DOI: 10.2478/v10028-008-0004-5 HACQUETIA 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 LOCALITIES AND SITES OF PULSATILLA VERNALIS IN THE JULIAN ALPS Igor DAKSKOBLER*, Iztok SINJUR**, Ivan VEBER*** & Branko ZUPAN**** Abstract Applying the standard Central-European method we phytosociologically studied the sites of Pulsatilla vernalis, a rare and protected species of Slovenian flora, in the frost hollows on mountain pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo in the Fužina pasturelands (the Triglav mountains, the Julian Alps). We established that it grows in a unique community of swards and heaths which usually extends over small surfaces (4-10 m2) and is dominated by herbaceous perennial species (hemicryptophytes) and dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes) with mostly arctic-alpine and south-European montane distribution. This community is explicitly (floristically and ecologically) different from the communities of swards and heaths described in the Julian Alps so far, so we classified it into a new association Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova (order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) and subdivided it into two, floristically and ecologically clearly distinguished subassociations -ericetosum carneae subass. nova and -vaccinietosum subass. nova. Key words: Pulsatilla vernalis, Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, phytosociology, syntaxonomy, frost hollows, the Fužina pasturelands (Fužinske planine), the Julian Alps, Slovenia. Izvleček Po standardni srednjeevropski metodi smo v mraziščnih kotanjah na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo v Fužinskih planinah (Triglavsko pogorje, Julijske Alpe) fitocenološko preučili rastišča redke in zavarovane vrste slovenske flore, Pulsatilla vernalis. Ugotovili smo, da raste v svojevrstni, navadno na majhnih površinah (4-10 m2) razširjeni združbi rušnatih trav in resav, v kateri prevladujejo zelnate trajnice (hemikriptofiti) ter polgrmi in nizki grmiči (hamefiti) predvsem z arktično-alpinsko in južnoevropsko gorsko razširjenostjo. Ker se ta združba floristično in ekološko očitno razlikuje od doslej v Julijskih Alpah opisanih združb rušnatih trav in resav, jo uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova (red Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) in jo členimo na dve floristično in ekološko dobro prepoznavni subasociaciji -ericetosum carneae subass. nova in -vaccinietosum subass. nova. Ključne besede: Pulsatilla vernalis, Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, fitocenologija, sintaksonomija, mrazi-šča, Fužinske planine, Julijske Alpe, Slovenija. 1. INTRODUCTION Pulsatilla vernalis is an arctic-alpine or European montane species (Pignatti 1982: 298, Poldini 1991: 621, Aeschimann & al. 2004 a: 148) of subalpine and alpine basophile and acidophile swards (Pignatti, ibid.) or (according to Oberdorfer 1983: 403 and Adler & al. 1994: 275) species of dry grasslands (»Magerrasen«) on silicate bedrock and acid soil in the (subalpine)-alpine belt, very rarely also in the submontane and montane belt, where it grows also in Scots pine heaths. The species is most frequently found on moderately fresh and base-rich, as well as more or less acid, humose loamy soil (Oberdor- * Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Acadamy of Sciences and Arts, Regional unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, Igor.Dakskobler@guest.arnes.si ** Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, iztok.sinjur@gozdis.si *** Zoisova 24, SI-4264 Bohinjska Bistrica **** Savica 6, SI-4264 Bohinjska Bistrica 47 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 fer, ibid.). Aeschimann & al. (ibid.) find that it grows on calcareous, calcareous-silicate and silicate geological bedrock, on acid to neutral soil which is nutrient- (nitrogen) poor and not very well supplied with water (medium dry), mostly in the subalpine and alpine belt. It is a character species of subalpine-alpine swards on acid soil of the Central-and South-European mountain ranges from the class Juncetea trifidi Hadač 1946 (= Caricetea curvulae Braun-Blanquet 1948) - Aeschimann & al. (ibid.) and order Caricetalia curvulae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 (Grabherr 1993 a: 345). Within the territory of former Yugoslavia, Trinajstić (1973: 288) mentions it for Montenegro (Kom planina) and for Serbia. According to Lakušić (2008, in litt.) and Vukojičić (2008, her data is based on revision of herbarium collections of public Herbaria BEOU and BEO as well as on many publications from this territory, for example Rohlena 1942, Micevski 1979, 1985, Nikolić & al. 1986, Diklić 1992, Krivošej & Ran elović 1996, Amidžić & Panjković 2003 and Niketić & al. 2007) the localities of Pulsatilla verna-lis in Serbia (Kosovo) are in the Prokletije mountains (Đeravica, Derviš Kom, Kurvala), in Montene- 91 gro in the Komovi mountains and in the Republic of Macedonia in the Šar planina (Rudoka-Popova Šapka) and Jablanica mountains (Crni kamen). It grows there at the altitudes between 1700 to 2650 m on carbonate and silicate bedrock, in dwarf shrub communities of the alliance Juniperion nanae (=Juniperion sibiricae), in rock-crevice communities of the class Asplenietea trichomanis and in the alpine grasslands of the orders Onobrychido-Seslerietalia (on calcareous bedrock) and Seslerietalia comosae (on silicate bedrock) - Vukojičić (ibid.). Acidophilous high-mountain swards from the class Juncetea trifidi are rather rare in the Slovenian Alps (mostly because of the prevailing calcareous bedrock) and still insufficiently researched (the results of the research conducted by T. Wraber, partly together with B. Surina, have been published only fragmentarily - T. Wraber 1969, 1983, 1984). The largest surfaces covered by these swards are in the vicinity of Mangrt. T. Wraber (1996: 110) mentions several floristic rarities within them, among which are Helictotrichon versicolor, Juncus trifidus, Carex cur-vula and Pulsatilla alba (= P. alpina subsp. alba), but not Pulsatilla vernalis, which had been unknown in 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Figure 1: Distribution of Pulsatilla vernalis in Slovenia Slika 1: Razširjenost vrste Pulsatilla vernalis v Sloveniji 48 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps Slovenia until a few years ago. In the neighbouring Carinthia in Austria it is distributed above all in the northern and northwestern part of the country, but its localities along the border with Slovenia are not known (Hartl & al. 1992: 291). Even in Friuli the localities are in the northern part of the country, mostly on the border with Austria, but not in the Western Julian Alps (Poldini 2002: 395). Poldini (2008, in litt.) noticed Pulsatilla vernalis on silicate sites in the Carnian Alps, within the stands of the association Sieversio-Nardetum. The unusual hairy plant with purple flowers (Pulsatilla sp.) was first noticed in the Julian Alps, on the southwestern part of the Bohinj mountain pasture Ovčarija in 2002 by the photographer Marko Pogačnik. He informed Ivan Veber about his find and in the following years the latter examined the locality and the plant in flowering and fructifying stage several times. Peter Skoberne helped him to determine it as a species new to the Slovenia flora -Pulsatilla vernalis (Veber 2006). Veber's publication is already included in the last edition of the Mala flora Slovenije (T. Wraber 2007: 133-134) and its distribution map in Slovenia was made on this basis (Figure 1). In the spring and summer of 2007 we closely examined the localities of this vernal plant on the mountain pasture Ovčarija. We found a new locality in a frost hollow Za Grivo (at the altitude of 1635-1650 m, near the path between the mountain pastures Viševnik and Ovčarija) and recorded its stands (Figure 2). Our findings are summed up in this paper. 