HACQUETIA 9/1 • 2010, 23-75 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-010-0007-x PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BEECH AND BEECH-MIXED WOODS IN MONTI SIBILLINI NATIONAL PARK (CENTRAL APENNINES, ITALY) Andrea CATGRCJi, Alessandra VITANZI2 & Sandro BALLELLJi Abstract The results of a phytosociological survey of the woods mainly growing on limestones in the Southern part of the Marches Region (Central Italy), that is part of the Monti Sibillini National Park, are here presented. This area is characterized by a temperate climate (upper mesotemperate and lower/upper supratemperate bioclimatic belts). In order to study the vegetation, 173 phytosociological releves were carried out through the Braun-Blanquet methodology. All the data obtained were submitted to multivariate analysis. The phytosociological analysis is characterized in nine associations, whereof three are of new description (Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murorum, Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallorhizetosum trifidae and Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemorosae). Key words: beech woods, calcareous substratum, Central Apennines, Monti Sibillini, multivariate analysis, phytosociology. Izvleček Prikazani so rezultati fitocenološke raziskave gozdov, ki uspevajo predvsem na apnencu v južnem delu pokrajine Marche (srednja Italija), to je v delu Nacionalnega parka Monti Sibillini. To območje označuje zmerna klima (zgornji mezotemperatni in spodnji/zgornji supratemperatni bioklimatki pas). Vegetacijo smo proučili s 173 fitocenološkimi popisi po Braun-Blanquetovi metodi. Vse popisno gradivosmo analizirali z multivari-atno statistiko. S fitocenološko analizo smo dobili devet asociacij, od tega so tri novoopisane (Lathyro vene-ti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murorum, Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallorhizetosum trifidae and Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemorosae). Ključne besede: bukovi gozdovi, apnenčasti substrat, Srednji Apenini, Monti Sibillini, multivariatna analiza, fitosociologija. 1. INTRODUCTION Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae, widespread on the Al- pine ridge and in the Central and Northern Ap-Italian beech woods develop on mountain relief ennines (Credano et al. 1980, Ubaldi & Speranza belonging to the biogeographical Alpine and 1985, Poldini & Vidali 1995, Willner 2002) and Apennine-Balcanic Provinces (Eurosiberian Re- Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae, distributed gion) and to the Italian-Tyrrhenian and Adriatic in the Central and Southern sector of the Italian Provinces (Mediterranean Region) (Rivas-Mar- Peninsula (Bonin 1967-69, Gentile 1970, Brullo t^nez et al. 2004) as highlighted in Figure 1, at al- 1983, Di Pietro 2002, Pirone et al. 2003, Biondi titudes ranging from (200-300 m) 600 to 2000 m et al. 2004, Di Pietro et al. 2004, Taffetani et al a.s.l. (Pignatti 1982, Scoppola & Caporali 1998). 2004, Blasi et al. 2005, Pirone et al. 2005, Rosati According to Biondi et al. (2002), Italian et al. 2005, Ciaschetti et al. 2006, Di Pietro 2007 beech woodlands are placed into two alliances: Allegrezza & Biondi 2008, Biondi et al. 2008) 1 School of Environmental Sciences, UNICAM Universita di Camerino, via Pontoni 5, I-62032 Camerino (MC); e-mail andrea.catorci@unicam.it, sandro.ballelli@unicam.it 2 PhD in Environmental Sciences and Public Health, UNICAM Universita di Camerino; e-mail: alessandra.vitanzi@ unicam.it B. EUROSIBERIAN Bc. ALPINO-CAUCASIAN 8. Alpine 8a. Mediterranean Alpine, 8b Western Alpine, 8c. Central Alpine 8d. Eastern Alpine 9. Apennino-Balkan 9a. Apennine, 9b. Padanian, 9c. Ilyrian, 9d. Pindan, 9e. Bulgarian C. MEDITERRANEAN Ca. western mediterranean 20. Italo-Thyrrhenian 20a. Corsican, 20b. Sardinian, 20c Sicilian, 20d. Coastal West Italian Cb. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 21. Adriatic 21a. Apulian, 21b. Epiro-Dalmatian 21c. Peloponnesian Figure 1: Part of Biogeographic map of Europe (Rivas-Martinez et al. 2004). Slika 1: Izsek iz biogeografske karte Evrope (Rivas-Martinez et. al 2004). These two alliances overlay in correspondence to the Umbria-Marches Apennines (Central Italy). In this biogeographical sector, the beech woods, belonging to the Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvat-icae alliance, are present in the lower supratem-perate bioclimatic belt, while the ones included in Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae alliance develop in the upper supratemperate bioclimatic belt (Bion-di et al. 2002, Allegrezza 2003, Catorci et al. 2003, Biondi et al. 2004). Furthermore, mountain forest landscape of the Central Apennines includes gorge plant communities belonging to Tilio platy-phylli-Acerion pseudoplatani alliance (Biondi et al. 2002, Catorci et al. 2003, Paura & Cutini 2006). The study of beech woods of the Monti Sibillini National Park is part of a wider research comprising the survey of flora, vegetation and plant landscape of such a protected area. Moreover, the work is aimed at completing the set of information related to the mountain forests of the Central Apennines through the analysis of a mountain sector representing the one ridge of Umbria-Marches Apennines, where the altitudes of relief (22002400 m) rise to the ecological timberline (located at about 1800-1850 m a.s.l., Pedrotti 1995). 2. STUDY AREA AND FOREST MANAGEMENT From the geological viewpoint, Monti Sibillini National Park (Central Italy - Figure 2) is mainly formed by limestones, except for the peripheral pedemontane sectors, where sandstone and mar- Figure 2: Study area. Slika 2: Raziskovano območje. ly-limestone substrata outcrop (AA.vv. 1991). The lowest altitude is about 400 m, while the highest is 2476 m (Monte Vettore). The bedrock's geochemical features and glacial or post-glacial erosion processes have contributed to the formation of rough morphologies with extremely steep slopes carved by gorges, valleys and rocky walls. Such geomorphological and historical-climatic features as well as the past land use have influenced a very slowly pedogenesis, also favouring the erosion of the most superficial soil layer. The most widespread soil type in beech woods growing on limestones is Skeleti-Calcar-ic Phaeozem alternated by Calcari-Mollihumic Leptosol (A.S.S.A.M. 2006). These soils are moderately deep (about 0.5-1.5 m), with quite a fine texture and changeable amount of skeleton. Organic matter content in shallow horizons is high or very high, the reaction is slightly basic, while cationic exchange capacity and base saturation are high (Giovagnotti et al. 2003, Calandra & Leccese 2007). Soils of beech woods, growing on sandstones, are mostly Calcaric Cambisols and secondarily Calcaric Regosols; these soil types are characterized by strong desaturation, low Active Calcium content, pH lower than 6, sandy or sandy-clayey texture and moderate to mean depth (I.P.L.A. 2001, A.S.S.A.M. 2006). In the study area, woodlands dominated by Fa-gus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica are developing from 900-950 m to 1650-1700 (1750) m a.s.l., in correspondence to upper mesotemperate, lower and upper supratemperate bioclimatic belts (Table 1) (Biondi et al. 1995, Catorci et al. 2007). In impluvia of North-facing slopes, the lower limit falls down to 700-750 m, while on watersheds and South-facing slopes, this limit rises up to about 1200 m. Beech woods in Monti Sibillini National Park extend for overall 8300 ha, of which about 1000 ha are part of upper mesotemperate bioclimatic belt, 5300 ha of the lower supratemperate and 1900 ha of the upper supratemperate bioclimatic belt. In the study area, beech forests have been affected for centuries by remarkable human pressures, both for the production of firewood and for summer grazing (Sansa 2003). Nowadays, the most widespread management type of Sibil-lini beech woods is coppice with standard (about 80 %), with the shortest cutting turnover of 25 years and longest of 40, while only about 20 % is managed as high-forest (I.P.L.A. 2001). However, the lack of economic interest in extensive livestock and mountain forestry in the last 30-40 years has favoured the natural expansion of woodlands as well as their generalized ageing. As a matter of fact, in many Sibillini sectors, beech woods can be considered as old coppice because they have not been cut for one or two turns (40-80 years). Current researches (Vitanzi et al. work in progress) did not highlight the presence of old forests in accordance with the criteria proposed by Franklin & Spies (1991), Di Filippo et al. (2004) and Burrascano et al. (2009). 3. METHODS The study of Monti Sibillini National Park beech woods was carried out using the phytosociological methodology of the Sigmatist Zurich-Montpellier school (Braun-Blanquet 1931, 1964), integrated with the recent acquisitions in synphytosociology and geosynphytosociology (Gehu & Rivas-Mar-t^nez 1981, Theurillat 1992, Biondi 1996, Biondi et al. 2004, Rivas-Mart^nez 2005, 2005a). In particular, 173 releves were executed from 2004 to 2008. Then, the releves table was submitted to multivariate analysis using Syntax 2000 software (Podani 2001). Phytosociological values have been converted according to the Van der Maarel (1979) scale, obtaining a matrix made up of 222 rows (species) and 173 columns (releves) that was submitted to numerical classification through the Group average algorithm (Orloci 1978), on a similarity matrix, based on chord distance. Floristic nomenclature follows Tutin et al. (1964-80, 1993) and Conti et al. (2005, 2007). Publications regarding syntaxonomic review and local phytosociological study were considered in order to define the vegetation types (Allegrezza et al. 2002, Biondi et al. 2002, 2004, Allegrezza 2003, Catorci et al. 2003, Blasi et al. 2004, Taffe-tani et al. 2004, Ballelli et al. 2006). The phytosociological data obtained were submitted to different processing methods/operations: • Principal Components Analysis (PCA), using Syntax 2000 software (Podani 2001), of a matrix made up of 4 rows (environmental parameters - geology, altitude, slope angle and morphology - expressed by classes as shown in Table 2) x 11 columns (syntaxa), in order to identify the weight of the different local factors defining the forest syntaxa distribution; • calculation of the weighted phytosociological spectrum (Tomaselli 1956) for each syntaxon; phytosociological spectra were carried out starting from species number and their pon-deral weight inside the two orders (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae and Fagetalia sylvaticae) and membership class (Querco-Fagetea) represented in phytosociological tables attached to this work. Soil data, related to the identified plant communities were obtained using: a graduated pole for measurement of depth; a field pH-meter; an electromagnetic sieve for textures. Depth, pH and texture values were collected from some sampling areas for each syntaxon. 4. RESULTS 4.1 Phytosociological characterization Multivariate analysis of phytosociological releves (Figure 3) points out two main groups: I - high-hilly mixed woods (Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica and Ostrya carpinifolia) belonging to Quercetaliapu-bescenti-petraeae order; II - mountain woods with a dominance of Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, belonging to Fagetalia sylvaticae order. Inside cluster II, two sub-clusters can be identified: the first corresponding to Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae and Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae alliances (sub-cluster IIa), the second belonging to Tilio plathyphylli-Acerionpseudoplatani alliance (sub-cluster IIb). The sub-clusters are further divided into two or more releves groups corresponding to association, subassociation or variant syntaxonomical levels, which are hereafter defined from a phy- tosociological viewpoint and described as regards floristic and ecological characteristics. As for the importance of the environmental parameters for the distribution of the surveyed forest syntaxa, the biplot in Figure 4 shows that axes 1, 2 and 3 explain respectively 47.6 %, 31.0 % and 17.6 % of the total variance. This analysis highlights that the variable which better explains the diversity is the geology (38.9 % of the variance), associated to axis 1. As regards the other variables, altitude explains 28.4 % of the variabil- 1 - 0- -1 - Axis 1 Figure 4: Biplot of environmental features versus considered syntaxa. Slika 4: Dvorazsežnostni diagram rastiščnih dejavnikov in obravnavanih sintaksonov. 1- lla'ä Hal llar llalal r llala3 , lla" , llb ''a'bl llaibL lla''b ''a'lb2a1 ^llallb^ ^''a"b2■1b Figure 3: Cluster analysis of the studied forest plant communities. Slika 3: Klastrska analiza proučevanih gozdnih rastlinskih združb. ity and is clearly linked to axis 2, while morphology, which explains 21.1 % is linked to axis 3. Weighted phytosociological spectra highlight that cluster I, ascribed to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order, has a Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae weighted cover value of 45-50 % and Fagetalia syl-vaticae cover value of 30-35 %. Releves of cluster II, instead, highlight the change of the dominant phytosociological group, which becomes Fageta-lia sylvaticae order. More in particular, sub-cluster IIa shows values of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae elements spanning from 7-10 % to 16-18 %, while Fagetalia sylvaticae ones range from 65 % to 79 %; sub-cluster IIb has Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae values of 1-5 %, while those of Fagetalia sylvaticae are between 81 % and 90 %. 4.1.1 Beech and hop hornbeam mixed woods Beech and hop hornbeam mixed woods grow mainly on fairly steep North-facing slopes, ranging from 700-750 to 950-1050 m a.s.l. They represent the phytosociological and ecological elements identifying the transition from Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion carpinifoliae (Carpinion orientalis, Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae) hilly woods to mountain ones referred to Fagetalia sylvaticae order. As supposed by Catorci et al. (2003) a number of historical considerations (Reali 1871, Salbitano 1989, Catorci 2007) allow one to hypothesize the past existence of a beech wood type covering North-facing slopes between 600 and 900 m a.s.l. of which actual Ostrya carpinifolia and Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica mixed woodlands could represent the xeric and degraded look, because of human activities and the consequent soil erosion. Such primeval formations could have been mixed woodlands, where Tilia plathyphyl-los subsp. plathyphyllos, Acer sp. pl., Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Quercus cerris, Ilex aquifolium and, perhaps, Abies alba had a dominant role and where secular forestry and pasture activities allowed Ostrya carpinifolia settlement. Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Catorci, Gatti et Sparvoli 2003 (Group I, Table 3, releves 1-7; holotypus rel. 20 of Table 2 in Catorci et al. 2003) Woodland with a dominance of Ostrya carpini-folia and Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, widespread on North-facing slopes (from NW to E), with slope angle ranging from 10° to 55°, at alti- tudes from 700 to 900 m (upper mesotemperate biclimatic belt). This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 50-100 cm depth; 6.2-6.8 pH, tendly clayey texture (35-45 % sand, 20-30 % silt, 25-35 % clay). From a phytosociological point of view, these woods are characterized by the dominance of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae elements (45-50 %) associated to a group of Fagetalia sylvaticae species (30-35 %). Floristic analysis enabled classification of such a plant community into Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae association, described for the first time by Catorci et al. (2003) in low-mountain woodlands of Macerata Apennines (Central Italy) and mentioned also by Taffetani et al. (2004), who downgrades the association to the subassociation rank (Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae staphyleto-sum pinnatae). However, on the basis of the historical (Catorci et al. 2003), physiognomical (hop hornbeam-beech woods versus beech woods) and phytosociological characterization (first of all the dominance of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae elements with respect to those belonging to Fagetalia sylvaticae), this placement is considered inappropriate, so the association level is mantained. Moreover, Catorci et al. (2003) placed these syntaxa in Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae, but the phytosociological framework and the clear division emerging from cluster analysis led to the placement of Carici sylvaticae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae in Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion carpinifoliae (Carpinion orientalis). 4.1.2 Beech woods Beech woods are divided into two main groups referred to different altitudinal intervals (10001400 m and 1400-1800 m) and consequently to different bioclimatic belts (lower and upper su-pratemperate). As better described later on, they are respectively referred to Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae and Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvati-cae associations, described or confirmed by Bi-ondi et al. (2002) on the basis of phytosociologi-cal tables including beech woods growing below 1300-1350 m a.s.l. only and which, therefore, could not represent the whole floristic diversity of Central Apennines beech woods (timberline is placed at about 1800-1850 m a.s.l.). Moreover, a discrepancy was observed between the species indicated by the authors as characteristic or differential (considered in this work) and those reported in the respective tables. For such reasons it is considered appropriate to perform a screening and review of such species groups. In particular, Biondi et al. (2002) suggested as characteristic species of Lathyro veneti-Fage-tum sylvaticae association: Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium, Lathyrus venetus, Sorbus aria subsp. aria, Galanthusnivalis, Scilla bifolia, Corydalis cava subsp. cava and Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii. In the present study Sorbus aria subsp. aria, Corydalis cava subsp. cava, Galanthus nivalis and Scilla bifolia are not confirmed, because the investigation highlighted that they are widespread between 600 and 1800 m a.s.l. (Table 4), thus they can not be considered as characteristic or differential species of Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae association (low-hilly beech woods). Furthermore, the above mentioned species groups are integrated with Po-lygonatum multiflorum, Anemone apennina subsp. apennina and Anemone nemorosa, high-hilly and low-mountain geophytes which are found in the study area in the range of 800-1400 m a.s.l. In regard to Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae, Biondi et al. (2002), in accordance with Ubaldi (1993), list the following characteristic species: Cardamine kitaibelii, C. enneaphyllos, Anemone nemorosa, Epilobium montanum, Polystichum aculea-tum, Adoxa moschatellina subsp. moschatellina and Taxus baccata. Anemone nemorosa and Taxus baccata are not confirmed as characteristic species in the present study because they proved to be widespread in the lower supratemperate bioclimatic belt and only sporadically in the upper supratem-perate bioclimatic belt. Instead, Cardamine kitaibelii, C. enneaphyllos, Polystichum aculeatum, Epi-lobium montanum and Adoxa moschatellina subsp. moschatellina are confirmed, with the addition of Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus. Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casa-vecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 (Group IIaIa2, Table 5, releves 19-32; holotypus rel. 3 of Table 2 in Biondi et al. 2002) Woodland with a dominance of Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica and Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum, that are managed as coppice with standards, widespread on mainly North-facing slopes with an inclination of 5-45° and at altitudes ranging from (750) 900 to 1300 (1400) m a.s.l. This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 100-150 cm depth; 6.0-7.0 pH, clayey/tendly clayey texture (25-35 % sand, 25-35. silt, 40-50 clay). From a phytosociological point of view these woodlands are characterized by the dominance of Fagetalia sylvaticae elements (65-70 %) associated to a remarkable Quercetalia pubescenti-petrae-ae species group (15-20 %). Floristic analysis allowed such a plant community to be placed in the Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae lathyretosum veneti subassociation described for the first time by Biondi et al. (2002) for the Central Apennines low-mountain and signaled by other authors (Allegrezza 2003, Catorci et al. 2003, Biondi et al. 2004, Taffetani et al. 2004) for the Umbria-Marches Apennines (Central Italy). Floristic comparison between the tables of Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae and Carici digita-tae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae highlights that the two associations are not well distinguished if only characteristic species are considered (characteristic species of Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae well separate these beech woods from the high-mountain ones, but they are substantially present in Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae). This lack of differentiation seems to be further evidence that beech-hop hornbeam woods originate from degradation (alteration of structure and composition of tree and shrubs layers) of low-mountain beech woodlands. From a floristic point of view, the differentiation between the two syntaxa is due to the different weight of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae species group. More detailed analysis of groups of releves forming sub-cluster IIaIa highlighted the lower rank phytosociological units, described as follows. Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casa-vecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 galium aparine variant (Group IIaIa3, Table 5, releves 33-37) Releves 33-37 of Table 5 differ from those of typical subassociation for the presence of open site and ruderal type species. These beech communities grows on slopes with outcropping rock, often in morphological conditions of impluvium or in areas recently managed as high-forest, with high Nitrogen content. This peculiar ecological connotation is well emphasized by the variant of differential species block: Galium aparine (expression of high organic matter content and disturbance of soil), Digitalis lutea subsp. australis, Ribes alpinum (expression of high light availability within the forest community) and Doronicum columnae (expression of rocky surfaced substratum). Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casa-vecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 hie-racietosum murorum (Allegrezza 2003) stat. nov. (=hieracio racemosi-fagetum sylvaticae luzu-letosum sylvaticae Allegrezza 2003) (Group IIaIa1, Table 5, releves 1-18; typus rel. 2 Table 37 in Allegrezza 2003) Releves 1-18 of Table 5 differentiate, as regards the ones ascribed to the typical subassociation, for most constant occurrence and higher cover values of some acidophilous species (Hieracium murorum, H. racemosum, Potentilla micrantha, Rosa arvensis, Cephalanthera rubra, Luzula forsteri, L. syl-vatica subsp. sylvatica, Hypericum androsaemum, Carex sylvatica subsp. sylvatica and, in the tree layer, Quercus cerris or, locally, Castanea sativa). Local characteristics of such phytocoenosis are similar to those of the typical subassociation, except for the soils developed on chert-rich bedrocks, such as the Calcari Diasprini Formation (AA.vv. 1991), or the deeper, partially decalcified and clay enriched colluvial soils accumulated on gentler slopes, partially decalcified and/or subjected to clay illuviation. This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 100-150 cm depth, 5.8-6.2 pH, clayey texture (20-30 % sand, 25-35. silt, 45-55 clay). The above said floristic-ecological features led to the definition of a new subassociation named Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murorum, of which Rosa arvensis, Carex digitata, C. sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Hieracium murorum, Po-tentilla micrantha, Luzula forsteri and Platanthera chlorantha are differential species. It must be clarified that Hieracio racemosi-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae, described by Allegrezza (2003) for Monte San Vicino (Marches Region), that develops on the same substratum type, in this work is downgraded to the sub-association rank (Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murorum). Indeed, as pointed out in the synoptic table (Table 5), characteristic and differential species of the typical subassociation still occur and, moreover, there are no remark- able differences regarding acidophilous species between the new proposed subassociation and Hieracio racemosi-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae, while the main differences are due to the lower floristic richness of Allegrezza (2003) releves. Characteristic species of Hieracio race-mosi-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae are used as differentials of subassociation in Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murorum, except for Digitalis lutea subsp. australis and Pte-ridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum because they are marginal species, and for Lactuca muralis, Cephalanthera longifolia and Ilex aquifolium because widespread with the same frequency also in the typical subassociation. Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (Longhitano et Ronsisvalle 1974) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Spa-ranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 luzule-tosum sylvaticae Catorci, Ballelli, Iocchi, Paura et Vitanzi 2008 (Group IIaIb1, Table 7, releves 1-9; holotypus rel. 15 of Table 11 in Catorci et al. 2008) Woodland with a dominance of Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, managed as coppice with standards or high-forest, growing on sandstone North-facing slopes (from E to WNW) with an inclination of 10-45°, at altitudes ranging from 800 to 1200 m. This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 100-150 cm depth, 5.0-6.0 pH, tendly silty/tendly clayey texture (50-60 % sand, 30-40 silt, 10-20 clay). From a phytosociological point of view these woodlands are characterized by the dominance of Fagetalia sylvaticae elements (73 %) associated to a small group of species belonging to Querce-talia pubescenti-petraeae order (9 %); acidophilous species are also well represented (13-15 %). Catorci et al. (2008) placed such woodlands into Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (described by Ubaldi et al. 1987, Ubaldi 1995), but Biondi et al. (2008) observed that the association is not well described because the typical subassocia-tion represents a strongly impoverished aspect of acidophilous beech woods. Such an observation led Biondi et al. (2008) to describe the new association Potentillo micranthae-Fagetum sylvaticae, widespread on the Laga Mountains arenaceous Flysch, in the lower supratemperate bioclimatic belt. Floristic analysis of the releves of Table 7 highlights that the species suggested as characteristic or differential of Potentillo-Fagetum are absent or only sporadically present. For such reason it should be appropriate to mantain the placement of Monti Sibillini beech forests growing on sandstone substrata in Solidagini-Fagetum and, in particular, in Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae subassociation, described for the first time by Catorci et al. 2008. A more detailed analysis of releves groups composing cluster IIaIa enables one to highlight a phytosociological lower rank unit, described as follows. Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (Longhitano et Ronsisvalle 1974) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Spa-ranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 acere-tosum pseudoplatani Catorci, Ballelli, Iocchi, Paura et Vitanzi 2008 (Group IIaIb2, Table 7, releves 10-12; holotypus rel. 21 of Table 11 in Catorci et al. 2008) Releves 10-12 of Table 7 differentiate from the other part of the table because of the occurrence of Tilio-Acerion alliance species (Saxifraga rotundi-folia subsp. rotundifolia, Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos, Acer platanoides, Polystichum setiferum) which identify Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae aceretosum pseudoplatani subassociation. As described by Catorci et al. (2008) such subassociation develops on very steep slopes (45-70°), in impluvia with a great amount of outcropping rocks and represents the catenal contact between Solidagini-Fagetum and Ornithogalo sphaerocarpi-Aceretum pseudoplatani (Tilio-Acerion alliance) described for the Monte dell'Ascensione gorges (Southern Marches) by Taffetani (2000). Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae (Bal-lelli et Biondi 1982) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 car-daminetosum kitaibelii subass. nova (Group IIaIIb2aib, Table 8, releves 1-25; typus rel. 7 of Table 8) Woodland with a dominance of Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, mainly managed as high-forest, widespread on mainly North-facing slopes (from WNW to E) with an inclination of 15-60°, at altitudes ranging from (1200) 1400 to 1650 (1700) m (upper supratemperate bioclimatic belt). This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 50-100 cm depth, 5.5-6.5 pH, tendly clayey texture (35-45 % sand, 25-35 silt, 25-35 clay). From a phytosociological point of view these woodlands are characterized by the dominance of Fagetalia sylvaticae order elements (80-85 %) associated to a small group of species belonging to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order (4-5 %). Floristic analysis consented to the placement of such vegetation into Cardamino kitaibelii-Fage-tum sylvaticae association, described for the first time by Ubaldi et al. (1987) for the Northern Marches Apennines and signaled by other authors (Biondi et al. 2002, 2004, 2008, Di Pietro 2002, Catorci et al. 2003, Pirone et al. 2003, 2005, Ciaschetti et al. 2006) for the Central Apennines sector of the Italian Peninsula. According to the International Phytosociological Nomenclature Code (Weber et al. 2002), in the present work the typical subassociation is proposed with the cardaminetosum kitaibelii epithet (typus rel. 7 of Table 8). A more detailed analysis of releve groups forming cluster IIaIa allowed one to highlight some phytosociological lower rank units, described in the following paragraph. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae (Ballelli et Biondi 1982) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 cardaminetosum kitaibelii subass. nova sorbus aucuparia variant Releves 26-35 of Table 8 (Group IIaIIb2bi) are characterized by the occurrence of a high number of species belonging to Fagetalia sylvaticae order (82 %) and a smaller number of elements referred to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order (7 %). Thus, this is a variant of Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae cardaminetosum kitaibelii, which develops on convex morphologies (broad ridge) in areas with outcropping rock and shallow soil. Such variant is characterized by Sorbus aucupar-ia subsp. aucuparia, Sorbus aria subsp. aria and Laburnum alpinum, and describes a semi-open forest situation. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae (Ballelli et Biondi 1982) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 cardaminetosum kitaibelii subass. nova polysti-chum setiferum variant Releves 36-42 of Table 8 (Group IIaIIb2b2) are characterized by the presence of a high percentage of Fagetalia sylvaticae order species (79 %) and a small group of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order (8 %). Therefore, it represents a variant of Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae cardamine-tosum kitaibelii, developing in "impluvia", where outcropping rock and deep soil pockets, often covered by detritic matter, are alternated. Such variant is characterized by Polystichum setiferum and Asperula taurina subsp. taurina; in the tree layer Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides and Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior occur, showing a possible transition towards gorge formations referred to Tilio-Acerion. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae (Bal-lelli et Biondi 1982) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 ane-monetosum nemorosae subass. nova (Group IIaIIa2, Table 9, releves 7-25; typus rel. 16 of Table 9) Releves of Table 9 differ from those of the typical subassociation by the relatively high number of elements belonging to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae (about 10 %), a rate that in Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae is about 15-20 %, while in Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae cardaminetosum kitaibelii it is around 4-5 %. Stational characteristics of such subassociation are similar to those of typical subassociation, except for altitudinal range. In fact, the thermophilous aspect of this association is connected to an altitudinal interval ranging between (1100) 1200 and 1400 m. Floristic composition and altitudinal range allow one to define a new subassociation named Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemoneto-sum nemorosae, of which Anemone nemorosa, Epi-pactis leptochila, Hepatica nobilis, Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum and Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica represent the differential species. This subasso-ciation defines catenal contact between Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae beech woods and those of Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae. Being a catenal contact, connected to an altitudinal gradient, transition between these syntaxa, is generally shaded and its significance can be better undertstood if, together with differential species, also the weight of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae elements and serial contacts are considered, as mentioned later on. This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 50-100 cm depth, 5.5-6.5 pH, tendly clayey texture (35-45 % sand, 25-35 silt, 25-35 clay). Inside this subassociation, a facies at Orthilia seconda is identified, which differs also for the oc- currence of Luzula forsteri and Polypodium inter-jectum. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi 1993 ex Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 anemonetosum nemorosae sub-ass. nova festuca heterophylla variant Releves 1-6 of Table 9 differ from Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemo-rosae for the presence of some sub-acidophilous species, which identify a new variant named Car-damino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemorosae Festuca heterophylla variant, characterized by: Festuca heterophylla and Hieracium mu-rorum. This variant develops on sub-acid soils, probably due to the accumulation of organic matter. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi 1993 ex Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 corallorhizetosum trifidae subass. nova (Group IIaIIb2aia, Table 10, releves 1-25; holoty-pus rel. 8 of Table 10) Releves of Table 10 are different from those of typical subassociation for the occurrence of some high-altitude beech woods species, which identify a new subassociation, named Cardamino ki-taibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallorhizetosum trifidae, of which Actaea spicata, Corallorhiza trifida, Polystichum lonchitis and Silene dioica are proposed as differential species. In such subassociation, species belonging to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order are nearly absent, favouring the ones of Fagetalia sylvaticae order, which exceed 90 %. This subassociation mainly develops on slopes, in an altitudinal belt close to the upper ecological timberline, from (1600-1800 m a.s.l.). Such woodlands are structurally managed as high-forest, often with signs of geotropism. This syntaxon is characterized by soils with the following features: 50-100 cm depth, 5.5-6.5 pH, tendly clayey texture (35-45 % sand, 25-35 silt, 25-35 clay). Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi 1993 ex Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 corallhorizetosum trifidae sub-ass. nova moehringia trinervia variant Releves 26-31 of Table 10 (Group IIaIIb2a2) differ from the ones ascribed to Cardamino kitai-belii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallhorizetosum trifidae for the presence of some nitrophilous and helio- philous species, which identify a new variant, named Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallhorizetosum trifidae Moehringia trinervia variant, characterized by Moehringia trinervia, La-mium maculatum, Myosotis nemorosa, Aegopodium podagraria, Campanula micrantha and La-mium garganicum subsp. laevigatum. This variant develops in correspondence with the most exter-nal ramifications of woods as well as on its marginal areas, or in situations characterized by high brightness in the undergrowth and high Nitrogen content in the soil (probably because cattle use these areas as a rest place during the hottest hours of the day). Impoverished facies of Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae (Group IIaIIbi, Table 11, releves 1-10) Releves of Table 11 are characterized by a general decrease of floristic richness due to two different situations which originate the same phenomenon in terms of floristic composition. In the first case, there are occurrences of quite high values of Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides and Brachypodium rupestre, indicators of openings in the tree layer and/or of an early stage of the forest population. In the second case, species impoverishment is due to the accumulation of thick litter (10-15 cm) on the soil, which prevents the development of the smallest nemoral species. It must be noticed that such situations are frequently associated with woods that have not been cut for many decades, but that can not be considered old-growth forest yet. Aceretum obtusati-Pseudoplatani Biondi, Casa-vecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 (Group IIb, Table 12, releves 1-9; holotypus rel. 1 of Table 6 in Biondi et al. 2002) Woodland with Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior and Tilia platyphyllos sub-sp. platyphyllos dominance, generally unmanaged, growing in deep valleys and narrow and steep impluvia, with high levels of edaphic and atmospheric moisture, with slope angles of 20-55°, at altitudes ranging from 1000 to 1400 m. From a phytosociological point of view these woodlands are characterized by the dominance of Fagetalia sylvaticae order and Tilio-Acerion alliance species. Floristic analysis allowed such phytocoenosis to be placed into Aceri obtusati-pseudoplatani association, described for the first time by Biondi et al. (2002) for the Central and Northern Apennines woodlands and signaled by other authors (Paura & Cutini 2006, Catorci et al. 2008) for the Central-Southern Apennines sector of the Italian Peninsula. 5. DISCUSSION The results of phytosociological analysis emphasize that the floristic and phytocoenotic diversity of beech woods is substantially related to an alti-tudinal gradient and, secondarily, to geo-pedo-logical aspects (Figure 5). In particular, it was possible to highlight a clear trend in the ratio between the number of elements of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae and Fagetalia sylvaticae orders, as previously partly discussed, which can be a good support system for phytosociological diagnosis. Indeed, syntaxa with Ostrya carpinifolia dominance (Scutellario columnae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Pedrotti, Ballelli & Biondi 1982 ex Pedrotti et al. 1980, Aceri obtusati-Quercetum cerridis, etc.), belonging to the upper mesotemperate belt, show a group of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae species higher than 70-75 % (Ballelli et al. 1982, Ubaldi & Speranza 1985, Catorci & Orsomando 2001). This percentage decreases around 45-50 % for Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae, which identifies a transition from Quercetalia pubescen-ti-petraeae to Fagetalia sylvaticae. Inside this last order, Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae is characterized by the occurrence of Quercetalia pubescen-ti-petraeae elements, never lower than 15 % and never higher than 25 %, while Cardamino kitaibe-lii-Fagetum sylvaticae shows values of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae elements ranging from 3 to 5 % as regards the typical subassociation, from 8 to 12 % for Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemorosae subassociation (growing at lower altitudes) and lower than 3 % for Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallorhizeto-sum trifidae (microthermal subassociation). A further control and screening system of syn-taxonomical aspects can derive from the analysis of mantle shrub vegetation that, on the basis of the previous set of knowledge (Catorci & Orso-mando 2001, Allegrezza 2003, Biondi et al. 2004, Catorci et al. 2007, 2008) and of the current studies, shows significant correlations with the considered forest types. Such correlations are shown in Table 13. .v o ki in nd t ts no en d o n v O bs bk ps kat inoh i al nv ^ en Co ^^ 4) in 6. CONCLUSIONS Phytosociological placement of Fagus sylvatica woods of Monti Sibillini National Park confirmed the syntaxonomical scheme as defined by Biondi et al. (2002), allowing, however, for a more complete understanding of Central Apennines beech woods from an ecological and diagnostic viewpoint, thanks to the wider altitudinal interval considered. Moreover, this work emphasizes that forest structure, management types, felling frequency and other parameters related to the historical soil use assume a remarkable role in the floristic characterization of these woodlands, as also highlighted by Bartha et al. (2008). The continuation of the research in this direction can supply important indications for management, a fundamental aspect because the surveyed beech woods are included into a National Park and almost completely into Natura 2000 Network sites, according the Habitat Directive 92/43/CEE (in which investigated beech woods are part of priority Habitat "9210 - Apennines Taxus and Ilex beech woods"). On the whole, the beech forest ecosystem of the Sibillini massif is composed of about 250 species representing 13 % of the Monti Sibillini National Park flora (Ballelli et al. 2010, in press). Among these species as deserving of attention in terms of rarity, threat and vulnerability, are Asarum eu-ropaeum, Convallaria majalis, Corallorhiza trifida, Euonymus verrucosus, Scutellaria altissima, etc. Finally, we can say that the beech forest diversity is an important core for the Monti Sibillini biodiversity. Syntaxonomical scheme QuERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. 1948 em. Ohba 1974 Quercetalia pubescentis-petraeae Klika 1933 Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958 Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion carpinifoliae (Ubaldi 1995) Blasi, Di Pietro et Filesi 2004 Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Catorci, Gatti et Sparvoli 2003 Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski in Pawlowski, Sokolowski et Wallish 1928 Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae Gentile 1969 Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 Galium aparine variant hieracietosum murori (Allegrezza 2003) Catorci, Vitanzi et Ballelli stat. nov. Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae (Horvat 1938) To-rok, Podani et Borhidi1989 Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae (Longhitano et Ronsisvalle 1974) Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Sparanza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 luzuletosum sylvaticae Catorci, Ballelli, Iocchi, Paura et Vitanzi 2008 aceretosum pseudoplatani Catorci, Bal-lelli, Iocchi, Paura et Vitanzi 2008 Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta 1987 ex Ubaldi 1993 cardaminetosum kitaibelii subass. nova Sorbus aucuparia variant Polystichum setiferum variant anemonetosum nemorosae subass. nova Festuca heterophylla variant corallorhizetosum trifidae subass. nova Moehringia trinervia variant Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani Klika 1955 Ostryo carpinifoliae-Tilienion plathyphylli Košir, Čarni et Di Pietro 2008 Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 7. REFERENCES AA.vv. 1991: L'ambiente fisico delle Marche. Geo-logia Geomorfologia Idrogeologia. 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Received 27. 7. 2009 Revision received 17. 3. 2010 Accepted 22. 3. 