FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2, 239–255, LJUBLJANA 2020 SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR- BEECH FORESTS (ABIETI-FAGETUM DINARICUM (ILLYRICUM) S. LAT.) SINTAKSONOMSKI PROBLEM ILIRSKIH (DINARSKIH) JELOVO- BUKOVIH GOZDOV (ABIETI-FAGETUM DINARICUM (ILLYRICUM) S. LAT.) Mitja ZUPANČIČ 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0077 ABSTRACT Syntaxonomic problem of Illyrian (Dinaric) fir-beech forests (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (illyricum) s. lat.) For the analysis of the syntaxonomic problem of Illyri- an fir-beech forests (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (illyricum) s. lat.), we selected the most important authors or researchers of these forests in the Dinaric mountains of the Central Bal- kan Peninsula and Slovenia. These authors are Blečić, Fuk- arek, Glavač, I. Horvat, Pelcer, Puncer, Stefanović and Tregubov. The analysis revealed floristic and ecological similarities and differences of Illyrian fir-beech forests. They can be classified into a single association Rhamno fal- laci-Fagetum. Key words: Abieti-Fagetum s. lat. = Rhamno fallaci-Fage- tum nom. nov., phytocoenology, Dinaric mountains, Balkan peninsular, Slovenia. IZVLEČEK Sintaksonomski problem ilirskih (dinarskih) jelovo- bukovih gozdov (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (illyricum) s. lat.) Za analizo sintaksonomskega problema ilirskih jelovo- -bukovih gozdov (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (Ilyricum) s. lat.) smo izbrali najpomembnejše avtorje oz. raziskovalce teh gozdov v dinarskem gorstvu osrednjega Balkanskega polo- toka in Slovenije. Ti avtorji so Blečić, Fukarek, Glavač, I. Horvat, Pelcer, Puncer, Stefanović in Tregubov. Analiza je pokazala floristične in ekološke podobnosti in različnosti ilirskih jelovo-bukovih gozdov. Mogoče jih je uvrstiti v eno- tno združbo Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum. Ključne besede: Abieti-Fagetum s. lat. = Rhamno fallaci- Fagetum nom. nov., fitocenologija, Dinaridi, Balkanski polo- tok, Slovenija. 1 SAZU, Novi trg 3, 1000 LJUBLJANA MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 240 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Illyrian fir-beech forests are among the most common beech forests of the Dinaric mountains. In addition to their wide distribution, they are also economically in- teresting because high quality beech and fir thrive in them. The base is mostly carbonate but additionally includes non-carbonate (silicate) neutral to moderately acidic rocks of various geological ages. The soils are brown carbonate eutric to dystric or even non-carbon- ate neutral to acidic (pH in H 2 O = 5–7.5 pH in KCl = 4–7). We are thus talking about poorly basophilic to acidic beech forest. It has so far been defined as baso- philic beech community. Illyrian fir-beech forest in the Dinaric mountains constructs the montane vegeta- tion belt in all compass exposures (“climax”), and it can also extend into the altimontane belt in warm ex- posures and in rare cold positions, it can extend into the upper layer of the submontane belt. Illyrian fir-beech forest is interesting in terms of floristic diversity, especially due to the presence of southeast European-Illyrian (Illyrian, Illyroid) species, which are some of the characteristic species of the Illyr- ian beech forest alliance of Aremonio-Fagion. In terms of their prevalence, they are classified into four catego- ries (on the example of Borhidi , 1963), ranging from narrower (specific) to wide (southeast European) phy- togeographic distribution. The following species are in the first category, with narrow distribution: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine ki- taibelii, C. trifolia, C. waldsteinii, Epimedium alpinum, INTRODUCTION Hacquetia epipactis, Homogyne sylvestris, Lamium or- vala, Omphalodes verna, Rhamnus fallax, Ruscus hypo- glossum, Scopolia carniolica, Scrophularia scopolii and Vicia oroboides. In the second category, with a slightly wider distribution, are: Aposeris foetida, Cardamine en- neaphyllos, Euphorbia carniolica, Helleborus niger and Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia. The third category, with wide distribution, consists of: Cyclamen purpuras- cens, Erythronium dens-canis, Euonymus verrucosa, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia and Stellaria mon- tana. In the fourth category, with very wide distribu- tion, are: Astrantia major, Daphne laureola, Doronicum austriacum, D. columnae, Helleborus odorus, Primula vulgaris, Saxifraga rotundifolia and Tamus communis. According to the synsystematic classification of species in Illyrian fir-beech associations, the most nu- merous are from the order Fagetalia s. lat., in which we have included rarely represented species from the order Prunetalia and class Querco-Fagetea. A similar number of species are from the class Vaccinio-Piceetea. The specific humidity of the habitat is indicated by species from the class Betulo-Adenostyletea s. lat. or. Mulgedio-Aconitetea s. lat. with suitable participation. Of note is the group of species of the order Quercetalia pubescenstis s. lat., which in some lower syntaxonomic units – subassociations, variants or forms - indicate warmer conditions. The number of species mentioned above by syn- systematic unit varies by author and by region. ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION ABIETI-FAGETUM DINARICUM (ILLYRICUM) S. LAT. IN THE DINARIC MOUNTAINS For the analysis of Illyrian fir-beech communities, we selected the works of authors who have focused most on the appearance of Illyrian fir-beech communities in the Central Balkan Peninsula and in Slovenia, in which the tree species Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica dominate. These are the works of Horvat (1974), Tregubov (1957) and Puncer (1980), Puncer , Wo - jterski & Zupančič ( 1974), Fukarek (1958), Fuka - rek & Stefanović (1958), Blečić (1958) and the ta- bles and manuscripts of Glavač and Pelcer from the synthesis tables of Horvat et al. (1974: 423–425). The analysis is based on the Central European (Zurich-Montpellier, Braun-Blanquet) method. A syn- thesis table with thirteen or twenty syntaxa (Puncer’s section 6 includes eight syntaxa – sub-associations) presents Illyrian fir-beech communities of southwest Croatia, the Delnice and Plješevica areas in Croatia, the Peručica area and Grmeč planina in Bosnia, the Piva area in Montenegro (the entire Central Balkan Peninsula) and the Snežnik and Kočevsko areas in Slo- venia. The basic characteristics of Illyrian fir-beech com- munities are summarized according to Tregubov, sup- plemented by Puncer; these are: Aremonia agrimo- noides, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia and Rhamus fallax. The former characteristic species Abies alba has been classified as a differential species, in con- trast to other beech syntaxa (Fagetum s. lat.). The re- sults of comparisons showed that in the southwest part of Croatia, Kočevsko and partly on Snežnik, all char- acteristic and differential species are represented, in the area of Peručica and Piva there is no characteristic MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 241 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 species Cardamine trifolia and in the area of Plješevica and Grmeč planina there is no characteristic species Calamintha grandiflora. The differential species Abies alba appears in all syntaxa - with the note that it is present only in the shrub layer in the Piva area. It is evident that the most pronounced “Illyrian” character- istic species Cardamine trifolia and Calamintha gran- diflora disappear towards the southeast of the Central Balkan Peninsula, and thus also the optimal develop- ment of Illyrian fir-beech communities. It is similar with the diagnostic species of the Il- lyrian association of beech forests Aremonio-Fagion and other “Illyrian” species, which we have divided into four categories, as already mentioned in the in- troductory chapter (see p. 240). Their largest represen- tation is in southeast Croatia and in the Delnice area and in Kočevsko in Slovenia (see Table 2). Their low representation on Snežnik is hard to understand. It may be explained by the intensity of work of the in- ventory taker and