HACQUETIA 12/1 • 2013, 87-131
DOI: 10.2478/HACQ-2013-0003
vegetation of the onferno nature reserve
(rimini - central italy)
and management problems of secondary grasslands
Silva ZITTI1, Michele RISMONDO1 & Fabio TAFFETANI1
Abstract
This study presents a floristic and vegetational analysis of the territory of the Onferno Nature Reserve. The site extends over about 120 hectares, and is located in central Italy, in a hilly area near the Adriatic coast. It is characterised by the presence of large gypsum blocks that have karst caves, where important colonies of bats lives. This study of the vegetation allowed the description of six main vegetation series, divided into three different geosigmeta: a geomorphological unit of gypsum substrata (Gessi di Onferno); a geomorphological unit of clay substrata (Formazione del Santerno); and a geomorphological unit of compact sandstone substrata (Formazione Montecalvo in Foglia). This floristic and vegetation studies carried out on the secondary grasslands (EC Habitat 6210) have allowed the evaluation of the grazing effects on the conservation of their biodiversity, and highlight the critical nature of this management method. Furthermore, on the basis of the vegetation studies, the list of habitats according to EC Directive 92/43/CEE has been better defined and updated. Key words: vegetation, secondary grasslands, habitat, bats, Onferno.
Izvleček
V raziskavi so predstavljeni rezultati floristične in vegetacijske analize na območju naravnega rezervata Onferno. Rezervat obsega več kot 120 hektarjev in je v srednji Italiji v gričevnatem območju ob jadranski obali. V njem so značilni veliki bloki gipsa s kraškimi jamami, kjer živijo pomembne kolonije netopirjev. V vegetacijski anlizi smo opisali šest vegetacijskih serij, razdeljenih v tri različne geosigmete: geomorfološka enota na gipsu (Gessi di Onferno); geomorfološka enota na glini (Formazione del Santerno) in geomorfološka enota na kompaktnem peščenjaku (Formazione Montecalvo in Foglia). Z rezultati floristične in vegetacijske raziskave na sekundarnih traviščih (EC Habitat 6210) smo lahko ovrednotili učinke paše na varovanje biodiverzitete in izpostavili kritične točke tega načina gospodarjenja. Na osnovi vegetacijske analize smo lahko bolje določili in dopolnili seznam habitatnih tipov v skladu s habitatno direktivo (EC Directive 92/43/CEE). Ključne besede: vegetacija, sekundarna travišča, habitatni tipi, netopirji, Onferno.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Onferno Nature Reserve is a protected area of about 120 hectares that is situated in the town of Gemmano, a few kilometers from Rimini, which is an Italian area with one of the highest concentrations of tourists. The area is also a Site of Community Importance (SCI Onferno IT 409 001). Although the landscape has been heavily shaped by human activities, the more important natural elements have been preserved, largely due
to the presence of the extended badlands, and especially with the gypsum substrata. This gypsum substrata of the Onferno Nature Reserve is part of the southern-most area of the large geological system of "Vena del Gesso", which unites the gypsum outcrops of the Reggio Emilia province with those of Rimini. The originality and richness of the vegetation of these gypsum outcrops in Emilia Romagna have been noted previously (Zang-heri, 1936; Corbetta, 1994; Alessandrini, 1996; Laghi & Pastorelli, 2004; Taffetani et al. 2005).
i Dip. Scienze Agrarie, Alimetari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60123 Ancona
A particular feature of the Onferno Nature Reserve is the numerous colonies of Chiroptera found in the karst caves that have developed along the base of the chalk complex. These bat communities are very different and they constitute the largest colonies of mixed species in northern Italy, according to Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The breeding colonies have reached about 6,000 bats that belong to seven species: Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythi, Myotis myotis, Rhynolophus euryale, Rhynolophus hipposideros, Rhynolophusferrumequinum, and Myotis emargina-tus (SIC Onferno listing IT 409 001).
The conservation of these bats is strictly linked to the preservation of their natural environment, and particularly to the Bromus erectus grasslands that are their foraging areas (Priority Habitat 6210, under the Habitats Directive 92/43 EEC). Some of the grasslands of the southern sector of the Reserve that are more structured and rich in species can be included in this category; however, others represent more ruderal aspects, although they have the potential to evolve over time into more mature types of pasture. As with all secondary grasslands, their maintenance
is highly dependent on the use of animals, either directly (grazing) or more indirectly (mowing). Since the total abandonment of such animal husbandry practices, to maintain these grasslands and to promote the development of further grasslands, the Reserve has for several years followed management programmes designed to ensure their active conservation, such as the Life Project for "Conservation of bats and their foraging areas in the Onferno Nature Reserve SCI site". The aim of the Life Project is of maintaining the great value of environmental biodiversity by improving the fragmentation and crop diversification in agricultural areas, maintaining the existing grasslands, and encouraging the development of abandoned areas towards the formation of permanently managed grasslands, and in this way to preserve and expand the foraging areas of the bats.
In this paper, we present the results of a floris-tic and vegetational study carried out for environmental characterization prior to the interventions under the Life project, and the evaluation of the subsequent results, in terms of the floristic, vege-tational and serial biodiversity of this biocoenosis.
2. THE STUDY AREA
The Onferno Nature Reserve is located in the hilly subcoastal territories of the province of Rimini, on the border with the Marche Region (Figure 1). According to the biogeographical classification of Rivas-Martinez (Rivas-Martinez et al. 2004), the territory is part of the Eurosibe-rian Region, Alpino-Caucasic Subregion, Apen-nine-Balkan Province, Apennine Subprovince.
The bioclimate was evaluated on the basis of data from the meteorological station of the nearby San Marino (Figure 2) and it is an oceanic temperate macrobioclimate (submediterranean variant), of an upper mesotemperate thermotype, and lower subhumid ombrotype (Rivas-Martinez 2008).
With regard to its geology, the area is characterized by early Pliocene native soils (loam and clay), upon which the clay layer of Val Marecchia has overlapped, with the gypsum blocks moved to its centre. The Messinian gypsum and clays of the allochthonous layer discontinuously cover the sedimentary deposits of the Pliocene age; the main gypsum outcrop is the visible part of a large block of gray selenitic gypsum of the Lower Messinian, arising from the Val Marecchia series (Ruggieri 1958; Bertolani & Rossi 1997; Lucchi & Scaravelli 2005). Further new sedimentation then led to the formation of the sandstone and marl of the middle Pliocene, the final phase of the sedimentation (Lucchi & Scaravelli 2005).
RIMINI
P = 688	44°01'N	012°36'E	11/11 y.
T = 13	lc=19.2	Tp = 1590	Tn = 0
m= 0.0	M= 7.2	ltc = 211	lo = 4.3
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Analisi della vegetazione
To describe the main types of vegetation, 120 phytosociological relevés were carried out in different areas of the Reserve. The cluster analysis was performed by means of the software SYNTAX 2000 (Podani 2001), using complete link and similarity ratio coefficient on the phytoso-ciological data (woods and vegetation of grasslands and badlands), converted according to the ordinal scale proposed by van der Maarel (1979). The study of the dynamic relationships between the different vegetation associations allowed the identification of the vegetation series of the different geomorphological units (geosigmeta) and the description of the landscape of the Onferno Nature Reserve.
The analysis of the vegetation was carried out according to the phytosociological method of the Sigmatist School of Braun-Blanquet, as more recently updated according to the integrated Phy-tosociological School of Rivas-Martinez (Braun-Blanquet 1964; Tuxen, 1956, 1977, 1979; Biondi 1994, 1996; Gehu & Rivas-Martinez 1981, Rivas-Martinez 2005a, b). All of the data were analyzed by GIS, and the map of the vegetation series was constructed.
For the species nomenclature, in terms of the biological forms and the chorological types, reference was made to "Flora d'Italia" (Pignatti
TEMPERATE OCEANIC (SUBMEDITERRANEAN) UPPER MESOTEMPERATE LOWER MESOTEMPERATE
Figure 2: Pluviothermic diagram. Slika 2: Pluviotermični diagram.
DJ FMAMJ J ASOND
Imbibing	2. SEPT.
Saturation	25. NOV.
Reserve use	15. MAR.
I I Deficit	17.JUN.
P = 688 mm -PE = 750 mm -
1982), "Flora Europaea" (Tutin et al. 1964-80, 1993) and the "Checklist of the Italian Vascular Flora" (Conti et al. 2005). For the syntaxonomic classifications of the vegetational typologies, reference was made to the European literature (Oberdorfer 1994; Rivas-Martinez et al. 2002a, 2002b) and to studies of the Italian vegetation, and the Apennine vegetation in particular (Ferrari 1971; Ferrari & Speranza 1975; Biondi et al. 1986, 1988, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006; Pirone 1995; Allegrezza et al. 2002; Poldini et al. 2002; Blasi et al. 2004; Taffetani et al. 2004, 2005, 2009; Gubellini & Zitti 2010).
3.2 Conservation of secondary grasslands: experimental activities.
To evaluate the sustainability in economic management terms and the effectiveness of the reintroduction of grazing animals to maintain the quality of the grasslands, two donkeys and three sheep were kept in a portion (approximately 3 ha) of a selected Bromus erectus grasslands for a period of 165 days. Given the absence of any real propensity of the local farms towards livestock breeding and the difficulty of finding and managing grazing animals, the experimental work was carried out with a different number and combinations of animals than those evaluated as optimal in the design phase (Bagella 2001).
The application of ecological indicators for the evaluation of the environmental quality of the agro-ecosystems (Taffetani & Rismondo 2009; Rismondo et al. 2011) has allowed us to highlight some differences in terms of the dynamic evolution of the vegetation of the grasslands, particularly in relation to their management (grazing) and to their substrata. The floristic-vegetational indices used for application to the case study are the maturity index (MI), which can measure the evolutionary value of a plant community, the index of floristic biodiversity (IFB), which is calculated on the basis of species present in the fitosociological relevés, and the indices of the biological forms (IT, therophytes; IH, hemicryp-tophytes; IF, perennial non-hemicryprophytes), with which it is possible to evaluate the percentage incidence of hemicryptophyte species (IH) within a plant coenosis.
4. RESULTS 4.1 Vegetation
The Multivariate analysis applied separately to the table of forest relevés and grassland relevés allowed to group the relevés in clusters corresponding to the main vegetation types, as shown by the two dendrograms in figures 3 and 4.
1-
o
1 2 4 5 3 6 7 1921 222320 24252627282930 8 9 1011 1213 1415 16171831 3332 34 3536 3738394041 42
Figure 3: Cluster analysis: dendrogram of woods of Onferno Nature Reserve. Cluster A: Querco-Fagetea (A1: Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani; A2: Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae; A3: Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis; A4: Ruscus aculeatus variant of Roso sempervirentis-Querce-tum pubescentis association). Cluster B: Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae (B1: Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris; B2: Salicetum apenninae; B3: Salicetum albae). Slika 3: Klastrska analiza: dendrogram gozdov naravnega rezervata Onferno. Klaster A: Querco-Fagetea (A1: Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani; A2: Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae; A3: Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis; A4: Ruscus aculeatus varianta asociacije Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis). Klaster B: Salicipurpureae-Populetea nigrae (B1: Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris; B2: Salicetum apenninae; B3: Salicetum albae).
The dendrogram of woods relevés (Figure 3) shows two main clusters (A and B): cluster A includes the woods of Querco-Fagetea with association Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani of Fagetalia order (A1); the association Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae (A2) and the association Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis (A3) with the Ruscus aculeatus variant (A4) of Quercetalia order. Cluster B includes Salici-Populetea woods with: association Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris (B1); association Salicetum apenninae (B2) and association Salicetum albae (B3). The dendrogram of Figure 4 shows three main clusters (A, B, C): cluster A includes
1-
o^
B
r
n^ zzL
JT
1 2 3 1214 4 5 11 13 151
I 10 1718 19 2021 26 32 28 29 30 31 22 2527 23 24 33 35 34 36 37 38 3942
Figure 4: Cluster analysis: dendrogram of grasslands and badlands of Onferno Nature Reserve. Cluster A: Festuco-Brometea class; cluster B: Artemisietea class; cluster C: Heli-anthemetea guttati class with new association Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae.
Slika 4: Klastrska analiza: dendrogram travišč in ruderal-nih površin naravnega rezervata Onferno. Klaster A: razred Festuco-Brometea; klaster B: razred Artemisietea; klaster C: razred Helianthemetea guttati z novo asociacijo Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae.
grassland relevés of Festuco-Brometea class; cluster B includes vegetation of badlands of Artemisietea class with the association Agropyro-Asteretum linosy-ridis; cluster C includes Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae of Helianthemetea guttati class.
