QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SECTOR IN EMERGING TERRITORIAL SYSTEMS -CRAIOVA CASE STUDY KVALITATIVNE SPREMEMBE V PODJETNJSKEM SEKTORJU V NASTAJAJOČIH TERITORIALNIH SISTEMIH - STUDIJA PRIMERA CRAIOVA Daniel Peptenatu, Cristian Draghici, Daniela Stoian, Radu-Daniel Pintilii, Loreta-Andreea Cercleux, Cristina Merciu, Andrei Schvab Economic activities in Craiova emerging territorial system. Gospodarske dejavnosti na območju Craiova. Qualitative changes in the entrepreneurial sector in emerging territorial systems - Craiova case study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS54204 UDC: 911.375.33:330.34 COBISS: 1.01 ABSTRACT: The goal of the present study is to analyze the complex economic processes within emerging territorial systems, developed around big cities. Economic ventures concentrated inside these urban clusters in a short span of time, and they registered a spectacular evolution, compared to the neighboring areas. Intensification of the linkages between cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants in Romania and the surrounding areas led to the individualization of territorial systems apart, with a spectacular evolution of economic-social processes, which turn those systems into the most dynamic territorial structures. The present study means to identify the causes of those complex processes within emerging territorial systems, the manner of functional organization of the space, and the causes that determine the spectacular evolution of the economic processes within emerging systems. KEYWORDS: economic geography, territorial systems, entrepreneurial sector, territorial dynamics, territorial management The article was submitted for publication on August 3, 2012. ADDRESSES: Daniel Peptenatu, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail:peptenatu@yahoo.fr Cristian Draghici, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: cristi7772001 @yahoo.com Daniela Stoian, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: d_stoian@yahoo.com Radu-Daniel Pintilii, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: pinty_ro@yahoo. com Loreta-Andreea Cercleux, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: loretacepoiu@yahoo.com Cristina Merciu, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: krysten1009@yahoo.com Andrei Schvab, Ph. D. The Interdisciplinary Center of Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: xabi_andrei@yahoo.com 1 Introduction Research conducted with the goal of drafting the Strategy for Romania's Polycentric Development highlighted the spectacular evolution of economic phenomena at the level of territorial systems in the vicinity of national and regional development hubs. For a long time those processes were dominated by the migration of the population towards the industrial platforms inside cities, and by definitive migration from crowded cities towards residential areas in neighboring administrative units. Since 2000, the improvement of the economic climate in Romania determined the development of the entrepreneurial sector and a series of changes in the entrepreneurial profile of territorial systems. The most spectacular changes occurred in those territorial systems in the vicinity of big cities, where economic ventures were relocated from inside the city, or new economic ventures were born, benefitting from numerous competitive advantages. The relocation of economic ventures to surrounding localities is heavily influenced by infrastructure, in general, and by transport infrastructure in particular (Peptenatu etal. 2009; Humeau etal. 2010), as the implementation of infrastructure projects is immediately followed by a functional reorganization of the surrounding space. It is important to mention that in Romania the relocation of economic ventures to the suburbs started after 2000, because of the absence of infrastructure of any kind. After 2000, the coming into existence of access routes between the main cities led to the first transfers of economic ventures from inside cities to the outskirts. In numerous academic works, the entrepreneurial sector is considered as an engine of economic development for a particular geographical space (Guiso and Schivardi 2011; Schumpeter 