the time of the inventory, especially late autumn or early spring. However, the situation may be caused by different ecological conditions in areas that are less favourable for the growth of some species. It should be noted, though, that the disap- pearance of “Illyrian” species is also accompanied by a modest representation of other species of the Fageta- lia order and of the Vaccinio-Piceetea class, as well as others, in comparison with the previously mentioned areas (see Table 2). The disappearance of some “Illyr- ian”, as well as other species, is expected in the central area of the Illyrian floral province in view of perhaps slightly different or less similar ecological conditions than in other phytogeographical areas, e.g., in Slove- nia or Croatia. It often happens that they are more nu- merous and more frequent in the extreme areas of their distribution. This occurs with “Illyrian” species on the north-western margins of the Illyrian floral province in Slovenia and Croatia, which is richer in “Illyrian” or southeast European “Illyrian” species. We must again note that these gaps may depend on how the inventory taker works. It is appropriate to mention even more recent phy- tocenological research on Illyrian-Dinar fir-beech for- ests, which are mostly based on classical studies of the aforementioned authors (Blečić, Fukarek, Galvač, I. Horvat, Pelcer, Puncer, Tregubov). Basically, they con- firm or more or less complement the results of the aforementioned researchers. Recent research includes publications by the Croatian researcher Vukelić (2012), which summarizes the results of previous Croa- tian phytocoenologists (I. Horvat 1938, I. Horvat, Glavač & Ellenberg 1974, Glavač 1974, Trinajstić 1992, Bertović, Cestar & Pelcer 1966) and adds his own unpublished research (41 relevés). Vukelić (2012) accepts and supports the naming of fir-beech forests in Croatia according to the Slovene proposal Omphalodo- Fagetum. It is evident from his synthesis chart with eight analytical tables that, in our opinion, all four characteristic species are represented in the Omphalo- do-Fagetum association in Croatia: Aremonia agrimo- noides, Rhamnus fallax, Cardamine trifolia and Cala- mintha grandiflora, together with the regional differ- ential species Omphalodes verna and the differential species of the association Abies alba selected by Tregubov, supplemented by Puncer, and finally we confirmed them for the newly named Illyrian-Dinaric fir-beech association Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum. The weakest is the area of Lička Plješevica, which does not have the species Calamintha grandiflora and Omphal- odes verna. In his synoptic table, Vukelić (2012) pro- poses a slightly different selection of the characteristic species of the association, the alliance Aremonio-Fa- gion and the southeast European-Illyrian (Illyroid) species, which he chose solely on the basis of compari- sons in the area of Croatia. The Vukelić synoptic table clearly indicates that all eight analytical tables (Vukelić 2012: 155–158 with columns 9–16) convinc- ingly correspond to the common Illyrian-Dinaric fir- beech association Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum. Trinajstić (1970, 1972) persists in the primary re- search of Horvat (1938), in which Horvat classified the Illyrian-Dinaric fir-beech forest as a sub-associa- tion of the southern Croatian beech forest Fagetum croaticum australe abietetosum Horvat 1938. Accord- ing to the new Codices (1976, 1986, 2000) this syntax- on name is invalid. In both of Trinajstić ’s (1970, 1972) tables, all the characteristic and differential species of the association and local differential species that we envisaged for the newly named association Rhamno fallici-Fagetum are represented. This is also evident from Vukelić’s synthesis table (2012: 155–158, column 13), which takes into account Trinajstić’s analytical table with relevés from Mala Kapela. Trinajstić (2008) and Trinajstić et al. (2009) later followed the Code (2000) and combined the first designation of the Illyrian-Dinar fir-beech forest ac- cording to Tregubov (1941) Fago-Abietetum. He cor- rected the association with new characteristic and dif- ferential species and excluded the sub-association with the species Omphalodes verna, thus creating a new no- menclature of the syntaxon, Fago-Abietetum Tregubov 1941 corr. Trinajstić 2007. The table contains many species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion, or southeast European-Illyrian species, including our characteristic species for the association Rhamno falla- ci-Fagetum: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamintha gran- MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 242 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 diflora and Rhamnus fallax, and the association Abies alba and the regional differential species Omphalodes verna. The characteristic and differential species of the syntaxon Fago-Abietetum are generally widespread species in beech forests - not only in the Illyrian floral province but also in others (e.g., Central European province). The question arises as to whether the name of the association is valid. According to the Code (2000), the name Fago-Abietetum or Abieti-Fagetum is not used. In any case, Trinajstić’s syntaxon Fago-Abie- tetum belongs to the syntaxon Rhamno fallaci-Fage- tum, in a slightly truncated form; the composition is not optimal. Surina (2001, 2002) studied fir-beech forests in the Trnovski gozd plateau and found, as had Puncer (1979) before him, that the characteristic species Rhamnus fallax and Calamintha grandiflora and the local differential species Omphalodes verna are rarer. Puncer (1979) even indicated the possibility of a new syntaxon Abieti-Fagetum praealpino-dinaricum Punc- er 1979 mscr. Surina (2001, 2002, Surina & Dakskob - ler 2013) solved the problem of the »intermediate« fir- beech association between the pre-alpine and Dinaric regions with two geographic variants, namely Ompha- lodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957 corr. Puncer 1980) Marinček et al. 1993 var. geogr. Saxifraga cuneifloia Surina 2001 and Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957 corr. Puncer 1980) Marinček et al. 1993 var. geogr. Cal- amintha grandiflora Surina 2001. He retained all Trebugov’s characteristic species or Puncer’s supple- mented version, which today we state as the newly des- ignated association Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum with the difference that we classify the species Omphalodes verna as a regional differential species and the species Abies alba as the association differential species. The association Omphalodo-Fategum contains a large number of subassociations, which, in relation to ecological conditions, are more or less various (ther- mophytes, lithophytes, acidophytes etc.), so Košir (2010) provisionally proposed that some subassocia- tions be given the higher syntaxonomic status of asso- ciation, with an essential change in the dominant tree species – instead of the species Fagus sylvatica the spe- cies Abies alba. He thus proposes the following associ- ations: Sorbo ariae-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv., Clematido-Abieteum Košir 2010 nom. inv., Homogyno sylvestris-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv. and Lycopo- dio-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv. The scientific de- scription is incomplete, so we think the new designa- tion is invalid. Floristic composition of this Košir’s syntax still allow to be included into the association Omphalodo-Fagetum. Table 1: Number of species in syntaxonomic units Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Author Ht Ht Ht Tr Tr Pu Gl Tr Tr Bl F-S Pe Tr Region JZH Sn Sn Ko De Sn Sn Pi Pe Pl Gr Country HR HR HR SL SL SL HR SL SL ČG BIH HR BIH Number of relevés 15 32 6 20 15 109 12 10 20 12 17 17 20 Southeast European-Illyrian species Category I 12 12 10 7 5 12 8 4 5 3 5 4 3 Category II 2 5 4 1 1 5 4 0 1 2 2 4 0 Category III 3 1 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 1 2 0 Category IV 4 6 3 2 0 4 4 1 0 4 3 2 4 TOTAL - ∑ 21 24 17 11 7 25 19 8 7 10 11 12 7 AREMONIO-FAGION 11 11 10 6 5 11 8 4 5 3 4 4 3 FAGETALIA 39 60 50 26 20 49 35 12 20 35 42 36 34 BETULO-ADENOSTI. 