419 Iz virni znans tv eni članek/ Article (1.01) Bogoslovni vestnik/Theological Quarterly 84 (2024) 2, 419—432 Besedilo pr eje t o/R eceiv ed:08/2024; spr eje t o/ Accep t ed:11/2024 UDK/UDC: 159.964 DOI: 10.34291/B V2024/02/K r es © 2024 K r eš e t al., CC B Y 4.0 Barbara Kreš, Robert Cvetek and Mateja Cvetek Authenticity Scale: Psychometric Evaluation of the Slovenian Version Lestvica avtentičnosti: psihometrično ovrednotenje slovenske različice Abstract : The aim of t his s t udy w as t o t r ansla t e , adap t, and p s y c hom e tr ic ally e v a- lua t e the Authen ticity Sc ale in t o the Slo v enian languag e. This in v en t or y w as de v e lope d t o me asur e a tr ipar tit e c once p t of authe n ticity , including se lf -alie- na tion, authen tic living , and accep ting e x t ernal in fluence. Authen ticity is un- derstood as an important factor in various areas of life, such as well-being and success in pr of essional activities, such as p s y chother ap y and c ounselling. Its im por t anc e also e x t e nds t o the fie lds of r e lig ion and spir ituality . The Slo v e nian v er si o n o f th e Au th en tici ty S c al e w as ad mi n i s t er ed t o a samp l e o f 482 S l o v en i- an-speaking adults. Explor a t or y f act or (principal c omponen t) analy sis, c ombi- ned with parallel analysis, revealed a three-factor structure. This three-factor solution supports theor e tic ally meaningful per son-cen tr ed c oncep tualisa tion of authen ticity (self -aliena tion, authen tic living , and accep ting e x t ernal in flu- ence) and c on firms the original solution in English. R eliability analy sis sho w s g ood in t er -it em c onsis t ency (Cr onbach alpha) c oe fficien ts f or all sub sc ales, as w ell as f or the t ot al sc ale (only the fir s t ques tion is some wha t pr oblema tic). Con firma t or y f act or analy sis supports a thr ee- f act or solution and sho w s a g ood fit f or the model. The r esults support the further use of the sc ale as a v alid and r eliable ins trumen t f or measuring the per son-cen tr ed c onceptualisa tion of authen ticity in a Slo v enian-speaking en vir onmen t. Keywords : The Authen ticity Sc ale, authen ticity , p s y chome tric e v alua tion, Slo v eni- an version Povzetek : Cilj r azisk a v e je bil pr e v es ti Les tvic o a v t en tičnos ti v slov enščino , jo prir e- diti in p sihome trično o vr ednotiti. Les tvic a je bila r az vit a z a merjenje tripartitne k oncep tualizir ane a v t en tičnos ti, ki jo ses t a vlja odtujit e v do sebe, a v t en tično ži- vljenje in spr ejemanje zunanjeg a vpliv a. A vt en tičnos t je r azumljena k ot pomem- ben deja vnik z a r azlična življenjsk a podr očja, npr . dobr o počutje, in uspeh v pr o- f esionalnih deja vnos tih, k ot s t a psihot er apija in s v et ov anje. P omembna pa je tudi z a podr očje r eligije in duhovnos ti. Slov ensk a v erzija Les tvice a vt en tičnos ti je bila 420 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 pr e v erjena na v z or cu 482 slov ensk o g ov or ečih odr aslih. Ek splor a t orna f ak t or sk a analiz a (z me t odo gla vnih osi t er oblimin r ot acijo), k ombinir ana s par alelno ana- liz o , je potr dila trif ak t or sk o s truk tur o. T a r ešit e v s tr emi f ak t orji podpir a t eor e tič- no pomenljiv o na osebo osr edot očeno k onceptualiz acijo a vt en tičnos ti (odtujit ev od sebe, a v t en tično življenje in spr ejemanje z unanjih vpliv o v), potrjuje pa tudi r ešit e v anglešk eg a iz virnik a. Analiz a z anesljiv os ti je pok az ala, da ima vpr ašalnik dobr o notr anjo skladnos t, k ar smo pr e v erili s pomočjo k oe ficien t a z anesljiv os ti Cronbach alfa – tako za vse podlestvice, kot tudi za celotno lestvico –, le prvo vpr ašanje je nek olik o pr oblema tično. R e z ult a ti podpir ajo nadaljnjo upor abo le- s tvice k ot v elja vneg a in z anesljiv eg a ins trumen t a z a merjenje a vt en tičnos ti v okvi- ru na osebo osr edot očene psihologije v slov ensk em je zik ovnem ok olju. Ključne besede : Les tvic a a v t en tičnos ti, a v t en tičnos t, p sihome trična e v alv acija, slo- v ensk a r azličic a vpr ašalnik a 1. Introduction Authen ticity is a c or e c oncep t in v arious humanis tic and social sciences, including philosoph y and p s y chology , and it is an import an t c ons truct in humanis tic p s y cho- logy . Acc or ding t o the la tt er , authen ticity c onsis ts of discr epancies be tw een the true self , the per ceiv ed self , and the e xpr essed self (Barne tt and Deutsch 2015, 107). It r e f er s t o the activity of e xpr essing one’ s true self , mak ing deliber a t e cho- i ces an d t aki n g r esp o n si b i l i ty f o r th em, al l r esu l tin g i n a sen se o f w el l - b ei n g an d eng ag emen t in lif e. This de finition of authen ticity off er s possibilities f or diff er en tial beha viour acr oss c on t e x ts, and beha viour only bec omes inauthen tic if the per son e xperiences it as such (Sutt on 2020, 1–2). Authen ticity is about being c ongruen t with one’ s inner e xperience and pr esen- ting oneself hon es tly t o other s. Acc or