2. METHODS The air temperature in the dolines (pits) on pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo in the period from October 2006 to September 2007 was measured by an automatic temperature recorder "thermo button" or "i-button" (button-shaped thermometer) with the time interval of 15 minutes. The provider is Dallas Semiconductor. The recorder was placed in a special, home-made shelter which protected it from the unfavourable weather conditions (rainfall) and albedo. The air temperature data on the official meteorological station Vogel were provided by the Meteorological Office of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO). The vegetation on the localities of Pulsatilla vernalis was recorded applying the standard Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). The collected relevés were entered into the FloVegSi database Figure 2: Localities of Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (Source: State topographical map 1 : 25 000, GURS) Slika 2: Nahajališča vrste Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo. (Vir: Državna topografska karta RS 1 : 25 000, GURS) (T. Seliškar & al. 2003) and then compared applying the methods of hierarchical classification and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). We used the SYN-TAX program package (Podani 2001). The combined cover-abundance values were transformed into the ordinal scale as proposed by van der Maarel (1979). When conducting our comparisons the following methods of hierarchical clustering were used: »complete linkage (farthest neighbour) method - FNC«, »(Unweighted) average linkage method - UPGMA«, »(Weighted) average linkage method - WPGMA«, »Incremental sum of squares - MISSQ« and the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) ordination method. The similarity measures were the S0rensen and Jaccard indexes (when only presence or absence of species was considered) and Wishart's coefficient (similarity ratio). On the basis of these comparisons a phytosociological table was made (Table 1), in which we calculated not only the presence and frequency for each taxon, but also its cover index (Ic) - Lausi & al. (1982: 124) and its share of coverage (D%) - Surina (2004: 102, 2005: 15). The recorded species were arranged and analyzed according to Raunki-aer's life forms, chorological affinity (geoelemen-tal composition) and phytosociological groups (groups of diagnostic species). Most of the listed 49 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 data come from the Flora alpina (Aeschimann & al. 2004 a,b,c). The nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič & al. 2007), Frahm & Frey (1992) and Martinčič (2003) for the names of mosses, and Wirth (1995) for the names of lichens. We were unable to determine all of the moss and lichen species, so some of the analyses do not include the moss layer. For the names of the syntaxa we mainly follow Theurillat & al. (1995), Theurillat in Aeschimann & al. (2004 c), Grabherr (1993 a, b, c) and Surina (2005). All the syntaxonomical units in the paper and their authors are listed in the Appendix. 3. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RESEARCH AREA The only localities of Pulsatilla vernalis in Slovenia known so far are in the Fužina pasturelands - Fužinske planine (the Julian Alps, the Triglav mountains, Figures 1 and 2). Fužinske planine are the common name for the region between the valley of Voje and Velo polje in the east and the Triglav Lakes Valley in the west, which belongs to the pasture community Studor-Stara Fužina (Mihelič 1992: 130-134, Novak 1985: 148; Cevc 1992: 39- 42, Melik 1950: 179-180). The pasture Ovčarija is a vast and elongated mountain pasture that occupies a large part of the western fringes of the Fužinske planine. It is one of the highest (1660 m) and remotest mountain pastures in our Alps (Mihelič, ibid.). The geological bedrock is massive Triassic limestone (Buser 1986: 40-41, 1987) and the overall climate of the Fužinske planine is montane (Ogrin 1996: 46-47). It can be loosely described with the climate data for the meteorological observatory Dom na Komni (1520 m) - Mekinda-Majaron (1995: 41), B. Zupančič (1995: 46). The mean annual temperature here in the period between 1961-1990 was 3,7 °C (interpolated value), the mean temperature of the warmest month in July in the same period was 12,4 °C, the vegetation period with the mean monthly temperature of above 5 °C lasted from May to October (about five months). The mean temperature of the coldest months was -4 °C (January, February). In the same period (1961-1990), an average of 2934 mm of precipitation evenly distributed across the year was measured on Komna, with the highest average in April (283 mm) and November (395 mm), in the cold period from November to March mostly as snow. On Vogel (1535 m), in the period between 1981-1990, there was on average even a little more precipitation (3077 mm), also with a high in November (395 mm) - B. Zupančič (1996: 337). However, the values for the temperature conditions and precipitation quantity on meteorological observatories Dom na Komni and Vogel are only approximate indicators of the local climate on the mountain pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo, mostly because of their distance from the ridge of the Bohinj-Tolmin mountains (the Lower Bohinj mountains), where the precipitation is more common because of the orographic effects and morphological characteristics of the localities' surroundings. The pasture Ovčarija is situated in a 'konta' (a larger Karstic depression or doline with the diameter of several hundred metres - Kunaver 1985: 55), similarly to the doline (konta) Za Grivo. Both these locations are frost hollows, which means that on clear tranquil nights the temperatures there are often considerably lower than in the vicinity (Martinčič 1977: 231, Ogrin & al. 2007: 198). The temperature conditions in both dolines are therefore significantly different from those on the plateuas of Komna and Vogel. This was confirmed also by the measurements of the researchers from the Slovenian meteorological forum. They had set up instruments for measuring air temperature in these two frost hollows (frost hollow of the pasture Ovčarija and frost hollow Vrtec or the hollow Za Grivo, which lies to the north under Mt. Vrtec, 1811 m) - Sinjur & al. (2007). Based on the air temperature measurements on pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo it was established that both localities of Pulsatilla vernalis known in the Julian Alps so far have very harsh growth conditions, mostly because T' o o e- t- r-- r- r- r- r- r- t--oooooooooooo Figure 3: The lowest temperature by months on Vogel (1535 m) and in dolines (pits) of the pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo Figure 3: Najnižja temperatura po mesecih na Voglu (1535 m) in v kontah na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo 50 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps of the low morning temperatures (that can be as low as -30 °C or less in the winter - Sinjur & Ogrin 2006, and which relatively often stay a few degrees Celsius below zero even during the calendar summer) - Figure 3. The localities of Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija are on the south and southwestern