4.1.1 Woods
Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani Biondi, Casavec-chia, Pinzi, Allegrezza & Baldoni 2002 staphyletosum pinnati subass. nova hoc loco (Holo-typus rel. 6, Table. 1).
From the naturalistic point of view, the most interesting forest coenosis is definitely represented by forests of large-leaved linden (Tilia platy-phyllos) that grow in the chalky ravine that overlooks the entrance to the karst caves inside the underground complex. Fresh, moist air escapes from the caves, which results in local thermal inversion in summer. This sets up a cool and moist microclimate, to which the northern exposure of the cut also contributes.
The linden forests are mainly of a relict form at the base of the east alpine valleys, and they become increasingly more fragmented and scattered moving toward the western alpine mountain area along the Apennine chain. There have been few reports on this type of forest (Taffetani
2000, Biondi et al. 2002; Allegrezza 2003; Catorci et al. 2003; Taffetani et al. 2004; Angiolini et al. 2005).
This linden coenosis of Onferno differs from similar coenoses of the Apennine limestone (Biondi et al. 2002; Taffetani et al. 2004), for its modest altitude, the separation from the Apennine peaks, and the proximity to the Adriatic coast. In addition to the unique ecological and biogeo-graphical characteristics of the study site, the floral composition allows the linden forest of Onferno to be included in the new subassociation, staphyletosum pinnate, characterized by the constant and abundant presence of Tilia platyphyllos and Staphylaea pinnnata, while there is a lack of Ulmus glabra and some characteristic species of the association (Corydalis cava, Asperula taurina, Glechoma hirsuta and Cardamine enneaphyllos). For the differential species of the new subassociation, as well as Staphylaea pinnnata, there are species that are particularly rare across the Apennines due to the ravine forest and its rocky soil. These include Loncomelos pyrenaicus, a geophyte of mesophilous forest environments of Apennine ravines, Phyllitis scolopendrium, a fern closely linked to moist, rocky areas with little light, and Asparagus acutifolius and Lonicera etrusca, the presence of which is an indicator of the climatic influence of the proximity to the sea, Lamiastrum galeobdo-lon ed Aegopodium podagraria.
In the territory of the Reserve, this formation is strictly limited to the gypsum substrata that emerge within the deep incision, which is overlooked by the entrances to the caves. The small size of this forest ecosystem means that the microclimate created within the gorge, and in particular along its base, is strongly limited and influenced by the external environmental conditions, which are characterized by cultivated clay soils. Consequently, the evident floristic diversity and originality of this forest ecosystem is limited.
Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis Biondi 1986 (Table 2)
The forest of downy oak that is attributed to the association Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis has grown in the territory of the Reserve under arid edaphic conditions, on compact sandstone substrata and on gypsum substrata. Fraxinus ornus, Prunus avium, Cornus mas, Acer campestre and Quercus cerris contribute to the composition of the tree stratum. On the sandstone substrata, the association is seen in its typi-
cal aspect, while on the gypsum substrata, for the outcropping summit areas where the soil layer is thinner, the variant of Ruscus aculeatus of the association has developed. This last core forest that grows near to Onferno Castle is characterized by a thinner forest cover and by a more pronounced Mediterranean character, as compared to similar coenoses in the territory, as indicated by the presence of species of the suballiance Lauro nobilis-Quercenion pubescentis.
Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Biondi 1982 (Table 3)
The forest of Selve has developed on the marly-sandstone outcrops that form the upper part of the relief that runs along the southern boundary of the Reserve. These marly-sandstone outcrops are subjected to intense erosion because of the collapse caused by the active badlands below them. They have a relatively irregular morphology due to the alternation of flat or slightly uneven surfaces and valley cuts, and sometimes they are closed and shadowy. This leads to some variability of forest types, due to the concentration of thermoxerophilous species on the flatter morphology, and of mesohygrophilous species along the fall lines. The outcropping of the underlying clay substrate results in more moist substrata and provides the right conditions for development of the hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpini-folia), which accounts for the scarcity or absence of some species that have a clear Mediterranean character, such as Smilax aspera, Rubia peregrina and Laurus nobilis.
Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris Biondi & Alle-grezza 1996 (Table 4)
Small nuclei of Ulmus minor woods are found on the clay substrata, where the confluence of the run-off of the surface water promotes the establishment of edaphohygrophilous species, such as Ulmus minor, Sambucus nigra, Populus nigra, Salix alba, Salix apennina, Arum italicum and Agrostis stolonifera, among others.
The limited size of these forest nuclei accounts for the wide presence of shrub species of the class Rhamno-Prunetea.
Salicetum apenninae Pedrotti, Spada & Conti 1996 (Table 5)
In the badland systems, where the surface run-off water collect, there are more or less extensive formations with a dominance of willow
and other hygrophilous species. In areas with steeper slopes, and hence on the higher parts of the badlands, the dominant species is Salix apennina. The variant of Milium effusum identifies the places where there is more water, which occur at the base of the badland.
Salicetum albae Issler 1926 (Table 6)
In the flatter areas along the fall lines of the badlands where the water remains longer, and where there is an actual stream of water, there are formations dominated by Salix alba. This coe-nosis is also found along the banks of the water course at the bottom of the main chalky ravine.
4.1.2	The undergrowth and shrubs
Rubo ulmifolii-Ligustretum vulgare Poldini 1989 (Table 7)
At the edge of the linden wood, with a relatively cool microclimate, there is a shrub layer that includes: Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and Ru-bus ulmifolius.
Spartio juncei-Cytisetum sessilifolii Biondi, Alle-grezza & Guitian 1988
In contact with thermophilous forests of the clay and marly-sandstone substrata, the shrub layer that has developed is dominated by Spar-tium junceum, with many Mediterranean species, described by the association Spartio juncei-Cytise-tum sessilifolii.
4.1.3	Vegetation of the grass edges and the grasslands
Carex flacca community (Table 8)
At the edges of the downy oak forest (Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis) and the hop hornbeam forest (Asparagus acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae), in areas of transition between the forest coenoses and the grasslands or the cultivated fields, there is herbaceous vegetation that is dominated by Carexflacca, which is attributed to the class Trifolio-Geranietea, which also includes many species of the classes Molinio-Arrenatheretea and Artemisietea.
Agrostis stolonifera community (Table 8)
This community is characterized by Agrostis
stolonfera, Poa pratensis and Aristolochia rotunda, and it is the edge vegetation of the elm forest described for the association Symphyto bulbosi-Ulme-tum minoris that grows along the fall lines on clay substrata.
Geum urbanum community (Table 9)
At the edges of the linden wood on the gypsum substrata, and under conditions of strong shading, edaphic humidity, and low temperatures, there is a narrow strip of herbaceous vegetation with a dominance of Geum urbanum and Buglossoidespurpurocaerulea, included in the class Galio-Urticetea.
Ballota nigra community (Table 10)
Again on the gypsum substrata but under edaphoxerophilous conditions, in contact with the downy oak wood near Onferno Castle, there is a nitrophilous vegetation with a dominance of Ballota nigra, included in the class Galio-Urticetea. As well as the important presence of species of the class Galio-Urticetea, such as Urtica dioica ssp. dioica, Geum urbanum and Alliaria petiolata, there is a significant presence of species of the class Artemisietea, such as Artemisia vulgaris, Daucus carota, Carduus pycnocephalus ssp. pycnocephalus and Picris hieracioides, among others.
Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti Biondi, Ballelli, Allegrezza, Guitian & Taffetani 1986 (Table 11)
The grasslands in the area are all of human origins, and are therefore strictly dependent on the maintenance of livestock activities for their conservation. The most extensive grasslands have developed on the sandstone substrata in the southwestern sector of the Reserve. These are a semimesophilous coenosis with a dominance of Bromus erectus with Centaurea jacea ssp. weldeni-ana, Galium mollugo ssp. erectum, Centaurea sca-biosa, Brachypodium rupestre, Lotus corniculatus, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadenia conopsea and Cephalanthera longifolia, among others. Part of this area was cultivated until fairly recently, as can be seen by the presence of species of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. From the choro-logical point of view, a clear dominance can be seen for Eurasian elements, also if there are substantial Mediterranean elements. Under the more edaphoxerophilous conditions, the coenoses are enriched mainly in Mediterranean species, which describe the variant of Asperula purpurea,
such as Teucrium chamaedrys, Asperula purpurea, Helichrysum italicum, Eryngium amethystinum and Ononis pusilla. Along the tops of the badlands on the clay substrata, the pastures are restricted to small areas where a certain degree of stability has been created: these coenoses are identified by the variant of Elymus repens ssp. repens, along with which there are also Tussilago farfara and Festuca pratensis.
4.1.4 Vegetation of the badlands
Agropyro-Asteretum linosyridis Ferrari 1971 em. Ferrari 1975 (Table 12)
In the sectors with the outcrops of the clay substrata that have resulted from the formation of a system that has undergone rapid erosion there is the characteristic landscape of the badlands. These are systems of relatively deep valleys that are carved out by water, with the individual cuts separated from each other by thin buttresses. These badland structures are found relatively frequently along all of the Adriatic coast, from Romagna down to Molise, and they have a fairly common floristic cortege, the variations of which are almost exclusively related to the content of sodium and potassium salts; the badlands of the Onferno Reserve are made of clay with a low salt content. Indeed, the association is described by perennial pioneer communities of slightly salty environments, as indicated by the presence of Elymus athericus, a sub-halophyte species, and by the absence of salt-tolerant species. The association is included in suballiance Podospermo laciniati-Elytrigenion athericae, of the alliance In-ulo viscosae-Agropyrion repentis (Biondi & Pesaresi 2004).
Here, it is possible to distinguish three aspects of this vegetation type:
• Communities that are found at the base of the badland structures where the landslips result in the accumulation of clay soil from the walls above or from the tops of the badlands adjacent to the cultivated fields. In these communities, there are many species of the order Agropyretalia, which is typical of more or less recent post-cultivation situations, and species of the class Stellarietea mediae, due to the influence of the adjacent cultivated fields. This vegetation is included in the association Agro-pyro-Asteretum linosyridis (Table 12, Rel. 1-7).
•	Communities that have become established at the base of the badlands where water accumulates. Here, the presence of Elymus athericus is associated with relatively high cover of Eq-uisetum telmateja, Holcus lanatus and Lathyrus pratensis. These communities are described by the variant of Equisetum telmateja of the association Agropyro-Asteretum linosyridis (Table 12, Rel. 8-12).
•	Communities with few species that develop in the areas of erosion, which are bare and hard, and where there is a relatively higher concentration of salt. These communities can be identified by the variant of Scorzonera jac-quiniana, which represents the most pioneer aspect. This vegetation type is not described by the association Podospermo canae-Platagi-netum maritimae that was described for Sasso Simone and Simoncello, in upper Montefeltro (Biondi et al. 1986), because the present vegetation describes a situation of greater salinity, as can be seen by the presence of Plantago maritima (Table 12 Rel. 15-17).
Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae ass. nova hoc loco (Holotypus rel. 2, Table 13)
We describe the new association Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae for the annual pioneer vegetation that grows on the clayey substrata under conditions of thin and compacted soil. Given the low salt content of these clays, compared to similar situations in the Apennines (Biondi et al. 1996), clearly alophilous species such as Agropyron pungens and Salsola soda are absent, while there is a significant presence of annual terophytes that classifies this type of vegetation in the class Heli-anthemetea guttata (not in the class Saginetea maritimae, which includes the association Hainardo cy-lindricae-Salsoletum sodae, of alo-sub-nitrophilous conditions). Moreover, there is a relevant presence of species of the class Artemisietea vulgaris. The characteristic species of the new association are Hainardia cylindrica, Vicia villosa ssp. varia, Bromus hordeaceus and Scorzonera laciniata.
Arundinetum plinianae Biondi, Brugiapaglia, Allegrezza & Ballelli 1992 (Table 14)
At the base of the slopes of the badlands, there are dense formations of Pliny's reed (Arundo pliniana), in which as well as species of the class Artemisietea, there are also many species of the class Rhamno-Prunetea, such as Spartium junceum, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina and Rubus ulmifolius.
4.1.5 Chasmophytic vegetation
Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetum albi Oberd. et Th. Muell. in Th. Muell. 61 (Table 15)
On the sunny chalky cliffs, where there is a thin layer of soil, small populations of plants have settled, dominated by the succulents Sedum album and Sedum dasyphyllum; which are included in the class Sedo-Scleranthetea. There are also therophytes with Mediterranean tendencies, like Medicago minima, Cerastium semidecandrum, Campanula erinus and Hypochoeris achyrophorus, and species of the classes Stellarietea mediae and Artemisietea vulgaris, which indicate the contact with man-made environments.
