© Author(s) 2025. CC Atribution 4.0 License Transmission electron microscopy analysis of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice Presevna elektronska mikroskopija udarnih žil v meteoritu Jesenice Bojan AMBROŽIČ1, Sašo ŠTURM2,3 & Mirijam VRABEC3* 1Center of Excellence on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology – Nanocenter, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: bojan.ambrozic@nanocenter.si 2Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: saso.sturm@ijs.si 3*Faculty for Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department for Geology, Aškerčeva cesta 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; *corresponding author: mirijam.vrabec@ntf.uni-lj.si Prejeto / Received 27. 8. 2021; Sprejeto / Accepted 9. 10. 2025; Objavljeno na spletu / Published online 10. 12. 2025 Key words: chondrite, shock stage, shock veins, metal-sulfide globules, tetrataenite, transmission electron microscopy Ključne besede: hondrit, udarna metamorfoza, udarne žile, kovinsko-sulfidne globule, tetrataenit, presevna elektronska mikroskopija Abstract Meteorite Jesenice is a weakly (S3) shocked ordinary chondrite from Slovenia. The shock event was violent enough to cause localized partial melting of the meteorite and the formation of shock veins. Inside the shock veins, metal-sulfide globules were found, which provided evidence for a post-shock cooling rate of 2.2·105 Ks–1 – 7.4·103 Ks–1. From the mineral paragenesis of the shock veins, shock pressure and peak shock temperature were deduced as 2.5–15 GPa and 1500–2150 °C, respectively. We provide evidence that shock veins were formed via a shear and friction mechanism. Furthermore, the confirmed presence of ordered FeNi metal (tetrataenite) found in the matrix indicates that the shock occurred in the parent body of the meteorite Jesenice. Izvleček Meteorit Jesenice je šibko udarno metamorfoziran (S3) navadni hondrit iz Slovenije. Udarni dogodek je bil dovolj silovit, da je povzročil delno taljenje meteorita in s tem nastanek udarnih žil. V udarnih žilah so bile najdene kovinsko- sulfidne globule, s katerimi smo določili hitrost ohlajanja na 2.2·105 K s–1 – 7.4·103 K s–1. Iz mineralne združbe udarnih žil smo določili najvišji udarni tlak in najvišjo temperature na 2.5–15 GPa oz. 1500–2150 °C. Sklepamo, da je do nastanka žil prišlo z mehanizmom strižnega trenja. V meteoritu smo potrdili tudi obstoj minerala tetrataenita, kar nakazuje, da je do dogodka udarne metamorfoze prišlo znotraj starševskega telesa meteorita Jesenice. Article GEOLOGIJA 68/2, 243-250, Ljubljana 2025 https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2025.010 Introduction Meteorite Jesenice fell on April 9, 2009 on the Mežakla Plateau near the town of Jesenice as a spectacular fireball, frightening the residents (Bischoff et al., 2011). Three stones with a total mass of 3.67 kg were later recovered. Analyses carried out by Bischoff et al. (2011) showed that it is a weakly shocked ordinary (L6 S3) chondrite. The shock stage of the meteorite is a fundamental property because it ref lects the intensity of im- pact processes that shaped the meteorite’s parent body and provides essential information on solar system collisional evolution (Stoff ler et al., 1992). There are several studies on shock veins and the effects of local melting in moderately and strong- ly shocked chondrites (Acosta-Maeda et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2020; Kong & Xie, 2003). However, lo- cal melting in weakly shocked chondrites has been poorly studied (Owocki & Muszyński, 2012; Xie et al., 2006). In the following paper, we study in de- tail the shock veins and the ordered FeNi phase (tetrataenite) in order to better understand the conditions of shock metamorphism in the weakly shocked meteorite Jesenice, specifically the mech- anism of shock vein formation and the subsequent thermal history recorded by the preservation of tetrataenite. 