© Author(s) 2021. CC Atribution 4.0 License West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials Register primarnih mineralnih surovin Zahodnega Balkana Duška ROKAVEC 1 , Matej DRAKSLER 1 , Dejan LEVSTEK 2 & Snježana MILETIĆ 1 1 Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana; Slovenia; e-mail: duska.rokavec@geo-zs.si, matej.draksler@geo-zs.si, snjezana.miletic@geo-zs.si, 2 Avsečeva ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana; Slovenia; e-mail: dejan.levstek@gmail.com Prejeto / Received 3. 3. 2021; Sprejeto / Accepted 1. 7. 2021; Objavljeno na spletu / Published online 19. 7. 2021 Key words: primary raw materials, mineral resources, West Balkan, mineral register, project RESEERVE Ključne besede: primarne mineralne surovine, Zahodni Balkan, register mineralnih surovin, projekt RESEERVE Abstract Rational and long-term planning and sustainable mineral resources management is of strategic importance in Europe’s efforts to secure the self-supply of mineral raw materials. European mineral data is organized and accessible within the pan-European Minerals Intelligence Network. Most EU countries are part of this network, while the West Balkan region presents a gap in this regard. A common West Balkan mineral register needs to be established in order to close the gap and bring the area closer to the EU market. Including the region into the network would provide new opportunities to local industry and improve mineral management at the national and regional level. In this context, the Geological Survey of Slovenia is working in cooperation with numerous partners and stakeholders in different projects within the framework of European initiatives and programs. We collected and properly organized relevant data on minerals in the region according to the INSPIRE Directive. This paper describes the creation of the West Balkan Mineral Register of primary raw materials, and its content. Izvleček Premišljeno in dolgoročno načrtovanje ter trajnostno upravljanje z mineralnimi surovinami je strateškega pomena za surovinsko samooskrbo Evrope. Podatki o evropskih mineralnih surovinah so urejeni in dostopni znotraj vseevropske informacijske mreže o mineralnih surovinah (angl. pan-European Minerals Intelligence Network). Večina držav Evropske unije je že vključenih vanjo, medtem ko predstavlja območje Zahodnega Balkana vrzel v tej mreži. Zato je bilo potrebno izdelati register mineralnih surovin Zahodnega Balkana, ki bo pokril vrzel na tem področju in omenjeno območje približal evropskem trgu. Vključitev regije v informacijsko mrežo bo ustvarila nove priložnosti za lokalno industrijo in hkrati omogočila boljše upravljanje z mineralnimi surovinami tako na nacionalni kot tudi na širši regionalni ravni. S tem namenom izvaja Geološki zavod Slovenije v sodelovanju s številnimi partnerji in deležniki različne projektne aktivnosti v sklopu evropskih pobud in programov. Relevantne podatke o mineralnih surovinah v regiji smo zbrali in primerno uredili v skladu z INSPIRE Direktivo. V članku predstavljamo snovanje Registra primarnih mineralnih surovin Zahodnega Balkana in njegovo vsebino. GEOLOGIJA 64/1 , 95-105, Ljubljana 2021 https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2021.006 Introduction Europe is aiming to reduce its dependence on imported mineral resources from other con- tinents by increasing its self-supply capacities. One of the most important regions that the Eu- ropean Commission recognizes as a greatpoten- tial contributor to the effort to lower Europe’s dependence on imported mineral resources is the South-East Europe (SEE) region and its conside- rable mineral potential. Southeast Europe, par- ticularly the West Balkans, is rich in primary as well as secondary mineral resources, which are mostly remains of historic or current mining and metallurgical activities. The area has important deposits of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, iron, nickel, and antimony. Furthermore, some explo- rative geological work is being carried out on new mineral resource deposits (critical raw ma- terials) that are in great demand in Europe. The results of the extensive research work on mineral deposits in the West Balkan are stored in various national archives or have even been lost, which represents a gap in the Europe’s existing infor- mation system on mineral resources (Fig. 1). The- refore, there was a need for data on primary and secondary mineral deposits in the West Balkans 96 Duška ROKAVEC, Matej DRAKSLER, Dejan LEVSTEK & Snježana MILETIĆ region to be systematically collected, interpre- ted, and arranged