1911), with the transfer of innovation being an important advantage for the territorial system (Marot 2010; Razpotnik Viskovic 2011). The development of the entrepreneurial sector is heavily influenced by the socio-economic climate where the decision to set up a venture is made, and the differences between urban areas, rural areas, areas of urban influence and severely underprivileged areas across a territory are obvious (Topole etal. 2006; Urbanc and Breg 2005). The importance of studying the economic processes within emerging territorial systems is defended by the need to identify the territorial management systems that are able to imprint the best functionality on the processes that ensue from the natural interaction of city and the surrounding space (Peptenatu etal. 2012). Functional reorganization inside areas of urban influence is accompanied by pressure on the elements of the natural environment, and therefore models for environment management are necessary, matching the severity of the »aggression« (Iano? etal. 2009; Peptenatu etal. 2010a; 2011; Braghina etal. 2011; Ilie? etal. 2012). Studies concerning the polycentric development of territorial systems emphasize the trend towards a concentration of companies in certain catalyst centers within the emerging systems. The development of entrepreneurial clusters inside emerging structures has a decisive contribution to the development of the polarizing capacity of the entire emerging system. The idea of the importance to develop a hub in a geographical space is mentioned in numerous studies on centrality (Iano? and Humeau 2000). 2 Methods Emerging territorial systems are spaces close to cities with high functional complexity, characterized by a spectacular evolution of economic processes. At the level of these territorial structures, there are complex linkages with the polarizing hub. Demarcation of the emerging system was achieved by means of the index of functional complexity, calculated as follows: Cf - functional complexity, Nd - number of domains according to CAEN (Classification of Activities in National Economy), Nf - number of companies (Euro), Ns - number of employees. The present study defines emerging systems as the spaces where functional complexity increased by more than 60% during the time span analyzed. The evolution of the entrepreneurial profile was analyzed using statistical information at township and CAEN code level for the time interval 2001-2010. The indicators analyzed were: evolution of the number of employees, the evolution of the number of companies, the evolution of profit, and the evolution of turnover. For increased relevance of the analyses, profiles were drawn at the level of the three major sectors of the economy: the primary sector (agriculture, extractive industry), the secondary sector (processing industry) and the tertiary sector (services). The study tracked the way the space between development hubs is organized along the access corridors, by means of the emplacement of enterprises along those corridors. Depending on the manner and complexity of that organization, we suggested two concepts, the concept of organizing axis (a line capable, by means of the incentives offered, to win over investments, which would allow the functional regeneration of the territory on the access corridors between the development hubs) and the concept of development corridor (a line with an increased level of organization) (Peptenatu et al. 2009). The types of clusters were identified within the emerging territorial system. 3 Results and discussion The spectacular evolution of the entrepreneurial sector in Romania's big cities determined a significant functional reorganization of the surrounding spaces. Using the evolution of the index of functional complexity, a distinct space was demarcated around the city of Craiova, where that index registered a 60%-plus increase during 2001-2010. The entire area registered an increase of functional complexity from 0.8 by 2001 to 2.6 by 2010 (Figure 1), which meant an increase in the number of fields of activity, where a bigger number of companies are active, and a moderate increase of the number of employees. le o - c > so o ^ 'S |= U w Figure 2: Evolution of the index of functional