244 Bojan AMBROŽIČ, Sašo ŠTURM & Mirijam VRABEC Experimental section Sample preparation Polished thin sections, 30 μm thick, were pre- pared from the meteorite Jesenice (Fig. 1). For scanning electron microscope observations, the sections were coated with a 3 nm layer of amor- phous carbon to ensure electrical conductivity. Analytical methods Polished thin sections were examined with a Zeiss Axio Z1-m optical microscope (Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana) in transmitted and ref lected light under crossed and parallel polarizers at mag- nifications 100–1000×. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imag- ing was performed using JEOL JSM-5800, JEOL JSM-7600F, FEI Helios NanoLab 650, JEOL JIB- 4601F, and JEOL JSM-840 at facilities in Slove- nia (Jožef Stefan Institute, Nanocenter), Turkey (Sabanci University Nanotechnology Center), and Slovakia (SGIDS, Bratislava). Images were collect- ed using backscattered electrons (BSE), secondary electrons (SE), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and secondary ion imaging (SI), with accelerating voltages of 0.2–30 kV. The maximum spatial resolution of the Helios Nano- Lab 650 was 1.1 nm at 15 kV. Quantitative EDS microanalyses were per- formed on a JEOL JSM-5800 SEM at 20 kV. Spec- tra were acquired for 100 s at a detector dead time of 25–30 % and quantified using mineral stan- dards recalculated to oxides. Calibration was reg- ularly checked against a cobalt standard. WDS analyses were conducted with a CAMECA SX-100 electron microprobe and a JEOL JSM-840 SEM (SGIDS, Bratislava) at 15 kV, 20 nA. Spot analyses determined the chemistry of olivine, py- roxenes, plagioclase, apatite, kamacite, taenite, chromite, and troilite in the meteorite Jesenice. Elements analyzed included F, Na, Si, Al, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and P, along with trace elements in apatite (Y, U, Sr, Ba, REEs, Th, Zn, and V). Calibration standards included LiF (F), al- bite (Na), orthoclase and wollastonite (Si), ortho- clase (K), Al2O3 (Al), NaCl (Cl), wollastonite (Ca), TiO2 (Ti), fayalite (Fe), rhodonite (Mn), forsterite and MgO (Mg), metallic Cr (Cr), metallic Ni (Ni), apatite (P), UO2 (U), barite (Ba, S), CePO4 (Ce), LaPO4(La), NdPO4 (Nd), SmPO4 (Sm), EuPO4 (Eu), GdPO4 (Gd), TbPO4 (Tb), DyPO4 (Dy), HoPO4(Ho), ErPO4 (Er), TmPO4 (Tm), YbPO4 (Yb), ThO2 (Th), willemite (Zn), and metallic V (V). TEM analyses were carried out with JEOL JEM-2010F, JEM-ARM200F, and JEM-2100 in- struments at 200 kV. TEM foils were prepared from selected regions of the meteorite Jesenice. Techniques included high-resolution TEM (HR- TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), STEM, EDS, and bright-/dark-field imaging. The highest resolution (JEM-ARM200F, Sabanci Uni- versity) was 0.08 nm. SAED patterns were indexed against the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). Results Petrography and mineral chemistry of shock veins Optical analysis revealed the presence of 1–2 shock veins per thin section, each measuring ap- proximately 5 × 10 mm. The shock veins in me- teorite Jesenice are up to 1500 µm long and up to 30 µm thick (Fig. 2a). The distribution of the phases present in the shock veins is heterogeneous. Shock veins consist of metallic taenite (FeNi)/troi- lite (FeS) globules, nanocrystalline silicate melt, Fig. 1. Meteorite Jesenice, which fell on 9 April 2009 on the Mežakla Plateau: (a) hand specimen (photo: Miha Jeršek), and (b) polished thin section 1M. 245Transmission electron microscopy analysis of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice and large fragments of silicate minerals. Metallic globules, together with the silicate melt occupy a thicker central part of the shock veins. Fragments of silicate minerals in shock veins are mostly grains of olivine and orthopyroxene (Fig. 2b,c), with grain diameters ranging from 5 to 30 µm. The analyzed olivines are very homo- geneous and predominantly forsteritic (Fo74-75) (Table 1). Orthopyroxenes have enstatite compo- sitions, with XCa = 0.01, XMg = 0.77, and XFe = 0.21. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the olivine grains showed the presence of a large con- centration of dislocations (Fig. 2d,e). However, the simultaneous shock and shear were sufficient to cause these grains to be pulled out of their origi- nal position and moved (possibly a few tens of mi- crons to a few millimeters) along the shock vein. Around large silicate grains, smaller metal-sul- fide globules and submicrometer- to nanocrystal- line silicate grains were found. Smaller metal-sul- fide globules are usually scattered around these grains. Submicrometer-sized silicate grains are usually orthopyroxene, which acts as cement. The size of these grains ranges from 0.5–1 µm. Be- tween the orthopyroxene grains, a cluster of 50 nm rounded olivine grains was observed. Round troi- lite blebs of 10–500 nm in size (similar to metallic globules) are also present (Fig. 2a). Globules Many different types of FeNi/FeS globules oc- cur in the meteorite Jesenice (Fig. 3), which occu- py about 50 vol.% of the shock veins. SEM analy- ses revealed the presence of four different types of FeNi/FeS globules (Fig. 3). The first type is glob- ules of FeNi/FeS intergrowth (Fig. 3b), which are the largest type of globules that were found in the shock veins of the meteorite Jesenice. They occur in two different sizes: 3–15 µm and 100–200 nm. These globules form an almost perfect spherical shape. Some globules are elongated, possibly in the direction of f low (Fig. 3e–f). Secondary den- drites, reported in many other different chondrites (Scott, 1982), are not present. The average width of dendritic elongated FeNi cells is 0.1–1 µm. The second type are globules with dendritic/cellular structure (Fig. 3c), which are rare in this meteor- ite. The third type are irregular globules (Fig. 3d), which are common and can be up to several 10 µm in size. They have a similar internal composition to other types of globules but differ in their irregu- lar shape, which merges with the silicate matrix of the shock vein. The fourth type is deformed glob- ules (Fig. 3e), which were deformed by the shock process and indicate the direction of the melt f low. Fig. 2. Silicates in shock vein: (a) SEM image of a shock vein with marked silicate fragments (Opx – orthopyroxene, Ol – olivine); (b) TEM image of Opx; (c) SAED pattern of Opx; (d) TEM image of an olivine grain with a large number of dislocations; (e) SAED pattern of olivine. 246 Bojan AMBROŽIČ, Sašo ŠTURM & Mirijam VRABEC Globules of FeNi/FeS intergrowth were stud- ied in detail with high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron micros- copy (STEM) analysis, which revealed a complex internal structure (Fig. 4). The main part of the globule consists of the eutectic intergrowth of FeNi/FeS minerals (Fig. 4a–c). Selected area elec- tron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed that all minerals occur in the same crystallographic ori- entation. Within the main globule many smaller, 1–2 µm sized, spherical subglobules occur (Fig. 4a). EDS analysis (Fig. 4d–f) showed that they consist of clinopyroxene with diopsidic composi- tion (XCa = 0.45, XMg = 0.47, and XFe = 0.08), com- pletely different from the orthopyroxenes found outside the shock veins in the host rock. Within the pyroxene subglobules, many smaller (10– 200 nm) troilite blebs with the same crystallo- graphic orientation are found. The main globule is surrounded by a 50–100 nm thick rim (Fig. 4g), Fig. 3. SEM images of globules in shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice: (a) shock vein in the meteorite with globules; (b) globules of FeNi/FeS intergrowth; (c) globules with dendritic/cellular structure; (d) irregular globules; (e) elongated, oval-shaped globule (delineated by a dashed line); (f) heavily deformed FeNi mineral at the edge of the shock vein. 247Transmission electron microscopy analysis of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice which consists of partially crystallized grains of clinopyroxene, as indicated in the corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 4h). The cooling rate of FeNi/FeS globules To estimate cooling rates based on solid-state dendritic microstructures in the metallic phase for pre-shock or parent-body cooling, we used an equation proposed by (Scott, 1982): where R is cooling rate in Ks-1 and d is diameter of the dendrites (or in our case the width