7 13 12 4 4 11 5 2 5 9 13 7 10 QUERCETALIA PUBES. 0 7 4 0 1 5 2 0 1 2 3 3 1 VACCINIO-PICEETEA 14 21 16 10 21 41 9 9 23 16 16 9 13 QUERCETALIA ROB.-PUBESCENTIS 1 3 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 0 CARPINETALIA 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 No. of species in tables - ∑ ∑ 82 128 101 51 53 143 72 32 56 77 88 69 65 Place by no. of species: 5 th 2 nd 3 rd 12 th 11 th 1 st 7 th 13 th 10 th 6 th 4 th 8th 9 th NOTES: JZH = Southwest Croatia, Sn = Snežnik, Ko = Kočevsko, De = Delnice, Pi = Piva, Pe = Peručica, Pl = Plješevica, Gr = Grmeč Ht= HORVAT, Tr = TREGUBOV, Pu = PUNCER, Gl = GLAVAČ, Bl = BLEČIĆ, F-S = FUKAREK-STEVANOVIČ, Pe = PELCER HR = Croatia, SL = Slovenia, ČG = Montenegro, BIH = Bosnia & Herzegovina MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 243 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Tables 1 and 2 show exemplarily that all syntaxa presented can be classified in the broadest sense into Illyrian fir-beech forests, into Abieti-Fagetum s. lat. (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum = Omphalodo-Fagetum in Slovenia and southwestern Croatia, Abieti-Fagetum il- lyricum in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fagetum illyricum (croaticum) australe abietetosum in Croatia, and Fage- tum sylvaticae (“montenegrinum”) abietetosum in Mon- tenegro) but with specific differences in respect to their phytogeographic position or in terms of the rep- resentation of southeast European-Illyrian species. We therefore have several syntaxonomic options: (i) to ad- here strictly to the rules of the Code or (ii) to formulate geographical variants beyond the Code, but which will not be scientifically recognized. The syntaxonomic so- lution has been indicated in Table II. We see the syntaxonomic solution of Illyrian fir- beech forests primarily in terms of four southeast Eu- ropean-Illyrian species: Aremonia agrimonoides, Rhamnus fallax, Calamintha grandiflora and Car- damine trifolia. There are some possibilities of divid- ing Illyrian fir-beech forests according to their phyto- geographic position into geographical variants. They are not officially recognized in the Code but the pos- sibility is allowable because of the clearly defined phy- togeographic area of the syntaxa or associations. Se- veral variants are possible: 1. We reintroduce the older nomenclature of Abieti- Fagetum. For the characteristic and differential species of the association, we accept the already familiar diag- nostic species of Tregubov or Puncer (see page 240), as shown in Table 2. The basic association (macro-associ- ation) is then divided into geographical variants with differential species corresponding to their phytogeo- graphic area (position), as follows: Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var. geogr. Omphalodes verna var. geogr. nova for the area of Slovenia and southwestern Croatia; - Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var. geogr. Cala- mintha grandiflora var. geogr. nova for the area of Slovenia (partially Snežnik), Croatia (Delnice), Bos- nia (Peručica) and Montenegro (Piva); - Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var. geogr. Aremo- nia agrimonoides var. geogr. nova for the area of Croatia (Plješevica) and Bosnia (Grmeč). 2. The possibility of dividing Illyrian fir-beech forests into three independent associations, as follows, is less convincing: - Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993 (Slovenia, southwest Croatia); - Calamintho-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) ass. nova. (partially for the areas of Snežnik in Slovenia, Croatia – Delnice, Bosnia – Peručice and Montenegro – Piva); - Aremonio-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) ass. nova. s str. (Croatia – Plješevica, Bosnia – Grmeč planina). The characteristic species Omphalodes verna would be indisputably dominant for the association Omphalodo-Fagetum in an association with relative differential species Ruscus hypoglossum, Epimedium alpinum, Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia and Stellaria montana. Less convincing is the characteristic species Cala- mintha grandiflora for the association Calamintho-Fa- getum. It also appears in the association Omphalodo- Fagetum. An Illyrian fir-beech stand in Montenegro (Piva) is interesting, in which three southeast Europe- an-Illyrian species appear as relative differential spe- cies: Scrophularia scopolii, Astrantia major and Doroni- cum columnae. Most convincing is Scrophularia sco- polii (east European-west Asian species), whose area of distribution is also the south-eastern part of the cen- tral Balkan peninsular, here and there also in the Slo- vene Alps. We classify there the species Doronicum columnae, which is also in Illyrian fir-beech stands in the area of Grmeč planina in Bosnia. Only the characteristic species Aremonia agrimo- nioides appears in Illyrian fir-beech associations in Plješevica (Croatia) and Grmeč planina (Bosnia), al- though generally widespread in all three syntaxa. On Grmeč planina in Bosnia, the southeast European-Il- lyrian species Doronicum columnae also appears in ad- dition to it. The association Aremonio-Fagetum s. lat. is not a special syntaxon only for the mentioned region but has a wider extent. None of these three associations have their own explicit characteristic or differential species that would unconditionally indicate or confirm their independ- ence. All three associations could be understood as relative associations of phytogeographical origin at a higher synsystematic level than the geographical vari- ant, which is not recognized in the Code. In the first two cases, we tried to resolve the posi- tion of all three phytogeographically conditioned as- sociations with higher synsystematic association rank- ing, but this is not satisfactory or correct. For Slovenia, we partially resolved the systematic position of Illyrian fir-beech forest, or its designation, with a sufficiently recognizable regional characteristic species Omphalodes verna, although it is not only pre- sent in the Illyrian fir-beech association, but also in other Illyrian beech forests of Slovenia. We have adopt- ed four characteristic species of southeast European- Illyrian origin: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamitha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia and Rhamnus fallax, according to Tregubov (1957), and left out his charac- teristic species – Cardamine enneaphyllos and Prenan- MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 244 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 thes purpurea – because of their generally widespread nature in many forest syntaxa. Analytical Table 2 shows that these characteristic species are present in Illyrian fir-beech associations of the Central Balkan Peninsula and Slovenia. All are represented in some phytocoenoses, in others only a few, but not less than three of the four characteristic species, all with the differential species Abies alba. A comparison between Illyrian fir-beech associations of the Central Balkan Peninsula and Slovenia shows that these phytocoenoses combine the aforementioned characteristic and differential species. We believe that these syntaxa can be combined into a single syntaxon, Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum nov. nom. Possible and most suitable is probably: Possibility 3: to change the syntaxonomic nomen- clature and introduce a new common name for Illyrian fir-beech forests according to the relatively widespread southeast Illyrian species in the Illyrian floral prov- ince, Rhamnus fallax, thus Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum. It is evident from Table 2 that the species Rhamnus fallax is present in all associations (syntaxa) of Illyrian fir- beech forests. Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) nom. nov. hoc. loco Basionym: Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum Tregubov 1957 (Art. 34 a) Synonyms: Fagetum croaticum australe abietetosum Horvat 1938, (ICPN Ar. 34a) (Horvat 1938) Fagetum iliyricum (= croaticum) australe abietetosum Horvat (ICPN Art. 34a) (Horvat, Glavač & Ellen - berg 1974). Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum Tregubov 1957 (ICPN Art. 34a) (Tregubov et al. 1957) Abieti-Fagetum illyricum Fukarek (ICPN Art. 34a) (Fukarek 1958). Fagetum sylvaticae montenegrium abietetosum Blečić 1958 (ICPN Art. 34a) (Blečić 1958). Inc.: Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993. Characteristic species: Aremonia agrimonoides, Cala- mintha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia and Rhamnus fallax. Differential species: Abies alba. Nomenclature type: Tregubov (1957: 32–34, relevé 13) Lectotypus hoc loco (Marinček et al. 1993). Despite the new name of the association, the prob- lem remains of geographical variants, which run from the northwest of Slovenia to the southeast of the cen- tral region of the Balkan Peninsula. This is mainly due to differences indicated by the following southeast European-Illyrian species: the most widespread spe- cies Aremonia agrimonoides, the central widespread species Calamintha grandiflora, the northwest wide- spread species Omphalodes verna, and the southeast widespread species Doronicum columnae and Scrophu- laria scopolii. There are also differences in the richness of the flora, in particular species of the Illyrian alli- ance Aremonio-Fagion and the order Fagetalia, partly also of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea (Table 1). We aban- doned the breakdown of the Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum association into geographical variants and only em- phasized floristic development from optimal north- west to more modest southeast syntaxa. CONCLUSION We propose the adoption of a new name for the Illyr- ian fir-beech forest association Rhamno fallaci-Fage- tum, which covers all phytocoenoses described by Horvat, Tregubov, Fukarek, Blečić and their followers Glavač, Pelcer, Puncer (et Wojterski & Zupančič), Stefanović etc. The new name for the Rhamno fallaci- Fagetum association would solve the syntaxonomic problem of Illyrian fir-beech forests, which are more or less floristically harmonized with each other in terms of diagnostic species, such as characteristic species, species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fa- gion or other southeast European-Illyrian species. The number of plant species declines towards the southeast of the area of Illyrian fir-beech forests, which is probably not only a matter of slightly dif- ferent ecological conditions but also of the intensity and timing of the inventory by the researcher. Subjec- tive relations must not be neglected. The problem of two different researchers making an inventory is clearly seen in Slovenia (Table 2). If we were to repeat today the research of Illyrian fir-beech forests in the same areas of the plots studied, we would probably get a slightly different floristic image of the phytocoe- nosis. Newer and more optimal research may reveal the presence of other species. It would be important to discover the presence of new southeast European- Illyrian and Balkan species, which would enable a justifiable division of the association Rhamno fallaci- Fagetum into geographical variants or even inde- pendent associations. MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 245 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Uvod Ilirski jelovo-bukovi gozdovi so med najbolj razširje- nimi bukovimi gozdovi dinarskega gorstva. Poleg veli- ke razširjenosti so tudi gospodarsko zanimivi, saj v njih uspeva kakovosten bukov in jelov les. Večinoma poraščajo karbonatne, poleg teh pa tudi nekarbonatne (silikatne) nevtralno do zmerno kisle kamnine različ- nih geoloških starosti. Tla so rjava karbonatna evtrič- na do distrična ali celo nekarbonatna, nevtralna do kisla (pH v H 2 O = 5–7,5 pH v KCl = 4–7). Govorimo o slabo bazičnem do kislem bukovem gozdu. Doslej smo ga opredeljevali kot bazičen bukov gozd. Ilirski jelovo- -bukov gozd gradi v Dinaridih montanski vegetacijski pas v vseh nebesnih legah („klimaks“), seže lahko tudi v altimontanski pas na toplih legah, v redkih hladnih legah pa v zgornjo plast submontanskega pasu. Ilirski jelovo-bukov gozd je zanimiv glede na flori- stično pisanost, zlasti zaradi prisotnosti jugovzhodno- evropsko-ilirskih (ilirskih, ilirskoidnih) vrst, ki so ne- katere značilnice ilirske zveze bukovih gozdov Aremo- nio-Fagion. Glede na njihovo razširjenost jih uvrščamo v štiri kategorije (po zgledu Borhidija , 1963), in sicer od ožje (specifične) do široke (jugovzhodnoevropske) fitogeografske razširjenosti. V prvo kategorijo z ozko razširjenostjo uvrščamo naslednje vrste: Aremonia ag- rimonoides, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine kitai- belii, C. trifolia, C. waldsteinii, Epimedium alpinum, Hacquetia epipactis, Homogyne sylvestris, Lamium or- vala, Omphalodes verna, Rhamnus fallax, Ruscus hypo- glossum, Scopolia carniolica, Scrophularia scopolii in Vicia oroboides. V drugi kategoriji z nekoliko širšo raz- širjenostjo so: Aposeris foetida, Cardamine enneaphyl- los, Euphorbia carniolica, Helleborus niger in Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia. Tretjo kategorijo s široko raz- širjenostjo sestavljajo: Cyclamen purpurascens, Eryth- ronium dens-canis, Euonymus verrucosa, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia in Stellaria montana. V četr- ti kategoriji z zelo široko razširjenostjo so: Astrantia major, Daphne laureola, Doronicum austriacum, D. co- lumnae, Helleborus odorus, Primula vulgaris, Saxifraga rotundifolia in Tamus communis. Glede na sinsistematsko razvrstitev vrst v ilirskih jelovo-bukovih združbah so najštevilčnejše iz reda Fa- getalia s. lat., v katerega smo uvrstili redko zastopane vrste iz reda Prunetalia in razreda Querco-Fagetea. Po- dobno število vrst je tudi iz razreda Vaccinio-Piceetea. Določeno vlažnost rastišča nakazujejo vrste iz razreda Betulo-Adenostyletea s. lat. oz. Mulgedio-Aconitetea s. lat. s primerno udeležbo. Omembe vredna je še skupi- na vrst reda Quercetalia pubescenstis s. lat., ki v nekate- rih nižjih sintaksonomskih enotah – subasociacijah, variantah ali formah – nakazujejo toplejše razmere. Število zgoraj omenjenih vrst po sinsistematskih enotah je glede na avtorje in območja različno. Analiza asociacije Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum (illyri- cum) s. lat. v dinarskem pogorju Za analizo ilirskih jelovo-bukovih združb smo izbrali dela avtorjev, ki so se najbolj posvetila pojavljanju ilir- skih jelovo-bukovih združb na osrednjem Balkanskem polotoku in v Sloveniji, kjer dominirata drevesni vrsti Abies alba in Fagus sylvatica. To so dela Horvata (1974), Tregubova (1957) in Puncerja (1980), Pun- cer, Wojterski & Zupančič (1974), Fukareka (1958), Fukarek & Stefanović (1958), Blečića (1958) ter ta- bele v rokopisu Glavača in Pelcerja iz sintetične ta- bele Horvata et al. (1974: 423–425). Analiza temelji na srednjeevropski (züriško- -montpellierski, Braun-Blanquetovi) metodi. Sintezna tabela s trinajstimi oziroma dvajsetimi sintaksoni (v Puncerjevem razdelku 6 je zajetih osem sintaksonov – subasociacij) nam predstavlja ilirsko jelovo-bukove združbe jugozahodne Hrvaške, območje Delnic in Plješevice na Hrvaškem, območje Peručice in Grmeč planine v Bosni, območje Pive v Črni gori (vse osrednji Balkanski polotok) ter območje Snežnika in Kočevske v Sloveniji. Osnovne značilnice ilirskih jelovo-bukovih združb smo povzeli po Tregubovu z dopolnilom Puncerja; te so: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia in Rhamus fallax. Dosedanjo zna- čilnico Abies alba pa smo uvrstili kot razlikovalnico nasproti drugim bukovim sintaksonom (Fagetum s. lat.). Rezultati primerjav so pokazali, da so na jugoza- hodnem območju Hrvaške, Kočevskem in delno na Snežniku zastopane vse značilnice in razlikovalnica, v območju Peručice in Pive ni značilnice Cardamine tri- folia ter v območju Plješevice in Grmeč planine ni zna- čilnice Calamintha grandiflora. V vseh sintakonomih je razlikovalnica Abies alba – s pripombo, da je na ob- močju Pive prisotna le v grmovni plasti. Razvidno je, da proti jugovzhodu osrednjega Balkanskega polotoka umanjkata najbolj izraziti “ilirski” značilnici Car- damine trifolia in Calamintha grandiflora, s tem pa op- timalni razvoj ilirskih jelovo-bukovih združb. Podobno je tudi z diagnostičnimi vrstami ilirske zveze bukovih gozdov Aremonio-Fagion in drugimi “ilirskimi” vrstami, ki smo jih razdelili v štiri kategorije, kot smo že navedli v uvodnem poglavju (glej str. 245). POVZETEK MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 