4.1.6 Commensal crop vegetation
Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae Lorenzoni 1965 (Table 16)
Most of the cultivated areas are on clay substrata. The commensal vegetation of these cultivated fields has been included in the association Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae, of the order Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli, and the alliance Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi.
Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae Kropac 1982 (Table 17)
This association describes the commensal vegetation of the fields on sandstone substrata; these are included in the order Centaureetalia cyani and in the alliance Caucalidion lappulae.
4.1.7Syntaxonomic scheme
QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937
+ Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski in Pawlowski, Sokolowski & Wallisch 1928
-	Tilio platyphylli-Acerionpseudoplatani Klika 1955 Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani Biondi, Casavec-chia, Pinzi, Allegrezza & Baldoni 2002 staphyletosumpinnati subass.nova
+ Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933
-	Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958
* Lauro nobilis-Quercenionpubescentis Ubaldi (1988) 1995
Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Biondi ex Ubaldi 1995
Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis Biondi 1986 Ruscus aculeatus variant
SALICI PURPUREAE-POPULETEA NIGRAE (Ri-vas-Martínez & Cantó ex Rivas-Martínez, Básco-nes, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991) Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousä & Penas 2001 + Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958
-	Salicion albae Soó 1930 em Moor 1958 Salicetum albae Issler 1926
-	Salicion eleagni Aichinger 1933 nom. mut. propos. Rivas-Martínez, Diaz, Fernandez Gonzalez, Izco, Loidi, Lousa & Penas 2002
Salicetum apenninae Pedrotti, Spada & Conti 1996 Milium effusum variant
-	Alnion incanae Pawlowski in Pawlowski, Soko-lowski & Wallisch 1928
Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris Biondi & Al-legrezza 1996
RHAMNO-PRUNETEA Rivas Goday et Boria Car-bonell ex Tüxen 1962 + Prunetalia spinosae R. Tx. 1952
-	Cytision sessilifolii Biondi 1988
Spartio juncei-Cytisetum sessilifolii Biondi in Bion-di, Allegrezza et Guitian 1988
-	Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950
* Fraxino orni-Berberidenion Poldini & Vidali 1995 Rubo ulmifolii-Ligustretum vulgare Poldini 1989
GALIO-URTICETEA Passarge ex Kopecky 1969 + Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae Görs & Müller 1969.
-	Galio-Alliarion petiolatae Oberdorfer & Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967
Geum urbanum community Ballota nigra community
TRIFOLIO MEDII-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI Müller 1962
+ Origanetalia vulgaris Müller 1962
-	Geranion sanguinei Tüxen in Müller 1962 Carex flacca community
Agrostis stolonifera community
FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl. 1949
+ Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 ++ Leucanthemo vulgaris-Bromenalia erecti Biondi, Ballelli, Allegrezza & Zuccarello 1995
-	Bromion erecti Koch 1926
*	Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromenion erecti Biondi, Allegrezza & Zuccarello 2005
Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti Biondi, Ballelli, Allegrezza, Guitian & Taffetani 1986 Agropyron repens variant Asperula purpurea variant
SEDO-SCLERANTHETEA Br.-Bl. 1955 em. Th. Müller 1961
+ Sedo-Scleranthetalia Br.-Bl. 1955
-	Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albi Oberdorfer & Müller in Müller 1961
Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetum albi Oberd. et Th. Muell. in Th. Muell. 61
HELIANTHEMETEA GUTTATI (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine et Nègre 1952) Rivas Goday et Rivas-Martinez 1963 em. Rivas-Martinez 1978 + Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molin-ier & Wagner 1940 em. Rivas-Martinez 1978
-	Helianthemion guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940
Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae ass. nova
ARTEMISIETEA VULGARIS Lohmeyer, Preising & Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951 +Agropyretalia repentis Oberdorfer, Müller & Görs in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck,Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967
-	Inulo viscosae-Agropyrion repentis Biondi & Alle-grezza 1996
*	Inulo viscosae-Agropyrenion repentis Arundinetum plinianae Biondi, Brugiapaglia, Alle-grezza & Ballelli 1992
*	Podospermo laciniati-Elytrigenion athericae (Piro-ne 1995) stat. nov. Biondi & Pesaresi 2004
Agropyro-Asteretum linosyridis Ferrari 1971 em. Ferrari 1975
Equisetum telmateja variant Scorzonera jaquiniana variant
STELLARIETEA MEDIAE Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising ex von Rochow 1951 + Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli (Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946) Bolos 1962
-	Polygono-Chenopodionpolyspermi Koch 1926 Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae Lorenzoni 1965 + Centaureetalia cyani Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951
-	Caucalidion lappulae Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951 Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae Koprac 1982
Scandix pecten-veneris variant
4.2 Plant landscape and map of vegetation series
Based on its geomorphological characteristics, the territory of the Onferno Reserve can be divided into three main landscape systems: geosigmetum of gypsum substrata, geosigmetum of compact sandstone substrata and geosigmetum of clay substrata. The alternation of these three main geomorphological units creates a mosaic of environments in which the nuclei of the clearly Mediterranean vegetation typologies are spatially very close to the nuclei of the strongly mesophilous vegetation also of central European environments.
Within each landscape system, the series of potential vegetation have been reconstructed through the study of the various phytocoenoses present in the territory and the strips of plants that have survived the intense human activities, which have been typically related to the hilly and plain areas.
1	Landscape Unit of Gypsum substrata
2	Landscape Unit of Sandstone substrata
3	Landscape Unit of Clay substrata
Figure 5: Outline of the three geomorphological units. Figure 5: Meje treh geomorfoloskih enot.
4.2.1 Landscape unit of the gypsum substrata
Two dynamic vegetation series have been identified on the gypsum substrata: in the main ravines, under the cool and damp microclimate conditions, the climatophilous series has developed, for which the mature stage is represented by the linden woods (Aceretum obtusati-pseudopla-tani staphyletosum pinnatae); while at the tops of
the gypsum outcrops, the particularly dry edaph-ic conditions that arise from the high permeability of the gypsum substrata, have led to the formation of an edaphoxerophilous series where the climax stage is represented by the downy oak (Roso-Quercetum sempervirentis pubescentis, as the variant with Ruscus aculeatus).
Figure 6: Landscape unit of the gypsum substrata. Climatophilous series of linden: 1. Mesophilous woods of the gypsum gorges with a dominance of linden (Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani, staphyletosum pinnati); 2. Abandoned fields; 3. Fields with invading vegetation (Biforo testiculatae-Ado-nidetum cupanianae). Edaphoxerofilous series of the downy oak: 4. Deciduous woods of the tops of the gypsum ridges with a dominance of downy oak (Roso sempervirentis-Querce-tum pubescentis, variant of Ruscus aculeatus); 5. Pioneer cliff formations of the shaded gypsum walls with a dominance of Polypodium cambricum ssp. serrulatum. Figure 6: Krajinska enota na gipsu. Klimatofilna serija javorja: 1. Mezofilni gozdovi v soteskah v gipsu z prevladujočim javorjem (Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani, staphyletosum pinnati); 2. Opuščena polja; 3. Polja, ki jih obrašča vegetacija (Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae). Edafokserofilna serija puhastega hrasta: 4. Listopadni gozdovi na vrhu slemen gipsa s prevladujočim puhastim hrastom (Roso semper-virentis-Quercetum pubescentis, variant z Ruscus aculeatus); 5. Pionirske klifske formacije na zasenčenih stenah iz gipsa s prevladujočo vrsto Polypodium cambricum ssp. serrulatum.
4.2.2 Landscape unit of the compact sandstone substrata (Formation Montecalvo in Foglia)
This landscape unit is found in the southern sector of the Reserve and represents the top layer of the clay ridges. Also in this environmental system there are two series of vegetation: a climatophilous series, where the more mature stage is represented by a forest of Ostrya carpinifolia (Asparagus acutifolii-Ostryetum
A
Figure 7: Landscape unit of the sandstone substrata. Climatophilous series (A) 1. Hop hornbeam wood (Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae); 2. Grouping of Cornus sanguinea; 3. Semimesophilous grasslands (Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti); 4) Badlands. Edaphoxerophilous series of the sandstone (B): 1. Downy oak wood (Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pu-bescentis); 2. Grouping of elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius); 3. Semimesophilous grasslands (Centaureo bracteatae-Brome-tum erecti); 4. Cutivated fields with invading vegetation (Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae).
Slika 7: Krajinska enota na peščenjaku: Klimatofilna serija (A) 1. Gozdovi črnega gabra (Asparago acutifolii-Ostryetum carpinifoliae); 2. Grmišča vrste Cornus sanguinea; 3. Mezofilna travišča (Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti); 4) Ruderalne površine. Edafokserofilna serija na peščenjaku (B): 1. Gozdovi puhastega hrasta (Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis); 2. Grmišča brestovolistne robide (Rubus ulmifolius); 3. Mezofilna travišča (Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti); 4. Obdelana polja, ki jih postopoma zarašča vegetacija (Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae).
Figure 8: Landscape unit of the clay substrata. Climatophilous series of the downy oak (A): 1. Deciduous woody strips with a dominance of downy oak (grouping of Quercus pubescens); 2. Shrub layer arising from the abandonment of cultivation and livestock practices (grouping of Spartium junceum); 3. Badland complexes; 4. Abandoned fields (Senecio erucifolii-Inuletum viscosae); 5. Cultivated fields with invading vegetation (Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae). Edaphohygrophilous series of the clay (B): 1. Nuclei of elm wood (Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris); 2. Formations of Pliny's reed (Arundinetum plinianae); 3. Salicetum albae; 4. Salicetum apenninae; 5. Badland complexes; 6. Neobdelani zeliščni robovi; 7. Cultivated fields with invading vegetation (Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae).
Slika 8: Krajinska enota na glini. Klimatofilna serija s puhastim hrastom (A): 1. Listopadni gozdni pasovi s prevladujočim puhastim hrastom (skupine s Quercus pubescens); 2. Grmišča na opuščenih odelanih in pašenih površinah (skupine s Spartium junceum); 3. Ruderalne površine; 4. Opuščena polja (Senecio erucifolii-Inuletum viscosae); 5. Obdelana polja, ki se postopoma zarašča vegetacija (Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae). Edafohigrofilna serija na glini (B): 1. Nukleusi brestovega gozda (Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris); 2. Formacije Plinijevega trsta (Arundinetum plinianae); 3. Salicetum albae; 4. Salicetum apenninae; 5. Badland complexes; 6. Uncultivated herbaceous edges; 7. Obdelana polja, ki jih postopoma zarašča vegetacija (Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae).
A
B
1
carpinifoliae); and an edaphoxerophilous series, where the vegetation potential is represented by a forest of Quercus pubescens (Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis). Both of these vegetation series of the grasslands are included in the association Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti, which is richer in species of a Mediterranean distribution in the edaphoxerophilous series (variant of Asperula purpurea).
4.2.3 Landscape unit of the clay substrata
This is the most extensive landscape unit within the territory of the Reserve. Most of the surface is destined for agricultural activities, while the nuclei of woods are always few in number and small in size. These small forest patches have survived the intense anthropogenic exploitation, and they are, however, important in the reconstruction of the original potentiality of the territory. Two series of vegetation have also been identified in this landscape system. The climatophilous series is the more extensive, with the potential vegetation represented by a forest of downy oak (Quercus pubescens aggr.), as a testimony to the few remaining strips of forest. The undergrowth of this wood is a shrub layer with a dominance of broom (Spar-tium junceum); the invading vegetation of the cultivated fields is included in the association Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae. Under the fall line conditions, where the morphology of the soil leads to an accumulation of water as a result of the surface run-off, the edaphohygrophilous series of clay is established. The most mature stage of this is represented by the wood of Ulmus minor (Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmetum minoris). In areas characterized by the outcrop of the clay substrata, the climatic conditions have led to the formation of the badland systems over vast areas.
4.3 Effects of grazing
The Table A shows the indices calculated from the phytosociological relevés carried out for the grasslands of Bromus erectus of the association Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti (Habitat 6210*), with those subjected to grazing compared with the area left to its natural evolution. The area is located close to Monte Croce, in the southern part of the Reserve, and it belongs to the climatophilous series of the sandstone.