complexity in the Craiova emerging territorial system in the Oltenia South-Western Development Region (Source of data: Borgdesign 2011). Figure 2 indicates a concentration of the high functional-complexity values along the main development corridors, where the concentration of companies is determined by numerous competitive advantages. The most important concentration of economic enterprises, with the highest functional-complexity values by 2010, was registered in the areas: I^alnita (9.9), Breasta (6.8), Preajba (5.3), Mischii (4.9), Carcea (4.5), Podari (4.3), Malu Mare (4.3). The evolution of the number of companies at the level of the entire emerging system registered an increase from 224 companies in 2001 to 632 companies in 2010 (Figure 3). The most important increases by 2010 as compared to 2001 were registered in the communes of Carcea, I^alnita, Piele^ti, Malu Mare, Bucovat and Podari (Figure 4). The increase in the number of companies was determined by the creation, in 2004, of the Craiova Industrial Park, which led to the increase of the number of companies in the communes of Carcea and Piele^ti. In the other communes, the increase in the number of companies was determined by the development of road infrastructure meant to offer access to the city of Craiova, concentrating most of the companies along those routes. In terms of field of activity (CAEN code) the most important increases in the number of companies were registered in the field of retail in specialized and non-specialized stores, construction and commodity transportation by road. In those fields of trade, the need for space led to the relocation of economic enterprises from inside the city towards the outskirts. The evolution of the number employees follows the trend registered by the evolution of the number of companies, but the increase is not as spectacular (Figure 5). The increase at the level of the entire emerging territorial system was from 5,035 employees in 2001 to 7,308 employees in 2010, with a peak of 8,195 employees reached in 2008. The oscillating evolution was the result of economic policies implemented at government level. The reforms conducted in 2000 and 2005 led to the development of the entrepreneurial sector by means of the creation of new companies and the increase in the number of employees (Figure 6). "3 B m CO Q\ (N O Z U U W I □□ Figure 5: Evolution of the number of employees in the Craiova emerging territorial systems (Source of data: Borgdesign 2011). Figure 6: The relation of dependence between the number of companies and the number of employees in the Craiova emerging territorial systems (Source of data: Borgdesign 2011). The drop in the number of employees after 2008 was the result of economic recession, which drove major companies to lay off an important number of employees. The biggest layoffs were conducted in the following sectors of the economy: aircraft production, production of plastic construction materials, road and highway construction and poultry farming. Across the territory, one must highlight the increase in the number of employees in the commune of Piele^ti, where the development of road infrastructure determined the shaping up of an organizing axis along European road E70 (Figure 7). The completion of a ring road north of the township, which took over transit traffic, determined a functional reorganization of the space with economic enterprises relocated from inside the township. The types of evolution of profit and turnover are important characteristics of emerging territorial systems. In the wake of the implementation of governmental policies to support the entrepreneurial sector, there were spectacular increases in profit, varying across the territory in terms of value and structure of the fields of trade. The upwards evolution of the profit and turnover was interrupted in 2008, when the effects of the economic recession first became visible statistically speaking (Figure 8).Compared to the Craiova polarizing system, the emerging territorial system registered a spectacular growth and a limited decline after 2008. The same evolution marked the environment of the emerging territorial system, which registered a slow growth during 2001-2008 and a major decline after 