in a single place. In addition, such data should be linked to existing European datasets as publicly accessible data, so as the gre- at potential of mineral reserves in the West Bal- kans makes it a deserving part of the European mineral information platform. Greater collaboration between European and regional partners, as well as with stakeholders is herein of great importance. Owing to the com- mon regional history, knowledge of the local languages, and a good knowledge of the general situation in the area, the Geological Survey of Slovenia can play a significant role in the afore- mentioned process (Rokavec et al., 2018). Thus, it is intensely involved in the relevant activities and represents a link between EU and West Balkan mineral sector. Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) EIT RawMaterials The Knowledge and Innovation Communi- ty (KIC) EIT RawMaterials was established in 2014 by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). EIT RawMaterials has a vision of a European Union where raw materials con- stitute a major, strategic strength. Its mission is to grow the European raw materials sector and make it more competitive and attractive through radical innovation and guided entrepreneurship. It is the largest and strongest consortium in the mineral raw materials sector worldwide bringing together 317 European partners from 26 countri- es and represents all three sides of the knowledge triangle: education, research, and industry. The consortium collaborates in finding new, innovati - ve solutions to secure supply and improve the raw materials sector all along its value chain – from exploration, extraction and processing to recyc- ling and reuse. With innovative technological so- lutions it strives to ensure the highest degree of EU mineral raw material self-sufficiency possi- ble. EIT RawMaterials has a significant impact on European competitiveness and employment by fostering and driving innovation and empowering entrepreneurs, research, and education instituti- ons to move closer to the circular economy model. This results in the introduction of innovative and sustainable products, processes, and services, as well as expert professionals making European society more economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable (Internet 1). The Geological Survey of Slovenia is stron- gly connected to the SEE region through the EIT RawMaterials (RM) knowledge and innovation community as its EIT RM “core” partner. Along with acting as a coordinator or partner in diffe- rent EIT RawMaterials community projects, the Geological Survey of Slovenia is one of the three cofounders of the Regional Center (RC) Adria- hub, together with the Slovenian National Bu- ilding and Civil Engineering Institute and the University of Zagreb, which connects regional raw materials ecosystems with the EIT RawMa- terials community (Draksler et al., 2018). As a member of the EIT community, the Geo- logical Survey of Slovenia has coordinated two projects with the goal of mapping mineral reso- urces in the West Balkan countries, particularly in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia (RE- SEERVE) (Internet 2) and of creating a dedica- ted public mining/mineral service (MineService) (Internet 3). Until now, these countries were not included in the existing data platforms that pro- vide raw materials potentials data to interested stakeholders (Fig. 1). The main outcome of such activities is the creation of a West Balkan Mine- ral Register for primary and secondary mineral resources. The register should serve as a starting point to integrate the region into the pan-Euro- pean Minerals Intelligence Network and bring it closer to the common mineral market. Data on West Balkan minerals is now part of the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI) portal and the complete Register is avai- lable on the RESEERVE project’s website (Inter- Fig. 1. Data gap (countries in grey) in the Pan European Mineral Intelligence Network (countries in blue) before the RESEERVE project (Archive of the Geological Survey of Slovenia). 