of the elongated cells in micrometers, as noted by (Blau & Goldstein, 1975), we estimated the cooling rate at 5.3·105 Ks-1 – 4.2·108 Ks-1. From the size of the globules observed in the meteorite Jesenice we have estimated the post- shock cooling rate, using the equation for a crys- tallizing melt sphere (Tsuchiyama et al., 1980): where R is cooling rate (Ks-1), σ is Stefan-Boltz- mann constant (5.704 × 10−12 Jcm−2s−1K−1), ε is emissivity, Cp is specific heat (Jg −1K−1), ΔHc is en- thalpy of crystallization (Jg−1), ΔTc is temperature interval of crystallization (K), Ta is ambient tem- perature (K), ρ = density (gcm–3), and r is radius of the sphere (in this case FeNi/FeS globules) (cm). We have used the following parameters, which have been adopted from (D’orazio et al., 2009): ɛ = 0.28 (emissivity of molten iron), Cp = 0.66 Jg –1K–1 (average Cp for FeS and FeNi at 1400 K), ΔHc = 298 Jg–1 (average ΔHc for FeS and FeNi at 1400 K), (cooling from 1623 K to 1223 K), Ta = 200 K, ρ = 6.12 gcm–3 and r1 = 0.5 µm in r2 = 15 µm (minimum and maximum diameter of globules present in the meteorite Jesenice). The calculations show a cool- ing rate of 2.2·105 Ks–1 – 7.4·103 Ks–1. Discussion The presence of shock veins filled with FeNi/ FeS metal-troilite intergrowth grains indicate that shock veins formed by shock-induced melting fol- lowed by rapid quenching. Rounded olivine grains, together with a high frequency of dislocations, indicate that the olivine was severely damaged during the shock. For this reason, we have consid- ered the melting temperature of olivine at a given shock pressure as the highest possible temperature during shock metamorphism. On the other hand, the chemical composition of clinopyroxenes in melt veins and the host rock is significantly different, implying the crystallization of clinopyroxenes in veins from the melt during shock metamorphism. Therefore, we propose the crystallization tempera- ture of pyroxene as the lowest possible temperature during shock metamorphism. TEM analyses have shown that FeNi/FeS minerals and clinopyrox- ene present in globules crystallized from melt and Fig. 4. STEM analysis of structures inside of FeNi/FeS globule: (a) HAADF-STEM image of a cross-section of the globule (Tae – taenite, Tro – troilite, Ol – olivine, Cpx – clinopyroxene); (b) detail of taenite/troilite intergrowth; (c) EDS map of taenite/troilite intergrowth; (d–f) EDS maps of a FeNi/FeS globule; (g) detail of globule rim; (h) SAED pattern of globule rim marked on figure g. 248 Bojan AMBROŽIČ, Sašo ŠTURM & Mirijam VRABEC olivine did not melt during shock. This indicates that the peak temperature of shock metamorphism is 1500–2150 °C (Gasparik, 2014). Clinopyroxenes in globules are enriched with FeO compared to clinopyroxenes in the matrix and chondrules, which implies oxidation of the meteorite Jesenice parent body during the impact (Chen et al., 2002). The presence of olivine and Ca-pyroxene and the absence of plagioclase in the shock veins indicate shock pressures of 2.5–15 GPa (Agee et al., 1995). This is in agreement with the previously reported (Bischoff et al., 2011) classification of the meteor- ite Jesenice as an S3 chondrite. Our calculations showed a rapid after-shock cooling rate of 2.2·105 Ks–1 – 7.4·103 Ks–1. Our study showed that taenite in the globules is not surrounded by kamacite, which has been fre- quently reported in similar systems (Scott, 1982). This can be explained by the still ongoing thermal metamorphosis inside the meteorite Jesenice’s parent body (Scott, 1982) after the shock meta- morphic event had occurred for a limited time. The absence of kamacite around taenite in the globules is most readily explained if parent-body thermal metamorphism continued after the shock event; this scenario would imply that the impact preced- ed a period of longer-duration heating, although additional chronological or thermal-history data are required to confirm this sequence. Troilite in- clusions in silicates in globules indicate exsolution of troilite during the shock. FeNi/FeS globules are a consequence of the immiscibility of metal-sul- f ide melt and silicate melt (Chen et al., 2002). The oval shape of some globules could in- dicate the shear direction and that melting by a shear-friction mechanism, as noted by Xie et al. (2011), is the main reason for the formation of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice and that crystallization took place during the shock. We identified an ordered FeNi phase (tetra- taenite) in the meteorite matrix (Fig. 5) with an approximately stoichiometric composition of 50 at.