2008. The steepest increases in profit across the territory of the Craiova emerging territorial system were registered in the townships of Carcea and Piele^ti, where the Craiova Industrial Park is located. At the level of field of trade, the most important increases in profit and turnover were registered in the following fields: production of plastic construction materials, milk processing, packaging production, hardware, commodity transport by road. Economic ventures in emerging territorial systems are concentrated along the main road routes, which converge on the polarizing city, establishing genuine development corridors. The main development cor- 500000000 450000000 - 400000000 - 350000000 - ^ 300000000 - 3 3 S3 250000000 - > o a ■3 200000000 - 150000000 - 100000000 - 50000000 - 0 - y 19,644x + 3E + 07 R2 0,8399 4 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 14000000 16000000 18000000 20000000 profit (Euro) ridors are: Craiova-Piele^ti, Craiova-I^alnita, Craiova-Podari, Craiova-Carcea and the Craiova-Simnic structurant axis. The construction of a ring road north and east of the city, meant for transit traffic, generated the concentration of companies along its length. The premises were created along the length of that ring road for the creation of a dynamic organizing axis, due to the infrastructure projects implemented there. The detailed analysis of the Craiova emerging territorial system indicates that that space functions as an urban cluster born as the result of the complex interaction between the polarizing city and the surrounding space. The urban cluster is made up of an administrative cluster established on the premises of the Craiova Industrial Park and the natural cluster established by means of the relocation of economic enterprises to the outskirts, the length of the main road axes converging on the polarizing city (Figure 9). 4 Conclusion Researches concerning the antreprenorial sector's dynamics in the emerging territorial systems show strong bindings between the polarised core dynamics and the evolution of the antreprenorial sector in polarised spaces from its territorial environment. The spectacular development of the economic sector in Craiova is accompanied by a relocation of the economic activities to the urban-rural interface where a significant growth is noticeable. The economic activities concentration from the urban-rural interface in Craiova is been formed into a separate entity, a new quality at the emergent territorial system level, quality that can't be reduced to the system's parts. This entity should be considered as a whole, in an integrated way, in the same decisional context. An important conclusion of this study is related to the importance of the infrastructure in the spatial structuring of the economic activities in the Craiova city emerging system. The main concentrations of economic activities are the structuring axes developed along the roads that connect to other cores from the national polycentric network (Bucuresti, Bals, Pitesti, Drobeta Turnu Severin, Filiasi, Tg. Jiu). The analysis of the Craioba emerging territorial system highlights a series of dysfunctions at the local systems level, dysfunctions generated by the concetration of economic activities in a very short period of time. In this context, it is more obvious the integrated approach of the territorial imbalances by making some territorial management models that could optimize the complex territorial relationships between the emerging territorial system's components (Glaeser etal., 2010b; Florida, 2002; Glaeser etal., 2010a; Delgado etal., 2010; Peptenatu etal., 2010b; Braghina etal. 2010; Gümrük^üoglu, 2011). The conclusions reached by this study prove the emerging evolution theory according to which the appearance of new qualities is absolutely spontaneous and unpredictable; in the way in which the emerging territorial system is a new quality, different by its dynamics and the characteristics of the economic processes. We can't speak about a spontaneous and unpredictable one, because these spatial structures are the direct result between a city with a great polarization capacity and a space that can provide many competitive advantages. Moreover, the evolution of the emerging territorial systems can be influenced through decisional impulses made by policy makers. 