97 West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials net 4). It consists of two parts: the West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials (In- ternet 5) and the West Balkan Mineral Register of Secondary Raw Materials (Internet 6). Here we present work within the RESEERVE project to create the West Balkan Mineral Regi- ster of Primary Raw Materials (Internet 5) and in so doing, connecting the region to the European Minerals Intelligence Network. Materials and methods The aim of creating the West Balkan Mineral Register of primary raw materials is to address one of the major challenges presented in the Raw Materials Initiative (RMI) - II. Pillar: to foster the sustainable supply of raw materials from EU-ba- sed sources (European Commission, 2008). This effort should be facilitated and augmented by the mineral potential of the East and Southeast Europe (ESEE) region. Based on strong coopera- tion with representatives from the selected ESEE countries the following objectives can be esta- blished; (1) to identify relevant data providers and examine the quantity, quality, and format of data; (2) to examine existing datasets, extract publicly accessible data, and aggregate specific data when necessary; (3) to present a case study on the harmonisation of existing data with IN- SPIRE-compliant data (RESEERVE, 2017). The established West Balkan Mineral/Mining com- munity and its Mineral Register should support an array of activities in the ESEE region, espe- cially as a basis for further mineral exploration. These actions will contribute to the integration of the West Balkan region into the pan-European mineral market. The objectives outlined herein are also aligned with the Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative on Re- source Efficiency and the Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe (European Commission, 2011), as well as with the INSPIRE Directive establi- shing an infrastructure for spatial informati- on (Directive 2007/2/EC). They also contribute to EU resource efficiency goals that are aligned with several UN Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015) To start building a common raw material re- gister it is essential to determine what data is needed to provide comprehensive information to local Knowledge Triangle Integration (KTI) sta- keholders (from industry, education and research institutions) and the relevant authorities as well as to potential international investors. The best way to make information visible worldwide is to prepare in the way they can be available via the internet. Most EU countries (including Slovenia) are already part of the “pan-European Mineral Intelligence Network”, whereas most of the SEE region still represents a gap. A first step towards a common register and consequently INSPIRE- -aligned data was made with the defining of re- levant attributes separated into two sub-tables – for primary and secondary raw materials. This paper focuses on primary raw materials data (Rokavec & Draksler, 2020). The work required to create common mineral resource datasets was divided into three steps: 1. Study of existing primary raw materials data 2. Selection of competent / relevant attributes 3. Creating a common primary raw materials dataset. Raw data required for the creation of the re- gister was provided by the relevant responsible institutions from the West Balkan countries: Ge- ological Survey of Slovenia (Slovenia), Croatian Geological Survey (Croatia), Geological Survey of Albania (Albania), Geological Survey of Mon- tenegro (Montenegro), University of Belgrade – Faculty of Mining and Geology (Serbia), Geo- logical Survey of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Macedo- nian Ecological Society (North Macedonia), and the Geological Survey of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). In order to study existing primary raw mate- rials data, researchers from SEE national geolo- gical surveys captured, evaluated, harmonised, and provided national geologic data, including data on mineral resources, and managed the most relevant mineral datasets. Supplementary, educational and business partners contributed with their needs, experience, and knowledge related to potential investments in the exploi- tation of primary and secondary mineral resou- rces (Draksler et al., 2018). Finally, the work of Task Partners (TPs), which participated in the project for a specific task, was of particular im- portance. Comprehensive mineral data on metals, indu- strial minerals, and rocks were gathered at the national levels. Publicly accessible data was se- lected and gaps in existing mineral informati- on were identified. Despite the fact that mineral commodities are in most countries property of the state, some data - such as resources and reserves at individual exploitation site in some countries - is not publicly available. Publicly available data on mineral resources and their deposits are ma- inly published in mineral yearbooks, professional 98 Duška ROKAVEC, Matej DRAKSLER, Dejan LEVSTEK & Snježana MILETIĆ and scientific articles, expert