GEOLOGIJA 55/1, 17-44, Ljubljana 2012 doi:10.5474/geologija.2012.002 Rhaetian foraminiferal assemblage from the Dachstein Limestone of Mt. Begunjščica (Košuta Unit, eastern Southern Alps) Retijska foraminiferna združba dachsteinskega apnenca Begunjščice (enota Košuta, vzhodne Južne Alpe) Luka GALE Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ul. 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: luka.gale@geo-zs.si Prejeto / Received 14. 3. 2012; Sprejeto / Accepted 30. 3 2012 Key words: Karavanke Mts., Late Triassic, reef, Julian Carbonate Platform, foraminifera, palaeoecology Klju~ne besede: Karavanke, pozni trias, greben, Julijska karbonatna platforma, foraminifere, paleoekologija Abstract Mt. Begunjščica (Karavanke Mts., northern Slovenia) structurally belongs to the Košuta Unit (eastern Southern Alps). The Dachstein Limestone, building the northern side of the mountain and its main ridge, was deposited on the Julian Carbonate Platform, while grey and red nodular Jurassic limestones of the southern slope represent sedimentation on the Julian High. The massive Dachstein Limestone contains a rich assemblage of benthic fo-raminifera. Typical representatives of the reef and back-reef area were recognized. The age of the assemblage is dated as Rhaetian, based on the co-presence of species with a Norian and Rhaetian time span, such as Galeanella tollmanni, "Sigmoilina" schaeferae, Alpinophragmium perforatum, Aulotortus tumidus, Variostoma catilliforme, Variostoma cochlea and Variostoma helicta, together with the Rhaetian to Lower Jurassic Involutina turgida. Izvleček Begunjščica (Karavanke, severna Slovenija) strukturno pripada tektonski enoti Košuta (vzhodne Južne Alpe). Dachsteinski apnenec, ki gradi severno stran gore in njen vršni greben, se je odlagal na Julijski karbonatni platformi, medtem ko sivi plastnati in rdeči gomoljasti jurski apnenci predstavljajo sedimentacijo na Julijskem platoju. Masivni del dachsteinskega apnenca vsebuje številne bentoške foraminifere, tipične za grebensko in zagreben-sko okolje. Na podlagi prisotnosti vrst z norijsko-retijskim razponom kot so Galeanella tollmanni, "Sigmoilina" schaeferae, Alpinophragmium perforatum, Aulotortus tumidus, Variostoma catilliforme, Variostoma cochlea in Variostoma helicta z retijsko do zgodnjejursko vrsto Involutina turgida je združba retijske starosti. Introduction The Late Carnian sea-level rise (Budai & Haas, 1997; Gawlick & Böhm, 2000; Hallam, 2001; Gia-nolla et al., 2003; Berra et al., 2010) and a warm climate (Sattler & Schlaf, 1999; Flügel, 2004; Berra et al., 2010; Preto et al., 2010; Stefani et al., 2010) together with a suitable palaeogeo-graphic position near the palaeoequator (Stamp-fli & Borel, 2002, 2004; Stampfli & Kozur, 2006; Golonka, 2007) created favourable conditions for the development of extensive epeiric carbonate platforms along the Neotethys Ocean (Haas, 2004; Vlahovic et al., 2002, 2005; Bernecker, 2005; Haas et al., 2007; Golonka, 2007) and a co-temporal bloom of scleractinian coral reefs (Turnsek, 1997; Stanley Jr., 2003; Flügel, 2004; Bernecker, 2005; Russo, 2005). Extremly thick carbonate platforms developed during Norian and Rhaetian also in the NE corner of the Adria microplate: the Julian Carbonate Platform is now structurally mostly incorporated in the Julian Nappe of the Eastern Southern Alps, whereas the Dinaric Carbonate Platform belongs to the External Dinarides (Buser, 1986; Placer, 1999, 2008). The distinction between the two platforms is based on their position with respect to the intermediate deep-water Slovenian Basin, i.e. the Julian Carbonate Platform was situated to the north of the basin (in the present orientation), while the Dinaric Carbonate Platform bordered the Slovenian Basin to the south (Buser, 1986, 1989; Ogorelec & Rothe, 1993; Buser, 1996). The distinction between the platforms is also justified by their different stra-tigraphic developments: while the Dachstein Limestone constitutes the Julian Carbonate Plat- form (e.g. Buser, 1986, 1989; Ciarapica & Passeri, 1990; Buser, 1996; Sattler & Schlaf, 1999), early dolomitization resulted in a strong predominance of the Main Dolomite on the Dinaric Carbonate Platform, with the exception of its northern margin (e.g. Buser, 1989; Ogorelec & Rothe, 1993; Buser, 1996). Furthermore, several coral reefs are known from the Julian Carbonate Platform (Fig. 1), while none have been recorded south of the Slovenian Basin (Turnšek et al., 1984; Turnšek, 1997). Coral reefs from the southern brim of the Julian Carbonate Platform bordered the Slovenian Basin and are preserved in the southern Julian Alps (Buser et al., 1982; Turnsek & Buser, 1991; Turnsek, 1997). Reefs are known also from the northern Julian Alps (Buser et al., 1982; Turnsek & Ramovš, 1987; Ramovš & Turnšek, 1991; Turnšek, 1997) and from Mt. Begunjščica in the Karavanke Mts. (Flügel & Ramovš, 1961; Turnšek, 1997), bordering basins which are not preserved due to younger tectonic displacements (Placer, 1999). While reef-constructors from these reefs received considerable attention in the past studies, no such research has focused on associated organisms. Although benthic fora-minifera are abundant in the Norian-Rhaetian reefs and can provide important additional information in recognizing peri-reef subenvironments (Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Sadati, 1981; Flügel, 1981; Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1981; Senow-bari-Daryan et al., 1982; Kristan-Tollmann, 1986, 1990; Zamparelli et al., 1995; Martini et al., 1997, 2004; Chablais et al., 2010b), only few were mentioned by Flügel and Ramovš (1961), Turnšek and Ramovš (1987), Ramovš and Turnšek (1991) and Turnšek and Buser (1991). The scope of this paper is to give a more complete list of foraminifera found in the reef and back-reef massive Dachstein Limestone of Mt. Begunjščica, after a new research was initiated in 2010. Several taxa are described and the Rhaetian age for the youngest part of the reef confirmed. Previous Research The systematic geological research of Mt. Be-gunjščica (Karavanke Mts., northern Slovenia; Fig. 2) began with the geological mapping performed by the Geological Survey of Vienna in the second half of the 19th century (Lipold 18551859 - cf. Ramovš, 2001; Peters, 1855, 1856; Teller, 1899; see also Vetters, 1933a, 1933b). Its structure was later shown on the Celovec sheet of the Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia (Buser & Cajhen, 1977) and by Brencic and Poltnig (2008). Two stratigraphic units dominate Mt. Be-gunjščica: red and grey nodular Jurassic limestones build large parts of its southern flank, while bedded and massive Dachstein Limestone outcrops on top and on the northern side of the mountain. Jurassic beds were investigated for their ammonoid assemblage by Mihajlovic and Ramovš (1965), and are of economical significance due to manganese content (Herlec & Vidrih, 2006; Ogorelec et al., 2006). The massive reef Dachstein Limestone was studied already by Flügel and Ramovš (1961) and Turnšek (1997). Numerous corals, sponges, sole-noporaceans and hydrozoans were determined, some of them characteristic for the Rhaetian age (Flügel & Ramovš, 1961; Turšnek, 1997). Flügel and Ramovš (1961) reported on few foraminifera, namely Aulotortus cf. A. communis Kristan, 1957, members of the family Ophthalmidiidae and la- Fig. 1. Structural map of the Slovenian territory (simplified after Placer, 1999), with distributions of Norian and/or Rhaetian reefs (after Turnsek, 1997). The position of Mt. Begunjscica is marked with a star symbol. Fig. 2. Geographic position of Mt. Begunjscica genids. Buser (1980) added Variostoma coniforme Kristan-Tollmann, 1964, Diplotremina cf. D. sub-angulata Kristan-Tollmann, 1964, Galeanella tollmanni (Kristan, 1957), Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956, Aulotortus tenuis (Kristan, 1957) and "Agerella martana (Farinacci, 1959)" to the list. Geological setting Mt. Begunjscica structurally belongs to the Kosuta Unit (Buser, 1980; Brencic & Polting, 2008), a subunit of the Southern Alps (Placer, 1999, 2008). As such, it can be viewed as a northernmost preserved part of the Julian Carbonate Platform (Turnšek et al., 1984; Placer, 1999), severed from the Julian Nappe during younger tectonic movements and incorporated into the Periadriatic fault zone (Placer, 1999). The No-rian-Rhaetian Dachstein Limestone outcrops in the northern part of Mt. Begunjscica, and is separated from gray bedded and red nodular Lower Jurassic limestones by a non-conformity surface (Mihajlovic & Ramovš, 1965; Buser, 1980; Ogore-lec et al., 2006; Brencic & Poltnig, 2008) or by a reverse fault (Gale et al., submitted). Material and methods Samples were collected along the mountain crest, from bedded to massive Dachstein Limestone. Fifty-eight thin sections of size 47 x 28 mm and 75 x 49 mm were made and investigated with an optical microscope. Thin sections are stored at the Geological Survey of Slovenia (Department for Paleontology and Stratigraphy). Foraminiferal assemblage The total foraminiferal assemblage contains the following species (Plates 1-3): Gandinella falsofriedli (Salaj, Borza & Samuel, 1983), Glomospirella sp., Tolypammina sp., Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, l982), Ammobaculites pulcher Kristan-Tollmann, 1964; Ammobaculites spp., Reophax rudis Kristan-Tollmann, 1964, Reophax spp., Gaudryinella clavuliniformis Trifonova, 1967, " Trochammina" almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969, "Trochammina" jaunensis Brönnimann & Page, 1966, Duotaxis metula Kristan, 1957, Duotaxis birmanica Zaninetti & Brönnimann in Brönnimann et al., 1975, Alpinophragmium perforatum Flügel, 1967, "Tetrataxis" humilis Kristan, 1957, Endotriada sp., Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956, Aulotortus tenuis (Kristan, 1957), Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962), Aulotortus tumidus (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964) emend. Piller, 1978, Auloconus permo-discoides (Oberhauser, 1964), Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941, ?Trocholina crassa Kristan, 1957, Trocholina? parva Blau, 1987a, Trocholina sp., Involutina turgida Kristan, 1957, ?Triasina hantkeni Majzon, 1954, Turrispirillina minima Pantic, 1967, Hoyenella sp., Agathammina Gandinella falsofriedli Reophax rudis Alpinophragmium perforatum Duotaxis metula ?Gaudryineila clavuliniformis Kaeveria fluegeli "Trochammina "jaunensis "Trochammina1"almtalensis "Tetrataxis" humilis Involutina turgida Trocholina umbo Trocholina crassa Aulotortus sinuosus Aulotortus tumidus Aulotortus tenuis Aulotortus friedlHsen. Piller, 1973) Auloconus permodiscoides Turrispirillina