© Author(s) 2020. CC Atribution 4.0 License Additional records of decapod crustaceans from the lower Pleistocene beds of Poggi Gialli (Tuscany, central Italy) Nove najdbe rakov deseteronožcev iz spodnjepleistocenskih plasti v kamnolomu Poggi Gialli (Toskana, Italija) Giovanni PASINI1, Alessandro GARASSINO2, Antonio DE ANGELI3 & Francesco PIZZOLATO4 1Via Alessandro Volta 16, 22070 Appiano Gentile (Como), Italy; e-mail: giovannialdopasini@gmail.com 2Research Adjunct, Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; e-mail: alegarassino@gmail.com 3Museo Civico “G. Zannato”, Piazza Marconi 15, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), Italy; e-mail: antonio.deangeli@alice.it 4Via Cimabue 54, 52100 Arezzo, Italy; e-mail: arch.pizzolatofrancesco@gmail.com Prejeto / Received 12. 11. 2019; Sprejeto / Accepted 2. 4. 2020; Objavljeno na spletu / Published online 22. 4. 2020 Key words: Decapoda, Astacidea, Anomura, Brachyura, Cenozoic, Mediterranean Ključne besede: Decapoda, Astacidea, Anomura, Brachyura, kenozoik, Sredozemlje Abstract Additional species of decapod crustaceans are recorded from the lower Pleistocene beds exposed at the Poggi Gialli quarries (Sinalunga, Tuscany, central Italy). They include Galathea tuscia sp. nov., Ilia sp., Liocarcinus cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827), and Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov. Novel morphological details for Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017, based on a single newly collected specimen, are added, as is the rare record of an indeterminate nephropid. These additions augment our knowledge of the composition of carcinological faunas in this peculiar environment from the early Pleistocene of central Italy. An updated list of decapod crustacean species from Poggi Gialli is also provided herein. Izvleček V prispevku predstavljamo nove najdbe in nove vrste rakov deseteronožcev iz spodnjepleistocenskih plasti v kamnolomu Poggi Gialli (Sinalunga, Toskana, osrednja Italija). Najdbe vključujejo vrste Galathea tuscia sp. nov., Ilia sp., Liocarcinus cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827) in Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov. Dodatno opisujemo tudi nove morfološke podrobnosti vrste Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini na Baldanzi, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017, ki temeljijo na novo odkritem primerku. Opisujemo tudi redko najdbo nedoločenega nefropidnega raka. Opisan material dopolnjuje naše znanje o sestavi združb deseteronožcev v tem nenavadnem okolju zgodnjepleistocenske starosti. Prispevku je dodan tudi posodobljen seznam vseh fosilnih deseteronožcev iz kamnoloma Poggi Gialli. GEOLOGIJA 63/1, 109-123, Ljubljana 2020 https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2020.012 Introduction Both fully marine and transitional sedimen- tary rocks that crop out in a relatively restricted quarried area at Poggi Gialli (Sinalunga, Siena, Tuscany) have yielded diverse macrofossil as- semblage from the early Pleistocene, including molluscs, echinoids, bryozoans, corals, decapod crustaceans, isopods, and plant remains (for a full list, see Baldanza et al., 2017). The rich and peculiar decapod crustacean assemblage, which is incomparable to other communities previous- ly recorded from the Pleistocene of Tuscany and from the Mediterranean basin, has recently been discussed in detail by Baldanza et al. (2017) who also provided a sedimentological, stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the Poggi Gialli quarries. 110 Giovanni PASINI, Alessandro GARASSINO, Antonio DE ANGELI & Francesco PIZZOLATO Subject of the present note is a description of a number of recently collected specimens of de- capod crustaceans that are referred to species, unknown from this locality until now. Material and methods In the Poggi Gialli area there are two disused quarries that are traversed by the Siena-Bettole highway and formally named as Poggi Gialli North (PGN) and Poggi Gialli South (PGS) re- spectively (see Baldanza et al., 2017, p. 43, fig. 4). The studied specimens are mostly preserved three-dimensional, partially mineralised, inner moulds embedded in small chunks of loose yel- low-grey, sandy clay. They were collected from the PGS quarry section and are housed in the pa- laeontological collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici (Siena) (MUSNAF). The Anomura includes Galathea tuscia sp. nov. (Galatheidae Samouelle, 1819) (1 specimen); the Brachyura includes Ilia sp. (3 specimens) (Leuco- siidae Samoulle, 1819); Distolambrus rasnus (Par- thenopidae MacLeay, 1838) (1 specimen); Liocarc- inus sp. cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827) (Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815) (1 specimen); and Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov. (Goneplacidae Ma- cLeay, 1838) (2 specimens). Finally, one specimen was assigned to a nephropid (Astacidea Latreille, 1802), genera and species indeterminate. Abbreviations – lcxp: carapace length (includ- ing rostrum); lpa: palm length (excluding index); P1-P5: pereiopods 1 to 5; pll: pleon length; plw: pleon width; s1-s6: pleonal somites 1 to 6; St: tho- racic sternites; wcxp: carapace width; wpa: palm width. Systematic palaeontology The classification used in this paper follows Ng et al. (2008) and Schweitzer et al. (2010), while for the description of leucosiids and parthenopids we follow, in part, the terminology proposed by Ihle (1918) and Tan & Ng (2007), respectively. Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802 Superfamily Nephropoidea Dana, 1852 Family Nephropidae Dana, 1852 Nephropidae genus and species indeterminate (Plate 1 A) Material: A single, three-dimensionally pre- served P1 palm, with an incomplete index and dactylus (MUSNAF/GEO/7175 – lpa: c. 17 mm; wpa: 6 mm). Description: Elongate slender and subrect- angular P1 chela; subparallel upper and lower margins, with rounded tubercles; palm surface slightly convex, partially crushed, covered by sparse, irregular tubercles of different sizes; elongate straight index, with upper margin bear- ing a rim of strong pointed tubercles directed upwards; occlusal margin of index not observ- able; sparse tubercles, similar to those at the up- per margin, extending over entire index length; dactylus stouter than index; index with line of stronger elongate tubercles directed upwards along the occlusal margin; distal extremity of in- dex and dactylus not preserved. Discussion: The shape and some characters of this P1 chela allow it to be compared with chelae of a number of extant and fossil representatives of the Nephropidae. We consider the coarse orna- mentation of the palm and dactylus, consisting of more or less pointed to rounded coarse tubercles of different sizes to be partial internal casts of possibly pointed spines protruding on the origi- nal exocuticle, as in extant representatives of Ne- phropidae. According to Garassino & De Angeli (2004, p. 35), among Nephropoidea “only the rep- resentatives of the family Nephropidae exhibit a slender and very elongate propodus of the che- lae”. For example, the elongate and slender spiny chelae with rows of pointed spines is a feature of the extant and fossil Nephrops norvegicus (Lin- naeus, 1758). This species differs, however, from the studied specimen in the general ornament of the palm, lacking the strong spiny rims along both fingers. Unfortunately, the poor preserva- tion and incompleteness of the studied specimen make impossible a more detailed systematic as- signment. Baldanza et al. (2017, p. 49, fig. 9A) recorded another indeterminate nephropid from the PGN quarry. This specimen differs, however, from the studied one in having a wider flattened palm covered by sparse, irregular pointed tubercles directed upwards; an elongate straight index gently decreasing towards the tip; an occlusal margin of the index with unequal molariform, rounded teeth proximally, followed by subtrian- gular equal-sized teeth; a median longitudinal rim with pointed tubercles, rimmed by two lat- eral longitudinal grooves; an elongate straight dactylus with a molariform tooth in the median part; and two longitudinal grooves that extend along the middle longitudinal part of the flat dactylus. In the Mediterranean area, nephropids from the late Cenozoic (Plio-Pleistocene) are quite 111Additional records of decapod crustaceans from the lower Pleistocene beds of Poggi Gialli (Tuscany, central Italy) A – Nephropidae genus and species indeteterminate, MUSNAF/GEO/7175 (× 6). B, C – Galathea tuscia sp. nov., Holotype, MUSNAF/GEO/7176a, b with a rounded inflated bulge on the left branchial chamber margin as a result of isopod (bopyrid) infestation (red arrow) (× 8). D – Galathea tuscia sp. nov., carapace, line drawing. PLATE 1 112 Giovanni PASINI, Alessandro GARASSINO, Antonio DE ANGELI & Francesco PIZZOLATO rare and mostly poorly preserved. Indeed only two genera have previously been recorded from Italy, namely Nephropsis sp. from the Pleistocene of the Enza River (Emilia-Romagna; Garassino & De Angeli, 2004) and Nephrops cf. N. norvegi- cus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the early Pleistocene of Poggio i Sodi (Tuscany; Baldanza et al., 2013). Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838 Superfamily Galatheoidea Samouelle, 1819 Family Galatheidae Samouelle, 1819 Genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 Type species: Cancer strigosus Linnaeus, 1761, by original designation. Fossil species: Galathea affinis Ristori, 1886; G. berica De Angeli & Garassino, 2002; G. ca- poriondoi De Angeli & Ceccon, 2017; G. hexac- ristata Beschin, Busulini & Tessier in Beschin, Busulini, Fornaciari, Papazzoni & Tessier, 2018; G. keijii Karasawa, 1993; G. lovarica Beschin, De Angeli, Checchi & Zarantonello, 2016; G. lupiae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1849; G. mainensis Ceccon & De Angeli, 2012; G. sahariana Garassino, De An- geli & Pasini, 2008; G. spitzbergica Gripp, 1927; G. strigifera Fischer-Benzon, 1866; G. tuscia sp. nov. (this study); G. valmaranensis De Angeli & Garassino, 2002; G. weinfurteri Bachmayer, 1950. Galathea tuscia sp. nov. (Plate 1 B-D) Diagnosis: Subsquare carapace (excluding rostrum), slightly convex in transverse section; rostrum wide, triangular, with slight median depression, large dorsal tubercles and two lat- eral spines; cervical groove laterally bifurcated; carapace with nine main uninterrupted sinuous transverse ridges, intercalated with five inter- rupted transverse ridges; anterior branchial re- gion with two main diagonal uninterrupted ridg- es. Etymology: from the Latin tuscus, tusci = Tuscia or Etruria, the southern part of Tuscany inhabited by Tusci or Etruschi people between 900 to 27 BC. Holotype: MUSNAF/GEO/7176a, b (part-coun- terpart). Measurements: MUSNAF/GEO/7176 – lcxp: 9.5 mm; wcxp: 7 mm. Description: Carapace subsquare in dorsal view, as long as wide, transversely convex and en- larged chiefly in posterior third; wide triangular rostrum, enlarged towards base, well developed anteriorly, with at least one median spine along lateral margins; first rostral spine (supraorbital spine) shorter than the other one; dorsal surface of rostrum with a weak median depression and covered with many large uniformly arranged tu- bercles; wide orbits; extraorbital spine apparent- ly shorter than the supraorbital one; one strong anterolateral spine directed forwards; anterior branchial margins slightly convex, with three spines, equal in size and directed forwards; pos- terior branchial margins convergent posteriorly, with four spines, equal in size and directed for- wards; posterior margin wide, slightly concave and marked by one thin marginal ridge; deep cervical groove laterally bifurcated; epigastric region with one main uninterrupted sinuous transverse ridge and one weak laterally inter- rupted ridge; proto-, meso-, and metagastric re- gions not well separated, with five main uninter- rupted sinuous transverse ridges, intercalated with two medially interrupted transverse ridges; subtriangular anterior branchial regions, with two main short uninterrupted strongly diagonal ridges; posterior branchial regions with three main uninterrupted sinuous transverse ridges, intercalated with one weak medially interrupt- ed transverse ridge and one laterally interrupted transverse ridge. Discussion: According to Robins et al. (2013, p. 174) and MacPherson & Robainas-Barcia (2015, p. 13), the broad, subtriangular rostrum, with lateral teeth and the poorly defined cardiac re- gion allow to assign the studied specimen to the Galatheidae. Fossil representatives of the Galatheoidea are very rare in Tuscany, being limited to only two genera, Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Munida Leach, 1820. Baldanza et al. (2013, p. 343) noted that of Galathea there was only a single record, Galathea sp. from the early Pleistocene of Pog- gi i Sodi (Siena, Tuscany); this differs from the G. tuscia sp. nov. in having the dorsal carapace regions with only uninterrupted ridges. Later, Garassino & Pasini (2015, p. 40) described Muni- da grossetana Garassino & Pasini, 2015 from the Pliocene of Monterotondo Marittimo (Grosseto, Tuscany), its needle-like rostrum ruling out any congeneric assignment of the new species. The sole species that is close, stratigraphically speaking, is Galathea affinis Ristori, 1886 from the late Pliocene of Bianchi (Sicily) and from the Miocene of Capo San Marco (Sardinia) (Lőren- they, 1909). A detailed comparison, however, with the new species is impossible because the holo- type and additional sample are lost. Additional- ly, the poor description and the poor quality of the line drawing provided by Ristori (1886, p. 113Additional records of decapod crustaceans from the lower Pleistocene beds of Poggi Gialli (Tuscany, central Italy) 126, 127, pl. 2, fig. 18) preclude to note diagnostic characters of G. affinis. Based on these observa- tions, we herein consider G. affinis to be a nomen dubium. We justify the erection of the new species, G. tuscia, based on these characters: dorsal carapace regions without hepatic, epigastric, parahepatic, anterior branchial, and postcervical spines; such are always present in extant species of the Medi- terranean Sea (Zariquey Alvarez, 1968; Falciai & Minervini, 1992) and occassionally in some Eo- cene and Oligocene species (Beschin et al. 2016, 2018; Ceccon & De Angeli, 2012; De Angeli & Ceccon, 2017; De Angeli & Garassino, 2002) and two uninterrupted strongly diagonal ridges on the anterior branchial regions – this is a peculiar character not seen in any other fossil species of Galathea from the Italian fossil record. Note: The studied specimen shows a typi- cal rounded inflated bulge on the left branchial chamber margin, most probably denoting isopod (bopyrid) infestation. Isopod parasitism in deca- pod crustaceans, including squat lobsters, has been recorded by several authors for Mesozoic and Cenozoic taxa (for full references see Klomp- maker & Boxshall, 2015). The only examples of isopod parasitism in fos- sil material from Italy are those recorded by Cec- con & De Angeli (2013) for the Eocene of Vicen- za, which we can here supplement with a record from the early Pleistocene. Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802 Section Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 Subsection Heterotremata Guinot, 1977 Superfamily Leucosioidea Samouelle, 1819 Family Leucosiidae Samouelle, 1819 Subfamily Ebaliinae Stimpson, 1871 Genus Ilia Leach, 1817 Type species: Cancer nucleus Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. Included fossil species: see Schweitzer et al. (2010). Ilia sp. (Plate 2 A–B) Material: Two pleons in ventral view (MUS- NAF/GEO/7177 – pll: 10 mm; plw: 10 mm; MUS- NAF/GEO/7178 – pll: 8 mm; plw: 8 mm); and a single, incomplete P1 [MUSNAF/GEO/7179 – lpa: 15 mm (including index); wpa: 3 mm]. Description: Pleon – Sternum ovoid, with granulate surface; thoracic sternites exposed, subpetaloid in shape, decreasing in size and length posteriorly; St 1-4 fused; triangular elon- gate sternum pleonal cavity deeply excavated, narrowing to the anterior part of sternum. P1 – elongate globular palm, preserved as an inner mould, ovoid in transverse section; straight upper and inferior margins, narrowing distally; thin very elongate pointed index directed down- wards, curved distally with small conical alter- nating occlusal teeth. Discussion: Based on the proxy characters, these rounded granulate pleons and typically elongate chela are compared with those of some representatives of the family Leucosiidae and, tentatively, with Ilia Leach, 1817. The studied pleon has affinities in shape and ornamentation with that of the fossil representa- tives of Ilia nucleus (Linnaeus, 1758), as record- ed and illustrated by Garassino et al. (2012, p. 28, fig. 14C) from the early Pliocene of La Ser- ra quarry (San Miniato, Tuscany), whereas the globular elongate palm and index are compara- ble in shape with those of the extant representa- tives of the same species (Garassino et al., 2012, p. 28, fig. 14H). The studied specimens seem to have, however, a larger, coarse granules on the pleon, whereas the palm, preserved as an inner mould, does not allow any comparison of the external ornamentation of the chela. We prefer to leave the studied specimens in open nomenclature, await- ing the discovery of more complete material. Superfamily Portunoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Family Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Polibinae Ortmann, 1893 Genus Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871 Type species: Portunus holsatus Fabricius, 1798, by original designation. Fossil species: see Schweitzer et al. (2010). Liocarcinus cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827) (Plate 2 C) Material and measurements: A single, near-complete carapace in dorsal view (MUS- NAF/GEO/7180 – lcxp: 8 mm; wcxp: 7 mm). Description: Small-sized, subhexagonal cara- pace weakly convex transversely; front with three spines projecting beyond the orbits, median slight- ly longer and sharper than lateral ones; anterolat- eral margins, with four triangular spines, direct- ed anterolaterally (excluding extraorbital spine), fourth spine smaller than the others; convergent posterolateral margins concave and longer than 114 Giovanni PASINI, Alessandro GARASSINO, Antonio DE ANGELI & Francesco PIZZOLATO A, B – Ilia sp., MUSNAF/GEO/7179, P1 in lateral view (× 8) and MUSNAF/GEO/7177, thoracic sternum and pleon (× 8.5). C – Liocarcinus cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827), MUSNAF/GEO/7180, carapace in dorsal view (× 13.5). D – Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017, MUSNAF/ GEO/7181a, carapace in dorsal view (× 15). PLATE 2 115Additional records of decapod crustaceans from the lower Pleistocene beds of Poggi Gialli (Tuscany, central Italy) the anterolateral ones; rounded and well-raised protogastric regions; subtriangular mesogastric region strongly tuberculate; undifferentiated branchial regions; cardiac region with three bulg- es; tuberculate dorsal surface. Discussion: The morphological characters of the anterolateral margins with spines, as well as the configuration of the front match those of the Liocarcinus “pusillus” group (i.e. “small sized Liocarcinus having front projecting beyond the orbits”) as recognised by Froglia & Manning (1982, p. 257), and especially into those of the extant Liocarcinus maculatus (Risso, 1827) in particular, as based on the diagnosis provided by Froglia & Manning (1982, p. 262). However, we prefer prudence in our comparison of the stud- ied specimen with L. maculatus due to the lack of carpus and antennal flagellum; those provide essential specific diagnostic characters (Froglia & Manning, 1982, p. 264). Although the studied specimen is only likened to the extant taxon, it would constitute the first mention of L. macula- tus from the fossil record. The extant species in- habits the Mediterranean Sea at sublittoral (5-73 meters) depths (Froglia & Manning, 1982, p. 262). Note: Baldanza et al. (2017, p. 69, fig. 15D), re- corded Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758), from the PGS quarry based on a single, small and incomplete carapace, lacking the frontal margin. A revision of this specimen might also document L. maculatus rather than L. depurator. Superfamily Parthenopoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Parthenopidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Parthenopinae MacLeay, 1838 Genus Distolambrus Tan & Ng, 2007 Type species: Heterocrypta maltzani Miers, 1881, by original designation. Fossil species: Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De An- geli, Famiani Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017. Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini, 2017 in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017 (Plate 2 D) 2017 Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garass- ino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato; p. 57, Fig. 14A, B. Material and measurements: A single complete carapace in dorsal view (MUSNAF/GEO/7181a, b – lcxp: 5 mm; wcxp: 6 mm). Description: Very small-sized carapace for the genus, trapezoidal transversaly; dorsal sur- face with raised granulate ridges on gastric, epibranchial, and cardiac regions; protrud- ing triangular rostrum; serrate straight ante- rolateral margins, tapering frontally; serrate posterolateral margins gently convex medially ending in a point at level of the posterior mar- gin; V-shaped granulate gastric ridge; diago- nal branchial granulate ridge not continuous with the gastric ridge; strong raised, round tu- bercle on the median cardiac region, bearing some small sparse tubercles dorsally; intesti- nal