magazines, websi- tes etc. Datasets differ from country to country due to differences in mineral endowment, level of exploration, data details and the technical (IT) tools in use. Therefore, a comparison of datasets from different countries was performed, and the mineral data validated. A common dataset was established to ensure the comparability of the data provided. A broad set of mineral data from different sites has been included – from active, abandoned, and closed mines to sites where no previous mining activities have taken place, so called “greenfields” (Rokavec & Draksler, 2020). Construction of the Primary Raw Material (PRM) Register in West Balkan was performed in the following steps: - Selection of relevant attributes describing raw materials and their deposit as good as possible. - Comparison of selected attributes with IN- SPIRE terminology (upon Directive 2007/2/ EC). - Attributes and data mapping to INSPIRE. - Creation of final common PRM Register. Attributes selected for the PRM attribute ta- ble of datasets were taken from an analysis con- ducted according to the informational value for stakeholders. Some elementary statistics were compiled according to the Register’s PRM attri- butes. All attributes in the PRM table were divided as follows (Rokavec & Draksler, 2020): - Basic data, providing basic information on the deposit - Technical data, related to technical de- scriptions of the deposit - Geological data, describing the basic geol- ogy of the deposit Further on, basic data is divided into: - Name of mineral deposit - Municipality of mineral deposit - X and Y WGS84 (World Geodetic System) coordinates Technical data is divided into: - Current status of mine (abandoned/under maintenance/ operational) - Mining method (open pit, underground) - Concessionaire’s name - Mineral reserves (reported in tonnes). Geological data is divided into: - Basic geological map at scale 1:100.000 - Type of mineral deposit - Size of mineral deposit - Age of mineral deposit - Host–rock type - Major, minor, and trace minerals - Final product made from the mineral. Results and discussion The analysis of primary raw material data resulted in 473 PRM sites described by 27 attri- butes, which were included into the West Bal- kan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials (Internet 5) and presented in an overview table (Fig. 2) and on a map (Fig. 3). Among the PRM sites, there are 248 metal sites and 225 sites of industrial minerals and construction materials. 56 sites or 12 % of all sites are “greenfields”. Fig. 2. A screen capture of overview table with 473 locations of primary raw materials, as part of the West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials (Internet 5). 99 West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials Various mining activities are performed on the remaining 88 % of sites. The site’s current sta- tus describes the phase of a site’s “lifetime”. Al- most half of the selected sites are in operation. Socio-economic transitions and recent regional wars as well as a lack of proper legislation cau- sed many mines to be abandoned. Very few sites have the status of closed mines, in cases where any closing procedure was applied. 9 % of the selected sites are at the beginning of their “li- fetime” cycle in terms of their feasibility status and pending approval. Mining method is defined by referring to the type of mineral material mined, geological struc- ture, and depth of the ore body. Open pit mining is/was the predominant extraction method at the selected sites, followed by underground mining, and quarrying, which is used for aggregates. In some cases, a combination of different mining methods is employed. West Balkan PRM data mapped to INSPIRE has been harvested in the European Union Mine- rals Knowledge Data Platform (EU-MKDP) in the frame of the “Mintell4EU” project (Internet 7). The most interesting data of the sites are there- fore visible also on the EGDI portal (Internet 8, Fig. 3). West Balkan mineral information is now accessible and easily shared across Europe and around the world (Rokavec & Draksler, 2020). Mineral potential of West Balkan Metal deposits related to the West Balkan Metallogenic Zones The greatest geotectonic unit of the West Bal- kan Peninsula are the Dinarides. They are divi- ded into: the External Dinarides (along the Adri- atic coast), and the Inner Dinarides (towards the Pannonian basin) (Fig. 4). Several major mineral metallogenic provin- ces containing deposits of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) are known and described from the West Balkan area from West to East: the Dinaric, Vardar, Serbian-Macedonian, and the Carpatho-Balkan zone (Drovenik, 1984; Jan- ković, 1990; Dimitrijević, 1997; Dill et al., 2008; Jelenković et al., 2008; Melcher & Reichl, 2017; Rokavec & Draksler, 2020). 