ding t o Carl R og er s, one of the f ounder s of humanis tic p s y chology , and support ed also b y v arious empiric al s tudies, authen- ticity (and g enuineness and c ongruence as closely r ela t ed c ons tructs) is a k e y c omponen t of p s y chologic al w ell-being and gr o w th (R og er s 1961, 156; Goldman a nd K e r nis 2 0 0 2 , 1 8 –2 0 ; Sutt on 2 0 2 0 ). W he n m o v ing t o w ar ds g r e a t e r a ut he n tic i- ty in psychotherapy, the person is able to come out from behind the masks, to dr op the de f ence mechanisms and c an be mor e openly the per son he/ she r eally is (R og er s 1961, 156). Sheldon e t al. (2012, 1–2) ar e in trigued b y the ques tion of what is the self that the self is being true to, when the self is being true to itself, and ques tion whe ther tha t me ans tha t the self c an someho w lack access t o itself (Sheldon e t al. 2012, 1–2). R og er s (1961) claims tha t bec omi ng authen tic means to become more and more ourselves. A person seems to be trying to discover some thing mor e fundamen t al, some thing mor e r eal about themselv es. The fir s t to be laid aside are the masks which we are to some degree aware of using. This pr ocess of bec oming authen tic bec omes e v en mor e difficult as a per son begins to remove the false faces which were previously unknown and begins to explore the difficult f eelings inside (R og er s, 1961, 250–251). 421 421 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... 1.1 Dimensions of Authenticity R esear cher s ha v e a tt emp t ed t o iden tif y v arious dimensions of authen ticity . W ood e t al. (2008) pr oposed tha t authen ticity has thr ee k e y dimensions: - Self -aliena tion: f eeling out of t ouch with one’ s true self . - Authen tic living: beha ving c onsis t en tly with one’ s inner e xperiences. - Accepting e xt ernal influence: the degr ee t o which one c onf orms t o the e xpec- t a tions of other s. It is import an t t o not e tha t authen ticity is char act eriz ed b y lo w self -aliena tion and lo w accep ting e x t ernal in fluence, not their pr esence. Acc or ding t o multic omponen t c oncep tualiz a tion (K ernis and Goldman 2006, 294–301), authen ticity c an be br ok en do wn in t o f our separ a t e, but in t err ela t ed c omponen ts: a w ar eness (kno wledg e of one’ s motiv es, f eelings, desir es and self - r ele v an t c ognitions), unbiased pr ocessing of self -r ele v an t in f orma tion (objectivity t o one’ s positiv e and neg a tiv e self -aspects, emotions and in t ernal e xperiences e t c.), beha viour (in acc or dance with one’ s v alues, pr e f er ences and needs) and r ela tional orien t a tion (v aluing and s triving f or openness, sincerity and truth fulness in on e’ s close r ela tionship s) (294–301). When individuals ar e able t o fully accep t and embr ace their authen tic selv es without c onditions or mask s, the y e xperience a sense of congruence and wholeness. Individuals can also experience varying degr ees of authen ticity acr oss diff er en t c on t e x ts and r ela tionship s (Ada y and Sch- mader 2019, 1). Schmader and Sedikides (2018, 228) in tr oduced St a t e Authen ti- city as Fit t o the En vir onmen t (S AFE), a c oncep tual fr ame w ork f or under s t anding ho w social iden tities motiv a t e the situa tions tha t people appr oach or a v oid. The S AF E mo d el su g g es ts th a t v ari o u s c o n t e x ts su b tl y si gn al so ci al i d en tities i n w a y s th a t i mp l y each typ e o f fi t, r esu l tin g i n s t a t e au th en tici ty f o r ad v an t ag ed gr o u p s but s t a t e inauthen ticity f or disadv an t ag ed gr oup s. With the pr edisposition tha t people s triv e t o be authen tic, these pr ocesses gr adually lead t o self -segr eg a tion among social gr oup s, r ein f or cing social inequalities. The use of the t erm ‘fit ’ r e f er s specific ally t o f ea tur es of the en vir onmen t tha t ma t ch c or e aspects of the self . Authen ticity is ther e f or e fundamen t ally about how one’ s iden tity fits within a c on t e x t (Schmader and Sedikides 2018, 229). Authen ticity c an also be divided in t o thr ee br oad c a t eg ories, as pr oposed b y Ne wman and Smith (2016). His t oric al authen ticity is assessed thr ough an object ’ s his tory and its association with a v alued per son, place or event. Cat egorical authen ticity is sensitiv e t o the e x t en t t o which an en tity c on f orms t o their e xis ting belie f s about a particular c a t eg or y or type. V alues authen ticity is e v alua tion thr o- ugh an assessmen t of v alues, specific ally the c onsis t ency be tw een an en tity ’ s in- t ernal s t a t es and its e x t ernal e xpr essions (Ne wman 2019, 9–10). Higher authen- ticity and mindfulness r ela t e t o gr ea t er t endencies t o eng ag e self -r ele v an t in f or- ma tion i n a r el a tiv el y non-de f en si v e man ner (L ak e y e t al 2008, 1). Hi gher di spo- sitional authen ticity r ela t es t o man y aspects of adap tiv e functioning , including 422 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 pr oblem- f ocused c oping s tr a t egies, mindfulness, positiv e r ole functioning , health y aspects of self -c oncep t s tructur e, hedonic and eudaimonic w ell-being , authen tic g oal pur suits, lo w v erbal de f ensiv eness and also t o higher c ouple sa tis f action and functioning (K ernis and Goldman 2006, 344). 