Table 18: Floristic-vegetational indices: maturity index (MI), index of floristic biodiversity (IFB), indices of the life-forms (IT, therophytes; IH, hemicryptophytes; IF, perennial non-hemicryprophytes). Application areas: grazing area (A Pasc), edaphoxerophilous series of compact sandstone substrata (Ex Are). Tabela 18: Floristično-vegetacijski indeksi: indeks razvitosti (MI), indeks floristične biodiverzitete (IFB), indeks življenskih oblik (IT, terofiti; IH, hemikriptofiti; IF, večletni ne hemikriptofiti). Uporaba: paša (A Pasc), edafokserofilne serije na kompaktnem peščenjaku (Ex Are).
_Grazed Area_Not Grazed Area
IM 4,49 4,65 IFB 1,06 0,64 IH_84,69%_80,55%
The analyses of the ecological indices indicate appreciable differences in the limitation of the evolutionary dynamics of the vegetation of the pastured area with respect to the area not subjected to grazing. The maturity index of the grazed area (MI = 4.49) is less than that of the area where the shrubs have been left to proliferate, consequently giving a greater degree of evolution to the non-grazed grasslands. The value of the floristic diversity is significantly higher in the grazed area (IFB = 1.06) with respect to that calculated for the non-grazed area, where the proliferation of shrubs implies a reduction of biodiversity. The greater proportion of hemicryptophytes in the experimental area (IH = 84.69%) indicates the positive effects of the grazing on the stability of these grasslands.
4.4 Critical observations and an
UPDATE OF THE HABITATS OF THE
Onferno nature reserve
The floristic-vegetational investigation carried out as part of this study has allowed the verification of the presence of habitats of Community interest (Biondi et al. 2009) mentioned in the listing of Nature 2000 that was updated in September 2010 for the Onferno Reserve SCI and to define some considerations about their current state of conservation. In some cases, the habitats mentioned in the listing were not found during our investigation in the Onferno Nature Reserve SCI (IT4090001).
4.4.1 Habitats confirmed
Habitat 9180*: Tilio-Acerion forests of the slopes, screes and ravines
This refers to the priority habitat described by the subassociation staphyletosum pinnati of the association Aceretosum obtusati-pseudoplatani. This is limited to the damp gypsum substrata along the deep incisions that overlook the lower entrance of the cave.
The presence of this habitat is confirmed, although it is currently relegated to the lower part of the gypsum ravine, where the optimum ecological conditions are conserved for the development of the typical flora of this vegetation typology and where there are fewer disturbing factors. The surface actually occupied by the forest of Tilio-Aceri-on, therefore, is well below its potential surface.
Habitat 6110*: Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of Alysso-Sedion albi
Although very localized, the presence of this priority habitat on the warm sides of the gypsum outcrops of Onferno Castle is confirmed, where the vegetation of Sedum album (Alysso-Sedetum albi) with Melica ciliata, Campanula erinus, Pari-etaria communis and Mattiola incana occupies an area of few tens of square meters.
Habitat 6210*: Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festu-co-Brometalia) (*important orchid sites)
This priority habitat is present predominantly on arenaceous substrata of the south-western areas of the territory, and it has also been identified on small surfaces adjacent to the linden wood.
Given the state of non-use of these areas, it is deemed necessary to promote active conservation activities, such as grazing or mowing, with the aim of limiting the growth of shrubs and the consequent loss of biodiversity. In particular, the management and conservation of the two small areas is strategic, as their proximity to the cave means that they are the prime foraging area for the bats, the maintenance and preservation of which are the main objectives of the Reserve.
Habitat 6220*: Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of Thero-Brachypodietea
This habitat refers to the small areas of grassland with annual species that are found in the eroded parts of the badlands, in mosaic with other types of herbaceous vegetation.
Habitat 8210: Calcareous rocky slopes with chas-mophytic vegetation
This habitat is represented by the shadowy cliffs of the northern aspects of the gypsum outcrop of Onferno Castle, where there has developed a vegetation characterized by the ferns Polypodium cambricum, Asplenium trichomanes, Ce-terach officinarum and Phyllitis scolopendrium that can be included in the alliance Cystopteridion.
Habitat 8310: Caves not open to the public.
Both the caves not open to the public and the main cave of Onferno have been included in this habitat, which are home to numerous colonies of bats, to the cave salamander, and to invertebrates that are specialized for living in underground environments.
Habitat 92A0: Salix alba and Populus alba forest galleries
Habitat 92A0 refers to the azonal vegetation that is dominated by Salix alba and can be found at the base of the badlands and along the more humid fall lines. On the basis of the analyses of the plant landscapes carried out and from the reading of the manual for the interpretation of the habitats, the presence of this formation in the Reserve can be confirmed.
Habitat 91AA*: Eastern white oak woods.
This habitat is represented by forest nuclei dominated by downy oak (Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pubescentis) found both on the sandstone and the gypsum substrata, where it is seen as the variant with Ruscus aculeatus.
4.4.2 Habitats not corfirmed
Habitat 5130: Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands.
On the basis of the studies conducted in the territory of the Reserve, it is believed that this listed habitat is not present in this territory. Indeed, Juniperus communis is present in the territory of the Reserve, but it occurs sporadically without ever forming real shrubs formations within the pastures.
Habitat 91E0*: Residual alluvial forests with Al-nus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)
This priority habitat is proposed in the listing of the Onferno SCI, on the basis of this analysis
of the landscape it is not confirmed within the Onferno Nature Reserve, because the ecological areas of this formation are covered by populations with a dominance of Salix alba and Populus alba.
In contrast, beneath the built-up areas of Onferno along the Burano River, and outside of the current perimeters of the Reserve, there is a riparian formation that could be part of Habitat 91E0. This might suggest an expansion of the protected area of this Reserve.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The Onferno Nature Reserve is characterized by a gypsum outcrop with inside an important colony of bats. In this area, there are also natural and semi-natural habitats that are very interesting in terms of their vegetation and flora (Priority Habitats: 9180*, 6220*, 6210* and 6110*). In this paper, the main vegetation typologies of the area are presented, along with the description of the plant landscape through the identification of the different vegetation series distributed on the main substrata: gypsum, clayey and arenaceous. To protect the colony of bats, a Life Project has been activated, with the aim of conserving the floristic and vegetational biodiversity of the secondary grasslands in the territory, which represent the main foraging site for the bats. The study of the plant communities that were carried out before, during and after the implementation of interventions under the Project, has allowed an evaluation, although preliminary, of the results obtained and has allowed some important considerations of the economic sustainability of the management of this activity.
Despite the evident positive effects of grazing on the stability of the coenosis and on the conservation of the biodiversity, the action of the animals by itself has not proved sufficient to inhibit the growth of shrubs. It was necessary to combine the action of the animals also with the mechanical removal of the woody plants already present in the pastures.
Moreover, the morphology of the territory has led to uneven use of the pasture by the animals, that have used only a minimal part of the available area which is over-grazed (absence of regrowth, pathways and proliferation of weeds).
In the light of these observations, a series of actions were indicated to the management body
of the Reserve, for provide a remedy for the proliferation of the shrubs, the over-grazing of a portion of the pastures, and the non-use of the remainder.
Furthermore, on the basis of the vegetation study it has been possible to confirm the current presence of some of the habitats of Community Interest included in the listing of the Onferno Nature Reserve SCI, and to exclude habitats 5130 and 91EO*, which were not identified in this area.
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Received 19. 4. 2012 Revision received 14. 11. 2012 Accepted 17. 11. 2012
APPENDIX I
Sporadic species Table 1
Rel. 1: Geum urbanum L. (+); Rel. 3: Helleborus bocconei Ten. (+), Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. ssp. sylvestris (+); Rel. 6: Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (+), Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea (+); Rel. 7: Agrimonia eupatoria L. (1.1), Arabis turrita L. (+.2), Quercus ilex L. (+), Rubus ulmifolius Schott (+.2).
Table 2
Rel. 3: Rosa corymbifera Borkh. (+), Hieracium mu-rorum L. (+), Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (1.1), Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (+); Rel. 4: Inula salicina L. (+), Dactylis glomerata L. (+), Polygala ni-caeensis Risso (+.2), Bromus erectus Hudson (+.2), Coronilla scorpioides (L.) Koch (+), Inula conyzae (Griess) Meikle (+); Rel. 5: Inula salicina L. (+), Dactylis glomerata L. (+), Polygala nicaeensis Risso (+), Bromus erectus Hudson (+), Pyrus communis L. (+), Aristolochia rotunda L. (1.2), Ranunculus bulbosus L. (+),Viola odorata L. (1.2); Rel. 6: Rosa canina L. (+); Rel. 7: Geum urbanum L. (+), Polypodium cambricum L. (+.2), Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (+.2), Lonicera caprifolium L. (+); Rel. 9: Polypodium cambricum L. (+.2), Arum italicum Miller ssp. italicum (+); Rel. 10: Geum urbanum L. (+), Rosa corymbifera Borkh. (+), Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme (+), Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (+); Rel. 11: Juglans regia L. (+), Quercus ilex L. (1.2).
Table 3
Rel. 1: Rubus ulmifolius Schott (1.2), Lathyrus sylvestris L. ssp. sylvestris (+), Populus alba L. (+), Rosa canina L. (+), Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. (+); Rel. 2: Lathyrus sylvestris L. ssp. sylvestris (+), Ae-gopodium podagraria L. (+); Rel. 3: Ligustrum vulgare L. (+.2), Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. (+.2), Astragalus glycyphyllos L. (+); Rel. 4: Rubus ulmifolius Schott (+), Ligustrum vulgare L. (+), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (+); Rel. 5: Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. (+), Pyrus communis L. (+); Rel. 7: Dianthus balbisii Ser. ssp. liburnicus (Bartl.) Pign. (+); Rel. 9: Geum urbanum L. (+.2); Rel. 10: Carex halleriana Asso (+.2); Rel. 11: Juniperus communis L. (+).
Table 4
Rel. 1: Agrostis stolonifera L. (+.2), Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. ssp. sylvestris (+), Asparagus acutifolius L. (+), Bunium bulbocastanum L. (+.2), Geranium robertianum L. (+), Sorbus domestica L. (+), Vicia bithynica (L.) L. (+); Rel. 2: Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. (1.2), Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb. (+.2); Rel. 3: CarexJlacca Sch-reber ssp. serrulata (Biv.) Greuter (1.2), Equisetum arvense L. (+), Inula salicina L. (+); Rel. 4: Quercus pubescens Willd. ssp.pubescens (2.3).
Table 5
Rel. 2: Eupatorium cannabinum L. (+.2); Rel. 5: Ranunculus bulbosus L. (+), Tussilago farfara L. (+); Rel. 6: Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme (+.2), Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. (+), Lathyrus sylvestris L. ssp. sylvestris (1.2), Ononis spinosa L. (+), Plantago media L. (+), Polygala nicaeensis Risso (+).
Table 8
Rel. 1: Salix apennina Skvortsov (+); Rel. 4: Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan (+), Dipsacusfullonum L. (+), Agropyron pungens (Pers.) R. et S. (1.1), Centaurea bracteata Scop. (1.1), Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.)L.C.Rich. (+); Rel. 5: Teucrium chamae-drys L. (+.2), Geum urbanum L. (+), Arabis sagittata (Bertol.) DC. (1.1), Bromus erectus Hudson (+.2); Rel. 6: Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. (+).
Table 9
Rel. 1: Hypericum perforatum L. (1.1), Centaurium erythraea Rafn (+), Sanguisorba minor Scop. (+), Equisetum telmateja Ehrh. (1.1), Melissa romana Miller (1.2), Rubus ulmifolius Schott (2.3); Rel. 2: Festuca heterophylla Lam. (+.2), Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. (+), Medicago sativa L. (+); Rel. 3: Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. (1.2), Clematis vitalba L. (+), Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. (+), Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (1.1), Poa sylvicola Guss. (+.2), Orobanche hederae Duby (+), Tamus communis L. (+), Bromus ramosus Hudson (+), Arum italicum Miller (+), Ranunculusficaria L. sspficaria (1.2); Rel. 4: Viola alba Besser ssp. dehn-hardtii (Ten.) W. Becker (1.2), Cyclamen hederifoli-um Aiton (+.2), Melica uniflora Retz. (+.2), Melittis melissophyllum L. (1.2), Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link (+.2); Rel. 5: Ballota nigra L. (2.3), Anthemis tinctoria L. (+), Verbascum blattaria L. (+).