5 Aknowledgements This work was supported by the project Territorial Management Based on Growth Poles Theory (UEFIC-SU-PNII - Idei, 1950) and the strategic grant POSDRU /89/1.5/S/ 58852, Project Program for postdoctoral researchers in science education, co-financed by the European Social Fund within the Sectoral Operational Program Human Resources' Development 2007-2013. 6 References Braghina, C., Peptenatu, D., Constantinescu, §t., Pintilii, R. D., Draghici, C. 2010: The pressure exerted on the natural environment in the open pit exploitation areas in Oltenia. Carpathian Journal of Earth and environmental sciences 5. Braghinä, C., Peptenatu, D., Draghici, C., Pintilii, R. D., Schvab, A. 2011: Territorial management within the systems affected by mining. Case study the South-Western development region in Romania. 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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS45202 Kvalitativne spremembe v podjetniškem sektorju v nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemih - študija primera Craiova DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS54204 UDC: 911.375.33:330.34 COBISS: 1.01 POVZETEK: Namen te študije je analizirati zapletene poslovne procese v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov, razvitih v okolici večjih mest. Podjetja, ki so se koncentrirala v kratkem časovnem obdobju v teh mestih, so doživela spektakularno evolucijo v primerjavi s sosednjimi območji. Krepitev povezav med mesti z več kot 300.000 prebivalci v Romuniji in okolicami je privedla do individualizacije teritorialnih sistemov, ki je ustvarila spektakularno evolucijo gospodarskih in družbenih procesov, ki pretvori te sisteme v najbolj dinamične regionalne strukture. Namen te študije je opredeliti vzroke zapletenih procesov v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov, način funkcionalnega organiziranja prostora in vzroke, ki odredijo spektakularno evolucijo gospodarskih procesov v okviru nastajajočih sistemov. KLJUČNE BESEDE: ekonomska geografija, teritorialni sistemi, podjetniški sektor, teritorialna dinamika, teritorialni menedžment NASLOVI: dr. Daniel Peptenatu Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta:peptenatu@yahoo.fr dr. Cristian Draghici Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: cristi7772001@yahoo.com dr. Daniela Stoian Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: d_stoian@yahoo.com dr. Radu-Daniel Pintiiii Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: pinty_ro@yahoo.com dr. Loreta-Andreea Cercleux Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: loretacepoiu@yahoo.com dr. Cristina Merciu Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: krysten1009@yahoo.com dr. Andrei Schvab Interdisciplinarni Center za Napredne Raziskave o Teritorialnih Dinamikah, Univerza v Bukarešti, Regina Elisabeta, 4-12, Bukarešta, Romunija E-pošta: xabi_andrei@yahoo.com 1 Uvod Raziskava, opravljena za pripravo Strategije policentričnega razvoja Romunije, je pokazala zanimiv razvoj gospodarskih pojav na ravni teritorialnega sistema v bližini nacionalnih in regionalnih razvojnih centrov. Preseljevanje prebivalstva v industrijske platforme mest in preseljevanje iz prenatrpanih mest do stanovanjskih območij v bližini upravnih enot sta dolgo časa obvladovala prostorski razvoj. Po letu 2000 je izboljšanje poslovnega okolja v Romuniji je privedlo do razvoja podjetniškega sektorja, kar je ustavilo številne spremembe v podjetniškem profilu teritorialnih sistemov. Najpomembnejše spremembe so nastale v teritorialnih sistemih v bližini velikih mest, kjer so bila premeščena podjetja iz mesta ali kjer so bila ustanovljena nova podjetja, ki so imela korist od številnih konkurenčnih prednosti. Na splošno na selitev podjetij v bližinska mesta močno vpliva prometna infrastruktura (Peptenatu in sod. 2009; Humeau in sod. 2010), saj infrastrukturnim projektom neposredno sledi funkcionalna preureditev okolice. Treba je omeniti, da je v Romuniji selitev podjetij v predmestje začela po letu 2000 zaradi pomanjkanja infrastrukture. Po letu 2000 so dovozne prometnice, zgrajene med večjimi mesti, omogočile prve