246 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Njihova največja zastopanost je v jugovzhodni Hrvaški in na območju Delnic ter na Kočevskem v Sloveniji (glej Tabelo 2). Nerazumljiva je njihova majhna zasto- panost na Snežniku. To si lahko razlagamo z intenziv- nostjo popisovalčevega dela in časa popisovanja zlasti v pozni jeseni ali zgodnji pomladi. Lahko pa stanju botrujejo različne ekološke razmere na območjih, ki so manj ugodna za rast nekaterih vrst. Vendar moramo opozoriti, da umanjkanju “ilirskih” vrst sledi tudi skromna zastopanost drugih vrst reda Fagetalia in ra- zreda Vaccinio-Piceetea v primerjavi s prej omenjenimi območji, in tudi drugimi (glej Tabelo 2). Umanjkanje nekaterih “ilirskih” vrst, pa tudi drugih, v osrednjem območju ilirske florne province je pričakovano glede na morda nekoliko drugačne ali manj podobne ekolo- ške razmere kot v drugih fitogeografskih območjih, npr. v Sloveniji ali Hrvaški. Večkrat se dogaja, da so na skrajnemu območju svoje razširjenosti številčnejše in pogostejše. To se pri “ilirskih” vrstah dogaja na severo- zahodnem obrobju ilirske florne province v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem, ki je bogatejša z “ilirskimi” oz. jugo- vzhodnoevropsko-ilirskimi vrstami. Ponovno mora- mo opozoriti, da so te vrzeli lahko odvisne od načina dela popisovalcev. Ustrezno je, da omenimo še novejše fitocenološke raziskave o ilirsko-dinarskih jelovo-bukovih gozdo- vih, ki pa večinoma temeljijo na klasičnih raziskavah prej omenjenih avtorjev (Blečić, Fukarek, Galvač, I. Horvat, Pelcer, Puncer, Tregubov). V osnovi potrjujejo ali bolj ali manj dopolnjujejo rezultate prej omenjenih raziskovalcev. Med najnovejše raziskave uvrščamo ob- jave hrvaškega raziskovalca Vukelića (2012), ki pov- zema rezultate predhodnih hrvaških fitocenologov (I. Horvat 1938, I. Horvat, Glavač & Ellenberg 1974, Glavač 1974, Trinajstić 1992, Bertović, Cestar & Pelcer 1966) in dodaja svoje neobjavljene raziskave (41 popisov). Vukelić (2012) sprejema in podpira poi- menovanje jelovo-bukovih gozdov na Hrvaškem po slovenskem predlogu Omphalodo-Fagetum. Iz njegove sintezne tabele z osmimi analitičnimi tabelami je raz- vidno, da so v asociaciji Omphalodo-Fagetum na Hrva- škem po našem mnenju zastopane vse štiri značilnice: Aremonia agrimonoides, Rhamnus fallax, Cardamine trifolia in Calamintha grandiflora ter regionalna razli- kovalnica Omphalodes verna in razlikovalnica asocia- cije Abies alba, ki jih je izbral Tregubov, dopolnil Pun- cer, dokončno pa smo jih potrdili za novo imenovano ilirsko-dinarsko jelovo-bukovo združbo Rhamno fal- laci-Fagetum. Najšibkejše je območje Ličke Plješevice, ki nima vrst Calamintha grandiflora in Omphalodes verna. Vukelić (2012) sicer v svoji sintezni tabeli pre- dlaga nekoliko drugačen izbor značilnic asociacije, zveze Aremonio-Fagion in jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirs- kih (ilirskoidnih) vrst, ki pa jih je izbral izključno na podlagi primerjanj na območju Hrvaške. Sintezna ta- bela Vukelića jasno kaže, da vseh osem analitičnih tabel (Vukelić 2012: 155–158 s stolpci 9–16) preprečlji- vo ustreza skupni ilirsko-dinarski jelovo-bukovi asoci- aciji Rhamno fallici-Fagetum. Trinajstić (1970, 1972) vztraja pri primarnih Horvatovih (1938) raziskavah, v katerih je Horvat ilirsko-dinarski jelovo-bukov gozd uvrstil kot subaso- ciacijo južnohrvaškega bukovega gozda Fagetum cro- aticum australe abietetosum Horvat 1938. Po novih Kodeksih (1976, 1986, 2000) je to ime sintaksona neve- ljavno. V obeh Trinajstićevih (1970, 1972) tabelah so zastopane vse značilnice, razlikovalnica asociacije in lokalna raziskovalnica, ki smo jih predvideli za novo imenovano asociacijo Rhamno fallici-Fagetum. To je razvidno tudi iz sintezne tabele Vukelića (2012: 155– 158, stolpec 13), ki upošteva analitično tabelo Trinaj- stića s popisi z Male Kapele. Pozneje je Trinajstić (2008) s sodelavci (2009) sle- dil Kodeksu (2000) in se pridružil prvemu poimenova- nju ilirsko-dinarskega jelovo-bukovega gozda po Tre - gubovu (1941) Fago-Aietetum. Asociacijo je korigiral z novimi značilnicami in razlikovalnicami in izločil su- basociacijo z vrsto Omphalodes verna, tako je nastala nova nomenklatura sintaksona Fago-Abietetum Tregu- bov 1941 corr. Trinajstić 2007. V tabeli so številne vrste ilirske zveze Aremonio-Fagion oz. jugovzhodnoevrop- sko-ilirske vrste, med njimi tudi naše značilnice za asociacijo Rhamno fallici-Fagetum: Aremonia agrimo- noides, Calamintha grandiflora in Rhamnus fallax ter razlikovalnica asociacije Abies alba in lokalna razliko- valnica Omphalodes verna. Značilnice in razlikovalni- ce sintaksona Fago-Abietetum so splošno razširjene vrste v bukovih gozdovih – ne le v ilirski florni provin- ci, temveč tudi v drugih (npr. srednjeevropski provin- ci). Pojavlja se vprašanje ali je ime asociacije veljavno (validno). Po Kodeksu (2000) se imena Fago-Abietetum ali Abieti-Fagetum ne uporablja. Vsekakor Trinajstićev sintakson Fago-Abietetum pripada sintaksonu Rhamno fallici-Fagetum v nekoliko okrnjeni obliki; sestoj ni op- timalen. Surina (2001, 2002) je preučeval jelovo-bukov gozd v Trnovskem gozdu in ugotovil, kot pred njim Puncer (1979), da so tam značilnici Rhamnus fallax in Calamintha grandiflora ter lokalna razlikovalnica Om- phalodes verna bolj redke. Puncer (1979) je celo naka- zal možnost novega sintaksona Abieti-Fagetum praeal- pino-dinaricum Puncer 1979 mscr. Surina (2001, 2002, Surina & Dakskobler 2013) je rešil problem »vme- sne« jelovo-bukove združbe med predalspkim in di- narskim območjem z dvema geografskima varianta- ma, in sicer Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957 corr. MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 247 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Puncer 1980) Marinček et al. 1993 var. geogr. Saxifraga cuneifloia Surina 2001 in Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregu- bov 1957 corr. Puncer 1980) Marinček et al. 1993 var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora Surina 2001. Obdržal je vse značilnice Tregubova oziroma dopolnjene Puncer- jeve, ki jih danes navajamo za novo imenovano asocia- cijo Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum z razliko, da vrsto Om- phalodes verna uvrščamo kot regionalno razlikovalni- co, vrsto Abies alba pa kot asociacijsko razlikovalnico. Asociacija Omphalodo-Fategum vsebuje veliko su- basocij, ki so glede na ekološke razmere bolj ali manj raznovrstne (toploljubna, skalovita, kisloljubna ipd.), zato je Košir (2010) provizoročno predlagal, da dobijo nekatere subasociacije višji sintakonomski status aso- ciacije z bistveno spremembo vodilne drevesne vrste – namesto vrste Fagus sylvatica vrsto Abies alba. Tako predlaga naslednje asociacije: Sorbo ariae-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv., Clematido-Abieteum Košir 2010 nom. inv., Homogyno sylvestris-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv. in Lycopodio-Abietetum Košir 2010 nom. inv. Znanstveni opis ni dorečen, zato menimo, da je novo poimenovanje neveljavno (invalidno). Floristične raz- like ostanejo enake kot pri veljavno (validno) opisanih subasociacijah v sklopu asociacije Omphalodo-Fage- tum, torej je splošna floristična podoba omenjenih sin- taksonov ostala enaka kot v matičnem sintaksonu Omphalodo-Fagetum. Tabeli 1 in 2 nam nazorno prikazujeta, da lahko vse tu predstavljene sintaksone v najširšem smislu uvr- ščamo v ilirske jelovo-bukove gozdove, v invalidni sin- taksom Abieti-Fagetum s. lat. (Abieti-Fagetum dinari- cum = Omphalodo-Fagetum v Sloveniji in jugozahodni Hrvaški, Abieti-Fagetum illyricum v Bosni in Hercego- vini, Fagetum illyricum (croaticum) australe abieteto- sum na Hrvaškem in Fagetum sylvaticae (“montenegri- num”) abietetosum v Črni gori), vendar z določenimi razlikami glede na njihov fitogeografski položaj oz. glede na zastopanost jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirskih vrst. Zato imamo več sintaksonomskih možnosti: (i) da se natančno držimo pravil Kodeksa, ali (ii) da mimo Kodeksa izoblikujemo geografske variante, ki pa ne bodo znanstveno priznane. V Tabeli 2 smo sintakso- nomsko rešitev nakazali. Sintaksonomsko rešitev ilirskih jelovo-bukovih gozdov vidimo predvsem v štirih jugovzhodnoevrop- sko-ilirskih vrstah: Aremonia agrimonoides, Rhamnus fallax, Calamintha grandiflora in Cardamine trifolia. Nekaj možnosti je, da členimo ilirske jelovo-bukove gozdove glede na njihov fitogeografski položaj z geo- grafskimi variantami, ki sicer v Kodeksu niso uradno priznane, vendar je dopustna možnost zaradi jasne opredelitve fitogeografskega območja sintaksona oz. združbe. Možnih je več variant: 1. Ponovno uvedemo starejšo nomenklaturo Abieti- Fagetum. Za značilnice in razlikovalnice združbe sprejmemo že znane diagnostične vrste Tregubova oz. Puncerja (glej stran 245), kot je prikazano v Tabe- li 2. Osnovno asociacijo (makroasociacijo) nato deli- mo na geografske variante z razlikovalnicami, ki ustrezajo njihovemu fitogeografskemu območju (po- ložaju), in sicer: - Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var. geogr. Ompha- lodes verna var. geogr. nova za območje Slovenije in jugozahodne Hrvaške; - Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var. geogr. Cala- mintha grandiflora var. geogr. nova za območje Slo- venije (delno Snežnik), Hrvaške (Delnice), Bosne (Peručica) in Črne gore (Piva); - Abieti-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) var.geogr. Aremo- nia agrimonoides var. geogr. nova za območje Hrva- ške (Plješevica) in Bosne (Grmeč). 