minima Planiinvoluta carinata Ophthalmidium leischneri Paraophthaimidium carpaticum Galeanelia tollmanni "Sigmoiiina " schaeferae Miiiolechina siete Ía Carnian Norian Rhaetian Hettang. Fig. 3. Stratigraphie ranges of described species from the reef limestone of Mt. Begunjscica austroalpina Kristan-Tollmann & Tollmann, 1964, Paraophthalmidium carpaticum Samuel & Borza, 1981, Ophthalmidium leischneri (Kri-stan-Tollmann, 1962), Ophthalmidium sp., Pla-niinvoluta carinata Leischner, 1961, Miliolechina stellata Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, 1985, Galeanella tollmanni (Kristan, 1957), "Sig-moilina" schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982, Miliolipora cuvillieri Bronnimann & Zaninetti in Bronnimann et al., 1971, Miliolipora sp., "Orthotrinacria expansa Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982" auct., Duostomina turboidea Kristan-Tollmann, 1960, Duostomina biconvexa Kristan-Tollmann, 1960, ?Duostomina astrofimbriata Kristan-Tollmann, 1960, Diplo-tremina placklesiana Kristan-Tollmann, 1960, Diplotremina subangulata Kristan-Tollmann, 1960; Variostoma coniforme Kristan-Tollmann, 1960, Variostoma catilliforme Kristan-Toll-mann, 1960, Variostoma cochlea Kristan-Toll-mann, 1960, Variostoma helicta (Tappan, 1951), " Frondicularia woodwardii Howchin, 1895" auct., Lenticulina sp. Only a portion of species is described in detail in the systematic part of the paper. The focus lies on palaeoecologically and stratigraphically important taxa, and the species rarely or poorly described in the literature, especially when remarks on their systematics are needed. Systematic palaeontology Suprageneric classification used in this paper follows Loeblich and Tappan (1987, 1992). The synonymy list consists of selected references only, while other reports are cited in the Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range paragraphs. Class Foraminiferea J. J. Lee, 1990 Order Lituolida Lankester, 1885 Superfamily Ammodiscidea Reuss, 1862 Family Ammodiscidae Reuss, 1862 Subfamily Ammovertellininae Saidova, 1981 Genus Gandinella Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1985 (type species: Gandinella apenninica Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1985) Gandinella falsofriedli (Salaj, Borza & Samuel, 1983) Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2 *p.p. 1983 Pilamminella falsofriedli n. sp. - salaj et al., p. 67-68, pl. 15, figs. 7, 8, 10, 11 [non pl. 15, figs. 9, 12]. • 1985 Gandinella apenninica Ciarapica et Zaninetti, n. gen., n. sp. - Oiarapica and zaninetti, p. 307-308, pl. 1, figs. 1-14. 1994 Gandinella falsofriedli (Salaj, Borza & Samuel, 1983) - Kamoun et al., p. 372-374, pl. 1, figs. 1-8; pl. 2, figs. 1-3. Material: Thin sections 181, 184, 185, 186C, 186D, 187A, 188A, 188B, 191B, 195A, 236, 249. Description: The test is free, roughly elliptical in outline. Globular proloculus is followed by an undivided second chamber. The initial mode of coiling is not distinguishable. It is followed by three to four coils in a sigmoidal arrangement. The next one or two coils are perpendicular to the preceding coiling axis. The second sigmoidal stage (two to five coils) forms the last ontogenetic stage. The test wall is thin and dark, probably finely agglutinated. The test diameter is 0.18-0.36 mm. Remarks: Gandinella apenninica Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1985 was initially distinguished from G. falsofriedli on the basis of smaller size (0.250.35 mm) and in the absence of the final, second sigmoidal stage. Kamoun et al. (1994) established the synonymy between the two species. Gandinella falsofriedli was first marked as typical for the lagoon environment (salaj et al., 1983), later as a lagoon and shelf-to-basin species (Peybernes et al., 1991; Kamoun et al., 1994). Vachard et al. (1990) found specimens also in a more turbulent environment. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Undivided Late Triassic of Taurus, Turkey (Bronnimann et al., 1970; Poisson et al., 1985); Norian of China (He, 1982); Norian of Transda-nubian Range, Hungary (oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); Norian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1992); Norian and Rhaetian of Apennines, Italy (Oiarapica & Zaninetti, 1985; Oiarapica et al., 1987; Ohioo-ohini et al., 1994; Zamparelli et al., 1995; Man-oinelli et al., 2005); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Carpathians (Salaj et al., 1983); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Kuss, 1983); Rhaetian of Pyrenees (Vachard et al., 1990); Rhaetian of Wombat Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992); Rhaetian of Corsica, France (Peybernes et al., 1991). Superfamily Hormosinidea Haeckel, 1894 Family Reophacidae Cushman, 1927 Genus Reophax de Montfort, 1808 (type species: Reophax scorpiurus de Montfort, 1808) Reophax rudis Kristan-Tollmann, 1964 (non Reophax rudis Brady, 1881 [nomen nudum]) Pl. 1, figs. 9-11 *1964a Reophax rudis n. sp. - Kristan-Tollmann, p. 39-30, pl. 2, fig. 1. • 1982 Reophax tauricus, n. sp. - Zaninetti et al., p. 106-107, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8, 10, 11. Material: Thin sections 244A, 245A, 246. Description: The test is elongated, large, with three to four chambers in an irregular uniserial arrangement. Chambers are wider than high, the last one markedly larger, of equal width and height, distally tapered. Chamber sutures are well pronounced. The test wall is thick, coarsely agglutinated, sometimes including tests of smaller foraminifera. Tests are 0.76-1.63 mm long. Remarks: Reophax rudis was described on the basis of isolated material (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a). Because determinations of Late Triassic foraminifera mostly base on material from thin sections, this species was almost never recognized at other localities. Zaninetti et al. (1982) later described a new species, R. tauricus, on the basis of specimens found in thin sections, thus making its identification much easier. This species was often found in a reef facies (Zaninetti et al., 1982; He, 1984; Bernecker, 1996; Chablais et al., 2011). Reophax tauricus is here treated as a junior synonym of R. rudis. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Anisian of Dinarides, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Brönnimann et al., 1973a); Anisian of China (He, 1984; He & Cai, 1991); Ladinian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1992); Ladinian of Apennines, Italy (Ciarapica et al., 1990); Carnian of Oman (Bernecker, 1996); Carnian and/or No-rian of Greece (Courtin et al., 1982); Norian and/ or Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Sambosan Accretionary Complex, Japan (Chablais et al., 2011); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a). Superfamily Coscinophragmatidea Thalmann, 1951 Family Coscinophragmatidae Thalmann, 1951 Genus Alpinophragmium Flügel, 1967 (type species: Alpinophragmium perforatum Flügel, 1967) Alpinophragmium perforatum Flügel, 1967 Pl. 1, figs. 5, 6 *1967 Alpinophragmium perforatum n. sp. -Flügel, p. 383-395, pls. 1, 2; text-figs. 2-8. Material: Thin sections 189A, 191B, 242A, 243A, 243B, 244A, 244B, 245B, 284, 291B. Description: Numerous large, well preserved specimens, fragmented or still attached to the substrate. The basal part of the test is attached, the second part of the test raised above the substrate and elongated. Chambers of the second part are in a rectilinear arrangement, wider then high. The aperture is multiple. The test wall is thick, agglutinated. The largest specimen measures 3 mm in height. Remarks: Alpinophragmium perforatum is typical for the central reef area (e.g. Hohenegger & Lobitzer, 1971; Schäfer & Senowbari-Dary-an, 1978; Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Sadati, 1981; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Wurm, 1982; Zaninetti et al., 1982; Kuss, 1983; Matzner, 1986; Kristan-Tollmann, 1990; Bernecker, 2005; Chablais et al., 2010b). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Undivided Late Triassic of Rhodopes, Macedonia (Urosevic & Dumurdanov, 1976); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Flügel, 1967; Hohenegger & Lobitzer, 1971; Schäfer & Senowbari-Dary-an, 1978; Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Oman (Bernecker, 1996); Norian and Rhaetian of Sambosan Accretionary Complex, Japan (Kristan-Tollmann, 1990; Chablais et al., 2010b); Rhaetian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki, 1974); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (GaZdzicki et al., 1979; Schäfer, 1979; Matzner, 1986). Vachard and Fontaine (1988) report this species from Upper Ladinian and/or Carnian beds, but their determination is here considered erroneous. Superfamily Verneuilinidea Cushman, 1911 Family Verneuilinidae Cushman, 1911 Subfamily Verneuilinoidinae Suleymanov, 1973 Genus Duotaxis Kristan, 1957 (type species: Duotaxis metula Kristan, 1957) Duotaxis metula Kristan, 1957 Pl. 1, figs. 16, ?17 *1957 Duotaxis metula nov. gen. nov. spec. -Kristan, p. 295, pl. 27, figs. 5a-5d, 6. Material: Thin sections 185, 243A. Description: The test is highly conical, with up to six trochospiral whorls. The apical end is only slightly rounded, the umbilical side flat, with a very short umbilical opening. Chambers are wider than high, gradually increasing in size. The last chamber is more inflated. The aperture is interiomarginal. The test wall is thick, agglutinated. The test height is 0.61-0.94 mm, the maximum test width 0.64-0.94 mm. The ratio height/width is 0.95-1.00 mm. Remarks: Duotaxis metula differs from "Te-trataxis" nanus Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a, which has a similar height/width ratio, in having a larger test. Other Triassic species of genera Duotaxis Kristan, 1957 and "Tetrataxis" Ehrenberg, 1854 have flatter tests. Both genera, Duotaxis and "Tetrataxis", are most abundant in the wider platform area (Hohenegger & Lobitzer, 1971; Martini et al., 2004). They were found also in an oncoid facies and in the central reef area (Schäfer & Senowbari-Dar-yan, 1978; Wurm, 1982), preferentially on a sandy substrate (Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian and/or Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Tuzcu et al., 1982); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Kristan-Tollmann, 1964b; Matzner, 1986); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1990); Early Jurassic of Venetian Prealps, Italy (Fuga-gnoli, 1996) and Apennines, Italy (Mancinelli et al., 2005). ?Genus Gaudryinella Plummer, 1931 (type species: Gaudryinella delrioensis Plummer, 1931) ?Gaudryinella clavuliniformis Trifonova, 1967 Pl. 1, fig. 7 *1967 Gaudryinella clavuliniformis sp. nov. -Trifonova, p. 3-4, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12. Material: Thin section 187A. Description: A single specimen is in a longitudinal section. The test is elongated, chambers in a rectilinear arrangement. The proloculus is followed by a flaring triserial part (three chambers' length), at the end of which the greatest width of the test is achieved. This part extends along one-third of the test's length. It is followed by a biserial part (three chambers' length), followed finally by a short uniserial part (one chambers' length). Chambers are rounded, sutures slightly depressed. The test wall is agglutinated. The test is 0.38 mm long and 0.13 mm wide. Remarks: Gaudryinella clavuliniformis differs from Gaudryinella elegantissima Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a in a better developed triserial part of the test, which is more than one-third of the test's length long. Aaptotoichus valis (Trifonova, 1962) has flatter chambers and better developed three- and biserial parts of the test; the test of A. valis also constantly increases in width, so there is no marked difference in the width of the biserial and uniserial parts. Gaudryinella kotlensis Trifonova, 1967 has a very short unise-rial part and better developed three- and biserial parts. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Anisian and Carnian of Carpathians (Sa-laj et al., 1983, 1988); Carnian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1967); Carnian of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Sambosan Accretionary Complex, Japan (Chablais et al., 2011); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (cf. Salaj et al., 1983). Superfamily Ataxophragmiidea Schwager, 1877 Family Ataxophragmiidae Schwager, 1877 Subfamily Pernerininae Loeblich & Tappan, 1964 Genus Kaeveria Senowbari-Daryan, 1984 (type species: Palaeolituonella fluegeli Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982) Kaeveria Huegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982) Pl. 1, figs. 3, 4 *1982 Palaeolituonella fluegeli, n. sp. - Zaninetti et al., p. 107-108, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5. 1984 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret 1981) - Senowbari-Daryan, p. 87-89, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 5-7, 9-11; pl. 2, fig. 9. 2009 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager et Ducret, 1982) - Korchagin, p. 66-67, fig. 3d. Material: Thin sections 184, 243A, 244A, 245, 245A, 249. Description: The test is conical, initially coiled in a low trochospire, consisting of at least seven chambers. Three chambers in a rectilinear arrangement form the last part of the test. The height of these chambers remains virtually constant, while they gradually increase in size. Chamber sutures are pronounced, chambers slightly flaring distally, giving the outline of the test a ragged appearance. Chambers are subdivided into chamberlets by irregularly distributed septulae. These are distally thickened, appearing triangular in cross-section. The aperture is simple, central. The central part of the apertural face is slightly bent inwards. The test wall is thick, agglutinated. The height of the test is 0.39-0.43 mm and it is 0.43 mm wide in the final part. Remarks: Kaeveria fluegeli is the only species of the genus Kaeveria. It is distinguished from the genus Palaeolituonella Berczi-Makk, 1981 by the presence of septulae. The genus Aggluti-solena Senowbari-Daryan, 1984 differs from the two in the presence of entosolenian tube. Kaeveria fluegeli was a typical reef-dwelling foraminifera (Zaninetti et al., 1982; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Senowbari-Daryan, 1984; Bernecker, 1996; Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel, 1996), mostly found in intra-reef cavities (Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978; Senowbari-Daryan, 1980). In contrast to Galeanella, "Sigmoilina" and large species of Ophthalmidium, it required arenaceous substrate (Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978). Korchagin (2009) instead as a typical facies states clastic slopes of reefs and platforms. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Undivided Late Ladinian? to Late Trias-sic of Dinarides, Albania (Pirdeni, 1988); Late Carnian or Norian? to Rhaetian of Cyprus (Martini et al., 2009); Norian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (wurm, 1982; Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel, 1996); Norian of Palermo Mts., Sicily (Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Senowbari-Dar-yan, 1984); Norian of Pamir, Turkey (Korchagin, 2009); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Greece (Tsaila-Monopolis, 1988); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Oman (Bernecker, 1996); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982). Kristan-Tollmann (1990) illustrates washed-out specimens from the Rhaetian strata of Papua New Guinea, but the initial coiled part is not vi- sible, nor is it possible to see the inner structure of the test. Senowbari-Daryan and Flügel (1996) cite a Ladinian to Norian (to Rhaetian?) age, while Korchagin (2009) excludes its occurrence before the Norian. Order Trochamminida Saidova, 1981 Superfamily Trochamminidea Schwager, 1877 Family Trochamminidae Schwager, 1877 Subfamily Trochammininae Schwager, 1877 Genus Trochammina Parker & Jones, 1859 (type species: Nautilus inflatus Montagu, 1808) "Trochammina" jaunensis Brönnimann & Page, 1966 Pl. 1, fig. 13 1976 Trochammina jaunensis Brönnimann & Page, 1966 - Zaninetti, p. 115, pl. 23, figs. 4, 5 [kop. Brönnimann & Page, 1966]. Material: Thin sections 186A, 186B, 186C, 195A, 195B, 241, 249. Description: The test is relatively small. Chambers are arranged in a low trochospire and strongly increase in size. They are subglo-bular, arranged in three whorls. The apical side is widely rounded, with an apical angle around 120°. The umbilical side opens into a wide umbilicus, which has a ragged outline. The wall is thin, presumably finely agglutinated. Tests are 0.11-0.12 mm high and 0.27-0.33 mm wide. Remarks: "Trochammina" jaunensis differs from "Trochammina" alpina and "Trochammina" almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969 in a very flat test with a larger apical angle. " Trochammina" can be found in different facies of the back-reef area (e.g. Hohenegger & Lo-bitzer, 1971; Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978; Wurm, 1982; Abate et al., 1984; Chiocchini et al., 1994; Martini et al., 2004; Mancinelli et al., 2005) and rarely in the central reef area (Kristan-Toll-mann, 1986). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Anisian of Apennines, Italy (Premoli-Sil-va, 1971); Anisian of Pakistan (Zaninetti & Brönnimann, 1975); Anisian (GaZdzicki & Zawidzka, 1973) and Carnian to Rhaetian of Carpathians (Salaj et al., 1983); Late Triassic of Switzerland (Brönnimann & Page, 1966- cf. Zaninetti, 1976); Late Triassic of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); Carnian of Also Hill, Hungary (Berczi-Makk, 1996); Carnian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1978); Carnian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Wombat Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Schäfer, 1979; Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Matzner, 1986). "Trochammina" almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969 Pl. 1, figs. 14, 15 v*1969 Trochammina almtalensis, n. sp. - Koehn-Zaninetti, p. 38-39, pl. 5, figs. E, F; text-figs. 6A-6P. Material: Thin sections 186C, 186D, 187B, 195A, 241, 245B, 246. Description: Chambers are arranged in a high trochospire in up to 4.5 coils. The apical part of the test is rounded, with sides diverging at 90°. Chambers are subglobular. The umbilical opening has a ragged appearance. The test wall is thin, presumably finely agglutinated. Tests are 0.19-0.31 mm high and 0.26-0.34 mm wide at the base. Remarks: The difference between "Trochammina" almtalensis and "Trochammina" alpina Kristan-Tollmann, 1964 was not established upon introduction of the former. An obvious difference between the two species is their size, i.e. the type specimens of "T." alpina are twice as large. Unfortunately, "T." alpina was described on the basis of only two specimens, so variation in size is not known. According to the survey of the literature, intermediate forms between "T." almtalensis and "T." alpina exist. The comparison between the two species is additionally rendered by the fact that the type material for "T." alpina constitutes isolated specimens, while "T." almtalensis was described from thin-sections. A possibility for the synonymy of the two species should be further investigated. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Anisian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969); Middle Triassic of Dinarides, Albania (Pirdeni, 1988) and Serbia (Urosevic, 1971; Sudar, 1986); Middle Triassic of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1977a, 1977b, 1992); Anisian to Carnian of Kocaeli Peninsula, Turkey (Dager, 1978); Carnian of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (oravecz-Scheffer, 1987; Berczi-Makk, 1996); Norian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki, 1983); Late Norian and/or Rhaetian of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Martini et al., 1997); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Senowbari-Daryan, 1980). Order Fusulinida Fursenko, 1958 Superfamily Tetrataxidea Galloway, 1933 Family Tetrataxidae Galloway, 1933 Genus Tetrataxis Ehrenberg, 1854 (type species: Tetrataxis conica Ehranberg, 1854) "Tetrataxis" humilis Kristan, 1957 Pl. 1, fig. 18 *1957 Tetrataxis humilis nov. spec. - Kristan, p. 292-293, pl. 27, figs. 1a-c, 2a-c, 3. Material: Thin section 236, 237, 241, 276A. Description: The test is low conical in shape, with wide chambers in a trochospiral arrangement in four whorls. The apical end of the test is well rounded. Chambers of the last whorl are slightly keeled. The umbilical side is flat. The test wall is dark, probably finely agglutinated. Tests are 0.12-0.19 mm high and 0.33-0.51mm wide at the base. Remarks: As pointed out by Zaninetti (1976) and Loeblich and Tappan (1987), Triassic species ascribed to the genus Tetrataxis lack the two-layered wall of the Palaeozoic species of this genus. A long stratigraphic gap between the two groups additionally suggests that Triassic species belong to a different genus, which should be placed among agglutinated foraminifera and is homeo-morphous to the true Tetrataxis (see also Haig et al., 2007). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of Carpathians (salaj et al., 1983); Norian of China (He & Wang, 1990); Norian and/ or Rhaetian of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (Oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Wombat Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957). Order Spirillinida Gorbachik & Mantsurova, 1980 Suborder Involutinina Hohenegger & Piller, 1977 Family Involutinidae Butschli, 1880 Subfamily Involutininae Butschli, 1880 Genus Involutina Terquem, 1862 (type species: Involutina jonesi Terquem & Pi-ette, in Terquem, 1862) Involutina turgida Kristan, 1957 Pl. 2, fig. 3 *1957 Involutina turgida nov. spec. - Kristan, p. 275-276, pl. 22, figs. 5-10. Material: Thin sections 242A, 243B. Description: The test has an elliptical outline, with the second tubular chamber planispirally coiled. The last whorl is clearly evolute, in contrast with the rest of the test which is covered in secondary material, transected in poorly visible pillars. The test wall is recrystallized and was originally aragonitic. Diameter of the test is 0.27-0.85 mm. Remarks: Involutina turgida is similar to the stratigraphically younger, but better known spe- cies Involutina liassica Jones, 1853. The difference lies in the evolute nature of the last whorl, i.e. the deuteroloculus is tubular and not semi-tubular. Gusic (1975) declined the difference in size of the test and in the shape of the chamber lumen. As strongly recrystallized specimens of both species often cannot be distinguished one from another, Blau (1987b) proposed to group such specimens under the name Involutina ex gr. I. liassica. The stratigraphic value of these specimens, however, is much lower than that of the each individual species. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969); Lower Jurassic of Karavanke Mts., Slovenia (Ramovš & Kristan-Tollmann, 1967; Piller, 1978); Lower Jurassic of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Kristan-Tollmann & Colwell, 1992; Colwell et al., 1994). The First Occurrence of Involutina turgida in the Slovenian Basin closely coincides with the First Appearance Datum of Misikella posthernsteini Kozur & Mock, 1974 (Gale et al., 2011), which is considered the most probable candidate for the base of the Rhaetian (McRo-berts et al., 2008; Rožic et al., 2009; Giordano et al., 2010; Lucas, 2010). Genus Trocholina Paalzow, 1922 (type species: Involutina conica Schlumberger, 1898) Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941 Pl. 2, figs. 6, 7 • 1957 Trocholina (Trocholina) granosa Frent- zen, 1941 - Kristan, p. 283-284, pl. 24, figs. 1, 2. ? 1957 Trocholina (Trochonella) laevis nov. sub-gen. nov. spec. - Kristan, p. 286-288, pl. 24, fig. 12-14. • 1976 Trocholina granosa Frentzen, 1941 - Za- ninetti, p. 177, pl. 10, fig. 24. 1978 Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941 - Piller, p. 81-83, pl. 20, figs. 9-11, 13, 14, 16, 17. 1987a Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941 - Blau, p. 500, pl. 1, figs. 1-11. 1999 Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941 - Böhm et al., p. 181, pl. 18, figs. 4-12. 2010 Trocholina umbo Frentzen, 1941 - Se-nowbari-Daryan et al., p. 569-571, figs. 3a-j/1, k, l, 4a-f. Material: Thin sections 180B, 242A, 249, 278C, 292. Description: Strongly recrystallized or well preserved specimens in axial sections. The test is low conical, with a broadly rounded apical end. The umbilical side is flat or slightly convex. The circular proloculus is followed by a trochospi-rally coiled tubular deuteroloculus in five or more whorls. Chambers of the last whorl are de- tached from the umbilical mass, which is divided into numerous short pillars (knots). The chamber lumen is elliptical in cross-section. Sutures are not visible on the outer surface. The test wall is often recrystallized and was originally ara-gonitic. Tests measure 0.44-0.64 mm in diameter and 0.21-0.36 mm in height. Remarks: As pointed out by Piller (1978), Trocholina granosa Frentzen, 1941 represents a junior synonym of Tr. umbo. Trocholina laevis Kristan, 1957, which is very similar to Tr. umbo, was instead placed under the synonymy of Tro-cholina crassa Kristan, 1957. The latter species is larger and relatively higher than Tr. umbo. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of China (He, 1999); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Dinarides, Croatia (Gusic, 1975); Rhaetian of Dolomites, Italy (Cros & Neumann, 1964); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1986, 1990); Rhaetian of Pyrenees (Märquez et al., 1994); Rhaetian of Iran (Senowbari-Daryan et al., 2010); Rhaetian and Lower Jurassic of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Kristan-Tollmann & Colwell, 1992; Kristan-Tollmann & Gramann, 1992); Rhaetian and Lower Jurassic of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Kuss, 1983; Blau, 1987a, b; Ebli, 1993; Böhm et al., 1999); Lower Jurassic of Carpathians (Gazdzicki, 1983); Lower Jurassic of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (Blau & Haas, 1991). Trocholina crassa Kristan, 1957 Pl. 2, figs. 4, 5 *1957 Trocholina (Trochonella) crassa nov. sub-gen. nov. spec. - Kristan, p. 285-286, pl. 24, fig. 5-11. Material: Thin sections 242A, 243A, 243B, 244A. Description: Strongly recrystallized tests are highly conical, with up to seven coils of tubular deuteroloculus following a globular proloculus. The umbilical side is convex, knotted. The last whorl is continuous with the umbilicus. Sutures are not visible on the surface of the test and the chamber lumen is deeply buried under secondary lamellae covering the spiral side of the test. The test diameter is 0.53-0.96 mm. Tests are 0.50-1.64 mm high. Remarks: Piller (1978) upon revision of the material by Kristan (1957) concluded that Tr. lae-vis is a junior synonym of Tr. crassa. His opinion was not followed by later authors. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Late Triassic of Dinarides, Croatia (Grga-sovic, 1997); Carnian and/or Norian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1993); Norian of China (He, 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Carpathians (Gazdzicki & Zawidzka, 1973; Salaj et al., 1983); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Senowbari-Daryan, 1980; Matzner, 1986); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Toll-mann, 1986, 1990); Rhaetian of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Kristan-Tollmann & Gramann, 1992); Rhaetian of Pyrenees (Márquez et al., 1994). Subfamily Aulotortinae Zaninetti, 1984 Genus Aulotortus Weynschenk, 1956 (type species: Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956) Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956 Pl. 2, figs. 8?, 14, 15 *1956 Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, n. sp. - Weynschenk, p. 27, pl. 6, figs. 1-3; text-figs. 1, 2. • 1967 Aulotortus bronnimanni Salaj, nov. sp. - Salaj et al., p. 127-128, pl. 4, fig. 3. • 1967 Arenovidalina hybensis Salaj, nov. sp. - Salaj et al., p. 125, pl. 4, fig. 4. • 1967 Rakusia oberhauseri Salaj, nov. gen., nov. sp. - Salaj et al., p. 129, pl. 5, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 4. • 1967 Arenovidalina ovulum Salaj, nov. sp. - Salaj et al., pl. 5, sl. 1 [nom. non rite public]. • 1972 Involutina muranica n. sp. - Jendreják- ova, p. 197-200, figs. 1-6. p.p. 1978 Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956 - Piller, p. 45-51, pl. 2, figs. 1-7; pl. 3; pl. 4, figs. 1-3, 5-11, 15, 16; pl. 5, figs. 8, 10-16; text-fig. 4 [non pl. 4, figs. 13, 14; ?non pl. 5, figs. 1-7, 9; ?pl. 4, figs. 4, 12]. • 1982 Aulotortus columnaris He sp. nov. - He, pl. 4, figs. 1-4. • 1983 Permodiscus subsphaericus n. sp. - Sa- laj et al., p. 141, pl. 105, fig. 1. • 1994 Aulotortus sinuosus Weynschenk, 1956 - Di Bari & Laghi, p. 106-108, pl. 1, figs. 1-7; pl. 2, figs. 1-2; text-fig. 8. Material: Thin sections 180B, 181, 184, 185, 186A, 186B, 186C, 186D, 187A, 187B, 188A, 188B, 189A, 189B, 191B, 192, 195A, 240, 241, 245A, 276A, 278C, 279, 280, 282, 290A. Description: Specimens are numerous and display various degrees of preservation. Most tests are completely recrystallized, but some display the original lamellar structure of the test (see Piller, 1978; di Bari & Laghi, 1994). Preservation of the original aragonitic mineralogy, however, is not proven. Tests are oval and ranging from inflated to completely flat (Pl. 2, fig. 8). Globular proloculus is followed by an undivided tubular deuteroloculus, which winds in a single plane or slightly oscillates around previous whorls in up to seven involute coils. The test diameter is 0.30-1.64 mm. Remarks: Large variations in size and shape of A. sinuosus reflect environmental influence (Piller, 1978). The degree of oscillation of the deuteroloculus, on the basis of which several species and subspecies were once distinguished, likewise represents a phenotypic character (Di Bari & Laghi, 1994). Piller (1978) considered Angulo-discus communis Kristan, 1957 a junior synonym of A. sinuosus and the name An. communis rarely appears in the literature since. Di Bari and Laghi (1994) later expressed an opinion that Angulo-discus is a valid genus, but no sufficient explanation has been given. Recrystallized specimens of Triadodiscus eomesozoicus (Oberhauser, 1957) are also very similar to A. sinuosus. The Triado-discus species is nevertheless usually smaller and the last whorls can be evolute. The genus Aulotortus is typical for shallow water carbonate platforms (Hohenegger & Lo-bitzer, 1971; Piller, 1978; Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978; Sadati, 1981; Abate et al., 1984; Kristan-Tollmann, 1986; Martini et al., 2004, 2009). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Aulolortus sinuosus is common in peri-Tethyan and platform carbonates and Panthalas-san sea-mounts. Its stratigraphic range is from the Anisian to the Rhaetian (cf. Di Bari & Laghi, 1994). Aulotortus tumidus (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964) emend. Piller, 1978 Pl. 2, figs. 12, 13 • 1964b Angulodiscus tumidus n. sp. - Kri- stan-Tollmann, p. 141-142, figs. 3.13.7. • p.p. 1969 Involutina minuta, n. sp. - Koehn- Zaninetti, p. 132-133, figs. 40a-k, m-n [non fig. 40f]. p.p. 1978 Aulotortus tumidus (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964) - Piller, p. 51-55, pl. 6, figs. 1-7; pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 4-10 [non pl. 6, fig. 8; ?pl. 7, figs. 3, 11, 12]. • p.p. 1983 Permodiscus praetenuis n. sp. - Salaj et al., pl. 93, figs. 2-10, 13-18 [?pl. 93, figs. 11, 19]. ? 1983 Permodiscus praecommunis n. sp. -Salaj et al., p. 139, pl. 85, figs. 1-6; pl. 86, figs. 1-6. • 1983 Angulodiscus falsotumidus n. sp. - Salaj et al., p. 144, pl. 121, figs. 8, 1012; pl. 122, figs. 1-2. Material: Thin sections 186A, 187A, 188B, 195A, 236, 237, 241, 243A. Description: Strongly recrystallized specimens are elliptical, with bulging last whorls (presumably evolute). Tests measure 0.43-1.01 mm in diameter. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Late Triassic of Taurus, Turkey (Brön-nimann et al., 1970); Late Triassic of Seram, Indonesia (Al-Shaibani et al., 1983) and Burma (Brönnimann et al., 1975); Norian of Lienz Dolomites, Austria (Blau & Schmidt, 1990); Norian of Iran (Zaninetti & Brönnimann, 1974); Norian of China (He, 1982; He & Wang, 1990); Norian of Dinarides, Croatia (Gusic, 1975); Norian of Wombat Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992); Norian of Sambosan Chichibu Zone, Japan (Kristan-Tollmann, 1990); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Col-well et al., 1994); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Oman (Bernecker, 1996); Norian and Rhaetian of Apennines, Italy (Ciarapica et al., 1987; Chio-cchini et al., 1994; Zamparelli et al., 1995; Man-cinelli et al., 2005); Norian and Rhaetian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki, 1974, 1983; Salaj et al., 1983); Norian and Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan-Tollmann, 1964b; Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969; Matzner, 1986); Rhaetian of Dolomites, Italy (Bosellini & Broglio-Loriga, 1965); Rhaetian of Pyrenees (Mârquez et al., 1994). Aulotortus tenuis Kristan, 1957 Pl. 2, fig. 9 *1957 Angulodiscus tenuis nov. gen. nov. spec. - Kristan, p. 280, pl. 22, fig. 18. 1978 Aulotortus tenuis (Kristan, 1957) - Piller, p. 62-64, pl. 12, figs. 1-12. Material: Thin section 181A. Description: A single specimen in a longitudinal section displays a well developed inner part of the test with an irregularly coiled tubular deu-teroloculus and an outer stage with four planispi-ral whorls. The globular central part of the test is wider than the planispiral part. The last of the planispiral whorls again increases in width. The test margin is broadly rounded. The chamber lumen is flat, crescent-shaped. The test wall is re-crystallized into spar. The test diameter is 0.98 mm; the test thickness is 0.36 mm. Remarks: The irregularly coiled initial part of the test is diagnostic for this species. Aulotortus tumidus also has evolute final coils, but is pla-nispiral throughout the ontogeny. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Carnian or Norian of North America Cordillera (Wallowa terrane), Oregon, U.S.A. (Rigaud et al., 2010); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969); Rhaetian of Apennines, Italy (Ciarapica et al., 1987); Rhaetian of Dinarides, Croatia (Grga-sovic, 1997). Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) emend. Chablais, 2010a, sensu Piller (1978) (jun. syn. Aulotortus praegaschei (Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969) emend. Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1984) Pl. 2, figs. 10, 11 *1978 Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) - Piller, p. 55-60, pl. 8, figs. 1-8; pl. 9, figs. 1-16; pl. 10, figs. 1-15. • 1983 Rakusia ploechingeri nov. sp. - Salaj et al., p. 143, pl. 104, fig. 5; pl. 105, fig. 4; pl. 114, fig. 3b. • 1984a Aulotortus praegaschei (Koehn-Zaninet- ti, 1968) - Ciarapica & Zaninetti, p. 126128, pl. 1, figs. 5-7. • 1984b Aulotortus praegaschei (Koehn-Zaninet- ti, 1968) - Ciarapica & Zaninetti, p. 5354, pl. 1, figs. 1-8; pl. 2, figs. 1-15. 1985 Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) - Ciarapica & Zaninetti, p. 71-86, pl. 1, figs. 1-9; pl. 2, figs. 1-8; pl. 3, figs. 1-9; tex-figs. 1A-F. 1990 Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) emend. Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1985a - Vachard et al., p. 525-526. pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 12; pl. 3, figs. 3-5, 7-9. 2010 Aulotortus friedli (Kristan-Tollmann), 1962 - Senowbari-Daryan et al., p. 578580, figs. 12a-d, 13. 2010a Aulotortus friedli Kristan-Tollmann (1962) - Chablais et al., p. 141-145, figs. 6.4.16.4.9; figs. 6.5.1-6.5.11; fig. 6.6. Material: Thin sections 184, 186B, 186C, 187A, 189B, 237, 248, 278C, 282. Description: The test has an irregular elliptical outline, with the coiling of the undivided deuteroloculus in various plains, partly in a sigmoidal arrangement (see Chablais et al., 2010a). The mineralogy of the test wall is difficult to distinguish. It is here interpreted as still aragonitic or recrystallized (in contrast to finely agglutinated of glomospiroid taxa). The test size is very variable, ranging in diameter from 0.33 to 0.78 mm. Remarks: The synonymy between Glomospi-rella friedli Kristan-Tollmann, 1962 and Invo-lutina gaschei Koehn-Zaninetti & Bronnimann, 1968 was finally established after a long period of debate concerning the original nature of the wall in both species (Ciarapica & Zaninetti, 1985) - a problem also concerning here illustrated specimens. Another problem related to the species A. friedli is its relation to Aulotortus praegaschei (Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969). Although Ciarapica and Zaninetti (1984b, 1985) distinguished between both species, the opinion of Piller (1978), which treated the later for a junior synonym of A. friedli, is followed in this paper. Chablais et al. (2010a) gave a very detailed description of A. friedli on the basis of well preserved material from Japan, but did not discuss its relation with A. praegaschei. Aulotortus praegaschei was at first considered a subspecies of Involutina gaschei, the absence of the final planispiral phase being a diagnostic character (Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969). According to Piller (1978), the presence/absence of the plani-spiral phase depends on the environment. In con- trast, Ciarapica and Zaninetti (1984b) separated the species on the basis of size (0.25-0.40 mm for A. praegaschei and 0.20-1 mm or larger for A. friedli), number of coils (10 for A. praegaschei, 10-15 for A. friedli), the absence/presence of the planispiral phase and their stratigraphic ranges (Ladinian to Carnian for A. praegaschei, Norian to Rhaetian for A. gaschei). Based on the survey of the literature, the size is also not a diagnostic character. The size, the number of coils and the presence of the planispiral phase can all be viewed as phenotypic characters. Despite these objections, most authors follow the opinion of Ciarapica and Zaninetti (1984b, 1985), with the exception of Velledits and Blau (2003). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Both species have a Tethys-wide occurrence. Aulotortus friedli is known also from the Panthalassan Ocean (Chablais et al., 2010a, 2011; Rigaud et al., 2010). Koehn-Zaninetti (1969) and later Ciarapica and Zaninetti (1984b, 1985), which treat both species valid, cite the Ladinian to Carnian range for A. praegaschei and Norian to Rhaetian range for A. friedli. Colwell et al. (1994) gave A. praegaschei the range from the Ladinian to the Norian. Piller (1978), with the concept of one species, cites the Ladinian to Rhae-tian age for A. friedli. The same range is cited by Senowbari-Daryan et al. (2010), although they did not include A. praegaschei into its synonymy. Chablais et al. (2010a) consider A. friedli as Car-nian to Rhaetian in age. Genus Auloconus Piller, 1978 (type species: Trocholina permodiscoides (Oberhauser, 1964) Auloconus permodiscoides (Oberhauser, 1964) Pl. 2, fig. 16 *1964 Trocholina permodiscoides nov. sp. -Oberhauser, p. 207-208, pl. 2, figs. 13-15, 18, 20, 22; pl. 3, fig. 1. 1978 Auloconus permodiscoides (Oberhauser, 1964) - Piller, p. 74-76, pl. 20, figs. 1-8. Material: Thin sections 187A, 187B. Description: The test is moderately conical, with a broadly rounded apical side. The umbilical side is convex, the umbilicus filled and smoothly rounded. A globular proloculus is followed by a second, tubular chamber which winds in five trochospiral coils. The last whorl is divided from the umbilical mass. The test wall is recrystallized or well preserved, originally aragonitic. The test diameter is 0.82 mm; the test height is 0.47 mm. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Upper Triassic of Iran (Zaninetti & Brön-nimann, 1974); Norian of Hellenides, Greece (Zaninetti & Thiebault, 1975); Norian of China (He, 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Büdöskut Olistolith, Bükk Mts., Hungary (Velledits & Blau, 2003); Norian and Rhaetian of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992; Colwell et al., 1994); Norian and Rhaetian of Dinarides, Croatia (Gusic, 1975; Grgasovic, 1997); Norian and Rhaetian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki & Zawidzka, 1973; GaZdzicki, 1974; GaZdzicki, 1983; Salaj et al., 1983); Norian and Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Koehn-Zaninetti, 1969; Kuss, 1983; Matzner, 1986); Rhaetian of Dolomites, Italy (Cros & Neumann, 1964); Rhaetian of Apennines, Italy (Ciarapica et al., 1987; Chioc-chini et al., 1994); Rhaetian of Also Hill, Hungary (Berczi-Makk, 1980). Suborder Spirillinina Hohenegger & Piller, 1975 Family Spirilliniadae Reuss & Fritsch, 1861 Genus Turrispirillina Cushman, 1927 (type species: Spirillina conoidea Paalzow, 1917) Turrispirillina minima Pantic, 1967 Pl. 2, fig. 18 *1967 Turrispirillina minima n. sp. - Pantic, p. 255-256, pl. 1, figs. 1-8; pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Material: Thin sections 195A, 243B. Description: The test is small, highly conical. Proloculus is followed by an undivided tubular chamber in five trochospiral coils. The umbilical side is hollow, with a large umbilical opening. The spiral angle measures 30°, the umbilical angle 130°. The test wall is thin, recrystallized. The test height is 0.18-0.21 mm, the test diameter 0.28-0.32 mm. Remarks: Important criteria for distinguishing between species of the genus Turrispirillina are the size of the test, the spiral angle (the openness of the umbilicus), the apical angle and the number of chambers. Turrispirillina minima has a relatively small number of coils (5-6) and a large umbilical angle compared to its spiral angle. In this features, it is similar to Turrispirillina? licia licia, from which it differs in smaller size. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of Dinarides, Monte Negro (Pantic, 1967) and Serbia (Pantic, 1967); Norian of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (Berczi-Makk et al., 1993). Other specimens figured in the literature are in inappropriate sections (e.g. in Piller, 1978; Salaj et al., 1983; Blau & Schmidt, 1990). Although Velledits and Blau (2003) cite this species as limited to the Norian, GaZdzicki and Michalik (1980) mention this species in association with typically Rhaetian fossils. He and Nor-ling (1991) also give the species range from the Norian to the Rhaetian. Order Miliolida Lankester, 1885 (nom. corr. Calkins, 1909) Suborder Miliolina Delage & Herouard, 1896 Superfamily Cornuspiridea Schultze, 1854 Family Cornuspiracea Schultze, 1854 Subfamily Calcivertellinae Loeblich & Tappan, 1964 Genus Planiinvoluta Leischner, 1961 (type species: Planiinvoluta carinata Leischner, 1961) Planiinvoluta carinata Leischner, 1961 Pl. 3, fig. 1 *1961 Planiinvoluta carinata n. g. n. sp. - Leischner, p. 11, pl. 10, figs. 1-14; pl. 12, figs. 6, 7a, 8a. 1971 Planiinvoluta carinata Leischner, 1971 -Wernli, p. 222-225, pl. 1, figs. 1-7; pl. 2, figs. 1-6; pl. 3, figs. 1-8. • 1971 Planiinvoluta ? mesotriasica, n. sp. - Baud et al., pp. 86-87, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 4. • 1990 Planiinvoluta multitabulata n. sp. - Kristan-Tollmann, p. 232, fig. 11.4; pl. 4, figs. 3-6. 1999 Planiinvoluta carinata Leischner, 1961 -Böhm et al., p. 182, pl. 5, fig. 5; pl. 22, figs. 1-15. Material: Thin sections 245A, 288C, 289. Description: Tests were originally attached to the substrate (see Pl. 3, fig. 1). The globular proloculus is followed by a planispirally coiled deuteroloculus, which follows the surface of the substrate in up to four coils. The test wall is dark, originally probably porcelaneous. The test diameter 0.57 mm. Remarks: As Planiinvoluta needed a firm substrate for attachment, it is most abundant in the reef area (e.g. Wurm, 1982; Kristan-Tollmann, 1986; Martini et al., 2004; Chablais et al., 2011). However, it is expected in other facies units as well. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Middle Triassic of Pakistan (Zaninetti & Brönnimann, 1975); Anisian of Germany (Martini et al., 1996); Ladinian (?) and Carnian of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (üravecz-Scheffer, 1987; Göczän & üravecz-Scheffer, 1996); Ladinian and/or Norian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1993); Norian and Rhaetian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki & Zawidzka, 1973; GaZdzicki, 1974, 1983; Salaj et al., 1983); Norian and Rhaetian of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Zaninetti et al., 1992); Rhaetian of Seram, Indonesia (Al-Shaibani et al., 1983; Martini et al., 2004); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1986, 1990); Norian, Rhaetian and Lower Jurassic of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Leischner, 1961; Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a; Schäfer & Senüwbari-Daryan, 1978; Kuss, 1983; Matzner, 1986 Ebli, 1993; Böhm et al., 1999). Planiinvoluta? mesotriasica was described from the Anisian beds of Switzerland (Baud et al., 1971). Superfamily Nubeculariidea Jones, 1875 (nom. transl. Mikhalevich, 1988) Family Ophthalmidiidae Wiesner, 1920 Genus Ophthalmidium Kübler & Zwingli, 1870 (type species: Oculina liassica Kübler & Zwingli, 1866) Ophthalmidium leischneri (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) Pl. 3, fig. 2 1976 Ophthalmidium leischneri (Kristan-Tollmann, 1962) - Zaninetti, p. 144-145, pl. 7, figs. 14-16 [kop. Kristan-Tollmann, 1962]. Material: Thin section 242A. Description: The test is in axial section biconcave, with a well rounded margin. Chambers are in a planispiral arrangement, slightly deviating from the coiling axis in around three coils. The test wall is dark, micritic, originally porcela-neous. The specimen measures 0.3 mm in diameter and is 0.12 mm thick. Remarks: In the opinion of Gušic (1975), O. leischneri and Ophthalmidium carinatum (Leischner, 1961) represent different axial sections of the same species. To solve this issue, oriented sections of the type material are needed (Böhm et al., 1999). Ophthalmidium carinatum is currently distinguished from O. leischneri on the basis of a keeled test margin. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of China (He & Wang, 1990); Norian and Rhaetian of Exmouth Plateau, Australia (Kristan-Tollmann & Gramann, 1992); Rhaetian of Carpathians (GaZdzicki, 1983); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1990); Late Triassic to Lower Jurassic of Transdanubian Range, Hungary (Oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); No-rian and Lower Jurassic of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Wurm, 1982; Ebli, 1993); Norian and/or Rhaetian and Lower Jurassic of Taurus, Turkey (Brönnimann et al., 1970; Zaninetti et al., 1982). Bérczi-Makk (1996) illustrates specimens corresponding to O. leischneri from (undivided) Anisian to Carnian of Also Hill, Hungary. He and Wang (1990) show some questionable specimens from the Norian of China and Trifonova (1993) from the Ladinian of Bulgaria. Trifonova (1993) at the same time cites stratigraphic range from the Norian to the Lower Jurassic. Genus Paraophthalmidium Samuel & Borza, 1981 (type species: Paraophthalmidium carpaticum Samuel & Borza, 1981) Paraophthalmidium carpaticum Samuel & Borza, 1981 auct. Pl. 3, fig. 3 * 1981 Paraophthalmidium carpaticum nov. sp. -Samuel & Borza, p. 68, pl. 19, fig. 4. 1982 Paraophthalmidium carpathicum [sic] Samuel & Borza, 1981 - Zaninetti et al., p. 110, pl. 6, figs. 4?, 5?, 6, 7. Material: Thin sections 243B, 245A, 247, 283, 288C. Description: An excellent, almost complete specimen is presented in Plate 3, figure 3. Chambers are in a planispiral arrangement, half-of-coil in length, separated by pronounced septa. Three whorls are visible. The aperture is situated at the end of a long neck, surrounded by a lip. The test wall is dark, micritic, porcelaneous. The test height (neck excluded) is 0.44 mm, its width 0.16 mm. The neck is 0.13 mm long. Remarks: The genus and species are in need of a further research, as they are based on one specimen in an axial section only. It has become a common practice to name every planispiral ophthalmidiid form with a neck and a lip-bordered aperture P. carpaticum without the critical comparison with the type specimen. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Ladinian and/or Carnian of Hellenides, Greece (Tsaila-Monopolis, 1988); poorly divided Late Triassic of Seram, Indonesia (Martini et al., 2004) and Cyprus (Martini et al., 2009); Carnian of Carpathians (Samuel & Borza, 1981; Salaj et al., 1983); Carnian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1993); Carnian of North America Cordillera, Washington, U.S.A. (Igo & Adachi, 1992); Norian and/ or Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982). Superfamily Milioliporidea Brönnimann & Zaninetti, 1971 Family Milioliporidae Brönnimann & Zaninetti, 1971 Subfamily Galeanellinae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982 Genus Galeanella Kristan, 1958 emend. Zaninetti & Brönnimann, 1973 (type species: Galea tollmanni Kristan, 1957) Remarks: Despite being one of the most common genera of the Norian-Rhaetian reefs, some issues exist concerning the taxonomy of Galeanel-la (see also Senowbari-Daryan et al., 2010), originating from different types of the type material (i.e. thin section studies or isolated specimens), poorly researched ontogeny, insufficient quantity of type specimens, ignorance of orientation of sections and ignorance of the diagenetic changes to the test wall when distinguishing Galeanella from forms such as Cucurbita Jablonsky, 1973. Galeanella tollmanni was described by Kristan (1957) on the basis of isolated specimens, washed-out from Zlambach marlstone. Successive sections of the test were likewise illustrated, though made in one orientation only. Brönnimann et al. (1973b) later emended the description of the genus, gave a further description of G. tollmanni and introduced a new species, Galeanella panti-cae Zaninetti & Brönnimann in Brönnimann et al., 1973, on the basis of specimens found in thin sections. Especially illustrative is their three-dimensional reconstruction of the test and its possible sections in various planes. Galeanella pan-ticae was supposed to differ from G. tollmanni in an incomplete overlapping of chambers and in age (Norian for G. panticae and Rhaetian for G. tollmanni). Both species are of the same size and it soon became known that the stratigraphic ranges of both species overlap (e.g. Schäfer, 1979; Salaj et al., 1983; Matzner, 1986; Kristan-Toll-mann, 1990). In practice, it is impossible to distinguish between the two species and they are here regarded as synonymous, an opinion already expressed by Kristan-Tollmann (1990). Zaninetti et al. (1982) described three new species of the genus Galeanella. Galeanella expansa Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982 was later transferred to the genus Orthotrinacria Zanine-tti, Senowbari-Daryan, Ciarapica & Cirilli, 1985 (Zaninetti et al., 1985; Zaninetti & Martini, 1993). The other two species, Galeanella minuta and Galeanella variabilis, were distinguished from one another on the basis of a better developed foot in the latter. In my opinion, there is no difference between the two species and Galeanella minuta should hold the priority. Characteristic feature of this species is its small size (diameter 0.300.35 mm), though it must be noted, that specimens of this size form an early ontogenetic stage of G. tollmanni (personal research of the author)! Galeanella lucana Miconneti, Ciarapica & Za-ninetti, 1983 was established on a single, unsuitably oriented specimen and is here treated as a junior synonym of G. tollmanni. Galeanella laticarinata Al-Shaibani, Carter & Zaninetti, 1983 has a small test (as in G. minuta) and an elongated foot (Al-Shaibani et al., 1983). The specimen illustrated in Kristan-Tollmann (1964a) as G. tollmanni corresponds to this description. Senowbari-Daryan et al. (2010) believe that G. laticarinata is similar to G. tollmanni. Truly, most of the specimens described as G. lati-carinata cannot be distinguished from G. toll-manni on that feature alone. The exceptions are specimens figured by Martini et al. (2004). To summarize, the valid species of the genus Galeanella are herein considered G. tollmanni, G. minuta and (questionably) G. laticarinata. Galeanella tollmanni (Kristan, 1957) Pl. 3, figs. 4, 5 *1957 Galea tollmanni nov. gen. nov. spec. -Kristan, p. 291-292, pl. 25, figs. 7-9; pl. 26, figs. 1-5. 