1.2 Authenticity in Context: Psychological, Social, and Spiritual Connections Authen ticity has been link ed t o other positiv e ps y chologic al out c omes, inclu- ding higher lif e satisf action, self -es teem, and aspects of both subjective and p s y chologic al w ell-being (W ood e t al. 2008, 385; Sutt on 2020, 11). F or e x ample, a s tudy fr om 2019 (W omick e t al. 2019) c on firmed tha t individuals with a hig- her degr ee of authen ticity e xperience mor e positiv e a ff ects, a higher sense of meaning in lif e, and a higher le v el of lif e sa tis f action; the y ar e char act eriz ed by higher self es t eem and a higher le v el of w ell-being. This associa tion with gr ea- t er w ell-being is lik ely t o be due t o both its dir ect e ff ects on w ell-being and its indir ect buff ering e ff ects (Sutt on 2020, 11). Higher authen ticity , as e xpr essed in low er inc ongruences be tw een the thr ee s t ag es of authen tic e xperience (true self , noticed self , and e xpr essed self ), is associa t ed with benign humour s tyles (Barne tt and Deutsch 2016, 107). Lar g er discr epancies in the self as w ell as the impact of e x t ernal in fluences ar e associa t ed with dispar aging humour s tyles. This sug g es ts tha t ther e is a r ela tionship be tw een individuals’ e xperience of the self and their s tyle of humour (107). Individuals with a higher le v el of authen ticity ar e mor e lik ely t o e xperience positiv e emotions and ha v e be tt er ps y chologic al adjus tm e n t; a hig he r le v e l of authe n tic ity has also be e n assoc ia t e d w ith s tr ong e r in t erper sonal r ela tionship s, as authen tic self -e xpr ession f acilit a t es in timacy and trus t (K ernis and Goldman 2006, 344). The s tudy by T ou e t al. (2015) r e v ealed that mor e authentic individuals mor e oft en eng age in conflict s tr a t egies tha t emphasiz e solutions f or both partner s, r a ther than f a v ouring the self (domina- ting s tr a t egy), other s (obliging s tr a t egy), or neither (a v oiding s tr a t egy). P eople who ar e r ela tiv ely mor e authen tic r ar ely use c onflict s tr a t egies tha t ha v e less f ocus on other s. High lev els of authen ticity and c ompassiona t e g oals and low le v els of self -imag e g oals ar e typic ally adaptiv e in r ela tionships, but in the c ase of c on flict, the r ela tionship s ar e mor e c omple x. While c ompassiona t e g oals ma y motiv a t e a per son t o oblig e (sacrifice one’ s own needs), authen ticity motiv a t es an individual to favour the whole picture including both the needs of the self and the other (T ou e t al. 2015, 193). Another in t er es ting aspect of authen ticity is its c onnection with the so-c alled D ark T ri ad ( P au l h u s an d Wi l l i ams 2002) o r D ark T e tr ad ( P au l h u s 2014, 241) . T h e char act eris tic of people with high le v els of dark tr aits (nar cissism, Machia v ellia- nism, p s y chopa th y , sadism) is the pur suit of per sonal g oals o v er shar ed in t er es ts with oth er peop le, which is inc ompa tible with socially sanctioned norms. This is suppose d t o a ff e c ts subje c tiv e authe n tic ity , tr aditionally de fine d as a na tur al t e n- dency t o per ceiv e and pr esen t oneself as g enuine (Bulbuc and Visu-P e tr a 2024, 1). W omick e t al. (2019, 115–125) c on firmed tha t individuals with a higher degr ee 423 423 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... of authen ticity ar e char act eriz ed b y low er le v els of Machia v ellianism, ps y chopa th y , and direct sadism. In contrast to these three elements of the Dark Tetrad, indivi- duals with a higher degr ee of authen ticity ar e char act eriz ed b y a sligh tly higher le v e l of na r c issism . This r aise s t he que s tion of ho w ac c ur a t e ly na r c issis tic indiv i- duals assess their authen ticity (or themselv es in g ener al). In addition, in the gr o- up with a w eak e xpr ession of Dark T riad tr aits, the r ela tionsh ip be tw een authen- ticity and positiv e measur es (meaning in lif e, lif e sa tis f action, e xperience of posi- tiv e a ff ects, self -es t eem, w ell-being) is mor e s tr ongly e xpr essed than in the gr oup with a strong expression of Dark Triad traits. The presence of dark traits reduces the s tr eng th of the r ela tionship be tw een authen ticity and the measur ed positiv e measur es. This r esear ch finding sug g es ts tha t f or those high on the Dark T e tr ad, inauthe n ticity is le ss pr oble ma tic f or pe r sonal w e ll-be ing. In the gr oup with a lo w le v el of authen ticity , the r ela tionship be tw een the e xpr ession of dark tr aits and all meas ur ed po sitiv e char act eris tics w as e v en positiv e. This of c our se r aises the ques tion of ho w accur a t ely people with