2. Manj prepričljiva je možnost, da ilirske jelovo-buko- ve gozdove delimo v tri samostojne asociacije, in sicer: - Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993 (Slovenija, jugozahodna Hrvaška); - Calamintho-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) ass. nova. (delno za območje Snežnika v Sloveniji, Hrvaške – Delnice, Bosne – Peručice in Črne gore – Pive); - Aremonio-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) ass. nova. s str. (Hrvaška – Plješevica, Bosna – Grmeč planina). Za asociacijo Omphalodo-Fagetum bi bila nespor- no dominantna značilnica Omphalodes verna v družbi z relativnimi razlikovalnicami Ruscus hypoglossum, Epimedium alpinum, Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia in Stellaria montana. Manj prepričljiva je značilnica Calamintha grandi- flora za združbo Calamintho-Fagetum, ki se pojavlja tudi v združbi Omphalodo-Fagetum. Zanimiv je ilirski jelovo-bukov sestoj v Črni gori (Piva), kjer se pojavljajo tri jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirske vrste kot relativne razlikovalnice Scrophularia scopolii, Astrantia major in Doronicum columnae. Najbolj prepričljiva je Scrophu- laria scopolii (vzhodnoevropsko-zahodnoazijska vrsta), katere areal je tudi jugovzhodni del osrednjega Balkanskega polotoka, tu in tam je tudi v Alpah Slove- nije. Sem uvrščamo vrsto Doronicum columnae, ki pa je tudi v ilirskih jelovo-bukovih sestojih v območju Grmeč planine v Bosni. V ilirsko jelovo-bukovih združbah na Plješevici (Hrvaška) in Grmeč planini (Bosna) se pojavlja samo značilnica Aremonia agrimonioides, sicer splošno raz- širjena v vseh treh sintaksonih. Na Grmeč planini v Bosni se poleg nje pojavlja še jugovzhodnoevropsko- -ilirska vrsta Doronicum columnae. Združba Aremo- nio-Fagetum s. lat. ni poseben sintakson le za omenje- no območje, pač pa ima širši obseg. MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 248 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Vse tri naštete asociacije nimajo svojih izrazitih značilnic ali razlikovalnic, ki bi brezpogojno nakazo- vale ali potrjevale njihovo samostojnost. Vse tri asoci- acije bi lahko razumeli kot relativne združbe fitogeo- grafskega porekla na višji sinsistematski stopnji, kot je geografska varianta, ki v Kodeksu ni priznana. V prvih dveh primerih smo skušali rešiti položaj vseh treh fitogeografsko pogojenih združb z višjim sinsistematskim rangom asociacije, kar pa ni zadovo- ljivo in korektno. Za Slovenijo smo parcialno reševali sinsistematski položaj ilirskega jelovo-bukovega gozda oziroma nje- govega poimenovanja z dovolj prepoznavno območno (regionalno) značilno vrsto Omphalodes verna, ki pa ni zastopana samo v ilirski jelovo-bukovi združbi, tem- več tudi v drugih ilirskih bukovih gozdovih Slovenije. Sprejeli smo štiri značilnice jugovzhodnoevropsko- -ilirskega porekla: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamitha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia in Rhamnus fallax, po Tregubovu (1957), in opustili njegovi značilnici – Cardamine enneaphyllos in Prenanthes purpurea – za- radi njune splošne razširjenosti v mnogih gozdnih sin- taksonih. Analitična Tabela 2 nam kaže, da so naštete zna- čilnice prisotne v ilirskih jelovo-bukovih združbah osrednjega Balkanskega polotoka in Slovenije. V neka- terih fitocenozah so zastopane vse, v drugih le nekate- re, vendar ne manj kot tri od štirih značilnic in vse z razlikovalnico Abies alba. Primerjava med ilirskimi jelovo-bukovimi združbami osrednjega Balkanskega polotoka in Slovenije kaže, da te fitocenoze združujejo prej omenjene značilnice in razlikovalnica. Menimo, da je mogoče omenjene sintaksone združiti v enoten sintakson Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum nov. nom. Mogoča in najbolj ustrezna je verjetno: 3. možnost, da spremenimo sintaksonomsko no- menklaturo in uvedemo novo skupno ime za ilirske jelovo-bukove gozdove po razmeroma v ilirski florni provinci široko razširjeni jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilir- ski vrsti Rhamnus fallax, torej Rhamno fallaci-Fage- tum. Iz Tabele 2 je razvidno, da je vrsta Rhamnus fallax prisotna v vseh združbah (sintaksonih) ilirskih jelovo- -bukovih gozdov. Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) nom. nov. hoc. loco Basionim: Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum Tregubov 1957 (Art. 34 a) Sinonim: Fagetum croaticum australe abietetosum Horvat 1938, (ICPN Ar. 34a) (Horvat 1938) Fagetum iliyricum (= croaticum) australe abietetosum Horvat (ICPN Art.) 34a) (Horvat, Glavač & Ellen - berg 1974). Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum Tregubov 1957 (ICPN Art. 34a) (Tregubov et al. 1957) Abieti-Fagetum illyricum Fukarek (ICPN Art. 34a) (Fukarek 1958). Fagetum sylvaticae montenegrium abietetosum Blečić 1958 (ICPN Art. 34a) (Blečić 1958). Inc.: Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993. Značilnice so: Aremonia agrimonoides, Calamintha grandiflora, Cardamine trifolia in Rhamnus fallax. Razlikovalnica je: Abies alba. Nomenklaturni tip: Tregubov (1957: 32–34, popis 13) Lectotypus hoc loco (Marinček et al. 1993). Kljub novemu poimenovanju asociacije ostaja pro- blem geografskih variant, ki se nizajo od severozahoda Slovenije do jugovzhoda osrednjega območja Balkan- skega polotoka. Tu gre predvsem za razlike, ki jih kaže- jo naslednje jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirske vrste: naj- širše razširjena vrsta Aremonia agrimonoides, osrednje razširjena vrsta Calamintha grandiflora, severozaho- dno razširjena vrsta Omphalodes verna ter jugovzho- dno razširjeni vrsti Doronicum columnae in Scrophu- laria scopolii. Razlike so še v bogastvu flore, zlasti vrst ilirske zveze Aremonio-Fagion in reda Fagetalia, delo- ma tudi razreda Vaccinio-Piceetea (Tabela 1). Opustili smo razčlenjevanje asociacije Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum na geografske variante in le poudarili floristično razvi- tost od optimalnega severozahodnega do skromnejše- ga jugovzhodnega sintaksona. Sklep Predlagamo, da se sprejme novo poimenovanje združ- be ilirskih jelovo-bukovih gozdov Rhamno fallaci-Fa- getum, ki zajame vse dosedanje opisane tovrstne fitoce- noze Horvata, Tregubova, Fukareka, Blečića in njihove sledilce Glavača, Pelcerja, Puncerja (et Wojterskega & Zupančiča), Stefanovića idr. Z novim poimenovanjem asociacije Rhamno fallaci-Fagetum bi bil rešen sinta- ksonomski problem ilirskih jelovo-bukovih gozdov, ki se med seboj floristično bolj ali manj usklajujejo glede diagnostičnih vrst, kot so značilnice, vrste ilirske zveze Aremonio-Fagion ali druge jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilir- ske vrste. Število rastlinskih vrst upada proti jugovzho- du območja ilirskih jelovo-bukovih gozdov, kar verje- tno ni le vprašanje nekoliko drugačnih ekoloških raz- mer, temveč tudi intenzivnost in izbire časa popisova- nja raziskovalca. Subjektivnih razmer ne smemo zane- mariti. Problem popisovanja dveh raziskovalcev se razločno vidi na območju Slovenije (Tabela 2). Če bi danes ponovili raziskave ilirskih jelovo-bukovih goz- MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 249 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 dov na istih območjih oz. raziskovanih ploskvah, bi verjetno dobili nekoliko drugačno floristično podobo fitocenoze. Novejše in optimalnejše raziskave bi morda odkrile prisotnost še drugih vrst. Pomembno bi bilo odkritje prisotnosti novih jugovzhodno-evropskoilir- skih in balkanskih vrst, kar bi omogočalo upravičeno razlikovanje asociacije Rhamno fallici-Fagetum na geo- grafske variante ali celo na samostojne asociacije. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to anonymous reviewer for reviewing the manuscript, supplementing it and for welcome suggestions; Dr. Branko Vreš for producing the phyto- coenological tables and Ana Batič for technical pro- cessing of the manuscript. LITERATURE Barkman, J.J., J. Moravec & S. Rauschert , 1976, 1986: Code of phytosociological nomenclature. 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Theurillat , 2000: International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. Journal of Vegetation Science (Uppsala) 11 (5): 739-768. MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 251 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Table 2: Synoptic table of fir - beech forests of the central Balkan peninsula and Slovenia Tabela 2: Sintezna tabela jelovo-bukovih gozdov osrednjega Balkanskega polotoka in Slovenije Succesive Number - Zaporedna številka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Author of Table - Avtor tabele Ht Ht Ht Tr Tr Pu Gl Tr Tr Bl FS Pe Tr Place of relevés - Kraj popisov JZ HR Snežnik Snežnik Kočevsko Delnice Snežnik Snežnik Piva Peručica Plješevica Grmeč Number of relevés - Število popisov 15 32 6 20 15 109 12 10 20 12 17 17 20 Country - Država HR HR HR SI SI SI HR SI SI ČG BH HR BH AREMONIO-FAGETUM nom. nov. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F1 Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. III 5 5 5 5 3 4-5 5 5 3 5 5 4 5 F1 Rhamnus fallax Boiss. II 2 5 3 4 1 1-5 5 4 4 3 2 3 4 F1 Cardamine trifolia L. III 2 5 4 5 5 4-5 5 3 5 2 2 F1 Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench III 3 5 4 4 5 3-5 5 3 2 4 1 DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES IN CONTRAST TO FAGETUM s.lat. - RAZLIKOVALNICA NASPROTI FAGETUM s.lat. VP Abies alba Mill. I 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 5 5 VP Abies alba Mill. II 5 5 4 3 4 4-5 5 2 3 4 4 5 5 VP Abies alba Mill. III 4 5 5 5 5 4-5 5 5 5 - 5 5 3 LOCAL DIFFERENTIAL SPECIES - LOKALNE RAZLIKOVALNICE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F1 Omphalodes verna Moench III 2 4 5 3 4 4-5 A Doronicum columnae Ten. III 1 1 F1 Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe III 2 SOUTHEAST-EUROPEAN ILLYRIAN SPECIES 1 st CATEGORY JUGOVZHODNOEVROPSKO-ILIRSKE VRSTE 1. KATEGORIJE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F1 Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. III 5 5 5 5 3 4-5 5 5 3 5 5 4 5 F1 Rhamnus fallax Boiss. II 2 5 3 4 1 1-5 5 4 4 3 2 3 4 F1 Cardamine trifolia L. III 2 5 4 5 5 4-5 5 3 5 2 2 F1 Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench III 3 5 4 4 5 3-5 5 3 2 4 1 F1 Omphalodes verna Moench III 2 4 5 3 4 4-5 VP Homogyne sylvestris (Scop.) Cass. III 2 1 2 2-4 1 5 F1 Lamium orvala L. III 4 2 1 1-5 1 F1 Hacquetia epipactis (Scop.) DC. III 1 3 2-3 1 F1 Vicia oroboides Wulf. III 1 1 1 1 1 F1 Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer III 4 1 2 1-2 F1 Cardamine waldsteinii Dyer III 3 2 2 2 F1 Scopolia carniolica Jacq. III 2 1-5 3 F1 Ruscus hypoglossum L. III 2 1 1 F1 Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe III 2 F1 Epimedium alpinum L. III 1 2 nd CATEGORY - 2. KATEGORIJE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F1 Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz III 5 4 3 2 1 2-5 5 4 4 3 1 VP Aposeris foetida (L.) Less. III 1 1 1 1-4 3 1 1 F1 Euphorbia carniolica Jacq. III 1 2 1-3 3 F2 Helleborus niger L. III 1 1 1-2 1 F2 Knautia drymeia Heuff. subsp. drymeia III 1 1 3 rd CATEGORY - 3. KATEGORIJE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F2 Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. III 2 4 2 5 3 2-5 2 5 5 1 Q Euonymus verrucosa Scop. II 1 1 2-4 1 3 1 MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 252 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Succesive Number - Zaporedna številka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Q Fraxinus ornus L. I 1 1 2-4 1 3 F2 Stellaria montana Pierrat III 1-5 VP Erythronium dens-canis L. III 2 Q Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. I 1 4 th CATEGORY - 4. KATEGORIJE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 F2 Daphne laureola L. III 1 3 4 1-5 4 4 2 1 1 VP Saxifraga rotundifolia L. III 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 A Doronicum austriacum Jacq. III 1 1 1 1 2-4 1 2 F2 Tamus communis L. III 1 1 1 1 C Primula vulgaris Huds. III 2 1-4 1 F2 Helleborus odorus W. & K. ex Willd. III 1 3 1 A Doronicum columnae Ten. III 1 1 A Astrantia major L. III 1 F2 FAGETALIA s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fagus sylvatica L. I 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Fagus sylvatica L. II 5 4 5 2 1 5 5 1 1 - 2 5 5 Fagus sylvatica L. III 4 4 5 3 1 1-4 5 2 2 - 4 3 4 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. III 5 5 4 5 4 2-5 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 Lonicera alpigena L. II 3 5 3 2 2 2-3 1 4 3 4 2 4 5 Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. III 5 5 5 5 5 4-5 3 5 4 3 5 5 5 Paris quadrifolia L. III 5 5 4 3 2 3-4 4 1 4 2 3 4 5 Prenanthes purpurea L. III 3 5 3 4 3 3-5 5 4 5 5 3 5 5 Sanicula europaea L. III 5 5 4 5 2 2-5 4 3 2 5 5 5 5 Ulmus glabra Huds. I - 1 - 3 1 1-4 2 2 1 - 1 2 1 Ulmus glabra Huds. II - 2 - 3 1 2-4 2 2 2 1 - 1 2 Ulmus glabra Huds. III 1 1 1 3 2 1-3 5 1 2 - 2 1 - Anemone nemorosa L. III 5 5 5 2 2 2-5 5 3 5 2 1 4 Epilobium montanum L. III 1 3 4 1 1 2-4 1 2 3 4 4 1 Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek* 1 III 2 5 4 4 4 4-5 5 4 3 5 2 3 4 Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau III 5 4 5 4 3 2-5 1 2 5 3 4 4 Carex sylvatica Huds. III 3 5 5 5 3 4-5 5 1 1 4 4 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth III 4 5 4 1 4-5 5 3 2 3 1 Acer pseudoplatanus L. I 1 4 4 2 3 2-5 4 4 3 4 3 4 1 Acer pseudoplatanus L. II 3 5 4 5 2 2-5 3 - 1 - 2 4 4 Acer pseudoplatanus L. III - 4 3 5 3 2-5 5 3 3 - - 1 - Actaea spicata L. III 2 4 2 3 2 2-4 4 2 4 2 Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. III 5 5 3 4 3-5 5 5 4 5 5 Daphne mezereum L. II 2 5 3 5 5 2 2 2 2 Festuca altissima All. III 2 3 3 4 2-5 4 4 5 5 1 Hordelymus europaeus (L.) C.O. Harz III 2 1 1 4 1 1-4 2 2 4 2 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. III 1 4 1 4 1-4 3 1 1 2 2 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. III 1 3 1 2 2 2-5 3 3 1 Geranium robertianum L. III 3 3 3 2-5 2 2 3 5 4 Salvia glutinosa L. III 4 2 1 2-5 4 1 1 2 2 Symphytum tuberosum L. III 2 1 4 2-3 4 3 2 4 Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz III 4 3 4 2-5 4 4 2 3 Carex digitata L. III 3 1 2 2 2-5 2 3 2 Corylus avellana L. II 1 4 2 3 1-5 3 3 1 Mercurialis perennis L. II 2 5 2 1-5 3 1 1 Pulmonaria officinalis L. III 2 1 1 1-4 4 1 1 2 Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. III 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 Lilium martagon L. III 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 Lonicera xylosteum L. II 2 1 2-5 2 3 2 1 Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C. Rich. III 2 2 1 2 2 1 Phyteuma spicatum L. III 2 1 1-2 3 2 2 1 Prunus avium L. II 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 Arum maculatum L. III 1 2 1 1 1 1 MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 253 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Succesive Number - Zaporedna številka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Asarum europaeum L.