1973b Galeanella tollmanni (Kristan), 1957 -Brönnimann et al., p. 416-420, pl. 1, figs. 1-6. • 1973b Galeanella panticae Zaninetti & Brönnimann, n. sp. - Brönnimann et al., p. 420426, pl. 2, figs. 1-21; pl. 3, figs. 1-13. • 1982 Galeanella panticae Zaninetti et Brön- nimann in Brönnimann, Cadet, Ricou et Zaninetti, 1973 - Zaninetti et al., p. 112, pl. 1, figs. 1-3, 4?, 5-11. • 1983 Galeanella panticae Zaninetti and Brön- nimann in Brönnimann, Cadet, Ricou and Zaninetti, 1973- Al-Shaibani et al., p. 304-305, pl. 3, figs. 22-24, 25?. • 1983 Galeanella sp. 1 or overgrown Galeanel- la panticae Zaninetti and Brönnimann, 1973 - Al-Shaibani et al., p. 305, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, 9, 10. • 1983 Galeanella lucana Miconnet, Ciarapica et aZaninetti, n.sp. - Miconnet et al., p. 136-137, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. Material: Thin sections 242A, 242B, 243A, 243B, 244A, 245, 245A, 245B, 246, 283, 284, 288C, 289, 290A, 292, 293. Description: Numerous specimens in different sections and with different degrees of test preservation. The test is relatively large, subglobu-lar. Chambers are coiled closely together, with a proximally larger lumen which narrows towards the distal end and a typically thick, coarsely perforated wall. Each coil is formed by two chambers. The aperture is simple, rounded, set into a slightly depressed center of a wide apertural face (in the literature often referred to as the "foot"). Tests are 0.38-0.65 mm long. Remarks: Galeanella is a typical dweller of the reef area (Hohenegger & Lobitzer, 1971; Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978; Sadati, 1981; Se-nowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Zaninetti et al., 1982; Wurm, 1982; Abate et al., 1984; Kristan-Toll-mann, 1986; Zaninetti et al., 1992; Martini et al., 2004; Chablais et al., 2011). Only Martini et al. (1997) give reports on its occurrence from the lagoon facies. Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of Dinarides, and Zagros Mts., Iran (Brönnimann et al., 1973b); Norian and Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Kristan, 1957; Kristan-Tollmann, 1964a; Schäfer, 1979; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Wurm, 1982; Matzner, 1986); Norian and Rhaetian of Julian Alps, Slovenia (Buser, 1986; Rožic et al., 2009); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Seram (Al-Shaibani et al., 1983) and Sulawesi, Indonesia (Martini et al., 1997); Norian and Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982); Norian and Rhaetian of Apennines, Italy (Miconnet et al., 1983); Rhaetian of Papua New Guinea (Kristan-Tollmann, 1990). Superfamily Miliolidea Ehrenberg, 1839 Family Hauerinidae Schwager, 1876 Subfamily Sigmoilinitinae Luczkowska, 1974 Genus Sigmoilina Schlumberger, 1887 (type species: Planispirina sigmoidea Brady, 1884) "Sigmoilina" schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982 Pl. 3, fig. 11 * 1982 "Sigmoilina" schaeferae, n. sp. - Zaninetti et al., p. 110-111, pl. 8, figs. 3, 6, 9, 12, 13. 1986 Sigmoilina aff. schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret - Matzner, pl. 4, fig. 3. Material: Thin sections 186C, 244A, 245A, 245B, 246, 247, 249, 283, 284, 286A, 290A, 293. Description: The test is oval in shape. Chambers are in a sigmoidal arrangement. The last pair bears a characteristic keel on the outer surface of the wall. The wall is porcelaneous, coarsely perforated. Tests measure 0.28-0.78 mm in diameter. Remarks: Zaninetti et al. (1982) classified the new species as belonging to the genus Sigmoilina due to the characteristic chamber arrangement and its porcelaneous wall. Observations were made from thin sections, so they were unable to see the aperture of the new species (thus their uncertainty with the genus attribution). However, according to our specimens, "Sigmoilina" schaeferae possesses large perforations of its wall (see also Matzner, 1986), which are not present in true Sigmoilina, and should be placed in a new genus of the superfamily Milioliporidea. "Sigmoilina" schaeferae favourized micritic substrate (Bernecker, 2005) of the central-reef area (Hohenegger & Lobitzer, 1971; Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan, 1978; Wurm, 1982; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Ohablais et al., 2010b) or reef flanks (Martini et al., 2004). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of Bulgaria (Trifonova, 1993); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Taurus, Turkey (Zaninetti et al., 1982); Norian and/or Rhaetian of Seram, Indonesia (Al-Shaibani et al., 1983); Norian and Rhaetian (?) of Carpathians (Salaj et al., 1983); Rhaetian of Iran (Senowbari-Daryan et al., 2010); Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps (Matzner, 1986). Family Miliolechinidae Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, 1985 Genus Miliolechina Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, 1985 (type species: Miliolechina stellata Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, 1985) Miliolechina stellata Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, 1985 Pl. 3, fig. 12 *1985 Miliolechina stellata Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, n. gen., n. sp. - Zaninetti et al., p. 331-334, pl. 1, figs. 1-9; pl. 2, figs. 1-9. Material: Thin section 243B. Description: The test is small, with chambers in a quinqueloculine-like arrangement. Hollow spines protrude from the outer surface of chambers. The wall is dark, micritic, originally por-celaneous. The diameter of the test is 0.21 mm. Remarks: Characteristic spines of this species served for anchoring on the sea-floor (Ciarapica et al., 1988). Geographic distribution and stratigraphic range: Norian of Dinarides (Zaninetti et al., 1985), Rhaetian of Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (Schäfer, 1979). Discussion Biostratigraphy Stratigraphic ranges of the species described above are summarized in Figure 3. Based on the overlapping Norian-Rhaetian ranges of G. falsof-riedli, A. perforatum, "T." humilis, Au. permodis-coides, T. minima, G. tollmanni, "S." schaeferae and M. stellata with a Rhaetian-Lower Jurassic range of I. turgida, the upper part of the reef limestone belongs to the Rhaetian. The finding of ?T. hantkeni (Pl. 3, fig. 17) confirms this age, but the mentioned specimen is too poorly preserved to allow a reliable determination of age on its own. Some discussion is needed about the previous determination of "Agerella martana" at the same locality (Buser, 1980), because the latter species is often used as indicative of the Lower Jurassic age (e.g. Ohiocchini et al., 1994): The original description of Vidalina martana by Farinaooi (1959) is not valid, firstly because no type specimen was determined and, secondly, because the proposed reconstruction of the species does not match the specimens illustrated. Furthermore, Farinaooi's (1959) material is probably polyspecific and even polygeneric (see also Wernli, 1972). The emendation of the species was prepared in 1991, when a new genus, Age-rina, was established because of the difference in wall structure to the type specimen of the genus Vidalina Schlumberger, 1900, Vidalina hispanica Schlumberger, 1900 (Farinaooi, 1991). However, the equatorial sections of the specimens illustrated by Farinaooi (1991), clearly show a chambered nature of the test and should thus be regarded as Ophthalmidium. The correct species name is thus Ophthalmidium martana (Farinacci, 1991). The later replacement by Turvey (2003) of the genus Agerina Farinacci with Agerella, is based solely on the preoccupation of the name Agerina, so the name Agerella also becomes a junior synonym of Ophthalmidium. The importance of the species "Agerina martana" (correctly Ophthalmidium martanum) is that it is often treated as indicative of a Lower Jurassic age (e.g. Ohiocchini et al., 1994). A further complication arises, because it has been often cited from Tri-assic beds as well, usually under the name Oph-thalmidium martanum (e.g. Brönnimann et al., 1970; Gazdzicki et al., 1979; Wurm, 1982; Senüw-bari-Daryan et al., 1982; Gazdzicki, 1983; üravecz-Scheffer, 1987; Goczan & üravecz-Scheffer, 1996). These determinations are all based on axial sections, which differ from the true Oph-thalmidium martana (sensu this work) in the number of coils and/or the test size. Ophthal-midium martana (sensu this work) for the present remains indicative of the Lower Jurassic, but its stratigraphic range and environmental requirements should be more thoroughly researched, as monospecific associations (personal observations) indicate an opportunistic nature of this species. Because no specimens were illustrated by Buser (1980), the presence of O. martana on Mt. Begunjscica cannot be confirmed. Moreover, it is very likely, that the specimens observed were wrongly assigned to this species, as many Triassic specimens before. Foraminifera as facies indicators Although the determined assemblage gives a relatively good biostratigraphic result due to the finding of I. turgida, Late Triassic foraminifera usually prove to be more useful as facies indicators. Constraints of some species to typical facies units of the peri-reef environments are allready indicated in the systematic part of the paper. Table 1 shows the spatial distribution of individual species on Mt. Begunjscica according to the position of samples. The distinction between the central-reef area, the transitional zone and the back-reef area is based on sedimentological criteria alone (work in progress) and is extremely well supported by foraminiferal data. At the same time, spatial distributions on Mt. Begunjscica correspond to palaeoecological zonations established for reefs from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Hohenegger & Lübitzer 1971; Hohenegger & Piller, 1975; Schäfer & Senüwbari-Daryan, 1978; Schäfer, 1979; Senüwbari-Daryan, 1980; Flügel, 1981; Piller, 1981; Sadati, 1981; Schäfer & Senüwbari-Daryan, 1981; Kuss, 1983), Sicily (Senüwbari-Daryan et al., 1982; Martini et al., 2007), Cyprus (Martini et al., 2009), Oman (Bernecker, 2007), Seram in Indonesia (Al-Shabani et al., 1983; Martini et al., 2004), Sulawesi in Indonesia (Martini et al., 1997), from Sambosan Accretionary Complex in Japan (Chablais et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2011), and from the Palawan Block in Philippines (Kiessling & Flügel, 2000). As typical markers of the central-reef area, we note K. fluegeli, A. perforatum, Tr. umbo, Tr. crassa, Tr.? parva, I. turgida, P. carpaticum, M. stellata, G. tollmanni, "S." schaeferae and O. expansa auct. Though some other species were found only in the central-reef area, our data alone is not enough to consider them as indicators of the central-reef area. In addition, some genera (namely Trocholina and Involutina) may be present also in the fore-reef area (see Piller, 1978), which is not preserved on Mt. Begunjscica. On the other hand, species such as G. falsofriedli, "T." almta-lensis, "T." jaunensis, "Te." humilis, Aulotortus spp., Auloconus permodiscoides, ?T. hantkeni, A. austroalpina and M. cuvillieri are good indicators for the back-reef zone. Conclusions A rich foraminiferal