a lo w le v el of authen ticity assess their w ell-being and other positiv e char act eris tics. But authen ticity ma y be an impor- t an t moder a t or t o c onsider in the r ela tionship be tw een Dark T e tr ad tr aits and w ell-being (W omick e t al 2019 , 123). The dark er types of authen ticity r e flect the i n h er en t d i v er si ty , an d th e i n ad eq u a t e l ab el l i n g o f a g en u i n e d ark au th en tic sel f as inauthen tic should be a v oided (Bulbuc and Visu-P e tr a 2014, 8). Authen ticity or ‘to be that self which one truly is’ is a path to well-being. However, among indivi- duals with dark per sonalities, inauthen ticity is not as harm ful f or per sonal w ell- being as it may provide a context in which such socially undesirable traits are associated with higher well-being. Authen ticity undeniably in t er sects with spiritual and r eligious dimensions, a c onnection tha t has been lar g e ly o v erlook ed in empiric al r esear ch. Acc or ding t o Chris ty e t al. (2020, 133), r eligions uniquely emphasiz e tr anscendence, univ er sa- lism, and ultima t e ques tions about r eality and the g ood, pot en tially e x erting a mor e c ompr ehensiv e in fluence on individuals’ liv es than other c ommunities and ser ving as a pot en t sour ce of e xperienced authen ticity . The author s further ar gue t ha t the r e la tionship be t w e e n r e lig ion and aut he n tic ity is c om ple x, in flue nc e d b y diff e r e nc e s be tw e e n spe c ific r e lig ions, v ar y ing de g r e e s of tr ansc e nde n t or ie n t a- tion, per son-en vir onmen t fit, and the in t erpla y of situa tional-en vir onmen t al f ac- t or s, pe r sonal or ie n t a tions, and social ide n titie s. F or e x ample , a r e ce n t s tudy b y T ope r , Se llm an, and J ose ph (2 0 2 3 , 1 ) de m ons tr a t e d tha t the positiv e c or r e la tions be tw e e n authe n ticity and he lping a ttitude s of altruism, as w e ll as r e ce iv ing and giving , w er e media t ed b y self -tr anscendence. R og er s (1980, 130) as tut ely ob ser- v ed tha t ther apeutic and gr oup e xperiences oft en enc ompass the tr anscenden t, the ine ff able, and the spiritual. E v en he c andidly admitt ed t o ha ving under es tima- t ed the signific ance of this spiritual f ace t, a sen timen t lik ely shar ed b y man y in his field. The de v elopmen t of a measur e f or assessing authen ticity in Slo v ene c ould help t o fill this r esear ch g ap and f acilit a t e mor e c ompr ehensiv e s tudies on the in tric a t e r ela tionship be tw een authen ticity , spirituality , and r eligious dimensions in diverse cultural contexts. 424 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 Authen ticity has been s tudied in v arious c on t e xts, including the w orkplace. Cultiv a ting authen ticity oft en in v olv es self -a w ar eness, self -accep t ance, and the courage to express one’s true thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. These are very im- port an t c omponen ts of diff er en t p s y chother apeutic appr oaches. The Americ an P s y c holog ic al A ssocia tion’ s Guide line s on E v ide nce -Base d P s y c holog ic al P r actic e in Health Car e (AP A 2021) describe c ongruence and authen ticity as one of the f our import an t f ace ts of the ther apeutic r ela tionship (the other thr ee ar e empa th y , goal consensus, and collabor a tion) tha t pow erfully pr edict pa tien t out c omes acr oss tr ea tmen t modalities (12). The issue of authen ticity seems t o be import an t f or futur e r esear ch in p s y chology and p s y chother ap y; ther e f or e, the measur e f or assessing authenticity f or Slovene cultur al conte xts is of gr eat inter est. The Authen ticity Sc ale (W ood e t al. 2008) is curr en tly one of the mos t known and used sc ales t o assess authen ticity as it is under s t ood in per son-cen tr ed c oncep tualiz a- tion or model, de fining authen ticity as c ongruence be tw een one’ s in t ernal s t a t es, awareness, and expression. 2. Method 2.1 Participants The sample f or the s tudy consis t ed of 482 volunt eer participants, 67% wer e w omen and 38% men, with a mean ag e of 33.6 y ear s and a s t andar d de via tion of 1 1 .8 , r a ng ing fr om 1 8 t o 7 1 y e ar s. A ll pa r tic ipan t s w e r e r e side n t s of Slo v e nia w ho w er e pr oficien t in the Slo v ene languag e. R e g ar ding m ar it al s t a tus, 1 73 (44 .7 %) par ticipan ts w e r e in par tne r ship but not married, 103 participan ts r eport ed being married (26.6%), 95 (24.5%) participan ts w er e sin gle, 11 (2.8%) w er e di v or ced, and 1 (0.3%) w as wido w ed. 4 participan ts (1.0%) r eport ed some thing else, and other didn’t r eport their s t a tus. Mos t participan ts (110, 28.5%) r eport ed ha ving a univ er sity degr ee, sec ond Bolog na de g r e e , or e quiv ale n t, 1 00 (25 .9 %) had a fir s t Bolog na de g r e e or e quiv a- le n t, 108 (28%) had c omple t e d se c ondar y school e duc a tion, 36 (9.3%) had a spe- cialisa tion or Mas t er of Science degr ee, 8 (2.1%) had primar y school educ a tion and 1 (0.3%) r