% Ni and 50 at.% Fe. The chemical compo- sition of tetrataenite typically ranges from 46 to 56 at.% Ni (Clarke & Scott, 1980), in agreement with the values observed in the meteorite Jesenice (42–50 at.% Ni). The presence of tetrataenite in the matrix indicates that this ordered FeNi phase most likely formed after the shock event, under low-temperature and slow-cooling conditions, and was therefore not affected by shock. Together with the absence of kamacite in FeNi globules—which suggests that thermal metamorphism continued after the shock but before disruption of the par- ent body—the occurrence of tetrataenite further supports the interpretation that extended par- ent-body metamorphism followed the shock event. Our analyses indicate that the meteorite Jesenice cooled from the peak temperature of thermal metamorphism at a slow cooling rate of 1–100 K/ Ma. The presence of tetrataenite supports this in- terpretation, as it is known to form only in slow- cooled meteorites (Clarke & Scott, 1980), further implying that meteorite Jesenice originated deep within its parent body (Wittmann et al., 2010). To constrain its thermal history, we applied two com- plementary approaches, each addressing different processes. First, we estimated cooling rates from the solid-state FeNi dendritic microstructures in the metallic phase (Scott, 1982), ref lecting the long-term cooling within the parent body prior to any shock events. This provides insight into the slow thermal evolution in a deep, insulated envi- ronment. Second, we estimated the cooling rates of FeNi/FeS globules formed during the shock event, accounting for heat loss from individual molten globules, their size, latent heat of crystallization, and radiative cooling (Tsuchiyama et al., 1980). Fig. 5. TEM analysis of tetrataenite in meteorite Jesenice: (a) STEM image of kamacite – tetrataenite grain boundary with SAED pattern of tetrataenite in [1 0 1] (ICSD = 103556); (b) EDS profile of kamacite – tetrataenite grain boundary. The chemical composition of tetrataenite varies between 42 and 50 at.% of Ni. 249Transmission electron microscopy analysis of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice This yields a realistic estimate of post-shock melt solidification, which occurs over a much short- er timescale than parent-body cooling. Together, these methods allow us to distinguish between slow pre-shock cooling and rapid post-shock solid- ification, providing a more complete picture of the thermal history of the meteorite Jesenice. Some parts of the shock veins show a partially melted transition zone, indicating that the shock melting took place in situ. Conclusions The presence of shock veins in the meteorite Jesenice indicates that the shock event was violent enough to cause partial melting of the meteorite. The presence of oval-shaped globules indicates the formation of shock veins as a consequence of shear friction melting. Peak pressure and tempera- ture during shock were 2.5–15 GPa and 1500– 2150 °C, respectively. The presence of tetrataenite in the meteorite Jesenice indicates, that the FeNi metal experienced slow cooling at temperatures below ~320 °C (Wasilewski, 1988), ref lecting the low-temperature thermal history within the par- ent body, but it does not directly constrain the timing or location of the shock event. Meteorite Jesenice is a good example of a weak- ly shocked chondrite, which provides the evidence for the hypothesis that local melting is not a result of severe shock, but a consequence of very locally increased pressure and temperature, most like- ly due to the shear-fracture mechanism, during shock. 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