assemblage, consisting of 32 genera and over 41 species was determined from massive peri-reef Dachstein limestone of Mt. Begunjscica. Stratigraphically the most important species are Galeanella tollmanni, "Sigmoilina" schaeferae, Alpinophragmium perforatum, Aulotortus tumidus, Variostoma catil-liforme, Variostoma cochlea and Variostoma helicta (all with the Norian to Rhaetian range), which in combination with Involutina turgida (Rhaetian to Lower Jurassic range) give a Rhae-tian age for the topmost preserved part of the reef. The spatial distribution of species gives a clear distinction between the central reef and back-reef areas, with the transitional zone in between (Table 1), thus providing a good basis for the future palaeoenvironmental studies. Acknowledgements The study of Mt. Begunjscica is financially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (program number P1-0011). The author wishes to express his gratitude to dr. R. Rettori (University of Perugia, Italy) and dr. B. Rožic (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) for their careful reading of the manuscript and their suggestions, which led to the significant improvement of the paper. References Abate, B., Ciarapica, G. & Zaninetti, L. 1984: Triasina oberhauseri Koehn-Zaninetti et Bron-nimann, 1968, dans le Trias Superieur recifal (facies "back-reef") de la plate-forme Panor-mide, Sicile. Rev. Paléob., 3/1: 19-25. Al-Shaibani, S. K., Carter, D. J. & Zaninetti, L. 1983: Geological and micropaleontological investigations in the Upper Triassic (Asinepe limestone) of Seram, outer Banda arc, Indonesia. Arch. Sci. Geneve, 36/2: 297-313. Baud, A., Zaninetti, L. & Bronnimann, P. 1971: Les foraminiferes de l'Anisien (Trias moyen) des Préalpes Médianes Rigides (Préalpes Romandes, Suisse, et Préalpes du Chablais, France). Arch. Sci. Geneve, 24: 73-95. Bérczi-Makk, A. 1980: Triassic to Jurassic micro-biofacies of Szilvâgy, southwestern Hungary. Fold. Koz., 110/1: 90-103. Bérczi-Makk, A. 1996: Foraminifera of the Triassic formations of Also Hill (Northern Hungary). Part 2: Foraminifer assemblage of the Wetterstein Limestone Formation. Acta Geol. Hung., 39/3: 223-309. Tab. 1. Spatial distribution of foraminifera in the transect from the back-reef to the central-reef area, with the transitional zone in between. The two end-members of the peri-reef area were distinguished on the basis of sedimentological criteria alone. Species Thin sections central-reef transition back-reef Gandinella falsofriedli 181; 184; 185; 186c,d; 187a; 188a,b; 191b; 195a; 236; 249 Kaeveria fluegeli 184; 243a; 244a; 245a; 249 X X Ammobaculites pulcher 243a Reophax rudis 244a; 245a; 246 X ?Gaudryinella clavuliniformis 187a "Trochammina" almtalensis 186c,d; 187b; 195a; 241; 245b; 246 X X "Trochammina" jaunensis 186a,b,c; 195a, b; 241; 249 Duotaxis metula 185; 243a XX Duotaxis birmanica 180b; 185; 186d; 187a; 188a; 195a Alpinophragmium perforatum 189a; 191b; 242a; 243a,b; 244a,b; 245b; 284; 291b XX "Tetrataxis" humilis 236; 237; 241; 276a 180b; 181; 184; 185; 186a,b,c,d; 187a,b; 188a,b; 189a,b; Aulotortus sinuosus 191b; 192; 195a; 240; 241; 245a; 276a; 278c; 279; 280; 282; 290a XX Aulotortus friedli 184; 186b,c; 187a; 189b; 191b; 237; 248; 278c; 282 X Aulotortus tumidus 186a; 187a; 188b; 195a; 236; 237; 241; 243a X Aulotortus tenuis 181a Auloconus permodiscoides 187a,b Trocholina umbo 180b; 242a; 249; 278c; 292 ?Trocholina crassa 242a; 243a,b; 244a Trocholina? parva 291b Involutina turgida 242a; 243b ?Triasina hantkeni 187b; 245a X Turrispirillina minima 195a; 243a XX Agathammina austroalpina 185;186a,b,d; 191b; 195a; 240; 241; 242a; 244a; 245b; 246; 281; 284; 288c; 292 XX Paraophthalmidium carpathicum 243b; 245a; 247; 283; 288c X Ophthalmidium leischneri 242a Planiinvoluta carinata 245a; 288c; 289 Miliolechina stellata 243b Galeanella tollmanni 242a,b; 243a,b; 244a; 245a,b; 246; 283; 284; 288c; 289; 290a; 292; 293 X "Sigmoilina" schaeferae 186c; 244a; 245a,b; 246; 247; 249; 283; 284; 286a; 290a; 293 XX Miliolipora cuvillieri 180b; 181; 185; 186a,c,d; 187a,b; 191b; 192; 195a,b; 240; 241; 244a; 245a,b; 279; 280; 281; 284; 290a XX Orthotrinacria expansa auct. 242b Duostomina turboidea 187a Duostomina biconvexa 245 ?Duostomina astrofimbriata 243a Diplotremina placklesiana 185; 236; 244a; 245 XX Diplotremina subangulata 195a; 236 Variostoma coniforme 180b; 186d; 244a; 245a; 286a; 293 Variostoma catilliforme 245a,b Variostoma cochlea 245a; 283 Variostoma helicta 195a Frondicularia woodwardi auct. 195b Remarks: thin sections written in nomal-case numbers (e.g. 181a) are from the back-reef area; numbers written in bold (e.g. 293) are for the central-reef area, and numbers in italics (e.g. 283) for the transition zone Berczi-Makk, A., Haas, J., Rälisch-Felgenhauer, E. & Oravecz-Scheffer, A. 1993: Upper Pa-leozoic-Mesozoic formations of the Mid-Transdanubian Unit and their relationships. Acta Geol. Hung., 36/3: 263-296. Bernecker, M. 1996: Upper Triassic reefs of the Oman Mountains: data from the South Tet-hyan margin. Facies, 34: 41-76. Bernecker, M. 2005: Late Triassic reefs from the Noerthwest and South Tethys: distribution, setting, and biotic composition. Facies, 51: 442-453. Bernecker, M. 2007: Facies architecture of an isolated carbonate platform in the Hawasina Basin: The Late Triassic Jebel Kawr of Oman. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 252: 270-280, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.054. Berra, F., Jadoul, F. & Anelli, A. 2010. Environmental control on the end of the Dolomia Principale/Hauptdolomit depositional system in the central Alps: Coupling sea-level and climate changes. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 290: 138-150, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.06.037. Blau, J. 1987a: Neue Foraminiferen aus dem Lias der Lienzer Dolomiten. Teil I: Die Fo-raminiferenfauna einer roten Spaltenfüllung in Oberrhätkalken. Jb. Geol. B.-A.,129/3-4: 495-523. 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Brencic, M. & PoLTNiG, W. 2008: Podzemne vode Karavank - Skrito bogastvo = Grundwasser der Karawanken - Versteckter Schatz. Geološki zavod Slovenije (Ljubljana) & Joan-neum Research Forschungsgesellschaft: 1-143, incl. 2 geol. maps. Brönnimann, P., Poisson, A. & Zaninetti, L. 1970: L'unité du Domuz Dag (Taurus Lycien-Tur-quie). Microfacies et foraminiferes du Trias et du Lias. Riv. Ital. Paleont., 76/1: 1-36. Brönnimann, P., Cadet, J.-P. & Zaninetti, L. 1973a: Sur la présence d'Involutina sinuosa pragsoides (Oberhauser) (Foraminifère) dans l'Anisien supérieur probable de Bosnie-Herzégovine Méridionale (Yougoslavie). Riv. Ital. Paleont., 79/3: 301-336. Brönnimann, P., Cadet, J.-P., Ricou, L.-E. & Zaninetti, L. 1973b: Révision morphologique et émendation du genre triasique Galeanella Kristan-Tollmann (Foraminifere) et description de Galeanella panticae, n.sp., (Dinarides yougoslaves et Zagros, Iran). Verh. Geol. B.-A., 3: 411-435. Brönnimann, P., Whittaker, J. E. & Zaninetti, L. 1975: Triassic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Kyaukme-Longtawkno area, northern Shan States, Burma. Riv. Ital. Paleont., 81/1: 1-30. Budai, T. & Haas, J. 1997: Triassic sequence stratigraphy of the Balaton Highland, Hungary. Acta Geol. Hung., 40: 307-335. Buser, s. 1980: Tolmač lista Celovec (Klagenfurt) L 33-53. Basic geological map of SFRJ 1 : 100.000. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd: 62 p. Buser, s. 1986: Tolmač listov Tolmin in Videm (Udine) L 33-64. Basic geological map of SFRJ 1 : 100.000. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd: 103 p. PLATE 1 Foraminifera from the Rhaetian reef limestone of Mt. Begunjščica 1-2 Gandinella falsofriedli; 1 thin section 184; 2 thin section 186C 3-4 Kaeveria fluegeli; 3 thin section 244A; 4 thin section 243A 5-6 Alpinophragmium perforatum; 5 thin section 242A; 6 thin section 244B 7 ?Gaudryinella clavuliniformis; thin section 187A 8 Reophax sp.; thin section 251 9-11 Reophax rudis; 9 thin section 245A; 10 thin section 246; 11 thin section 244A 12 Ammobaculites pulcher; thin section 243A 13 "Trochammina" jaunensis; thin section 253 14-15 "Trochammina" almtalensis; 14 thin section 248; thin section 241 16-17(?) Duotaxis metula; 16 thin section 243A; 17 thin section 244B 18 "Tetrataxis" humilis; thin section 241 Figures 1-4, 7, 13-18 scale bar 200 |im; figures 9-12 scale bar 500 |im; figures 5-6, 8 scale bar 1500 |im. PLATE 1 Buser, S. 1989: Development of the Dinaric and the Julian carbonate platforms and of the intermediate Slovenian Basin (NW Yugoslavia). Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 40: 313-320. Buser, S. 1996: Geology of Western Slovenia and its paleogeographic evolution. In: Drobne, K., Gorican, Š. & Kotnik, B. (eds.): International workshop Postojna '96: The role of impact processes and biological evolution of planet Earth. ZRC SAZU, 111-123. Buser, S. & Cajhen, J. 1978: Basic geological map SFRJ 1 : 100.000 L 33-53, Celovec. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd. Buser, S., Ramovš, A. & Turnšek, D. 1982: Triassic reefs in Slovenia. Facies, 6: 15-24. Chablais, J., Martini, R. & Onoue, T. 2010a: Aulo-tortus friedli from the Upper Triassic gravitational flow deposits of the Kumagawa River (Kyushu, Southwest Japan). Paleont. Res., 14/2: 151-160, doi:10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.151. Chablais, J., Martini, R., Samankassou, E., Onoue, T. & Sano, H. 2010b: Microfacies and depo-sitional setting of the Upper Triassic mid-oceanic atoll-type carbonates of the Sambosan Accretionary Complex (southern Kyushu, Japan). Facies, 56: 249-278, doi:10.1007/s10347-009-0204-6. 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Begunjscica 1 Ammobaculites sp.; thin section 245A 2 Endotriada sp.; thin section 244B 3 Involutina turgida; thin section 243B 4-5 Trocholina umbo; thin section 244A 6-7 Trocholina crassa; 6 thin section 242A; 7 thin section 249 8 ?Aulotortus sinuosus; note the very flat test, but an involute coiling; thin section 186D 9 Aulotortus tenuis; thin section 249 10-11 Aulotortus friedli; thin section 249 12-13 Aulotortus tumidus; 12 thin section 252; 13 thin section 241 14-15 Aulotortus sinuosus; 14 thin section 187A; 15 thin section 195A 16 Auloconus permodiscoides; thin section 187A 17 ?Triasina hantkeni; thin section 187B 18 Turrispirillina minima; thin section 195B Figures 6-7, 10-11, 14, 17-18 scale bar 200 |im; figures 1-5, 8-9, 12-13, 15-16 scale bar 500 |im. PLATE 2 Cros, P. & Neumann, M. 1964: Contribution a l'étude des formations a Triasina Majzon des Dolomites Centrales. Rev. Micropal., 7/2: 125137. Dager, Z. 1978: Les foraminiferes du Trias de la Péninsule de Kocaeli - Turquie. 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