2010 APPENDIX: sporadic taxa Table 3 - Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Rel. 1: Epipactis microphylla +; Rel. 2: Geranium robertianum +; Epipactis muelleri +; Asperula tau-rina subsp. taurina +; Primula veris subsp. sua-veolens 1; Rel. 3: Rhamnus alpina subsp. alpina r; Silene italica subsp. italica r; Acer platanoides +; Cardamine enneaphyllos r; Rel. 4: Prenanthes purpurea +; Rel. 5: Helleborusfoetidus subsp. foetidus r; ulmus glabra +; Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens r; Rel. 6: Digitalis lutea subsp. austra-lis +; Scutellaria columnae subsp. columnae +; Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii +; Sorbus torminalis +; Cardamine enneaphyllos +; Lilium martagon +; Anemone ranunculoides +; Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia +; Ajuga reptans +; Geum urbanum +; Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata +; Rel. 7: Li-gustrum vulgare +; Euonymus verrucosus +; Prunus avium subsp. avium +; Malus sylvestris +. Table 5 - Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Rel. 1: Ligustrum vulgare r; Rel. 3: Veronica officinalis +; Rel. 5: Listera ovata +; Rel. 6: Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior +; Rel. 9: Corallorhiza trifida +; Rel. 11: Salix caprea +; Rel. 13: Cytisophyllum sessilifolium +; Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) +; Rel. 15: Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. hirundinaria +; Asplenium onopteris +; Rel. 17: Hypericum monta-num +; Rel. 18: Brachypodium rupestre +; Rel. 19: Phyllitisscolopendrium subsp. scolopendrium +; Rel. 21: Staphylea pinnata +; Rel. 23: Festuca altissima +; Stellaria media subsp. media r; Rel. 24: Hordely-mus europaeus +; Senecio ovatus subsp. alpestris +; Rel. 30: Chaerophyllum temulum +, Sambucus nigra +, Sedum cepaea +; Rel. 31: Primula veris subsp. suaveolens +; Rel. 32: Salvia glutinosa +; Rel. 33: Lapsana communis +, Campanula rapunculus +; Rel. 34: Ribes multiflorum +. Table 7 - Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae Rel. 1: Salvia glutinosa r; Rel. 2: Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis +; Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii +; Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca r; Rel. 5: Laburnum alpinum +; Rel. 6: Crataegus laevigata +; Rel. 7: Pulmonaria apennina r; Rel. 8: Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior r; Sorbus aria subsp. aria r; Rel. 9: Athyriumfilix-femina +; Pyrola minor +; Rel. 10: Aegopodium podagraria r; Polystichum setiferum+; Epipactis leptochila r; Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra r; Rel. 11: Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum r; Rel. 12: Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium r. Table 8 - Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae typicum Rel. 4: Helleborusfoetidus subsp. foetidus +; Rel. 6: Veronica hederifolia subsp. hederifolia +, Cystopteris fragilis +; Rel. 7: Veronica hederifolia subsp. hederi-folia +; Rel. 11: Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata +; Rel. 13: Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata +, Bunium bulbocastanum +, Rumex alpestris +; Rel. 14: Helleborus foetidus subsp. foetidus +; Rel. 21: Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys 1; Luzula forsteri +; Rel. 25: Lamium galeobdolon subsp. mon-tanum +;Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys +; Rel. 26: Ostrya carpinifolia +; Rel. 28: Campanula rapunculus r; Rel. 29: Arabis turrita +; Emerus majus (s.l.) +; Rel. 30: Ribes uva-crispa r; Rel. 31: Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum +; Rel. 32: Laserpitium latifolium r; Rel. 33: Rumex alpestris +; Rel. 34: Cardamine heptaphylla +; Prunus avium subsp. avium +; Populus tremula +; Laserpitium latifolium +, Salix caprea 1; Rel. 37: Hordelymus europaeus +; Rel. 39: Milium effusum +; Lathyrus venetus +; Hedera helix subsp. helix +; Rel. 40: Arabis turrita r; Rel. 41: Alliaria petiolata +; Rel. 42: Valeriana tripteris subsp. tripteris r. Table 9 - Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae anemonetosum nemorosae Rel. 1: Arum maculatum +; Polystichum setiferum +; Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum +; Senecio alpinus +, Silene conica +, Aegopodium pod-agraria +; Rel. 3: Senecio alpinus 1, Silene conica +, Arabis turrita +, Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chama-edrys +, Chaerophyllum temulum +; Rel. 4: Epipactis muelleri +; Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior +; Rel. 5: Rubus idaeus +; Silene italica subsp. italica +; Rel. 7: Corydalis pumila +; Acer campestre +; Rel. 8: Clematis vitalba r; Rel. 9: Galium aparine +; Rel. 10: Galium aparine +; Rel. 13: Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum +; Rel. 14: Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens +, Cotoneaster integerrimus +; Rel. 15: Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadriva-lens +, Primula veris subsp. suaveolens +; Rel. 17: Carpinus betulus +; Quercus pubescens subsp. pu-bescens r; Rel. 19: Potentilla micrantha +; Rel. 20: Crataegus laevigata r; Rel. 21: Ruscus hypoglossum +; Salix caprea 1; Rel. 22: Aegopodium podagraria +, Listera ovata r; Scrophularia scopolii +; Rel. 23: Polystichum lonchitis +; Platanthera chlorantha r; Salix caprea r; Rel. 25: Pulmonaria apennina r; Rhamnus alpina subsp. alpina +. Table 10 - Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae corallorhizetosum trifidae Rel. 4: Laserpitium latifolium +; Solidago virgau-rea subsp. virgaurea +; Rel. 5: Valeriana tripteris subsp. tripteris +; Rel. 6: Cystopteris fragilis +; Rel. 7: Anemone apennina subsp. apennina +; Epipac-tis leptochila +; Rel. 10: Veronica officinalis +; Ribes uva-crispa +; Rel. 11: Paris quadrifolia +; Rel. 12: Orthilia secunda +; Rel. 13: Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca +, Sesleria nitida (s.l.) r; Rel. 14: Daphne me-zereum +; Rosa arvensis +; Geum urbanum r; Rel.15: Festuca altissima +; Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum r; Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca r; Rel. 17: Veronica montana +; Rel. 20: Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbifer +; Rel. 21: Epipactis muelleri +; Rel. 22: Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbifer +; Rel. 24: Rubus idaeus +, Crocus vernus subsp. vernus +; Rel. 25: Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum +; Rel. 29: Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica +; Rel. 30: Veronica hederifolia subsp. hederifolia +; Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta +; Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata +. Table 12 - Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani Rel. 1: Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum +; Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus +; Thalictrum aquilegifolium subsp. aquilegifolium +; Polygonatum verticillatum r; Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii +; Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris r; Silene conica r, Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbifer 1, Sambucus nigra +; Rel. 2: Senecio ovatus subsp. alpestris +; Rel. 3: Aegopodium podagraria +; Paris quadrifolia +; Laburnum alpinum +; Polystichum aculeatum +; Festuca altissima +; Rel. 5: Sesleria nitida (s.l.) 1, Ceterach officinarum subsp. officinarum +; Dryopteris filix-mas +; Rel. 6: Bro-mus ramosus +; Valeriana tripteris subsp. tripteris +; Hieracium murorum +; Geum urbanum +; Primula veris subsp. suaveolens +; Rel. 7: Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum +; Ribes multiflorum +; Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus +; Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca +; Lamium maculatum +; Rel. 8: Rosa canina +, Elymus caninus subsp. caninus +; Rel. 9: Actaea spicata +; Epipactis leptochila +; Alliaria petiolata +; Lonicera caprifolium +; Moehringia trin-ervia +, Eranthis hyemalis 1, Chaerophyllum aureum +, Silene italica subsp. nemoralis +. Table 11 - Impoverished facies of Cardamino ki-taibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Rel. 1: Hypericum montanum +; Potentilla micrantha +; Rel. 2: Juniperus communis subsp. communis +, Sedum cepaea +; Rel. 3: Gagea lutea +; Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys +, Moehringia trin-ervia +, Campanula micrantha +; Rel. 4: Polystichum aculeatum +; Rel. 6: Sambucus nigra +; Geranium robertianum +; Ilex aquifolium +; Rel. 7: Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum +; Rosa arvensis +; Rel. 8: Aremonia agrimonoides subsp ag-rimonoides +; Hepatica nobilis +; Rel. 9: Geranium nodosum +; Euonymus latifolius +; Rel. 10: Aegopodium podagraria +; Cardamine heptaphylla +; Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia +. Table 1: Bioclimatic belts of the study area. Tabela 1: Bioklimatski pasovi obravnvanega območja. ■iS ■s a 'S ia M S « o ^ -a ■s g o g a rjl ■e U u i ^ Upper Meso-temperate 600-1000 11-13 850-1100 6 1 Upper Meso-temperate Lower humid - 0-20 6-7 400-500 190- 220 Lower Supra-temperate 1000-1400 9-11 1100-1300 6 3 Lower Supra-temperate Upper humid - - 7-8 500-600 160- 190 Upper Supra-temperate 1400-1800 7-9 1300-1500 8 4 Upper Supra-temperate Lower hyper-humid - - 8-9 600-700 120- 150 Table 2: PCA matrix of environmental parameters classes. Table 2: PCA matrica razredov rastiščnih dejavnikov. Classes Limestone 1 Geological substrata Calcari Diasprini Formation 2 Sandstone 3 600-1000 m 1 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1000-1400 m 2 1400-1800 m 3 > 45° 1 Slope (°) 15-45° 2 < 15° 3 expluvium 1 Morphology slope 2 impluvium 3 Table 3 (Tabela 3): Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Catorci, Gatti et Sparvoli 2003. Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 700 770 660 840 730 890 650 Aspect NW NNW NE NE NNW NW ENE P F Slope (°) 10 10 25 35 55 10 20 r e r e Area (m2) 300 200 250 250 300 400 300 s q Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Characteristic species of the association Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae H caesp Eurasiat. Carex digitata 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 86 H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica + 2 1 r + + 6 86 G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus aculeatus + + + + 4 57 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos + 1 1 1 4 57 P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Staphylea pinnata + + + 3 43 Differential species of the sub-alliance Laburno anagyroidis-Ostryenion carpinifoliae P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 7 100 H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea + + 1 3 + 1 6 86 G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum + + r r r 5 71 G rhiz Endem. Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei r + 2 29 T scap Endem. Melampyrum italicum + + 2 29 Charact. species of the alliance Carpinion orientalis P scap SE Europ. Ostrya carpinifolia 2 1 3 3 4 3 4 7 100 P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 7 100 NP C Europ. Emerus majus (s.l.) + + + + + 5 71 Charact. species of the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola + + + + + + + 7 100 G bulb S Europ. Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium 2 2 2 1 1 + 6 86 P scap S Europ.-Sudsib. Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus 2 2 2 1 2 + 6 86 G rhiz S Europ.-Sudsib. Lathyrus venetus + + + + + + 6 86 P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Cornus mas + + 1 + + 1 6 86 P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria 1 1 1 + + 5 71 G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis + + + + + 5 71 H scap C Europ. Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum + + + + + 5 71 P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Lonicera xylosteum + + + + + 5 71 P caesp Medit. mont. Euonymus latifolius + + + + 4 57 G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera longifolia + r + 3 43 P caesp C Europ. Viburnum lantana + + + 3 43 P caesp C Europ. Crataegus laevigata + + 2 29 P caesp Eurasiat. Euonymus europaeus + + 2 29 G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) + 2 2 29 P caesp SE Europ. Quercus pubescens subsp. pubescens 1 1 14 P scap N Eurimedit. Quercus cerris 1 1 14 P scap Eurimedit. Sorbus domestica 1 1 14 H ros Paleotrop. Polypodium interjectum 1 1 14 Transgressive species from the order Fagetalia sylvaticae H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana 1 + + + 1 + 6 86 H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora + + + + + + 6 86 P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 2 3 2 2 1 5 71 G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis + + r r 2 5 71 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Carpinus betulus 4 3 1 + 1 5 71 H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla + + + + 1 5 71 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + + + + 4 57 H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium + r r + 4 57 42 Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pres Freq H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina + r + 2 4 57 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + 1 + 2 4 57 G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa + + + 3 43 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus + 1 + 3 43 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum + 1 1 3 43 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer campestre + + 2 29 G bulb Paleotemp. Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii + r 2 29 G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea + + 2 29 G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera + + 2 29 G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis r + 2 29 P caesp Eurimedit. Ilex aquifolium + 1 2 29 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis + + 2 29 H scap Orof. Eurasiat. Salvia glutinosa 1 2 2 29 H caesp Eurasiat. Bromus ramosus + 2 2 29 Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides + + 2 29 G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra 2 1 14 Character species of the class Querco-Fagetea P lian Eurimedit. Hedera helix subsp. helix 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 7 100 NP S Medit.-Subatl. Rosa arvensis + + + + + + 6 86 P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Corylus avellana 2 2 1 + 1 + 6 86 H ros Europ.-Caucas. Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris + + + + + + 6 86 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis + + + r + 5 71 G rhiz SE Europ. Anemone apennina subsp. apennina 1 + 1 + + 5 71 H rept Eurosib. Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca + + + + + 5 71 NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus + + + + 1 5 71 H caesp Paleotemp. Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum + + r 1 4 57 G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium r + r 2 4 57 H scap Eurasiat. Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra r + + 3 43 H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum + + 1 3 43 H scap Circumbor. Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea r r 1 3 43 T scap N Medit. Cardamine graeca + + + 3 43 G rad Eurimedit. Tamus communis + + 2 3 43 H caesp Eurimedit. Luzula forsteri + + 2 29 P lian S Europ.-Sudsib. Lonicera caprifolium + + 2 29 G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum r + 2 29 Accompanying taxa P caesp Paleotemp. Crataegus monogyna + + + + 4 57 P scap Stenomedit. Quercus ilex subsp. ilex 1 1 + 3 43 H ros Cosmopol. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum + + 2 29 P caesp Orof. SW Europ. Cytisophyllum sessilifolium + r 2 29 P caesp Circumbor. Juniperus communis subsp. communis + + 2 29 Sporadic taxa 1 4 4 1 3 11 4 Table 4: Plant species frequency in different altitudinal ranges within the present study: black - very frequent; grey and dark grey - rare or not frequent; white - absent. Tabela 4: Frekvenca rastlinskih vrst v različnih višinskih pasovih: črna - zelo pogosto, siva in temno siva - redko; bela - vrsta ni prisotna. 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 1200-1400 1400-1600 1600-1800 Cornus mas Bromus ramosus Lonicera caprifolium Ruscus aculeatus Sorbus torminalis Quercus pubescens subsp. pubescens Euonymus europaeus Sorbus domestica Quercus ilex subsp. ilex Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum- nigrum Cytisophyllum sessilifolium Carpinus betulus Quercus cerris Campanula persicifolia subsp. persicifolia Corylus avellana Crataegus monogyna Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens Tamus communis Acer campestre Hedera helix subsp. helix Carex digitata Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Ostrya carpinifolia Crataegus laevigata Luzula forsteri Ilex aquifolium Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum Lonicera xylosteum Viburnum lantana Cardamine graeca Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos Prunus avium subsp. avium Polypodium interjectum Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei Lathyrus venetus Daphne laureola Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum Anemone apennina subsp. apennina Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides Euphorbia dulcis Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum Euonymus latifolius Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 1200-1400 1400-1600 1600-1800 Cephalanthera longifolia Acer pseudoplatanus Mercurialis perennis Ruscus hypoglossum Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii Orthilia secunda Anemone nemorosa Cystopteris fragilis Taxus baccata Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior Arum maculatum Epipactis leptochila Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum Silene conica Polystichum setiferum Epipactis microphylla Ribes alpinum Geranium nodosum Epipactis muelleri Poa sylvicola Acer platanoides Carex sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Laburnum alpinum Prenanthes purpurea Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides Cephalanthera rubra Moehringia trinervia Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) Gagea lutea Anemone ranunculoides Adoxa moschatellina Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra Ranunculus lanuginosus Doronicum columnae Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia Corydalis cava subsp. cava Cardamine kitaibelii Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus Polystichum aculeatum Actaea spicata Corallorhiza trifida Epilobium montanum Polystichum lonchitis Myosotis nemorosa Veronica urticifolia Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbifer Silene dioica Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena Table 5 (Tabela 5): Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002, hieracietosum murori subass. nova and Galium aparine variant. Releve number 1 2 3* 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 750 840 1080 1190 1230 1290 990 1085 1105 1100 1160 911 Aspect NE N N NE N NNE N E E E NE NE Slope (°) 20 30 40 20 30 35 15 5 10 10 35 15 Area (m2) 300 400 400 400 400 400 250 250 250 200 300 400 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Characteristic species of the association Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae and differential of the subassoci- G rhiz SE Europ. Anemone apennina subsp. apennina 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 G rhiz S Europ.