Table 10
Rel. 1: Tordylium apulum L. (+), Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (+.2); Rel. 2: Sonchusoleraceus L. (1.1), Rumex conglomeratus Murray (+), Ranunculus ficaria L. (+.2), Dactylis glomerata L. (+); Rel. 3: Sonchus oleraceus L. (+), Malva sylvestris L. (+.2), Tordylium apulum L. (+), Rumex conglomeratus Murray (+); Rel. 4: Malva sylvestris L. (+); Rel. 5: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (+), Lamium purpureum L. (+), Anagallis arvensis L. (+), Polygonum aviculare L. (1.1), Verbena officinalis L. (+), Potentilla reptans L. (1.2), Galium album Miller (1.2), Plantago media L. (1.1); Rel. 6: Buglossoidespurpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston (2.2), Verbena officinalis L. (1.1), Potentilla reptans L. (1.2), Galium album Miller (2.2), Med-icago sativa L., (+), Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link (+.2), Festuca heterophylla Lam. (+.2), Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng. (+), Ligustrum vulgare L. (+), Trifolium pratense L. (+.2), Prunella vulgaris L. (+.2), Trifolium repens L. (+.2); Rel. 7: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (1.1), Lamium purpureum L. (2.3), Anagallis arvensis L. (+), Polygonum aviculare L. (1.1), Verbena officinalis L. (1.2), Vicia villosa Roth (+.2), Ce-rinthe major L. (+.2), Euphorbia helioscopia L. (+).
Table 11
Rel. 1: Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet (+); Rel. 2: Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch (+); Rel. 3: Cephalanthera longifolia (Hudson) Fritsch (+), Spartium junceum L. (1.2); Rel. 6: Ranunculus ve-lutinus Ten. (+), Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea (+), Mentha spicata L. (+.2); Rel. 7: Lathyrus latifo-lius L. (+), Cynosurus echinatus L. (+); Rel. 8: Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea (+), Lathyrus latifolius L. (1.1), Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce (+); Rel. 10: Trifolium medium L. ssp. medium (1.2), Primula vulgaris Hudson ssp. vulgaris (1.1), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (1.1); Rel. 11: Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea (+), Spartium junceum L. (2.3); R.14: Prunus spinosa L. ssp. spinosa (+); R.15: Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet (+), Vicia tenuifolia Roth (1.2), Geranium columbinum L. (+), Melilotus sulcata Desf. (+), Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (+), Tordylium apulum L. (+); Rel. 16: Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet (+), Vicia tenuifolia Roth (1.2), Geranium columbinum L. (+), Melilotus sulcata Desf. (+), Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. (+), Tordylium apulum L. (+.2), Gladiolus italicus Miller (+), Sherardia arvensis L. (+), Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (+), Viciaparviflora Cav. (+); Rel. 17: Ranunculus velutinus Ten. (+), Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce (+), Mentha spicata L. (+), Rosa balsamica Besser (+), Rosa canina L. (+); Rel. 18: Ranunculus velutinus Ten. (+), Trifolium medium
L. ssp. medium (+.2), Lonicera etrusca Santi (+); Rel. 19: Trifolium medium L. ssp. medium (+.2), Lonicera etrusca Santi (+.2).
Table 12
Rel. 1: Chaerophyllum temulum L. (+), Rubus ulmi-folius Schott (+), Tordylium apulum L. (1.1); Rel. 2: Sherardia arvensis L. (+.2), Vicia bithynica (L.) L. (+), Adonis annua L. (+), Anagallis arvensis L. (+.2); Rel. 3: Gladiolus italicus Miller (+.2), Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench (+.2), Bromus hordeaceus L. (+.2), Sonchus oleraceus L. (+), Clematis vitalba L. (1.1), Cruciata laevipes Opiz (1.2), Aristolochia rotunda L. (+); Rel. 4: Galega officinalis L. (+), Gladiolus italicus Miller (+), Chaerophyllum temulum L. (+), Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench (+), Bromus hordeaceus L. (1.1), Sherardia arvensis L. (+), Sonchus oleraceus L. (+); Rel. 6: Clinopodium vulgare L. (+); Rel. 8: Rubusulmifolius Schott (1.2), Vicia tenuifolia Roth (1.1); Rel. 9: Galega officinalis L. (+); Rel. 12: Avenafatua L. (1.1); Rel. 13: Melilotus elegans Salzm. (1.2); R.15: Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter (1.1).
Table 13
Rel. 1: Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. 1.1, Bromus tec-torum L. ssp. tectorum +, Catapodium rigidum (L.) Hubbard +, Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. +; Rel. 2: Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce ssp. pulchellum +.2; Rel. 3: Tragopogon porrifolius L. +.2; Rel. 4: Lolium multiflorum Lam. +; Rel. 5: Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv. +.
Table 14
Rel. 1: Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. (+.2), Sanguisorba minor Scop. (+); Rel. 4: Ranunculus repens L. (+.2), Poa pratensis L. (+), Lathyrus aphaca L. ssp. aphaca (+); Rel. 5: Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. (1.2), Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S. (+.2), Agrimonia eupatoria L. (+), Phleum bertolonii DC. (+), Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb. (1.1), Linum corymbulosum Rchb. (+). Rel. 6: Holcus la-natus L. (1.2), Festuca arundinacea Schreber (+.2), Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme (1.1), Carex flacca Schreber ssp. serrulata (Biv.) Greuter (+.2), Genista tinctoria L. (+), Galega officinalis L. (+), Salix apennina Skvortsov (1.2), Juncus inflexus L. (+.2), Lathyrus sylvestris L. ssp. sylvestris (+), Popu-lus nigra L. (+).
Table 16
Rel. 1: Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce (+); Rel. 3: Dipsacus fullonum L. (+), Vicia tenuissima
(Bieb.) Sch. et Th. (+); Rel. 4: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (+.2), Geranium columbinum L. (+), Ballota nigra L. (+.2), Trifolium campestre Schreber (+), Prunella vulgaris L. (+); Rel. 5: Carduus pyc-nocephalus L. (+), Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (+), Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench (+), Poa pratensis L. (+.2), Trifolium pratense L. (1.2), Verbena officinalis L. (+), Plantago lanceolata L. (+), Rumex crispus L. (+).
Table 17
Rel. 3: Anthemis tinctoria L. (+); Rel. 4: Tordylium apulum L. (+.2), Verbena officinalis L. (+), Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme (+.2), Potentilla reptans L. (1.2); Rel. 5: Cruciata laevipes Opiz (+.2), Inula conyzae (Griess) Meikle (+), Picris hieracioides L. (+), Lathyrus pratensis L. (+).
APPENDIX II
Localities of releves Table 1
Rel. 1-7: Onferno Nature Reserve: in the chalky ravine that overlooks the entrance to the karst caves, next to Castello di Onferno.
Table 2
Rel. 1-5: Onferno Nature Reserve: next to Ca Bernardo.
Rel. 6-11: Onferno Nature Reserve: next to Cas-tello di Onferno on gypsum substrata.
Table 3
Rel. 1-12: Onferno Nature Reserve: at location Le Selve.
Table 4
Rel. 1-4: Onferno Nature Reserve: on clay substrata to the left of Castello di Onferno and at the base of the badlands next to Fornace.
Table 5
Rel. 1-6: Onferno Nature Reserve: badlands of Ripa della Morte and badlands of Fornace.
Table 6
Rel. 1-2: Onferno Nature Reserve: badlands of Ripa della Morte.
Table 7
Rel. 1: Onferno Nature Reserve: next to Castello di Onferno.
Table 8
Rel. 1-5: Onferno Nature Reserve: at location Le Selve.
Rel. 6-7: Onferno Nature Reserve: on clay substrata to the left of Castello di Onferno.
Table 9
Rel. 1-6: Onferno Nature Reserve: at the edges of the linden wood in the chalky ravine.
Table 10
Rel. 1-5: Onferno Nature Reserve: on the gypsum substrata near the visitor center of the Cas-tello di Onferno.
Table 11
Rel. 1-20: Onferno Nature Reserve: Monte Croce. Table 12
Rel. 1-15: Onferno Nature Reserve: badlands of Ripa della Morte.
Table 13
Rel. 1-5: Onferno Nature Reserve: badlands of Ripa della Morte.
Table 14
Rel. 1-6: Onferno Nature Reserve: at the base of the badlands next to Fornace.
Table 15
Rel. 1-3: Onferno Nature Reserve: on the sunny chalky cliffs of the Castello di Onferno
Table 16
Rel. 1-3: Onferno Nature Reserve: on clay substrata next to Arcella.
Rel. 4-5: Onferno Nature Reserve: on clay substrata next to Ca Parantonio.
Table 17
Rel. 1-3: Onferno Nature Reserve: on sandstone substrata next to Ca Bernardo. Rel. 4-6: Onferno Nature Reserve: on sandstone substrata next to Monte Croce.
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Table 4 (Tabela 4): Symphyto bulbosi- Ulmetum minoris Biondi & Allegrezza, 1996 Alnion incanae Pawlowski in Pawlowski, Sokolowski and Wallisch 1928 Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958
Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae (Rivas-MartÍnez & Cantó ex Rivas-MartÍnez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-							
González & Loidi 1991) Rivas-MartÍnez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousä and Penas 2001							
		Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	
		Date	5/11/2001	5/11/2001	5/11/2001 5/11/2001		
		Altitude (m)	325	190	420	190	w
		Exposure	NO		S		u £
		Slope	20°		0°		1si w
		Area	50mq	60mq	40mq	40mq	clh
		Coverage	100%	100%	100%	100%	
		Characteristic and differential species of the association					
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Ulmus minor Miller	5.5	3.4	4.4	3.3	4
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Sambucus nigra L.			+	1.2	2
		Characteristic and differential species of the suballiance, alliance, order and class					
G rhiz	STENOMEDIT.	Arum italicum Miller ssp. italicum	1.2	1.1		+	3
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv.	+.2		1.1		2
P scap	PALEOTEMP.	Populus nigra L.		+		+	2
P scap	PALEOTEMP	Salix alba L.		+		+	2
NP	ENDEM.	Salix apennina Skvortsov		+	2.3		2
G bulb	EURIMEDIT.	Aristolochia rotunda L.	1.1				1
		Characteristic and differential species of the Rhamno-Prunetea class					
P caesp	PALEOTEMP	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	2.3	1.1	+	1.1	4
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Prunus spinosa L. ssp. spinosa	1.1	+	2.3	+	4
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott	1.2	1.1	+	1.2	4
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Cornus sanguínea L. ssp. sanguinea	+		+.2	1.1	3
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Euonymus europaeus L.	1.2	+		1.2	3
NP	PALEOTEMP	Rosa canina L.	+	+.2		+	3
P lian	EUROP.-CAUC.	Clematis vitalba L.	+	1.1		1.1	3
NP	EUROP.-CAUC.	Ligustrum vulgare L.				1.2	1
P lian	EURIMEDIT.	Lonicera etrusca Santi	+				1
		Other species					
H scap	EURASIAT.	Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme	+.2	1.1		+	3
P scap	EUROP.-CAUC.	Acer campestre L.	+		+	1.2	3
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens		+.2		1.2	2
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ballota nigra L.		+.2		+.2	2
T scap	EURASIAT.	Chaerophyllum temulum L.		1.2		+.2	2
H ros	PALEOTEMP.	Potentilla reptans L.		1.2		+.2	2
P caesp	W-STENOMEDIT.	Tamarix gallica L.	+.2	+			2
G rad	EURIMEDIT.	Tamus communis L.	+		1.1		2
P lian	EURIMEDIT.	Hedera helix L.	4.4		1.1		2
		Sporadic species	7	2	3	1	
Table 5 (Tabela 5): Salicetum apenninae Pedrotti, Spada, Conti, 1996
Salicion eleagni Aichinger 1933 nom. mut. propos. Rivas-Martínez, Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousa & Penas 2002; Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958
Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae (Rivas-Martínez & Cantó ex Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991) Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousa & Penas 2001
Rel. n.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Date
Altitude (m) Exposure/Slope Area Coverage
6/25/ 6/25/ 6/25/ 6/23/ 6/23/ 6/23/ 2001 2001 2001 2000 2000 2000 270 270 270 350 370 370 N/10° N/30° N/30° 40mq 30mq 30mq 60mq 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
NP
ENDEM.
