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Božena Lipej, M Se. 
MVOUP-Republiška geodetsk,a uprava, Ljubljana 
Received far publication: May 28, 1992 
Abstract 
The paper deals with expected changes ;n spatial planning as 
a result of changes of national development concepts and on 
the influence of GIS technology to databases modelling in 
surveying and planning. 
Keywords: databases, GIS, Postojno, Slovenia, spatial 
planning, surveying, XII. Sedlar's meeting, .l992 
INTRODUCTION 
ue to the independence of Slovenia and other not directly irelated and 
simultaneous processes the spatial policy of a new sta te is also in th,:o process 
of changes. Market orientation and free enterprise open new demands and 
possibilities in modelling development strategies. In future system planning will have 
to rely on minimal standardization, with more intensive results e!aboration, guidance, 
checking and monitoring. Spatial plans (national, regional, local) should be designed 
ona long range with a short term annual guidance of development and along with 
simultaneous conformation to new changes. Also the expected reorganization of Iocal 
self-government will effect the new competence rearrangement in communes, regions 
and on the state level. 
SETTING UP GISs 
astering pianning process procedures demands systematic collection, 
maintenance, processing and distribution of spatial e. g. geographically orienlecl 
and currently mainta.ined basic data. 1echniques and methods ofwork must be precise, 
rational and exact New technologies, especially on the field of computer science, have 
sped up the development of systems, which support more objective decision-making, 
managing and planning. The interest for GISs (Geographical Information Systems) is 
noted for some tirne and in some countries these systems are beeing introduced as 
standards or standard technologies. 
Geodetski vestnik 36 (1992) -, 
hronologically 3 phases in GISs development can be monitored: 
o pioneer introduction of GISs and pilot projects from the first beginnings of 
geoprocessing in 1960s (and more intensive around 1970-1985); 
o e!aboration ofnumerous applications for land cadastre, topography, natural and 
cultural heritage protection, environmental protection, town-planning and 
regional planning, management and other applications ( around 1985-1990); 
• general application on research and operational leve! (around 1990-2000). 
efinitions on GISs have been given by many authors (Arnoff, Carter, Dueker, 
Smith, Borrough and others). According to a simplified explanation they can be 
understood as tools, enabling collection and processing of great quantities of 
geographic e. g. spatial data from various data sources with the intention to elaborate 
and display adequate analyses and modellings. Less capable are CAD (Computer 
Aided-Design) systems, which enable only automatic mapping, which has in the past 
increased productivity iI} elaboration and maintenance of cartographic material. 
Current G ISs include a corporate da ta base, based on the connection of topologically 
organized graphic and relational attributive database. To function they need 4 b:asic 
components: hardware, software, data and adequately trained staff. According to 
specific applications GISs are divided to cadastral, land, ownership, planning and 
pedological information systems and information systems for natura) resources 
management, market analyses, decision-support, and others. The expansion of GISs 
and their numerous practical applications have been lately encouraging round the 
world and also in Slovenia the.readiness and need to seek possibilities for greater 
mutual connection of branch carriers. 
GIS already supports many procedures like data management, complex graphic algorithms, elementary spatial operations of covering up and various analyses. 
The development and future of GISs is directed towards expert oriented systems 
supported by artiflcial intelligence and towards integrated GISs, while due to 
simplicity and functiona!ity the practical applications will be users oriented.GIS 
already supports many procedures like· data management, complex graphic algorithms, 
elementary spatial operations of covering up and various analyses. The development 
and future of GISs is directed towards expert oriented systems supported by artificial 
intelligence and towards integrated GISs, while due to simplicity and functionality the 
practical applications ,vin be users oriented. 
ditional spatial planning requires e.g. has required in the past quantitative 
alphanumeric and cartographic data. Nowadays the need is for more and more 
qualitative data and models, based on geographic data processing with implicit 
geometric and spatial characteristics. Due to GISs capabilities these concepts and 
technology will have to be included into spatial planning to improve above aU the 
quality of prepared plans. Changes in spatial planning wm be seen in the form of input 
data, possibilities of elaborati on of various qualitative analyses and elaboration of 
scenatio development and the output data, where various possibilities of results 
presentations will be available. General advantages of using GIS system in planning 
are: tirne savings at production and maintenance of cartographic basis, less costly 
maintenance, faster and more objective decision-making, greater reliability of data 
and higher processing standard, faster access to data and information, and other 
Geodetski vestnik 36 (1992) 2 
advantages. Huge expenses in setting upa GIS systern is the setting up of adeguate 
databases and standardization of these vif.ith later reduction of maintenance costs. At 
present we Jack knowledge and tools to process prepared data and make use of their 
versatility. According to available data 70-90 % of expenses go to GIS setting up and 
running spatial databases, which turns out to be a great obligation in cost and tirne. 
NATIONALTOPOGRAPHIC DATABASE SETTING UP 
ithin the frame Qf endeavors of the Ministry of Environment Protection and 
Regional Planning e. g. Republican Mapping and Surveying Adrninistration, 
and in a promotional way last year some projects of methodological and technological 
basics started to be prepared in order to set up digital topographic and othc.!" _surveying 
databases, which ·will be continued with some development projects into this year. 