region flat expanded posteriorly; convex epibranchial margin; posterior margin convex medially. Discussion: This specimen shows the main diagnostic characters of Distolambrus rasnus described from PGS quarry by De Angeli, Ga- rassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani Garassino, Pasini & Pizzola- to (2017, p. 57, fig. 14A, B), as follows: subpen- tagonal and smooth carapace; triangular and pointed rostrum domed depressed medially, with serrate margins; serrate antero- and pos- terolateral margins; raised, granulate ridges on gastric, epibranchial and cardiac regions; V-shaped ridge on the gastric region; oblique branchial ridge not continuous with the gastric one; strong median cardiac tubercle; and intes- tinal region flat. Here we wish to remark that the antero- and posterolateral margins in the studied specimen are not distinctly separated by a small hepatobranchial notch as the one seen in the type specimen, which is possibly due to its smaller size or this could reflect intraspe- cific variation. This is only the second specimen of this un- common fossil species, reported from the Poggi Gialli quarries only. Superfamily Goneplacoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Goneplacinae MacLeay, 1838 Genus Aliaplax gen. nov. Diagnosis: Carapace trapezoidal, strong- ly elongate transversely, twice wider than long, broadest at exorbital angle; orbital angle out- wardly projected in a pointed spine; distinct- ly T-shaped narrow front directed downwards; very elongate orbit grooves occupying the entire frontal margin, deeper proximally; supraorbital margin smooth slightly sinuous; suborbital mar- gin smooth, notably sinuous, projected frontally, 116 Giovanni PASINI, Alessandro GARASSINO, Antonio DE ANGELI & Francesco PIZZOLATO exceeding supraorbital margin; diagonal pos- terolateral margins slightly convex gently ta- pering posteriorly to the wide posterior margin, wider than the half of the total frontal margin; dorsal carapace convex fronto-posteriorly and smooth, with one weak horizontal uninterrupt- ed ridge on the posterior third, without clear in- dications of regions; protogastric region with a drop-shaped bulge, extending from the frontal base to the mesogastric region; intestinal region with one transverse arched groove, concave dor- sally behind the metabranchial regions slightly constricted forming two lateral rounded depres- sions. Etymology: From the name of the mythical marine nereid Alia, described by Homer as the nymph with “large eyes”, and the suffix –plax. Gender: feminine. Type species: Aliaplax tyrsenorum sp. nov., by monotypy. Fossil species: Aliaplax tyrsenorum sp. nov. (this study). Discussion: According to Castro (2007, p. 616) the studied specimens have been assigned to the Goneplacidae in having transversely rectangular carapace, narrow front, wide and long orbits, and dorsal surface with horizontal ridges, without clear indication of regions. According to De Angeli et al. (2019), goneplac- ids are represented in the fossil record of Italy by five genera: Albaidaplax Garassino, Pasini & Castro, 2013 from the early Pliocene-early Pleis- tocene of Tuscany and Umbria; Astiplax Garas- sino & Pasini, 2013 from the late Pliocene of San Pietro (Asti, Piedmont), Goneplax Leach, 1814 from the Miocene to early Pleistocene of Pied- mont, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, and Sicily; Magyacarcinus Schweitzer & Karasa- wa, 2004 from the middle Eocene-late Eocene of Veneto; and Ommatocarcinus White, 1851 from the early Pleistocene of Tuscany. The subrectangular carapace, slightly wid- er than long, the front as wide as the orbits, and the short posterior margin rule out assignment of the studied specimens to Albaidaplax, while the strongly tuberculate carapace, the very nar- row front, and the presence of gastric pits and branchiocardiac groove exclude Astiplax. The studied specimens cannot be placed in Goneplax because the carapace has a strong outer orbital tooth, the notch between the front, and one an- terolateral tooth, while the subsquare carapace, the wide straight front, the deep branchiocar- diac groove, and the swollen subhepatic regions set them apart from Magyacarcinus. Ommato- carcinus, recently recorded from Poggi Gialli by De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato (2017, p. 62), shares some characters with the studied