Characteristic species of the association
Salix apennina Skvortsov
Differential species of the Milium effusum variant
3.3 3.4 2.3 2.3 4.5 4.4 6
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Milium effusum L.	2.3	1.2	+.2	
G rhiz	STENOMEDIT.	Arundo plinii Turra	1.2	+.2		
G rhiz	EURASIAT.	Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Meyer et Sch. ssp. hybridus	+.2	1.1		
H scap	E-EUROP.-PONTICA	Galega officinalis L.	+	+.2	+	
		Characteristic and differential species of the suballiance, alliance, order and class				
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Equisetum telmateja Ehrh.		+	1.1	1.2
H rept	CIRCUMBOR.	Agrostis stolonifera L.	+.2	+.2	+.2	
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv.				+.2
P scap	PALEOTEMP.	Populus alba L.			+	
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Ulmus minor Miller			+	
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L.		+		
P scap	PALEOTEMP.	Salix alba L.		+		
P caesp	EUROSIB.	Salix viminalis L.			+	
P lian	EUROP.-CAUC.	Clematis vitalba L.				+
1.1 1.1
+.2 +.2
Characteristic and differential species of the Rhamno-Prunetea class
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	6
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea	1.1	+		3.4	1.2	2.2	5
P caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.		+	+		+	1.1	4
NP	PALEOTEMP.	Rosa canina L.	+	+	+				3
P caesp	EURIMEDIT.	Spartium junceum L.	+	1.1		1.2			3
P caesp	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.	Cornus mas L.			1.2				1
NP	CENTRO-EUROP.	Emerus majus Mill. ssp. emeroides (Boiss. & Spruner)			+				1
		Soldano & Conti							
		Other species							
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Daucus carota L.	+	+	+				3
Ch suffr	EURASIAT.	Genista tinctoria L.	+.2	+	+				3
H scap	EUROSIB.	Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ssp. vulgare	+	+				+	3
H scap	OROF. SE-EUROP.	Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch	+		+		+		3
NP	STENOMEDIT.	Rosa sempervirens L.	1.1	+	+				3
G rhiz	EUROP.	Carex flacca Schreber ssp. serrulata (Biv.) Greuter	1.2	1.2					2
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Clinopodium vulgare L.					+	+	2
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Dactylis glomerata L.	+	+					2
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Holcus lanatus L.		+.2			+		2
H scap	EUROP.-CAUC.	Inula salicina L.		+.2			+		2
H ros	PALEOTEMP.	Potentilla reptans L.	+	+					2
		Sporadic species	0	1	6	0	0	2	
Table 6 (Tabela 6): Salicetum albae Issler 1926
Salicion albae Soó 1930 em Moor 1958 Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958
Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae (Rivas-Martínez & Cantó ex Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991) Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousá & Penas 2001
Rel. n.	1	2
Date	6/22/2000	6/26/2001	
Altitude (m)	440	190	S E C N E S E
Exposure			
Slope	0°	0°	
Area	50mq	20mq	R P
Coverage	100%	100%	
		Characteristic and differential species of the association		
P scap	PALEOTEMP.	Populus nigra L.	1.1	+.2
P scap	PALEOTEMP.	Salix alba L.	3.3	4.4
NP	ENDEM.	Salix apennina Skvortsov	1.2	+.2
		Characteristic and differential species of the suballiance, alliance, order and class		
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Equisetum telmateja Ehrh.	+.2	+.2
P caesp	EUROSIB.	Salix triandra L.		2.2
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv.	+.2	
		Characteristic and differential species of the Rhamno-Prunetea class		
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea	2.3	+
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott	1.1	+
P caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.		+
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Euonymus europaeus L.	1.2	
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea	+.2	
NP	PALEOTEMP.	Rosa canina L. sensu Bouleng.		+
		Other species		
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.	+	+.2
G rad	EURIMEDIT.	Tamus communis L.	1.1	+
P scap	AVV.	Acer negundo L.	1.1	
G rhiz	EUROSIB.	Aegopodium podagraria L.	+	
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens		1.2
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L.	+	
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ballota nigra L.		+.2
P lian	EUROP.-CAUC.	Clematis vitalba L.		+
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Clinopodium vulgare L.	+	
H bienn	EURIMEDIT.	Dipsacus fullonum L.		+
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Epilobium hirsutum L.		1.2
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Equisetum arvense L.		1.2
H scap	E-EUROP.-PONTICA	Galega officinalis L.		+.2
H scap	EURASIAT.	Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme		1.1
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Hypericum perforatum L.	+	
H scap	OROF. SE-EUROP.	Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch	+	
H scap	EUROSIB.	Picris hieracioides L.	+	
H ros	PALEOTEMP.	Potentilla reptans L.	+	
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Tussilago farfara L.		1.1
Table 7 (Tabela 7): Rubo ulmifolii-Ligustretum vulgare Poldini 1989
Fraxino orni-Berberidenion Poldini & Vidali 1995 Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950 Prunetalia spinosae R. Tx. 1952
Rhamno-Prunetea Rivas Goday et Boria Carbonell ex Tüxen 1962
Rel. n.	1
Date	5/4/2006
Altitude (m)	275
Exposure	S-SE
Slope	20°
Area	20mq
Coverage	100%
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea	1.1
NP	EUROP.-CAUC.	Ligustrum vulgare	1.1
		Characteristic and differential species of the suballiance, alliance, order and class	
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott	1.2
P lian	EURIMEDIT.	Hedera helix L.	1.2
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Prunus spinosa L. ssp. spinosa	3.3
P caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	1.1
P caesp	EURASIAT.	Euonymus europaeus L.	1.1
G rhiz	STENOMEDIT.	Asparagus acutifolius L.	+
		Other species	
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. ssp. sylvestris	+.2
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ballota nigra L.	+
P scap	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.	Fraxinus ornus L. ssp. ornus	1.2
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Geum urbanum L.	+.2
P caesp	STENOMEDIT.	Olea europaea L.	+
P scap	PONTICO	Prunus avium L. ssp. avium	+
P scap	N-EURIMEDIT.	Quercus cerris L.	1.2
P caesp	SE-EUROP.	Quercus pubescens Willd. ssp. pubescens	1.2
P caesp	EUROP.-CAUC.	Ulmus minor Miller	+.2
H ros	EURIMEDIT.	Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker	+.2
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Table 9 (Tabela 9): Geum urbanum community
Galio-Alliarion petiolatae Oberdorfer & Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967
Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae Görs & Müller, 1969. Galio-Urticetea Passarge ex Kopecky 1969
Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	6
Date	6/23/	6/23/	5/4/	5/4/	10/16/	
	2000	2000	2006	2006	2001	S E
Altitude (m)	300	415	285	290		u N
Exposure	N-NW	NO	S-SW	SE	N-NW	E S E R p-
Slope	5°		20°	30°	10°	
Area	10mq	10mq	30mq	20mq	30mq	
Characteristic species of the Geum urbanum community
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Geum urbanum L.	3.3	1.1 2.2	1.1	2.3	5
H scap	PONTICA	Buglossoidespurpurocaerulea (L.) Johnston	2.3	. 2.3	2.3		3
		Characteristic and differential species of the alliance, order and class					
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ballota nigra L.	1.2	. 1.2			2
H scap	PALEOTEMP	Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.		+ .			1
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.		+ .			1
T scap	EURASIAT.	Chaerophyllum temulentum L.	1.2			1.2	2
H bienn	PALEOTEMP	Alliariapetiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande			+		1
		Characteristic and differential species of the Trifolio-Geranietea class					
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Clinopodium vulgare L.	1.2	2.2 .			2
H bienn	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB	Arabis turrita L.		. +.2	+		2
H scap	EURASIAT.	Galium album Miller	2.2	1.2 .			2
		Characteristic and differential species of the Molinio Arrhenateretea class					
H ros	PALEOTEMP	Potentilla reptans L.	+.2	+ .			2
H scap	EURASIAT.	Ranunculus bulbosus L.		1.1 1.2			2
G rhiz	EUROP.	Carexflacca Schreber			+.2		1
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Lathyrus pratensis L.		+ .			1
H scap	PALEOTEMP	Verbena officinalis L.	+				1
H rept	PALEOTEMP	Trifolium repens L.	+				1
		Characteristic and differential species of the Artemisietea class					
H scap	EUROSIB.	Picris hieracioides L.	+	+ .		+	3
H bienn	PALEOTEMP	Daucus carota L.	1.1			+	2
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L.	+				1
H bienn	EURIMEDIT.	Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.	+				1
H bienn	PALEOTEMP	Verbascum blattaria L.	+.2				1
H bienn	PALEOTEMP	Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.	+				1
		Other species					
H caesp	SUBATL.	Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S.		. 2.3	1.2		2
P lian	EURIMEDIT.	Hedera helix L.	1.2	2.2 .		1.2	3
G bulb	EURIMEDIT.	Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L.		. 1.1			1
		Sporadic species	3	6 10	5	3	
Table 10 (Tabela 10): Balloto nigrae-Melissetum romanae Brullo, Minissale, Scelsi & Spampinato 1993
Balloto-Conion maculati Brullo in Brullo & Marcenó 1985 Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolati Görs & Müller 1969 Galio-Urticetea Passarge ex Kopecky 1969
Rel. n.
Date	3/20/	3/20/	3/20/	10/16/	10/16/	
	2001	2001	2001	2001	2001	S E
Altitude (m)	355	355	355	355	355	u N
Exposure	E-NE	N	N	NW	N	E S E R p-
Slope	30°	20°	10°	10°	20°	
Area	50mq	50mq	30mq	60mq	50mq	
		Characteristic species of the association						
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ballota nigra L.	1.1	2.3	1.1	3.3	1.2	5
		Differential species of Cruciata laevipes variant						
H scap	EURASIAT.	Cruciata laevipes Opiz					3.4	1
		Characteristic and differential species of the alliance, order and class						
H scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Urtica dioica L.	+.2	+.2	+		+.2	4
T scap	EURASIAT.	Chaerophyllum temulentum L.	+.2	+	+			3
T scap	EURASIAT.	Galium aparine L.	+.2	2.2	1.1			3
H scap	E-MEDIT.-MONT Lamium garganicum L. ssp. garganicum		3.4	2.3	5.5			3
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande	+.2	+.2				2
		Characteristic and differential species of the Artemisietea class						
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L.	+	+	+		+	4
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Daucus carota L.			+	+	+	3
H scap	EUROSIB.	Picris hieracioides L.				1.1	1.1	2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Picris echioides L.				+	+.2	2
H bienn	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Carduus pycnocephalus L.		1.1	1.1			2
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Convolvulus arvensis L.				1.1		1
H bienn	EURIMEDIT.	Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.		1.2				1
		Other species						
T rept	COSMOP.	Stellaria media (L.) Vill.	+.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	5
G rhiz	STENOMEDIT.	Arum italicum Miller	1.2	+	1.1	+	1.1	5
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Mercurialis annua L.	1.1	1.1	+		+	4
H scap	EURIMEDIT.-	Parietaria diffusa M. et K.	2.3	+.2	1.2	(+.2)		4
	MACARON.							
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Silene alba (Miller) Krause	+	+.2		1.1	2.3	4
P lian	EURIMEDIT.	Hedera helix L.	+.2	+	+.2			3
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott	+	+	+			3
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Geranium rotundifolium L.		+	+.2	+.2		3
T scap	AVV.	Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.	(+.2)			1.1	+	3
T scap	EURASIAT.	Veronica hederifolia L.	1.2	1.2		+.2		3
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Fumaria officinalis L. ssp officinalis	+	+.2				2
H scap	EURASIAT.	Ranunculus bulbosus L.				+	1.2	2
		Sporadic species	4	4	1	8	8	
1
2
3
4
5
Table 11 (Tabela 11): Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti Biondi, Ballelli, Allegrezza, Guitian & Taffetani 1986
Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromenion erecti Biondi, Allegrezza & Zuccarello 2005 Bromion erecti Koch 1926
Rel. n.	1 2 3 4 5
	22/06/	22/06/	23/06/	22/06/	01/08/
Date	2000	2000	2000	2000	2001
Altitude (m)	495	510	380	545	500
Exposure	E	NE	O	N	E
Slope	15°	30°	40°	40°	40°
Area	50mq		30mq	50mq	50mq
Coverage	100	100	100	100	100
		Characteristic and differential species of the association					
H scap	SE-EUROP.	Centaurea jacea L. ssp. gaudini (Boiss. & Reut.)	1.2	1.2	1.2	+.2	1.1
		Gremli					
H scap	EURASIAT.	Galium mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme		+.2			
H caesp	EURASIAT.	Centaurea scabiosa L. ssp. scabiosa		1.1			
		Differential species of the Agropyron repens variant					
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens					
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Tussilago farfara L.			+		
H caesp	EURASIAT.	Festuca pratensis Hudson					
		Differential species of the Asperula purpurea variant					
H scap	SE-EUROP-PONTICA	Eryngium amethystinum L.					
Ch suffr	EURIMEDIT.	Teucrium chamaedrys L.					1.2
Ch suffr	OROF. SE-EUROP.	Asperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend.					
