Acrocephalus 25 (123): 185 – 186, 2004 Acrocephalus na pohodu – tretji del Acrocephalus on the move – part three S pri~ujo~o 123. {tevilko revije Acrocephalus zaklju~ujemo jubilejni letnik 25. Leto 2004 je bilo za slovensko ornitologijo nekaj posebnega, ve~kratni jubilej. Nismo obhajali le 25 let Acrocephalusa, pa~ pa tudi 25 let Dru{tva za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije in 10 let poljudne ornitolo{ke revije Svet ptic. Razlogov za slavje torej dovolj, kar je bilo prijetno obele`eno tudi na 1. Kongresu ornitologov Slovenije z mednarodno udele`bo. Res je, mednarodnost je dandana{nji klju~na za uspe{no raziskovanje in varstvo ptic, ~esar se pri reviji Acrocephalus zelo dobro zavedamo. Sredi leta 1999 smo namre~ v trojni uredni{ki ekipi, Borut [tumberger, Primo` Kmecl in Al Vrezec, skovali nov koncept Acrocephalusa, ki je temeljil na zbiranju in objavljanju ornitolo{kih prispevkov z obmo~ja JV Evrope in vzhodnega Sredozemlja. Skozi {estletno uredni{ko delo smo koncept razvijali in dodelovali skupaj z mednarodnim uredni{kim odborom. Revija je iz nacionalne pre{la v mednarodno, Evropi in svetu je odprla okno v bogati pti~ji svet JV Evrope in vzhodnega Sredozemlja, prizadevnim ornitologom v regiji pa zagotovila ustrezno oporo pri njihovih raziskovalnih in varstvenih prizadevanjih. Ob zaklju~ku svojega triletnega urednikovanja naj se ozrem na prehojeno pot revije in ovrednotim ornitolo{ke potenciale, ki jih lahko ocenim skozi objave v Acrocephalusu. @e v ~asu [tumbergerjevega urednikovanja sta se kot ornitolo{ko aktivnej{i izkazali Slovenija in Hrva{ka. V zadnjem triletnem obdobju pa sta se med pisci Acrocephalusa izoblikovali dve mo~ni skupini ornitologov v Srbiji in ^rni gori ter v Bolgariji. Nadalje so se s posameznimi prispevki v Acrocephalusu ornitolo{ko odpirale tudi Bosna in Hercegovina, Makedonija, Gr~ija in Tur~ija. Objavljanje kakovostnih ornitolo{kih prispevkov je {e vedno glavni kriterij pri sprejemanju del v objavo. Poti, kako priti do kakovostnih prispevkov, pa je seveda ve~. V svoji uredni{ki politiki nisem zagovarjal metode zavra~anja prispevkov, pa~ pa sem se skupaj z recenzenti trudil avtorjem pomagati pri pripravi ~imbolj kvalitetnih del. Zavoljo pomanjkljivega znanja in velikih potreb za varstvene aktivnosti na obmo~ju JV Evrope in vzhodnega Sredozemlja bi bila namre~ pregreha zavra~ati prispevke s sicer dobrimi, a slab{e obdelanimi podatki. Recenzenti so zato s svojim znanjem in natan~nimi ter vzpodbudnimi napotki avtorjem prispevali levji dele` pri kon~nih podobah objavljenih ~lankov. Novodobno varstvo narave in ptic gleda na varstvene prioritete globalno. Ne gre torej za ohranjanje vrst v majhnih reliktnih populacijah, ampak pa so tu pomembna populacijska jedra. Na obmo~ju JV Evrope je kar nekaj vrst s tovrstnimi populacijami, denimo pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus, kodrasti pelikan Pelecanus crispus, kostanjevka Aythya nyroca, pritlikava tukalica Porzana pusilla, koza~a Strix uralensis, za katere velja neki {ir{i evropski interes, da se na tem prostoru ohranijo. Druga~e je z vrstami, ki dosegajo za evropske razmere manj pomembne populacijske velikosti, denimo gozdni jereb Bonasa bonasia, kosec Crex crex, veliki {kurh Numenius arquata, katerih ohranitev je bolj nacionalnega kot internacionalnega pomena. Kot prebivalec obmo~ja JV Evrope pa bi se po~util osiroma{enega, ~e bi denimo iz Slovenije izginil veliki {kurh, ~eprav je slovenska populacija z evropskega gledi{~a zares zanemarljiva. 185 Uvodnik / Editorial Pomembno je, da se ohrani prav vsaka vrsta, zaradi okolja in ljudi, ki v njem `ivimo. Za to pa je potrebno ustrezno znanje. Toda vrst je preve~, da bi jih lahko preu~ili za zdaj {e dokaj redki ornitologi v regiji. Re{itev je v medsebojnem sodelovanju, pomo~ tujih ornitologov pa nam bo pri ohranjanju na{ih ptic pri{la {e zelo prav. Del te naloge je tudi poslanstvo revije Acrocephalus, ki je z mnogimi objavljenimi raziskavami z ve~nacionalno udele`bo dokazala, da je sodelovanje med ornitologi zelo pomembno. Ptice pa~ ne poznajo meja in po tem se moramo zgledovati tudi njihovi preu~evalci. Ob zaklju~ku jubilejnega 25. letnika bi vam rad sporo~il, drago bralstvo, da bom z novim letnikom 26 uredni{ko `ezlo predal novemu uredniku dr. Primo`u Kmeclu. Primo` je kot ~lan uredni{ke ekipe, ki je leta 1999 pripravljala razvojno vizijo dana{njega Acrocephalusa, gotovo najprimernej{i ~lovek za uredni{ki polo`aj. Vesel sem, da se je odlo~il za ta korak in da bo nadaljeval tretji del zgodbe Acrocephalusa na pohodu. Napredek ob tem ne more izostati! Za zaklju~ek naj se {e zahvalim ekipi, ki mi je pomagala pri ustvarjanju sleherne od 14 {tevilk, ki sem jih uredil. Tu so ~lani uredni{kega odbora, ki so me opozarjali na spregledane napake in predlagali nove re{itve, ki so revijo {e izbolj{ale. ^istost jezika je bila v rokah Henrika Cigli~a in Rogerja H. Paina. Z Jurijem Mikuleti~em sva ob vsaki {tevilki znova pilila ideje za obraz revije, naslovnico, in ob tem razdrla {e kako ornitolo{ko. Za sprotno re{evanje oblikovnih zagat se zahvaljujem Jasni Andri} in postavljalcem revije iz Camere d.o.o. Zahvala gre tudi obema sourednikoma, Borutu [tumbergerju za vodenje skozi moje prve uredni{ke korake in Bo{tjanu Surini za priprave kazal vsebin. Nenazadnje pa naj se {e posebej zahvalim tehni~nemu uredniku Andreju Figlju za njegovo zares izdatno pomo~. Najino sodelovanje naj ocenim za ve~ kot zgledno, saj mi je Andrej v marsikateri neljubi situaciji prisko~il vedno na pomo~. Vsem hvala za triletno zgodbo, ki sem jo pisal z vami! Al Vrezec 186 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 187 - 194, 2004 Populacijski trend in izbor gnezditvenega habitata pribe Vanellus vanellus na Ljubljanskem barju Population trends and breeding habitat preferences of the Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus at Ljubljansko barje marshes Katarina Ale{ Spodnje Pirni~e 24 c, SI-1215 Medvode, Slovenija, e-mail: ninaales@yahoo.com Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia The results of the 2002 survey of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding at Ljubljansko barje marshes are presented. Numbers of breeding Lapwing and habitat preferences are given. The results are compared with those of the previous surveys carried out in the 1990 – 1995 period and in 1998. The method used was identical in all three surveys, that is »feld by feld method«. A signifcant decline of 80% of breeding Lapwings in the eastern part of Ljubljansko barje was recorded in 2002, compared to the results obtained between 1990 and 1995, while the number of squares in which Lapwings were registered decreased by 65%. Furthermore, a signifcant decline of 64% breeding pairs in the entire area of Ljubljansko barje was recorded according to the two censuses made in 1990 – 1995 and in 2002 as well as reduction of nesting area by 56%. The monitoring of nesting pairs continued in 2003 and 2004 within the range of 8 areas encompassing 11.9 km2, which represented 76% of all registered breeding pairs in 2002. In 2004, the number of breeding pairs compared to 2002 decreased by 41% in the monitored areas. However, this local decrease could be linked to the annual oscillations and the possibility of the allocation of the birds to the areas nearby. The census made in 2002 showed that the Lapwings preferred to nest in arable felds rather than in meadows, indicating that the allocation of nesting birds is not random. Agricultural intensifcation and reduced productivity of Lapwings is a probable cause of decline in the numbers of breeding Lapwings at Ljubljansko barje marshes. Key words: Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing, population decline, distribution, habitat use, central Slovenia Klju~ne besede: Vanellus vanellus, priba, upad populacije, raz{irjenost, izbor habitata, osrednja Slovenija 1. Uvod Priba Vanellus vanellus je palearkti~no raz{irjena vrsta (Cramp & Simmons 1983, Pakkala et al. 1997). V Evropi po ocenah `ivi ve~ kot 50% svetovne populacije (BirdLife International 2004) in velja za splo{no raz{irjeno gnezdilko. V 18 dr`avah ~lanicah Evropske zveze (EU) je populacija pribe v obdobju 1980 do 2000 upadla za 63,5% (Vorisek 2003). Ocena upada populacije v celotni Evropi v obdobju 1990 do 2000 je ve~ kot 30% (BirdLife International 2004). V Veliki Britaniji, kjer gnezdi pomemben dele` evropske populacije, so v ve~ raziskavah zabele`ili upade {tevil~nosti gnezde~ih parov; za 49% na celotnem obmo~ju Anglije in Walesa med letoma 1987 in 1998 (Wilson et al. 2001), za 77% v [kotskem vi{avju med letoma 1980 in 2000 (Taylor & Grant 2004) in za 66% na obmo~ju Severne Irske med letoma 1987 in 1999 (Henderson et al. 2002). Zaradi teh ugotovitev je priba od leta 1990 po kriterijih IUCN ranljiva in ob~utljiva vrsta (BirdLife International 2004). 187 K. Ale{: Populacijski trend in izbor gnezditvenega habitata pribe Vanellus vanellus na Ljubljanskem barju Zna~ilna gnezdi{~a pribe so mo~virni travniki, {a{je, sto`kovje in kulturna stepa. Izogiba se obmo~jem s previsoko vegetacijo (Cramp & Simmons 1983). Preobrat h gnezdenju na njivah se je za~el kot prilagajanje izsu{evanju vla`nih povr{in (Trilar 1983, Pakkala et al. 1997) in intenzivni rabi tal. V Sloveniji je priba dokaj pogosta vrsta, s populacijo 2000 do 3000 gnezde~ih parov. Najve~ji del slovenske populacije gnezdi v severovzhodnem delu dr`ave, sledijo manj{a obmo~ja, kot so Ljubljansko barje, Cerkni{ko polje, Sor{ko polje ipd. (Geister 1995). S popisi za lokalni atlas Ljubljanskega barja med letoma 1990 in 1995 (Sovinc et al. 1993) smo dobili prve dejanske {tevilke o velikosti gnezde~e populacije na Ljubljanskem barju. Na podlagi ponovljenega popisa v vzhodnem delu Barja je Tome (1998) zaklju~il, da se velikost gnezditvene populacije prib zmanj{uje. Namen dela je bil ugotoviti, ali se je populacija pribe na Ljubljanskem barju po letu 1998 {e zmanj{evala, in opisati izbor gnezditvenega habitata. 2. Opis obmo~ja in metoda 2.1. Opis obmo~ja Ljubljansko barje le`i na ju`nem delu Ljubljanske kotline (300 m n.v.) in obsega 180 km2. Podnebje je celinsko. Padavine so prek leta neenakomerno razporejene z dvema vi{koma, jeseni in pozno spomladi. V povpre~ju je na Barju 1400 mm padavin letno. Ena najpomembnej{ih zna~ilnosti obmo~ja so poplave, zna~ilne predvsem za jesensko in zimsko pa tudi spomladansko obdobje. Danes je Ljubljansko barje kulturna krajina, v kateri pribli`no ~etrtino povr{ine zavzemajo njive, polovico travniki, preostalo pa naselja, gozdovi in grmi{~a (Lovren~ak & Oro`en-Adami~ 1998). Vzhodni del Ljubljanskega barja na severu, vzhodu in jugu omejujejo ceste: Ljubljana – Rudnik – Lavrica – [kofjica – Pijava Gorica – Ig – I{ka vas – Strahomer – Vrbljene. Zahodna meja poteka v ravni ~rti od Strahomerja do Mestnega loga oziroma po zahodnem robu 10 x 10 km rastrskih kvadratov mre`e lokalnega ornitolo{kega atlasa 46/9 in 46/8 (Sovinc et al. 1993; slika 2). Mejo vzhodnega dela Ljubljanskega barja sem upo{tevala tako med popisom samim kot med obdelavo podatkov. To je pomembno zaradi primerljivosti podatkov s predhodnima dvema popisoma na tem obmo~ju, prvega med letoma 1990 in 1995 (Tome et al. v tisku) in drugega v letu 1998 (Tome 1998). i88 2.2. Metoda Za popis celotne populacije prib na Ljubljanskem barju v letu 2002 sem uporabila enako metodo {tetja kot popisovalci lokalnega atlasa gnezdilk Ljubljanskega barja med letoma 1990 in 1992 (Sovinc et al. 1993) ter Tome (1998) v letu 1998 za vzhodni del Ljubljanskega barja. To je t.i. »feld by feld method« (Henderson et al. 2002). V vsakem kvadratu sem prehodila najmanj dva lo~ena, vzporedna, 1 km dolga transekta in pre{tela vse pribe, ki so odletele. Tiste, ki se v roku 10 – 15 min niso vrnile, sem {tela kot negnezede~e osebke. [tevilo preostalih sem mno`ila s faktorjem 0,6 (Bibby et al. 1993) in tako dobila oceno {tevila gnezde~ih parov. V popisu sem si zapisovala tudi tip povr{ine, od koder so pribe odletele, ki sem ga grobo razdelila na njivo in travnik. Popisovala sem v dopoldanskih in popoldanskih urah, a le v ugodnih vremenskih razmerah (rahel veter, suho vreme). Rezultate sem bele`ila na topografske karte v merilu 1 : 25 000, v primeru ve~jega {tevila prib na dolo~enem obmo~ju pa tudi v lastne skice. V vsakem od kvadratov sem {tela enkrat. Slika 1: Raziskovano obmo~je Ljubljanskega barja (osrednja Slovenija). Navpi~na ~rta deli obmo~je na vzhodni in zahodni del, ~rno so izbrana obmo~ja, na katerih so bili popisi ponovljeni v letih 2002, 2003 in 2004 (P0 = obmo~je pod cesto Ig – Škofjica, P1 = Sinja Gorica, P2 = Veliki Mah, P3 = Notranje Gorice, P4 = območje zahodno od ceste Notranje Gorice – Podpe~, P5 = obmo~je vzhodno od železni{ke postaje Brezovica, P6 = Gmajnice, P7 = Lahov graben) Figure 1: Study area of Ljubljansko barje (central Slovenia). Vertical line divides the area into eastern and western parts, black areas are selected survey areas that were searched in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (P0 = area south of the road Ig – Škofjica, P1 = Sinja Gorica, P2 = Veliki Mah, P3 = Notranje Gorice, P4 = area west of the road Notranje Gorice – Podpeč, P5 = area east of the railway station Brezovica, P6 = Gmajnice, P7 = Lahov graben) Acrocephalus 25 (123): 187 - 194, 2OO4 Leta 2003 in 2004 sem po isti metodi {tetje ponovila na osmih manj{ih obmo~jih (slika 1): obmo~je pod cesto Ig – [kofjica (P0), Sinja Gorica (P1), Veliki Mah (P2), Notranje Gorice (P3), obmo~je zahodno od ceste Notranje Gorice – Podpe~ (P4), obmo~je vzhodno od `elezni{ke postaje Brezovica (P5), Gmajnice (P6) in Lahov graben (P7). Skupna povr{ina izbranih obmo~ij je bila 11,9 km2. Na izbranih obmo~jih se je priba v letu 2002 pojavljala v nadpovpre~nih gostotah. Mejo vsakega posameznega obmo~ja sem dolo~ala glede na obstoj strnjenih neprimernih prostorov za gnezdenje prib: gozd, obse`na mejica, grmovnata obmo~ja, naselje ipd. Datum za~etka popisa sem dolo~ila na podlagi dosedanjih izku{enj (D. Tome pisno) in s pomo~jo literature (Cramp & Simmons 1983). Za~etek popisa tako `e zajema obdobje, ko priba gnezdi. Pribe so po speljavi mladi~ev precej mobilne in se navadno premaknejo na sosednje njive ali travnike (Cramp & Simmons 1983, Galbraith 1988a). V tem ~asu bele`enje izbora gnezditvenega habitata ni zanesljivo (Shrubb et al. 1991), vendar na samo {tevilo pre{tetih osebkov verjetno nima bistvenega vpliva. V primeru, ~e je prvo leglo uni~eno, se pribe prerazporedijo (Cramp & Simmons 1983). V obeh popisih celotnega Ljubljanskega barja, med letoma 1990 in 1995 (Tome et al. v tisku ) in v letu 2002, so se v kvadratih pojavljale razli~no velike skupine gnezde~ih parov prib. Razlike so predstavljene kot spremembe v velikosti skupin z ve~ kot 5 pari in tistimi s 5 ali manj gnezde~mi pari v 1 x 1 km rastrskih kvadratih mre`e lokalnega ornitolo{kega atlasa (Sovinc et al. 1993). Pri izbiri velikostnega razreda skupine sem upo{tevala ugotovitev, da je verjetnost plenjenja zra~nih plenilcev ve~ja pri skupinah s 5 pari ali manj kot pri skupinah z ve~ kot 5 pari (Berg et al. 1992). Razmerje med njivami in travniki na Ljubljanskem barju ter na osmih izbranih obmo~jih sem ugotavljala s pomo~jo podatkov o habitatnih tipih Ljubljanskega barja (Kotarac & Grobelnik 1999). Med travnate povr{ine sem {tela: gojene travnike, mokrotne ekstenzivne travnike in mokrotne travnike s sto`ko. Pri njivah sem upo{tevala opu{~ene njive in njive. Pri merjenju razmerja sem uporabila ra~unalni{ki program ArcView 3.3. 3. Rezultati 3.1. Velikost populacije in raz{irjenost pribe na Ljubljanskem barju V letu 2002 sem pribe popisala na celotnem Ljubljanskem barju med 1.4. in 6.5. Od skupno 141 OAS 44 4150 46 C • • • D • • r- ^ • E v • • • • F G H I J • "" • • • > t3.* [Downloaded: 15.10. 2004] Wilson, A.M., Vickery, J.A. & Brown, J.S. (2001): Numbers and distribution of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus breeding in England and Wales in 1998. – Bird Study 48: 2–17. Prispelo / Arrived: 13.12.2004 Sprejeto / Accepted: 9.5.2005 194 Acrocephalus 25 (123): \% - 200, 2OO4 Zooarheolo{ke najdbe ptic na koli{~arskih naselbinah na Ljubljanskem barju The zooarchaeological fndings of birds in ancient pile dwellings at Ljubljansko barje Franc Jan`ekovi~1, Vesna Malez2 & Anton Velu{~ek3 1 Univerza v Mariboru, Pedago{ka fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, Koro{ka cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: franc.janzekovic@uni-mb.si 2 Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zavod za paleontologiju i geologiju kvartara, Ante Kova~i}a 5/II, HR-10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3 In{titut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: anton.veluscek@zrc-sazu.si Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia The article presents zooarchaeological avifaunistic fndings at Ljubljansko barje (central Slovenia). The list consists of 36 bird species of 9 orders. It is assumed that these are accumulations of various cooking remains left there by pile dwellers, who inhabited Ljubljansko barje from the end of the Neolithic, in the Copper Age and in the Early Bronze Age, that is from the frst half of the 5th to the frst half of the 2nd millennium B.C. It is assumed that the birds’ species structure shows the ancient dwellers’ preference to certain species of game. The reconstruction of palaeoenvironment is incomplete, as it is based on game species and is therefore limited to the pile dwellers’ hunting environment. The ecological requirements of the found birds reveal that the vicinity of the pile dwellings was a spacious habitat of still water with clearly defnable pelagic and littoral areas. It is assumed that the littoral water habitat consisted of several strips: shallow water area with lush submerged and buoyant macrophyte vegetation, large shallows mostly overgrown with surface vegetation, and marshy meadows with low-growing vegetation. The land was probably covered by forest and non-forest areas, creating a mosaic-like landscape. Key words: zooarchaeology, birds, palaeoenvironment, pile dwelling era, Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia Klju~ne besede: zooarheologija, ptice, paleookolje, koli{~arska doba, Ljubljansko barje, Slovenija 1. Uvod Arheologija je znanost o preteklih kulturah. V arheolo{kem delu odkrivamo, opisujemo, analiziramo in pojasnjujemo ~lovekovo `ivljenje in kulturno obdobje na podlagi materialnih ostankov. Zooarheo-logija je {tudij ostankov `ivali, ornitoarheologija pa {tudij ostankov ptic, najdenih na arheolo{kih najdi{~ih, in njihov pomen v obravnavanem kulturnem obdobju. Doslej je ptice iz koli{~arske dobe na Ljubljanskem barju obravnavalo ve~ avtorjev. Dragotin De`man (Deschmann 1875, 1876 & 1878) nam je dal prve podatke o sesalcih, pticah in plazilcih v arheolo{kem gradivu z Ljubljanskega barja. Njegove navedbe in najdbe Walterja Schmida je povzel Rakovec (1955). Naslednja zooarheolo{ka poro~ila z navedbami ptic je prispevala Katica Drobne (Drobne 1964, 1974a, b & 1975). Pregled najdb `ivalskih kosti in pomen `ivali v gospodarstvu in prehrani koli{~arjev na Ljubljanskem barju je bil podan predvsem za sesalce (Drobne 1973, Greif 1997). Novej{a poro~ila s poudarkom na najdbah ptic so prispevali Jan`ekovi~ & Malez (2004) in Velu{~ek et al. (2004). Najzgodnej{a jasno dokumentirana poselitev Barja datira v srednjo kameno dobo (mezolitik). V prvi polovici 5. tiso~letja pr. Kr., to je ob koncu mlaj{e 195 F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Zooarheolo{ke najdbe ptic na koli{~arskih naselbinah na Ljubljanskem barju kamene dobe (neolitika) ali morda že v zgodnjem eneolitiku, so na območju osrednje Slovenije bivale skupine ljudi, ki so izdelovali keramiko, redile domače živali ter se ukvarjale s poljedelstvom. Morda so že iskali tudi rude in izdelovali bakrene predmete (Vuga 1982). Naslednji sledovi o človeških bivališčih na Ljubljanskem barju so iz 4. tisočletja pr. Kr., datirani približno med letoma 3650 in 3200 pr. Kr. To je bilo obdobje, ko so na območju vzhodnih Alp intenzivno izkoriščali bakrova rudišča in izdelovali bakrene predmete. Najdbe z Ljubljanskega barja obsegajo bakrene sekire ter fragmente livarskih posod oziroma kalupov (Velušček & Greif 1998). Po izsledkih novejših raziskav je bila poselitev Ljubljanskega barja prekinjena proti koncu 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. (Velušček & Čufar 2002). Naslednja kontinuirana poselitev Ljubljanskega barja je trajala od 28. do 24. stoletja pr. Kr., kakor je utemeljeno z dendrokronološkimi raziskavami, radiokarbonskimi ter tipološkimi analizami najdene keramike. Ob koncu eneolitskega obdobja je bilo Ljubljansko barje vnovič neposeljeno. Naselitev ljudi je ponovno dokumentirana šele s konca 3. tisočletja, verjetno je šlo še vedno za koliščarsko naselbino (Velušček & Čufar 2003). Namen prispevka je: (1) predstaviti dosedanje najdbe zooarheološkega ornitološkega gradiva znotraj koliščarskih naselbin na Ljubljanskem barju, (2) rekonstruirati okolje v koliščarskem obdobju s pomočjo indikatorskih vrst ptic na tem območju ter (3) primerjati novejšo avifavno z avifavno pred okrog 5000 leti. 2. Opis obravnavanega območja in metode Ljubljansko barje je nastalo z ugrezanjem ob prelomnici pred približno dvema milijonoma let. Depresijo je zapolnila voda z usedlinami in nanosi. Iz zgornjega dela vrtine pri Črni vasi je razvidno, da blizu površja leži približno 15 m debela plast polžarice oziroma jezerske krede, ki dokazuje obstoj jezera. Ugotovljeno je namreč, da je šota nastajala po koliščarski in celo po rimski dobi (Pavšič 1989). Po letu 1995 je bilo odkritih veliko novih najdišč iz koliščarske dobe (Velušček 1997). Zdaj so terenske raziskave usmerjene v dokumentiranje in vzorčenje arheoloških najdb v drenažnih jarkih (npr. Stare gmajne, Založnica, Črešnja pri Bistri), v strugi Iščice (npr. Spodnje mostišče 1 in 2, Parte — Iščica) in v arheološko sondiranje. S sondiranjem na razmeroma majhnih površinah (npr. Hočevarica — 8 m2, Resnikov prekop — 33 m2) so z uporabo izkopavalne ploščadi in z mokrim sejanjem skozi sita z odprtinami 3, 1 in 196 0,5 mm pridobili veliko drobnih najdb (artefaktov, kosti, semen itd.), ki so bile v predhodnih raziskavah ve~inoma prezrte (Velu{~ek 2004c). S pomo~jo dendrokronolo{kih metod so zbrani ~asovni podatki o kolih, to omogo~a rekonstrukcijo zaporedja graditve in spremljanje sprememb v naselbinah (Velu{~ek 2004c, Velu{~ek et al. 2004). Determinacija kosti ptic temelji na primerjalnem gradivu iz osteolo{ke zbirke novej{ih ptic in literature (npr. Baumel 1979, Kry{tufek & Jan`ekovi~ 1999). Novej{e determinacije (Jan`ekovi~ & Malez 2004, Velu{~ek et al. 2004) so bile opravljene s primerjavami z gradivom iz primerjalne osteolo{ke zbirke novej{ih ptic Zavoda za peleontologijo in geologijo kvartara Hrvatske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. V novej{ih analizah podajamo poleg kvalitativne tudi kvantitativno oceno gradiva: • {tevilo dolo~enih (determiniranih) primerkov – [DP (number of identifed specimens – NISP). [DP izra`a {tevilo kosti ali njihovih fragmentov v vzorcu, ki jih z gotovostjo pripi{emo dolo~enemu taksonu; • najmanj{e {tevilo osebkov – N[O (minimum number of individuals – MNI) izra`a najmanj{e {tevilo osebkov dolo~enega taksona, izra~unamo ga kot koli~nik med najve~jim {tevilom posameznih elementov v vzorcu in {tevilom teh elementov v skeletu obravnavanega taksona (Reitz & Wing 1999). Na podlagi vrst, ki so zastopane v najdbah, in poznavanja njihovih habitatov in ekolo{kih potreb je mogo~e rekonstruirati paleookolje (Gregori & Kre~i~ 1979, Cramp 1994). 3. Rezultati Rezultate navajamo kot pregled lokalitet z inventarjem zooarheolo{kih najdb ptic na Ljubljanskem barju. Med I`ansko cesto in I{~ico (okvirno od prve polovice 3. do prve polovice 2. tiso~letja pr. Kr.) je De`man (Deschmann 1875, 1876 & 1878) v obdobju 1875 – 1877 odkril {tevilne kostne ostanke slede~ih ptic: Gavia arctica, Phalacrocorax carbo, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Anser anser, Aythya ferina, Anas strepera, Aquila sp. in Grus grus. Pozneje je z izkopavanji nadaljeval upokojeni major grof Henrik Attems, vendar o njegovih rezultatih ni ni~ znanega. Poro~il o delu ni napisal, najdbe pa je podaril dunajski poljedelski visoki {oli in muzeju Joanneum v Gradcu (Rakovec 1955). Pri Notranjih goricah (okvirno 4. tiso~letje in prva polovica 2. tiso~letja pr. Kr.) je med `elezni{ko progo in strugo Ljubljanice 200 do 300 m vzhodno Acrocephalus 25 (123): \% - 200, 2OO4 Tabela 1: Pregled pti~jih vrst, najdenih med arheolo{kimi raziskovanji koli{~arskih naselbin na Ljubljanskem barju (osrednja Slovenija) iz ~asa od konca mlaj{e kamene dobe, v bakreni ter zgodnji bronasti dobi, od prve polovice 5. do prve polovice 2. tiso~letja pr. Kr. Table 1: The list of bird species found during archaeological studies of pile dwellers’ settlements at Ljubljansko barje (central Slovenia) from the end of the Neolithic, in the Copper Age and in the Early Bronze Age, i.e. from the frst half of the 5th to the frst half of the 2nd millennium B.C. Red / Ordo Vrsta / Species Gaviiformes Gavia arctica Podicipediformes Podiceps nigricollis, Tachybaptus ruficollis Pelecaniformes Phalacrocorax carbo, Pelecanus onocrotalus Ciconiiformes Botaurus stellaris, Ardea cinerea, A. purpurea, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ciconia ciconia Anseriformes Cygnus olor, Anser fabalis, A. anser, Anas strepera, A. crecca, A. platyrhynchos, A. querquedula, A. acuta, A. clypeata, Aythya ferina, A. nyroca, A. fuligula, Mergellus albellus, Mergus serrator, M. merganser Falconiformes Accipiter cf. nisus, Aquila sp. Gruiformes Fulica atra, Grus grus, Rallus aquaticus, Gallinula chloropus Charadriiformes Gallinago gallinago, Larus cf. cachinnans Passeriformes Erithacus rubecula, Sturnus vulgaris, Corvus frugilegus od vzno`ja Ple{ivice v letih 1907 in 1908 ostanke so najmanj 143 osebkom 16 vrst ptic: Botaurus stellaris, koli{~arske kulture izkopaval Franc [mid. Med Ardea purpurea, Anser fabalis, Anas platyrhynchos, kostnimi ostanki razli~nih vreten~arjev je prepoznal A. acuta, A. querquedula, A. clypeata, Aythya ferina, dve vrsti mo~virnikov, Nycticorax nycticorax in Ardea A. nyroca, A. fuligula, Mergellus albellus, Mergus serrator, cinerea (Rakovec 1955). M. merganser, Gallinago gallinago, Larus cf. cachinnans Resnikov prekop (okvirno druga ~etrtina 5. tiso~letja in Corvus frugilegus (Jan`ekovi~ & Malez 2004). pr. Kr.). Najdbe pti~jih kosti v naselbini na desnem ^re{nja pri Bistri (sreda 4. tiso~letja pr. Kr.). V bregu I{~ice so bile nedolo~ljive starosti, nekatere so raziskavah leta 2003, ki jo je vodil Anton Velu{~ek, morda rimskodobne ali {e mlaj{e. Izkopavanja je 1962 je bilo najdenih 141 pti~jih kosti, med katerimi jih leta vodil Josip Koro{ec, takrat so izkopali tibijo in je bilo anatomsko in sistematsko prepoznanih 117. fbulo mlakarice Anas platyrhynchos (Drobne 1964). Dolo~enih je bilo najmanj 20 osebkov, ki so pripadali Med sondiranjem leta 2002, ki ga je vodil Anton 9 vrstam ptic: Podiceps nigricollis, Anas crecca, Velu{~ek, so na{li 31 pti~jih kosti, med katerimi jih A. platyrhynchos, A. querquedula, A. clypeata, Aythya je bilo anatomsko in sistematsko prepoznanih 27. nyroca, A. fuligula, Accipiter cf. nisus in Fulica atra Skupno je bilo dolo~enih najmanj 13 osebkov, ki so (Velu{~ek et al. 2004). pripadali 12 vrstam: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Cygnus Sedanji seznam ptic s {estih arheolo{kih najdi{~ sp., Anas platyrhynchos, A. acuta, A. querquedula, na Ljubljanskem barju obsega 36 vrst, ki pripadajo 9 A. clypeata, Mergus merganser, Rallus aquaticus, redovom (tabela 1). Gallinula chloropus, Fulica atra, Erithacus rubecula in Sturnus vulgaris. 