specimens, as follows: carapace transversely rectangular, much wider than long; orbits wide, greatly expanded laterally; supraor- bital margin sinuous; dorsal surface of carapace smooth, with one weak horizontal ridge, without clear indication of regions; the outer orbital angle with one tooth; and anterolateral tooth absent. The studied specimens, however, differ from Om- matocarcinus in having shorter, T-shaped front; very elongate orbit grooves occupying the entire frontal margin; smooth suborbital margin nota- bly projected frontally, exceeding supraorbital margin; median drop-shaped bulge on gastric region; intestinal transverse groove concave dor- sally behind the metabranchial regions that are slightly constricted forming two lateral rounded depressions; and wide posterior margin. Castro (pers. comm, 2019) identified strictly morphological affinities, such as the shape of the frontal region, outer orbital angle with conspic- uous acute tooth, and the long straight posterior margin when comparing the studied specimens with two extant Indo-Pacific genera of the Go- neplacinae, Singhaplax Serène & Soh, 1976 and Microgoneplax Castro, 2007. However, the stud- ied specimens differ from these extant genera in having protogastric regions with a drop-shaped bulge, intestinal region with one transverse arched groove, and one weak horizontal uninter- rupted ridge on the posterior third of the dorsal carapace surface. Based upon these observations, we believe the description of a new genus is warrented to ac- commodate these specimens. Aliaplax tyrsenorum sp. nov. (Plate 3 A–D) Etymology: The trivial name originates from the Tyrseni, the ancient Greek name for the in- habitants of the Etruscan regions. Holotype: MUSNAF/GEO/7183. Paratype: MUSNAF/GEO/7182 a, b. Material and measurements: One complete specimen in dorsal view (part-counterpart) (MUSNAF/GEO/7182a, b – lcxp: 6 mm; wcxp: 13 mm, excluding lateral spine), and another in counterpart only (MUSNAF/GEO/7183 – lcxp: 4.5 mm; wcxp: 10 mm, excluding lateral spine). 117Additional records of decapod crustaceans from the lower Pleistocene beds of Poggi Gialli (Tuscany, central Italy) Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov. A – Holotype, MUSNAF/GEO/7183 (× 5). B, C – Paratype, MUSNAF/GEO/7182a, b (× 6.5). D – Carapace, line drawing. PLATE 3 118 Description: Carapace trapezoidal, strong- ly elongate transversely, twice wider than long, broadest at exorbital angle; orbital angle out- wardly projected in a pointed spine; distinct- ly T-shaped narrow front directed downwards; very elongate orbit grooves occupying the entire frontal margin, deeper proximally; supraorbital margin smooth slightly sinuous; suborbital mar- gin smooth, notably sinuous, projected frontally, exceeding supraorbital margin; diagonal antero- lateral margins slightly convex gently tapering posteriorly to the wide posterior margin, wider than the half of the total frontal margin; dorsal carapace convex fronto-posteriorly and smooth, with one transverse uninterrupted ridge on the posterior third; protogastric region with a drop- shaped bulge, extending from the frontal base to the mesogastric region; intestinal region with one transverse arched groove, concave dorsally behind the metabranchial regions that appears slightly constricted forming two lateral round- ed depressions. P1 elongate, heterochelous with stout rectangular right palm and shorter left palm; dactylus gently curved; P4-P5 elongate, with pointed dactyli. Conclusions The present study updates the rich and pecu- liar Poggi Gialli decapod crustacean assemblage by adding a few new, recently collected and not previously recorded taxa. Among these is a new squat lobster Galathea tuscia sp. nov.; in addi- tion, the presence of Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov., is remarkable. The presence of a few goneplacids that have closer affinities to some In- do-Pacific genera than to those from the Medi- terranean calls for a discussion of their presence, diffusion, and extinction in the paleo-Mediter- ranean Sea. Moreover, the presence of swimming macrurans is herein corroborated by a new re- cord of an indeterminate nephropid. The new data corroborate the previous char- acterisation of the paleoenvironment suggested by Baldanza et al. (2017, p. 67), with “a sub-tidal marine shallow to moderate deep environment with some