-Sudsib. Lathyrus venetus + + + 1 + 1 + + + + G bulb S Europ. Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium 1 1 1 + + + 1 + r + H ros Eurimedit. Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii + + r + + G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa + + + + + G rhiz Eurasiat. Polygonatum multiflorum + + + Species of the Galium aparine variant H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis r NP Eurosib. Ribes alpinum + r T scap Eurasiat. Galium aparine G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae Diff. species of the subass. hieracietosum murorum NP S Medit.-Subatl. Rosa arvensis r + + + + + + + + + + H caesp Eurasiat. Carex digitata 1 1 + + + 1 1 1 + + + H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum r + + + r + r r H caesp Europ.-E Asiat. Carex sylvatica subsp. sylvatica + + + + + H ros Eurimedit. Potentilla micrantha r + + + + + + H caesp Eurimedit. Luzula forsteri r + r + + r G bulb Eurosib. Platanthera chlorantha r r r + Charact. species of the alliance Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum 3 1 2 2 1 2 + + + 1 P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola + + + + + + + + + 1 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides + + + H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina + + + + H scap Europ.-Caucas. Ranunculus lanuginosus r G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus hypoglossum r G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea + 2 1 1 + 1 + + r + + H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 + H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla + + + + + + + + + + H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora + + + r + r + H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium r + + + + r + + H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + + + r + r + G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis + r + 1 + r r r r G bulb Eurasiat. Lilium martagon 1 + + + r + + + r r G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + + + + + + + P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria + + r + + + + G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis + + + + + r 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 980 970 1100 1125 1150 1170 640 930 910 1250 800 1280 1100 1230 1290 898 960 1030 1034 937 1270 1200 1265 1400 1400 ENE NE N NNE NW WSW N NW NW ENE NE E N N NNE NNW S S SW SE NW ENE NE N E P F 45 15 45 20 30 45 20 45 30 50 20 40 20 20 55 40 45 25 30 45 22 20 15 40 35 r r 300 400 200 200 200 400 300 250 350 350 300 300 250 250 200 350 300 300 200 300 200 400 400 500 400 s q 98 100 98 100 100 98 100 99 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 98 98 100 98 98 90 100 100 100 100 ation lathyretosum veneti 11 + 11 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + + 33 89 + 1 . + + + + 1 1 + + + + + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 30 81 + + + + . + + 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + + + 26 70 + . + + + . + + + + + + + + 17 46 + . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 17 46 . + . . + . + + + + + + + + 13 35 ++++ + + 1 + + + 11 30 1 + + + 6 16 + + + + + 5 14 + + + + 4 11 + + + + + + 1 . + + + . + 1 . . . + + . + + . . . + . . + . + ....+ .1.... 21 18 15 9 9 9 5 57 49 41 24 24 24 14 2 2 . + + + 32 86 32 86 12 32 11 30 7 19 6 16 4 11 5 3 4 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 5 4 37 100 + + + + + 2 + + 1 1 + + 2 2 1 3 2 3 + 1 + + + 34 92 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + + 32 86 + + + + 1 + + 1 2 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + 30 81 + 1 1 + 1 1 2 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 30 81 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 27 73 + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 27 73 + + r + + r + + + + + + + + 23 62 + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + 22 59 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 22 59 + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 1 20 54 + + + + + + + + + 15 41 + + + + + + r 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Releve number 1 3* 4 8 9 10 11 12 Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides r r G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera r . H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea . r G bulb Paleotemp. Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia H caesp Circumbor. Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis P caesp Eurimedit. Ilex aquifolium G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus T scap Subcosmop. Geranium robertianum P scap Paleotemp. Taxus baccata G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer platanoides P scap Pont. Prunus avium subsp. avium G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis + G bulb Eurasiat. Allium ursinum subsp. ucrainicum 1 G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos r G rhiz C Europ. Arum maculatum Ch rept Circumbor. Orthilia secunda G rhiz Subcosmop. Dryopteris filix-mas G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis leptochila H caesp Eurasiat. Bromus ramosus P scap Europ.-Caucas. Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos Ch scap Europ.-Caucas. Stellaria holostea subsp. holostea P scap Europ.-Caucas. Carpinus betulus G bulb Eurasiat. Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum H scap Paleotemp. Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum G rhiz Eurasiat. Actaea spicata G rhiz C e S Europ. Epipactis muelleri H scap Orof. S Europ. Aconitum lycoctonum G rhiz N Medit. mont. Geranium nodosum P caesp Europ. Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra P caesp Orof. S Europ. Laburnum alpinum G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina G bulb C Europ. Corydalis pumila H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum H scap Eurosib. Thalictrum aquilegifolium subsp. aquilegifolium G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Corydalis cava subsp. cava Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis P scap S Europ.-Sudsib. Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus P caesp C Europ. Crataegus laevigata G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides P scap SE Europ. Ostrya carpinifolia P caesp Medit. mont. Euonymus latifolius G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum H scap C Europ. Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera longifolia G rhiz Endem. Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei P caesp C Europ. Viburnum lantana P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Lonicera xylosteum 1 5 6 7 + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + r r r + r + r r + + + + + + + 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Pres Freq + + 1 + + + + + 1 + 1 + . + + + + + + + +. + + +. . + 1 + 1 + + + + + . . . + r . + . + . + 33.1 + 1 + ++ 2 .+ ++ +. 1+ + 1 + 1 + . . . ++++ ++++ . + + + 2+++ 13 35 13 35 13 35 12 32 11 30 11 30 10 27 10 27 10 27 9 24 9 24 8 22 8 22 8 22 8 22 8 22 6 16 6 16 6 16 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 11 32 22 21 21 18 14 11 13 10 9 9 8 7 86 59 57 57 49 38 30 35 27 24 24 22 19 + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + r r + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + r + + + Releve number 3* 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 G rhiz Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) NP Emerus majus (s.l.) P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Cornus mas Ch suffr Subatl. Helleborus foetidus subsp. foetidus P scap N Eurimedit. Quercus cerris H scap Eurasiat. Campanula persicifolia subsp. persicifolia P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Euonymus verrucosus P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus torminalis H ros Paleotrop. Polypodium interjectum H ros Eurimedit. Silene italica subsp. italica H caesp Euromedit. Poa sylvicola H ros Circumbor. Polypodium vulgare Charact. species of the class Querco-Fagetea G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis + H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica + P lian Eurimedit. Hedera helix subsp. helix + NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus + G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium H rept Eurosib. Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca H caesp Paleotemp. Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum + P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer campestre H ros Europ.-Caucas. Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris + H ros NE Stenomedit. Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides H rept Europ.-Caucas. Ajuga reptans P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Corylus avellana 1 G rad Eurimedit. Tamus communis + H scap Circumbor. Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea T scap N Medit. Cardamine graeca P lian Europ.-Caucas. Clematis vitalba H scap Europ.-Caucas. Hieracium racemosum P lian S Europ.-Sudsib. Lonicera caprifolium r G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus aculeatus + H scap Eurasiat. Aquilegia vulgaris auct. fl. ital. H scap Circumbor. Geum urbanum + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 1 + + + + r r + + + + r r + + + + + + r + r + + + + + + + Accompanying taxa H scap Eurasiat. Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra T scap Eurasiat. Moehringia trinervia P caesp Circumbor. Juniperus communis subsp. communis G rhiz Eurosib. Aegopodium podagraria G rhiz Cosmopol. Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum H bienn S Europ.-Sudsib. Arabis turrita P caesp Paleotemp. Crataegus monogyna H scap Europ. Laserpitium latifolium H ros Cosmop. temp. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens r++r + + . r + Sporadic taxa 201011001010 + + + r + + + + + + + r r + + + r r + + 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Pres Freq +1 + + . + . + + + +++ +++ +.+ 1 . + + +.+ 7 19 6 16 6 16 6 16 6 16 5 14 5 14 4 11 38 38 25 25 + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 2 + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + 35 95 23 62 21 57 20 54 18 49 17 46 15 41 12 32 11 30 10 27 8 22 8 22 19 16 16 14 11 8 8 8 5 + + . . + + + 11 .+ ++ 10 27 9 24 6 16 5 14 38 38 38 38 38 2 0 2 0 1 10102200000 1121000 + + 2 r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Table 6: Synoptical table of Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica communities of lower supratemperate bioclimatic belt: Lv-Fs l v - Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002; Lv-Fs h m - Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 hieracietosum murori subass. nova; Hr-Fs l s - Hieracio racemosi-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae Allegrezza 2003. Tabela 6: Sinoptična tabela združb vrste Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica spodnjega supratemperatnega biokli-matskega pasu: Lv-Fs l v - Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae lathyretosum veneti Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002; Lv-Fs h m - Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002 hieracietosum murori subass. nova; Hr-Fs l s - Hieracio racemosi-Fagetum sylvaticae luzuletosum sylvaticae Allegrezza 2003. Lv-Fs lv Lv-Fs h m Hr-Fs l s Characteristic species of the association Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae and differential species of the subassociation lathyretosum veneti G rhiz S Europ.-Sudsib. Lathyrus venetus V V II Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides IV I II P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria II III I H ros Eurimedit. Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii II II I G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis V V G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum V II G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia III III H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea III I G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos I I G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii II Acidophilous species H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica IV IV IV H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum I III V NP S Medit.-Subatl. Rosa arvensis I V I H caesp Eurimedit. Luzula forsteri I II IV G rhiz Cosmopol. Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum I I V H scap Europ.-Caucas. Hieracium racemosum I I V G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra I II I H caesp Europ.-E Asiat. Carex sylvatica subsp. sylvatica I I P scap N Eurimedit. Quercus cerris II II NP W Eurimedit. Hypericum androsaemum I I H ros Eurimedit. Potentilla micrantha II P caesp Stenomedit. Erica arborea III Charact. and diff. Species of the alliance Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola V IV III P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum IV V II G bulb S Europ. Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium III IV II H scap Europ.-Caucas. Ranunculus lanuginosus I I I H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina II II G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus hypoglossum II I G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides I I Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica V V V H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana V V V H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea V V II H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora V IV V H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis V III V H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla IV V V P scap Paleotemp. Taxus baccata III I I Lv-Fs lv Lv-Fs h m Hr-Fs l s G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis II III I G bulb Paleotemp. Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii II II III P caesp Eurimedit. Ilex aquifolium II I III H scap Circumbor. Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea II III H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium V III G bulb Eurasiat. Lilium martagon IV III G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera IV I G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis III III H caesp Circumbor. Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis II II H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia II I T scap Subcosmop. Geranium robertianum II I G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea II I P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus II I G rhiz Subcosmop. Dryopteris filix-mas II I G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa I II P scap Pont. Prunus avium subsp. avium I II H scap Paleotemp. Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum II G rhiz C e S Europ. Epipactis muelleri II G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis II G rhiz C Europ. Arum maculatum II G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis leptochila II Ch rept Circumbor. Orthilia secunda II T rept Cosmopol. Stellaria media subsp. media I H rept Eurasiat. Veronica officinalis . I I P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer platanoides III G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum H caesp Eurasiat. Bromus ramosus P scap Europ.-Caucas. Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos Ch scap Europ.-Caucas. Stellaria holostea subsp. holostea G rhiz Eurasiat. Polygonatum multiflorum G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae G rhiz Eurasiat. Actaea spicata G bulb C Europ. Corydalis pumila G bulb Eurasiat. Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum H scap Orof. S Europ. Aconitum lycoctonum H scap Orof. Eurasiat. Salvia glutinosa H ros Circumbor. temp. Phyllitis scolopendrium subsp. scolopendrium H caesp Subatl. Festuca altissima P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Staphylea pinnata H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Hordelymus europaeus G bulb Eurasiat. Allium ursinum subsp. ucrainicum . II P scap Europ.-Caucas. Carpinus betulus .I G rhiz N Medit. mont. Geranium nodosum .I H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra .I P caesp Orof. S Europ. Laburnum alpinum .I H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum .I H scap Eurosib. Thalictrum aquilegifolium i aquilegifolium .I P caesp Europ. Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia .I P scap Europ.-Caucas. Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior .I H scap Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) .I G rhiz Circumbor. Corallorhiza trifida .I Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis IV V II P caesp C Europ. Crataegus laevigata III IV II H caesp Eurasiat. Carex digitata IV II G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera longifolia I II IV Lv-Fs lv Lv-Fs h m Hr-Fs l s H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis I P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Lonicera xylosteum I P scap S Europ.-Sudsib. Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus III P caesp Medit. mont. Euonymus latifolius III P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides II P scap SE Europ. Ostrya carpinifolia II G rhiz Endem. Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei II G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum I H scap C Europ. Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum I P caesp C Europ. Viburnum lantana I P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Cornus mas I Ch suffr Subatl. Helleborus foetidus subsp. foetidus I G rhiz Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) I H ros Paleotrop. Polypodium interjectum I H ros Circumbor. Polypodium vulgare I NP Emerus majus (s.l.) H ros Eurimedit. Silene italica subsp. italica H scap Eurasiat. Campanula persicifolia subsp. persicifolia P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus torminalis P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Euonymus verrucosus H caesp Subatl. Brachypodium rupestre P caesp Eurasiat. Euonymus europaeus H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Hypericum montanum H scap Eurasiat. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria subsp. hirundinaria Charact. species of the class Querco-Fagetea P lian Eurimedit. Hedera helix subsp. helix IV NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus IV H rept Eurosib. Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca III H ros Europ.-Caucas. Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris II P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer campestre I G rad Eurimedit. Tamus communis I P lian S Europ.-Sudsib. Lonicera caprifolium I G rhiz SE Europ. Anemone apennina subsp. apennina H caesp Paleotemp. Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum III G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium III H ros NE Stenomedit. Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides I P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Corylus avellana I T scap N Medit. Cardamine graeca I P lian Europ.-Caucas. Clematis vitalba I G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus aculeatus I H scap Eurasiat. Aquilegia vulgaris auct. fl. ital. I H scap Eurasiat. Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra H rept Europ.-Caucas. Ajuga reptans G bulb Eurosib. Platanthera chlorantha H scap Circumbor. Geum urbanum I G rhiz Eurasiat. Listera ovata P caesp SE Europ. Quercus pubescens subsp. pubescens P scap SE Europ. Castanea sativa H caesp Eurasiat. Anthoxanthum odoratum G bulb NW Stenomedit. Cyclamen repandum subsp. repandum Accompanying taxa T scap Eurasiat. Moehringia trinervia II G rhiz Eurosib. Aegopodium podagraria II H scap Europ. Laserpitium latifolium I H ros Cosmop. temp. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens I 54 Lv-Fs lv Lv-Fs h m Hr-Fs l s H bienn S Europ.-Sudsib. Arabis turrita I H scap Endem. Campanula micrantha I H caesp Cosmopol. Cystopteris fragilis I P caesp Circumbor. Juniperus communis subsp. communis II II P caesp Paleotemp. Crataegus monogyna II H ros Cosmopol. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum I II NP Eurasiat. Rosa canina I II H ros S Europ.-W Asiat. Ceterach officinarum subsp. officinarum I H caesp Orof. S e C Europ. Moehringia muscosa I H scap Eurasiat. Lamium maculatum I H ros W Europ. (Subatl.) Primula veris subsp. suaveolens I H scap C Europ. Senecio ovatus subsp. alpestris I T scap Eurasiat. Chaerophyllum temulum I P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Sambucus nigra I NP Eurosib. Ribes alpinum H caesp Endem. Sesleria nitida (s.l.) P caesp Eurasiat. Salix caprea P caesp Orof. SW Europ. Cytisophyllum sessilifolium H ros Subtrop. nesicola Asplenium onopteris NP Europ.-Caucas. Ligustrum vulgare Ch suffr Eurasiat. Genista tinctoria . 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GO ^ o m p. p. m m dj p. p. e p. e p. u ju u ur ur ur S ur es w w w ffiOO ^________Iž t^ ffi ffi Ü ffi ffi Ü S3 C.5 Ü C.5 S3 p^ + ^ ■ + + + + ■■ + S s o s btu ob fu. p. bsp pa ifera o ub id ^ yg my nc AA a ris ma em rr oo hh pp ru ul a m ola m eor ro m te b. p. o at sm at ur p. os w leo al ros w ro ras c b ras nt. w ur ur ur on S C Su £ bbr rrb r C.5 tS ^^ ^^ p^ + + p a li uercetalia o g ^^ ne o ne lygo phn Poly Dap ec p s aract Char ss .) b H s at ^ ^ g ^ ^ I aaa K^U tu As w o w + + + ■ + + + + + + ■ + + ornlia era th ÜOt^t^Ü + ■ ■+ + + + + + + ■ + uerco-Fag ss las th bs id oi n o m bs a g na aael Cha C g ta at .as eC on re a th nt is ni icran ns mu ta m ^ om c s nt a ug mu te aT Pot w Z: t. au a t. t. p. p ro di C t. C di di m e ia e e te u W rime p. ro ras d e p. ro im rime ot le W ur ur al S S w bc Ü (^ffiü (i rhizlian ros scapP rept rad ros caes su as taxa num odi p o C d orad p S Table 8 (Tabela 8): Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1993 cardaminetosum kitaibelii subass. nova Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia variant and Polystichum setiferum variant. Releve number 123 5 6 7* 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Altitude (m a.s.l.) Aspect Slope (°) Area (m2) Cover (%) 30 45 40 60 45 45 45 34 35 40 35 45 25 20 25 150 400 200 300 300 400 300 400 400 400 300 400 300 300 400 100 98 100 95 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 97 100 100 Characteristic species of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae and differential species of the G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina G rhiz Eurasiat. Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii H scap Eurasiat. Epilobium montanum G rhiz Eurasiat. Polystichum aculeatum ++ ++ 111 ++++ . . + . + . . + +.+. ++++ +. ++ ++ Species of the Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia variant P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria ..............+ P caesp Europ. Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia ............+ . . P caesp Orof. S Europ. Laburnum alpinum .........+..... Species of the Polystichum setiferum variant G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum . . .+ + 1 + . . + . .+ + + P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus ............... P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer platanoides ............+ . . P scap Europ.-Caucas. Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior ............... G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Asperula taurina subsp. taurina ............... Charact. species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae* and diff. of the suballiance Cardamino kitaibelii- H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia* . + . . . + . 1 . + . . 1 1 . H scap Europ.-Caucas. Ranunculus lanuginosus* . . . + + . + + . . . . + + 1 H ros NE Stenomedit. Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides* . + + . . + . . . + . . . . . G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus hypoglossum* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra . + . + + + . + + + + + + + + H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G rhiz N Medit. mont. Geranium nodosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G bulb Paleotemp. Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 355555555555555 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum + + + + + 2 + 1 1 122332 H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana + + + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 1 2 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera . + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 2 2 2 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Corydalis cava subsp. cava + 1 + + 1 2 1 + + 1 2 + 1 + 2 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea . + . . . + + . . + . + + + + G bulb Eurasiat. Lilium martagon . . . . . + + . + . + . + + + G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + + + + + + . + . + + . . + . G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Epipactis microphylla + + . . + + + . + + . . + . + G rhiz Subcosmop. Dryopteris filix-mas ...........+ . . . H scap Paleotemp. Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H caesp Circumbor. Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 SB 0 4 14 00 m 10 151 90 3 25 14 0 5 14 00 14 0 4 15 70 3 20 3 20 14 0 5 14 0 5 14 70 14 0 8 1720 00 3 20 3 1200 0 1250 90 3 5 8 12 0 3 3 0 4 3 0 4 3 P F m pp g m m m m g ^ m g m g m W w ^ m r r 55 15 20 30 35 25 25 25 25 30 20 15 40 45 55 30 30 40 20 20 45 25 30 20 45 25 25 e s e q 400 400 400 250 250 300 250 400 250 300 250 300 250 400 400 400 250 300 400 350 200 250 300 300 250 300 300 98 100 100 100 97 95 98 97 98 97 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 subassociation cardaminetosum kitaibelii + .+ + + 111 + + +.+r + . 1 + + + 11 + . + + +.+ + + +. . + .r + + +. + .+ + + . + . . + . + . .++. + 1 + . + .+ +. . . + . . . . + . . + .+ +. . . .11. + . . . . + . . . . + . . . .+r.r. . . .+ + .............+ . r +..... + . r .. + . + . + . + . + . 1 36 29 18 17 12 7 85,7 69 42,9 40.5 28.6 16,7 + + + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + . 1 1 16 38,1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 2 + + . + + . 14 33,3 + + .+. + 1 + + + + . 10 23,8 11 11 + 22 52,4 8 19 1 7 16,7 1 5 11,9 + 3 7,14 -Fagenion sylvaticae + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + r + 21 50 + 1 + r + r + + 1 r + r 19 45,2 + + + r r r + r 12 28,6 + + + + + + + r r + + + 12 28,6 + r + + 4 9,52 + r r r r + + + r 1 1 1 2 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 32 76,2 + r + + + r r + 8 19 r + r + + r 6 14,3 + + + 3 7,14 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 42 100 2 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + 2 2 2 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 1 1 42 100 + + + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + r r + + + 1 + + 1 42 100 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + + 1 1 + + + 1 + + + + + 41 97,6 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + r + + + 1 1 1 + + 1 + 1 1 39 92,9 + 2 2 + + + + + + 1 + + 1 1 + + + 2 2 34 81 + + + 1 + r + + + 1 1 3 2 + r + + 25 59,5 + + r + + + + r 1 + + r r + 21 50 + + + + + + + + + + 20 47,6 + + + + + + 15 35,7 + + + r + + + r r + 1 r 1 1 15 35,7 + r r r 1 + + + + 1 + + + + r 15 35,7 + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 14 33,3 + + + ++ + r Releve number H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis T scap Subcosmop. Geranium robertianum G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum H scap Orof. S Europ. Aconitum lycoctonum G rhiz C e S Europ. Epipactis muelleri Ch scap Europ.-Caucas. Stellaria holostea subsp. holostea H scap Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) G rhiz Eurasiat. Polygonatum verticillatum G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum lonchitis G bulb Eurasiat. Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum P caesp Eurimedit. Ilex aquifolium G rhiz Eurasiat. Polygonatum multiflorum G rhiz C Europ. Arum maculatum NP Eurosib. Ribes alpinum G bulb C Europ. Corydalis pumila G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis H scap Paleotemp. Silene dioica G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra H rept Eurasiat. Veronica officinalis G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis leptochila T rept Cosmopol. Stellaria media subsp. media P caesp Orof. S Europ. Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena P scap Europ.-Caucas. Ulmus glabra H caesp Subatl. Festuca altissima 1 2 3 4 5 6 7* 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ++++ + . + + ++++ Character species of the class Querco-Fagetea G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis + H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea . H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora . P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola . NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus . 11 111 Transgressive species from the ord. Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis . + . . .+ + + 1 + + + + +. G rhiz Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) ..............+ H caesp Euromedit. Poa sylvicola . . . . . + + + + . + + 1 + + P caesp Medit. mont. Euonymus latifolius ..............+ H caesp Europ.-E Asiat. Carex sylvatica subsp. sylvatica ............... P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides . . . +.........+ . G rhiz Endem. Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei +......+ . . .++.+ H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + P caesp C Europ. Crataegus laevigata ............... H scap C Europ. Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera longifolia . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . H ros Paleotrop. Polypodium interjectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H caesp Subatl. Brachypodium rupestre . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . H caesp Eurasiat. Carex digitata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H scap Orof. S Europ. Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H ros Eurimedit. Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 2. + + ++ + + + ++ + ++ + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + ++ + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Pres Freq + + + + + + + + 1 + +++ + . . . + . . + . . + + r + . . . . + + + . . +. +. + r. + . .+r.+ + + + + r. . . . + . .++. .+r r . . r r r . r . . . + . . . r.r. + . . . .++.r . . . . + . +....... . rr.rr + .+ + + +. . ........1 1 + . . 1 ......