4. Diskusija Maharski prekop (okvirno druga polovica 4. tiso~letja pr. Kr.). Izkopavanja je v letih od 1970 do 4.1. Rekonstrukcija paleookolja 1977 vodila Tatjana Bregant. Ve~ina zooarheolo{kih najdb so bile sesal~je kosti, izkopali pa so tudi 25 V avifavnisti~ni tanatocenozi koli{~arskih naselij ostankov ptic (Drobne 1974a, b & 1975), ki niso bile Ljubljanskega barja prevladujejo vrste vodnih in obdelane. mo~virskih habitatov. Obstajajo tudi vrste kopenskih, Ho~evarica (druga ~etrtina 4. tiso~letja pr. Kr.) tako gozdnih kot negozdnih habitatov, npr: skobec je ornitoarheolo{ko relativno bogato najdi{~e. S Accipiter nisus, orel Aquila sp., ta{~ica Erithacus sondiranjem leta 1998, ki ga je vodil Anton Velu{~ek, rubecula, {korec Sturnus vulgaris in poljska vrana Corvus je bilo najdenih 515 pti~jih kosti, od katerih je bilo frugilegus. Zastopanost pti~jih vrst v zooarheolo{kih anatomsko in sistematsko prepoznanih 295. Pripadale vzorcih je odsev lovske preference koli{~arjev do 197 F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Zooarheolo{ke najdbe ptic na koli{~arskih naselbinah na Ljubljanskem barju posameznega plena. Ob predstavljenih arheolo{kih dejstvih in ob upo{tevanju dana{njih ekolo{kih zna~ilnosti obravnavanih ptic lahko sklepamo o nekaterih zna~ilnostih okolja, v katerem so `iveli in lovili koli{~arski lovci, vendar je ta rekonstrukcija omejena, saj ni na voljo celotnega pregleda vrst pti~ev v takratnem okolju. Med plojkokljuni Anseriformes, ki v pregledanih najdi{~ih prevladujejo, je ve~ ekolo{kih skupin. V prvi so vrste pela{kega obmo~ja, ki nabirajo hrano v globini ve~ metrov, kjer je malo potopljene in plavajo~e vegetacije ali je ni (npr. veliki `agar Mergus merganser, ~opasta ~rnica Aythya fuligula, polarni slapnik Gavia arctica in kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo). Drugo skupino zastopajo vrste, ki i{~ejo hrano prete`no v globini 1 – 3 m (sivka Aytha ferina, mali `agar Mergellus albellus, dolgorepa raca Anas acuta, ro`nati pelikan Pelecanus onocrotalus), tretjo skupino pa litoralne vrste, ki izbirajo plitvo vodo z bujno potopljeno in plavajo~o makroftsko vegetacijo (reglja Anas querquedula, krehljc A. crecca, raca `li~arica A. clypeata, kostanjevka Aythya nyroca). Obse`na nadvodna haloftna in amfftna vegetacija v plitvinah in na bre`inah, danes prete`no iz trstike, rogozov in {a{ev, je bivali{~e bobnarice Botaurus stellaris. Njivska Anser fabalis in siva gos A. anser ter kozica Gallinago gallinago izbirajo zamo~virjene travnike in podobne habitate z nizko vegetacijo, podobne habitatske zahteve pa imajo tudi kvaka~ Nycticorax nycticorax, siva ~aplja Ardea cinerea, rjava ~aplja A. purpurea, bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia in `erjav Grus grus. Skobec, orel, ta{~ica, {korec in poljska vrana poseljujejo gozdne habitate in mozai~no strukturirano pokrajino. 4.2. Pomen ptic za ~loveka in njegov lovni prostor Domnevamo, da akumulacija pti~jih kosti v koli{~arskih naseljih ponazarja kuhinjske ostanke oziroma ostanke prehrane naseljencev koli{~arskih naselij. Glede na njihov precej{nji dele` med prehrambnimi ostanki so koli{~arji ptice uspe{no lovili. Podatkov o domestikaciji ptic ni, medtem ko je ta znana za nekatere velike sesalce (To{kan & Dirjec 2004). Hipotezi, da so kostne akumulacije ptic tako imenovani kuhinjski odpadki, je v oporo ve~ dejstev: • med arheolo{kimi raziskavami so poleg pti~jih kosti praviloma na{li tudi kosti udoma~enih in prosto`ive~ih velikih sesalcev, s katerimi so se ljudje prehranjevali; • v na{ih primerih so bili kostni ostanki ptic nabrani znotraj koli{~arskih naselij v kulturni plasti skupaj z drugimi najdbami; • kostni ostanki razli~nih vrst so bili zbrani na razmeroma majhni povr{ini nekaj kvadratnih metrov. [tevil~nost in pestra vrstna sestava ptic je mnogo verjetneje posledica odlaganja oziroma kopi~enja ostankov hrane kot naklju~nega kopi~enja poginulih ptic; • ohranjen ni noben celoten skelet ali njegov ve~ji del (prevladujejo kosti okon~in), iz ~esar lahko sklepamo na manipulacijo z usmr~enim organizmom; • veliko {tevilo kosti je po{kodovanih oziroma polomljenih (na primer v vzorcu iz Ho~evarice 91,8%), kar je najbr` predvsem posledica ~love{ke manipulacije z usmr~enimi `ivalmi, v manj{i meri pa najbr` tudi grizenja psov. V primeru pogina in razgradnje mehkih tkiv (dekompozicije) po naravni poti kosti ne bi bile mehansko po{kodovane v tolik{ni meri. Iz predstavljenih dejstev in z aplikacijo dana{njih ekolo{kih zna~ilnosti ptic lahko sklepamo o nekaterih zna~ilnostih paleookolja in o lovnem prostoru lovcev s koli{~. Dejansko gre za dva pogleda na isto okolje, le da smo pri rekonstrukciji okolja omejeni na del pokrajine, saj ni na voljo celotnega nabora vrst. Pestrost pti~jih vrst v zooarheolo{kih vzorcih ni naklju~na, zaznamuje jo preferenca koli{~arskih lovcev do posameznega plena. Na~in lova ptic koli{~arjev na Ljubljanskem barju ni znan, iz slabo ohranjenih materialnih ostankov pa sklepamo, da so uporabljali predvsem mre`e in zanke. Najdbe razli~nih trnkov (Koro{ec & Koro{ec 1969, Velu{~ek 2004b) vzpodbuja razmi{ljanja, da so morda nastavljali vabe na trnkih tudi pticam. Lov ptic z ravnimi trnki je poznan {e iz za~etka 20 st. na Bodenskem jezeru (Hüster-Plogman & Leuzinger 1995), uspe{en pa je pri lovu ribojedih ptic ali mrhovinarjev. Koli{~arski lovci so lovili tudi z lokom in pu{~ico (Velu{~ek 2004b). 4.3. [tevilo vrst v koli{~arskodobni in recentni avifavni Novej{a avifavna Ljubljanskega barja in okolice je dobro raziskana. Z izjemo ro`natega pelikana poseljujejo vrste iz koli{~arskega obdobja Barje tudi v dana{njem ~asu. Trontelj (1994) navaja za Ljubljansko barje 229 vrst ptic, od tega 110 gnezdilk. Od 36 poznanih vrst iz koli{~arske dobe so mali ponirek Tachybaptus ruficollis, kvaka~, mlakarica, skobec, liska Fulica atra, zelenonoga tukalica Gallinula chloropus, kozica, ta{~ica in {korec na Barju gnezdilci, druge vrste pa se bolj ali manj pogosto pojavljajo v negnezditvenem obdobju, zlasti med 198 Acrocephalus 25 (123): \% - 200, 2OO4 pomladansko ali jesensko selitvijo. Gnezditveni status vrst iz koli{~arske dobe ni znan, vsaj za mo~virnike in race pa domnevamo, da so gnezdile. 5. Zaklju~ek Seznam 36 vrst ptic iz obdobja koli{~arjev na Ljubljanskem barju omogo~a le delen vpogled v favno pti~ev Ljubljanskega barja v obdobju koli{~arjev. Hkrati je rekonstrukcija takratnega bivanjskega in lovnega okolja eneolitskih lovcev na osnovi tega seznama dokaj nepopolna. Pri nas v preteklem stoletju med arheolo{kimi izkopavanji niso posve~ali ve~je pozornosti najdbam kosti pti~ev. Z izjemo velikih sesalcev velja to tudi za ve~ino zoolo{kih in botani~nih najdb. V depoju Narodnega muzeja pa se je ohranilo {e precej kostnega gradiva, ki ga bo treba strokovno pregledati. Treba bo pridobiti tudi podatke o gradivu iz Slovenije, izkopanem zlasti v 19. stoletju, ki ga hranijo avstrijski muzeji. Nova izkopavanja ter vse bolj natan~ne metode izkopavanj in obdelave najdb dajejo vse ve~ informacij o na~inu `ivljenja ljudi v preteklosti, so~asno bivajo~ih `ivih bitjih ter habitatih. Prispevki ornitoarheologov k poznavanju zgodovinskih in prazgodovinskih dejstev s tem pridobivajo na pomenu. V drugih evropskih dr`avah se zavedajo uporabnosti avifavnisti~nih raziskav, zato so v arheolo{ko delo vedno vklju~eni tudi ornitologi (npr. Malez 1995, Bartosiewicz 1996, Pucher & Engl 1997, Kysely 2002, Steppan 2004). Zahvala: Zahvaljujemo se Borutu To{kanu (In{titut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana) za pomo~ pri zbiranju literature ter njemu in Tonetu Novaku (Pedago{ka fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru, Maribor) za pripombe pri nastajanju rokopisa. [tudija je bila deloma sofnancirana s sredstvi Ministrstva za {olstvo, znanost in {port (Program P1-0078 Biodiverziteta; Projekt J6-6348-0618-04 Arheolo{ke in palinolo{ke raziskave na Ljubljanskem barju). 6. Povzetek Predstavljene so zooarheolo{ke najdbe avifavne na obmo~ju Ljubljanskega barja (osrednja Slovenija). Seznam obsega 36 vrst ptic iz 9 redov. Domnevno gre za kostne akumulacije kuhinjskih ostankov koli{~arjev, ki so `iveli na Barju od konca mlaj{e kamene dobe, v bakreni ter zgodnji bronasti dobi, od prve polovice 5. do prve polovice 2. tiso~letja pr. Kr. Domnevamo, da vrstna sestava avifavne ka`e predvsem na preferenco naseljencev do posameznega plena. Rekonstrukcija paleookolja je nepopolna, ker temelji na lovnih vrstah in je zato omejena na lovni prostor lovcev s koli{~. Na osnovi ekolo{kih potreb najdenih ptic sklepamo, da je bil v bli`ini koli{~a obse`en habitat s stoje~o vodo z jasno izra`enim pela{kim in litoralnim obmo~jem. Domnevamo, da so litoral sestavljala naslednja obmo~ja: pas s plitvo vodo z bujno potopljeno in plavajo~o makroftsko vegetacijo, obse`ne plitvine in bre`ine s prete`no nadvodno vegetacijo ter zamo~virjeni travniki z nizko vegetacijo. Od kopenskih habitatov sklepamo na obstoj gozdnih in negozdnih povr{in, ki so oblikovale mozai~no strukturirano pokrajino. 7. Literatura Bartosiewicz, L. (1996): Bronze age animal keeping in northwestern Transdanubia, Hungary. – Acta Musei Papensis 6: 31–42. Baumel, J.J., ed. (1979): Nomina anatomica avium. – Academic Press, London. Cramp, S., ed. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. – Oxford University Press, Oxford. Deschmann, K. (1875): Die Pfahlbaufunde aus dem Laibacher Moore. – Verhandlungen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanhalt 15: 275-284. Deschmann, K. (1876): Bericht über die Pfahlautenaufdeckungen im Laibacher Moore. – Sitzungsber. D. phil. Hist. Classe der k. k. Akad. D. 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(1975): @ivalski ostanki iz koli{~a ob Maharskem prekopu iz let 1973 in 1974. pp. 135-139. In: Bregant, T. (ed.): Poro~ilo o raziskovanju neolita in eneolita v Sloveniji IV. – Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana. Gregori, J. & Kre~i~, I. (1979): Na{i pti~i. – DZS, Ljubljana. Greif, T. (1997): Prazgodovinska koli{~a na Ljubljanskem barju. Arheolo{ka interpretacija in poskus rekonstrukcije na~ina `ivljenja. – Arheolo{ka obvestila 18: 1-95. I99 F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Zooarheolo{ke najdbe ptic na koli{~arskih naselbinah na Ljubljanskem barju Hüster-Plogman, H. & Leuzinger, U. (1995): Fischerei und Fischreste in der jungsteinzetlichen Seeufersiedlungen in Arbon. – Archäologie der Schweiz 18: 109-117. Jan`ekovi~, F. & Malez, V. (2004): Pti~i (Aves) na eneolitskem koli{~u Ho~evarica. pp. 155-167 In: Velu{~ek, A. (ed.): Ho~evarica – eneolitsko koli{~e na Ljubljanskem barju – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 8, Zalo`ba ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Koro{ec, P. & Koro{ec, J. (1969): Najdbe s koli{~arskih naselbin pri Igu na Ljubljanskem barju. – Arheolo{ki katalogi Slovenije 3, Ljubljana. Kry{tufek, B. & Jan`ekovi~, F. , ed. (1999): Klju~ za dolo~anje vreten~arjev Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana. Kysely, R. (2002): Osteological analysis of animals buried in Hostivice (Prague-west district) funnel beaker culture (TRB) and a comparison of animal remains from Hostivice with other contemporary fnds from the Czech Republic and Central Europe. – Památky archeologické 93: 29-87. Malez, V. (1995): The fndings o the birds remains of the Vu~edol site. – Opuscula Archaeologica 19: 27-32. Pav{i~, J. (1989): Ljubljansko barje v geolo{kih obdobjih. pp. 169 In: Vuga, D. (ed.): Kulturni in naravni spomeniki Slovenije 169. – Zalo`ba Obzorja Maribor, Ljubljana. Pucher, E. & Engl, K. (1997): Studien zur Pfahlbauforschung in Österreich. Materialien I. Die Pfahlbaustationen des Mondsees Tierknochenfunde. – Österreichische Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien. Rakovec, I. (1955): Geologija in arheologija. pp. 11–172 In: Rakovec, I. (ed.): Zgodovina Ljubljane 1. – DZS, Ljubljana. Reitz, E. J. & Wing, E. S. (1999): Zooarchaeology. – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Steppan, K. (2004): Archäozoologische Untersuchungen in jung- und endeolithischen Moorsiedlungen am Federsee. pp. 187-226 In: Köninger, J. & Schlichtherle, H (ed.): Ökonomischer und ökologischer Wandel am vorgeschichtlichen Federsee. – Hemmenhofener Skripte 5, Hemmenhofen. Trontelj, P. (1994): Ptice kot indikator ekolo{kega pomena Ljubljanskega barja (Slovenija). – Scopolia 32: 1-61. To{kan, B. & Dirjec, J. (2004): Ho~evarica – analiza ostankov makrofavne. pp. 76-132 In: Velu{~ek, A. (ed.): Ho~evarica – eneolitsko koli{~e na Ljubljanskem barju. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 8, Zalo`ba ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Velu{~ek, A. (1997): Metodologija naselbinskih raziskovanj na barjanskih tleh, 1. in 2. del. – Magistrska naloga, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana. Velu{~ek, A. (2004a): Ljubljansko barje v dobi koli{~. – Zgodovina v {oli 12/1–2: 11–21. Velu{~ek, A. (2004b): Terenske raziskave, stratigrafja in najdbe. pp. 33–55 In: Velu{~ek, A. (ur.): Ho~evarica – eneolitsko koli{~e na Ljubljanskem barju. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 8, Zalo`ba ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Velu{~ek, A., ed. (2004c): Ho~evarica – eneolitsko koli{~e na Ljubljanskem barju. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 8, Zalo`ba ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Velu{~ek, A. & ^ufar, K. (2002): Dendrokronolo{ke raziskave koli{~ na Ljubljanskem barju – stanje 2001. – Arheolo{ki vestnik 53: 59-67. Velu{~ek, A. & ^ufar, K. (2003): Zalo`nica pri Kamniku pod Krimom na Ljubljanskem barju – naselbina kulture Somogyvár-Vinkovci. – Arheolo{ki vestnik 54: 123-158. Velu{~ek, A., ^ufar, K., Culiberg, M., To{kan, B., Dirjec, J., Malez, V., Jan`ekovi~, F. & Govedi~, M. (2004): ^re{nja pri Bistri, novoodkrito koli{~e na Ljubljanskem barju. – Arheolo{ki vestnik 55: 39-54. Velu{~ek, A. & Greif, T. (1998): Talilnik in livarski kalup z Maharskega prekopa na Ljubljanskem barju. – Arheolo{ki vestnik 49: 31-53. Vuga, D., 1982: Ljubljansko barje v arheolo{kih obdobjih. – Kulturni in naravni spomeniki Slovenije 118, Ljubljana. Prispelo / Arrived: 25.10.2004 Sprejeto / Accepted: 9.5.2005 200 Acrocephalus 2J (123): 20I - 20J, 2OO4 Prehranjevalna dinamika in pojav znotrajvrstnega kleptoparazitizma v koloniji navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo na Ptujskem jezeru (SV Slovenija) Common Tern Sterna hirundo feeding dynamics and intraspecifc kleptoparasitism in the colony on Ptuj reservoir (Drava river, NE Slovenia) Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@nib.si Damijan Denac Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1001 1. Uvod Avtorji dosedanjih raziskav navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Sloveniji so obravnavali njeno populacijsko dinamiko (Makovec et al. 1998, Denac 2002) ali opisali posamezne primere gnezditve ([tumberger 1982, [kornik 1983, Jan`ekovi~ & [tumberger 1984, Vogrin 1991 & 2001, Bra~ko 1999, [alamun 2001, Denac 2003a & b). V raziskavah s podro~ja gnezditvene biologije vrste so se osredoto~ili na velikost legel in jajc (Vogrin 1998, Jan`ekovi~ et al. 2003). Druge avtekolo{ke raziskave, vklju~no z etolo{kimi, niso bile narejene. ^igre se hranijo podnevi vse od zore do mraka. Medtem ko se v obdobju dvorjenja najintenzivneje prehranjujejo zgodaj zjutraj, se ta aktivnost po izvalitvi mladi~ev raz{iri na celoten dan (Boecker 1967). V tujini so ugotovili velik vpliv negativnih znotrajvrstnih (intraspecif~nih) odnosov, med njimi tudi kleptoparazitizma, na produktivnost kolonije navadne ~igre ter preu~evali vzroke zanje (Ludwigs 1998, Sudmann 1998). Tovrstni odnosi so pri navadni ~igri raziskani slab{e kot medvrstni (interspecif~ni). Znotrajvrstni kleptoparazitizem je pojav, kjer osebek ukrade plen drugemu osebku iste vrste. To ni obi~ajna prehranjevalna strategija navadnih ~iger, temve~ funkcionalen odgovor na dolo~ene ekolo{ke razmere (Hopkins & Wiley 1972). Izrazit je ob pomanjkanju hrane (Ludwigs 1998) in zna~ilen za kolonije z visokimi gnezditvenimi gostotami, ki za~nejo gnezditi precej pozno (Nisbet 2002). Plenilske ~igre s to strategijo povi{ajo svoj gnezditveni uspeh, uspeh celotne kolonije pa zni`ajo (Cramp 1994). ^eprav se kleptoparazitizem ob~asno pojavlja pri vseh ~igrah, so nekateri osebki za to strategijo lahko specializirani (Ludwigs 1998). Ker so negativne znotrajvrstne interakcije zna~ilnost kolonij na antropogenih gnezdi{~ih (Sudmann 1998), nas je zanimalo njihovo pojavljanje v koloniji na betonskem daljnovodnem podstavku na Ptujskem jezeru. Prav tako smo ugotavljali ~asovno in prostorsko prehranjevalno dinamiko ~iger iz te kolonije. 2. Opis raziskovanega obmo~ja in metoda 2.1. Opis raziskovanega obmo~ja Ptujsko akumulacijsko jezero je nastalo z zajezitvijo reke Drave v Markovcih pri Ptuju. Zgrajeno je bilo za potrebe delovanja preto~ne kanalske hidroelektrarne Formin, ki je za~ela obratovati leta 1978 ([mon 2000). Povr{ina jezera je 4,2 km2. Nasipi jezera so umetni. Obmo~je sodi v subpanonsko zoogeografsko regijo Slovenije (Mr{i} 1997) in je del posebnega Slika 1: Betonski daljnovodni podstavek na Ptujskem jezeru, kjer je bila leta 2004 kolonija navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo (foto: D. Denac) Figure 1: Concrete power line base on Ptuj reservoir (river Drava, NE Slovenia), where Common Terns Sterna hirundo bred in 2004 (photo: D. Denac) varstvenega obmo~ja (SPA) Drava (Uradni list RS 2004), ki je v nacionalnem in mednarodnem merilu zlasti pomembno kot prezimovali{~e vodnih ptic (Bo`i~ 2003). Od gnezde~ih vodnih ptic sta za obmo~je naravovarstveno pomembni predvsem populaciji vodomca Alcedo atthis in navadne ~igre (Bo`i~ 2003). Na jezeru sta dva umetna oto~ka velikosti 20 × 15 m in 60 × 18 m. Na manj{em gnezdi kolonija re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus, ve~ji pa je povsem porasel z drevjem. Nad jezerom 1,7 km 201 D. Denac: Prehranjevalna dinamika in pojav znotrajvrstnega kleptoparazitizma v koloniji navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo na Ptujskem jezeru (SV Slovenija) 60 |2 t* 1* .55 40 20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ura / Hour Slika 2: Dnevna dinamika priletov navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo s hrano na kolonijo na daljnovodnem podstavku na Ptujskem jezeru dne 3.7.2004 (N = 153) Figure 2: Daily dynamics of Common Tern Sterna hirundo arrivals bringing fsh to the colony on Ptuj reservoir on 3 Jul 2004 (N = 153) nizvodno od ptujskega mostu je speljan daljnovod, ki ima v jezeru dva betonska podstavka s premerom 7,5 m. Na podstavku bli`e desnemu nasipu jezera je bila leta 2004 kolonija re~nih galebov, na podstavku bli`e levemu nasipu pa kolonija navadnih ~iger (slika 1). Oba podstavka imata po obodu name{~eno 30 cm visoko gosto pleteno `i~nato ograjo, da mladi~i ~iger ne bi popadali v vodo. 2.2. Metoda Podatke smo zbrali z metodo celodnevnega sistemati~nega opazovanja. Gnezditveno kolonijo navadnih ~iger in dogajanje na Ptujskem jezeru smo neprekinjeno opazovali od zore do mraka, med 4.30 in 21.30 uro. Opazovali smo z dela levega nasipa Ptujskega jezera, ki je najbli`ji koloniji in je od nje oddaljen 195 m. Sodelovali smo {tirje ornitologi. Dva sta z daljnogledom opazovala prilete in odlete ~iger na koloniji (prvi je spremljal dogajanje v smeri J V, drugi v smeri SZ od kolonije). Tretji je s teleskopom ves ~as opazoval kolonijo, ~etrti je zapisoval podatke v pripravljene obrazce. Bele`ili smo prihod ~iger z ribo v kljunu na kolonijo in odhod. Pri odhodih smo bele`ili le tiste, ki so izginile iz na{ega vidnega polja. ^iger, ki so odletele in naredile manj{i ali ve~ji krog po jezeru, nismo upo{tevali, razen ~e je {lo za lov hrane na jezeru. V obrazce smo vpisovali to~en ~as prileta/odleta, {tevilo ~iger, smer prileta/odleta in opisali vedenje pri hranjenju mladi~ev. Zapisali smo tudi vse poskuse in dejanske kraje plena med ~igrami pred kolonijo ali v koloniji. Te smo {teli za negativno intraspecif~no interakcijo – kleptoparazitizem. V prispevku uporabljam izraz »kraja« za pojav odvzema plena plenilcu, saj gr{ko kleptô pomeni krasti, ukrasti. ^igre, ki so kradle plen, imenujem kradljivke. 3. Rezultati in diskusija Sisitemati~no opazovanje smo opravili dne 3.7.2004. V koloniji smo pre{teli 10 mladi~ev, ki {e niso leteli, 15 ~iger je valilo, med njimi se je zadr`evalo tudi najve~ 11 poletelih mladi~ev. Zabele`ili smo 153 priletov ~iger s hrano v kolonijo. ^igre so najbolj intenzivno hranile mladi~e med 5.00 in 6.00 uro zjutraj. Do 11.00 ure je frekvenca hranjenja upadla. Med 11.00 in 17.00 uro je bila stalno nizka. Ponovno se je pove~ala med 18.00 in 202 Acrocephalus 2J (123): 20I - 20J, 2OO4 20.00 uro (slika 2), a je dosegla le okoli ~etrtino jutranje frekvence. Navadna ~igra se hrani podnevi in je najaktivnej{a zgodaj zjutraj in zve~er, najve~ja aktivnost hranjenja v teku dneva pa se lahko spremeni v primeru funkcionalnega odziva na mno`i~en pojav plena (Cramp 1994). ^e predpostavimo, da so dobili vsi mladi~i enako koli~ino hrane, jo je vsak prejel 15-krat v dnevu. Tak{no {tevilo dnevnih hranjenj ustreza zarodu z enim mladi~em, pri ve~jih zarodih je {tevilo prinosov hrane v zarod ve~je (Cramp 1994, Nisbet 2002). ^igre s hrano so priletavale v kolonijo v glavnem (41%) iz smeri SZ. Predvidevamo, da so se hranile na stari strugi reke Drave nad Ptujem (v smeri Maribora) in na ribnikih v Pesni{ki dolini (Pernica, Pristava, Komarnik, Radehova, Gradi{~e). 32% ~iger s hrano je priletelo v kolonijo s smeri JV oziroma z markov{ke strani. Te ~igre so se verjetno hranile na stari strugi Drave pod naseljem Markovci, na Dravinji, v gramoznici pri vasi Tr`ec ali na spodnjem delu Ptujskega jezera. Iz vseh omenjenih obmo~ij so znani podatki o prehranjevanju navadnih ~iger (Gregori 1989, Denac 2003a & b, B. [tumberger pisno) in so upo{tevajo~ velikost doma~ega okoli{a (Cramp 1994) dosegljiva pticam iz kolonije na Ptujskem jezeru. Pribli`no ~etrtina (27%) vseh ~iger je hrano lovila na Ptujskem jezeru v bli`ini (do 150 m) kolonije (tabela 1). Slednje so bile morda pozne gnezdilke (Burness et al. 1994, Sudmann 1998), ki so za~ele gnezditi v mesecu juniju, kar je bilo mogo~e ugotoviti po starosti mladi~ev. Pozne gnezdilke so navadno manj izku{ene kot zgodnje in pogosteje lovijo v bli`ini kolonije (Burness et al. 1994). Na dan popisa je bila Drava zaradi minulega de`evja zelo kalna, tak{ne razmere pa so za lov neugodne (Cramp 1994), zato je tudi verjetno, da je sicer dele` ~iger, ki lovijo na jezeru, ob ugodnih lovnih razmerah ve~ji. V topli polovici leta na jezeru poteka rekreativni navti~ni turizem s plovili na motorni pogon, jadrnicami in ~olni na vesla. Ker lahko motnje zaradi plovbe pomembno vplivajo na prostorsko porazdelitev in zmanj{ajo {tevilo ptic na vodni povr{ini (Frenzel & Schneider 1987, Schneider-Jacoby et al. 1993), bi bilo treba prehranjevalno vlogo Ptujskega jezera za ~igre natan~neje raziskati in plovni re`im ustrezno prilagoditi izsledkom. Prav tako je znano, da plovba v oddaljenosti do 100 m od kolonije navadne ~igre zmanj{a njen gnezditveni uspeh (Burger 1998, Nisbet 2000). Znotrajvrstni kleptoparazitizem smo zabele`ili v 54 primerih (35%) prinosa ribe v kolonijo. Ugotovljeni odstotek je bil izjemno visok, saj je bil pri dosedanjih tujih raziskavah ugotovljen najve~ 17% dele` (Nisbet 2002). V koloniji smo opazovali le hranjenje mladi~ev, Tabela 1: Smeri priletov navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo s hrano v kolonijo na Ptujskem jezeru dne 3.7.2004 Table 1: Directions of arrivals by Common Terns Sterna hirundo bringing fsh to the colony on Ptuj reservoir (NE Slovenia) on 3 Jul 2004 Smer prileta/ [t. ~iger/ % Direction of arrival No. of Terns Ptujsko jezero / Lake Ptuj 42 27 JV / SE (Markovci, Tr`ec, 49 32 Dravinjska dolina, sp. del Ptujskega jezera) SZ / NW (Ptuj, Pesni{ka 62 41 dolina) Skupaj / Total 153 100 hranjenja odraslih vale~ih ~iger ni bilo, kar je ena izmed prilagoditev odraslih ptic na znotrajvrstni kleptoparazitski pritisk (Sudmann 1998). ^e kleptoparazitizem ni pogost, odrasle ~igre normalno prina{ajo partnerju hrano na gnezdo med valjenjem. Kot vzrok kleptoparazitizma Nisbet (2002) navaja visoke gnezditvene gostote in pozno gnezdenje, vendar s slednjim neposredno ne moremo pojasniti tega pojava, saj je na primer Sudmann (1998) pri poznih gnezdilkah ugotovil manj kleptoparazitizma ter bolj{e prehranjevalne razmere kot pri zgodnjih. Glavni razlog za visoko znotrajvrstno krajo rib v kolonijah navadnih ~iger je pomanjkanje hrane (Ludwigs 1998), posebej v obdobju, ko so potrebe po hrani najve~je (Cramp 1994). Gnezditvena gostota na Ptujskem jezeru je bila dokaj nizka. ^e predpostavimo, da je vseh 10 mladi~ev pripadalo razli~nim leglom, je bilo v koloniji na dan popisa 25 gnezd (15 vale~ih ~iger in 10 mladi~ev) in gnezditvena gostota 0,14 gnezda/m2. Ker se abundance in posledi~no gostote ptic v populaciji v primeru pove~anja vira hrane tudi same pove~ajo in obratno (Newton 1998), je najverjetneje, da je pomanjkanje hrane botrovalo nizki gnezditveni gostoti in izrazitemu kleptoparazitizmu. Vendar je v celotni gnezditveni sezoni na betonskem gnezditvenem podstavku gnezdilo skupaj 91 parov ~iger (zgodnje in kasne gnezdilke), to pa je najvi{je {tevilo, ugotovljeno na Ptujskem jezeru v zadnjem desetletju (neobjavljeni podatki). Velika gnezditvena populacija je v nasprotju s prej zapisano hipotezo o numeri~nem odgovoru plenilca na zmanj{ano koli~ino plena. Zato ne izklju~ujem mo`nosti, da je bil opazovani kleptoparazitizem le funkcionalni odziv ~iger na za~asno slab{e lovne razmere, o katerih lahko sklepam zaradi minulega de`evja in kalne vode. 203 D. Denac: Prehranjevalna dinamika in pojav znotrajvrstnega kleptoparazitizma v koloniji navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo na Ptujskem jezeru (SV Slovenija) Najmanj {tiri ~igre iz kolonije so kradle hrano vnovi~ pove~ala proti ve~eru (med 18.00 in 20.00 drugim. Te ~igre so se zadr`evale ves ~as ob koloniji uro), a je dosegla le kako ~etrtino jutranje frekvence. in niso opravljale prehranjevalnih poletov. Pri kraji rib Ve~ina ~iger s plenom (41%) je priletela v kolonijo so ubirale dve strategiji. Takoj ko so zagledale ~igro s iz smeri SZ, sledile so ~igre iz smeri JV (32%), 27% hrano, so posami~ ali v skupini do {tiri letele proti njej ~iger se je hranilo na Ptujskem jezeru v neposredni in ji `e pred kolonijo sku{ale ukrasti ribo. V povpre~ju bli`ini kolonije. V koloniji smo opazili izrazit je tak{no preganjanje trajalo 10 do 23 minut, pri tem kleptoparazitizem, saj je bil zabele`en kar pri 35% pa so se lahko od kolonije precej oddaljile. V {estih prinosa plena. Na tak{en na~in pridobivanja hrane so primerih dalj{ega preganjanja ~igre s hrano in neuspelih se specializirale {tiri ~igre, ki so z ukradenim plenom predajah ribe mladi~u smo opazili, da so preganjane potem hranile lastne mladi~e. Drugim ~igram so ~igre ribo pojedle same. Podobna opazovanja omenja kradle ribe posami~ ali v skupini, med letom in pri tudi Sudmann (1998). Drugi na~in kraje je bil med predajanju hrane mladi~u. Najpogosteje so kradle plen hranjenjem mladi~a. Kradljivka je ~akala v koloniji, med letom (90%). Hranjenja odraslih vale~ih ~iger med predajo hrane mladi~u pa je stekla do njega nismo opazovali, kar je najverjetneje prilagoditev na in mu potegnila ribo iz kljuna. Tak{ni kraji so se mo~no znotrajvrstno krajo plena. Mladi~i in odrasle prizadete ~igre sku{ale prilagoditi z bliskovito predajo ptice so se kraji pri predaji hrane sku{ali izogniti z ribe mladi~u, s ~imer so v nekaj primerih prehitele bliskovito predajo ribe. Mo~an kleptoparazitizem je kradljivko v koloniji. Tak{na bliskovita predaja je najbr` spro`ilo pomanjkanje hrane. obrambna strategija proti znotrajvrstni kraji plena, zanjo pa obstajajo podatki iz ve~ kolonij (Sudmann Summary 1998, Nisbet 2002). Bistveno pogostej{i (90%) je bil prvi na~in kraje rib, ko so kradljivke prestregle ~igro `e Feeding dynamic, choice of foraging sites and v zraku. ^igre, ki so kradle hrano drugim, so ukradene intraspecifc kleptoparasitism in the Common Tern ribe vselej predale svojim mladi~em. Sterna hirundo colony on a concrete power line base on Drugih negativnih znotrajvrstnih interakcij, Ptuj reservoir (river Drava, NE Slovenia) were studied kljuvanja in metanja mladi~ev v zrak in teritorialne on 3 Jul 2004. A group of ornithologists performed a agresivnosti na gnezdu v koloniji nismo zasledili. whole day colony observation using prepared protocols. To povezujemo z nizko gnezditveno gostoto, saj so Times, directions of arrival of terns with food and terns’ tovrstni primeri interferen~ne tekmovalnosti pri behaviour were registered. On the actual observation navadni ~igri posledica visokih gnezditvenih gostot day we counted 10 chicks, 15 incubating adults and (Sudmann 1998). 