Ch suffr	S-EUROP.	Helichrysum italicum (Roth) Don					
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ononispusilla L. ssp. pusilla					
		Characteristic and differential species of the suballiance, alliance and suborder					
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Dactylis glomerata L.	1.1	1.1	+	1.1	+
H scap	S-EUROP.-PONT.	Dorycnium herbaceum Vill.	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	+.2
H caesp	SUBATL.	Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S.	2.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	+.2
H caesp	EUROSIB.	Briza media L.	+.2	+	1.1	+.2	+.2
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Daucus carota L.	+		+		+
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Lotus corniculatus L.	+.2	+.2			+.2
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Centaurium erythraea Rafn	+	+			+
H scap	EUROSIB.	Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ssp. vulgare	+.2	+.2	1.2		
Ch suffr	EURIMEDIT.	Ononis spinosa L.		+			1.2
H bienn	EURIMEDIT.	Linum bienne Miller					
Ch suffr	EURASIAT.	Genista tinctoria L.		+.2		+.2	
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Blackstoniaperfoliata (L.) Hudson	+	+	+		+
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Hypericum perforatum L.	+	+			
H scap	ENDEM. ALP.	Centaurea nigrescens Willd.					
H ros	EURASIAT.	Plantago lanceolata L.	+				
H scap	EUROSIB.	Trifolium pratense L.	+	+			
H scap	MEDIT.-MONT.	Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.					
H bienn	CENTRO-EUROP.	Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay	+	+			
G bulb	EURASIAT.	Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.				+	
H scap	EURASIAT.	Ranunculus bulbosus L.					
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Polygala nicaeensis Risso ssp. mediterranea					
G bulb	EURIMEDIT.	Anacamptispyramidalis (L.)L.C.Rich.					
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Medicago lupulina L.	+.2				
Leucanthemo vulgaris-Bromenalia erecti Biondi, Ballelli, Allegrezza & Zuccarello 1995 Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl.1949
6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
10/10/	10/10/	10/10/	10/10/	10/10/	23/06/	23/06/	23/06/	18/06/	11/05/	11/05/	10/10/	10/10/	10/10/	10/10/
2006	2006	2006	2006	2006	2000	2000	2000	1998	2001	2001	2006	2006	2006	2006
457	522	530	540	520	375	380	370	280	320	320	560	530	518	520
NE	NW	N	NW	N	NO	N	O	O	E	E	N	NE	NW	SE
15	20°	40°	20°	30°	30°	30°	40°	30°	35°	35°	30	30	10	10
30	30mq	30mq	30mq	30mq	50mq	60mq	30mq	40mq	50mq	40mq	30	30	30	30
100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
1.2 1.2
+.2
+.2
1.2
+.2
1.2
1.1
1.1 + +.2 +
1.2
1.2
+.2
2.2
18
4 3
+.2
2.2	+.2	1.2	+	+.2	+.2
1.2	1.2	2.2	+		
			1.2		
+.2
1.1	1.1	1.1	+.2	+.2	+		+	1.1
+	1.2	2.3	2.3	1.2	1.2	2.2	1.2	2.3
2.3	2.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2
+	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	+.2	1.1
+	+	+	1.1	1.1			+	
	1.2	+.2	+.2	+.2	+.2	+.2		+.2
+	+	+		+	+			
					+.2	+	+.2	+
					+	1.2		
	1.1	1.1	+.2	1.1				
						1.1		1.2
1.1 1.2
1.2
1.2
2.2
+
+.2
1.2
+.2
+.2 +
+.2
+
	1.1	+	+
+.2	1.2	+.2	1.2
+.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
1.2	2.3		+
		+	1.1
1.1	1.1	+	1.2
	2.3	1.2	+.2
+.2	1.2	+.2	2.3
	1.1	1.1	+
1.1	+	+	+
1.1	+	+	+
	1.1	+	+.2
	1.2	+.2	
1.2	1.2	+	+
	+.2	+.2	+
			+
+.2	1.1	+	+
1.1	+	+	+
	1.1	1.2	1.1
6
5
4
3 2
19 19 18 17 13 12 12 10 8 8 7 7
6
5 5
4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
		Rel. n. 1	2	3 4	5
		Characteristic and differential species of the order and class			
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Bromus erectus Hudson 3.3	4.4	4.4 3.4	3.3
H caesp	EURIMEDIT.	Phleum bertolonii DC. +.2	+	+.2 .	
Ch suffr	EURIMEDIT.	Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. .		. +	1.1
H scap	PALEOTEMP	Dianthus balbisii Ser. ssp. liburnicus (Bartl.) Pign. .		+ +	1.1
H scap	OROF. S-EUROP.	Linum viscosum L. +	+.2	+ 1.2	+
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv. .			
H scap	EUROSIB.	Achillea millefolium .			
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Eryngium campestre L. .			+
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Sanguisorba minor Scop. .			+
Ch suffr	EUROP.-CAUC.	Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller .			
H scap	EURASIAT.	Medicago sativa L. .			
H bienn	EURIMEDIT.	Tragopogon porrifolius L. .			
H bienn	SE-EUROP.	Arabis sagittata (Bertol.) DC. .			
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Trifolium campestre Schreber .			
H ros	EUROP.-CAUC.	Hieracium pilosella L. .			
		Characteristic and differential species of the Artemisietea class			
H scap	EURASIAT.	Senecio erucifolius L. 1.1		+.2 .	+
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter +		+.2 .	
H scap	STENOMEDIT.	Carlina corymbosa L. +	+		
H scap	EUROSIB.	Picris hieracioides L. +		+ .	
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. .			
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Cichorium intybus L. .			
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Convolvulus arvensis L. .			
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L. .			
H bienn	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Carduus pycnocephalus L. ssp. pycnocephalus .			
		Characteristic and differential species of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class			
G rhiz	EUROP.	Carexflacca Schreber ssp. serrulata (Biv.) Greuter +		. 1.1	1.2
H scap	EUROP.-CAUC.	Inula salicina L. +.2	+.2	. +.2	1.2
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Poa pratensis L. +			
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Lathyrus pratensis L. +			
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Holcus lanatus L. +	+		
T scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Rhinanthus minor L. 1.1	+		
		Other species			
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. .			
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Clinopodium vulgare L. .		. +	+
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Solidago virgaurea L. .			
H scap	W-STENOMEDIT.	Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik. .		+ .	
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke .	+		+
P lian	EUROP.-CAUC.	Clematis vitalba L. .			
H scap	OROF. SE-EUROP.	Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch .		. +	+
NP	EURIMEDIT.	Rubus ulmifolius Schott .			
G bulb	EURIMEDIT.	Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. .			
H scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Agrimonia eupatoria L. .			
T scap	EURIMEDIT.-TURAN	Vicia sativa L. .			
P caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Crataegus monogyna Jacq. .			
G rhiz	COSMOPOL.	Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn .		. +	1.1
G bulb	OROF. C-EUROP.	Lilium bulbiferum L. ssp. croceum (Chaix) Baker .		. +	+
H scap	EUROSIB.	Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lepeyr. .			
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Equisetum telmateja Ehrh. .			
H scap	ENDEM.	Scabiosa uniseta Savi .			
		Sporadic species 1	1	2 0	0
6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	
2.3	3.4	2.3	3.4	2.3	2.2	4.4	2.3	3.4	3.3	3.3	4.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	20
1.1	1.1	+.2	1.1	1.1		+.2		1.2				+	+	+	13
		+	1.2	+.2	+.2		+		1.1			+.2	+.2	+	11
				+.2	+	+.2	+					1.1	1.1	1.1	10
					+	+.2	+.2	1.1							9
+			+.2	+							+.2	+	+	+.2	7
+	+	+										1.2	+	+	6
						+						+	+		4
													+	1.1	3
								+.2					+.2	+.2	3
	+	+									+				3
						+				+					2
													+	+	2
										+					1
											. . . 1.2				1
1.1	1.1	+	1.1	+.2				+		(+)	1.1	+	+		13
+.2	+.2		1.2	+	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	+.2	1.2				1.2	13
	+	+		+							+	1.1	+	+	9
+			+		+						+	+	+		8
						+			+	+					3
+															1
									+						1
+.2															1
										+					1
1.2	1.2	2.3	2.3	2.3		+		2.2			2.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	14
1.2	+.2	1.2				+.2	+.2				1.2	+	2.2	+.2	13
+	+.2	+.2	1.1	1.1							1.1	1.1	+	+	10
1.1	1.1	+													4
+.2								+.2							4
															2
+.2	+.2	+.2			+.2	+.2	1.2		+	+	+.2	+.2	+.2		11
+	+	+		+.2	+							1.2	+.2	1.1	10
+.2	+	+.2		1.1							+	1.1	1.1	+.2	8
			+						+.2	+.2	+		+.2	1.2	7
+	+											+.2	+	1.1	7
+				+							+.2	+	+	+	6
		+			+							+	+		6
+				+	1.2						+.2	+.2	+		6
+	+	+									+	+	+		6
+	+	+							+	+					5
1.1	1.1	+							1.1	1.1					5
					+			+			+	+	+		5
				1.2								1.2	1.1		5
				+								1.1	+		5
+	+	2.2											1.1		4
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Table 13 (Tabela 13): Vicio variae-Hainardetum cylindricae ass. nova (type rel. n.2)
Helianthemion guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940
Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940 em. Rivas-Martmez 1978
Helianthemetea guttati (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine et Nègre 1952) Rivas Goday et Rivas-Martmez 1963 em. Rivas-
Martínez 1978								
		Rel. n.	1	2*	3	4	5	
			6/25/	6/25/	6/25/	6/25/	6/25/	
		Date	2001	2001	2001	2001	2001	1Z)
		Altitude (m)	280	290	310	345	330	w u
		Exposure	SE	NE	NE	N	N	£ w
		Slope	50°	15°	15°	20°	20°	K Oí
		Area	10mq	15mq	15mq	5mq	5mq	CL
		Coverage	30%	100%	100%	60%	60%	
		Characteristic and differential species	of the association					
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter	2.3	2.2	+.2	3.3	2.2	4
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb		+.2	1.2	+	+	4
T scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Bromus hordeaceus L.		1.1	+.2	+.2	+	4
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Scorzonera laciniata L.		+.2	1.1			2
		Characteristic and differential species of the alliance,		order and class				
T scap	S-MEDIT.	Melilotus sulcata Desf.		+	+	+	+	4
T scap	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.	Trifolium echinatum Bieb.		+.2		1.2	1.2	3
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Linum corymbulosum Rchb.	+	+.2	+			2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Trifolium stellatum L.		+.2	1.2			2
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Hypochoeris achyrophorus L.	1.1					1
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Trifolium arvense L.	1.2					1
		Characteristic and differential species	of Artemisietea class					
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub		+	+	+	+	4
H scap	W-STENOMEDIT.	Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik.		+	+	+	1.1	4
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Daucus carota L.		+	+		+	3
H ros	EURASIAT.	Plantago lanceolata L.		1.2	+		+	3
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens		3.4	3.3			2
H scap	EUROSIB.	Picris hieracioides L.		1.2	+			2
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Convolvulus arvensis L.				+	+	2
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Dactylis glomerata L.		+.2	+.2		+	3
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Poa pratensis L.		+	+			2
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter		+	+			2
H scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Artemisia vulgaris L.			+			1
G rhiz	COSMOP.	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.					+.2	1
		Other species						
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Trifolium campestre Schreber		1.2	1.1	+	+	4
G bulb	CENTRO-MEDIT.	Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet		+	+			2
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Lotus tenuis W. et K.		+.2	+			2
H caesp	EURIMEDIT.	Phleum bertolonii DC.		+.2	+.2			2
T scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link				+	+	2
H rept	PALEOTEMP.	Trifolium repens L.		+.2			+	2
T scap	EURASIAT.	Avena fatua L.		+	+			2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.-TURAN.	Vicia sativa L.		1.1	+			2
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Lolium perenne L.				2.2	1.1	2
		Sporadic species	4	1	1	1	1	
Table 14 (Tabela 14): Arundinetum plinianae Biondi, Brugiapaglia, Allegrezza & Ballelli 1992
Inulo viscosae-Agropyrenion repentis
Inulo viscosae-Agropyrion repentis Biondi & Allegrezza 1996
Agropyretalia repentis Oberdorfer, Müller & Görs in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967
Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer, Preising, & Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951
Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	5	6	
	6/23/	6/18/	6/18/	6/18/	6/25/	6/25/	
Date	2000	1998	1998	1998	2001	2001	E C N
Altitude (m)	380	305	275	290	280	270	
Exposure	E	O	O	N	NE		E S
Slope	45°	40°	30°	40°	20°		E R
Area	30mq	50mq	50mq	40mq	20mq	40mq	P
Coverage	100%	100	100	100	100%	100%	
G rhiz STENOMEDIT. P caesp EURASIAT.