selitve podjetij iz mest v predmestja. V številnih akademskih članov, podjetniški sektor velja za motor gospodarskega razvoja geografskih območji (Guiso in Schivardi 2011; Schumpeter 1911), prenos inovacije predstavlja pomembno prednost za teritorialni sistem (Marot 2010; Razpotnik Viskovic 2011). Razvoj podjetniškega sektorja je v veliki meri pod vplivom družbenogospodarskega razmera, v katerem se ustanovijo podjetja in razlike med mestnimi, podeželskimi zonama, zonama pod mestnim vplivom in prikrajšanimi zonama v območju so razvidne (Topole et al. 2006; Urbanc in Breg 2005). Študija ekonomskih procesov v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov je utemeljena na potrebo za opredelitev sistemov teritorialnega menedžmenta za izboljšanje funkcionalnosti procesov, ki izhajajo iz naravne interakcije med mesti in njihovimi okolicami (Peptenatu et al. 2012). Funkcionalna reorganizacija mestnih območij vpliva na naravno okolje in so potrebni modeli teritorialnega menedžmenta, zgrajeni glede na resnost »agresije« (Iano§ et al. 2009; Peptenatu et al. 2010a; 2011; Braghina etal. 2011; Ilie? etal. 2012). Študije o policentričnem razvoju teritorialnih sistemov prikaži trend do koncentracije podjetij v nekaterih katalitskih centrih v okviru nastajajočih sistemov. Razvoj podjetniških centrov znotraj nastajajočih struktur odločilno prispeva k razvoju kapaciteta za polarizacijo celotnega nastajajočega sistema. Pomembnost razvoja centra v geografskem območju je poudarjena v mnogih študijah o centralnosti (Iano§ in Humeau 2000). 2 Metode Nastajajoči teritorialni sistemi so prostori v bližini mest, zelo kompleksni glede funkcionalnega vidika in značilni po spektakularni evoluciji gospodarskih procesov. Te teritorialne strukture so kompleksno povezane s polarizirajočem centrom. Razmejitev nastajajočega sistema je bila izvedena z uporabo indeksa funkcionalne kompleksnosti, izračunanega po naslednji formuli: Cf = Nd ■ Ns Cf - funkcionalna kompleksnost, Nd - število področij dejavnosti v skladu s SKD (Standardna Klasifikacija Dejavnosti), Nf - število podjetij (Evro), Ns - število zaposlenih. Ta študija opredeljuje nastajajoče sisteme kot prostore, v katerih je funkcionalna kompleksnost povečala za več kot 60% med analiziranim obdobjem. Evolucija podjetniškega profila je bila analizirana na podlagi statističnih podatkov o mestnem upravljanju in šifri SKD za obdobje med letoma 2001 in 2010. Proučeni kazalci so: evolucija števila zaposlenih, evolucija števila podjetij, evolucija dobička in evolucija prometa. Za več relevantnosti, profili so bili pripravljeni na nivoju treh glavnih gospodarskih sektorjev: primarnega sektorja (kmetijsko, rudarstvo), sekundarnega sektorja (predelovalna industrija) in terciarnega sektorja (storitve). Študija je izsledila način organiziranja dostopnih koridorjev med razvojnimi centri z ustanavljanjem podjetij na te dovozne prometnice. Odvisno od vrste in kompleksnosti te organizacije, smo predlagali dva koncepta: koncept organizirajoče osi (os, ki omogoča, s pomočjo ponujenih spodbud, privabljanje naložb za olajšanje funkcionalne regeneracije ozemlje na dostopnih koridorjih med razvojnimi centri) in koncept razvojnega koridorja (os intenzivnega razvoja) (Peptenatu etal. 2009). Ugotovljene so vrste centrov v okviru nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema. 3 Rezultati in razprava Spektakularna evolucija podjetniškega sektorja v večjih mestih v Romuniji je privedla do bistvene funkcionalne reorganizacije svojih okoliških območij. Na podlagi evolucije indeksa funkcionalne kompleksnosti, je bil določen poseben prostor okrog mesta Craiova, kjer je indeks povečal več kot 60% v obdobju 2001-2010. Celotna je zona registrirala povečanje funkcionalne kompleksnosti od 0.8 v 2001 do 2.6 v 2010 (Slika 1), kar je pomenilo povečanje števila področij dejavnosti podjetij in zmerno povečanje števila zaposlenih. Slika 1: Evolucija funkcionalne kompleksnosti v nastajajočem teritorialnem sistemu mesta Craiova. Glej angleški del prispevka. Slika 2: Evolucija indeksa funkcionalne kompleksnosti v nastajajočem teritorialnem sistemu mesta Craiova, v Jugozahodni Razvojni Regiji Oltenije. Glej angleški del prispevka. Slika 2 kaže koncentracijo visokih vrednosti funkcionalne