11 fedged young in the colony. Breeding density was low, maximum 0.14 nests/m2. The highest frequency Zahvala: Raziskavo smo opravili med mladinskim of feeding chicks was recorded early in the morning ornitolo{kim raziskovalnim taborom »Ptuj 2004« v (between 5 and 6 AM). During the day their activity organizaciji DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia. Zahvaljujem decreased and in the evening (from 18 to 20 PM) their se ornitologom, ki so sodelovali pri popisu: Simonu feeding frequency increased again. Terns arrived to the Komarju, Maji Mar~i~, Lizi Mraz, Davidu Vujinovi~u, colony mostly from the NW direction (41%), 32% Dominiku Bombeku, Nastji ^remo`nik, Klavdiji of them arrived from the SE, and 27% were observed Lovrenko in Maji Slak. Borutu [tumbergerju se hunting on Ptuj reservoir close to the colony. In 35% zahvaljujem za napotke pri pripravi raziskave, Alu of the observations, the terns with food were attacked Vrezcu pa za koristne diskusije o medvrstnih in by conspecifc kleptoparasitic terns. Attacks were znotrajvrstnih interakcijah. performed by four terns, attacking alone or in group. Kleptoparasitic terns were either attacking others with Povzetek food in the air or in the colony when terns attempted to feed their young. Attacking in the air was the most Dne 3.7.2004 smo opravili celodnevni popis frequent tactic (90%). Kleptoparasitic terns were kolonije navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo na betonskem feeding their young with the stolen fsh. None of the daljnovodnem podstavku na Ptujskem jezeru. incubating terns were fed by their partners. This was Zanimala nas je ~asovna prehranjevalna dinamika most probably adaptation to the strong kleptoparasitic ~iger, ki so hranile mladi~e, in morebitno pojavljanje pressure. Adult birds tried to avoid attacks by znotrajvrstnega kleptoparazitizma. ^igre so delivering fsh very quickly to the chicks. We presume najaktivneje hranile mladi~e zgodaj zjutraj (med that strong kleptoparasitism was caused by a food 5.00 in 6.00 uro), ~ez dan je aktivnost padla in se shortage. It is possible that kleptoparasitism was only 204 Acrocephalus 2J (123): 20I - 20J, 2OO4 a functional response to the temporary suboptimal hunting conditions as the water was muddy due to the earlier heavy rains. Literatura Bo`i~, L. (2003): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice v Sloveniji 2. Predlogi Posebnih za{~itenih obmo~ij (SPA) v Sloveniji. – Monografja DOPPS {t. 2, DOPPS, Ljubljana. Boecker, M. (1967): Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Nahrungs- und Nistökologie der Flußseeschwalbe (Sterna hirundo L.) und der Küstenseeschwalbe (Sterna paradisea Pont.). – Bonn. zool. Beitr. 18: 15–126. Bra~ko, F. (1999): Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo. – Acrocephalus 20 (93): 60–61. Burger, J. (1998): Effects of motorboats and personal watercraft on fight behavior over a colony of Common Terns. – Condor 100: 528–534. Burness G.P., Morris, R.D. & Bruce, J.P. (1994): Seasonal and annual variation in brood attendance, prey type delivered to chicks, and foraging patterns of male Common Terns (Sterna hirundo). – Can. J. Zool. 72: 1243–1251. Cramp, S. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of Western Palearctic. Vol. I V, Terns to Woodpeckers. – Oxford University Press, Oxford. Denac, D. (2002): Common Tern Sterna hirundo breeding population: development and nature conservation management results at the Ormo` wastewater basins between 1992 and 2002 (NE Slovenia). – Acrocephalus 23 (115): 163–168. Denac, D. (2003a): Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo. – Acrocephalus 24 (117): 76–77. Denac, D. (2003b): Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo. – Acrocephalus 24 (119): 149. Frenzel, P. & Schneider, M. (1987): Ökologische Untersuchungen an überwinternden Wassevögeln im Ermatinger Becken (Bodensee): Die Auswirkungen von Jagd, Schiffahrt und Freizeitakivitäten. – Ornithologische Jahreshefte für Baden-Würtemberg 3 (2): 53–79. Gregori, J. (1989): Favna in ekologija pti~ev Pesni{ke doline (SV Slovenija, Jugoslavija). – Scopolia 19: 1–59. Hopkins, C.D. & Wiley, R.H. (1972): Food parasitism and competition in two terns. – Auk 98: 583–594. Jan`ekovi~, F. & [tumberger, B. (1984): Otoka na Ptujskem jezeru za{~itena. – Acrocephalus 5 (22): 54–56. Jan`ekovi~, F. , [tumberger, B. & Denac, D. (2003): Velikost legla, velikost jajc in fenologija prihoda na gnezdi{~e pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo v SV Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 24 (117): 61–66. Ludwigs, J.D. (1998): Kleptoparasitismus bei der Flußseeschwalbe Sterna hirundo als Anzeiger für Nahrungsmangel. – Vogelwelt 119: 193–203. Makovec, T. , [kornik, I. & Lipej, L. (1998): Ekolo{ko ovrednotenje in varovanje pomembnih ptic Se~oveljskih solin. – Falco 12 (13/14): 5–48. Mr{i}, N. (1997): Biotska raznovrstnost v Sloveniji. – Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Uprava RS za varstvo narave, Ljubljana. Newton, I. (1998): Population limitation in birds. – Academic Press, London. Nisbet, I.C.T. (2000): Disturbance, Habituation, and Management of Waterbird Colonies. – Waterbirds 23 (2): 312–332. Nisbet, I.C.T. (2002): Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). pp. 1–40 In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America, No. 618. – The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Bauer, H.-G. & Schulze, W. (1993): Untersuchungen über den Einfuß von Störungen auf den Wasservogelbestand im Gnadensee (Untersee/ Bodensee). – Ornithologische Jahreshefte für Baden-Würtemberg 9 (1): 1–24. Sudmann, S.R. (1998): Wie dicht können Flußseeschwalben Sterna hirundo brüten? Extremsituationen auf Brutfösen. – Vogelwelt 119: 181–192 [alamun, @. (2001): Nova gnezditvena kolonija navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Pomurju. – Acrocephalus 22 (104/105): 51–52. [kornik, I. (1983): Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo gnezdi v Se~oveljskih solinah. – Acrocephalus 4 (16): 32–33. [mon, M (2000): Drava, vir elektri~ne energije. pp. 370– 425 In: Macuh, P. , [mon, M., Verboten, I., Kanop, M. & @iberna, I. (eds.): Drava neko~ in danes. – Obzorja, Maribor. [tumberger, B. (1982): Gnezditev male ~igre Sterna albifrons ugotovljena tudi v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 3 (11/12): 13–14. Uradni list RS (2004): Uredba o posebnih varstvenih obmo~jih (obmo~jih Natura 2000), {t. 49/2004, 30.4.2004. Vogrin, M. (1991): Nova kolonija re~nega galeba Larus ridibundus in navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Ho~ah pri Mariboru. – Acrocephalus 12 (49): 121–122. Vogrin, M. (1998): Egg size of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo in Slovenia. – Ornis Svecica 8: 87–90. Vogrin, M. (2001): ^igre in galebi na Dravskem polju v severovzhodni Sloveniji. – Biota 2 (2): 191–198. Prispelo / Arrived: 24.12.2004 Sprejeto / Accepted: 9.5.2005 205 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 207 - 212, 2004 Numbers and local movements of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus wintering in Belgrade [tevilo in lokalni premiki prezimujo~ih pritlikavih kormoranov Phalacrocorax pygmeus v Beogradu Dragan V. Simi}1 & Marko Tucakov2 1 Ustani~ka 144, 11050 Beograd, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: ddsimic@eunet.yu 2 Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: mtucakov@eunet.yu Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia 1. Introduction (Michev & Weber 1997), it is still unknown whether numbers on the wintering grounds also increased. The Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus, which aim of this paper is to try to answer these questions. breed on the Balkan Peninsula where the majority of the European breeding population is concentrated 2. Study area and methods (Michev & Weber 1997), are partial migrants, spending the winter period partly inland and partly The study area lies within the city of Belgrade (UTM on or near the Adriatic, Aegean and northeastern DQ56), northern Serbia. It comprises the confuence Mediterranean coasts (Cramp 1998). The wintering of the rivers Sava and Danube, from stream kilometer focks are often restricted to rivers, coastal lagoons and 1969 to 1973 along the Danube and the last 10 deltas, where foraging sites rich in food can be found, kilometers of the Sava river. Ada Ciganlija Island is as well as to the riparian forests, which are utilized as located from stream kilometer 4 to 9 from the river roosting sites (Crivelli et al. 1996). mouth along the Sava, while Veliko Ratno Ostrvo The species breeds regularly in Serbia, where 350 – 500 Island stretches from kilometer 1970 to 1972 along pairs have been counted in the last decade (Puzovi} the Danube. Close to Veliko Ratno Ostrvo’s southern et al. 2003). Post-breeding movements are recorded tip another 100 m long islet called Malo Ratno Ostrvo all over Serbia (Luka~ & Luka~ 1992, Devi} 1995, (a.k.a. Konjska Ada) is located (Figure 1). All islands Puzovi} et al. 1999, Gergelj et al. 2000, Stojni} are covered with alluvial forests, dominated by Willows 2000, Gruba~ & Gruba~ 2001, Lakato{ 2001, Salix sp. and Poplars Populus sp. Veliko Ratno Ostrvo Tucakov 2003, M. Ru`i} pers. comm.). Observations comprises two marshy depressions, scrub, ruderal during the winter period are more frequent along the plants, arable land and summer cottages on stilts with rivers (BirdLife International 2004). In the years vegetable gardens. The lowest water level occurs in late 1995 – 1998, the most important wintering grounds summer and throughout the winter (Paunovi} 1991). were situated along the Danube; in the immediate Point counts of wintering Pygmy Cormorants were vicinity of Belgrade, in the Dubovac – ^ibuklija zone carried out (1) from the U{}e (opposite to the Malo in southern Banat, and in the Negotinska Krajina in Ratno Ostrvo; observation point OP1), (2) from the eastern Serbia, near the Iron Gates (Puzovi} et al. 4th kilometer of the Sava river’s left bank, overlooking 1999). the downriver end of the Ada Ciganlija Island and Recent information on Pygmy Cormorants from opposite the right bank roosting site (OP2), (3) from Serbia is scarce (Weber 1994), despite the fact that the the 1st kilometer of the right bank of the Sava (OP3), confuence of the Sava and Danube rivers, within the and (4) in 2004, from the Belgrade district of Dor}ol city area of Belgrade, is known locally as a wintering (Danube right bank, 1170 kilometer – OP4; Figure 1). site of the species (Paunovi} 1991 & 1993). There has The surveys were conducted in 1996 (20 feld trips), been no regular monitoring for the winter population 2001 (1 feld trip), 2003 (2 feld trips) and 2004 (3 around Belgrade and recent information on wintering feld trips). numbers, roosting sites, roosting behaviour (Cramp 1998) and foraging areas is lacking. Moreover, apart from the recent increase of the breeding population 207 D.V. Simi} H & M. Tucakov: Numbers and local movements of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus wintering in Belgrade Figure 1: Map of the study area. Roosting sites A and B are marked with grey squares, while observation points (OP1 – 4) are marked with black triangles pointing towards observed area. Slika 1: Zemljevid obravnavanega obmo~ja: po~ivali{~i A in B sta ozna~eni s sivima kvadratoma, opazovalne to~ke (OP1 – 4) pa s ~rnimi trikotniki, ki ka`ejo v smer obmo~ja opazovanja 3. Results and discussion Starting from the third decade of February until the frst decade of April 1996, point counts at roost A were made from OP1, and movements towards roost B up the Sava River were noted. New roosting sites and the preferred way in which birds occupy it had been observed from OP2 and investigated from the water surface. In January 2001, a point count took place from OP3. In February to April 2003, the point counts made in 1996 were repeated using the same observation points (OP1, OP2) and nearly the same dates, while in 2004, the number of Pygmy Cormorants staying in the city in early spring (March to April) was recorded from OP2 and OP4. 3.1. Survey in 1996 On Malo Ratno Ostrvo Islet (roost A), birds primarily occupied partly submerged willow roots protruding from an eroded bank, and lower branches close above the water surface, while the rest of the birds were forced to settle down on the steep bare soil. Roosting in the tree canopies was not recorded. At the Sava river (roost B), most of the birds roosted on a fooded mud bar by the right bank at the 4th river kilometer, overgrown with young White Willow Salix alba scrub, while part of the fock settled in willow scrub on Ada Ciganlija’s downstream end (Figure 2). The frst birds arriving occupied the lowest branches, immediately above the water surface, while later birds occupied higher positions in the scrub, until the top branches were flled. Another, smaller site, used mostly as a day resting site, was discovered in a similar willow scrub at the southwest bank of the Veliko Ratno Ostrvo Island. Here 175 individuals were counted. In order to estimate the size of Belgrade’s wintering population of Pygmy Cormorants, a count was made on 24 Feb, when a total of 356 (33%) birds remained at the roost A, while an additional 724 (67%) birds occupied a new roosting site B. The total size of Belgrade’s wintering population in 1996 was estimated at 1080 individuals. 3.2. Survey in 2001 On 12 Jan, from OP3 1200 individuals were counted leaving roost B. 3.3. Survey in 2003 Pygmy Cormorants utilised foraging areas upstream from roost B in the Sava river. Therefore on 23 Feb a survey was made from OP1, counting the birds foraging in the Danube (520 ind.); and on 27 Feb from OP2, counting the birds foraging in the Sava (300 ind.). The majority of birds (48%; 398 ind.) arrived fying down the Danube (from the NW) while only 5% (39 ind.) came fying up the Danube (from NE). 31% (254 ind.) arrived fying down the Sava (from the SW). 16% (129 ind.) of birds were fying very low over water, and were presumably feeding in the immediate vicinity of the islands. The total size of Belgrade’s wintering population was estimated at 820 individuals. In 2003 Pygmy Cormorants no longer used site A for roosting. Only 25 to 30 birds spend the day on this site, leaving the place before sunset to fy to roost B. 208 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 2O7 - 212, 2OO4 .O 0) (O o ft Figure 2: Roosting site B of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus, section on the right bank of the river Sava in Belgrade, 27 Feb 1996 (photo: D. Simi}) Slika 2: Po~ivali{~e B pritlikavih kormoranov Phalacrocorax pygmeus ob desnem bregu reke Save v Beogradu, 27.2.1996 (foto: D. Simi}) 3.4. Survey in 2004 On 24 Mar, 710 individuals were counted from OP4, fying up the Danube towards the Sava river (from the NE). On 7 Apr 300 individuals were counted from OP4, and on 9 Apr an additional 300 birds were counted fying down the Sava River (from OP2), making an early April total of 600 birds. The daily rhythm of Pygmy Cormorant activity was linked to the length of daylight. The frst fights towards roosting sites were 120 minutes before sunset with peak numbers 120 to 60 minutes before sunset, while by 30 minutes prior to sunset almost all birds had entered the roost site (Figure 3). In late February (sunset at 17:20), the most intensive movements towards the roosting sites were recorded between 15.30 and 16.30. 3.5. Belgrade wintering population The frst survey of wintering Pygmy Cormorants in Belgrade was carried out in winter 1988/89, when only small focks were recorded. From 3 Dec 1989 until 3 Mar 1990, 500 individuals wintered in the area on Malo Ratno Ostrvo Islet, while in 1990/91 only 300 individuals appeared. The Danube downstream from the roosting site was used mainly as a feeding area, but some birds fed upstream and in the Sava river (Paunovi} 1991). In the winter of 1991/92, Pygmy Cormorants had started to utilise roost B, but only as a day resting site (M. Paunovi} pers. comm.). The largest midwinter number of individuals wintering in Belgrade was recorded on 16 Jan 2001, when 1200 individuals moved from the roosting site n I 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 K# J§> <ß> «¦ .# <& J$> J§> J$ NV .>• A- A- A- A- A- A- *$>• & N»i? N*? ^ ^ ^ N*? <\? 2OO4 Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on birds in Slovenia Klopi (Acarina: Ixodidae) na pticah v Sloveniji Tomi Trilar Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Pre{ernova 20, P.O. Box 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: ttrilar@pms-lj.si Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia 1. Introduction There are 16 tick species (Acarina: Ixodidae) distributed across Slovenia (Tovornik 1987a, c, 1988a, b, c, 1989, 1990a & 1991, PMSL–Ixodidae 2004). Nine of these have been found on birds (Tovornik 1990a & 1991, PMSL-Ixodidae 2004). Ticks in Slovenia were investigated in the second half of the 20th century (around 1950 – 1991) by Dr. Danica Tovornik, with special attention on the medical importance of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rosický et al. 1961, Tovornik 1961 & 1987b), the geographical distribution of Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815 (Tovornik 1987a), Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 (Tovornik 1988a), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) complex (Tovornik 1988b, Tovornik & Vesenjak-Hirjan 1988), Ixodes vespertilionis Koch, 1844 (Tovornik 1990b), Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1795) and Ixodes arboricola Schultze & Schlottke, 1929 (Tovornik 1991), and the host signifcance of birds (Tovornik 1990a), lacertids Lacertidae (Tovornik & Brelih 1980), Roe-Deer Capreolus capreolus (Tovornik 1988c), Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris and Fat Dormouse Glis glis (Tovornik 1989). This article is an overview of ticks recorded on birds in Slovenia based on literature and original data (PMSL-Ixodidae 2004). 2. Methods Most of the material was collected between 1989 and 2005. Ticks were hand picked from bird hosts during bird ringing feldwork and collected from bird nests. Hand picked ticks were stored in the feld in 70% ethanol, separately with respect to host individual, survey site, and date. Those from nests were collected free in nature, from nest boxes, or with suction sampler from the nesting burrows of Sand Martin Riparia riparia and Bee-eater Merops apiaster. The contents of the nests were transported from the feld in airtight plastic bags to prevent the escape of any arthropods. They were placed over Berlese-Tullgren funnels (Southwood 1978) for fve days for the collection of the arthropods. The reference material is deposited in the Slovenian Museum of Natural History in Ljubljana (PMSL– Ixodidae 2004). 3. Results and discussion Ixodes ricinus is the most abundant and widespread of the tick species recorded in Slovenia (Tovornik 1988c, 1989 & 1990a). Found on 69 bird species (Table 1), it is also the most common tick parasitising birds. Birds are major hosts for all developmental stages of small Ixodes lividus, Ixodes frontalis and Ixodes arboricola ticks and for larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma marginatum. Ixodes lividus is specialised on Sand Martin (Hillyard 1996) and was found in the nesting burrows of Sand Martins at almost all the nesting sites surveyed (Figure 1). There were also two occasional fndings on the Starling Sturnus vulgaris and Blackbird Turdus merula. Ixodes lividus is a new species recorded for Slovenia. Figure 1: Findings of Ixodes lividus (dots), Ixodes frontalis (squares) and Ixodes arboricola (triangle) ticks in Slovenia Slika 1: Najdbe breguljkinega Ixodes lividus (pike), pti~jega Ixodes frontalis (kvadrati) in duplarskega klopa Ixodes arboricola (trikotniki) v Sloveniji 213 T. Trilar: Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on birds in Slovenia Table1: Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) found on birds in Slovenia (Source: # Tovornik 1990, • Tovornik 1991, * PmSL ixodidae 2004) Tabela 1: Klopi (Acarina: Ixodidae), najdeni na pticah v Sloveniji (Vir: # Tovornik 1990, • Tovornik 1991, * PmSL ixodidae 2004) Tick species / vrsta klopa Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bird host species / pti~ji gostitelj Acrocephalus palustris*#, A. schoenobaenus*, A. scirpaceus*, Alectoris graeca#, Anthus pratensis*, A. spinoletta#, A. trivialis*#, Apus apus#, Asio otus*, Bonasa bonasia#, Buteo buteo#, Carduelis carduelis*#, C. chloris*#, Ciconia ciconia#, Coccothraustes coccothraustes*, Columba oenas#, C. livia domestica*, Corvus corone cornix#, Cuculus canorus#, Emberiza cia#, Erithacus rubecula*#, Fringilla coelebs*, F. montifringilla*#, Garrulus glandarius#, Hippolais icterina*, Hirundo rustica*, Jynx torquilla*, Lanius collurio*#, Locustella fluviatillis*, Lullua arborea*, Luscinia luscinia*, L. megarhynchos*#, Milvus milvus#, Motacilla cinerea#, Nucifraga caryocatactes#, Numenius arquata#, Oenanthe oenanthe#, Parus cristatus*, P. major*, P. montanus*, P. caeruleus*, Passer domesticus*, P. montanus*, Phasianus colchicus*#, Phoenicurus ochruros*, P. phoenicurus*, Phylloscopus collybita*#, P. trochilus*, Pica pica#, Prunella modularis*#, Pyrrhula pyrrhula*#, Regulus regulus*, Riparia riparia*, Saxicola rubetra#, S. torquata*, Sitta europaea*, Strix aluco*, Sturnus vulgaris*#, Sylvia atricapilla*, S. borin#, S. communis*#, S. curruca*#, S. nisoria*, Tetrao tetrix*, T. urogallus#, Troglodytes troglodytes*, Turdus merula*, T. philomelos*, Vanellus vanellus* Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844 Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1795) Ixodes arboricola Schultze & Schlottke, 1929 Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815 Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849 Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901 Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 Riparia riparia*, Sturnus vulgaris*, Turdus merula* Acrocephalus scirpaceus#•, Carduelis chloris*#•, Dendrocopos major#•, Emberiza leucocephala#, Garrulus glandarius# Parus caeruleus* Merops apiaster* Sitta europaea* Turdus merula* Acrocephalus palustris*, A. scirpaceus*, Erithacus rubecula#, Falco tinnunculus#, Ficedula hypoleuca#, Gallinago gallinago#, Phoenicurus phoenicurus#, Sylvia communis*, Upupa epops# Ixodes frontalis occurs on birds and in their nests (Hillyard 1996). In Slovenia it was found on fve bird species (Figure 1, Table 1). Ixodes arboricola occurs on birds nesting in tree hollows (Hillyard 1996). It is a new species recorded for Slovenia (Figure 1, Table 1). Hyalomma marginatum is an exception, as its development takes place on only two different hosts instead of three for other tick species in Slovenia (Hillyard 1996). The hosts of both larvae and nymphs are birds, while adults parasitise cattle. On metamorphosis nymphs remain on the host individual at the larval stage. H. marginatum is most probably extinct within its natural distribution range in Slovenia because of the complete abandonment of cattle grazing under the Kra{ki rob area. Larvae and nymphs of H. marginatum are introduced each spring to this area and to continental Slovenia by migrating birds (Table 1, Figure 2) from Mediterranean and North Africa. There were also occasional fndings of Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes canisuga and Ixodes acuminatus (Table 1). Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Katarina Ale{, Andrej Bibi~, Franc Bra~ko, Igor Brajnik, Janez 214 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 213 - 2I6> 2OO4 Figure 2: Distribution of Hyalomma marginatum in Slovenia. Dots – natural distribution area (according to Tovornik 1990a), squares – introduced to the territory of central Slovenia by spring migrating birds. Slika 2: Razi{irjenost dvogostiteljskega klopa Hyalomma marginatum v Sloveniji. Pike – naravni areal raz{irjenosti (po Tovornik 1990a), kvadrati – vnosi v osrednjo Slovenijo prek sele~ih se ptic. Dovi~, Dare Fekonja, Jo`e Gra~ner, Vesna Grobelnik, Peter Gro{elj, Franc Jan`ekovi~, Leon Kebe, Rajko Kora`ija, Brane Koren, Ivan Kos, Boris Kozinc, Brane Lapanja, Helena Lesar, Slavko Polak, Katarina Prosenc Trilar, Jasna [en, Dare [ere, Rudi Tekav~i~, Bogdan Vidic and Vili @gavec for the collected material and to the Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora for geocoding localities and production of distributional maps. Special thanks goes to Petra Pavlov~i~ for English improvements. Povzetek V Sloveniji je raz{irjenih 16 vrst klopov (Acarina: Ixodidae); devet smo jih na{li tudi na pticah. Najpogostej{a in splo{no raz{irjena vrsta je gozdni klop Ixodes ricinus, ki je bil doslej najden na 69 vrstah ptic in je najpogostej{a vrsta klopa, ki se pojavlja na pticah. Ptice so glavni gostitelji za breguljkinega Ixodes lividus, pti~jega Ixodes frontalis, duplarskega Ixodes arboricola in dvogostiteljskega klopa Hyalomma marginatum. Za je`evega Ixodes hexagonus, rde~ega ov~jega Haemaphysalis punctata, lisi~jega Ixodes canisuga in glodal~jega klopa Ixodes acuminatus pa so ptice zgolj naklju~ni gostitelji. Breguljkin klop je prvi~ omenjen za Slovenijo. Summary There are 16 tick species distributed across Slovenia. Nine of these were found on birds. The most abundant and widespread is Ixodes ricinus, which was found on 69 bird species and is the most common tick species parasitising birds. Birds are major hosts of Ixodes lividus, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes arboricola and Hyalomma marginatum, and occasional hosts of Ixodes hexagonus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Ixodes canisuga and Ixodes acuminatus. Ixodes lividus is a new species recorded for Slovenia. References Hillyard, P.D. (1996): Ticks of North-West Europe. – Synopses of the British Fauna (New series), Shrewsbury, Field Studies Council. PMSL-Ixodidae (2004): Data from Tick Study Collection (coll. T. Trilar). – Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana. (unpublished) Rosický, B., Tovornik, D., Brelih, S., Daniel, M., Nosek, J. & Ma~i~ka, O. (1961): Zur Bionomie der Zecken Ixodes ricinus L. im Naturherd der Zeckenencephalitis in der Steiner Alpen (Kamni{ke Alpe – Slovenija). – ^e{koslovenska Parasitologie 8: 305–323. Southwood, T.R.E. (1978): Ecological methods with particular references to the study of insect population. – Chapman and Hall, London and New York. Tovornik, D. (1961): Prispevek k poznavanju klopov (Acarina, Ixodidae) v endemskih podro~jih meningoencefalitisa v Sloveniji. – Biolo{ki vestnik VIII: 57–71. Tovornik, D. (1987a): On the Bionomics of the Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hexagonus Leach, 1815 in Slovenia (Yugoslavia). – Biolo{ki vestnik 35 (1): 101–120. Tovornik, D. (1987b): Bio-ekolo{ki vidiki razporeditve naravnih `ari{~ klopnega meningoencefalitisa v Sloveniji glede na dejavnik nadmorske vi{ine. – Zdravstveno Varstvo 26: 119–125. Tovornik, D. (1987c): Morfolo{ke zna~ilnosti dveh pripadnikov podrodu Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942: Ixodes hexagonus Leach in Ixodes canisuga Johnston. – Biolo{ki vestnik 35 (2): 125–134. Tovornik, D. (1988a): Geographic Distribution and other Population Parameters of Ixodes (Exopalpiger) trianguliceps (Birula, 1895) in Yugoslavia. – Biolo{ki vestnik 36 (1): 33–54. Tovornik, D. (1988b): A revision of ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex (Latreille), collected in Yugoslav coastal Region. – Biolo{ki vestnik 36 (4): 77–84. Tovornik, D. (1988c): The signifcance of the Roe-Deer (Capreolus capreolus Linné, 1758) as the host and disseminators of ixodid ticks in SR Slovenia (Yugoslavia). – Biolo{ki vestnik 36 (4): 85–94. Tovornik, D. (1989): Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris Linné, 1758) and Fat Dormouse (Glis glis Linné, 1766) as host of ixodid ticks in Slovenia (Yugoslavia). – Biolo{ki vestnik 37 (2): 83–96. Tovornik, D. (1990a): The signifcance of the birds (Aves) as the host and disseminators of ixodid ticks (Yugoslavia). – Biolo{ki vestnik 38 (2): 77–108. 215 T. Trilar: Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on birds in Slovenia Tovornik, D. (1990b): Ixodes (Eschatocephalus) vespertilionis Koch, 1844 (Arachn., Ixodidae) regarding its specifc hosts and natural habitats (Slovenia, Yugoslavia). – Acta entomologica Jugoslavica 23: 1–2. Tovornik, D. (1991): Data on Ticks Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1798) and Ixodes arboricola Schulze et Schlottke, 1929, found on Birds in Yugoslavia. – Biolo{ki vestnik 39 (1/2): 157–164. Tovornik, D. (1991): Podatki o klopih Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1798) in Ixodes arboricola Schulze et Schlottke, 1929, najdenih na pti~ih v Jugoslaviji [Data on ticks Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1798) and Ixodes arboricola Schulze et Schlottke, 1929, found on birds in Yugoslavia]. – Biolo{ki vestnik 39 (1/2): 157–164. Tovornik, D. & Brelih, S. (1980): Iksodidni klopi, paraziti ku{~aric (Lacertidae) v kra{kih in drugih predelih Jugoslavije. – Scopolia 3: 1–121. Tovornik, D. & Vesenjak-Hirjan, J. (1988): A Revision of Ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex (Latreille), collected in the Yugoslav Coastal Region. – Biolo{ki vestnik 36 (4): 77–84. Arrived / Prispelo: 23.12.2004 Accepted / Sprejeto: 9.5.2005 216 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 217 - 221, 2004 Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del Thesis Summaries Sackl, P. (1985): Untersuchungen zur Habitatwahl und Nahrungsökologie des Weisstorchs (Ciconia ciconia L.) in der Steiermark [Habitat use and feeding ecology of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia L.) in eastern Styria]. – Dissertation Thesis, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Zoologie, Graz, Austria. Mentor / Supervisor: univ. prof. dr. Otto Kepka UB Graz II 427067, 195 pp. (appendix) Avtorjev elektronski naslov / Author’s e-mail: peter.sackl@stmk.gv.at The diet, foraging behaviour and feeding site selection of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia was investigated between 1979 and 1984 in eastern and southern Styria (Austria). The diet was studied by analysing 108 pellets from a total of 18 nest sites (n = 5413 prey animals), by samples of lost or discarded prey found during ringing in or below used nest sites (n = 28), and by identifying prey during feeding in the course of behavioural studies on foraging strategies (n = 149). Core feeding areas were located by following feeding trips of White Storks, by bicycle or car, and with the help of road site counts around used nest sites. Foraging behaviour and techniques of randomly selected focal individuals were recorded, on grasslands and agricultural felds, by at least 1 min observation bouts until the stork either left the area or was no longer visible. Pace, pecking and vigilance rates, as well as data on foraging success (unsuccessful/successful pecks), were collected in the form of continuous records of activity. Habitat type, maximal vegetation height, temperature and wind speed (m/s at 15 min intervals) were recorded to correlate habitat and weather conditions with foraging success. Undamaged pellets (43) had a mean weight of 17.5 g (SD = 9.9, min – max: 5.0 – 40.6 g, n = 48) and their maximal length and width varied between 51.8 – 76.8 mm and 25.0 – 37.0 mm, respectively (mean = 56.0 x 36.4 mm). Based on the abundance of different prey types in pellets, grasshoppers Saltatoria (67.7%) and beetles Coleoptera (24.1%) were found to be the most frequently consumed prey. When prey weights are taken into account, vertebrates (55.5%), in particular small mammals like Common Mole Talpa europaea (Insectivora) and Voles Microtus sp. (Rodentia), constitute a higher proportion of the diet. Most prey animals found in the pellets of White Storks are of terrestrial origin (80.5%) and were taken from the lower vegetation of grasslands or the bottom layers of ploughed felds and other arable land. In contrast, hygrophilous and aquatic prey (19.5%) were eaten in smaller proportions, at overall frequencies (0.7 – 26.2%) that varied widely between nest sites. To estimate the availability of invertebrate prey, population densities and biomass (living weights) of arthropods in a meadow used for hay-cutting and on a feld of Indian Corn Zea mays were determined by 31 quantitative sample units, using a modifed squareframe (1 x 1 x 1 m), near the village of Grosswilfersdorf (270 m a.s.l.; district of Fürstenfeld). Both study plots were visited regularly for feeding by the nearby nesting pair from April to early June (Indian Corn) and May to August (meadow). The abundances and biomass of different groups of arthropods in the diet correlated positively, but not signifcantly (P > 0.05), to their population densities (r = 0.37) and weights (r = 0.54) in the environment. Most macroinvertebrates found by quantitative sampling were either avoided as prey (e.g. Aranea, Myriapoda, Heteroptera, Diptera) or selected in proportion to their abundances (Dermaptera, Carabidae, Chrysomelidae) in both study plots. Only for grasshoppers Acrididae, carabids Carabidae and dung beetles Scarabaeidae with a body length > 15 mm did Ivlev’s Electivity Index (IE) indicate active selection. Grasshoppers and beetles, > 15 mm body length, were present in much higher proportions in pellets (IE indices: +0.59 to +0.90) than expected from their abundances found by square-frame sampling. No remains of annelids Lumbricidae were found in the pellets. From observations of actively feeding White Storks, however, annelids were caught during 39.3% of 1689 successful hunting strikes (1981 – 1985). Pecking rates of 1.3 – 1.5 annelids/min were higher in April and August, than between May – July (< 0.3 annelids/min). During the frst part of the breeding season (April – June) the diet was found to be more diverse, with higher proportions of small rodents in pellets, whereas between July and August grasshoppers were the most abundant prey. The observed spatial variation of diet, indicated by diversity and evenness 217 Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del / Thesis Summaries indices calculated for seven nest sites, was due to the varying portions of grasshoppers and aquatic prey in pellets. This appears to indicate the degradation of habitat quality or destruction of feeding habitats (wet grasslands). Distances between nest site and the nearest feeding sites (= distances of feeding trips) varied from 50 to 5850 m (mean = 1226.0 m, SD = 949.0, n = 233), and declined from a mean of 1.5 km in April to 0.7 km in June during incubation and the frst weeks after hatching of the juveniles. In July and August, before and after fedging, mean distances of feeding trips of adult birds again increased to 1.2 – 1.4 km. The total home range of three breeding pairs (birds not individually marked) is estimated roughly at 7.1 – 11.6 km2. 65.3% of all records of actively feeding White Storks around nest sites showed birds feeding primarily on grasslands, i.e. meadows used for hay-cutting or fodder and – to a much lesser extent – on pastures. Smaller proportions (42 – 12%) of storks were found feeding on harrowed and ploughed felds between April and August. Comparison of these results with the availability of these habitat types in the environment, IE (= -0.55) indicates an overall avoidance of arable land, which is used more regularly in spring (April – May) when vegetation height of Indian Corn and cereals is < 30 cm, and in August (stubble felds). Furthermore, during the breeding season White Storks were found to prefer, with an overall frequency of 97.5%, grasslands with vegetation heights < 40 cm to grasslands with higher vegetation, particular during or shortly after mowing. Foraging success was higher in ploughed felds and grasslands with vegetation cover < 10 cm (with 5.8 – 6.7 pecks/min and 4.1 – 6.2 successful pecks / min pecking rates), and decreased in grasslands with vegetation height > 20 cm (less than 5 pecks/min and 3 successful pecks/min). In contrast, based on square-frame samples, the population numbers and biomass of arthropods were higher in tall vegetation. White Storks rely on visual cues to detect prey. Consequently, reduction in prey detectability and accessibility with increasing structural complexity of feeding patches, measured by maximal vegetation height, appears to be responsible for the lower foraging success in tall vegetation. In addition, both pecking rates and foraging success decreased with wind speed during wind speeds > 4 to 5 m/s, indicating lower activity and/or detectability of prey. Although the duration of vigilance behaviour was shorter in tall vegetation > 20 cm, the total time of vigilance per min was found to be constant across 10 cm classes of vegetation 218 height (rS = 0.14, P > 0.05, n = 226). In grasslands with taller vegetation, increasing predation risk and/or impeded detectability of prey items was compensated by increasing frequencies of vigilance behaviour per min (rS = 0.49, P < 0.001, n = 110). Bo`i~, l. (2002): Primerjava zdru`b in nekaterih populacijskih parametrov ptic v izbranih tipih ni`inskih gozdov [Comparison of communities and some population parameters of birds in selected types of lowland riverine forests]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Mentor / Supervisor: doc. dr. Davorin Tome UDC 591.5:630:598.2(043.2)=863, 86 pages Avtorjev elektronski naslov / Author’s e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si In the thesis, I survey the results of bird research in several lowland riverine forest types. Birds were censused in fve census plots. The three census plots of Oak–Hornbeam forest type Querco—Carpinetum differed from one another in the age and vertical heterogeneity of the forests. Two were situated at the Murska {uma nearby Lendava (Prekmurje, NE Slovenia) and the third in the forest nature reserve of the Krakovo forest (Dolenjska, SE Slovenia). The second forest type was open alder forest with dense undergrowth in a census plot at the Polanski log (Prekmurje, NE Slovenia). The third forest type examined was the highly developed and extremely heterogeneous Willow–Poplar forest at Dolnja Bistrica (Prekmurje, NE Slovenia). The birds were censused using the territory mapping method during the breeding seasons in 2000 and 2001. At every census plot, I made six visits, all in one season. On the visits I marked all bird registrations, where I was focused especially on the territorial birds. When analysing the data, I determined the territories of more frequent species and their activities in all census plots. I also calculated the density of these species over a 10 ha area and their dominance. The results produced by this method are estimated to be approximately equal to the actual situation despite several defciencies of the method. In the thesis, I determined the effect of several ecological factors on birds and compared bird communities between the various census plots. The ecological factors studied were the age of the forest stand, growing stock, proportions of tree species, Acrocephalus 25 (123): 2IJ - 221, 2OO4 Oak Quercus sp. in particular, tree diameter, dead wood presence, management regime, vertical foliage height diversity, horizontal and vertical heterogeneity, and openness and humidity of the forest. I also determined or calculated several basic characteristics of the communities in each census plot, including the breeding and foraging guilds. In the census plots, I confrmed from 26 to 37 species of breeding birds. Density estimations were calculated only for 20 to 30 more frequent species. The density was highest in the Willow–Poplar forest. The density in the territories of all species was between 68.6 and 161.7 pairs/10 ha. The highest density was in the Willow–Poplar forest and the lowest in the youngest stage of the Oak–Hornbeam forest. I interpret the large number of species and territories in the Willow–Poplar forest as refecting the great horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of this forest stand. The number of territories was also high in the census plots of older Oak–Hornbeam forest, where it is infuenced particularly by the great vertical heterogeneity. The number of eudominant and dominant bird species was highest, at 8, in the census plot of young Oak–Hornbeam forest and the smallest in the Willow–Poplar forest, at 4. On all census plots the Chaffnch Fringilla coelebs was an eudominant species and the Great Tit Parus major at least the most dominant ones. In the census plot of Dolnja Bistrica, the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla and the Starling Sturnus vulgaris and, in the Polanski log, the Blackcap and the Robin Erithacus rubecula were eudominant. The proportion of hole-nesters was by far the highest in the census plots of older Oak–Hornbeam forest, which is mostly the result of the high proportion of large trees. Many Collared Flycatchers Ficedula albicollis, that depend on the dead wood, live in the Krakovski gozd forest reserve and, in the managed forest in the census plot at the Murska {uma, there are many Great-spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major that can hammer into living wood as well. The proportion of low-nesting birds is highest in the Alder forest and the Willow–Poplar forest, where there is also the greatest proportion of bushes. The differences in the proportions of arboreal nesting birds between the census plots are relatively small. I established the differences between the foraging guilds only for the group of bark gleaning or probing birds. The proportion of these is highest in middle- aged Oak–Hornbeam forest where, I estimate, there is the largest total surface of tree trunks. The highest density here was confrmed by both species of Treecreepers Certhia sp., which fnd their food on the trunk surface. For these two species I established a parallel density change between census plots. It is interesting that, for the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus, a signifcant correlation was determined between the proportion of Oak and the density of the species. In both census plots of older Oak–Hornbeam forest, the Blue Tit and the Great Tit coexist in practically the same, very high densities, although they are regarded as competitive species. In the Krakovo forest reserve and the Willow– Poplar forest I observed one of the highest densities of the Middle-spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius in Europe. In particular, the appearance of the species in soft-wood forests, in such high densities, has not previously been recorded in the literature. Also interesting is the colonial breeding of the Starling in groups of 2 to 5 pairs in both the older Oak–Hornbeam forest and the Willow–Poplar forest. The Blackcap reached by far the highest densities of all the bird species recorded in the present thesis. The species dominates in those census plots with the proportion of bushes over 50%, in the Willow–Poplar forest in particular, which is also horizontally very heterogeneous. The signifcance for birds of the lowland riverine forests in Slovenia has been considered. The census area with a younger Oak–Hornbeam forest appears to be representative of the majority of forests of that type in Slovenia. There are around 4,000 ha of these forests in Slovenia or 0.2% of the Slovene territory. At least six more frequent species reach the highest densities in Slovenia. Three quarters of the national breeding population of the endangered Middle-spotted Woodpecker and Collared Flycatcher are found in this forest type, which is thus of vital importance for their preservation. The proportions of other species here vary from 2 to 30%. The mentioned species in the area of study are of international signifcance as they are classifed in the Annex I of the EU Council Directive on the protection of wild birds. The high densities of the Middle-spotted Woodpecker and the Collared Flycatcher constitute, together with several other species, the basis for the designation of this area among the propositions of the future Nature 2000 areas in Slovenia. 219 Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del / Thesis Summaries Polak, S. (2004): Koncept obmo~nega varstva ptic v Sloveniji [Concept of the bird site protection in Slovenia]. – Master of Science Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotehnical Faculty, Postgraduation study »Natural Heritage protection«, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Mentor / Supervisor: izr. prof. dr. Boris Kry{tufek UDC: 502.74:591.9:598.2(497.4)(043.2)=863, 88 pages Avtorjev elektronski naslov / Author’s e-mail: slavko.polak@ guest.arnes.si In attempts to conserve avifauna, emphasis has been placed on individual species, on habitats and, most commonly, on bird sites. The aim of this thesis is to defne the concept of identifying sites for bird conservation on the basis of the diversity of endangered bird species in those sites, by adopting an appropriate approach to integrating national and/or international criteria. Priority sites for bird conservation, i.e. “hot spots”, are areas with the largest numbers of endangered bird species and the highest proportion of their populations. Data on bird distribution were obtained from The Ornithological Atlas of Breeding Birds in Slovenia [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana]. The total number of bird species endangered according to national and/or international criteria was obtained by summing over the 237 UTM squares (10 x 10 km). The Red List of Endangered Breeding Birds in Slovenia – RDS [Bračko, E, Sovinc, A., Štumberger, B., Trontelj, P. & Vogrin, M. (1994): Rde~i seznam ogro`enih ptic gnezdilk Slovenije. – Acrocephalus 15 (67): 166–180] was used for defning national criteria. International criteria are based on four categories of the Species of European Conservation Concern – SPEC [Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.E (1994): Birds in Europe: Their Conservation status. – BirdLife Conservation Series No. 3, BirdLife International, Cambridge]. Within the concept of the study, the priority of sites is defned on the basis of ranking UTM squares in centile classes. UTM squares with the number of endangered bird species in the upper quartile (n > C ) were defned as priority sites for conservation. Within these squares, sites of high priority are those with the number of endangered species higher than 90 centile (n > C ). The proportion of endangered bird species from individual threat categories varies between individual priority sites. The use of national criteria (RDS) results in a higher (or equal) occurrence proportion of endangered bird species within high-priority sites (n > C ). In contrast, the use of international criteria (SPEC) results in a higher (or equal) proportion at 220 a proposed site-priority scale with the number of species in the upper quartile (n > C75). There are also some differences in the occurrence of species. Integration of both criteria is therefore reasonable. For each of the UTM squares, the number of species listed as nationally and/or internationally endangered was integrated experimentally by employing two methods. The method of integration that takes into account the maximum number of species from each of the lists yielded better results. Taking account of the total species from the two lists was found to be less effcient. To give greater weight to highly endangered bird species it was decided to check differences in method effciency between different categories of threat, i.e. non-pondered, lower-pondered and higher-pondered bird species. The most effcient method for pondering high-threat categories was that of lower pondering by using linearly increasing ponders. Higher pondering of the most endangered bird species demonstrates a slightly higher proportion of occurrence of these species whereas, for a larger number of the species with lower threat categories, the proportion is lower. By checking the effciency of six methods of national and international criteria integration at different levels of pondering it was established that there are no great differences between the methods regarding bird species, but that there are signifcant differences in the proportion of occurrence of particular species. With regard to the occurrence of bird species, the most effcient method for identifying priority locations for bird site conservation was the method of integration that takes account of the maximum number of lower-pondered species from both lists of species endangered according to national as well as international criteria. By employing the latter method it would be possible to identify those priority sites that include the highest proportion of endangered bird species, i.e. with more than 50% of their occurrence proportion, 82% of the species that are threatened with disappearance in Slovenia (RDS category E 1.2), 86% of the species with a high-threat national status (RDS category – E 2), and a slightly lower proportion of the species from the national lower threat-categories (RDS – V 3, R 4). Similar results were obtained for the species endangered according to the international criteria. More than 60% of the species listed as SPEC 1 and SPEC 2 would be effciently protected by our method. Suitable occurrence (more than 50%) within the proposed priority sites was checked by individual species. Regarding the occurrence of species, our proposed method yielded better results with most of the species. Exceptionally, the results were slightly Acrocephalus 25 (123): 2IJ - 221, 2OO4 worse