1. The Dinaric Metallogenic Zone covers the western part of Central Serbia, most of BiH ter- ritory, southwest Croatia, coastal Montenegro, and part of Albania. Two metallogenic epochs – the late Hercynian and the early Alpine – caused endogenic ore mineralisation. Fig. 3. A screen capture of EGDI map showing the locations of primary raw materials (PRM) with main data, as part of the West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials (Internet 5). 100 Duška ROKAVEC, Matej DRAKSLER, Dejan LEVSTEK & Snježana MILETIĆ The Bosnia and Hercegovina Dinarides zone is well known for Pb-Zn ores (Veovača, Olovo de - posit (Palinkaš et al., 2016), Orti, Rupice (Operta & Hyseni, 2016). While other metal ore deposits are present such as deposits of Fe (e. g. Radovan, Ljubija, Vareš-Smreka (Operta & Hyseni, 2016)) and Cu ores (e. g. Mačkara (Jurković et al, 2010)), and even Sb ore occurs in the Čemernica district (Jurković et al., 1999). The Dinarides in western Central Serbia represent the Zlatibor ore district bearing Fe, while in the Priboj-Tutin Zone and the Polimlje ore district occur Cu deposits (Je- lenković et al., 2008). Hydrothermal massive ores of Fe-Cr-Ni sulphides occur in basalts in Alba- nia from the volcano-sedimentary formation of the Middle Triassic - Lower Jurassic ophiolites (Milushi et al, 2012) (Fig. 5). Fig. 4. Geotectonic units in the West Balkans (van Unen et al., 2019 where it was presented compiled and modified after many authors cited therein). 101 West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials In the karstic External Dinarides, the most re- presentative mineralisation consists in the form of Fe-bauxite deposits (Šinkovec et al., 1989, Pa- linkaš et al., 1993, Miko et al., 1999, Radusinović et al., 2017), which extend parallel to the Adriatic coast in Croatia and Montenegro. 2. The Vardar Zone is a belt that lies east of the Dinarides and west of the Serbo-Macedonian Massif. This zone consists of the Srem, Jadar, and Kopaonik blocks separated by ophiolitic fractu- res (Dimitrijević, 1997). The geological successi- on of the Vardar Zone consists of small blocks of crystalline schists, Carboniferous Veles Beds, Jurassic ultramafics, Triassic sediments, diaba- se-chert formations, Jurassic granitoids, Lower and Upper Cretaceous flysch, and Tertiary calc- -alkaline volcano-intrusive complexes (Jelenko- vić et al., 2008). The ophiolites of the Vardar Zone consist mainly of Mg-rich peridotite and duni- te. Their metallogeny is characterized by major chromite and significant pyritic cupriferous de- posits, as well as major magnesite and chrysotile asbestos deposits, locally nickel silicate, and nic- keliferous iron deposits. The Jurassic ophiolites complex (peridotite- -pyroxene deposits bearing Cr, Ti, Fe) constitute the main ore mineralisation in the Vardar zone Endogenous ore deposits related to these ophioli- tic complexes are mostly Ni-Co-Cu-Fe sulphides, pyritic cupriferous deposits, sporadically magne- tite deposits, and minor gold mineralization, but without major chromite deposits (Janković, 1990; Dimitrijević, 1997; Jelenković et al., 2008). Furthermore, after the previous authors, depo- sits of hydrothermal massive sulphides of Fe and Cu (particularly important in Albanian basalts) are also present in the Vardar zone unit Ni-Cu mineralisation could be found in Jurassic ultra- mafic units, as well as the Cr and Ti mineralisa- tion generated during magmatic differentiation. 3. The Serbian-Macedonian Massif spreads North-South along the Great and South Morava valleys in Serbia into western North Macedonia and fu r ther into nor ther n Greece (A ntić et al., 2016). Metal deposits from the Oligocene-Miocene vol- canic intrusive contain ores of Pb and Zn, subor- dinated of Cu and Sb, accompanied by Au, Ag, As, Ta, Bi and Fe. Hydro-thermal and metasoma- tic vein type ore deposits are present in the Kopa- onik ore region, bearing Pb and Zn and other me- tals (Ag, Au). Additionally, a Cu porphyry type of deposit is also important in this belt (Fig. 6). 