kompleksnosti vzdolž razvojnih koridorjev, kjer je veliko podjetij zaradi številnih konkurenčnih prednosti. Najpomembnejša koncentracija podjetij, z najvišjimi vrednostmi funkcionalne kompleksnosti do leta 2010, je bila izmerjena na naslednjih področjih: I^alnita (9.9), Breasta (6.8), Preajba (5.3), Mischii (4.9), Carcea (4.5), Podari (4.3), Malu Mare (4.3). Število podjetij na nivoju celotnega nastajajočega sistema je povečalo od 224 v letu 2001 do 632 v letu 2010 (Slika 3). Slika 3: Evolucija števila podjetij v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov mesta Craiova. Glej angleški del prispevka. Slika 4: Evolucija števila podjetij v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov mesta Craiova. Glej angleški del prispevka. Najpomembnejša povečanja v letu 2010 v primerjavi z letom 2001 so bila zabeležena v občinah Carcea, I^alnita, Piele^ti, Malu Mare, Bucovat in Podari (Slika 4). Povečanje števila podjetij je ugotovila ustanovitev Industrijskega Parka mesta Craiova v letu 2004, kar je prišlo do povečanja števila podjetij v občinah Carcea in Piele^ti. V drugih občinah, povečanje števila podjetij je ugotovil razvoj prometne infrastrukture, ki je olajšala dostop do mesta Craiova in koncentracija podjetij vzdolž teh cestah. V zvezi s področji dejavnosti (šifra SKD), največja povečanja števila podjetij so bila registrirana v področju trgovine na drobno v specializiranih in nespecializiranih prodajalnah gradbeništva in cestnega prevoza blaga. Na teh gospodarskih dejavnostih, potreba za prostor je privedla do selitve podjetij iz mesta v predmestje. Evolucija števila zaposlenih sledi trendu, ki ga so registrirala tudi podjetja, ali brez spektakularnih povečanj (Slika 5). Povečanje na nivoju celotnega nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema je bilo od 3.035 zaposlenih v letu 2001 do 7.308 v letu 2010, z najvišjo vrednostjo 8.195 zaposlenih v letu 2008. Spreminjajoča evolucija je posledica ekonomskih politik na vladni ravni. Reforme, izvajane med 2000 in 2005 so privedle do razvoja podjetniškega sektorja, z ustvarjanjem novih podjetij in povečanjem števila zaposlenih (Slika 6). Slika 5: Evolucija števila zaposlenih v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov mesta Craiova Glej angleški del prispevka. Slika 6: Razmerja odvisnosti med številom podjetij in število zaposlenih v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov mesta Craiova. Glej angleški del prispevka. Znižanje števila zaposlenih po letu 2008 je bila posledica gospodarske recesije, kar je privedlo do tega, da velika podjetja so odpustila veliko število zaposlenih. Večina odpuščanji je prišlo v naslednjih gospodarskih sektorjih: proizvodnja letal, proizvodnja plastičnih materialov za gradbeništvo, gradnja cest in avtocest in perutninske farme. Slika 7: Evolucija števila zaposlenih v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov v mestu Craiova Glej angleški del prispevka. Na nivoju celotnega območja, poudarjeno je povečanje števila zaposlenih v občini Piele^ti, kjer je razvoj prometne infrastrukture ugotovil os organizacije vzdolž evropske ceste E70 (Slika 7). Dovršitev obvoznice na severnem delu mesta, ki je prevzela tranzitni promet, je olajšala funkcionalno razporeditev prostorja, s selitvijo podjetij iz mesta v predmestje. Evolucija dobička in evolucija prometa sta pomembni karakteristiki nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov. Kot posledica vladnih politik, izvajanih za podporo podjetniškega sektorja, rasti dobička so bili spektaku-larni in sicer so se spreminjali na nivoju območja glede na vrednost in strukturo gospodarskih področji. Povečanje dobička in prometa je stagniralo v letu 2008, ko so učinki gospodarske recesije postali prvič vidni v statističnem smislu (Slika 8). V primerjavi s sistemom polarizacije mesta Craiova, nastajajoči teritorialni sistem je doživel izjemno rast in omejeno zmanjšanje po letu 2008. Nastajajoči teritorialni sistem je imel podoben trend in je registriral skromno povečanje v obdobju med 2001-2008 in znatno zmanjšanje po letu 2008. Najstrmejša povečanja dobička v okviru nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema v mestu Craiova so zabeležena v mestih Carcea in Piele^ti, kjer se nahaja Industrijski Park