eport ed some thing else and other s didn’t r eport their educ a tion. 2.2 Measures The Authen ticity Sc ale (W ood, Linle y , Maltby , Baliousis, and Joseph 2008) w as used in the s tudy . It is a self -r eport ins trumen t designed t o measur e authen ticity in individuals. Originally, the scale consists of 12 items, capturing three facets of authen ticity: self -aliena tion, authen tic living , and accep ting e xt ernal in fluence. P articipan ts r espond t o each it em using a se v en-poin t Lik ert sc ale r anging fr om “does not describe me at all” to “describes me very well”. This scale enables rese- archers to assess the degree to which individuals feel true to themselves versus f eeling in fluenced b y e x t ernal pr essur es. 425 425 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... The thr ee dimensions of the original English v er sion of the AS ar e: - Self-alienation - assessing the extent to which individuals feel out of touch with their true self. - Authentic living - measuring how much individuals behave in accordance with their own values, desires, and beliefs. - Accepting external influence - measuring the extent to which individuals con- f orm t o other people’ s e xpect a tions a t the e xpense of their own v alues. In the original v alida tion s tudy , f act or analy sis w as utiliz ed t o c on firm the thr ee- f act or s tructur e of the sc ale, r e flecting these dimensions (N=275). The Authen ti- city Sc ale has been used in se v er al s tudies t o e x amine the r e la tionship be tw een authen ticity and p s y chologic al w ell-being , sho wing tha t higher sc or es on living authen tic ally and lo w er sc or es on self -aliena tion and accep ting e x t ernal in fluen- ces ar e associa t ed with be tt er men t al health out c omes. Gr ég oir e, Bar on , Ménar d, and Lachance (2014, 346–355) adap t ed AS in t o the French language. Exploratory factor analysis of the French version resulted in a thr ee- f act or solution (60.15% of the v ariance e xplained), c on firming the sc ale’ s original s tructur e c onsis ting of self -aliena tion, authen tic living , and accepting e x t e r na l in flue nc e . This solution w as c on fir m e d w it h c on fir m a t or y f a c t or a na ly sis (Gr ég oi r e, Bar on, Ménar d, and Lachance 2014) c onsi s t en t wi th the ori gi nal sc al e, and demonstrated good reliability and stability. 2.3 Translation Process The tr ansla tion pr ocess in t o the Slov enian languag e mainly f ollow ed the s t andar d tr ansla tion pr ocess. Appr ov al w as obt ained fr om the Americ an P s y chologic al Asso- cia tion (c opyrigh t holder) t o tr ansla t e and adapt the sc ale t o the Slov ene languag e. The English version of the AS was independently translated into the Slovenian lan- guag e by thr ee tr ansla t or s, who w er e pr oficien t in both English and Slov enian lan- guage. The three versions were compared by the translators, and inconsistencies in their tr anslations wer e discussed. A consensus w as r eached f or all it ems. This v er sion w as pr e-t es t ed; it w as used and analy sed by s tuden ts in a pos tgr adua t e c our se on research methods in marital and family studies at the University of Ljubljana. The s tuden ts v olun t arily adminis t er ed it f or t es ting thr ough their social ne tw ork s t o 32 participan ts (ag es r ang ed fr om 21 t o 46). The da t a w er e used t o show some basic psychometric analyses based on the collected data and to evaluate the understan- ding, comprehensibility, and suitability of the items. The scale was also checked by a Slo v enian pr oof -r eader . Based upon f eedback, some minor aspects of the tr an- sla t ed v er sion w er e discussed b y tr ansla t or s and r esear cher s and w er e modified t o bes t ensur e tha t the ques tionnair e w as w ell adap t ed f or use within a Slo v ene cultur al c on t e xt. A na tiv e English-speaking tr ansla t or , who had not seen the origi- nal English version, then translated the Slovenian version of the AS back into the English ( b a c k - tr ansla tion). T r anslat or s and r esear cher s compar ed the original v er sion and the back-translated version about the similarity in language and meaning, ad no impor- t an t diff er ences w er e f ound. The tr ansla t ed v er sion c an be f ound in the Appendix. 426 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 2.4 Procedure Once tr ansla t ed, the AS and a short demogr aphic ques tionna ir e w er e adminis t e- r ed t o v olun t ee r participan ts r ecruit ed online thr ough social ne tw ork s using the online sur v e y t ool “1k a” . The online da t a c ollection me thod has been criticised b y som e r e se ar c he r s, but the r e is s tr ong e m pir ic al e v ide nc e sug g e s ting tha t the r esults fr om these da t a ar e c onsis t en t with findings fr om tr aditional me thods (Go- sling e t al. 2004, 93). The r esults w er e analy sed using J AMO VI (v er sion 2.4.14.0). 