with only a few species, which does not seem to size, enables effcient but approximate identifcation be a serious defciency in the case of more common of priority sites for bird site conservation. It is and more widespread bird species. The concept of recommended that our concept be supplemented our method, which does not presume the use of data by checking the suitability of sites for individual on the size of bird populations, may turn out to be endangered bird species. Taking into account the a serious defciency with congregatory species within size of local populations is essential for effective specifc limited habitats. For such species, particularly conservation of the most endangered species. for those included in the highest categories of threat (RDS – E 1.2 and SPEC 1), it is recommended to check the identifcation of site conservation by using population data as well as to supplement the concept by means of habitat-based and species-based conservation measures. An analysis of habitat priorities enables clear delineation of the boundaries of protected areas within the proposed priority UTM squares. The high proportion of endangered bird species living in coastal habitats clearly demonstrates that these habitats must receive the highest bird conservation priorities. In addition, the number of birds inhabiting inland wetlands, marshlands and remaining fragments of mires in Slovenia illustrates the high conservation priorities needed for such wetland habitats. For the number of bird species on the basis of which priority sites for conservation have been proposed, forest habitats seem to be of minor priority. According to our method, mountain grasslands, pastures and rocky habitats also demand lower priorities, which may be explained by a low diversity of species in such mountain habitats. On the contrary, wet meadows and pastures may be regarded as habitats of high conservation priority that should be included in the proposed protected areas. Surprisingly, a high proportion of endangered bird species was recorded also for anthropogeneous and agricultural habitats. Such relatively heterogeneous habitats are quite diverse and were not classifed in detail in our study. The high conservation priorities of these habitats are presumably based on the number of bird species inhabiting extensive grasslands, meadows and orchards. The extensive cultural landscape in Slovenia is still quite well preserved. There is considerable concordance between the map of the proposed priority sites obtained according to our method and the map of designated Important Bird Areas (IBAs). This confrms both the effectiveness of our method as well as the adequacy of the IBA designation in Slovenia. Thus, by implementing the IBA Programme of BirdLife International it is possible to protect adequately most of the endangered bird species of national conservation priority. The results of the thesis lead to the conclusion that taking account solely of the occurrence of endangered bird species, with no regard for bird population 221 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2OO4 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice From the ornithological notebook Slovenija / Slovenia Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pygmy Cormorant – several observations of a single immature individual between 25 Jul and 29 Aug 2004 at Medvedce reservoir SE of Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia); on 2 Aug 2004, 5 individuals (2 adult, 3 immature) were observed Med obiskom vodnega zadr`evalnika Medvedce jugovzhodno od Pragerskega (SV Slovenija) dne 25.7.2004 sem med {tevilnimi kormorani Phalacrocorax carbo opazil osamljen mladostni osebek pritlikavega kormorana. Verjetno isti osebek se je zadr`eval na zadr`evalniku do 29.8.2004. Dne 2.8.2004 sem naletel na kar pet osebkov te pri nas redke vrste, od katerih sta bila dva odrasla, trije pa mladostni. Ve~ina podatkov o pojavljanju pritlikavih kormoranov v Sloveniji je iz zimskega obdobja [[tumberger, B. (2000): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2000 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 21 (102/ 103): 261–274; Bo`i~, L. (2001): Poro~ilo nacionalne komisije za redkosti o opazovanjih redkih vrst ptic za obdobje 1997 – 2000. – Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 109–113; [alamun, @. (2001): Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. – Acrocephalus 22 (108): 175; Bordjan, D. (2002): Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. – Acrocephalus 23 (110/111): 49; Ko~evar, J. (2002): Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. – Acrocephalus 22 (109): 233]. Pri vseh teh primerih gre za posamezna opazovanja in ne za zadr`evanje, v opisanem primeru pa se je osebek zadr`eval ve~ kot mesec dni. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork – regularly occurring along the Sava river near Kresnice (260 m a.s.l., UTM VM80, central Slovenia) in the summer months from 2002 to 2004, and observation of 1 individual near ^rni vrh in Tuhinjska valley (600 m a.s.l., UTM VM81, central Slovenia) on 11 Jul 2004 V Kresnicah na ju`nem bregu Save (260 m n.v.), pribli`no 200 m V od mostu ~ez Savo, se je od leta 2002 do 2004 v poletnih mesecih redno pojavljala ~rna {torklja. Navadno je stala na gru{~u tik ob vodi, kjer se je verjetno prehranjevala. ^eprav je ob Savi ve~ gozdi~kov, kjer bi utegnila gnezditi, gnezda nisem nikoli na{el. O~itno je Sava na tem predelu pomembno prehranjevali{~e ~rne {torklje, saj je bila vrsta tu opazovana `e leta 1983 [Matvejev, S.D. (1984): ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. – Acrocephalus 5 (19/20): 22]. Sicer pa sem ~rno {torkljo v bli`ini opazoval tudi 11.7.2004 v Tuhinjski dolini pri ^rnem vrhu (600 m n.v.). Andrej Kapla, Cesta Hermana Debelaka 21, SI-1430 Hrastnik, Slovenija, e-mail: trechus@volja.net ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork – 2 adults and 1 juvenile observed on 7 Aug 2004 in a wet meadow at Strug between Makole and Maj{perk (UTM WM53, Dravinja valley, NE Slovenia) Dne 7.8.2004 sva okrog 18.30 ob Dravinji v Strugu med Makolami in Maj{perkom (UTM WM53, Dravinjska dolina) opazovala 2 odrasli ~rni {torklji in mladi~a, ki so se prehranjevali v dru`bi 7 grivarjev Columba palumbus in 4 duplarjev C. oenas na poko{enem vla`nem travniku. ^rne {torklje se pogosto pojavljajo ob bli`njem vodnem zbiralniku Medvedce [Vogrin, M. (1990): ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. – Acrocephalus 11 (43/44): 29], sicer pa ~rna {torklja gnezdi na Pohorju [Bo`i~, L. (2003): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice 2. – Monografja DOPPS {t. 2, DOPPS, Ljubljana] in v Ho~ah pri Mariboru [Bra~ko, F. (1996): ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. – Acrocephalus 17 (74): 29]. Morda pa opazovana dru`ina izvira iz kakega doslej {e nepoznanega gnezdi{~a v velikem gozdnem kompleksu bli`njega Bo~kega pogorja in Dona~ke gore. Petra Vrh, Gri~ C. IX/1, SI-1310 Ribnica, Slovenija, e-mail: petravrh@yahoo.com Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si 223 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Ro`natokljuna `vi`gavka Netta peposaca Rosy-billed Pochard – in captivity (1999) hatched male hybrid between Rosy-billed Pochard and Pochard Aythya ferina observed several times in 2004 on Zbilje reservoir (UTM VM51) and in Rete~e gravel pit (UTM VM51, N Slovenia); on 10 May 2004, the escaped hybrid was observed competing for females with Mallard Anas platyrhynchos males V za~etku novembra 2003 sem obiskal umetni zadr`evalnik reke Save v Zbiljah. Na zahodni strani jezera sem med vodnimi pticami, ki tu redno prezimujejo, dale~ na vodni povr{ini opazil raco, za katero sem najprej pomislil, da je samec tatarske `vi`gavke v {e nepopolnem spomladanskem perju. V prepri~anju, da zamuja z menjavo perja, sem ga {e ve~krat pri{el opazovat, a se je vselej zadr`eval na sredini jezera ali med vejevjem, kar je bilo za natan~no dolo~itev predale~. Dne 5.2.2004 se je racak potapljal blizu obale, tako da se mi ga je posre~ilo fotografrati s plo{~adi pri jezeru (glej sliko). Po natan~nem primerjanju fotografj z risbami v strokovni literaturi [Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterström, D. & Grant, P.J. (2001): Bird Guide. – Harper Collins, London; Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998): The Complete Birds of the Western Palearctic on CD-ROM, Disc 1. – Oxford University Press, Oxford] ni pripadal nobeni avtohtoni vrsti. Osebek je na nogi nosil rumen obro~ek z napisom SLO…52...; popolne {tevilke nisem mogel ugotoviti. Znano je, da ljubitelji vodne »perutnine« v ujetni{tvu gojijo vse ve~ tujerodnih vrst, na ogled pa so tudi v `ivalskih vrtovih in parkih, od koder pogosto pobegnejo. Tako sem navezal stike z gojitelji in enega izmed njih, najverjetnej{ega vzreditelja, tudi obiskal. Gospod Brane Lo`ar mi je potrdil, da se je ra~ek zvalil pri njem leta 1999 (rumen obro~ek) in ga je tudi sam obro~kal ter mi zagotovil, da ima star{a razli~nih vrst: sivko Aythya ferina in ro`natokljuno `vi`gavko. Zanimivega kri`anca sem ponovno sre~al 10.5.2004 ob 11.00 uri v bli`njem peskokopu v Rete~ah, kjer se je prav tedaj s samci mlakaric Anas platyrhynchos ruval za samice. Zatem se je umaknil na obre`je, in kot da se ne bi ni~ zgodilo, pridru`il drugi skupini mlakaric pri gretju na soncu. Zelo verjetno gre za isti osebek, ki je bil opazovan `e v letu 2003 v Hra{ah pri Smledniku in na Zbiljskem jezeru [Cigli~, H. & [ere, D. (2004): Pregled pojavljanja tujerodnih rac v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 25 (121): 79–83]. Tone Trebar, Pestotnikova 17, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenija, e-mail: tonetrebar@volja.net Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus Red Kite – migration of raptors across Breginjski Stol (UTM UM72, Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) in 2003: (1) on 25 Apr, 4 Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus (1 male, 3 females); (2) on 2 May, 2 female Marsh Harriers; (3) on 9 May, 92 Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus, 5 Marsh Harriers (1 male, 4 females), 1 female Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus; (4) on 16 May, 11 Honey Buzzards, 1 female Marsh Harrier, 1 Red Kite. It looks that the area (which is in fact the only Alpine valley open towards the Po valley) plays, due to its geographical position, a signifcant role in the raptors’ migration route across the Apennine into the European continent. Med rednimi tedenskimi popisi gnezdilk na travnatih ju`nih pobo~jih Breginjskega Stola nad Breginjskim kotom (Julijske Alpe) sem imel konec aprila in v prvi polovici maja 2003 prilo`nost spremljati tudi spomladansko selitev razli~nih vrst ujed. Za~elo se je 25.4. s {tirimi rjavimi lunji Circus aeruginosus (1 samec, 3 samice), ki so posami~ leteli tik nad pobo~jem. Dne 2.5. sem ponovno opazoval rjavega lunja, tokrat dve samici. Selitev je bila {tevil~no najmo~nej{a 9.5. Tega dne sem v ~asu med 7.00 in 14.00 uro opazoval skupno 92 sr{enarjev Pernis apivorus, ki so obmo~je preleteli v razli~no velikih skupinah in na razli~nih vi{inah. Najve~ji posamezni jati sta {teli 22 oziroma 20 osebkov. Zanimivo je, da je v dopoldanskih urah ve~ina sr{enarjev letela razmeroma nizko nad pobo~jem in na nizki vi{ini. V zgodnjih popoldanskih urah so sr{enarji vselej leteli precej vi{je, obi~ajno nekje nad grebenom Stola. Tega dne je bilo na selitvi tudi 5 rjavih lunjev (1 samec, 4 samice), `e zgodaj zjutraj pa me je presenetila samica mo~virskega lunja Circus pygargus. Mo~virski lunj je bil v ~asu spomladanske selitve sicer `e opazovan v visokogorju Julijskih Alp [Szymanski, M. (2002): 224 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2OO4 Mo~virski lunj Circus pygargus. – Acrocephalus 23 (115): 194–195]. Dne 16.5. je selitev potekala precej kasno, med 10.00 in 11.30 uro. Bila je tudi manj intenzivna kot teden prej, saj sem zabele`il skupno 11 sr{enarjev in eno samico rjavega lunja. Za presene~enje dneva je poskrbel nizko nad pobo~jem lete~i rjavi {karnik. Opazovani osebek je bil v dobro vidni meni zunanjih letalnih peres. Selitev vseh opazovanih ujed je brez izjeme potekala izrazito v smeri od zahoda proti vzhodu. Prav tako so vse opazovane ptice letele nad travnatimi pobo~ji Breginjskega Stola, medtem ko jih nad samo dolino ni bilo opaziti. Opisana naklju~na opazovanja ka`ejo na pomen doline Breginjskega kota in pobo~ij Breginjskega Stola za sele~e se ujede. Breginjski kot je edina dolina na obmo~ju Julijskih Alp, ki je na zahodu {iroko odprta proti Padski ni`ini na severu Italije. Mo`no je, da s svojo geografsko lego oblikuje selitveni koridor na pomembni selitveni poti ujed, ki vodi iz Severne Afrike, prek Sicilije oziroma Sardinije in Korzike na Apeninski polotok ter naprej v notranjost evropske celine [Zalles, J.I. & Bildstein, K.L., eds. (2000): Raptor Watch. A global directory of raptor migration sites. – BirdLife Conservation series No. 9, BirdLife International, Cambridge & Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton]. Luka Bo`i~, Kamen{kova 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si [krjan~ar Falco subbuteo Hobby – nest with two young on a very high Norway Spruce Picea abies (35 m) in 2004 on the edge of a small wood in Ribnica valley (UTM VL67, S Slovenia); in the same year, a pair of Kestrels Falco tinnunculus bred just 100 m away @e leta gnezdi par {krjan~arjev v zgornjem delu Ribni{ke doline, vendar gnezdo zelo dobro prikriva. Konec junija 2004 sem po nekaj letih spet na{el gnezdo na smreki Picea abies na robu gozdnega ostanka Zalaka, ki pora{~a povr{ino 5 ha. Tu raste hrastovo gabrov gozd Querco-Carpinetum z ve~jo primesjo smrek. Smreka je visoka 35 m, gnezdo pa je bilo zgrajeno le 3 m pod vrhom, verjetno v zapu{~enem vranjem gnezdu. Enkrat tedensko sem z varne razdalje spremljal dogajanje ob gnezdu. Eden od star{ev je bil vedno v bli`ini. Dru`bo so jim delale postovke Falco tinnunculus, ki so medtem `e nehale gnezditi. Njihovo gnezdo je bilo le 100 metrov stran. Obi~ajno sta star{a prinesla prvi plen med 7.00 in 7.30 uro. Pogosto sta lovila {e v poznih ve~ernih urah in razburjala lastovke, ki so se odpravljale k no~nemu po~itku. Dne 6.8.2004 sem splezal na bli`njo, nekoliko vi{jo lipo. Z nje sem v gnezdu opazil dva operjena mladi~a. ^ez teden dni sta bila mladi~a `e speljana. Zanimiv je ~as gnezdenja in bli`ina gnezda postovk, saj med njimi in {krjan~arji ni bilo opaziti nesoglasij. Mirko Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2A, SI-1310 Ribnica, Slovenija, e-mail: mirko.perusek@zgs.gov.si Ru{evec Tetrao tetrix Black Grouse – in May and June 2003, the Black Grouse’s display grounds were observed on the southern slopes of Breginjski Stol (UTM UM72, Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) at an altitude of 1000-1400 m, where display calls of 2 to 4 males were registered. On 6 Sep 2003, 2 females were seen even at an altitude of 850 m a.s.l., in the belt of thermophilous shrubbery. This is one of the lowest lying known display grounds in Slovenia, with their position no doubt infuenced by the low altitude of the anthropogenously-conditioned treeline on the southern slopes of Breginjski Stol. Spomladi leta 2003 sem med popisi gnezdilk na strmih ju`nih pobo~jih Breginjskega Stola nad vasjo Stanovi{~e pri Breginju redno sre~eval ru{evce. V ~asu med 25.4. in 13.6. sem v tedenskih intervalih opazoval 2 do 4 samce, ki so svatovali na obse`nih travi{~ih. Intenziteta svatovskega ogla{anja je bila najve~ja v maju med 6.00 in 10.00 uro, v juniju pa manj{a, saj ga je bilo sli{ati le v obdobju tik po jutranjem svitu. Zanimiva je predvsem vi{inska distribucija opazovanih ru{evcev. Samci so se med svatovanjem navadno zadr`evali na nadmorski vi{ini 1100 – 1400 m, dne 2.5.2003 pa sem opazoval samca med svatovskim ogla{anjem celo na 1000 m n.v. Dne 15.5.2003 sem v ve~ernem mraku ob kolovozu, ki vodi na greben Stola, spla{il 3 samice na nadmorski vi{ini 1000 m. V negnezditvenem obdobju sem dne 6.9.2003 na pobo~jih Breginjskega Stola opazoval dve samici ru{evca celo na nadmorski vi{ini 850 m, v pasu toploljubnega grmi~evja, ki zara{~a nekdanja travi{~a. Doslej najni`je znano gnezdo ru{evca v Sloveniji je iz okolice Sv. Bolfenka na Pohorju [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. Raz{irjenost gnezdilk. – DZS, Ljubljana], kjer pa vrsta `e desetletja ne gnezdi ve~. V analizi ru{ev~evih rasti{~ v Triglavskem narodnem parku je bilo ugotovljeno, da 75% rasti{~ le`i v vi{inskem pasu med 1500 in 1800 m n.v. Najni`je rasti{~e v analizi je bilo na nadmorski vi{ini 1205 m. Vsa analizirana rasti{~a so le`ala v pasu med zgornjo gozdno in zgornjo drevesno mejo [Smilji}, L. (1995): Zgradba habitata ru{evca (Tetrao tetrix L.) v Triglavskem narodnem parku. – Diplomska naloga. 225 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Oddelek za gozdarstvo, Biotehni{ka fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana]. Na polo`aj enega izmed najni`jih znanih ru{ev~evih rasti{~ pri nas nedvomno vpliva nizka nadmorska vi{ina antropogeno povzro~ene gozdne meje na Breginjskem Stolu. Luka Bo`i~, Kamen{kova 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si Kamenjar Arenaria interpres Turnstone – 1 1st year unshy individual on 29 Sep 2004 on the shore of Lake Bled (UTM VM33, N Slovenia) Dne 26.9.2004 smo se z dru`ino v lepem son~nem vremenu sprehajali okrog Blejskega jezera. Okrog 17.00 ure smo na pomolu blizu Park hotela opazovali pobre`nika, ki se je brezskrbno in neboje~e sprehajal po pomolu. Pti~ je bil tako zaupljiv, da sem z `epnim digitalnim fotoaparatom lahko napravil vrsto solidnih bli`inskih posnetkov (glej sliko). Do ljudi pti~ ni imel nikakr{nega strahu, pa~ pa se je umaknil pred psom. Ugotovil sem, da sem opazoval prvoletnega kamenjarja, saj je imel {iroke svetlo rjave obrobe na hrbtnih in perutnih krovcih. Kamenjar je v Sloveniji razmeroma redek gost. Tako Komisija za redkosti v poro~ilu za leto 1995 [Sovinc, A. (1997): Redke vrste ptic v Sloveniji v letu 1995. – Acrocephalus 18 (84): 151–156] navaja vsega 14 opazovanj v Sloveniji v zadnjih 50 letih. Toma` Jan~ar, DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenija, Tr`a{ka 2, p.p. 2990, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: tomaz.jancar@dopps-drustvo.si 226 Mali galeb Larus minutus Little Gull – 1 individual regularly seen between 15 Jun and 3 Jul 2004 at Medvedce reservoir SE of Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia); 2 individuals seen on 27 Jun 2004 Med obiski vodnega zadr`evalnika Medvedce jugovzhodno od Pragerskega (SV Slovenija) med 15.6. in 3.7.2004 sem ugotovil, da tam letuje mali galeb. Zadr`eval se je nad odprto vodno povr{ino in se bolj ali manj izogibal re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus, ki so se zadr`evali na vodnih oknih med rogozom Typha sp. Sicer je znano, da se mali galeb po gnezditvenem obdobju zadr`uje na vodnih telesih [tajerske predvsem na Ptujskem jezeru (L. Bo`i~ ustno). Dne 27.6. sem na zadr`evalniku opazil celo 2 mala galeba. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Duplar Columba oenas Stock Dove – frst recent winter record in Slovenia: 52 individuals on 28 Dec 2002 2 km east of Murska {uma on the Slovene–Hungarian border (UTM XM25, NE Slovenia); in the same place, 10 – 20 Stock Doves were observed on 22 Nov 2003 in a fock of 500 Wood Pigeons Columba palumbus Po podatkih iz Ornitolo{kega atlasa Slovenije [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. Raz{irjenost gnezdilk. – DZS, Ljubljana] duplar sodi med redko raz{irjene gnezdilke, medtem ko zimskih podatkov o pojavljanju te vrste med letoma 1979 in 1980 ter 1992 in 1993 ni [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana]. Edini doslej znani podatek o opazovanju vrste v zimskem ~asu sega v daljno leto 1885, ko ga je v Pekrah pri Mariboru opazoval O. Reiser [Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. – Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Steiermark, Graz]. Dne 28.12.2001 smo med ornitolo{kim izletom po Prekmurju opazovali 52 duplarjev, ki so sedeli na `icah daljnovoda visoke napetosti, pribli`no 2 km vzhodno od Murske {ume ob slovensko–mad`arski meji na skrajnem vzhodu Slovenije. Duplar se tu sicer redno pojavlja v ~asu selitve in v gnezditvenem obdobju. Zanimivo je opazovanje velike jate golobov na povsem istem mestu dne 22.11.2003. Natan~nega {tevila duplarjev mi tega dne ni uspelo ugotoviti, saj se je pribli`no 10 – 20 osebkov kar porazgubilo v jati 500 grivarjev Columba palumbus. Prvo opisano opazovanje je prvi podatek o zimskem pojavljanju Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2004 duplarja v Sloveniji v novej{em ~asu. Domnevam, da duplar na tem obmo~ju prezimuje v ve~ini zim. Podatki o zimskem pojavljanju duplarja v panonskem svetu Slovenije so bili pri~akovani, saj vrsta od sredine 80ih let prej{njega stoletja v milih zimah brez strnjene sne`ne odeje v manj{ih jatah (40 – 60 osebkov) ob~asno prezimuje v predalpskih ni`inah avstrijske [tajerske ( P. Sackl pisno). V sosednji Avstriji je duplar reden prezimovalec v ni`inah na SV in JV. V velikem {tevilu prezimuje zlasti na panonskem SV v okolici Dunaja, kjer njihovo {tevilo od 80ih let naprej nara{~a [Samwald, O., Hochebner, T. & Geppel, G. (1993): Die Winterverbreitung der Hohltaube (Columba oenas) in Ostösterreich. – Egretta 36: 9–16]. Luka Bo`i~, Kamen{kova 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si Koza~a Strix uralensis Ural Owl – a pair occupied nest box unsuccessfully, but later raised 1 young in tree hole in Beech Fagus sylvatica just 500 m away from the nest box at Stru`nica along the Kolpa valley (UTM VL39, S Slovenia); a non-fying young was found outside the nest on 14 Jul 2004 Konec aprila 2004 sem pregledoval gnezdilnice v Stru`nici nad Kolpsko dolino. Od desetih so v treh lesne sove Strix aluco {ele valile jajca. V eni gnezdilnici sem na{el perje koza~e in jaj~ne lupine. V bli`ini se je oglasila samica koza~e. To gnezdilnico sem pregledal {e 14.7.2004, vendar je bilo stanje nespremenjeno. Odpravil sem se {e naokoli po odraslem bukovem gozdu Fagetum in tedaj so me {oje Garrulus glandarius z alarmnim vre{~anjem opozorile na koza~ino samico. Ko sem si ji pribli`al, se je za~ela nenavadno vesti. Pove{ala je perut, kot da hlini po{kodbo. To znamenje je bilo dovolj o~itno, da sem se lotil iskanja mladi~ev. In res sem enega zagledal v nasprotni smeri na mladem bukovem drevesu. Poleg drevesa je bila odmrla bukev z velikim duplom s sledovi iztrebkov. Mladi~ se ni premaknil, le glavo je obra~al v moji smeri. Bil je pora{~en s puhom in {e ni dobro letal. Predvidevam, da je gnezdilnica v obmo~ju para, saj je razdalja med njo in duplom le okoli 500 m. Prvi poskus gnezdenja v njej ni uspel, drugi~, v naravnem duplu, pa je verjetno istemu paru uspelo speljati enega mladi~a. Mirko Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2A, SI-1310 Ribnica, Slovenija, e-mail: mirko.perusek@zgs.gov.si ^ebelar Merops apiaster European Bee-eater – 58 individuals observed on 17 and 18 Jul 2004 in Se~ovlje saltpans (UTM UL93, SW Slovenia) Pojavljanje in gnezdenje ~ebelarja v Slovenski Istri je {e vedno ornitolo{ka uganka. Po zadnjih Schiavuzzijevih podatkih o rednem gnezdenju ~ebelarja v dolini Dragonje s konca 19. stoletja gnezdenje v tem delu Slovenije ni bilo ve~ potrjeno, navkljub vsesplo{nemu pove~anju populacije v Sloveniji [zbrano v Gregori, J. (1990): ^ebelar Merops apiaster v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 11 (43/44): 3–10]. ^eprav so bile v Se~oveljskih solinah ob~asno opazovane posamezne manj{e skupine z okoli 10 pticami [Geister, I. & [ere, D. (1977): Prispevek k poznavanju ornitofavne Se~oveljskih solin. – Varstvo narave 10: 63–71; Gregori (1990); Jan`ekovi~, F. (1991): ^ebelar Merops apiaster. – Acrocephalus 12 (47): 32; Sovinc, A. (1992): Progastorepi kljuna~ Limosa lapponica. – Acrocephalus 13 (51): 51–52], gnezditveno sumljivi ~ebelarji {e niso bili opazovani. Ko sem s {e nekaj kolegi proti ve~eru dne 17.7.2004 obiskal Se~oveljske soline, sem na vhodnem delu v stari del solin, imenovan Fontanigge, ob reki Dragonji in ob zapornici pred vhodom v soline opazoval ~ebelarje, ki so se glasno zbirali na obre`nem drevju. Na{tel sem jih 58. ^ebelarji so nizko preletavali obmo~je in se pri tem intenzivno ogla{ali. Drugi dan, 18.7., sem soline obiskal vnovi~ in ugotovil, da se ~ebelarji {e vedno zadr`ujejo na pribli`no istem mestu. Glede na datum, ki se nekako ujema z zaklju~kom ~ebelarjeve gnezditve, lahko upravi~eno sklepamo, da so ptice nekje v bli`ini tudi gnezdile, saj na selitvi o~itno {e niso bile. K temu me napeljuje tudi dejstvo, da se v zadnjem ~asu ~ebelarji v Se~oveljskih solinah pojavljajo bolj redno, saj je bila jata kakih 40 ptic v podobnem ~asu ve~krat opazovana tudi v predhodnem letu 2003 [Ornitolo{ko dru{tvo Ixobrychus Portal – http://www. ixobrychus-drustvo.si/portal/html/index.php]. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus Three-toed Woodpecker – late breeding record: on 30 Aug 2003, a male feeding its offspring was observed on the slope of Kurji hrib near Lovrenc na Pohorju (UTM WM35, Mt. Pohorje, NE Slovenia); the author suspects that the young was fedged at the beginning of July at the earliest Dne 30.8.2003 sem na pobo~ju Kurjega hriba (1316 m n.v.) pri barju Tiho jezero ju`no od Lovrenca 227 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook na Pohorju opazoval samca triprstega detla med krmljenjem mladi~a. Ta se je ves ~as opazovanja tesno dr`al samca in mu med prehranjevanjem sledil po deblih suhih smrek Picea abies. Detla sta se zadr`evala v smrekovem gozdu, ki ga je prej{njo zimo prizadel mo~an `ledolom s {e vedno dobro vidnimi posledicami. Ve~ina dreves je bila brez vrhov, mnoga so se tudi vidno su{ila. Opazovanje ka`e na pozno gnezditev triprstega detla na Pohorju. ^e upo{tevamo, da so mladi~i triprstega detla od star{ev odvisni {e 1 do 2 meseca zatem, ko zapustijo duplo [Perrins, C. (1998): The Complete Birds of the Western Palearctic on CD-ROM. – Oxford University Press, Oxford], se je v tem primeru to zgodilo najbolj zgodaj v za~etku julija. O poznem gnezdenju triprstega detla je poro~al `e M. Peru{ek [Peru{ek, M. (2004): Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. – Acrocephalus 25 (122):164]. Luka Bo`i~, Kamen{kova 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si @alobna sinica Parus lugubris Sombre Tit – 1 individual observed on 3 Apr 2004 near Zazid (UTM VL13, Kra{ki rob, SW Slovenia) in a thermophilous forest (Fraxinus ornus, Quercus pubescens) – a very rare record for this breeder of Slovenia Opoldne 3.4.2004 sem na napol zara{~enem travniku nad Zazidom s teleskopom sistemati~no pregledoval steno Jampr{nika. Med pregledovanjem sem tik za sabo zasli{al ~opasto sinico Parus cristatus. Ker te vrste v termoflnem gozdu malega jesena Fraxinus ornus in puhastega hrasta Quercus pubescens nisem vajen, me je zanimalo, ali je sama. Razen plav~kov Parus caeruleus pa nisem opazil ni~esar drugega. ^ez kako minuto sem opazil ve~jo sinico, ki je stikala za hrano ob vzno`ju dreves in na nizkih vejah. Bila je `alobna sinica. Po obarvanosti je {e najbolj spominjala na mo~virsko sinico, z bistveno razliko v obarvanosti glave in grla. ^e bi za mo~virsko sinico lahko rekli, da ima ~rno kapico na beli glavi in majhen ~rn slin~ek, je ~rnina pri `alobni sinici tako obse`na, da bi rekli ravno obratno. Zanimivo je bilo, da se je vedla popolnoma neteritorialno, saj se v okoli 50 metrih svoje poti ni oglasila niti enkrat. Podobno izku{njo o te`ki opaznosti vrste sta imela tudi Andrej in Jernej Figelj, ki sta leta 2002 `alobno sinico opazovala slab kilometer stran, na robu Lipni{ke planote (A. Figelj & J. Figelj ustno). @alobna sinica je {e vedno ena najbolj skrivnostnih gnezdilk Slovenije, redko opazovana tako v preteklosti kot danes [Geister, I. (1993): Kaj pravijo zgodovinski in sodobni viri o nekaterih redkih in vpra{ljivih gnezdilkah Slovenije. – Acrocephalus 14 (58/59): 83–96; Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. – Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 115–120]. Podatek je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti. Toma` Miheli~, [t. Jurij 125, SI-1290 Grosuplje, Slovenija, e-mail: tomaz.mihelic@dopps-drustvo.si ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike – 11 individuals (2 families with fedged young among them) observed on 6 Aug 2004 at [entjernejsko polje on the Krka river plains (UTM WL28, E Slovenia) [entjernejsko polje na Kr{ki ravni je mozai~na kulturna krajina, kjer so {e vedno ohranjene strukture in elementi, kakr{ni so ekstenzivni travniki, omejki in visokodebelni sadovnjaki. Dne 6.8.2004 sva s Cvetko Marhold med cenzusom zlatovranke temeljito pre~esala celotno obmo~je, vendar te ptice nisva na{la. Vedela sva, da lahko med iskanjem zlatovranke pri~akujeva tudi kak{no drugo zanimivo vrsto, na primer ~rno~elega srakoperja, ki se na tem obmo~ju pojavlja [Hudoklin, A. & [ere, D. (1996): Zanimiva opa`anja ptic ob reki Krki. – Acrocephalus 17 (78/79): 169–171] in v zadnjem ~asu tudi gnezdi (A. Hudoklin pisno). Kljub temu sva bila presene~ena, saj sva ta dan na obmo~ju opazovala kar 11 ~rno~elih srakoperjev. V Sp. Dru`inski vasi, na levem bregu Krke, se je na ko{enem travniku hranila dru`ina (3 os. – 1 ad. in 2 imm.). V ^adra`ah je 1 odrasel ~rno~eli srakoper sedel na `ici nad koruznim poljem. V Gomilicah so se trije odrasli osebki hranili nedale~ vsaksebi na kompleksu travnikov med D. Vrhpoljem in Gorenjo staro vasjo. Plen so lovili na ravno poko{enem travniku, prakti~no med nogami sedmih 7 belih {torkelj Ciconia ciconia, ki so prav tako izkoristile bogato ponudbo hrane. Med njivami in travniki na polovici poti med [entjakobom in Grobljem pri Prekopi je dru`ina (3 os. – 2 ad. in 1 imm.) skupaj sedela na `ici, naprej pri vasi Groblje pri Prekopi pa je {e 1 odrasel srakoper sedel na `ici nad koruznim poljem. Vsekakor vzpodbudno, ~e vemo, da v ve~jem delu Evrope njegova populacija {tevil~no upada in se njegov areal kr~i [BirdLife International/European Bird Census Council (2000): European bird populations: estimates and trends. – BirdLife International, Cambridge]. Tudi v Sloveniji mu ne ka`e najbolje. Zadnji potrjeni gnezdenji v SV Sloveniji sta bili leta 1996 v Vukovskem dolu in leta 1997 na Jereninskem vrhu v Slovenskih goricah 228 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2OO4 ( F. Bra~ko pisno). Pred 150 leti je bil v okolici Celja in Maribora pogosta gnezdilka [Seidensacher, E. (1864): Mittheilungen des naturwissenschafichen Vereines für Steiermark. – Naturwissenschaftlischen Verein in Steiermark, Graz; Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. – Naturwissenschaftlischen Verein in Steiermark, Graz]. Damijan Denac, Gorki~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@nib.si Krivokljun Loxia curvirostra Common Crossbill – at least 7 individuals from a fock of these birds dived into the high mountain lake Jezero pri Ledvici (1850 m a.s.l., UTM VM03, Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) on 13 Oct 2004, when visibility was very low (around 20 m) Dne 13.10.2004 smo opravljali limnolo{ke raziskave na Jezeru pri Ledvici v dolini Triglavskih sedmerih jezer (1850 m n.v., UTM VM03, Julijske Alpe). Vidljivost je bila zaradi goste megle zelo slaba, pribli`no 20 m. Temperatura zraka je bila pribli`no 0°C in vode 5°C. Nad jezero je priletela jata krivokljunov, od katerih je vsaj 7 osebkov strmoglavilo v vodo, pri ~emer jih je ve~ina poginila. Ni jasno, zakaj so krivokljuni strmoglavili v vodo, a verjetno je bil pojav povezan tudi z zelo slabo vidljivostjo. Andrej Kapla, Cesta Hermana Debelaka 21, SI-1430 Hrastnik, Slovenija, e-mail: trechus@volja.net Hrva{ka / Croatia Kragulj Accipiter gentilis Goshawk – 1 individual fying over Ze~a hill on the island of Kor~ula (UTM XH65, S Dalmatia) on 27 Apr 2004 Dne 27.4.2004 se je skupina za ptice v okviru biolo{kega tabora na Kor~uli v ju`ni Dalmaciji odpravila na vrh hriba Ze~a. Tam nas je v nizkem letu preletel odrasel kragulj. Sledili smo mu, dokler ni izginil za naslednjim hribom. D. Rucner kragulja za Kor~ulo ne omenja [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministrstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb], pa~ pa je skupino kraguljev na bli`njem Pelje{cu opazoval B. Rubini~ [Rubini~, B. (2001): Kragulj Accipiter gentilis. – Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 130]. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Ju`na postovka Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel – at least 2 individuals observed on 26 Apr 2004 in the company of 2 Common Kestrels Falco tinnunclus near Lumbarda on Kor~ula Island (UTM XH75, S Dalmatia) Dne 26.4.2004 smo se z ornitolo{ko skupino, ki se je udele`ila biolo{kega tabora na Kor~uli v ju`ni Dalmaciji, odpravili proti rtu Ra`nji}. Blizu Lumbarde sem na steblikah trstike opazil {tiri postovke, vendar sta bili dve med njimi ob~utno manj{i. Prva ptica je imela v celoti sivo glavo, rjav hrbet brez pik, prsi pa na redko posuta z majhnimi pikami. Kremplje na nogi je imela svetle. Tudi druga ptica je imela svetle kremplje in prsi na redko posuta spikicami. Glavo je imela rjavkasto in brez temnega brka, zna~ilnega za postovko. Imeli smo opravka s parom ju`nih postovk in parom navadnih postovk Falco tinnunculus. Vse {tiri ptice so vzletele in tudi v zraku je bila mo~no opazna razlika v njihovi velikosti. Potem ko je na{a skupina nadaljevala pot, smo se {e enkrat ozrli proti postovkam. Tokrat smo opazili skupino {estih postovk, ki so letele proti bli`njemu grebenu. Zaradi velike razdalje nismo mogli ugotoviti, ali gre za ju`ne. Ker sta obe navadni postovki ostali v bli`ini in ker so ju`ne postovke znane po dru`enju v jate, je verjetno, da je bilo vseh {est postovk, ki so odletele, ju`nih. Gre za zanimive spomladanske podatke, saj ju`na postovka na Hrva{kem velja za izumrlo gnezdilko [BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. – BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12, BirdLife International, Cambridge]. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Rde~egrla cipa Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit – 1 individual in summer plumage in fock of Yellow Wagtails Motacilla fava in wet meadow near Velo blato (UTM WK10, Pag Island, N Dalmatia) on 15 May 2004 Dne 15.5.2004 sem v popoldanskih urah opazoval ptice na Velem blatu na otoku Pagu. Na bli`njem vla`nem pa{niku se je prehranjevala skupina kakih 20 rumenih pastiric Motacilla fava, med njimi pa je za hrano stikala rde~egrla cipa. Grlo in prsi opazovane ptice so bili `e zna~ilno blago ro`nato obarvani, tako da s pravilno determinacijo ni bilo te`av. Zgornja stran ptice je delovala precej temno, trtica pa je bila zna~ilno progasta, kar je posebnost te vrste. Cipa 229 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook ni bila pretirano pla{na, saj je dovolila opazovanje z vsega 10 metrov razdalje. Sicer so tega dne na Blatu kraljevale predvsem razli~ne vrste ~apelj, med katerimi je bilo 11 ~opastih Ardeola ralloides. Na poplavljenem pa{niku se je med njimi prehranjevala tudi svatovsko obarvana plevica Plegadis falcinellus. Rde~egrla cipa je na Hrva{kem redka vrsta, za katero je le nekaj starej{ih podatkov iz ju`ne Dalmacije [Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednjih dvjesto godina. – Larus 46: 1–112]. Luka Bo`i~, Kamen{kova 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si Italijanski vrabec Passer X italiae Italian Sparrow – 1 individual in a group of House Sparrows Passer domesticus on one of the houses at Vela Luka on Kor~ula Island (UTM XH45, S Dalmatia) on 24 Apr 2004 Na hi{i pri olj~nem nasadu v Veli Luki na otoku Kor~ula (ju`na Dalmacija) sem 24.4.2004 skupaj z Jernejem Polajnarjem in Bo{tjanom Potiskom opazoval skupino doma~ih vrabcev Passer domesticus. Na robu skupine je bil vrabec, ki je imel rjavo glavo in bela lica. Ob pomo~i priro~nika smo ugotovili, da gre nedvomno za italjanskega vrabca. Sicer so kri`anci med doma~im in travni{kim vrabcem pogosti, kjer koli se ti dve vrsti sre~ata [Svensson, L. & Grant, P. (1999): Bird guide. – Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., London], vendar kri`anci iz Dalmacije niso poznani [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministrstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb]. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Brambling Fringilla montifringilla & Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes Pino`a & dlesk – invazija v zimi 2001/2002 v narodnem parku Plitvice (UTM WK46, osrednja Hrva{ka). Dne 16.2.2002 zjutraj je avtor v bli`ini hotela Jezero v starej{em bukovem sestoju opazoval jato pino`, ocenjeno na 300.000 osebkov, ki so se hranili na gozdnih tleh. Jati pino` je bilo prime{anih {e vsaj 3000 dleskov. In the winter 2001/2002, invasion of Brambling was registered in Central Europe. In this context, the observation of this species in Plitvice National Park is no doubt interesting. On 16 Feb 2002, during light snow, intensive calls of fnches were heard at 7.30 a.m. from Jezero Hotel. Immediately below the hotel, more then 10 focks of Hawfnches, each numbering 30 – 60 birds, were seen on the top of Beech trees Fagus sylvatica. Following the National Park visitor road towards the northeast, the frst large fock of Bramblings was observed feeding on the slopes. During a 20 minutes observation, the fock moved in a 100 m wide corridor with a rate of 3000 to 4000 birds per minute. The total size of the Brambling fock was estimated using the average density of feeding fnches on the forest foor. A square meter was used by 5 to 20 birds searching for the beech seeds in the thick layer of leaves, which were here covered only with a thin layer of snow. The area covered by feeding Bramblings was at least 300 m long and 100 m wide. Calculating an average of 10 birds per square meter and an area of over 3 ha, the size of the Brambling fock consisted of at least 300,000 birds. In this huge fock, groups of Hawfnches with a total number of at least 3000 birds were also seen. The observation indicates great value of the preserved old forest stands on the northwestern slope below the main road in the park during severe winter conditions. Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider-jacoby@euronatur.org Srbija (Srbija in Črna gora) / Serbia (Serbia & Montenegro) Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus Čopasti ponirek – gnezdenje med letoma 2001 in 2004 na ornitolo{ko slabo poznanem umetnem mokri{~u «Peskara» pri Mu`lji v predmestju Zrenjanina (UTM DR52, Banat, Vojvodina): (1) 2001 – 1 par z mladi~i, (2) 2002 – 2 para z mladi~i, (3) 2003 – 3 pari z mladi~i, (4) 2004 – 1 par in 5 odraslih Between 2001 and 2004, I paid several regular visits to one of the man-made wetlands named «Peskara», a complex of fve abandoned sand-pits near Mu`lja in the suburb of Zrenjanin (UTM DR52, Banat, Voivodina). The pits are suitable breeding sites for a number of bird species, the most conspicuous among them being the Great Crested Grebe. Mating behaviour by a single pair was observed for the frst time on 15 Apr 2001 on the largest pond. In that year, breeding was confrmed on 20 May, when a pair with chicks was observed. In 2002, two pairs bred within the complex, rearing two young each, which were eventually seen on 28 Aug. In 2003, a pair with 5 chicks was registered, while 230 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2004 between 5 Jul and 29 Aug, during everyday excursions, 3 families were seen (with 5, 1 and 2 young). In 2004, no chicks were observed, even though a pair of adults (on 26 Jun) and 5 adults (on 17 Aug) were present. Other breeders of this wetland, which has received no attention by ornithologists so far, include Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus, Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, Coot Fulica atra, Bee-eater Merops apiaster and Sand Martin Riparia riparia. Dimitrije Radi{i}, Mom~ila Tapavice 12, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: becko@ib.ns.ac.yu Bittern Botaurus stellaris Bobnarica – primer negativnega vpliva po`iganja trsti{~ na vrsto v Vojvodini. Bobnajo~i samec je bil ve~krat opa`en na mrtvem rokavu Mrtva Tisa (UTM DR24, Ba~ka) med 16.3. in 8.4.2003, ko se je glede na po`gane povr{ine trsti{~a premikal na razli~ne lokacije. During my feld observations along the Mrtva Tisa oxbow (UTM DR24, Ba~ka, Voivodina), I registered a “drumming” Bittern male on 16 Mar 2004. The bird was in 20 – 30 meters wide reedbed surrounding the oxbow’s central part. The Bittern was heard regularly until 2 Apr 2004, when the locals burnt its probable territory. As a consequence, the male was heard calling from a place some 50 m away to the south. By 4 Apr 2003, more than 50% of the area’s reeds had been burnt down. The burning, however, continued until 8 Apr 2003, when the Bittern was heard for the last time. This shows how dry reed destruction, which is especially common in northern Serbia [Tucakov, M (2004): Can nature tolerate destruction of sensitive habitats by fre? – DEF Bulletin 1/2004: 4–5] can affect the local birds. Although reed burning has been prohibited by Serbian law for years, it is a regular and almost omnipresent activity during late winter and early spring. In this part of the Tisa valley, the Bittern is scarce breeder, confrmed only at Be~ej fshpond [Luka~, [. & Luka~, A. (1992): Ornithofauna of fshpond “Be~ej”. – Ciconia 4: 4–27] and in Slano Kopovo reedbeds [Ternovac, T. & Luka~, [. (1989): Notes on ornithofauna of Slanog Kopova in 1986. – Ciconia 1: 26–30]. Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu Little Egret Egretta garzetta Mala bela ~aplja – pozen datum pojavljanja v Vojvodini; 12.12.1998 1 osebek opazovan pri Be~eju (UTM DR25, Z Ba~ka) On 12 Dec 1998, a Little Egret was observed fying low over the Danube – Tisa – Danube channel in the vicinity of Be~ej, eastern Ba~ka (UTM DR25). The bird was observed from a distance of about 25 m. Yellow toes and size was clearly visible. Several minutes afterwards, the bird landed in the partly ice-covered channel, already occupied by about 15 Coots Fulica atra. To date, this is one of the latest observations of the Little Egret in Voivodina. Autumn migration of this species ends in early November. The latest individual has been observed on Srpski Mileti} fshpond on 26 Oct 1985 [Purger, J.J. (1989): First data on ornithofauna of the fsh pond near Srpski Mileti} and its surroundings (western Ba~ka). – Larus 40: 155–161]. Although there are no data on Little Egret overwintering in Voivodina, three cases are known from the neighbouring Hungary: (1) on 11 Dec 1998, 1 adult was recorded near Túrkeve, Csónakázó, (2) on 23 Dec 1998, 1 individual near Túrkeve, Csejt-puszta [www.mme.hu], while on 18 Dec 2004, Mórocz Attila observed 1 Little Egret on the Danube near Baja. Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Labod pevec – 1 osebek 17.1.2004 na ribniku Susek (UTM CR81, S Srem, Vojvodina); {tevilo prezimujo~ih labodov pevcev v Vojvodini se je v zadnjem ~asu pove~alo On 17 Jan 2004, Robert MacCurrach and I visited the Susek fshpond (UTM CR81, N Srem, Voivodina). On the largest pond we observed 7 Mute Swans Cygnus olor resting on a small patch of water left after the recent fsh harvest. Some 50 meters away from this fock we spotted a Whooper Swan swimming and calling loudly, just like a trumpet. After some ten minutes it few towards the Danube, about 100 metres to the north. The number of observations of wintering Whooper Swans increased in Voivodina recently [Horvat, F. (2003): Jato `utokljunih labudova Cygnus cygnus i crvenokljunih labudova Cygnus olor u blizini Ba~kog Mono{tora. – Ciconia 12: 185; Gergelj, J. (2003): Zimovanje `utokljunih labudova Cygnus cygnus u Banatu kod Sajana. – Ciconia 12: 186]. On that 231 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook particular day we also observed about 30 Great Egrets Egretta alba, 1 White-tailed Eagle Haliaetus albicilla and 1 Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor. Milan Ru`i}, ul. 8/8 N. Naselje Atenica, 32000 ^a~ak, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: rob@eunet.yu Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca Kostanjevka – domnevna gnezditev vrste na nekaterih novih lokalitetah v Banatu (Vojvodina), pregledanih v letu 2004: (1) Perleska bara (UTM DR50), 16 osebkov (3 pari) dne 9.5., 21 osebkov (2 para) dne 10.6.; (2) mrtvica [iroka bara ob reki Tami{ (UTM DR50), 1 par dne 27.5.; (3) mrtvica Pe~ena slatina ob reki Tami{ (UTM DQ69), 12 osebkov (3 pari) dne 28.5., 17 osebkov dne 27.6.; (4) ribnik Sveti Nikola pri Neuzini (UTM DR71), 1 osebek dne 8.6.; (5) ribnik Ostrovo pri Melencih (UTM DR44), 5 osebkov dne 19.5. After the thorough overview of breeding distribution and numbers of Ferruginous Duck in Serbia [Puzovic, S. & Tucakov, M. (2002): Overview of Ferruginous Duck in Serbia. pp. 53–57 In: Gallo-Orsi, U., Hughes, B. & Petkov, N. (eds.): Ferruginous Duck – from research to protection. – BSPB – TWSG – CMS, Conservation Series No. 6, Sofa] during my research carried out in Banat (Voivodina) in 2004, presence of this species in the breeding season was confrmed in some, previously unsurveyed localities. All observations strongly indicate breeding, although no systematic search for the nest or families was performed. Branislav Ilin and I visited the Perleska bara (UTM DR50), part of the «Stari Begej – Carska Bara» Ramsar site, twice in 2004. On 9 May 2004, altogether 16 individuals were observed (including 3 pairs), while on 10 Jun 2004 we registered 21 birds (including 2 pairs). The area is a typical fooded depression, overgrown by extensive emergent and foating vegetation, and surrounded by willow scrub. It is one of the best-preserved fragments of the Begej river foodplain. In the oxbow [iroka bara (near Farka`din) of the Tami{ river (UTM DR50), 1 pair was observed on 27 May 2004. Another Tami{ oxbow, Pe~ena slatina (UTM DQ69), which is now one of the abandoned ponds of the spacious Baranda fshpond, was also visited twice. On 28 May 2004, 12 individuals were observed (including 3 pairs), while on 27 Jun 2004 altogether 17 individuals were seen foraging there. The main characteristic of this large pond is typically structured aquatic vegetation. Ferruginous Ducks were observed in the foating vegetation zone and in the vegetation-free patches within the large reedbed. On another fshpond situated near the Tami{, «Sveti Nikola» near Neuzina (UTM DR71), one bird was observed on 8 Jun 2004, while on «Ostrovo» fshpond near Melenci (UTM DR44), 5 ducks were recorded on 19 May 2004. Marko Tucakov, Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: mtucakov@eunet.yu Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus Rde~enoga postovka – kolonija 10 – 15 parov na drevesih robinije Robinia pseudacacia v manj{i koloniji poljskih vran Corvus frugilegus najdena 1.6.2004 pri perutninski farmi Okanj blizu vasi Melenci (UTM DR43, Vojvodina) During our excursion with Robert MacCurrach to the surroundings of the village of Melenci (UTM DR43) on 1 Jun 2004, we visited the chicken farm and agricultural complex “Okanj” situated few kilometres southwest of the village. In a Black Locust Robinia pseudacacia stand we found a breeding colony of 10 – 15 pairs of the Red-footed Falcon. Nests were situated within a small colony of Rooks Corvus frugilegus. Although it was raining, adult males were intensively foraging in groups of up to fve birds over the huge pasture surrounding the chicken farm, while the females remained in their nests. Three other Red-footed Falcon colonies in the vicinity of the village of Melenci had been located during earlier investigations [Luka~, [. & Luka~, A. (1990): Neka zapa`anja o gne`|enju sive vetru{ke Falco vespertinus u okolini Melenaca. – Ciconia 2: 77; Purger, J.J. (1996): Numbers and distribution of Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) nests in Voivodina (northern Serbia). – Journal of Raptor Research 30 (3): 165–168], but none of them was visited in 2004. The feeding sites on extensively managed pastures are probable reasons for the attractiveness of this part of west Banat for the breeding Red-footed Falcons. Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu Marko Tucakov, Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: mtucakov@eunet.yu Corncrake Crex crex Kosec – zapu{~eno gnezdo s 7 jajci (glej sliko) na sve`e poko{enem vla`nem travniku (0,7 ha) najdeno 15.7.2003 na lokaliteti Stenjevac v okolici vasi Vi~a na obmo~ju Draga~evega (UTM DP44, JZ Srbija) 232 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2OO4 From the ornithological aspect, the region of Draga~evo (SW Serbia) is almost totally unknown. The area, which is situated between 400 and 950 m a.s.l., is covered by Beech Fagus sp. and Oak Quercus sp. forests, farmland, meadows and pastures. In mid-July 2003, Corncrake census was carried out around the village of Vi~a near Draga~evo (UTM DP44). Four territories occupied by calling males were recorded. On 15 Jul 2003, an abandoned nest was found inside the territory (Stenjevac locality) in a 0.7 ha large mown meadow (see photo). The semi-wet meadow borders on a forests and cornfeld. The nest with 7 eggs was discovered at dusk, few hours after the meadow was mown by its owner. There was no sign of Corncrakes coming to the nest, as the entire cover had been cut down, but we did hear a call by a disturbed male around 8 p.m. from nearby cornfeld. This is the frst record of Corncrake nest in SW Serbia, and one of very rare records in the entire country, where systematic population census is yet to be done. Milan Ru`i}, ul.8/8 N.N.Atenica, 32000 ^a~ak, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: rob@eunet.yu Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus Beloli~na ~igra – nova gnezditvena lokaliteta v Vojvodini na ribnikih Futog (UTM CR90, J Ba~ka), kjer je leta 2004 na plavajo~i vegetaciji gnezdilo 20 do 25 parov; ~igre so bile opazovane med 3.5 in 20.9.2004 During our regular excursions in 2004 to Futog fshponds along the left bank of the Danube river near Futog, southern Ba~ka, Voivodina (UTM CR90), Whiskered Tern was observed for the frst time on 3 May, when 6 individuals foraged in both ponds. On 29 May, 35 – 40 individuals were registered, except that this time I noticed its intensive and frequent landing to the eastern pond, where covered by foating vegetation (Fringed Water-lily Nymphoides peltata). Several Whiskered Terns landed in mown reeds. On 24 Jun, similar number of birds foraged almost exclusively at the eastern pond. Floating vegetation was the place most frequently visited by all individuals, from where they aggressively attacked a Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, which attempted to approach the site. According to the birds’ territorial behaviour I concluded, although without hard evidence, that breeding colony of Whiskered Tern was situated there (it had also been confrmed by Marko Tucakov, who visited the place in early August). Considering to the total number of birds, 20 – 25 pairs bred there. During my next visit to the fshponds on 23 Aug I observed about 50 young and adult Whiskered Terns foraging on both ponds. On 2 Sep, 60 – 70 terns were observed, while on 6 and 20 Sep about 20 birds were still present at the fshpond. Although Whiskered Tern had already been recorded in May and Jul on this 210 ha large fshpond before, its breeding has not been documented till now [Luka~, @., Gubik, D. & Kova~, S. (1995): Material for the ornithofauna of the fshpond «Futog». – Ciconia 5: 59–66]. Moreover, as the foating vegetation in the eastern pond had developed only recently, it is almost certain that this is a new Whiskered Tern’s breeding site in Voivodina. Dimitrije Radi{i}, Mom~ila Tapavice 12, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: becko@ib.ns.ac.yu Sand Martin Riparia riparia Breguljka – nova in hkrati najvi{e le`e~a gnezdilna lokaliteta z okoli 300 pari v JV Srbiji na jezeru Vlasina (1260 m n.v., UTM FN02), odkrita 28.7.1999 (glej sliko) The highest lying breeding site of Sand Martins in SE Serbia is situated at Lake Vlasina (1260 m a.s.l., UTM FN02). On its steep 5 – 6 m high bank, breeding colony was discovered on 28 Jul 1999 (see photo). 