rim of the doline (Fig. 2) and are only slightly elevated above its lowest point (where the measuring instruments are), i.e. definitely still in the cold air belt. The localities of the vernal hairy plant in the hollow Za Grivo are mostly also very near the lowest point of the doline (to the south of the doline, with the exception of one locality which is to the north of this gauging station, near the mountain path towards the pasture Ovčarija). Presumably, these are the potential sites of an Alpine dwarf pine community on calcareous bedrock (Rhododendro hirsuti-Pi-netum prostratae) that was cleared out in the past in order to extend pastures. The forest had probably been overgrowing only the higher-lying slopes on the rims of both dolines. The current open larch stands on the slopes south of the pasture Ovčarija and doline Za Grivo are mostly classified into the syntaxon Rhodothamno-Laricetum. The slopes might once have been overgrown also with the subalpine spruce forest (Adenostylo glabrae-Piceetum sensu Zupančič 1999 or Homogyno sylvestris-Piceetum sensu Exner 2006 and Poldini & Bressan 2007). The soil under the swards of perennial herbs, dwarfs and (semi)bushes overgrowing the rims of the dolines on the pasture Ovčarija are organogenic rendzinas (folic leptosols - WRB, 2006), whose characteristic feature is raw humus (Mor) - Urbančič & al. (2005: 9-10, 2008, in litt.). Organogenic rendzinas occur above all in very cold, humid conditions in the high-mountains and frost hollows, where the decomposition of organic matter is slow. This is similar to peat soil, for example, which develops upwards with accumulation of raw humus. The leaching of base cations can make the soil very acid, poorly fertile and for the most part overgrown with acidophilous and "piceetal" vegetation (Urbančič & al., ibid.). In our case, the slow decomposition of organic matter is related above all to the cold expositions and less so to the altitude. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 comprises 14 relèves of the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo, arranged with hierarhical classification. On average 34 species were found, standard deviation was 4 and coefficient of variation 11 %. Biological spectrum analysis, in which mosses and lichens were not considered, gave the following results (Table 2). Table 2: Plant life forms spectrum of the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (relative frequencies). Fr. - Frequency; Ic - Cover index; D% - Share of coverage. Tabela 2: Spekter življenjskih oblik v sestojih z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (relativne frekvence). Fr. - frekvenca; Ic - indeks pokrovnosti; D% - delež pokrovnosti. Weight (Utež) Fr. Ic D% Phanerophytes (Fanerofiti) P 3.6 2.9 2.1 2.1 Chamaephytes (Hamefiti) Ch 21 26 35 35 Hemicryptophytes (Hemikriptofiti) H 70 68 60 60 Geophytes (Geofiti) G 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.6 Therophytes Terofiti) T 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Total (Skupaj) 100 100 100 100 If the species are given equal consideration regardless of their frequency, the prevailing species are herbaceous perennials, hemicryptophytes (70 %), followed by semi-bushes, dwarf shrubs and perennial swards (chamaephytes) - altogether 21 %. Other life forms, phanerophytes (trees and shrubs), geophytes and therophytes (annual plants) are represented with only a few species within the stands studied. If we use species frequency as weight, the proportion of chamaephytes increases (26 %), while the proportion of other groups decreases. If weight is cover index or share of coverage, the proportion of chamaephytes increases to 35 % and the proportion of hemicryptophytes is 60 %. A high proportion of chamaephytes in the studied community undoubtedly indicates very harsh life conditions for its growth. Such a high proportion of chamaephytes (about 20 % and more) is characteristic only for deserts, the arctic and high-mountain (alpine) belt (Stefanović 1986: 29). Analysis according to chorological affinity is presented in Table 3. Considering only the presence of species, regardless of their frequency and abundance, the prevailing species are the South-European montane species (31 %) and arctic-alpine species (17 %). A similar proportion is obtained if weight is frequency of species. If cover index is considered, the proportion of arctic-alpine species slightly in- 51 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 creases (19 %), while the proportion of South-European montane species slightly decreases (28 %). This analysis also indicates extreme life conditions that mostly arctic-alpine and montane species can handle. Table 3: Chorological groups in the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (relative frequencies). Fr. - Frequency; Ic - Cover index; D% - Share of coverage. Tabela 3: Horološke skupine v sestojih z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (relativne frekvence). Fr. - frekvenca; Ic - indeks pokrovnosti; D% - delež pokrovnosti. Weight (Utež) Fr. Ic Alpine and Alpine-Carpathian species 2.4 2 3.3 3.3 (Alpske in alpsko-karpatske vrste) Arctic-alpine species (Arktično- 17 15.7 19 19 alpinske vrste) E-Alpine species (Vzhodnoalpske vrste) 4.8 5.9 5.7 5.8 E-Alpine-Illyrian species 6 7 5.9 5.9 (Vzhodnoalpsko-ilirske vrste) European species (Evropske vrste) 9.5 14 12.8 13 European montane species (Evropske 4.8 4.1 4.8 4.9 gorske vrste) SE-European montane species 8.3 6.3 4.7 4.4 (Jugovzhodnoevropske gorske vrste) S-European montane species 31 28.7 28 28 (Južnoevropske gorske vrste) Eurosiberian and Euroasian species 6 4.8 3.9 4 (Eurosibirske in evroazijske vrste) Eurosiberian-N-American species 11 11.5 11.9 12 (Evrosibersko-severnoameriške vrste) Total (Skupaj) 100 100 100 100 Table 4: Phytosociological groups (= groups of diagnostic species) in the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (relative frequencies). Fr. - Frequency; Ic - Cover index; D% - Share of coverage. Tabela 4: Sestava po skupinah diagnostičnih vrst v sestojih z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (relativne frekvence). Fr. - frekvenca; Ic - indeks pokrovnosti; D% - delež pokrovnosti. Weight (Utež) Fr. Ic Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae 7.1 9.3 12 12 Caricion firmae 4.8 3.7 2.8 2.8 Caricion austroalpinae 6 6.5 4.8 4.8 Seslerietalia variae 17 11 9.4 9.5 Elyno-Seslerietea 24 30 27 27 Juncetea trifidi 11 12 12 11.9 Calluno-Ulicetea 3.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 Oxytropido-Elynion 6 4.8 8.4 8.5 Leuseleurio-Vaccinietea 1.2 2.2 3.4 3.4 Caricetalia davallianae 3.6 3 2.8 2.8 Arabidetalia caeruleae 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.9 Mulgedio-Aconitetea 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 3.6 4.6 3.6 3.6 Vaccinio-Piceetea 4.8 4.6 6.2 6.2 Total (Skupaj) 100 100 100 100 The highest proportion in the studied community, regardless of whether they are given equal consideration or whether we take into consideration also their frequency and abundance, have the species of subalpine-alpine grasslands and swards on calcareous bedrock (i.e. the species from the alliances Caricion firmae and Caricion austroalpinae, order Seslerietalia variae and class Elyno-Seslerietea, species of the alliance Oxytropido-Elynion are treated separately). Their total proportion is about 50 % (considering the presence and frequency of species) or 44 % (if cover index and share of coverage are used as the weight). After these calculations the studied community should definitely be classified into the class Elyno-Seslerietea. The species of the