used in technical drawings (i.e. indicating their direction of opening)._


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THE PROCESS OF SURVEYING
Surveying was based upon a polygonal network. In the first step a measuring line was drawn (by means of a special stand) between the points of the polygons and at 2 m intervals small numbered flags were hung along this line (Fig. 6). On both sides of these small flags the contours of passages, kerbs and tracks of the banks of the subterranean stream were measured with a telescopic measuring rod or (if needed) a 20 metre long measuring tape, and from the data 1:100 scale models were drawn on A/1 size co-ordinate paper (using a portable tripod drawing table). In this way the contours of the passages, the concrete pavement and of the stream Styx formed the skeleton of the map to be drawn.
In the next step the data of other map contents were established and concurrently added. Their location was fixed either by orthogonal planimetry (measurements directly from the measuring tape) or by drawing on the plane-table as usual in geodetic surveying. The first method could be applied where the object to be represented was within a distance of 8 metres (in reachable distance with the telescopic measuring rod), whilst the latter was chosen when drawing more distant objects.
Larger passage sections had to be divided into two or three, five-ten metre wide parallel stripes, as stripes wider than these could not be surveyed and drawn simultaneously and with adequate precision.
As soon as the location of an object had been determined, its shape and cartographic symbol were immediately drawn in their final form. This mapping-on-the-spot had the advantage that it prevents mistakes unavoidable during office table drawing; and it "automatically" highlights not
Fig. 6: System of fixing measuring points.
Fig. 7: Csipkes-kut environmental map from the new Baradla Atlas.
yet surveyed "blank spots". As a consequence, nothing could be mapped subsequently, relying on the surveyor's memory.
The shape of larger objects (collapsed stalagmites, blocks of debris etc.) was ascertained by additional measurements: first, the highest (or in certain cases, the most characteristic) points were fixed, direction and length of the main lines of profile were identified with a compass and a measuring tape, then with suitable hatchuring and the use of linear and surface symbols their ground-plan was drawn.
With the telescopic measuring rod the heights of various cave sections were established and (with indications of the site of measurement) entered on the map.
Concurrently with the groundplan survey, cross sections were prepared at average intervals of 3050 metres. In addition to their outline the most typical cave formations to be observed in the sections were also indicated: dripstones, blocks of rock, ponds, etc. Similarly to the case of the ground-plan the cross sections were also drawn at a scale of 1:100, parallel to the surveying.
Both the groundplan and the cross sections were drawn with special regard to the requirement that the map should offer a suggestive picture of the wealth of forms in the cave, above all of its speleologic and karst-morphologic values. With this aim in view (a procedure absolutely new in cave mapping) features marked in the appearance of the various passage sections have been represented not only by symbols but also by artistic graphic images. This new way of representation is strikingly apparent especially in the cross sections, and was all the more necessary as - due to their position - many formations could not be photographed in their entirety, whilst they can be graphically depicted (Fig. 7).
Naturally, the final copies were completed during office work on the surface. This, however, needed no further processing of the contents, since at this stage only the first drafts made underground were copied without any change onto A/1 size tracing paper sheets. A 50 % high-precision reduction of these map sheets provided the maps of the cave atlas (Szunyogh 1998).
Due to the Baradla's imposing dimensions work progressed very slowly. Surveying the Josvafo branch took about 70 days (10 hours a day) and about 30 further days for drawing up the fair copies. Work was done during the summer, during one-month expeditions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bendefy, L., 1962: Sartory Jozsef bänyamemök 1794. evbeli terkepe az aggteleki Baradla barlangrol (Jozsef Sartory mining engineer's Map of the Baradla Cave of the year 1794) - Karszt es Barlang I. sz. p. 5-9, Budapest Bredeczky, S., 1907: Neue Beyträge zur Topographie und Statistik des Königreichs Ungarn-Wien und Triest
Denes, Gy., 1970: Az Aggteleki-barlang Raisz-äga (Raisz-branch of the Aggtelek cave) - Karszt es
Barlang II. sz. p.65-70, Budapest Dudich, E., 1932: Az Aggteleki cseppkobarlang es környeke (The Aggtelek Dripstone Cave and its
Environment) - 186. p. Budapest Konräd. Ö., 1936: Az Aggtelek-josvafoi Baradla cseppkobarlang felmerese (Survey of the Aggtelek-
Josvafo Dripstone Cave) - Geodeziai Közl. Vol. XII. p. 27-40. Budapest Orszäg, Gy., Vid, Ö., et. al. 1990: A Baradla-barlang 1:1000 meretaränyu atlasza (1:1000 scale map
of the Baradla cave) -MKBT. Budapest Revesz, L., 1967: A Baradla Meseorszägänak feltäräsa (Exploration of the Baradla Fairyland) - Karszt
es Barlang I-II. sz. p.31-32, Budapest Szunyogh, G., 1995: A Beke-barlang 1:100 leptekfi atlasza (1:100 scale atlas of the Beke Cave - by
commission of The Speleological Institute, Budapest Szunyogh, G., 1998: A Baradla-barlang josvafoi közeptüra-ütvonalänak 1:100 leptekfi atlasza (1:100 scale atlas of the Aggtelek-Josvafo Cave Middle Tour) - by commission of The Speleological Institute, Budapest
Vass. I., 1831: Az Aggteleki barlang le^räsa, fekte területevel es talprajzolatäval es hosszäban valo ätvägäsäval ket täbläban... (Description of the Aggtelek cave with its ground-plan and longitudinal section...) - Pest