233 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook About 300 pairs bred there. The colony is situated very close to the recreational zone of this reservoir, but despite the disturbing activities by numerous fshermen and hikers, there are no signs of deterioration. It seems that Sand Martin is a new species and breeder on the lake, considering that it was not recorded during the intensive research of the area in the late 1970s [Vasi}, V. & [oti, J. (1980): Survey of the avifauna of lake Vlasina area. – Biosistematika 6 (1): 81–107]. Slobodan Kuli}, 28. marta 25, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: avikula@ptt.yu Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Modra ta{~ica – nova gnezditvena lokaliteta v Vojvodini ob mrtvici Mrtva Tisa pri naselju Ba~ko Gradi{te (UTM DR24, Ba~ka), kjer je bil v manj{em melioracijskem kanalu, mo~no zara{~enem s trsjem, {a{jem, vrbovjem in manj{imi grmi, leta 2001 opazovan par in kasneje (20.8.2001) {e odrasel samec z mladi~em. Leta 2002 sta bila zabele`ena dva pojo~a samca, vendar je bilo v tem letu gnezdi{~e uni~eno. V nadaljnjih raziskavah v letih 2003 in 2004 modra ta{~ica ni bila ve~ potrjena. On 29 Apr 2001, a pair of Bluethroats occurred for the frst time in a small melioration channel fowing into central parts of the Mrtva Tisa oxbow near Ba~ko Gradi{te (UTM DR24, Ba~ka, Voivodina). The channel was overgrown with thick reed, sedges, small willows and bushes. It was about 8 m wide and about 5 m deep, but almost void of fowing water. At the very same place the pair was again observed on 2 May. One bird was again registered on 18 Aug, while on 20 Aug one juvenile and one adult male were seen. This was the frst confrmed breeding of the species in the vicinity of the 15 km long Mrtva Tisa oxbow. At the same locality, two singing males were recorded on 21 Apr 2002. During the next visit, on 11 Jul, the author discovered that some 200 m long part of the channel had been “clear-cut”; all willows and bushes were cut down and burned together with reeds and sedges. Despite this great damage inficted to the habitat, 1 adult female was recorded, but that was also the last observation of the species. No further records were made, not even during the intensive research in the summers of 2002, 2003 and 2004. The species’ nearest breeding ground is at Be~ej fshpond [Luka~, [. & Luka~, A (1992): Ornitofauna ribnjaka “Be~ej”. – Ciconia 4: 4– 27], where few pairs are still known to breed. Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu Bolgarija / Bulgaria Corncrake Crex crex Kosec – zgodnje petje 2 samcev 3.4.2002 med spomladansko selitvijo na vla`nih travnikih v bli`ini vasi Buchin Prohod na nadmorski vi{ini 750 m (UTM FN76, Z Bolgarija) In the night of 3 Apr 2002, 2 males Corncrake were heard calling from a wet meadow near the village of Buchin Prohod (UTM FN76, W Bulgaria) at the altitude of 750 m a.s.l. This is the earliest record of Corncrakes during the spring passage in Bulgaria. In this country, Corncrakes have been known to begin their spring migration in mid-April; calling males have been heard at the earliest on 9 May in close proximity of Lake Dragoman (UTM FN65, W Bulgaria) [Delov, V. (1995): Investigations on the Corncrake (Crex crex) in the region of Sofa. – Annual of the Sofa Univ. “St. Kl. Ochridski”. Vol. 88, book 4: 25–31]. Stoyan Ch. Nikolov, Central Laboratory of General Ecology (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: snikolov@ecolab.bas.bg Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Triprsti galeb – prvo opazovanje v JZ Bolgariji; dne 16.11.1997 sta bila opazovana 2 osebka (1 odrasel, 1 v prvem zimskem perju) na jezeru Pchelina v bli`ini vasi Radibosh (42°55’N, 22°90’E; okro`je Pernik) In Bulgaria, the Kittiwake is a very rare winter visitor, observed only few times along the Black Sea coast and in the Danubian plain [Nankinov, D., Simeonov, S., Michev, T. & Ivanov, B. (1997): Fauna na Balgaria, Aves, part 2, vol. 26 – Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofa (in Bulgarian)]. The species is an irregular visitor inland. On 16 Nov 1997, two Kittiwakes were spotted at Pchelina Dam, close to the village of Radibosh, Pernik district, southwestern Bulgaria (42°55’N, 22°90’E). One of the birds was adult, the other in 1st winter plumage. They few along the shore of the lake and soon alighted on the water very close to us. The weather was calm, cloudy, about 5°C. The observation was made between 11:00 and 11:30 hrs. The observation of Kittiwakes at Pchelina Dam is the frst for the southwestern part of Bulgaria. Peter Shurulinkov, Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Tsar. Osvoboditel, 1, 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: shurulinkov@mail.bg 234 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2004 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius Čopasta kukavica – 1 odrasel osebek opazovan v primernem gnezditvenem habitatu (prevladujo~a stepska vegetacija z grmi{~i, kjer prevladuje navadni derak Paliurus spina—christi) 17.5.2004 na hribu Beseparski v predgorju Rodopov (UTM KG86, JZ Bolgarija); ~opasta kukavica je zelo redka gnezdilka Bolgarije z zadnjim potrjenim gnezdenjem leta 1988 On 17 May 2004, an adult Great Spotted Cuckoo was recorded in the area of Beseparski hills, fore-mountains of the Western Rhodopes (UTM KG86, SW Bulgaria). Bulgaria falls within the extreme northern parts of the Great Spotted Cuckoo’s distribution range in Europe. Consequently it is clear that the species has very limited distribution in Bulgaria. It has been found at only few localities and had not been confrmed to breed in Bulgaria until 1988 [Milchev, B. (1992): Häherkuckuck (Clamator glandarius) – Brutvogel in Bulgarien. – J. Ornithol. 133: 86–88]. It has been known, however, as a breeder in the Greek part of the Rhodope Mountains and as species with unclear status in the Bulgarian part of the mountains [Michev, T. & Petrov, T. (2000): Birds of the Rhodopes. - Mari – 90, Sofa]. The Great Spotted Cuckoo was reported for the Western Rhodopes in the area of Smoljan town (UTM KG92) at about 1100 m a.s.l., which happens to be the highest observation of the species in Bulgaria [Nankinov, D., Simeonov, S. & Michev, T. (1997): Fauna of Bulgaria. Vol. 26, Aves, Part II. – Prof. M. Drinov, Sofa] and where the habitat is not typical of the species considering that it generally avoids forests and mountains above 600 m a.s.l. [Soler, M. (1990): Relationships between the Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius and its corvid hosts in a recently colonized area. – Ornis Scand. 21: 212–223]. We saw the bird in a habitat dominated by steppe vegetation with isolated trees and shrubs (mainly Christ’s Thorn Paliurus spina—christt) on limestone ground and with some vineyards and farmlands at 360 m a.s.l. We assume that it probably breeds in the region, since the landscape has been favourable as a breeding habitat for the species (Nankinov et al. 1997) and also due to the relatively high abundance of Magpies Pica pica – the main host of the Great Spotted Cuckoo in the Palearctic [Hagemeijer, E.J.W. & Blair, M.J., eds. (1997): The EBCC Atlas of European breeding birds: their distribution and abundance. – T & AD Poyser, London]. Stoyan Ch. Nikolov, Central Laboratory of General Ecology (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: snikolov@ecolab.bas.bg Svetoslav D. Spasov, Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BirdLife Bulgaria), P.O. Box 50, 1111 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: svetoslav.spasov@bspb.org Keith Shepherd, UK, e-mail: birdersabroad@aol.com Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon Tamariskovka – redek podatek iz selitvenega obdobja v SZ delu ni`avja pri Sofji (Z Bolgarija); 1 osebek ujet 17.10.2004 v trsti{~u mo~virja Dragoman (42°56’N, 23°04’E; glej sliko) On 17 Oct 2004, during the regular ringing of passerines in the reedbeds of Dragoman Marshes (42°56’N, 23°04’E, northwestern part of the Sofa Plain, Western Bulgaria), a Moustached Warbler was caught in the mist net and ringed (see photo). Sightings of this species around Sofa have been quite scarce and accidental. There have been observations made and reported of up to 3 individuals only during the migration period (April and September to October) from the early 1970s and 1980s (20 Oct 1972, 21 Oct 1972, 16 Apr 1973, 28 Sep 1980, and 14 Sep 1981) [Nankinov, D. (1982): [The birds of Sofa]. – Orn. Inf. Bull. 12: 1–386 (in Bulgarian)]. Despite the active avifaunal research carried out in the region of Sofa during the last 15 years, this species has not been recorded and it seems that its passage through this part of the country is quite sparse. Ivailo Nikolov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: ivailo_nikolov@abv.bg Svetoslav Velkov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria Radoslav Stanchev, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria Ivan Hristov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria Peter Shurulinkov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria 235 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Hristo Dinkov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus Dolgorepka – me{an par dveh domnevnih podvrst, A. c. europaeus/macedonicus in beloglave podvrste, zabele`en 3.5.2003 v gorovju Ponor (UTM FN86, Z Bolgarija); avtor domneva, da gre lahko za me{an par dveh podvrst, ali pa je bil eden od osebkov delno albinisti~en oziroma leucisti~en On 3 May 2003, a pair of Long-tailed Tits comprising one typical individual A. c. europaeus/macedonicus and one (for Bulgaria) unusual white-headed individual was discovered nesting in the Ponor Mountains (UTM FN86, W Bulgaria). I found the Long-tailed Tit’s occupied nest 1.5 m high in a Blackberry bush Rubus sp. at an altitude of 1090 m a.s.l. Both parents perched close by, uttering alarm calls owing to a Green Lizard Lacerta viridis climbing on the shrub in the proximity of the nest. During the breeding season two races are reported for Bulgaria – A. c. europaeus (N Bulgaria) and A. c. macedonicus (S Bulgaria) [Cramp, S. & Perrins, C., eds. (1993): The birds of the Western Palearctic. – Oxford Univ. Press, New York]. Both races have broad dusky to black band from rear of lore to well behind the eye. The white head is characteristic of both nominate A. c. caudatus and northern A. c. sibiricus races. White-headed Long-tailed Tits have been observed in Bulgaria out of the breeding season due to the invasion by individuals from their northern populations. For instance, on 1 Nov 1953 a fock of about 30 birds, some of which were white-headed, was observed relatively near the study area – close to the village of Rebrovo (UTM FN95) [Donchev, S. (1970): The birds of the Western Stara Planina. – Bull. of the Inst. of zool. and museum 31: 45–93]. But to date, there have been no data for white-headed individuals during the breeding season in the area. The observed unusual individual cannot be confrmed as belonging to the above-mentioned white-headed races, considering that its coloration could also results from partial albinism (leucism). Stoyan Ch. Nikolov, Central Laboratory of General Ecology (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: snikolov@ecolab.bas.bg 236 Tur~ija / Turkey Osprey Pandion haliaetus & Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor Ribji orel & ~rno~eli srakoper – selitev ~ez 2550 m n.v. visoki gorski prelaz v pogorju vulkana Erciyes ju`no od mesta Kayseri v osrednji Tur~iji dne 23.9.2004 On 23 Sep 2004, we visited the volcano Mt. Erciyes south of Kayseri in central Turkey. At an altitude of 2550 m a.s.l. we noticed an Osprey catching fsh in the local reservoir. This high altitude area probably also lies on the Lesser Grey Shrike’s migration route, as we found its carcass beside the road. Both species obviously used the 2550 m high mountain pass as their migration route in spite of some lower valleys spreading around the volcano. Some other interesting birds noticed in the area were 8 Long-legged Buzzards Buteo rufnus, 3 1st year individuals and 1 adult Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, small focks of Red-fronted Serins Serinus pusillus and Horned Larks Eremophila alpestris, and 1 Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenia, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Ana Vidmar, Polan{kova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: ana_vidmar@email.si Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Sokol plenilec – 1 osebek dne 6.10.2004 uspe{no uplenil tur{ko grlico Streptopelia decaocto v obmo~ju lagune Yumurtalic v J Tur~iji On 6 Oct 2004, while on our way along the Yumurtalic lagoon in southern Turkey, we spotted a Saker Falcon in low fight. For a few moments it circled above us and then caught, like a streak of lightning, a Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto about a hundred metres from us. It soon landed in a nearby feld and began to tear feathers from its victim. The entire hunt lasted for approximately 5 seconds. Although the main prey of this falcon consists of small mammals, it also takes birds [Cramp, S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. – Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenia, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Ana Vidmar, Polan{kova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: ana_vidmar@email.si Acrocephalus 25 (123): 223 - 238, 2004 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Sabljasti martinec – 1 osebek na blatnem poloju jezera v obmo~ju delte Göksu (IBA) v ju`ni Tur~iji 4.10.2004 v skupini 3 ro`natih pelikanov Pelecanus onocrotalus, me{ane jate rumenonogih Larus michahellis in zalivskih galebov L. genei, 3 sabljark Recurvirostra avosetta in skupine 20 mladih in 1 odraslega plamenca Phoenicopterus ruber On 4 Oct 2004, during our stay in an IBA area of the Göksu delta in southern Turkey, we decided to visit a couple of lakes there. On one of them we registered a group of 20 young and 1 adult Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, 3 Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta, a mixed fock of Yellow-legged Larus michahellis and Slender-billed Gulls L. genei, and 3 White Pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus. In this remarkable group of birds we suddenly noticed a small sandpiper. It looked like a Common Sandpiper, except that it had longer and slightly upturned bill. We identifed it as a Terek Sandpiper, which is a rare migrant in Turkey [Cramp, S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. – Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenia, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Ana Vidmar, Polan{kova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: ana_vidmar@email.si Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva Mali muhar – 1 prvoletni osebek opa`en 16.9.2004 v nasajenem grmovju ob hotelu sredi presu{ene stepi podobne pokrajine SV od jezera Tu z v osrednji Tur~iji On 16 Sep 2004, we arrived at the northeastern part of Lake Tuz in central Turkey. Although it is the second largest lake in Turkey, no water can be found in it in late autumn but only salt. The landscape is mostly bare. In the middle of it, a hotel was built and some bushes planted. On one of them we observed a 1st year Red-breasted Flycatcher. Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenia, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Ana Vidmar, Polan{kova 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: ana_vidmar@email.si Krüper’s Nuthatch Sitta krueperi Tur{ki brglez – odzivi na predvajanja posnetka sam~evega petja na treh gozdnih lokacijah v ju`ni Tur~iji: (1) 30.7.1996, Ölüdeniz, 5 os., (2) 31.7.1996, Akyazi, 8 os., (3) 4.8.1996, Yakapark, 4 os. Registrirane so bile tudi druge vrste ptic, ki so se odzvale na posnetek, kar lahko ka`e na medvrstno teritorialnost tur{kega brgleza do drugih vrst in obratno: hribska listnica Phylloscopus bonelli, meni{~ek Parus ater, plav~ek P. caeruleus, `alobna sinica P. lugubris, dolgorepka Aegithalos caudatus in {oja Garrulus glandarius. Although the distribution, population size and habitat of the Krüper’s Nuthatch are relatively well known [Harrap, S. (1993): Corsican and Krüper’s Nuthatches, two Western Palearctic endemics. – Birding World 6 (3): 111–114; Harrap, S. (1996): Tits, Nuthatches & Treecreepers. – Christopher Helm, A & C Black, London; BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. – BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12, BirdLife International, Cambridge], there are still gaps in the knowledge about its social patterns, behaviour, and ecology [Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic. – Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York]. I tested the species’ vocal response to playback at three localities in predominantly pine forests in southern Turkey. After playing the recording of the Krüper’s Nuthatch male song for a few minutes, I registered numerical vocal response by the Nuthatches as well as some other forest bird species. The later heterospecifc response could indicate interspecifc interactions of the Krüper’s Nuthatch with other species, e.g. interspecifc territoriality, which was otherwise confrmed between some other bird species [e.g. Catchpole, C.K. & Slater, P.J.B. (1995): Bird Song. – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge]. On 30 Jul 1996, I used the playback in a pine forest near Ölüdeniz, where a group of 5 Krüper’s Nuthatches responded as well as 2 Coal Tits Parus ater and 3 Jays Garrulus glandarius. The second testing was conducted on 31 Jul 1996 in a pine forest near Akyazi, where 8 Krüper’s Nuthatches responded, together with 3 Sombre Tits Parus lugubris, 2 Blue Tits Parus caeruleus, 3 Long-tailed Tits Aegithalos caudatus, 2 Bonelli’s Warblers Phylloscopus bonelli, and 1 Jay. The last testing was carried out on 4 Aug 1996 in the forest of Yakapark, where 4 Krüper’s Nuthatches responded to the playback, as well as 1 Sombre Tit, 2 Blue Tits, 2 Coal Tits, and 2 Bonelli’s Warblers. Considering that quite a large group of Krüper’s Nuthatches responded at each locality, this could indicate that all three areas held fairly high densities of this very territorial species. However, the playback tests were made in a post-breeding season, when the family of fedged young and parents could remain together (Harrap 1996). As shown, many 237 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook other species also responded to the Krüper’s Nuthatch taped playback. As it is possible that Nuthatches and some Tits compete for space, nest-sites and food, interspecifc territoriality could not be excluded even in the post-breeding season. On the other hand, the response by larger species, e.g. Jays, is probably the result of birds becoming disturbed in the area where the playback was used and not the actual territorial response. The presented results are only preliminary, but a more detailed insight into the ecology of the Krüper’s Nuthatch and its interactions with other bird species would be needed for further conservation efforts concerning this endemic and declining species in Turkey (BirdLife International 2004). Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si 238 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 239 – 240, 2004 Nove knjige New books Richarz, K., Bezzel, E. & Hormann, M. (2001): Taschenbuch für Vogelschutz. – AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. 630 str. ISBN 3-89104-653-7, cena: 34,90 EUR Knjiga Taschenbuch für Vogelschutz je iz{la leta 2001 pri nem{ki zalo`bi za znanost in raziskovanje AULA. Je »priro~ni{kega« formata 19 × 12 cm, obsega 630 strani, natisnjena je v barvah, vsebuje 198 fotografj in 29 tabel in ima plastifcirane platnice. Pripravili so jo Klaus Richarz, Einhard Bezzel in Martin Hormann, uveljavljeni ornitologi in naravovarstveniki naj{ir{ega formata. Njihova predhodna dela, naj omenim samo Bezzelovo Vögel in der Kulturlandschaft, sodijo med fundamentalno specializirano literaturo, ki dale~ presega nacionalne okvirje. Knjige dr. Klausa Richarza so na primer prevedli `e v 10 jezikov. Pri pripravi besedil je poleg omenjenih avtorjev sodelovalo {e 26 strokovnjakov, med katerimi ne manjka mnogih znanih imen evropske ornitologije in varstvene biologije. @e ko be`no preletimo kazalo, se priro~nik v na{ih o~eh nemudoma spremeni v pravo naravovarstveno enciklopedijo, in v hipu nam postane jasno, kaj pomeni 100 let naravovarstvene zgodovine v neki dr`avi. Izpu{~eno ni prav ni~ in v njej bodo na{li svoje podro~je vsi, ki se ukvarjajo z varstvom ptic ali naravovarstvom, ljubiteljsko ali profesionalno. Knjiga je razdeljena v {est logi~nih vsebinskih sklopov, ki so tudi oblikovno razpoznavni, saj ima vsak svojo barvo. V prvem delu se seznanimo z avifavno srednje Evrope v lu~i ~asovnih sprememb in s histori~nim pregledom razvoja naravovarstvene miselnosti in ukrepov od samega za~etka 20. stoletja do danes. Tukaj spoznamo globalne cilje in naloge varstva ptic v novem tiso~letju in mednarodne sporazume, med katerimi so opisane vse pomembne konvencije. Predstavljene so tudi mednarodne organizacije, znotraj njih pa ima posebno mesto BirdLife International. Sledi analiza pomena Rde~ih seznamov za varstvo ptic, kjer so zelo nazorno predstavljeni kriteriji nem{kega Rde~ega seznama, in za konec prvega dela {e {ir{a naravovarstvena uporaba ptic v kontekstu karizmati~nih in krovnih vrst na primeru projektov Ptica leta. V drugem sklopu so pregledno opisane t.i. »tradicionalne« metode pomo~i pticam, name{~anje gnezdilnic in hranjenje, precej ve~ pozornosti pa je namenjene ponovnemu naseljevanju ptic, kjer na primer izvemo, da so v Nem~iji ponovno naselili kar devet vrst. Podrobneje je predstavljeno naseljevanje bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia, brkatega sera Gypaetus barbatus, velike uharice Bubo bubo, divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus in sokola selca Falco peregrinus, po drugi strani pa so avtorji ob{irno obdelali tudi tujerodne vrste. Poleg pregleda se seznanimo z vsemi pastmi in negativnimi posledicami njihove naselitve. Tretji, zajetnej{i sklop, obravnava posebne nevarnosti za ptice in ukrepe za njihovo prepre~evanje. Po vrsti si sledijo: elektri~ni daljnovodi, vetrne elektrarne, steklene povr{ine, svetloba kot motnja za ptice, botulizem, paraziti in {kodljive snovi v okolju. Najzajetnej{i sklop opisuje naslov Varstvo ptic in raba tal. Tukaj najdemo vse o razli~nih vplivih kmetijstva, izginjanju tradicionalnih oblik kmetovanja in njihovih posledicah, travnikih, pa{nikih in visokodebelnih sadovnjakih. Opisane so prednosti ekstenzivnega kmetijstva in Natura 2000 kot prilo`nost za konkuren~no kmetijstvo, zdru`eno z varstvom ptic. Podobno je obdelan gozd oziroma gozdarstvo. Zelo aktualna bodo za nas nemara poglavja 239 Nove knjige / New Books o prometu, posegih na vodah in razli~nih prosto~asnih dejavnostih, {portu in turizmu. Problematike s tega podro~ja je pri nas iz dneva v dan ve~ in argumenti za zagovorni{tvo narave nam bodo pri{li {e zelo prav. Sklop se zaklju~i s poglavjema o lovu in sladkovodnem ribi{tvu. Zelo pomenljiv je naslov sklopa »Ko ptice postanejo problem«, kjer zaseda prvo mesto kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo, drugo vrane Corvidae, in tretje, za nas manj aktualno, vodne ptice v povezavi s {kodo na kmetijskih povr{inah. Med njimi so se zna{li {e doma~i golob Columba livia f. domestica in detli ter `olne Picidae, ki se poleg dreves lotijo tudi stavb. Predzadnjega sklopa ne gre spregledati. Za biologe in naravovarstvenike ne najbolj atraktiven pregled zakonodaje s podro~ja varstva ptic in njihovih habitatov je lahko zelo uporaben. Najprej je podrobneje obdelana evropska skupna zakonodaja, {ele kasneje sledi za nas morebiti manj zanimiva nem{ka, ki pa bo lahko v inspiracijo pravniku. Na koncu je na kar 27 straneh seznam citirane literature, kazalo pojmov, vrst in kontakti pomembnej{ih organizacij, zvez ter naravovarstvenih dru{tev, pa biosfernih rezervatov, nacionalnih parkov in in{titutov v Nem~iji. Kaj lahko povem o knjigi po tem hitrem pregledu? Gre za izjemno in vrhunsko strokovno delo, ki nam je po primerih, obravnavanih problemih ter re{itvah geografsko zelo blizu in zato za nas {e posebej primerno. Zajema vse vidike sodobnega varstva ptic, na~elne, konkretne, zakonske in politi~ne. Vse navedbe so podprte s citati, tako da imamo mo`nost poglobljenega individualnega {tudija po specialni literaturi. Ve~inoma bo priro~nik za na{e potrebe povsem zadostoval, saj je br`kone nastal prav z namenom, da nam prihrani naporno zbiranje informacij in nam `e takoj osvetli dolo~eni naravovarstveni problem. Poleg tega vedno ponuja optimalne re{itve, ki v skladu s prostorom in ~asom vklju~ujejo tudi ~loveka, njegov razvoj in potrebe, to pa daje knjigi potrebno {irino. Klju~na sporo~ila so v poglavjih ozna~ena s posebno barvo, kar nam omogo~a zelo hiter pregled bistvenega. Knjigo najtopleje priporo~am vsem, ki se kakorkoli sre~ujejo z varstvom ptic in narave, kot pomembno gradivo za raz{iritev obzorja pa {e posebej {tudentom biologije, tako raziskovalcem kot pedagogom, profesorjem biologije ter zaposlenim v vladnih slu`bah. Pri delu bi jo lahko s pridom uporabili tudi kmetijski pospe{evalci, krajinski arhitekti, lovci in ribi~i, ne bi pa smela manjkati tudi na policah podjetij, ki s svojimi dejavnostmi posegajo v naravo. Naj mi verjamejo, da bi prihranili prenekateri milijon, svoj ~as in ~as drugih, ~e bi `e pri na~rtovanju upo{tevali vsebine iz predstavljenega priro~nika. Prevod te knjige in njen dostop naj{ir{i javnosti bi povzro~il premik v slovenski mentaliteti, naravovarstveno revolucijo, odpravo nepotrebnih konfiktov in vi{jo kvaliteto bivanja ljudi in `ivali. Obvezno ~tivo! Damijan Denac 240 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 241 - 248, 2OO4 Kazalo letnika 25 (2004), {t. 120-123: str. 1-252 Index of Volume 25 (2004), No. 120-123, pp. 1-252 Boštjan Surina Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredi{~e Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenija, e-mail: bostjan.surina@zrs-kp.si Kazalo avtorjev / Index of Authors Ilzer, W. glej / see Sackl, P. et al. Janžekovič, F. Redke vrste gnezde~ih ptic v Sloveniji Aleš, K.: Populacijski trend in izbor gnezditvenega [Rare breeding bird species in Slovenia], 5–13. habitata pribe Vanellus vanellus na Ljubljanskem barju [Population trends and breeding habitat preferences of Janžekovič, F., Malez, V. & Velušček, A.: Zooarheolo{ke the Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus at Ljubljansko najdbe ptic na koli{~arskih naselbinah na Ljubljanskem barje marshes], 187–194. barju [The zooarchaeological fndings of birds in ancient pile dwellings at Ljubljansko barje], 197– Ciglič, H. & Sere, D.: Pregled pojavljanja tujerodnih 202. rac v Sloveniji [Occurence of non-native duck species in Slovenia: an overview], 79–83. Karakaş, R.: Contribution to the knowledge of avifauna of Karacadag, south-eastern Anatolia Denac, D.: Prehranjevalna dinamika in pojav (Turkey) [Prispevek k poznavanju avifaune Karacadaga znotrajvrstnega kleptoparazitizma v koloniji navadne v jugovzhodni Anatoliji (Tur~ija)], 139–148. ~igre Sterna hirundo na Ptujskem jezeru (SV Slovenija) [Common Tern Sterna hirundo feeding dynamics and Kebe, L. glej / see Polak, S. et al. intraspecifc kleptoparasitism in the colony on Ptuj reservoir (Drava river, NE Slovenia)], 201–205. Koren, B. glej / see Polak, S. et al Denac, D. glej / see Zakšek, B. et al Kotrošan, D. glej / see Mulaomerovič, J. & Kotrošan, D. Dovč, A. glej / see Vergles Rataj, A. et al. Kotrošan, D., Mulaomerovič, J. & Habul, A.: Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and Garbajs, M. glej / see Zakšek, B. et al Herzegovina: situation and perspectives [Ornitologija in varstvo ptic v Bosni in Hercegovini: razmere in Gregori, J.: Komentar na prispevek Trebar, T. (2003): perspektive], 149–152. Gosja raca Chenonetta jubata. – Acrocephalus 24 (118): 110 [Comments on the note by Trebar, T. Lindtner-Knific, R. glej / see Vergles Rataj, A. et al. (2003): Gosja raca Chenonetta jubata. – Acrocephalus 24 (118): 110], 31. Malez, V. glej / see Janžekovič, F. et al. Gregori, J.: Dru{tvo za opazovanje in prou~evanje Mulaomerovič, J. glej / see Kotrošan, D. et al. ptic Slovenije (DOPPS) in njegovih 25 let [DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia in its 25 years], 49–50. Mulaomerovič, J. & Kotrošan, D.: New data on breeding of Alpine Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus in Gulič, J.: Akcijski plan za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix caves in Bosnia and Herzegovina [Novi podatki o na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija) [Action plan gnezdenju planinske kavke Pyrrhocorax graculus v for the conservation of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in jamah Bosne in Hercegovine] 85–88. the area of Mt. Ko{enjak (NNE Slovenia)], 119–134. Nemec, M. glej / see Vergles Rataj, A. et al Habul, A. glej / see Kotrošan, D. et al 241 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Nikolov, I.P.: Observations on breeding and nonbreeding birds in the Central Fore–Balkan, Northern Bolgaria [Opazovanja gnezdilk in negnezdilk osrednje predbalkanske regije, severna Bolgarija], 15–26. Pfeiler, J. glej / see Sackl, P. et al. Polak, S., Kebe, L. & Koren, B.: Trinajst let popisov kosca Crex crex na Cerkni{kem jezeru (Slovenija) [Thirteen years of the Corncrake Crex crex census at Lake Cerknica (Slovenia)], 59–70. Rubini}, B.: Srebrni sokol [Silver Falcon], 109–110. Rubini}, B. glej / see Savelji}, D. et al. Sackl, P. , Tiefenbach, M., Ilzer, W., Pfeiler, J. & Wieser, B.: Monitoring the Austrian relict population of European Roller Coracias garrulus – a review of preliminary data and conservation implications [Monitoring reliktne avstrijske populacije zlatovranke Coracias garrulus – pregled preliminarnih podatkov in varstvenih prizadevanj], 51–57. Savelji}, D., Rubini}, B., Schneider-Jacoby, M. & Vizi, O.