4. The Carpatho-Balkan Arc stretches throu- gh Eastern Serbia. The Serbian Carpathians in the northern part is an extension of the Carpat- hian Range and connects the western parts of the Balkan Mountains (Krstekanić et al., 2020). Deposits in the Carpatho-Balkanian metallo- genic province (eastern Serbian) are often asso- ciated with horst-graben structures. These were formed above the subducted oceanic lithosphere under the Eurasian plate and follow the Early Cretaceous closure of a Tethyan branch (Janko- vić, 1990). The most important deposits (Cu, Au, and rare Pb-Zn) are the porphyry copper, skarn type and volcano-hydrothermal (massive-sulphi- de): Bor deposit, Majdanpek deposit, Veliki Kri- velj deposit (Bor metallogenic zone) (Drovenik, 1984) and Ridanj-Krepoljin Zone (Reškovica, An- tina Čuka etc.) (Simić et al., 2019). Fig. 5. Fe-Ni deposit in Albania (Photo: Archive of the Geological Survey of Albania). 102 Duška ROKAVEC, Matej DRAKSLER, Dejan LEVSTEK & Snježana MILETIĆ Industrial Minerals and Rocks (including some aggregates) The West Balkan region has an abundance of aggregates (crushed stones, sand and gravel), although these are only reported from Croatia and Montenegro in the register. Furthermore, bauxite is also abundant in carbonate host roc- ks throughout the Dinarides (Miko et al., 1999, Radusinović et al., 2017). The bauxite deposits in the register are reported from Croatia, Montene- gro, BiH and Albania. In terms of industrial roc- ks, pure calcite is reported from all countries in the region, while magnesite deposits are reported from BIH and Serbia. Further, dimension stones and different types of clay are also present in the region (Spasovski & Spasovski, 2012; Stolić, 2016; Hajdarević & Babajić, 2018) Critical Raw Materials A list of critical raw materials (CRMs) for the EU has been defined by the European Com- mission (2020). These raw materials are of high importance to the EU economy and their supply is associated with high risk. The most common- ly reported CRMs in the West Balkan region are minerals of bauxite, magnesium (Mg), antimony (Sb), and titanium (Ti). Raw Materials for Electric Vehicle Batteries Aligned with EU policies and initiatives are relevant regarding battery raw materials (Ba- tteries Directive (2006/66/EC), Strategic Action Plan on Batteries (COM(2019) 176 final), Europe- an Battery Alliance (Internet 9), etc.)the register also contains mineral deposits with raw materi- als used in electric vehicle batteries. All prima- ry minerals for batteries are found in the West Balkan region, except graphite. By providing these raw materials to EU producers of e-vehicle components, the West Balkan represents a gre- at source of support for the EU’s transformation into a pro-e-mobility region, and consequently a greener and more sustainable society. There is a high potential for the supply of raw materials to the battery industry in this region. Conclusion The European Union aims to become less de- pendent on imported minerals from other con- tinents. The West Balkan region is recognized by the European Commission as one of the most outstanding potential sources of mineral raw materials. The Geological Survey of Slovenia, with support from its local partners, took tangible steps in filling the gap in the existing mineral Fig. 6. Copper mine in North Macedonia (Photo: Archive of the Geological Survey of Slovenia). 103 West Balkan Mineral Register of Primary Raw Materials information network through the EIT RM pro- jects. Bringing the West Balkan region into the EU raw materials market also represents another of the project’s benefits. The West Balkan Mineral Register has been cre- ated within the RESEERVE project. The mineral data are included in the European information network and thus became publicly accessible and attractive for potential investments in the mine- ral sector in West Balkans. The Mineral Register provides basic information to reinforce national mineral management and make Europe more mi- neral self-sufficient, which in turn is crucial for European industry. Data summarized in the Mi- neral Register will increase the visibility of the most promising mineral sites in the West Balkan region and will serve to increase investments in exploration and potential extraction there. The resulting positive long-term effects will consist in increased innovation in the West Balkan regi- on, the transfer of new technologies, job creation, and will help stem brain-drain in the region. The complete West Balkan Mineral Register is freely available on the RESEERVE project’s web- site: h ttps : / / reseer v e . e u/ resu l ts. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the reviewers and experts from EIT RawMaterial to streamline their work. Our thanks go also to the paper reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions. 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