+ + . r + + + . rr + . . 1 + + . . . . + + . . . + + . . . + . . . . . + + 1 1 2 . . . . . 1 . + . . 1 r + + . r r . . . . . r . . + . + + + + + + r + r . + . .. + 1. ++ + + . . + + + 1 + 1 + 1 .. r +r .+ ++ r. ++ .+ + 1 1 + 1 . . + + . + + +++ + + 1 + 11 + + 112 3 + + . + . . + + . 1 + . ++ 22 ++ ++ 21 14 33,3 13 31 13 31 12 28,6 11 26,2 11 26,2 10 23,8 9 21,4 8 19 8 19 7 16,7 7 16,7 7 16,7 7 16,7 6 14,3 6 14,3 6 14,3 5 11,9 4 9,52 4 9,52 4 9,52 3 7,14 3 7,14 3 7,14 3 7,14 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 20 47,6 18 42,9 10 23,8 6 14,3 6 14,3 5 11,9 5 11,9 5 11,9 4 9,52 3 7,14 3 7,14 3 7,14 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 2 4,76 28 66,7 18 42,9 16 38,1 14 33,3 13 31 + + + + + r + + + + + ++ r + + + + + r ++ + + + ++ + + + ++ ++ + ++ + + ++ + r + + + ++ + + + r+ ++ + + + + r + + r + + + + + + Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7* 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 NP S Medit.-Subatl. Rosa arvensis G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica H rept Europ.-Caucas. Ajuga reptans H caesp Paleotemp. Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum G rhiz SE Europ. Anemone apennina subsp. apennina H scap Europ.-Caucas. Hieracium racemosum H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum Eurimedit. Potentilla micrantha Europ.-Caucas. Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Geum urbanum Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea H ros H ros H scap Circumbor. H scap Eurasiat. G bulb S Europ. H scap Circumbor. Accompanying taxa T scap Eurasiat. Moehringia trinervia T scap Paleotemp. Silene conica H scap Eurasiat. Lamium maculatum H rept Eurosib. Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca G bulb Eurasiat. Ranunculusficaria subsp. bulbifer H caesp Endem. Sesleria nitida (s.l.) H bienn Eurasiat. Myosotis nemorosa G bulb Eurimedit. Crocus vernus subsp. vernus H scap Endem. Campanula micrantha H scap C Europ. Senecio ovatus subsp. alpestris G rhiz Eurosib. Aegopodium podagraria + + + + . + + . + . + . . . . . + . Sporadic taxa 000102100010310 Table 9 (Tabela 9): Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1993 anemonetosum nemorosae subass. nova Festuca heterophylla variant. Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1328 1371 1448 1249 1193 1388 1215 1206 Aspect N ENE SSW NNW N N N NNW Slope (°) 50 30 20 10 35 15 10 25 Area (m2) 300 300 200 150 400 300 300 400 Cover (%) 100 98 100 100 95 100 90 98 Characteristic species of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae* and differential species G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis + + 2 + + + G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa + + + + + + H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica + + + + 4 + G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos* 1 + 1 + + P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum + + + 1 G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina* + + + H scap Eurasiat. Epilobium montanum* + + + G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis leptochila G rhiz Eurasiat. Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus* + + G rhiz Eurasiat. Polystichum aculeatum* + + G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii* + + + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Pres Freq + + + + ++ + + r r . . + +. 13 31 +.+ +++ .+ + r + r r + r. 13 31 + . . .+ + + + + r. r + + . . + r. 12 28,6 .+ + + +. + + 9 21,4 .+. ++ + + + + .+ 8 19 . . + 6 14,3 + r + +. 1 5 11,9 + .. r r. 4 9,52 r r + r 4 9,52 + + + r. 4 9,52 + .. r 3 7,14 + r. r 3 7,14 + + +. 3 7,14 .. r 2 4,76 + . . + . + + . + . . r + r . . 8 19 . . r + . . + r . . . . r + r r 8 19 .+. + +. 6 14,3 . . r + . .+ . + . . r . . . 5 11,9 .+. 4 9,52 + + 3 7,14 3 7,14 ......r. 3 7,14 + . + . . 3 7,14 1 . + +..... 3 7,14 + . 2 + 3 7,14 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 10 12 111 1 5 0 0 1 0 3 1 1 1 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16* 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1265 1390 1342 1353 1050 1193 1200 1345 1360 1345 1440 1240 1280 1350 1320 1400 1450 NE ENE WNW WSW W N NNE WNW WNW N WNW N N E N ESE WNW P F 31 35 45 33 35/40 20 40 30 30 45 35 50 25 60 55 30 15 r r 150 150 400 400 400 300 400 400 200 350 200 200 400 400 400 300 350 s q 100 100 93 95 100 100 98 100 100 100 95 95 100 100 100 100 100 M of the subassociation anemonetosum nemorosae + + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + r + + 20 80 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 20 80 + 1 + + + + + + r + 16 64 + + + + + + + 1 + + 15 60 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 12 48 + + + + + + + + + 12 48 + + + + + + r 10 40 + + + + + + r r r r 10 40 + + r + + + + 9 36 + + + + + + 8 32 + + + 6 24 Releve number 12 3 4 5 6 78 Species of the Festuca heterophylla variant H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla + + 1 + + + H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum . 1 1 1 + G rhiz H scap H scap G rhiz G bulb H scap Europ.-Caucas. Orof. S Europ. NE Medit. mont. N Medit. mont. Paleotemp. Europ.-Caucas. 1 Character species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae* and diff. of the suballlance Cardamino kitai- Anemone ranunculoides* + + + . + Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia* 1 1 + + + Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra . . . + . Geranium nodosum . + . . . Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii . + . . . Ranunculus lanuginosus* + . + . . P scap C Europ. H scap Europ.-Caucas. G rhiz Eurasiat. H scap Europ.-Caucas. G bulb Europ.-Caucas. G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. H scap Eurosib. H caesp Circumbor. H scap Paleotemp. H ros Paleotrop. H caesp Eurimedit. G bulb Eurosib. Ch rept Circumbor. H scap Paleotemp. G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. G rhiz Eurasiat. G rhiz C Europ. G rhiz C Europ. G bulb Eurasiat. H scap P scap Europ.-Caucas. T scap Subcosmop. H caesp Subatl. P caesp Europ. P scap Europ.-Caucas. NP Eurosib. P caesp Orof. S Europ. Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. H scap Europ.-Caucas. P scap Pont. NP Eurosib. G rhiz Eurasiat. H scap Orof. S Europ. G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. G rhiz Circumbor. G rhiz Eurasiat. P caesp Orof. S Europ. Ch scap Europ.-Caucas. P scap Paleotemp. P caesp Paleotemp. Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 5 5 Lactuca muralis + . Neottia nidus-avis . + Prenanthes purpurea + + Scilla bifolia + + Galium odoratum 1 1 Viola reichenbachiana + . Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis + + Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium + Polypodium interjectum + Luzula forsteri . Gagea lutea . Orthilia secunda . Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum + Epipactis microphylla . Cephalanthera rubra . Euphorbia dulcis . Cardamine bulbifera + Lilium martagon . Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) + Acer platanoides 1 Geranium robertianum + Festuca altissima Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia Acer pseudoplatanus Daphne mezereum Laburnum alpinum Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum Prunus avium subsp. avium Ribes alpinum Actaea spicata Valeriana tripteris subsp. tripteris Mercurialis perennis Corallorhiza trifida Polygonatum verticillatum Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena Stellaria holostea subsp. holostea Taxus baccata Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti Sorbus aria subsp. aria .+ ++ 55 ++ ++ -petraeae + 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r 12 48 5 20 belii-Fagenion sylvaticae 18 72 16 64 10 40 7 28 3 12 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 25 100 + + + r + + + 19 76 + + r r + r r 15 60 + + + r 14 56 + + + 13 52 1 1 + + + + 12 48 + 1 + + + + + 12 48 + + + + 11 44 + r r 9 36 + + 7 28 + + 7 28 + + 7 28 + + 7 28 + r + + 6 24 + + 6 24 6 24 + + 6 24 5 20 + + r + 5 20 + + 4 16 + 4 16 + + 4 16 + + 4 16 1 + + 4 16 1 1 3 12 + r 3 12 + + 3 12 + + r 3 12 r + + 3 12 + 2 8 11 15 60 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r 2 8 5 + + + + + + + + + ++ Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P caesp H scap P scap H caesp G rhiz G rhiz P caesp H caesp H caesp G rhiz H scap P caesp NP G bulb P caesp P scap G bulb G rhiz H scap P caesp NP H caesp H scap NP H ros H scap G bulb H rept H ros G rhiz G rhiz G bulb H scap P lian T scap H scap H caesp H scap P caesp H rept P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Endem. S Europ.-Sudsib. Eurasiat. Endem. Eurasiat. Europ.-Caucas. Subatl. Euromedit. Paleotemp. C Europ. C Europ. Orof. C Europ. Medit. mont. SE Europ. Europ.-Caucas. Eurimedit. Europ.-Caucas. Subatlant. N Eurimedit. Paleotemp. Paleotemp. S Medit.-Subatl. Europ.-Caucas. Circumbor. S Europ. Europ.-Caucas. NE Stenomedit. S Europ.-Sudsib. SE Europ. Paleotemp. Eurasiat. Eurimedit. Eurasiat. Endem. Endem. Sudsib. Circumbor. Eurosib. Medit. mont. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides Digitalis lutea subsp. australis Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus Carex digitata Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei Cephalanthera longifolia Lonicera xylosteum Brachypodium rupestre Poa sylvicola Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum Viburnum lantana Emerus majus (s.l.) Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum Euonymus latifolius Ostrya carpinifolia Charact. species of the class Querco-Fagetea Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis Cephalanthera damasonium Hieracium racemosum Daphne laureola Rubus hirtus Melica uniflora Sanicula europaea Rosa arvensis Primula vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium Ajuga reptans Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides Lathyrus venetus Anemone apennina subsp. apennina Platanthera bifolia Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra Hedera helix subsp. helix Accompanying taxa Moehringia trinervia Campanula micrantha Sesleria nitida (s.l.) Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys Juniperus communis subsp. communis Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca Amelanchier ovalis subsp. ovalis 1+ .+ 1+ .+ ++ Sporadic taxa 2 + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + ++ 2 + ++ + + ++ + + + + + 6 0 5 2 2 0 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16* 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Pres Freq + 1 + 6 24 + + + r 6 24 + + + r 6 24 + + + + + + + + + + 6 5 5 24 20 20 + + 4 16 + + + + 3 3 12 12 + + + + + r + r + + 3 3 3 2 12 12 12 8 + 1 + r r 2 2 1 8 8 4 .+ ++ .+ +r +. ++ .+ ++ 15 13 12 11 11 8 7 7 7 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 60 52 48 44 44 32 28 28 28 20 16 16 16 12 12 8 8 8 24 16 16 12 12 12 12 ++ + + + r + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + r r + + + + + + + + + r + r + + + + ++ + r + + + 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 3 0 2 Table 10 (Tabela 10): Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1993 corallorhizetosum trifidae subass. nova Moehringia trinervia variant. Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10 11 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1650 1620 1630 1650 1350 1670 1640 1680 1600 1620 1660 Aspect W N E E ENE N N N N NW N Slope (°) 30 25 25 50 30 45 45 50 30 50 40 Area (m2) 400 400 300 100 400 200 400 400 400 400 400 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Characteristic species of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae * and differential species of the G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos* + + + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 2 G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina* + + + + + + + G rhiz Eurasiat. Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus* + + 1 + + + r G rhiz Eurasiat. Polystichum aculeatum* + 1 + + + + + H scap Eurasiat. Epilobium montanum* + + + + + + G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii* + H scap Paleotemp. Silene dioica + + + + + + G rhiz Circumbor. Corallorhiza trifida + + + + + + G rhiz Eurasiat. Actaea spicata + + + G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum lonchitis + + + r + r Species of the Moehringia trinervia variant H scap Eurasiat. Lamium maculatum + + + Hbienn Eurasiat. Myosotis nemorosa + T scap Eurasiat. Moehringia trinervia r r H scap E Medit. mont. Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum + G rhiz Eurosib. Aegopodium podagraria H scap Endem. Campanula micrantha Charact. species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae* and diff. of the suball. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fage- H ros NE Stenomedit. Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides + 1 1 + + + r + H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra + + + + + + + + + H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina + + r + G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides* + + + + + + r + + H scap Europ.-Caucas. Ranunculus lanuginosus* + + + + + + H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia* + + + + r + + r + Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum + 2 1 1 1 1 + 1 2 + G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera 1 1 + 1 + + + + + 1 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Corydalis cava subsp. cava + + + + + 1 + 1 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + 1 + + + + + + H caesp Circumbor. Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis + + + 1 + + + + + + G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + 1 + + + + H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana + + + + + + 1 + 1 H scap Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) + + 1 G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis + + + + + + + + r + H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium + + + r + r + + T scap Subcosmop. Geranium robertianum + r + G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Epipactis microphylla + + + r r r G rhiz Subcosmop. Dryopteris filix-mas + + + + G bulb Eurasiat. Lilium martagon + + + + Ch suffr Europ.-Caucas. Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides + + + + G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra r + H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea 1 + + + + 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1680 1600 1620 1630 1650 1650 1620 1700 1720 1710 1740 1740 1730 1710 1680 1680 1720 1710 1700 1650 N N NNE ENE N N N W N WSW N N N W SW S SW S S S P F 20 60 30 30 45 45 25 40 40 45 40 20 30 35 20 35 45 40 40 45 r r 400 400 400 400 200 200 200 200 150 150 400 400 150 200 150 400 400 200 200 400 s q 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 M subassociation corallorhizetosum trifidae 2 26 24 14 13 14 4 20 16 10 11 84 77 45 42 45 13 65 52 32 35 nion sylvaticae +++ 11 31 + + + + + + 13 42 + + + + + 9 29 + + + + + + 9 29 + + 1 + + + 11 35 + + + 5 16 + + + + 4 13 + + 1 + + 22 71 + 20 65 9 29 + + + + + 23 74 1 + + 18 58 10 32 4 5 5 5 5 5 31 100 1 1 2 2 1 1 30 97 1 + 1 1 28 90 + + 1 1 + 25 81 + + + + + + 24 77 + + + + + + 22 71 + + 1 1 1 21 68 + + + 1 21 68 1 1 + + + + 21 68 + + + 20 65 1 + + + 15 48 + + + + + 15 48 12 39 12 39 29 29 23 19 2 + + + + + + + + + + + r + + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10 11 Ch scap Europ.-Caucas. Stellaria holostea subsp. holostea . . . + . P caesp Orof. S Europ. Laburnum alpinum . . . . + + + +. H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla . NP Eurosib. Ribes alpinum . . . + . G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea . P caesp Orof. S Europ. Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena . G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis . ... r G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis . + + P caesp Europ. Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia . . + G rhiz Circumbor. Polygonatum odoratum . .+ H scap Paleotemp. Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum . T rept Cosmopol. Stellaria media subsp. media . G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae . P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus . ... 1 Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis . . . . G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) .... P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria .... G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis . . . + H ros Eurimedit. Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii . . + . H ros Eurimedit. Silene italica subsp. italica . + . . G Par Circumbor. Monotropa hypopitys . . . . H caesp Euromedit. Poa sylvicola . . . . Charact. species of the class Querco-Fagetea NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus 1 +1 + r + r r H ros Eurimedit. Potentilla micrantha . ++ + r r G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium + +. r r + r + + G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis . 1. 1 + + + H rept Europ.-Caucas. Ajuga reptans . .+ r + + + H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea . +. + + + H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum . + r + H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora . 1 + r + r H scap Eurasiat. Cruciata glabra subsp. glabra . H scap Europ.-Caucas. Hieracium racemosum . + + T scap Eurasiat. H scap Paleotemp. Accompanying taxa Galium aparine Alliaria petiolata H scap S Europ.-Sudsib. Anthriscus nemorosa H scap Eurasiat. Scrophularia scopolii T scap Paleotemp. Lapsana communis G bulb W Europ. Bunium bulbocastanum +++ Sporadic taxa 00021120021 r + + 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Pres Freq 1 5 16 4 13 4 13 3 10 3 10 3 10 + + + + + 7 23 + + + + 5 16 + 5 16 + + 4 13 + 3 10 + 2 6 2 6 2 6 + + r 1 + +. ++ +. + + .+ + 19 61 + + + .+ + + + + 15 48 + + 1 14 45 1 + 1 + 1 13 42 + + + 11 35 + 8 26 + + + + 7 23 + + 7 23 + + + 4 13 2 6 + + + 2 + + + + 11 35 + + + + + + + 7 23 + + + + + 6 19 + + 3 10 + + + 3 10 + + + 3 10 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 + + r + + + r + + + + r + + + + + ++ + + + r r + + ++ + + r + ++ + + 2 3 3 0 0 0 Table 11: Impoverished facies of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1993. Tabela 11: Osiromašeni facies asociacije Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi, Zanotti, Puppi, Speranza et Corbetta ex Ubaldi 1993. Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1219 1241 1285 1222 1355 1168 1438 1510 1480 1499 Aspect N N N W WN NNE W W W NW P r F r Slope (°) 20 20 25 35 25 23 20 15 33 30 e e Area (m2) 400 400 400 250 400 400 400 400 400 400 s q Cover (%) 88 98 87 88 95 95 95 99 95 95 Diagnostic species of the impoverished facies of the association Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvaticae H caesp Subatl. Brachypodium rupestre 2 121 + + + + + + 10100 P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides + + + + ... + .. 5 50 Charact. species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion sylvaticae* and diff. of the sub-all. Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagenion sylvaticae H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia* + + + + . . . . . . 4 40 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides* + + + + 4 40 H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra + + + + 4 40 G rhiz Eurimedit. Ruscus hypoglossum* + + + 3 30 Charact. species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 100 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + + + + + + + 1 + + 10 100 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum 1 + + 1 2 2 1 1 + 9 90 H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana + + + + 2 1 + + + 9 90 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea + + + + + + + + 8 80 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer platanoides + + + + + + 1 1 8 80 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus + + + + + + 1 7 70 G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera + + + + + + + 7 70 G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos + 1 1 + + 5 50 H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla + + + + 4 40 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + + + 4 40 G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis + + + + 4 40 G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii + + 1 1 4 40 G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa + + + 3 30 G rhiz Eurasiat. Cephalanthera rubra + + 3 30 G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae + + + 3 30 G rhiz Eurasiat. Actaea spicata + + 3 30 G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis leptochila + + + 3 30 G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis + + + 3 30 G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina + + + 3 30 H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium + 2 20 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Epipactis microphylla + + 2 20 G rhiz Circumbor. Polygonatum odoratum + + 2 20 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Corydalis cava subsp. cava 1 + 2 20 H scap Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) + + 2 20 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Ulmus glabra 1 2 2 20 G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum 1 1 2 20 G rhiz Eurasiat. Lathyrus vernus subsp. vernus 1 1 10 Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae G rhiz Paleotemp. Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) + + + + + + 6 60 P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria + + 1 + 4 40 Releve number 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 Pres Freq P scap S Europ.-Sudsib. Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus + .+ + + 4 40 H ros Eurimedit. Silene italica subsp. italica + + + 3 30 P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum + + 2 20 H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis + + 2 20 G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum + + 2 20 Character species of the class Querco-Fagetea H scap Europ.-Caucas. Hieracium racemosum + 1 1 +. + + 6 60 P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola + + + .+ + + 6 60 H scap Eurosib. Hieracium murorum + 1 2 .+ 4 40 NP N Eurimedit. Rubus hirtus + + + + 4 40 H caesp Orof. SE Europ. Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 1 1 + 3 30 H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea + +. + 3 30 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis + + 2 20 H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora + + 2 20 H scap Circumbor. Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea + + 2 20 H rept Europ.-Caucas. Ajuga reptans + + 2 20 G rhiz S Europ.-Sudsib. Lathyrus venetus + + 2 20 Accompanying taxa H bienn S Europ.-Sudsib. Arabis turrita + + + 3 30 NP Circumbor. Rubus idaeus + + 2 20 H scap Sudsib. Veronica chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys + + 2 20 NP Eurasiat. Rosa canina + + 2 20 Sporadic taxa 22 032223 Table 12 (Tabela 12): Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani Biondi, Casavecchia, Pinzi, Allegrezza et Baldoni 2002. Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1040 1380 1260 1150 1250 1150 1160 1200 1200 P F Aspect SE E NNE E ENE NNE NNW E N Slope (°) 50 55 30 31 65 30 25 25 20 r r Area (m2) 250 300 150 400 400 100 400 200 200 s q Cover (%) 98 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 Characteristic species of the association Aceretum obtusati-pseudoplatani P scap SE Europ. Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum + 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 9 100 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Corydalis cava subsp. cava 2 2 1 + + + 6 67 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Galanthus nivalis subsp. nivalis 1 2 + + + + 6 67 G rhiz SE Europ. Cardamine enneaphyllos + + 1 + + + 6 67 G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Asperula taurina subsp. taurina + + + + 4 44 H scap Endem. Pulmonaria apennina + + 2 22 Characteristic species of the alliance Tilio plathyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani H scap Orof. S Europ. Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia + 2 + + + + + 7 77 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior 1 2 + 1 1 + + 7 77 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Tilia platyphyllos subsp. platyphyllos 1 1 3 3 + 1 6 66 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer pseudoplatanus 2 + 2 1 1 1 6 67 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer platanoides 1 1 2 3 33 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Ulmus glabra 1 1 1 3 33 G rhiz Circumbor. Polystichum setiferum 1 2 2 22 Characteristic species of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae P scap C Europ. Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica 4 3 4 5 3 2 3 5 2 9 100 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Galium odoratum + + 2 1 + 1 + 3 3 9 100 4 Releve number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pres Freq H caesp Europ.-Caucas. Festuca heterophylla + + + + + + 1 + + 9 100 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Lactuca muralis + + + + + 1 + + 8 89 H caesp Paleotemp. Melica uniflora + 2 + + 2 1 1 1 8 89 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Mercurialis perennis r + + 2 2 + 1 7 78 G rhiz Orof. SE-Europ. Doronicum columnae r 1 + 1 + + + 7 78 H scap Eurosib. Viola reichenbachiana + + + + + + 6 67 NP Eurosib. Ribes alpinum + + 1 + + + 6 67 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Anemone ranunculoides + + + + + + 6 67 H scap Paleotemp. Campanula trachelium subsp. trachelium 1 1 + 1 + + 6 67 G rhiz C Europ. Arum maculatum + + + + + 5 56 G rhiz C Europ. Cardamine bulbifera + 1 1 + + 5 56 G bulb Europ.-Caucas. Scilla bifolia + + + + + 5 56 T scap Subcosmop. Geranium robertianum + 1 1 + 1 5 56 G rhiz C Europ. Euphorbia dulcis r + + + 4 44 G rhiz Circumbor. Adoxa moschatellina + + + + 4 44 P scap Paleotemp. Taxus baccata 1 2 3 + 4 44 H scap Stellaria nemorum (s.l.) 2 + 3 33 H caesp Circumbor. Poa nemoralis subsp. nemoralis + + + 3 33 G bulb Eurosib. Gagea lutea + + + 3 33 G rhiz Circumbor. Anemone nemorosa + + + 3 33 G rhiz Eurasiat. Neottia nidus-avis + + + 3 33 P scap Europ.-Caucas. Acer campestre + + 1 3 33 G rhiz C e S Europ. Epipactis muelleri + + + 3 33 G rhiz Orof. SE Europ. Cardamine kitaibelii + + 2 22 H scap NE Medit. mont. Adenostyles glabra subsp. glabra r + 2 22 G bulb C Europ. Corydalis pumila + + 2 22 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Prenanthes purpurea + + 2 22 G bulb Eurasiat. Lilium martagon + + 2 22 G rhiz Eurasiat. Polygonatum multiflorum + + 2 22 G rhiz Circumbor. Polygonatum odoratum + + 2 22 G rhiz Europ.-Caucas. Epipactis microphylla + + 2 22 Transgressive species from the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae G rhiz Epipactis helleborine (s.l.) + + + + + + + 7 78 H scap Endem. Digitalis lutea subsp. australis . ++ + + + + + 7 78 G rhiz Circumbor. Hepatica nobilis . ++ 2 1 + 1 6 67 P caesp Paleotemp. Sorbus aria subsp. aria . ++ + + + 5 56 P caesp Medit. mont. Euonymus latifolius . +. + 1 1 + 5 56 P scap SE Europ. Ostrya carpinifolia 1 1 2 2 4 44 P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Euonymus verrucosus . + + + + 4 44 H scap C Europ. Melittis melissophyllum subsp. melissophyllum +. 1 1 3 33 G bulb Orof. C Europ. Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum . +. + + 3 33 NP Emerus majus (s.l.) . + + + 3 33 P caesp C Europ. Crataegus laevigata . + + + 3 33 H scap Paleotemp. Sanicula europaea r + 2 22 H caesp Euromedit. Poa sylvicola . +. + 2 22 P caesp Eurasiat. Euonymus europaeus . + 1 2 22 P caesp S Europ.-Sudsib. Laburnum anagyroides subsp. anagyroides . 1 1 2 22 P caesp C Europ. Viburnum lantana . + + 2 22 Ch suffr Subatl. Helleborus foetidus subsp. foetidus . + + 2 22 Characteristic species of the class Querco-Fagetea T scap N Medit. Cardamine graeca 2 1+ 1 1 2 2 + + 9 100 P caesp Subatlant. Daphne laureola r +. + 1 + + + + 8 89 G rhiz Eurimedit. Cephalanthera damasonium ++ + + + + + 7 78 P caesp Europ.-Caucas. Corylus avellana .+ + 1 1 1 + 1 7 78 H scap Europ.-Caucas. Ranunculus lanuginosus + .+ + + + 5 56 Releve number 9 Pres Freq P lian G rhiz P lian Eurimedit. S Europ.-Sudsib. Europ.-Caucas. H caesp Paleotemp. G bulb H scap NP G rhiz H ros H caesp H scap H ros S Europ. Eurasiat. N Eurimedit. SE Europ. NE Stenomedit. Orof. SE Europ. Circumbor. Eurimedit. Hedera helix subsp. helix Lathyrus venetus Clematis vitalba Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium Aquilegia vulgaris Rubus hirtus Anemone apennina subsp. apennina Aremonia agrimonoides subsp. agrimonoides Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea Potentilla micrantha 5 56 5 56 5 56 3 33 33 22 33 33 33 22 22 22 Accompanying taxa T scap Eurasiat. Galium aparine r .1. ++ + 5 56 H scap E Medit. mont. Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum + .+. + + 4 44 H caesp Cosmopol. Cystopteris fragilis r + . . .+ 3 33 T scap Eurasiat. Veronica hederifolia subsp. hederifolia .+. +. + 3 33 H scap Europ. Laserpitium latifolium + 3 33 H bienn S Europ.-Sudsib. Arabis turrita + 2 22 NP Circumbor. Rubus idaeus +. + 2 22 T scap Eurasiat. Chaerophyllum temulum +. 1 2 22 G bulb W Europ. Bunium bulbocastanum + + 2 22 Sporadic taxa 55 Table 13: Scheme of the correlation between shrubberies coenoses and the considered woods syntaxa. Tabela 13: Shema korelacije med robnimi grmovnimi združbami in obravnavanimi gozdnimi sintaksoni. Shrub plant communities Principal species Scutellario columnae-Ostryetum carpi-nifoliae violetosum reichenbachianae Carici digitatae-Ostryetum carpini-foliae Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae lathyretosum veneti Lathyro veneti-Fagetum sylvaticae hieracietosum murori Spartio juncei-Cytisetum sessilifolii Cytision sessilifolii Cytiso sessilifolii-Crataegetum laevigatae Berberidion vulgaris Cytiso sessilifolii-Crataegetum laevigatae Berberidion vulgaris Grouping Erica arborea and Pteridium aqulinum Cytision sessilifolii Grouping Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius and Solidagini-Fagetum sylvaticae luzule- Juniperus communis tosum sylvaticae Berberidion vulgaris Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvati-cae anemonetosum nemorosae Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvati-cae cardaminetosum kitaibelii Cardamino kitaibelii-Fagetum sylvati-cae corallhorizetosum trifidae Rhamno alpinae-Amelanchieretum ovalis Berberidion vulgaris Rhamno alpinae-Amelanchieretum ovalis Berberidion vulgaris Grouping Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia and Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena Berberidion vulgaris Spartium junceum, Cytisophyllum sessilifolius, Lonicera etrusca, Emerus majus subsp. majus and Juniperus communis Cytisophyllum sessilifolius, Crataegus monogyna, Juniperus communis, Emerus majus subsp. majus and Rosa canina Crataegus laevigata, Cytisophyllum sessilifolius, Rhamnus cathartica, Juniperus communis and Viburnum lantana Erica arborea, Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum, Juniperus communis, Cytisophyllum sessilifolius and Rosa canina Crataegus laevigata, Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius, Juniperus communis, Vaccinium myr- tillusand Erica arborea Crataegus laevigata, Rhamnus alpina subsp. alpina, Rhamnus cathartica, Juniperus communis and Laburnum alpinum Rhamnus alpina subsp. alpina, Amelanchier ovalis subsp. ovalis, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Juniperus communis and Laburnum alpinum Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia, Rosa pendu- lina, Juniperus nana, Lonicera alpigena subsp. alpigena and Laburnum alpinum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 + + + + + + + + + r 3 + 3 + 9 5 0 3 2 8