order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina 1993, which comprises Alpine (montane) heaths on calcareous bedrock (Grabherr & al. 1993: 434), were treated separately. These are mostly pioneer communities on dolomite and limestone bedrock, on coarse rubble, on collapse blocks, in alpine karst with karrens. Diagnostic (character and differential) species of this order are Daphne striata, Genista radiata, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Erica carnea, Juniperus alpina, Rhododendron hirsutum, Pinus mugo etc. Its authors classify it into the class Elyno-Seslerietea (Grabherr & al., ibid.). Theurillat (in Aeschimann & al. 2004 c: 310) classifies the order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina and Grabherr & Mucina 1993 into the class Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1948, which comprises the communities of subalpine-alpine heaths - Theurillat & al. (1995: 224), or heaths from the Arctic regions and mountains of boreal and nemoral belt - Grabherr (1993 c: 447). Among the diagnostic species of this class is Vaccinium gaultherioides (Grabherr 1993 c, ibid.), which occurs also in our relèves. The total proportion of the species of arctic-alpine heaths in our reléves is about 8 % (when given equal consideration) or 12 % (considering their frequency) and 15,5 % (considering also medium coverage, 52 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps cover index). The species characteristic for heaths on calcareous bedrock prevail. Species of subalpine-alpine swards on acid soil (class Juncetea trifidae = Caricetea curvulae) also have a significant proportion (11 or 12 %) in the studied community. Common species from this diagnostic group in our relèves, apart from Pulsatilla vernalis, are also Festuca nigrescens, Campanula scheuchzeri and Potentilla aurea. Other more acidophilous species that grow in the studied community are classified into the classes Calluno-Ulicetea and Vaccinio-Piceetea (in our relèves, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, which is differential also for the communities of acidophilous heaths, is the most constant and abundant species among those diagnostic for this class). Diagnostic species from the alliance Oxytropido-Elynion (according to Grabherr 1993 and Theurillat in Ae-schimann & al. 2004 c this alliance is classified into the class Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii, while according to Oriolo 2001 classification within the class Elyno-Seslerietea is more proper), which comprises the communities of naked-rush swards (Ely-na myosuroides), also indicate the characteristics of the studied community with their proportion (5 to 8 %, depending on the weight). These species occur only on special sites in the Central- and South-European mountain ranges (above all on windexposed ridges, on edges with low snow cover, on base and weakly acid soil). They therefore occur extrazonally and are in contact with the grasslands from the classes Caricetea curvulae (=Juncetea trifidi) and Elyno-Seslerietea (Grabherr 1993 b: 373). The diagnostic species of the alliance Oxytropido-Elynion which occur in the studied community are mostly Dryas octopetala, Antennaria carpatica and Carex rup-estris, possibly also Carex capillaris and C. atrata, although these two sedges are diagnostic also for the snow-bed communities from the order Arabidetalia caeruleae (class Thlaspietea rotundifolii). Within the studied community, the most frequent among the species from this order are Homogyne discolor and Soldanella alpina, which indicate that the snow on these sites keeps rather long into the spring. Analysis of sociological groups shows a unique plant community with elements of different associations, alliances and even classes. According to our findings, the reasons for their collective growth are sites in frost hollows (frost exposed aspects) with long snow cover periods, slow decomposition of organic matter and raw, acid humus. The species with the highest cover index in the studied community (Ic = 67) and the highest share of coverage (D% = 6,9 %) is Dryas octopetala, followed by Vaccinium vi- tis-idaea (Ic = 44, D% = 4,6) and Pulsatilla vernalis (Ic = 39, D% = 4). The most thoroughly studied in the Julian Alps are the subalpine-alpine plant communities in the Krn mountains (Surina 2005). Among the Fužinske planine and the Krn mountains is a large plateau of Komna. Nevertheless, these regions are still geographically and ecologically very similar. Among the communities described in the Krn mountains by Surina (ibid.), the stands which are the most similar to the studied stands are those from the associations Dryadetum octopetalae Rübel 1911 (cover index and share of coverage of Dryas octopetala are considerably higher here, Ic = 98, D% = 19,9), Rhododendretum hirsuti Lüdi 1921 and Empet-ro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 corr. Grabherr 1993. We made a synthetic table (Table 5) and compared all four syntaxa (Figures 4-7). Figure 4: Dendrogram of subalpine-alpine swards and heaths (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Em-petro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - UPGMA, the S0rensen index Slika 4: Dendrogram subalpinsko-alpinskih rušnatih trat in resav (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryade-tum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Em-petro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - UPGMA, S0rensenov količnik Considering only the presence and absence of species, the association Empetro-Vaccinietum gaulthe-rioidis is the most similar to the studied community, but the coefficient of floristic similarity according to S0rensen is only about 54 % (Figure 4) and 38 % according to Jaccard (Figure 5). However, if we take into consideration also the frequency of species, our relevés become more similar to the stands of the association Rhododendretum hirsuti (Figure 6). 53 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 Figure 5: Dendrogram of subalpine-alpine swards and heaths (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - UPGMA, the Jaccard index Slika 5: Dendrogram subalpinsko-alpinskih rušnatih trat in resav (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - UPGMA, Jaccardov količnik Figure 7: Two dimensional scatter-diagram of subalpine-alpine swards and heaths (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Drya-detum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Empetro-Vaccinietumgaultherioidis) - PCoA, similarity ratio Slika 7: Dvorazsežn ordinacijski diagram subalpinsko-al-pinskih rušnatih trat in resav (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododen-dretum hirsuti, EhVg - Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - PCoA, similarity ratio Figure 6: Dendrogram of subalpine-alpine swards and heaths (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Em-petro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis) - UPGMA, similarity ratio Slika 6: Dendrogram subalpinsko-alpinskih rušnatih trat in resav (PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum, Do - Dryadetum octopetalae, Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti, EhVg - Em-petro-Vaccinietumgaultherioidis) - UPGMA, similarity ratio The two-dimensional scatter diagram (Figure 7) clearly shows that four different communities were compared. Based on these comparisons, the stands on pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo, where Pulsatilla vernalis grows, are classified into a new association Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova, which is classified into