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake [Gnezdenje kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru], 111–118. Schneider-Jacoby, M. glej / see Savelji~, D. et al. [ere, D. glej / see Cigli~, H. Simi}, D.V. & Tucakov, M.: Numbers and local movements of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus wintering in Belgrade [[tevilo in lokalni premiki prezimujo~ih pritlikavih kormoranov Phalacrocorax pygmeus v Beogradu], 207–212. Surina, B.: Kazalo letnika 25 (2004), {t. 120–123: str. 1–252 [Index of Volume 25 (2004), No. 120–123: pp. 1–252], 241–248. Tiefenbach, M. glej / see Sackl, P. et al. Trilar, T.: Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on birds in Slovenia [Klopi (Acarina: Ixodidae) na pticah v Sloveniji], 213–216. 242 Tucakov, M.: Changes of breeding numbers and habitat of Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia in Vojvodina (N Serbia) [Spremembe v gnezditvenem {tevilu in habitatu `li~arke Platalea leucorodia v Vojvodini (S Srbija)], 71–78. Tucakov, M. glej / see Simić, D.V. & Tucakov, M. Velušček, A. glej / see Janžekovič, F. et al. Vergles Rataj, A., Nemec, M., Vlahovtc, K., Lindtner-Knihc, R. & Dovč, A.; Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) found in the Great Tit Parus major in Slovenia [Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) najdena v veliki sinici Parus major v Sloveniji], 135–138. Vizi, O. glej / see Saveljič, D. et al. Vlahovič, K. glej / see Vergles Rataj, A. et al. Vogrin, M. Ptice na hmelji{~ih v spodnji Savinjski dolini [Birds of the Lower Savinja Valley hop felds], 27–29. Vrezec, A.: Ustvarjalci revije Acrocephalus skozi njeno 25-letno zgodovino (1980 – 2004) [The creators of the journal Acrocephalus through its 25-year history (1980 – 2004)], 1–4. Vrezec, A.: Acrocephalus na pohodu – tretji del [Acrocephalus on the move – part three], 185–186. Zakšek, B., Garbajs, M. & Denac, D.: Odnosi ljudi do zlatovranke Coracias garrulus na posebnem obmo~ju varstva (SPA) »Doli Slovenskih goric« [The peoples attitude towards European Roller Coracias garrulus at »Doli Slovenskih goric«, a Special Protected Area (SPA) in NE Slovenia], 153–155. Wieser, B. glej / see Sackl, P. et al. Iz ornitološke beležnice / From the ornithological notebook Bombek, D.: Gaga Somateria mollissima. 34–35 Bordjan, D.: Mandarinka Aix galericulata. 34, ^apljica Ixobrychus minutus. 38, Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus & ~rni {karnik Milvus migrans. 39, Jezerski martinec Tringa stagnatilis. 39, Veliki prodnik Calidris canutus. 39, Velika uharica Bubo bubo. 39, ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 40, Skalna lastovka Ptynoprogne rupestris. 40, Ta{~ica Erithacus rubecula. 40, ^rni {karnik Milvus Acrocephalus 25 (123): 241 - 248, 2OO4 migrans. 162, ^apljica Ixobrychus minutus. 165, ^oketa Gallinago media. 166, Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. 223, Mali galeb Larus minutus. 226, Kragulj Accipiter gentilis. 229, Ju`na postovka Falco naumanni. 229, Italijanski vrabec Passer x italiae. 230 Bordjan, D. & Vidmar, A.: Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe. 174–175, Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius. 177, Armenian Gull Larus armenicus. 177, Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria. 177, Osprey Pandion haliaetus & Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor. 236, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug. 236–237, Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus. 237, Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva. 237 Bo`i~, L.: Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus. 224–225, Ru{evec Tetrao tetrix. 225–226, Duplar Columba oenas. 226–227, Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. 227–228, Rde~egrla cipa Anthus cervinus. 229–230 Cigli~, H.: Sabljarka Recurvirostra avosetta. 35, ^opasta ~rnica Aythya fuligula. 162 Denac, D.: Vranjek Phalacrocorax aristotelis. 33, Mandarinka Aix galericulata. 34, Hudournik Apus apus. 36, Kragulji orel Hieraaetus fascinatus. 38, Planinski hudournik Tachymarptis melba. 39, [krjan~ar Falco subbuteo. 162, ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor. 228–229 \api}, D.: Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus. 41, Pintail Anas acuta. 169 Figelj, A.: Sloka Scolopax rusticola. 35–36, Pogorel~ek Phoenicurus phoenicurus. 36–37, Pu{~avec Monticola solitarius. 37 Figelj, J.: Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia. 33, Skalna lastovka Hirundo rupestris. 36 Jan~ar, T. : Kamenjar Arenaria interpres. 226 Kapla, A.: ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 161, 223, Krivokljun Loxia curvirostra. 229 Ker~ek, M.: Ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus. 37, Bobnarica Botaurus stellaris. 93, @li~arka Platalea leucorodia. 94, [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros. 96, Rjavoglavi srakoper Lanius senator. 96, ^rnoglavi strnad Emberiza melanocephala. 97 Jurinovi}, L.: White Stork Ciconia ciconia. 38, Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus. 38 Kljun, I.: Siva gos Anser anser. 34 Krofel, M.: Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus. 95, @erjav Grus grus. 163 Kuli}, S.: Black Stork Ciconia nigra. 169, Sand Martin Riparia riparia. 233–234 Lon~ar, T.: Belo~ela gos Anser albifrons. 33–34 Miheli~, T.: Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus. 97, Sredozemski sokol Falco eleonorae. 98, @alobna sinica Parus lugubris. 228 Mikuska, J., Mikuska, T. & Mikuska, A.: Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus. 164–165 Mu`ini}, J.: Mute Swan Cygnus olor. 97 Nikolov, I.: Shoveler Anas clypeata. 173 Nikolov, S.C.: Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. 174–175, Corncrake Crex crex. 234, Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus. 236 Nikolov, S.C. & Spasov, S.D.: Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius. 235 Nikolov, I., Velkov, S., Stanchev, R., Hristov, I., Shurulinkov, P. & Dinkov, H.: Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon. 235–236 Peru{ek, M.: Gozdni jereb Bonasia bonasia. 162–163, [krjan~ar Falco subbuteo. 225, Koza~a Strix uralensis. 227 Radi{i}, D.: Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus. 230–231, Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus. 233 Rubini}, B.: Mali klinka~ Aquila pomarina. 97–98 Ru`i}, M.: Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina. 40–41, Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus. 231–232, Corncrake Crex crex. 232–233 Ru`i}, M. & [}iban, M.: Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus. 167–168 243 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Sackl, P. , Lon~ar, T., Smole, J. & [tumberger, B.: Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus. 171–172 Sackl, P. , Smole, J. & [tumberger, B.: Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus. 102–103, Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus. 170–171 Savelji}, D.: Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber. 101, Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus. 101, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus. 101–102, Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus. 102, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus. 170 Schneider-Jacoby, M.: Lanner Falco biarmicus. 165– 166, Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus. 173, Brambling Fringilla montifringilla & Hawfnch Coccothraustes coccothraustes. 230 Schneider-Jacoby, M. & Pintur, G.: White Wagtail Motacilla alba. 167 [}iban, M.: Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena. 167, Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus. 169, Jay Garrulus glandarius. 170, Bittern Botaurus stellaris. 231, Little Egret Egretta garzetta. 231, Bluethroat Luscinia svecica. 234 [}iban, M. & Tucakov, M.: Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena. 40, Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus. 232 [egula, B.: Veliki skovik Otus scops. 36 Shurulinkov, P. : Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. 234 Shurulinkov, P. , Komitov, E: & Vultchev, K.: Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae & Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus. 174 Simi}, D.V.: Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus. 106 Smole, J.: Brent Goose Branta bernicla. 34 Szymanski, M.: Rumenokljuni slapnik Gavia adamsii & Beloliska Melanitta fusca. 161 Tome, D.: Rjava ~aplja Ardea purpurea. 94, ^opasta ~rnica Aythya fuligula. 94, Tatarska `vi`gavka Netta rufina. 94, Mestna lastovka Delichon urbica. 95 Trebar, T.: Ro`natokljuna `vi`gavka Netta peposaca. 224 Tucakov, M.: Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus. 41–42, Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe. 42, Little Tern Sterna albifrons. 98–99, Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus. 99, Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis. 100–101, Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca. 232 Tucakov, M. & Erg, B.: Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix. 100 Tucakov, M., MacCurrach, R. & [}iban, M.: European Roller Coracias garrulus. 99 Tucakov, M., [}iban, M. & @uljevi}, A.: Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus. 168–169 Tucovi~, V.: Veliki srakoper Lanius excubitor. 37 Vasilik, @.: Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla. 166 Vrezec, A.: ^apljica Ixobrychus minutus. 93, Srednji detel Dendrocopos medius. 95, Re~ni cvr~alec Locustella fluviatillis. 96, Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica. 98, Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis. 167, ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 227, Krüper’s Nuthatch Sitta krueperi. 237–238 Vrh, P. : Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia. 94 Vrh, P. & Vrezec, A.: ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 223 Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del / Thesis Summaries Bo`i~, L. (2002): Primerjava zdru`b in nekaterih populacijskih parametrov ptic v izbranih tipih ni`inskih gozdov [Comparison of communities and some population parameters of birds in selected types of lowland riverine forests]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, 218–219. Denac, D. (2001): Bela {torklja (Ciconia ciconia) v Sloveniji leta 1999 [White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Slovenia in year 1999]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Maribor, Pedagogical Faculty, Departmen of Biology, Maribor, 90. 244 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 241 - 248, 2004 Denac, K. (2003): Smrtnost vreten~arjev na cestah Ljubljanskega barja [Road mortality of vertebrates on Ljubljansko barje (Slovenia)]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, 158–160. Miheli~, T. (2002): Gnezditvene in prehranjevalne navade velike uharice (Bubo bubo L.) v jugozahodni Sloveniji [Nesting and diet habits of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo L.) in south-western Slovenia]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Forestry Department, Ljubljana, 91–92. Polak, S. (2004): Koncept obmo~nega varstva ptic v Sloveniji [Concept of the bird site protection in Slovenia]. – Master of Science Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Postgraduation study »Natural Heritage protection«, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 220–221. Tome, D. (1995): Gnezditvena biologija in ekologija male uharice (Asio otus) [Breeding biology and ecology of the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)]. – Dissertation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotehnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, 89–90. Sackl, P. (1985): Untersuchungen zur Habitatwahls und Nahrungsökologie des Weisstorchs (Ciconia ciconia L.) in der Steiermark [Habitat use and feeding ecology of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia L.) in eastern Styria]. – Dissertation Thesis, Karl-Franzes Universität, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Zoologie, Graz, Austria, 217–218. Vrezec, A. (2000): Vpliv nekaterih ekolo{kih dejavnikov na raz{irjenost izbranih vrst sov (Strigidae) na Krimu [The effects of some ecological factors on the distribution of selected owl species (Strigidae) on Krim Mountain]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, 157–158. Kazalo znanstvenih imen / Index of scientifc names A Accipiter brevipes 176 Accipiter gentilis 21, 41, 106, 127, 176, 229 Accipiter nisus 21, 40, 127, 145, 199 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 24, 93 Acrocephalus melanopogon 12, 38, 235 Acrocephalus palustris 16, 24, 28, 93, 175, 214 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 16, 24, 214 Acrocephalus scirpaceus 11, 175, 214 Actitis hypoleucos 22, 145 Aegithalos caudatus 25, 238, 237 Aegolius funereus 157 Aix galericulata 34, 79 Aix sponsa 79, 81 Alauda arvensis 23, 100, 146 Alcedo atthis 23, 93, 203 Alectoris chukar 22 Alectoris graeca 216 Anas acuta 10, 169, 199 Anas clypeata 167, 169, 173, 199 Anas crecca 94, 199 Anas penelope 167, 169 Anas platyrhynchos 11, 21, 34, 35, 38, 40, 93, 94, 161, 169, 175, 199, 224 Anas querquedula 16, 21, 94, 116, 169, 199 Anas strepera 16, 21, 199 Anser albifrons 16, 21, 33, 145, 164, 169 Anser anser 34, 164, 199 Anser fabalis 164, 199 Anthus campestris 23, 38, 146 Anthus cervinus 229 Anthus pratensis 24, 214 Anthus spinoletta 214, 236 Anthus trivialis 24, 214 Apus apus 23, 36, 146, 214 Aquila chrysaetos 6, 106, 121, 145, 236 Aquila pomarina 6, 22, 40, 97, 145, 176 Ardea cinerea 11, 21, 38, 72, 94, 102, 161, 199 Ardea purpurea 72, 94, 199 Ardeolla ralloides 21, 72, 230 Arenaria interpres 39, 226 Asio flammeus 10, 102 Asio otus 28, 89, 214 Athene noctua 23, 146 Aythya ferina 199, 224 Aythya fuligula 94, 162, 199 Aythya nyroca 99, 199, 232 245 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume B Bonasa bonasia 121, 162, 216 Botaurus stellaris 33, 93, 99, 199, 233 Branta bernicla 34 Bubo bubo 11, 39, 91 Burhinus oedicnemus 10, 101 Buteo buteo 21, 28, 98, 127, 145, 216 Buteo lagopus 16, 21 Buteo rufinus 176, 238 C Cairina moschata 79, 82 Calandrella rufescens 146 Calidris alpina 39, 162 Calidris canutus 39 Calidris ferruginea 39, 162 Calidris minuta 39, 162 Calidris temminckii 39 Callonetta leucophrys 79, 81 Caprimulgus europaeus 16, 23, 146 Carduelis cannabina 26, 28, 147 Carduelis carduelis 26, 28, 147, 214 Carduelis chloris 26, 28, 214 Carduelis spinus 26 Carpodacus erythrinus 6 Cercotrichas galactotes 146 Certhia familiaris 25, 219 Charadrius alexandrinus 38, 161 Charadrius dubius 22, 99, 169 Charadrius hiaticula 169 Chenonetta jubata 31, 79, 81 Chlidonias hybridus 10, 102, 112, 233 Chlidonias leucopterus 146 Ciconia ciconia 16, 21, 33, 38, 90, 94, 145, 169, 199, 214, 217, 228 Ciconia nigra 6, 17, 21, 161, 169, 223 Circaetus gallicus 6, 21, 40, 97, 98, 145, 176 Circus aeruginosus 10, 21, 38, 39, 102, 145, 163, 224 Circus cyaneus 21, 145 Circus pygargus 10, 21, 145, 224 Clamator glandarius 235 Coccothraustes coccthraustes 26, 216, 230 Columba domestica 216 Columba livia 22, 40, 146, 214 Columba oenas 22, 214, 223, 226 Columba palumbus 22, 99, 146, 223, 226 Coracias garrulus 11, 51, 93, 99, 146, 153 Corvus corax 26, 28, 41, 106, 127 Corvus corone cornix 11, 16, 26, 28, 41, 89, 100, 136, 147, 165, 214 Corvus corone corone 6 Corvus frugilegus 16, 25, 38, 41, 147, 170, 199, 232 Corvus monedula 16, 25 246 Coturnix coturnix 22 Crex crex 11, 22, 59, 232, 234 Cuculus canorus 23, 214 Cygnus columbianus 164 Cygnus cygnus 38, 231 Cygnus olor 35, 38, 93, 97, 99, 199 D Delichon urbica 23, 95, 98, 100, 175 Dendrocopos major 23, 28, 95, 216, 219 Dendrocopos medius 23, 95, 219 Dendrocopos minor 23, 95 Dendrocopos syriacus 6, 23 Dryocopus martius 17, 23, 95, 121 E Egretta alba 21, 38, 72, 161, 232 Egretta garzetta 16, 21, 39, 72, 99, 231 Emberiza cia 26, 214 Emberiza citrinella 26, 161 Emberiza cirlus 26 Emberiza hortulana 26, 96 Emberiza leucocephala 214 Emberiza melanocephala 17, 26, 97, 147 Emberiza schoeniclus 16, 26, 147 Eremophila alpestris 236 Erithacus rubecula 24, 40, 136, 146, 159, 199, 216, 219 F Falco biarmicus 165, 171 Falco cherrug 176, 236 Falco columbarius 145 Falco eleonorae 98, 174 Falco naumanni 145, 229 Falco peregrinus 6, 16, 22, 106, 145 Falco subbuteo 22, 162, 176, 225 Falco tinnunculus 22, 28, 94, 106, 145, 214, 225, 229 Falco vespertinus 22, 102, 232 Ficedula albicolis 25, 219 Ficedula hypoleuca 16, 25, 214 Ficedula parva 16, 25, 237 Fringilla coelebs 26, 147, 214, 219 Fringilla montifringilla 26, 214, 230 Fulica atra 35, 38, 199, 230 G Galerida cristata 23, 100, 146 Gallinago gallinago 16, 22, 145, 199, 214 Gallinago media 166 Gallinula chloropus 22, 34, 93, 199, 231 Garrulus glandarius 11, 25, 170, 214, 227, 237 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 241 - 248, 2OO4 Gavia adamsii 161 Gavia arctica 199 Glaucidium passerinum 121 Grus grus 163, 169, 172, 199 Gyps fulvus 10, 95, 97, 106, 145, 163, 170, 174 H Haematopus ostralegus 102, 171 Haliaeetus albicilla 6, 99, 234 Hieraaetus fasciatus 170 Hieraaetus pennatus 6, 145, 176 Himantopus himantopus 35, 169 Hippolais icterina 16, 24, 216 Hirundo daurica 6, 23, 98, 177 Hirundo rustica 11, 23, 98, 146, 214 I, J Irania gutturalis 147 Ixobrychus minutus 12, 21, 38, 93, 165, 231 Jynx torquilla 23, 28, 214 L Lanius collurio 25, 28, 147, 214 Lanius excubitor 10, 25, 37, 232 Lanius minor 25, 147, 176, 228, 236 Lanius nubicus 147 Lanius senator 17, 25, 96, 147, 175 Larus armenicus 145, 177 Larus cachinnans (L. michahellis) 6, 16, 22, 33, 40, 94, 102, 161, 165, 173, 199, 237 Larus genei 176, 237 Larus ichthyaetus 173 Larus melanocephalus 176 Larus minutus 226 Larus ridibundus 16, 22, 38, 94, 101, 135, 145, 161, 165, 173, 201, 226, 233 Limosa lapponica 33, 102 Limosa limosa 169 Locustella fluviatilis 16, 24, 96, 214 Loxia curvirostra 229 Lullula arborea 17, 23, 214 Luscinia luscinia 16, 24, 214 Luscinia megarhynchos 24, 214 Luscinia svecica 10, 146, 234 M Melanitta fusca 161 Melanocorypha calandra 146 Melanocorypha bimaculata 146 Mergellus albellus 199 Mergus merganser 106, 199 Mergus serrator 34, 106, 161, 199 Merops apiaster 23, 40, 214, 227, 231 Miliaria calandra 17, 26, 100, 147, 175 Milvus migrans 16, 21, 39, 145, 162 Milvus milvus 39, 214, 224 Monticola saxatilis 11, 24 Monticola solitarius 37 Motacilla alba 146, 161, 167, 172 Motacilla cinerea 24, 146, 214 Motacilla flava 24, 100, 146, 229 Muscicapa striata 28, 147 N Neophron percnopterus 145, 176 Netta peposaca 79, 224 Netta rufina 10 Nucifraga caryocatactes 106, 214 Numenius arquata 169, 214 Numenius phaeopus 169 Nycticorax nycticorax 21, 72, 199 O Oenanthe finschii 147 Oenanthe hispanica 24, 147 Oenanthe isabelina 147 Oenanthe oenanthe 24, 38, 42, 100, 175, 214 Oriolus oriolus 25, 147 Otis tarda 10 Otus scops 16, 23, 36, 153, 163 Oxyura jamaicensis 80, 82 P Pandion haliaetus 16, 38, 177, 236 Parus ater 25, 237 Parus caeruleus 25, 214, 219, 237 Parus cristatus 164, 214, 228 Parus lugubris 25, 228, 237 Parus major 25, 135, 147, 214, 219 Parus montanus 214 Parus palustris 25 Passer domesticus 26, 28, 100, 147, 159, 230 Passer hispaniolensis 10, 98, 100, 147, 167 Passer X italiae 230 Passer montanus 26, 27, 159, 161, 175 Pelecanus crispus 111, 173 Pelecanus onocrotalus 176, 199, 237 Perdix perdix 22 Pernis apivorus 16, 21, 98, 145, 163, 176, 224 Petronia petronia 147 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 33 Phalacrocorax carbo 16, 21, 161, 199, 210, 223 Phalacrocorax pygmeus 38, 39, 112, 167, 207, 223 Phalaropus lobatus 169 Phasianus colchicus 11, 22, 214 Philomachus pugnax 35, 39, 169 247 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Phoenicopterus ruber 101, 176, 237 Phoenicurus ochruros 24, 96, 147, 214 Phoenicurus phoenicurus 16, 24, 36, 96, 147, 176, 214 Phylloscopus bonelli 237 Phylloscopus collybita 25, 147, 214 Phylloscopus sibilatrix 25 Phylloscopus trochilus 16, 25, 214 Pica pica 11, 25, 28, 147, 214 Picoides tridactylus 121, 164, 227 Picus canus 23, 41, 95, 121 Picus viridis 23, 95 Platalea leucorodia 71, 94, 99, 168 Plegadis falcinellus 168, 230 Podiceps cristatus 33, 34, 99, 161, 230 Podiceps grisegena 40, 161, 167 Podiceps nigricollis 6, 161, 167, 199 Porzana parva 166 Porzana porzana 166 Porzana pusilla 10, 16, 22, 166 Prunella modularis 24, 214 Ptynoprogne rupestris 23, 36, 40 Pyrrhocorax graculus 85, 103 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 10 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 26, 214 R Rallus aquaticus 93, 199 Recurvirostra avosetta 6, 10, 35, 169, 237 Regulus ignicapillus 25 Regulus regulus 25, 216 Riparia riparia 12, 23, 42, 214, 231, 233 Rissa tridactyla 234 S Saxicola rubetra 24, 38, 214 Saxicola torquata 24, 28, 214 Scolopax rusticola 22, 35, 174 Serinus pusillus 236 Serinus serinus 26, 28 Sitta europaea 25, 214 Sitta krueperi 237 Sitta neumayer 147 Somateria mollissima 34, 102 Sterna albifrons 12, 98 Sterna caspia 176 Sterna hirundo 12, 114, 177, 201 Streptopelia decaocto 17, 22, 28, 146, 236 Streptopelia senegalensis 146 Streptopelia turtur 23, 146 Strix aluco 16, 23, 157, 214 Strix uralensis 157, 227 Sturnus roseus 37, 147 Sturnus vulgaris 17, 26, 28, 147, 169, 199, 214, 219 Sylvia atricapilla 11, 25, 97, 147, 214, 219 Sylvia borin 25, 97, 214 Sylvia cantillans 6 Sylvia communis 25, 147, 214 Sylvia curruca 11, 24, 214 Sylvia melanocephala 6 Sylvia nisoria 214 T Tachybaptus ruficollis 21, 34, 199 Tachymarptis melba 39 Tadorna tadorna 31 Tetrao tetrix 119, 214, 225 Tetrao urogallus 120, 214 Tetraogallus caspius 177 Tichodroma muraria 177 Tringa erythropus 39, 169 Tringa glareola 6, 10, 16, 22, 40, 102 Tringa nebularia 39, 169 Tringa ochropus 16, 22, 145 Tringa stagnatilis 39 Tringa totanus 106, 169 Troglodytes troglodytes 24, 214 Turdus merula 24, 147, 159, 214 Turdus philomelos 24, 159, 214 Turdus pilaris 24 Turdus viscivorus 24 U, V, Z, X Upupa epops 23, 93, 146, 153, 214 Vanellus vanellus 16, 22, 169, 187, 214 Xenus cinereus 237 248 Acrocephalus 25 (123): 249, 2OO4 Seznam recenzentov The list of manuscript reviewers Spisek recenzentov, ki so pregledovali prispevke v reviji Acrocephalus za letnik 25, 2004. Njihov dele` pri nastajanju revije je bil velik in klju~en pri objavljanju kvalitetnih prispevkov. Urednik in ~lani uredni{tva se zato vsem iskreno zahvaljujemo za opravljene recenzije v minulem letu. Imena recenzentov so urejena po abecednem vrstnem redu brez akademskih naslovov, a z oznakami dr`av (z * so ozna~eni tisti recenzenti, ki so v letu 2004 recenzirali dva ali ve~ prispevkov): The list of manuscript reviewers for the journal Acrocephalus in Volume 25, 2004. Their contribution was great and essential in preparing high quality papers published in Volume 25. The Editor and the Editorial Board would like to thank them for their work in the past year. Names of reviewers are presented in alphabetical order without academic titles but with abbreviations of their countries (with the names of those who reviewed two or more papers marked *): Andrej Bibi~ (SI) Andrej Bidovec (SI) Savo Brelih (SI) Miran ^as (SI) Damijan Denac (SI) Katica Drobne (SI) Janez Gregori (SI) Andrej Hudoklin (SI) Toma` Jan~ar (SI) Franc Jan`ekovi~ (SI) Primo` Kmecl (SI) Boris Kry{tufek* (SI) Tibor Mikuska (HR) Rosemarie Parz-Gollner (AT) Slavko Polak (SI) Borut Rubini~* (SI) Peter Sackl* (AT) Martin Schneider-Jacoby* (DE) Robert E. Scott (GB) Andrej Sovinc (SI) Borut [tumberger* (SI) Kazimir Tarman (SI) Davorin Tome* (SI) Tomi Trilar* (SI) Peter Trontelj (SI) Al Vrezec* (SI) 249 vi Ui z 3 i—i O 1 I L rt O b rt <^ PdMliilt.1 uWiB|Banrtnll h pnAriniaJni ***¦* z «¦# sate, H tata Htfa dak ¦—¦i »W taUpJin mptnart pnj*. Piilh M*fch—» ¦! IH DD UIHBgtM^ BHBiflil HtMK UHC «mr BlhBD poBj» MjMO ra dHIb noaka alBh NaM4^ BnantaH^ pitipata rink bo Domini hi HPM, ** «Mtu *>u, «tut a«cn n, @