* 2 III 4 1 2-5 3 3 3 Euphorbia dulcis L. III 1 1 2 2 2 1 Melica nutans L. III 1 1 1 1 1 1 Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. III 2 1 2-3 1 2 1 Allium ursinum L. III 1 2 1 1 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz III 1 1 2 2 1 Euonymus latifolia (L.) Mill. II 2 1 1 1 2 Ranunculus lanuginosus L. III 1 1 2 3 1 Rosa arvensis Huds. II 4 2 1 v 1 Scrophularia nodosa L. III 2 2 1-5 1 1 Acer obtusatum W. & K. ex Willd. I - - 1 1 Acer obtusatum W. & K. ex Willd. II - - 3 1 Acer obtusatum W. & K. ex Willd. III 1 1 - 1 Galium sylvaticum L. (incl. G. laevigatum L.) III 1 2 3 2 Hepatica nobilis Schreber III 1 2 1 4 Anemone ranunculoides L. III 1 3 1 Campanula trachelium L. III 1 2 Clematis vitalba L. II 2 2-4 1 Fraxinus excelsior L. I - 1 - Fraxinus excelsior L. II 2 1 1 Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit. III 1 3 1 Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. III 1 2 1 Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. III 2 1-3 2 Carex pilosa Scop. III 1 1 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. II 1 2 Ilex aquifolium L. II 1 1 Scilla bifolia L. III 1 1 Viburnum lantana L. II 1 1 Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. II 1 Q QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Euonymus verrucosa Scop. II 1 1 2-4 1 3 1 Acer platanoides L. I 1 1 - 3 2 2 Acer platanoides L. II 1 - - - - - Acer platanoides L. III 1 1 1 3 - - Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz II 1 1 2 1 1 1 Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. III 1 1 1 1 Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch III 2 2 Fraxinus ornus L. I 1 1 2-4 1 3 Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC. III 1 1 Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz II 1 1 Acer campestre L. I 1 1 2 Camptothecium lutescens (Hedw.) Schimp. IV 1-3 Laserpitium latifolium L. III 1 Melittis melissophyllum L. III 2 Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. I 1 C CARPINETALIA s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Primula vulgaris Huds. III 2 1-4 1 Carpinus betulus L. I 1 Galanthus nivalis L. III 1 Betonica officinalis L. III 1 Cornus sanguinea L. II 2 Oryzopsis virescens (Trin.) G.Beck III 1-2 Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. (= Galium vernum Scop.) III 2 Ilex aquifolium L. II 1 Ligustrum vulgare L. II 2 Stellaria holostea L. III 2 2 Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. I 1 Rosa arvensis Huds. II 2 MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 254 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Succesive Number - Zaporedna številka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 A BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA s.lat. / MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott III 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 Rubus idaeus L. II 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. III 4 1 2 2-3 2 2 3 1 1 Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. III 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 Milium effusum L. III 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Doronicum austriacum Jacq. III 1 1 1 1 2-4 1 2 Senecio nemorensis L. III 3 5 2 5 2 4 4 Aconitum vulparia Rchb.* 3 III 1 1 1 1 1 2 Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A. Kerner III 1 1 2 3 1 2 Veratrum album L. III 2 1 2 1 2 Circaea lutetiana L. III 5 1 1-5 1 Corydalis solida (L.) Sw. (= Corydalis bulbosa (L. emend. Mill.) DC.) III 1 1 1 2 Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald III 1 1 1 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth III 4 4 3 Adoxa moschatellina L. III 2 1 Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr. III 2 3 Doronicum columnae Ten. III 1 1 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. III 1-5 1 Ranunculus platanifolius L. III 1 1 Cardamine impatiens L. III 1 Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. III 4 Geum urbanum L. III 1-2 Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit. III 1 Impatiens noli-tangere L. III 4 Astrantia major L. III 1 Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit. III 2 RP QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Polypodium vulgare L. III 1 2 1-4 1 1 2 1 Veronica officinalis L. III 1 2 2 2 3 2 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn III 1 2-4 1 Veronica chamaedrys L. III 1 1 2 Betula pendula Roth I 1 Populus tremula L. I 1 VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA s.lat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Abies alba Mill. I 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 5 5 Abies alba Mill. II 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 2 3 4 4 5 5 Abies alba Mill. III 4 5 5 5 5 4-5 5 5 5 - 5 5 3 Oxalis acetosella L. III 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 5 4 5 Picea abies (L.) Karsten I 2 2 1 4 4 1-3 2 4 - 5 4 5 Picea abies (L.) Karsten II - 2 2 2 5 3-5 3 4 1 4 2 5 Picea abies (L.) Karsten III - 1 1 1 2 1-4 - 2 - 3 2 2 Gentiana asclepiadea L. III 1 4 2 2 2 2-5 2 2 1 2 2 Hieracium murorum L. III 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 4 Lonicera nigra L. II 1 3 2 4 5 1-4 4 4 2 5 Vaccinium myrtillus L. III 1 2 2 5 2-4 3 3 3 2 4 Veronica urticifolia Jacq. III 4 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4 Galium rotundifolium L. III 3 3 1 2-4 1 3 2 4 4 Rosa pendulina L. II 2 3 4 1-5 4 4 4 2 3 Orthilia secunda (L.) House III 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 Saxifraga rotundifolia L. III 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth III 1 1 1 1-5 1 3 1 Aposeris foetida (L.) Less. III 1 1 1 1-4 3 1 1 Solidago virgaurea L. III 3 2 2-5 1 1 2 1 Homogyne sylvestris (Scop.) Cass. III 2 1 2 2-4 1 5 MITJA ZUPANČIČ: SYNTAXONOMIC PROBLEM OF ILLYRIAN (DINARIC) FIR-BEECH FORESTS 255 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/2 – 2020 Succesive Number - Zaporedna številka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Carex alba Scop. III 1 1 4 3 2 2 Laserpitium krapfii Crantz III 1 1 2 1 2 2 Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud. III 2 1 1 3-5 1 2 Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt III 2 3 2-3 2 1 3 Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray* 4 III 1 1 5 2-4 2 Luzula luzulina (Vill.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. III 1 1 1 3 2 Ctenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitten (= Hypnum molluscum) IV 5 3 5 5 Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilm. III 1 1 1 2 Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. III 1 1 1-5 2 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. IV 1 5 1-5 3 Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. III 5 2-5 1 Lycopodium annotinum L. III 5 1-4 1 Monotropa hypopitys L. III 1 1 2 Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst. IV 4 1-4 2 Bazzania trilobata (L.) Gray IV 1 1-3 Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth III 1 1 Clematis alpina (L.) Mill. II 2 2 Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. III 1 2 Melampyrum sylvaticum L. III 2 1 Valeriana tripteris L. III 2 3 Adenostyles glabra (Mill.) DC. III 5 Dicranum polysetum Sw. IV 2 Dicranum scoparium (L.) Hedw. IV 1-5 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs III 1-2 Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. III 1-5 Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B. S. G. IV 1-5 Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. IV 1-2 Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Aongstr. IV 2 Mnium orthorrhynchium Brid. (=Atrichum tenellum) IV 2-3 Mnium spinosum (Voit) Schwaegr. IV 1-2 Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. (incl. P. leucophlebia) IV 1-5 Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dum. var. major IV 2 Plagiothecium neglectum Mönk. (=Plagiothecium nemorale) IV 1-3 Polytrichum formosum Hedw. IV 2-4 Erythronium dens-canis L. III 2 Legende - Legenda: F1 = Aremonio-Fagion Ht = Horvat JZ HR = Southwest Croatia - Jugozahodna Hrvaška Tr = Tregubov HR = Croatia - Hrvaška Pu = Puncer SI = Slovenia - Slovenija Gl = Glavač ČG = Montenegro - Črna Gora Bl = Blečić BH = Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosna in Hercegovina FS = Fukarek & Stefanović Pe = Pelcer Nomenclature according to Martinčič et al. 2007 - Nomenklatura po Martinčič et al. 2007: * 1 Galeobdolon montanum, alternatively/lahko tudi G. flavidum * 2 Asarum europaeum ssp. europaeum and/in Asarum europaeum ssp. caucasicum * 3 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia or/ali Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. lycoctonum or/ali Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculoides * 4 alternatively/lahko tudi Dryopteris expansa