terrestrial fresh water influence (pos- sibly from a few to less than 100 m deep), in tem- perate waters at low levels of water energy…”. Updated list of decapod crustacean species from the early Pleistocene of Poggi Gialli (Siena, central Italy) is herein provided. Taxa with an asterisk (*) appear to be confined to Poggi Gialli (after De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldan- za, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pas- ini & Pizzolato, 2017; this study). Superfamily Thalassinoidea Latreille, 1831 Family Laomediidae Borradaile, 1903 Genus Jaxea Nardo, 1847 Jaxea nocturna Nardo, 1847 Superfamily Galatheoidea Samouelle, 1819 Family Galatheidae Samouelle, 1819 Genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 Galathea tuscia sp. nov.* Superfamily Paguroidea Latreille, 1802 Family Paguridae Latreille, 1802 Genus Anapagurus Henderson, 1886 Anapagurus cf. A. breviaculeatus Fenizia, 1937 Superfamily Raninoidea De Haan, 1839 Family Lyreididae Guinot, 1993 Subfamily Lyridinae Guinot, 1993 Genus Lyreidus De Haan, 1841 Lyreidus paronae (Crema, 1895) Superfamily Dorippoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Ethusidae Guinot,1977 Genus Ethusa Roux, 1830 Ethusa cf. E. mascarone Herbst, 1785 Superfamily Leucosioidea Samoulle, 1819 Family Leucosiidae Samoulle, 1819 Subfamilu Ebaliinae Stimpson, 1871 Genus Leucosiraja De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017 Leucosiraja manta De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017* Genus Merocryptus A. Milne-Edwards, 1873 Merocryptus viperinus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017* Superfamily Majoidea Samouelle, 1819 Family Majidae Samouelle, 1819 Subfamily Majinae Samouelle, 1819 Genus Eurynome Leach, 1814 Eurynome italica De Angeli, Garassino & Pa- sini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famia- ni, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017* Superfamily Parthenopoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Parthenopidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Parthenopinae MacLeay, 1838 Genus Distolambrus Tan & Ng, 2007 Distolambrus rasnus De Angeli, Garassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzolato, 2017* Giovanni PASINI, Alessandro GARASSINO, Antonio DE ANGELI & Francesco PIZZOLATO 119 Superfamily Retroplumoidea Gill, 1894 Family Retroplumidae Gill, 1894 Genus Retropluma Gill, 1894 Retropluma craverii (Crema, 1895) Superfamily Cancroidea Latreille, 1802 Family Cancridae Latreille, 1802 Subfamily Lobocarcininae Beurlen, 1930 Genus Lobocarcinus Reuss, 1857 Lobocarcinus sismondai (von Meyer, 1843) Superfamily Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Euxanthinae Alcock, 1898 Genus Monodaeus Guinot, 1967 Monodaeus bortolottii Delle Cave, 1988 ?Superfamily Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838 Genus Ancipitecancer Pasini, Luque & Garassino, 2020 Ancipitecancer collinsi Pasini, Luque & Garassino, 2020* Superfamily Portunoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Family Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Polybinae Ortmann, 1893 Genus Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871 Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758) Liocarcinus cf. L. maculatus (Risso, 1827) Superfamily Goneplacoidea MacLeay, 1838 Family Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Goneplacinae MacLeay, 1838 Genus Aliaplax gen. nov. Aliaplax tyrsenorum gen. nov., sp. nov.* Genus Goneplax Leach, 1814 Goneplax rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Ommatocarcinus White, 1851 Ommatocarcinus occidentalis De Angeli, Ga- rassino & Pasini in Baldanza, Bizzarri, De Angeli, Famiani, Garassino, Pasini & Pizzola- to, 2017* Acknowledgements We wish to thank G. Manganelli (Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Siena), who give us the permission to study the specimens; G. Teruzzi (Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano), for photgraphs of specimens; M. Mura (Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano), for the set- tlement of the iconographic apparatus; H. Kara- sawa (Mizunami Fossil Museum, Yamanouchi, Akeyo, Mizunami, Japan) and P. Castro (Califor- nia State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Cal- ifornia, USA), for useful advice on Goneplaci- dae; Y. 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