the alliance Ericion Rübel ex Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina 1993 and order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina 1993. The question whether this order should be included into the class Loiseleurio-vaccinietea (as proposed in the Flora alpina - Theu-rillat in Aeschimann & al. 2004 c: 310), or into the class Elyno-Seslerietea (Grabherr & al. 1993) is left unanswered. According to the analysis of groups of diagnostic species (Table 4), priority in this case should be given to the class Elyno-Seslerietea. The diagnostic (differential) species of the new association are Dryas octopetala, Pulsatilla vernalis, vaccinium vitis-idaea, Homogyne discolor, Juniperus alpina and vaccinium gaultherioides. Each of them is diagnostic for a different phytosociological group and their collective growth indicates a quite unique site. The species Dryas octopetala indicates initial soil and the pioneer stage of development of the community, Pulsatilla vernalis, vaccinium vitis-idaea and V. gault-herioides are indicative of a slow decomposition of organic matter and acid humus, Homogyne discolor indicates a site where the snow keeps for a long time and Juniperus alpina a syndynamic connection with a dwarf pine community. 54 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps The relèves in Table 1 were compared with hierarchic classification and PCoA ordination method (Figures 8 to 10). In all the methods tested they united into two groups which are treated as two subassociations. Axis 1 in Figure 10 also indicates the temperature gradient, on the left are relèves from a slightly warmer rim and on the right are the relèves from a slightly colder point of the dolines. Figure 10: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (PCoA - similarity ratio); PvDoty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Drya-detum vaccinietosum, PvDoec - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryade-tum ericetosum carneae Slika 10: Dvorazsežni diagram sestojev z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (PCoA - similarity ratio); PvDoty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum vaccinietosum, PvDoec - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum ericetosum carneae Figure 8: Dendrogram of the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (MISSQ - similarity ratio); PvDoty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum vaccinietosum, PvDoec - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum ericetosum carneae Slika 8: Dendrogram sestojev z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (MISSQ - similarity ratio); PvDoty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum vaccinietosum, PvDoec -Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum ericetosum carneae Figure 9: Dendrogram of the stands with Pulsatilla vernalis on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo (UPGMA - similarity ratio); PvDoty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum vaccinietosum, PvDoec - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum ericetosum carneae Slika 9: Dendrogram sestojev z vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo (UPGMA - similarity ratio); Pv-Doty - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum vaccinietosum, PvDoec - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum ericetosum carneae The relèves on the pasture Ovčarija were made on the rim above the lowest point of the doline, i.e. on a little less frosty exposition in comparison with the relèves on Za Grivo, with a thinner layer of raw humus (the vegetation manifests a more obvious influence of calcareous, limestone bedrock). This is indicated above all by Erica carnea, Daphne striata and Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (the diagnostic species of the order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae), as well as by Carex sempervirens and Senecio abrotanifolius. The species listed are the differential species of the subassociation Pulsa-tillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ericetosum carneae subass. nova. Its nomenclature type (holotypus) is relève No. 9 in Table 1, which is also the nomenclature type (holotypus) of the new association. The relèves on Za Grivo were made in the frost hollow itself (although the Pulsatilla vernalis there can grow also on the rim of the doline, together with Erica carnea, so the stands of the subassociation -ericetosum carnea are preseneted also on locality Za Grivo), on very acid soil. They are classified into the new subassociation Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae vaccinietosum subass. nova. Characteristic for these stands is an abundant growth of three species from the order Vaccinium (V vitis-idaea, V. gaultherioides and V. myrtillus), while the differential species of the subassociation are also Primula halleri, Salix retusa and S. alpina (which indicate a certain similarity with snow-bed communities). 55 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 The nomenclature type (holotypus) of this subassociation is relève No. 2 in Table 1. As regards the dilemma between the classes Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea and Elyno-Seslerietea it can be said that the relèves of the syntaxon Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octop-etalae vaccinietosum are slightly more similar to the community Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis and are closer to the class Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, while the relèves of the syntaxon Pulsatillo vernalis-Drya-detum octopetalae ericetosum carneae are a little more similar to the association Rhododendretum hirsuti and are closer to the class Elyno-Seslerietea. 5. CONCLUSIONS Applying the standard Central-European method we phytosociologically studied the sites of Pulsa-tilla vernalis, a rare and protected species of Slovenian flora, in the frost hollows on the mountain pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo (new locality!) in the Fužina pasturelands (the Triglav mountains, the Julian Alps). The humid montane climate with a thick snow cover in the cold part of the year and an explicit frost hollow site, confirmed by the measurements of the Slovenian meteorological forum, are the reasons for a slow decomposition of organic matter and development of the organogenic rendzina ( folic leptosols) characterized by raw humus (Mor). On small surfaces on the rims of frost hollows developed a unique vegetation dominated by herbaceous perennials (hemicryp-tophytes), half-bushes and dwarf shrubs (chamae-phytes). Such vegetation is actually characteristic of the Arctic regions, high mountains and deserts, i.e. for extreme life conditions. The species able to adapt to such circumstances are above all those with south-European montane distribution and arctic-alpine species. Regarding their phytoso-ciological affiliation they belong above all to the class of subalpine-alpine swards and grasslands on calcareous bedrock Elyno-Seslerietea, the order of Alpine (montane) heaths on calcareous bedrock Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, the class of subalpine-alpine swards on acid soil Juncetea trifi-dae (= Caricetea curvulae), the class of subalpine-alpine heaths Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, to the alliance of naked-rush swards Oxytropido-Elynion and the order of snow-bed vegetation Arabidetalia caerule-ae. The highest cover index (Ic, Lausi & al. 1982) among them and the largest share of coverage (D%, Surina 2004, 2005) have Dryas octopetala, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Pulsatilla