G rhiz G rhiz G rhiz H scap H scap H scap H scap T scap
P caesp P caesp NP NP
P caesp P caesp P lian
Characteristic and differential species of the association
Arundopliniana Turra	5.5 5.5
Cornus sanguinea L. ssp. sanguinea	+	.
5.5
5.5
PALEOTEMP.
CIRCUMBOR.
PALEOTEMP.
EURIMEDIT.
EURIMEDIT.
CIRCUMBOR.
W-STENOMEDIT.
EURIMEDIT.
EURIMEDIT.
EUROP.-CAUC.
PALEOTEMP.
EURIMEDIT.
PALEOTEMP.
Characteristic and differential species of the alliance, order and class
Tussilago farfara L.	.	+	+	+
Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens	.	1.1 .	+.2
Convolvulus arvensis L.	.	1.1 1.1 1.1
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter	.
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.	+
Artemisia vulgaris L.	+
Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik.	.
Blackstoniaperfoliata (L.) Hudson	.
Characteristic and differential species of the Rhamno-Prunetea class
Spartium junceum L. Prunus spinosa L. ssp. spinosa Rosa canina L. Rubus ulmifolius Schott Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
OROF. SW-EUROP. Cytisophyllum sessilifolium (L.) O. Lang EUROP.-CAUC. Clematis vitalba L.
Other species
1.2 +.2
1.1
2.3
+.2
5.5
+.2 1.2
1.2
4.5 1.1
+.2
1.2
H scap	OROF. S-EUROP.	Linum viscosum L.	+	+	1.1	+		
H scap	OROF. SE-EUROP.	Peucedanum verticillare (L.) Koch	+	+	+	+		
G bulb	CENTRO-MEDIT.	Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet		+	1.1	+		
H caesp	PALEOTEMP.	Dactylis glomerata L.					+	+
H scap	EUROSIB.	Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ssp. vulgare	+.2					+.2
		Sporadic species	2	0	0	3	6	10
+
+
+
Table 15 (Tabela 15): Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetum albi Oberd. et Th. Mueller in Th. Mueller 61
Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albi Oberdorfer & Müller in Müller 1961 Sedo-Scleranthetalia Br.-Bl. 1955 Sedo-Scleranthetea Br.-Bl. 1955 em. Th. Müller 1961
Rel. n.	1	2	3
		Date	5/11/2001	5/11/2001	5/11/2001	S
		Exposure	SE	SE	SE	E C
		Slope	10°	10°	80°	N E S
		Area	2mq	4mq	1mq	E R
		Coverage	90%	90%	90%	P
		Characteristic and differential species of the association, alliance, order and class				
Ch succ	EURIMEDIT.	Sedum album L.	3.3	2.3	1.2	3
Ch succ	EURIMEDIT.	Sedum dasyphyllum L.	1.2	2.3		2
T rept	EURIMEDIT.	Trifolium scabrum L. ssp. scabrum	1.2	1.2		2
		Characteristic and differential species of the Helianthemetea guttati class				
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Medicago minima (L.) Bartal var. minima	1.2	+.2		2
T scap	EURASIAT.	Cerastium semidecandrum L.		+	+.2	2
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Campanula erinus L.		1.1		1
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Hypochoeris achyrophorus L.			1.2	1
		Other species				
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Catapodium rigidum (L.) Hubbard	+.2	+.2	+.2	3
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Tordylium apulum L.	1.1	+.2		2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Bromus diandrus Roth	+	+		2
H scap	EURIMEDIT.	Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. ssp. pyrenaicum	1.1	1.1		2
T rept	COSMOP.	Stellaria media (L.) Vill.	+.2	+.2		2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Bromus madritensis L.	+.2	+.2		2
T scap	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. ssp. sancta	+	+		2
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Sanguisorba minor Scop.		1.1		1
H scap	EUROP.-CAUC.	Parietaria officinalis L.		+		1
H bienn	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Carduuspycnocephalus L. ssp. pycnocephalus		+		1
H scap	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.	Chondrilla juncea L.		+		1
T scap	EURIMEDIT.-TURAN.	Vicia sativa L.		+		1
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Willd.		+		1
T scap	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Astragalus hamosus L.		+		1
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Hér. ssp. malacoides		+		1
Table 16 (Tabela 16): Linario spuriae-Stachyetum annuae Lorenzoni 1965
Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi Koch 1926
Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli (Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946) Bolos 1962 Stellarietea mediae Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising ex von Rochow 1951
		Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	5	
			6/25/	6/25/	6/25/	6/26/	6/26/	
		Date	2001	2001	2001	2001	2001	S
		Altitude (m)	290	310	330	220	280	E C
		Exposure	NE	NE	NO	NO	NO	SEN
		Slope	15°	15°	20°	20°	10°	ES R
		Area	30mq	20mq	40mq	40mq	50mq	P
		Coverage	20%	15%	100%	15%	15-30%	
		Characteristic and differential species	of the association					
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub	1.1	1.1		+	+	4
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.	+		+	+	1.1	4
		Characteristic and differential species	of the alliance and order					
T rept	EURIMEDIT.	Anagallis arvensis L.	1.1	+	1.1	1.1	1.1	5
T scap	AVV.	Thlaspi arvense L.			+		+	2
T scap	AVV.	Veronica persica Poiret				+.2	1.1	2
T scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Holub					+	1
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber					+	1
		Characteristic and differential species	of the class					
T scap	E-MEDIT.-MONT.	Papaver rhoeas L. ssp. rhoeas	1.1	1.1	+	1.1	+	5
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Lolium multiflorum Lam.	+	1.1	1.1	+	1.1	5
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix	1.1	+.2	1.1	+.2		4
T scap	EURASIAT.	Avena fatua L.	+	1.1	1.1		+	4
T scap	SUBCOSMOP	Alopecurus myosuroides Hudson		+	+		+.2	3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All.	+	1.1			+	3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Nigella damascena L.			+	+	+	3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Consolida regalis S. F. Gray	1.1	+			+	3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Sherardia arvensis L.		+.2		1.1		2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.-TURAN.	Vicia sativa L.			+	+		2
T scap	EURASIAT.	Sonchus asper (L.) Hill	+				+	2
T rept	COSMOP.	Stellaria media (L.) Vill.				+	+	2
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Veronica arvensis L.			+	+		2
T scap	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Papaver argemone L. ssp. argemone		(+)	+			2
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Anthemis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis	+.2	+		+.2	2.2	2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Scandix pecten-veneris L.				+		1
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Lathyrus aphaca L. ssp. aphaca			+			1
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Ranunculus arvensis L.	+					1
G rad	EURASIAT.	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.				+		1
T rept	COSMOP.	Polygonum aviculare L.					1.1	1
T scap	MEDIT.ATL.(EURI)	Adonis annua L.					+	1
H scap	EURASIAT.	Medicago sativa L.		+				1
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Mercurialis annua L.					+	1
T scap	AVV.	Avena sativa L.				+		1
		Other species						
H bienn	PALEOTEMP.	Daucus carota L.	+	+	+	1.1	+	5
T scap	EURASIAT.	Galium aparine L.	+	+	+	+	+	5
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Convolvulus arvensis L.	+	1.1		1.1	+	4
		Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	5	
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb.	+	(+)	1.2	+.2		4
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter	+.2	1.2	+.2			3
T scap	SUBCOSMOP	Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link			1.1	1.1	+	3
H bienn	CENTRO-EUROP.	Anthemis tinctoria L.			+		+	2
G bulb	CENTRO-MEDIT.	Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet	1.1	+				2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Brassica nigra (L.) Koch				+	2.2	2
H scap	PALEOTEMP.	Lotus tenuis W. et K.	+	(+)				2
T scap	N-EUROP	Matricaria inodora L.	+.2	+				2
		Sporadic species	1	0	2	5	8	
Table 17 (Tabela 17): Biforo testiculatae-Adonidetum cupanianae Kropac 1982
Caucalidion lappulae Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951 Centaureetalia cyani Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951 Stellarietea mediae Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising ex von Rochow 1951
		Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	5	6	
			5/22/	5/22/	5/22/	5/22/	5/22/	5/22/	
		Date	2000	2000	2000	2000	2000	2000	S
		Altitude (m)	310	350	470	335	325	329	E C
		Exposure	N	N-E		N-W	N-E	N-W	N E
		Slope	20°	10°	0°	10°	20°	10°	ES R
		Area	40mq	60mq	60mq	40mq	40mq	50mq	P
		Coverage	80%	70%	80%	100%		100%	
		Characteristic and differential species of the association and the Scandixpecten veneris variant							
T scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Alopecurus myosuroides Hudson	1.2	1.2	1.2	+	+		5
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Scandix pecten-veneris L.		+	+.2	+	+		4
G bulb	EURIMEDIT.	Gladiolus italicus Miller	+		+.2		+		3
T scap	MEDIT.ATL.(EURI)	Adonis annua L.			+			+.2	2
		Characteristic and differential species	of the alliance and order						
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All.	+.2	+.2	+.2	+	+.2		5
T scap	E-MEDIT.-MONT.	Papaver rhoeas L. ssp. rhoeas	3.3	2.3	2.2		+.2	+.2	5
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Sherardia arvensis L.	+.2	+	+.2	1.2	+.2		5
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Nigella damascena L.		+	+	+			3
T scap	AVV.	Bifora radians Bieb.	+		+	+			3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix	+	+	1.1				3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Consolida regalis S. F. Gray		+	+			1.1	3
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Ranunculus arvensis L.	+	+.2	1.1				3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber	+			+			2
		Characteristic and differential species	of the class						
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub	+	+		1.1	+		4
T scap	AVV.	Thlasspi arvense L.	1.1	+		+		+	4
T scap	STENOMEDIT.	Cerinthe major L.	+			1.2	2.2	+.2	4
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Lolium multiflorum Lam.	+.2	1.2			1.2		3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.-TURAN.	Vicia sativa L.		1.1	+	1.1			3
T rept	EURIMEDIT.	Anagallis arvensis L.	1.1	+	+.2				3
T scap	AVV.	Veronica persica Poiret	1.1	+.2	1.1				3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Lathyrus aphaca L. ssp. aphaca		1.1	1.2		+.2		3
T scap	MEDIT.-TURAN.	Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertner			+	1.1		1.2	3
T scap	EURASIAT.	Sonchus oleraceus L.			+	+	+		3
		Rel. n.	1	2	3	4	5	6	
G rad	EURASIAT.	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.					+	+	2
T rept	COSMOP.	Polygonum aviculare L.	1.1	+					2
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.		+	+				2
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Medicago lupulina L.				+.2		1.1	2
T scap	SUBCOSMOP.	Bromus hordeaceus L.	+	1.2					2
H scap	W-STENOMEDIT.	Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik.			+	+.2			2
T scap	CIRCUMBOR.	Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Holub		+					1
T scap	PALEOTEMP.	Fumaria officinalis L. ssp. officinalis	+.2						1
T scap	EURASIAT.	Sonchus asper (L.) Hill						+	1
H scap	EURASIAT.	Medicago sativa L.					1.1		1
T scap	COSMOP.	Euphorbia helioscopia L. ssp. helioscopia	+						1
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. ssp. integrifolia		+					1
		Other species							
G bulb	CENTRO-MEDIT.	Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	6
T scap	AVV.	Avena sativa L.	+	2.2	2.2	1.2	2.2	1.1	6
T scap	S-EUROP.-SUDSIB.	Geranium columbinum L.	+.2	1.2	+	2.2	1.1	2.2	6
G rhiz	STENOMEDIT.	Arum italicum Miller ssp. italicum	+			+	+	+	4
H scap	EURASIAT.	Vicia cracca L.	+	+.2		2.2	+.2		4
T scap	EURASIAT.	Galium aparine L.	+		+		+		3
G rhiz	CIRCUMBOR.	Elymus repens (L.) Gould ssp. repens				+.2	+.2	+.2	3
H scap	EURASIAT.	Ranunculus bulbosus L.	+.2	+	+				3
H bienn PALEOTEMP.		Daucus carota L.	1.2	+	+				3
G rhiz	PALEOTEMP.	Convolvulus arvensis L.	1.1	+				1.2	3
H caesp	CIRCUMBOR.	Poa pratensis L.	+	+.2	+.2				3
T scap	EURIMEDIT.	Vicia tenuissima (Bieb.) Sch. et Th.			+			+.2	2
H scap	EUROSIB.	Trifolium pratense L.					+.2	+.2	2
		Sporadic species	0	0	1	4	4	0