3. Results 3.1 Descriptive Statistics on Item Level Means, s t andar d de via tions, k urt osis and sk e wness on the it em le v el of the tr an- sla t ed AS ar e pr esen t ed in T able 1. The it em means r ang ed fr om 2.95 t o 6.12, k urt osis fr om -1.14 t o 3.72 and sk e wness fr om -1.85 t o 0.66. AS Item M Md SD Skewness Kurtosis 1 6,12 7,00 1,24 -1,85 3,72 2 3,40 3,00 1,88 0,28 -1,14 3 3,92 4,00 1,71 -0,06 -1,02 4 3,34 3,00 1,62 0,24 -0,81 5 3,98 4,00 1,82 -0,06 -1,12 6 3,69 4,00 1,62 0,01 -0,93 7 2,95 2,00 1,77 0,65 -0,73 8 5,70 6,00 1,33 -1,14 1,14 9 5,56 6,00 1,29 -1,04 1,01 10 3,30 3,00 1,84 0,38 -1,01 11 5,78 6,00 1,13 -0,99 1,21 12 2,95 2,00 1,80 0,66 -0,68 Note. N=271. M – arithmetic mean. Md – median. Table 1: Descriptive statistics on item level for the Authenticity Scale. 3.2 Principal Axis Exploratory Factor Analysis with Oblimin Rotation An e xplo r a t or y f act or analy sis with the principal a xis me thod and oblimin r ot a ti- on was computed. First, we checked the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling ad eq u acy , an d th e r esu l ts sh o w ed th a t th e samp l e w as ad eq u a t e ( KMO=0. 881) . W e also perf ormed Bartle tt ’ s t es t of sphericity , and the t es t w as signific an t (χ2 (482) = 2620, sig. < 0.001), indic a ting tha t nonz er o c orr ela tions e xis t within the da t a se t. Based on these g ood r esults, w e pr oceed with c alcula ting f act or analy sis. Dir ect oblimin (also used in the original sc ale) w as used due t o the theor e tic al assump tion tha t the AS f act or s ar e c orr ela t ed. 427 427 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... R eg ar ding the rule f or e x tr action since K aiser Guttman crit erion is described in the lit er a tur e as someho w pr oblema tic (Ha y t on, Allen, and Sc arpello 2004, 193), pr oposed par allel analy sis (P A) (Ha y t on, Allen, and Sc arpello 2004) w as used t o determine the number of factors to retain. The results of the PA showed that three f act or s should be r e t ained. The r esults sho w ed a thr ee- f act or solution acc oun ting f or 56.5% of the v ariance, f act or 1 (indic a ting self -aliena tion) e xplaining 22.7% of th e v ari an ce, f act o r 2 (i n d i c a tin g accep tin g e x t ern al i n flu en ce) e xp l ai n i n g 19. 6% of the v ariance and f act or 3 (indic a ting authe n tic living) e xplaining 14.2%. T able 2 sho w s the f act or loadings and c ommunalities. Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Communalities Item 1 AS 0.309 0.87 Item 2 AS 0.714 0.46 Item 3 AS 0.715 0.45 Item 4 AS 0.680 0.50 It em 5 AS 0.774 0.41 Item 6 AS 0.842 0.31 It em 7 AS 0.814 0.32 Item 8 AS 0.809 0.38 It em 9 AS 0.792 0.34 Item 10 AS 0.859 0.30 Item 11 AS 0.505 0.63 Item 12 AS 0.829 0.309 0.30 Note. AS – Authenticity Scale. Factor loadings 0.30 or higher are indicated. Table 2: Exploratory factor analysis with principal axis method results for Authenticity Scale: Oblimin factor loadings for three factors solution. The load ings of the AS it ems r ang ed fr om 0.309 t o 0.859. The ab solut e loadin- gs f or the it ems of the self -aliena tion sub sc ale f act or r ang ed fr om 0.714 t o 0.859, f o r th e accep tin g e x t ern al i n fl u en ce su b sc al e f act o r fr o m 0. 680 t o 0. 842 an d f o r the authen tic living sub sc ale f act or fr om 0,309 t o 0,809. Aft er the e xplor a t or y f act or analy sis, a c on firma t or y f act or analy sis using the ma ximum lik elihood f act or t o t es t the g oodness of fit w as c omput ed. As in the original version, the three-factor model was tested. These three factors were per- mitt e d t o c or r e la t e in the c alcula tions. T able 3 sho w s the s t andar dise d r e g r e ssion w eigh ts and model fit s t a tis tics f or the model t es t ed. AS Three-Factor Model Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Item 1 AS --- --- 0.358 Item 2 AS 0.739 --- --- Item 3 AS --- 0.756 --- 428 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 Item 4 AS --- 0.708 --- It em 5 AS --- 0.753 --- Item 6 AS --- 0.833 --- It em 7 AS 0.826 --- --- Item 8 AS --- --- 0.771 It em 9 AS --- --- 0.825 Item 10 AS 0.839 --- --- Item 11 AS --- --- 0.587 Item 12 AS 0.840 --- --- Model fit indices χ2 = 98.2, df= 51, χ2/df=1.925, p<0.001, CFI = 0.982, TLI = 0.976, RMSE A = 0.044 Note. AS – Slovene version of Authenticity Scale. All factor loadings are significant at p<.001. Table 3: Standardised estimates of factor loading and model fit statistics - results of Confir- matory Factor Analytic Test for three-factor models. The r esults sug g es t tha t the pr oposed thr ee- f act or model is c on firmed. Altho- ugh the Chi-squar e is s t atis tically significant (χ2 = 98.2, df= 51, χ2/df=1.925, p<0.001), other indices of mod el fit (the R oot Mean Squar e Err or s of Appr o xima- tion [RMSE A] = 0.044; Compar a tiv e Fit Inde x es [CFI] = 0.982; T uck er -Le wis Inde x [TLI] = 0.976) indic a t e g ood fit and the y indic a t e tha t the model finds support. The y c omply with the crit eria f or g ood fit (Lópe z, Jódar , and MacDonald 2017, 1115); the CFI is high abo v e the crit erion (0.90 and abo v e (Ho lmes-Smith 2011)), the RMSE A is belo w 0.08, e v en belo w 0.05 (lo w er v alues indic a t e be tt er fit, 0.08 is g e ner ally vie w ed as pr o vidin g e vidence of adequa t e fit, f or a de t ailed discussi- on see B yrne (2010, 80-81)). The T uck er -Le wis Inde x pr oduces a v alue high abo v e 0.90 and also indic a ting a g ood fit. The s t andar diz ed f act or c o v ariance es tima t es be tw een the thr ee f act or s ar e moder a t e, namely be tw een self -aliena tion and accepting e xt ernal in fluence is 0.601, be tw een the self -aliena tion sub sc ale and the authen tic living sub sc ale is -0.447 and be tw een the accep ting e x t ernal in fluence sub sc ale and the authen tic living sub sc ale is -0.503. 