Designers and planners wm find interesting aU new schemed databases ranging from 
land cadastre, building cadastre and territorial divisions -· of ROTE till topography. In 
this year we can expect finally formed and verified globa! contents and organizational 
model of a system of surveying databases and their subsystems, which - due to their 
nature of basic data about space - are bound to be a basis for setting up information 
systems in other fields. In setting up multipurpose databases usually principles, 
regarding adjustment of criteria of output products, defining spatial data categories, 
scheme of demanded level of accurac-y and evaluation of data sources and their quality, 
are taken into consideration. National topographic database, managed by the 
surveying service, wiU consist of bask topographic elements and their minimal 
attributes. Individual levels still remain to be defined in this topographic database. 
These levels will be in accordance with the already mentioned divisions of some 
activities on the following levels: state, regional and local community level and with 
this accuracy thresholds e. g. 1:250 000, 1:25~50 000 and 1:5 000 (10 000) scales. The 
system wiU have to provide the least possible topological leve! of data strnctures -vvith 
the greatest adaptability for users. 
The development phases of setting up bask topographic databases already include subsystems for digital relief basics with a reference system, digital da ta base of 
buildings, hyqrography and infrastructure objects and devices. In 1992 new vegetation 
projects will be schemed- land use and geographical names - toponyms and a 
separate project of territorial divisions. The selection of elements, which will be 
included into a unique database, depends on the agreed compromise among 
professionally argument based suggestions and financial possibilities of the budget. 
This will result in a solution between an ideally schemed subbases and possibilities of 
a practical realization of the setting up and la ter managing. Project solutions of digital 
databases elaborated, amended and adequately verified e. g. standardized, a beginning 
of an operational setting up according to priorities and mutual agreement can be 
regarded as acceptable. Presumably the most sensible thing to do would be to stan 
with examined accuracy and to prepare surveying databases to be used on state levet 
These set up, they will be available to users of space asa starting point for the 
realization of their information needs. 
t present it is not possible to create an unique database for planning from 
vailable data. Toe developed countries have not yet solved the problem of 
automated generalization of data elements at a transition to an optional accurat--y 
Geodetski vestnik 36 (1992) 2 
(scale). So presumably the planning procedures will come out of three data models for 
great (1:5 000, 1:10 000), medi um (1:25 000, 1:50 000) and small (1:250 000 and 
smaller) scaks, matching the expected levels of planning. The planners' data wili have 
to be adequately reshaped and restructured to achieve qualitative application in 
proposed schemes of data modeis. 
long with assuring nrntuar connectivity of surveying and other systems in Slovenia 
'-tiso connections with the rest of the Europe wm have to be assured, e.g_ via 
CERCO (Commite Europeen des Responsabies de ia Cartographie Officielle) and 
MEGRIN (rviulti--purpose European Ground-Related Information Network) for the 
field of geograpbic information, CORIN (Coordinated Information on the European 
Environment) for environment, and others. The obligation of cooperation and 
coordination beiongs to carrier data institutions. 
CONCLUSION 
!anners as one of the greatest user group of spatial databases need qualitative and 
accurate data to be able to direct spatial development and to be even more on 
equal footing as regards beeing induded into processes of shaping ownership, natura!, 
ecological, and also sotially defined values. Dynamic processes in Slovene territory 
and introduction and appiicmion of GlS technology with elements of spatial 
roanagement in planners' procedures will put forward a demand for a qualitative 
change in data se1ection, preparati.on, processing and application for creating and 
decisions monitoring on all ieve1s of spatial documents preparation. Prior to the latter 
surveying dam will have to adapt too, because they offer frame for new options. 
n important issue isto gain new know1edge, experience, tools and of course 
.1.. inancial means to realize coordinated projects as well in surveying as in planning 
with the aim to support the elaboration of an encouraging strategy of spatial 
clevelopment of the Slovene s tate. 
References: 
Borrrugh, PA, 1987, Princqies of GeogmJiuc Jnfi:,rmaiiat Sy,tem Syrterns frT LaJUl ResaurcesAssesment, Oxfari. 
EgNier; WP., 1990, Coordin.arion Jssues and Managemem Problems in a Multy Department GIS, 
Proceedings of the X AnnualESRI Conference, VoL 1, 1-12. 
Hargitai, P., 1992, A National GIS Database asa Product, EGIS'92, Third European Conference 
and Rmibition on Geographica! Info,mation Systems, Muenchen. 
Larsson, G., 1991, Land Registration and Cadasrral Systems, Too/s for Land Information and 
Management, Essex. 
Ottens, HF.L., 1991, Geographical Information Systems in the Netherlands, Joumal of Economic 
and Sociat Geography (82), No. 4, 306-309. 
Salge, F., 1992, A Geographical Data Interchange Environment for Europe, EGIS'92, Third 
European Conference and Exhibition. on Geographical Information Systems, Muenchen. 
Vlaj, S. er aL, 1992, Delovno gradivo Zakona o lokalni samoupravi, Poročevalec Skupščine 
Republike Slovenije, Posebna številko. z dne 20.3.1992, Ljubljana. 
Wiggins, J.C. et al., 1987, Computing Aspects of a Large Geographical Information System for the 
European Community, Jnt. l. Geographical Information Systems (1), London, No. 1, 77-87. 
Zakon o urejanju prostora, osnutek, 2.9.1991 - interno, Ministrstvo za varstvo okolja in urejanje 
prostora, Ljubljana. 
Review: Frančiška Kočar 
d1: Stanko Pelc 
Geodetski vestnik 36 (1992) 2