vernalis. Three slightly similar communities have been described in the Julian Alps (the Krn mountains) so far: Dryadetum octopetalae, Rhododendretum hirsuti and Empetro-Vac-cinietum gaultherioidis (Surina 2005). However, they are floristically clearly different from the community with Pulsatilla vernalis (Figures 4-7) and the latter is therefore classified into a new association Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova, which is characterized (differentiated) by Pulsatilla vernalis, Dryas octopetala, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. gaultherioides, Homogyne discolor and Juniperus alpina. The new association is subdivided into two subassociations (Figures 8-10): -ericetosum carneae subass. nova on sites with a thinner layer of raw humus and a more explicit influence of calcareous bedrock (nomenclature type, holotypus, is relève No. 9 in Table 1, which is also the nomenclature type, holotypus, of the new association, while the differential species are Erica carnea, Daphne striata, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Carex sempervirens and Senecio abrotanifolius) and -vaccinietosum on explicitly frost hollow sites with acid raw humus (nomenclature type, holotypus, is relève No. 2 in Table 1, and the differential species are Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. gaultherioides - both on account of their abundance, V. myrtillus, Primula halleri, Salix retusa and S. alpina). The new association is classified into the alliance Ericion carneae, order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae and class Elyno-Seslerietea. Because Pulsatilla vernalis is a rare and protected species of the Slovenian flora (Skoberne 2007: 9, T. Wraber 2007: 134) its localities on the pasture Ovčarija and Za Grivo deserve our undivided attention. Despite the fact that Slovenian Alps have been well researched the species may have been somewhat overlooked because of its early spring flowering (as soon as the snow thaws). With a more thorough examination of similar sites (frost hollows) elsewhere in the Fužinske planine, on Komna and similar high-Karst plateaus, new localities of this species may be found. 6. POVZETEK Nahajališča in rastišča vrste Pulsatilla vernalis v Julijskih Alpah V Fužinskih planinah, na pl. Ovčarija, 1660 m nm. v. (Triglavsko pogorje, Julijske Alpe, severozahodna Slovenija), je leta 2002 fotograf Marko Pogačnik odkril vijoličasto cvetočega kosmatinca, ki sta ga 56 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps Ivan Veber in Peter Skoberne spoznala za vrsto Pulsatilla vernalis (Veber 2006). Spomladi (maja) in poleti (julija) 2007 smo si njegova nahajališča na pl. Ovčarija podrobno ogledali in odkrili še eno nahajališče v bližnji kotanji Za Grivo, na podobni nadmorski višini (1635-1650 m nm. v.) - sliki 1 in 2. To so doslej edina znana nahajališča te evropske montanske vrste, značilnice kisloljubnih sub-alpinsko-alpinskih travišč iz razreda Juncetea trifidi (= Caricetea curvulae) v Julijskih Alpah in v Sloveniji, zato smo jih podrobno fitocenološko preučili po standardni srednjeevropski metodi (Braun-Blan-quet 1964) - tabela 1. Na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo vrsta Pulsatilla vernalis raste na obodu mraziščnih kotanj oz. prav v njihovem dnu, na triasnem apnencu. Potencialno naravna vegetacija teh kotanj je bilo najbrž ruševje (Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum prostra-tae), ki so ga v preteklosti izkrčili za potrebe planine. Ruševje še zdaj uspeva na robovih kotanj, višje na pobočjih tudi vrzelasto macesnovje (Rhodothamno-Laricetum). Humidno gorsko podnebje z obilno snežno oddejo v hladnem delu leta in še posebej očitna, z meritvami Slovenskega meteorološkega foruma potrjena mraziščna lega (slika 3) sta vzrok za počasen razkroj organske snovi in razvoj orga-nogene rendzine, za katero je značilen surov humus. Na obodih mraziščnih kotanj se je na majhnih površinah razvilo svojevrstno rastje, v katerem prevladujejo zelnate trajnice (hemikriptofiti) ter polgrmi in nizki grmiči (hamefiti) - tabela 2. Takšno rastje je sicer značilno za Arktiko, visokogorje in puščave, torej za skrajne življenjske razmere. Vrste, ki se jim lahko prilagodijo, so po svoji razširjenosti predvsem južnoevropske gorske (31 %) in arktično-alpinske (17 %) - tabela 3. Po svoji fitocenološki navezanosti pripadajo predvsem razredu subalpinsko-alpinskih travišč na karbonatni podlagi Elyno-Seslerietea, redu alpskih (gorskih) resav na karbonatni podlagi Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, razredu subalpinsko-alpinskih travišč na kislih tleh Juncetea trifidae (= Caricetea curvulae), razredu subalpinsko-alpinskih resav Loiseleurio-vaccinietea, zvezi rušnatih trat z elino Oxytropido-Elynion in redu rastja snežnih dolinic Arabidetalia caeruleae - tabela 4. Med njimi imajo največji indeks pokrovnosti (Ic, Lausi & al. 1982) in največji delež pokrovnosti (D%, Surina 2004, 2005) vrste Dryas octopetala, vaccinium vitis-idaea in Pulsatilla vernalis - tabela 1. V Julijskih Alpah, v Krnskem pogorju, je Surina (2005) ugotovil tri nekoliko podobne združbe: Dryadetum octopetalae, Rhododendretum hirsuti in Empetro-vaccinietum gault-herioidis. Vse so floristično očitno precej različne od združbe, kjer raste vrsta Pulsatilla vernalis (slike 4-7). Zato to uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova, ki jo označujejo (razlikujejo) vrste Pulsatilla vernalis, Dryas octopetala, vaccinium vitis-idaea, v gaultherio-ides, Homogyne discolor in Juniperus alpina. Novo asociacijo členimo na dve subasociaciji (slike 8-10): -ericetosum carneae subass. nova na rastiščih s tanjšo plastjo surovega humusa in bolj očitnim vplivom karbonatne matične podlage (nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je fitocenološki popis št. 9 v tabeli 1, to je tudi nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, nove asociacije, razlikovalnice pa so vrste Erica carnea, Daphne stri-ata, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Carex sempervirens in Senecio abrotanifolius) in -vaccinietosum na izrazito mraziščnih legah s kislim surovim humusom. Njen nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je fitocenološki popis št. 2 v tabeli 1, razlikovalnice pa so vrste vaccinium vitis-idaea, v. gaultherioides (obe zaradi svoje obilnosti), v. myrtillus, Primula halleri, Salix retusa in S. alpina. Novo asociacijo uvrščamo v zvezo Ericion carneae, v red Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae in v razred Elyno-Seslerietea. Ker je Pulsatilla vernalis redka in zavarovana vrsta slovenske flore (Skoberne 2007: 9, T. Wraber 2007: 134) zaslužijo njena nahajališča na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo vso našo pozornost. Mogoče je, da je bila ta vrsta zaradi zgodnjega cvetenja na začetku gorske pomladi (takoj ko skopni sneg) doslej kljub dobri botanični raziskanosti naših Alp nekoliko prezrta in morda bomo s podrobnim pregledom podobnih rastišč (mraziščnih kotanj) drugod v Fužinskih planinah, na Komni in na podobnih visokokraških planotah našli njena nova nahajališča. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The photographer Marko Pogačnik with his find was the key person in writing this paper. Brane Anderle cooperated in the flora inventory in the doline Za Grivo. Mihej Urbančič, B.Sc., kindly advised us in the soil description and Dr. Tinka Bačič helped by determining the taxon Luzula exspectata. Researchers of frost hollows from the Slovenian meteorological forum provided the valuable temperature data. 