mesta Craiova. Na komercialnem nivoju, najpomembnejša povečanja dobička in prometa so bila zabeležena v naslednjih področjih dejavnosti: proizvodnja plastičnih materialov za gradbeništvo, predelava mleka, proizvodnja embalaže, strojne opreme, cestni prevoz blaga. Slika 8: Razmerja med prometom i dobičkom v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov v mestu Craiova. Glej angleški del prispevka. Podjetja v okviru nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov so skoncentrirana vzdolž glavnih cest, ki konvergirajo v polarizirajoče mesto, kar predstavlja prave koridorje za razvoj. Glavni razvojni koridorji so: Craiova-Pie-le§ti, Craiova-I^alnita, Craiova-Podari, Craiova-Carcea in strukturirana os Craiova-§imnic. Gradnja obvoznice na severnem in vzhodnem delu mesta, namenjene za tranzitni promet, je privedla do koncentracije družb vzdolž nje, vse za ustvarjanje dinamične organizirajoče osi, zaradi projektov infrastrukture, izvedenih na tem področju. Podrobna analiza nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema mesta Craiova navaja dejstvo, da to območje deluje kot mestni center, ki je nastal kot posledica zapletene interakcije med polarizirajočim mestom in njegovimi okolicami. Mestni center je sestavljen iz upravnega centra, ki se nahaja v prostorih Industrijskega Parka mesta Craiova in naravnega centra, ki je nastal po selitvi podjetij v predmestje, ker os glavne ceste vodi do polarizirajočega mesta (Slika 9). 4 Sklep Raziskave v področju dinamike podjetniškega sektorja glede nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov dokazuje dejstvo, da je dinamika polarizirajočega centra tesno povezana z evolucijo podjetniškega sektorja v po-lariziranih prostorih v območju. Spektakularni razvoj gospodarskega sektorja mesta Craiova pomeni selitev gospodarskih dejavnosti na meji med mestnim in podeželskem zonami, ki je spoznala znatno povečanje. Koncentracija gospodarskih dejavnosti na podeželski-mestni meji mesta Craiova se je pojavila kot ločeni subjekt, kot nova kakovost nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema, ki je ni mogoče raportirati na sestavne dele sistema. Ta subjekt je treba obravnavati kot celoto, na celovit način, v okviru istega odločilnega konteksta. Glavni zaključek te študije se nanaša na pomembnost infrastrukture v prostorskem strukturiranju gospodarskih dejavnosti v okviru nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema mesta Craiova. Najvišje koncentracije gospodarskih dejavnosti določijo strukturirajoči osi, razviti vzdolž cest, ki povezujejo druge centre nacionalnega policentričnega omrežja (Bukarešta, Balš, Pitešti, Drobeta Turnu Severin, Filiaši, Tg. Jiu). Analiza nastajajočega teritorialnega sistema mesta Craiova poudarja številne disfunkcije na nivoju lokalnih sistemov, disfunkcije zaradi koncentracije gospodarskih dejavnosti v kratkem času. V tem kontekstu, celovit pristop teritorialnih neravnovesij mora se temeljiti na modele teritorialnega upravljanja, ki lahko optimizirajo zapletene teritorialne odnose med komponentami teritorialnega sistema (Glaeser et al., 2010b; Florida, 2002; Glaeser etal., 2010a; Delgado et al., 2010; Peptenatu etal., 2010b; Braghina etal. 2010; Gumruk^uoglu, 2011). Zaključki te študije dokazujejo teorijo nastajajoče evolucije v skladu s katero nastanek novih kakovosti je povsem spontana in nepredvidljiva ker je nastajajoči teritorialni sistem nova kakovost, različen je po svoji dinamiki in značilnostih gospodarskih procesov. Ne moremo govoriti o spontani in nepredvidljivi evoluciji, saj so te prostorske strukture neposredni rezultat odnosa med mestom, z dobro kapaciteto polarizacije in prostorom, ki lahko ponuja številne konkurenčne prednosti. Poleg tega, na evolucijo nastajajočih teritorialnih sistemov lahko vplivajo odločilni impulzi oblikovalcev politike. 5 Zahvale To delo je bilo realizirano v okviru projekta Teritorialno Upravljanje na podlagi Teorije Polov Rasti (UEFICSU-PNII - Ideje, 1950), s pomočjo strateške donacije POSDRU /89/1.5/S/ 58852, Postdoktorski program za usposabljanje znanstvenih raziskovalcev, ki ga sofinancira Evropski Socialni Sklad v okviru Operativnega Sektorskega Programa Razvoj Človeških virov 2007-2013. 6 Literatura Glej angleški del prispevka.