3.3 Descriptive and Reliability Statistics of Si-RES Means, s t andar d de via tions, minimums, ma ximums, and Cr onbach alpha r eliabi- lity c oe fficien ts f or both thr ee sub sc ales (along with the t ot al sc ale) of AS w er e c alcula t ed and pr esen t ed in T able 4. All Cr onbach alpha c oe fficien ts r e flect g ood r eliability , only the self -aliena tion sub sc ale has a sligh tly lo w er (0.725) r eliability due t o the fir s t ques tion. M Md SD Skewness Kurtosis Min. Max. Cronbach Alpha AS Self -aliena tion 12.6 12.00 6.28 0.426 -0.743 4.00 28.00 0.884 AS Accep ting e x t ernal in fluence 14.9 15.00 5.60 0.0649 -0.749 4.00 28.00 0.846 429 429 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... AS Authen tic living 23.2 24.00 3.70 -0.853 .479 10.00 28.00 0.725 AS 59.6 60.00 12.5 -0.335 -0.427 23 84 0.876 Note. N=482. M – arithmetic mean. Md – median. Min. – minimum. Max. – maximum. AS - Authenticity scale. Table 4: Descriptive and Reliability Statistics for the AS subscales and AS total score. 4. D iscussion Ther e is a lack of measur es of authen ticity in Slo v enia. In f act, w e do not kno w of any that have been translated, adapted, and psychometrically evaluated to be used for research and other purposes. Therefore, our study evaluated one such sc ale: the Slo v enian v er sion of The Authen ticity Sc ale (W ood, Linle y , Maltb y , Ba- l i o u si s an d Jo sep h 2008), a sel f -r ep ort i ns tru men t d esi gn ed t o measu r e au th en- ticity in individuals. Descrip tiv e s t a tis tics a t the it em le v el r e v ealed some in t er es ting pa tt erns. The it em me ans r ang ed fr om 2.95 t o 6.12, indic a ting tha t Slo v enian r esponden ts g e- ne r ally e ndor se d authe n ticity -r e la t e d s t a t e m e n ts positiv e ly . Ho w e v e r , the v ar ia- bility of the r esponses (as indic a t ed b y the s t andar d de via tions and the r ang e of sk e wness and k urt osis v alues) sug g es ts tha t the sc ale e ff ectiv ely c ap tur es indivi- dual diff er ences in authen ticity within the Slo v enian popula tion. The it em with the highes t mea n (6.12) w as fr om the authen tic living sub sc ale, sug g es ting tha t Slo v enian participan ts s tr ongly endor se the import ance of being true t o oneself . Con v er sely , it ems fr om the self -aliena tion sub sc ale had lo w er me- ans, sug g e s ting tha t on a v e r ag e , par ticipan ts did not s tr ong ly ide n tif y with f e e lin- g s of disc onne ction fr om the ir tr ue se lv e s. The se pa tt e r ns ar e c onsis t e n t w ith the theor e tic al underpinnings of authen ticity as a positiv e ps y chologic al c ons truct associated with well-being. The r esults of our s tudy pr o vide support f or the p s y chome tric pr operties of our adap t a tion of the Authen ticity Sc ale. W e f ound g ood r eliability (Cr onbach’ s alpha) f o r th e sel f -al i en a tio n (0. 884) an d accep tin g e x t ern al i n fl u en ce (0. 846) su b sc al es, as w ell as f or the o v er all sc ale (0.876). Only the authen tic living sub sc ale has a sligh tly low er Cr onbach’ s alpha r eliability , but it is s till accept able (0.725). The measur es of r eliability and also other p s y chome tric char act eris tics (e. g., arithme- tic means of dimensions) ar e mainly c onsis t en t (r eliability c oe fficien ts ar e e v en sligh tly gr ea t er , e x cep t of the men tioned authen tic living sub sc ale) with published r esear ch of the Authen ticity sc ale. Namely W ood e t al. r eport ed Cr onbach alpha fr om 0,77 t o 0,81 f or original English v er sion and Gr ég oir e e t al. r eport ed Cr on- bach alpha fr om 0,73 t o 0,78 f or the Fr anch v er sion (Gr ég oir e, Bar on, Ménar d, and Lachance 2014, 350). The sligh tly low er r eliability is mainly due t o the fir s t ques tion (“I think it is bett er t o be y our self than t o be popular ”), t o which 51.2% (Md=7) of r esponden ts g a v e the highes t possible lev el of agr eemen t. In the Slov enian con t e xt, the tr ade-off betw een 430 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 being oneself and being popular ma y be view ed sligh tly diff er en tly than in the origi- nal English-speaking sample (W ood, Linley , Maltby , Baliousis, & Joseph 2008). This ma y r e flect cultur al diff er ences in individualism v er sus c ollectivism, or in the social desir ability of authen ticity v er sus c on f ormity . It c ould also r e flect some chang es in socie ty in g ener al, since mor e than 15 y ear s ha v e passed since the original s tudy . Futur e r esear ch c ould e xplor e these pot en tial cultur al diff er ences in mor e dep th, perhaps using qualit a tiv e me thods or cr oss-cultur al c ompar a tiv e s tudies. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, consistent with the original sc ale dev eloped by W ood e t al. (2008). This s tructur e, c omprising sel f -al i en a tio n , au th en tic l i vi n g , an d accep tin g e x t ern al i n flu en ce, acc o u n t ed f o r 56.5% of the t ot al v ariance. This finding sug g es ts tha t the c oncep tualiz a tion of authen ticity as a multidimensional c ons truct tr ansla t es w ell acr oss cultur al boun- daries, from the original English-speaking context to the Slovenian one. It’s note- worthy that the factor loadings for most items were strong, ranging from 0.680 t o 0.859 f or self -aliena tion and accepting e xt ernal in fluence. How e v er , the authen- tic living sub sc ale sho w ed mor e v ariability in f act or loadings (0.309 t o 0.809). This pa tt ern sug g es ts tha t while the c oncep ts of self -aliena tion and e x t ernal in fluence tr ansla t e quit e unif ormly t o the Slo v enian c on t e x t, the notion of authen tic living ma y ha v e some cultur al nuances tha t w arr an t further in v es tig a tion. Con firma t or y f act or analy sis further support ed this thr ee- f act or model, with g ood fit indices (CFI = 0.982, TLI = 0.976, RMSE A = 0.044). These r esults align clo- sely with those r eport ed in the original v alida tion s tudy and sub sequen t adap t a- tions, such as the Fr ench v er sion b y Gr ég oir e e t al. (2014). This c onsis t ency acr oss diff er en t cultur al adap t a tions lends cr edence t o the r obus tness of the Authen ti- city sc ale’ s underlying theor e tic al model and its cr oss-cultur al applic ability . The moder a t e c orr ela tions be tw een the thr ee f act or s (r anging fr om -0.447 t o 0.601) sug g es t tha t while these aspects of authen ticity ar e r ela t ed, the y ar e also dis tinc t c ons t r uc t s in t he Slo v e nian c on t e x t . This suppor ts t he m ultidim e nsiona l c onceptualiz a tion of authen ticity and indic a t es tha t Slov enian individuals ma y e xperience v ar ying le v els of authen ticity acr oss these diff er en t domains. The v alida tion of the Slo v enian Authen ticity Sc ale opens up man y possibilities f or r e se ar ch and pr actice in p s y chology , p s y chothe r ap y , r e ligion, spirituality and r ela t ed fields within Slo v enia. R esear cher s c an use this t ool t o e xplor e the r ela ti- onship s be tw een authen ticity and v arious p s y chologic al out c omes in the Slo v e- nian popula tion. F or ins t ance, giv en the es t ablished link s be tw een authen ticity and w ell-being in other cultur es (W ood e t al. 2008; Sutt on 2020), futur e s tudies c ould in v es tig a t e whe ther similar associa tions e xis t in Slo v enia, and if ther e ar e an y unique cultur al moder a t or s of these r ela tionship s. While this s tudy pr o vides s tr ong initial support f or the Slo v enian v er sion of the Authen ticity Sc ale, sev er al limit a tions should be addr essed in futur e r esear ch. Fir s t, the sample, while div er se in ag e and educ a tion, w as pr edominan tly f emale (67%). Futur e s tudie s should aim f or a mor e balance d g e nde r r e pr e se n t a tion t o e nsur e the scale’s applicability across genders in Slovenia. Secondly, test-retest reliability 431 431 Barbara Kreš et al. - Authenticity Scale ... was not assessed in this study. Future research should examine the temporal sta- bility of the Slov enian v er sion of the Authen ticity Sc ale t o further es t ablish its p s y c hom e t r ic pr ope r tie s. I n addition, c on v e r g e n t and disc r im inan t v alidity c ould be e xplor ed b y e x amining c orr ela tions with r ela t ed c ons tructs such as w ell-being , self -es t eem, and per sonality tr aits in the Slov enian popula tion. 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T h e a u t h e n ti c p e r s o n a l i t y : A t h e o r e ti c a l a n d e m p i r i c al c o n c e p tu ali z a ti o n an d t h e d ev e- l o p m e n t o f t h e Au t h e n ti c i t y S c a l e. Journal of Counseling Psychology 55, n o. 3 :3 8 5 – 39 9 . Appendix THE SLOVENE-LANGUAGE VERSION OF THE AUTHENTICITY SCALE (AS): 1. Menim, da je bolje biti t o , k ar si, k ot biti popular en. 2. Ne v em, k ak o se v sebi z ar es počutim. 3. Mnenja drugih močno vpliv ajo name. 4. Obič ajno nar edim, k ar mi drugi r ečejo , naj nar edim. 5. V e dno imam občut ek, da mor am nar editi t o , k ar drugi prič ak ujejo od mene. 6. Drugi ljudje močno vpliv ajo name. 7. Občut ek imam, da se ne po znam z elo dobr o. 8. V edno s t ojim z a tis tim, v k ar v erjamem. 9. V v ečini situacij sem z v es t/-a sami/ samemu sebi. 10. Čutim, da nisem v s tik u s s v ojim »pr a vim jaz om«. 11. Živim v skladu s s v ojimi vr ednot ami in pr eprič anji. 12. P očutim se odtujen/-a od same/-g a sebe.