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APPENDIX List of syntaxa mentioned in the article with authors: Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1948 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tüxen 1937 em. R. Tü-xen 1970 Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač & Klika in Klika 1948 Onobrychido-Seslerietalia Ht. 1949 Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1949 Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Ellmauer & Mucina 1993 Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina 1993 Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae Zöttl 1951 Rhododendretum hirsuti Lüdi 1921 Rhodothamno-Laricetum deciduae Willner & Zukrigl 1999 Seslerietalia comosae Simon 1957 Seslerietalia variae Br.-Bl.in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 Sieversio-Nardetum strictae Lüdi 1948 Thlaspietea rotundifolii Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. 1939 emend. Zupančič (1976) 2000 ABBREVIATIONS - OKRAJŠAVE Parent material (Geološka podlaga) A - limestone - apnenec Soil types (Talni tipi) FoL - Folic Leptosols - organogena rendzina Adenostylo glabrae-Piceetum M. Wraber ex Zukrigl 1973 corr. Zupančič 1993 (= Homogyno sylvestris-Piceetum Exner in Poldini & Bressan 2007) Arabidetalia caeruleae Rübel ex Nordhagen 1936 Asplenietea trichomanis Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 Calluno-Ulicetea Br.-Bl. & R. Tüxen ex Klika 1948 Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1949 Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974 Caricion austroalpinae Sutter 1962 Caricion firmae Gams 1936 Dryadetum octopetalae Rübel 1911 Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948 Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 corr. Grabherr 1993 Ericion Rübel ex Grabherr, Greimler & Mucina 1993 Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1943 Juncetea trifidi Hadač 1946 (= Caricetea curvulae Braun-Blanquet 1948) Juniperion nanae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Sissingh & Vlie-ger 1939 Recieved 1. 4. 2008 Revision recieved 17. 6. 2008 Accepted 19. 6. 2008 60 Table 1 (Tabela 1): Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) Working number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Parent material (Matična podlaga) Soil (Tla) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Cover in % (Zastiranje v % ): Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) El Moss layer (Zeliščna plast) EO Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m2 Number of species (Število vrst) Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) Locality (Nahajališče) Quadrant (Kvaqdrant) 1 2 3 4 5 00 ^ (N Tt- TI- Tt- TI- Tt" Tt- TI- TI- Tt" > > > > 'ë à à à à « « rt rt rt N N N N N 3; 5; 3; 5; 5; 00 Tt- 00 ti- 00 ti- 00 00 Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) OE Dryas octopetala El 2 1 2 3 3 JT Pulsatilla vernalis El 1 2 2 1 + VP Vaccinium vitis-idaea El 2 2 2 1 1 AC Homogyne discolor El 1 + 1 RE Juniperus alpina El + + + 1 LV Vaccinium gaultherioides El 3 3 2 1 2 Differential species of the subassociations (Razlikovalnice subasociacij) VP Vaccinium myrtillus El 2 1 + SV Primula halleri El 1 + 1 + AC Salix retusa El + + + ES Salix alpina El + + 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 on Tt-Tt- 00 Tt- TI- (N Tt" Tt-Tt- Tt- on Tt- Tt- rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt 'S Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O Ph O > O rt N 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- 00 Tt- Pr Fr. Ic D 0 b 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 3 3 14 100 67 6,9 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 100 39 4,0 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 12 86 44 4,6 + 1 1 1 2 + 1 + 11 79 25 2,5 + + + 1 1 1 + 11 79 21 2,143 2 1 + + 1 10 71 33 3,4 + 4 4 29 29 10 8 0,989 0,824 + 4 29 6 0,660 1 3 21 6 0,577 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 RE Erica carnea El CA Senecio abrotanifolius El RE Daphne striata El SV Carex semper\>irens El RE Rhodothamnus chamaecistus El RE Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Rhododendron hirsutum Pinus mugo El El + 1 CF Caricion firmae Carex finita Helianthemum alpestre Silene acaulis Festuca quadriflora El El El El + + + CA Caricion austroalpinae Koeleria eriostachya El + + + Achillea cla\>enae El Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina El r L aserpitium peucedanoides El SV Seslerietalia variae Aster bellidiastmm El + 1 1 Potentilla crantzii El + + 1 Aster alpinus El Erigeron glabratus El + Ranunculus carinthiacus El + Biscutella laevigata El + Galium anisophyllon El + + Thesium alpinum El + + Saussurea discolor El + Hieracium pilosum El + Alchemilla alpigena El + Pedicularis rostrato-capitata El Leucanthemum adustum El ES Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria El + + + + + Polygonum viviparum El 1 1 1 + 1 Agrostis alpina El + + 1 1 Astrantia bavarica El + 1 1 Carex ornithopoda El + + 1 + + 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 8 57 38 3,9 1 + + + + + 1 + 8 57 14 1,5 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 7 50 29 3,0 + + 2 2 2 2 2 7 50 23 2,391 + 1 + + 2 + 6 43 13 1,319 + + + + + 7 50 12 1,237 + + r + 4 29 6 0,577 + + + + + + + 8 57 13 1,3 + + + + + 5 36 8 0,824 2 14 3 0,330 + + 2 14 3 0,330 + + + + + + 9 64 14 1,5 + + + + + + + 7 50 11 1,1 + r r 4 29 4 0,412 + + 2 14 3 0,330 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 10 71 22 2,308 + + + + 7 50 12 1,237 + + + + 1 5 36 9 0,907 + + + 4 29 6 0,660 + + + 4 29 6 0,660 + + + 4 29 6 0,660 1 3 21 6 0,577 + 3 21 5 0,495 1 2 14 4 0,412 + 2 14 3 0,330 1 7 2 0,165 r 1 7 1 0,082 + 1 7 2 0,165 + 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 14 100 27 2,8 1 + + + 1 + + 12 86 24 2,4 + 1 + 1 + + + 11 79 21 2,143 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 79 25 2,6 1 + + 1 1 1 11 79 21 2,2 SelagineHa selaginoides El + + + 1 Gentiana chisii El + + r Phyteuma orbictdare El + + Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus El + 1 1 Linum julicum El + + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris El + Pedicularis verticillata El + + Bartsia alpina El Poa alpina El 1 Prunella grandiflora El Gentianella anisodonta El r Euphrasia salisbutgensis El Gentiana verna El Juncetea trifidi Festuca nigrescens El 1 1 + + Campanula scheuchzeri El + + + Potentilla aurea El 2 1 1 + Anthoxanthum nipponicum El + + Agrostis rupestris El r + Antennaria dioica El + Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta El + Euphrasia minima El + Calluno- Ulicetea Luzula exspectata* El + 1 + Potentilla erecta El + Coeloglossum viride El + Oxytropido-Elynion Carex capillaris El Antennaria carpatica El 1 Carex atrata El + Carex rupestris El Caricetalia davallianae Parnassia palustris El + 1 + Tofieldia calyculata El Pinguicula alpina El + Arabidetalia caeruleae Soldanella alpina El + 1 Alchemillafissa El + + + Rhodiola rosea El + r r + + + 1 1 10 71 17 1,814 + + + + + + r 10 71 14 1,5 + 1 + + + 1 + 9 64 16 1,649 o 0 1 1 + + + 1 9 64 18 1,9 v Ö + + + + + + + + + + + 8 6 57 43 13 10 1,319 0,989 > Ê Pi 0 w + + 4 29 6 0,660 ~ T. P 1 1 + + 4 29 8 0,824 H + + + + + 3 3 1 21 21 7 6 5 1 0,577 0,495 0,082 0 v. r£ Jz c p + + 1 1 7 7 2 2 0,165 0,165 ÏÏ z $ w T. K & + 1 + + + 2 + + 12 86 24 2,4 + + 1 1 + 1 + + 11 79 20 2,061 W ? 1 + + 7 50 16 1,649 z v. 0 + + + 5 2 36 14 8 2 0,824 0,247 N G 5 z + 2 1 14 7 3 2 0,330 0,165 r c £ H W 1 7 2 0,165 + + 5 36 9 0,907 S Ö C/3 H W C« 0 + 2 1 14 7 3 2 0,330 0,165 + 1 + + + 4 2 1 29 14 7 6 5 2 0,660 0,495 0,165 ! E 1 1 7 2 0,247 j 1 + + + 7 50 13 1,319 z I + 1 + 1 1 1 4 3 29 21 10 5 0,989 0,495 M t-1 a - > z TJ C« + 1 + + 1 1 8 3 57 21 16 5 1,649 0,495 + 3 21 4 0,412 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 Trifolium pallescens El + MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora El MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea PT Trollius europaeus El + + r Leontodon hispidus El 1 1 1 + Trifolium pratense El + + + VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Huperzia selago El Larix ded dua El r ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Tortella sp. EO Cetraria islandica EO + + + Dicrammi sp. EO Dlstichium capilkiceum EO * det. Tinka Bačič cn 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 7 2 0,165 1 7 2 0,247 + + + + + + 9 64 13 1,4 + + + 7 50 13 1,4 + + 5 36 8 0,824 r + + 3 21 4 0,412 2 14 2 0,247 + + + + + + + 7 50 11 3 21 5 + + + 3 21 5 + 1 7 2 > o po Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps Table 5: Synoptic table of subalpine-alpine swards and heaths communities in the Julian Alps Tabela 5: Sintezna tabela subalpinsko-alpinskih rušnatih trav in resav v Julijskih Alpah Succesive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 12 3 4 Number of relevés (Število popisov) 14 6 7 3 Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksonov) PvDo Do RH EhVg Author of the table (Avtor tabele) ID BS BS BS Diagnostic species of the associations (Diagnostične vrste asociacij) OE Dryas octopetala E1 100 100 57 100 JT Pulsatilla vernalis E1 100 VP Vaccinium vitis-idaea E1 86 29 100 AC Homogyne discolor E1 79 43 67 RE Juniperus alpina E1 79 14 LV Vaccinium gaultherioides E1 71 29 100 RE Rhododendron hirsutum E1 50 17 100 67 RE Rhodothamnus chamaecistus E1 43 17 100 67 ML Cetraria islandica E0 21 100 ML Cladonia stellaris E0 100 ML Hylocomium splendens E0 67 ML Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 67 Differential species of the subassociations (Razlikovalnice subasociacij) RE Erica carnea E1 57 CA Senecio abrotanifolius E1 57 17 SV Carex sempervirens E1 50 83 57 RE Daphne striata E1 50 14 AC Salix retusa E1 29 43 67 VP Vaccinium myrtillus E1 29 29 SV Primula halleri E1 29 ES Salix alpina E1 21 50 14 CF Caricion firmae Carex firma E1 57 83 57 33 Helianthemum alpestre E1 36 17 67 Silene acaulis E1 14 33 Festuca quadriflora E1 14 Crepis kerneri E1 17 Phyteuma sieberi E1 17 14 Sesleria sphaerocephala E1 14 Chamorchis alpina E1 33 CA Caricion austroalpinae Koeleria eriostachya E1 64 17 14 33 Achillea clavenae E1 50 17 29 100 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina E1 29 29 Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 14 57 Ranunculus hybridus E1 17 14 Pimpinella alpina E1 14 33 SV Seslerietalia variae Aster bellidiastrum E1 71 17 100 67 Potentilla crantzii E1 50 17 29 33 Aster alpinus E1 36 17 33 65 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 ES JT Succesive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 Erigeron glabratus E1 29 33 Ranunculus carinthiacus E1 29 43 Biscutella laevigata E1 29 17 43 Galium anisophyllon E1 21 33 29 33 Thesium alpinum E1 21 Saussurea discolor E1 14 Hieracium pilosum E1 14 Alchemilla alpigena E1 7 17 14 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata E1 7 43 67 Leucanthemum adustum E1 7 Geranium argenteum E1 17 14 33 Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria E1 100 83 86 100 Polygonum viviparum E1 86 100 59 100 Agrostis alpina E1 79 Astrantia bavarica E1 79 17 71 67 Carex ornithopoda E1 79 29 Selaginella selaginoides E1 71 17 86 100 Gentiana clusii E1 71 33 57 67 Phyteuma orbiculare E1 64 17 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 64 17 14 67 Linum julicum E1 57 43 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris E1 43 17 14 33 Pedicularis verticillata E1 29 43 33 Bartsia alpina E1 29 57 33 Poa alpina E1 21 67 Prunella grandiflora E1 21 Gentianella anisodonta E1 7 17 33 Euphrasia salisburgensis E1 7 17 Gentiana verna E1 7 Heliosperma alpestre E1 17 53 Leontopodium alpinum E1 17 Arabis vochinensis E1 17 Cerastium strictum E1 17 Juncus monanthos E1 57 67 Carex ferruginea E1 29 Hieracium villosum E1 29 67 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum E1 14 33 Anemone narcissiflora E1 14 Phleum rhaeticum E1 14 Hedysarum hedysaroides E1 14 100 Euphrasia picta E1 67 Juncetea trifidi Festuca nigrescens E1 86 14 Campanula scheuchzeri E1 79 17 29 67 Potentilla aurea E1 50 Anthoxanthum nipponicum E1 36 14 Agrostis rupestris E1 14 33 Antennaria dioica E1 14 Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta E1 7 17 14 Euphrasia minima E1 7 66 Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber & Branko Zupan: Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vesnalis in the Julian Alps Succesive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) CU Calluno-Ulicetea Luzula multiflora s. lat. (inc. L. exspectata) Potentilla erecta Coeloglossum viride OE Oxytropido-Elynion Carex capillaris Antennaria carpatica Carex atrata Carex rupestris Arctospahylos alpina Gentiana nivalis RE Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae Pinus mugo Sorbus chamaemespilus CD Caricetalia davallianae Parnassia palustris Tofieldia calyculata Pinguicula alpina AC Arabidetalia caeruleae Soldanella alpina Alchemilla fissa Rhodiola rosea Trifolium pallescens Soldanella minima Saxifraga aizoides Salix serpyllifolia Festuca nitida Doronicum glaciale TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Festuca laxa Ranunculus traunfellneri Aquilegia eniseleana Cerastium carinthiacum Moehringia ciliata Rumex scutatus Soldanella minima Thlaspi kerneri Cerastium subtriflorum Armeria alpina Athamnatha cretensis Polystichum lonchitis Gymnocarpium robertianum Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium AT Asplenietea trichomanis Valeriana saxatilis Saxifraga crustata Asplenium viride Carex brachystachys Primula auricula Cystopetris regia E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 36 14 7 29 14 7 7 29 50 29 21 57 21 21 7 17 17 17 33 50 17 17 17 17 50 33 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 50 17 17 29 14 57 29 14 57 78 43 14 14 14 14 29 14 14 14 29 14 14 29 29 14 14 14 100 43 29 14 14 67 67 33 100 67 33 33 33 33 33 67 33 33 33 67 1 2 3 4 Hacquetia 7/1 • 2008, 47-68 Succesive number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora Salix waldsteiniana Geranium sylvaticim Veratrum album Alnus viridis Salix appendiculata MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea PT Trollius europaeus Leontodon hispidus Trifolium pratense Veronica chamaedrys Potentilla reptans Trifolium repens Ranunculus nemorosus VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Huperzia selago Larix decidua Pyrola roitundifolia Homogyne alpina Moneses uniflora Picea abies Clematis alpina Luzula luzuloides Rosa pendulina Lonicera caerulea Lycopodium annotinum Maianthemum bifolium Saxifraga cuneifolia O Other species (Druge vrste) Festuca sp. Laserpitium siler Lotus corniculatus Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana Sorbus aucuparia Alchemilla fallax ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Tortella sp. (inc. T. tortuosa) Dicranum sp. Distichium capillaceum Cladonia pyxidata Cetraria nivalis Cladonia furcata Dicranum scoparium E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 64 50 36 21 14 17 17 17 17 17 50 21 7 71 43 29 29 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 43 29 29 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 33 33 33 33 33 33 100 100 67 67 33 1 2 3 4 7 PvDo - Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae Do - Dryadetum octopetalae Rh - Rhododendretum hirsuti EhVg - Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis 68