Correlation between the interest in sports and recreation and other interests of future teachers
Znanstveni članek UDK 379.8:378.091.8
KLJUČNE BESEDE: korelacije, interes za .šport in rekreacijo, študenti
POVZETEK - V prispevku izpostavljamo povezanost 29 različnih vrst interesov z interesom za šport in rekreacijo študentov pedagoških fakultet v Srbiji. Prispevek je del večje raziskave interesov mladih oz. študentov pedagoških fakultet v Republiki Srbiji, ki je bila izvedena na petih pedagoških fakultetah in je zajemala vzorec 1008 anketirancev, študentk in študentov prvih in tretjih letnikov študija. Uporabljeni sta bili metodi lestvičenja in anketiranja. Instrument je obsegal 30 sumativnih lestvic (Liker-tovega tipa) za merjenje 30 vrst različnih interesov Korelacijska analiza je določila korelacijske koeficiente in ugotovili smo, da načeloma obstaja majhna povezanost med interesom za šport in rekreacijo in ostalimi interesi.
Scientific paper UDC 379.8:378.091.8
KEYWORDS: correlations, interest in sports and recreation, students
ABSTRACT - In this paper we point out a connection of 29 different types of interests with interest in sports and recreation of students attending teacher education faculties in Serbia. The paper is a part of an extensive research of young people's interests, i. e. students ofedu-cation faculties in the Republic of Serbia, which was conducted on five education (pedagogical) faculties. The sample comprised 1008 respondents of both genders, attending first and third year of studies. Methods of scaling and interviewing were used in the research, and the instrument consisted of thirty summation scales (Likert type) for measuring 30 different types of interests. With correlation analysis the coefficients of correlations were determined and it was established that, in principle, there is a small connection between the interest in .sports and recreation and other interests.
1. Introduction
Interests of young people, future teachers in particular, are of great significance for psychology because they can be considered, in a general sense, as one type of attitude (Momčilovic, 2006). Certain attitudes can appear as isolated ones, but usually they appear in connection with other attitudes, together forming a system of attitudes. It is a rare occurrence that all the attitudes of an individual are completely connected and harmonised with all his other attitudes (Rot, 1977).
A term interest has been defined by many psychologists. According to one of the definitions, interests are a form of values (mostly terminal) for which a prepossession of consciousness with favourite content and/or partaking in selected activities is char-
acteristic (Pantic, 1980). Interest in sports and recreation is an individual's tendency towards his personal physical education and active mental and physical engagement in it (Galic, 1994). Under the system of interests, a mutual connection of certain types of interests is implied and it is operationally expressed as a set of sufficiently high correlation coefficients within the matrix of all coefficients.
The main motive for the research of interests is the fact that interests are important structural part of personality and belong to dynamic and variable categories that depend on a variety of reasons: age, gender, level and success in education, social status of the respondent, size of the place of living, mass media, friends, etc. In this paper we studied a level of connection between the interest in sports and recreation and other interests of students attending teacher education (pedagogical) faculties in the Republic of Serbia.
2. Materials and methods
A mixed purposeful sample consisted of 1008 respondents, aged 19 to 23, of both genders. The respondents were students of first and third years of studies on teacher education faculties in the Republic of Serbia. The interviewing took place on five education faculties in Sombor, Belgrade, Jagodina, Vranje and Užice, and lasted for two days. The sample structure is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Sample structure
Faculty of teacher education	Year of study				Total
	first year		thrid year		
	male	female	male	female	
Sombor	15	97	11	81	204
Belgrade	13	106	12	62	193
Jagodina	12	83	13	83	191
Vranje	13	86	12	72	183
Užice	8	98	11	120	237
Total	61	470	59	418	1008
The applied instrument in the research was the questionnaire, which contained 30 Likert type summation scales for measuring thirty types of interests, where each of the scale was based on five types of indicators (SS-I). The indicators were: prefer-
ences of vocations, self-assessments of preferences, use of leisure time (time budget), direct self-assessment of interests and reaction to critical words - stimuli.
The following interests were included in the research: 1. administrative (Is 1), 2. agricultural (Is 2), 3. adventurous (Is 3), 4. biological (Is 4), 5. work-manual (Is 5), 6. household (Is 6), 7. stage/performance (Is 7), 8. sports (Is 8), 9. hedonistic (Is 9), 10. hippie interest (Is 10), 11. social-humanitarian (philanthropic) (Is 11), 12. investigatory (Is 12), 13. literary (Is 13), 14. gambling (Is 14), 15. arts (Is 15), 16. musical (Is 16), 17. mathematical (Is 17), 18. political (Is 18), 19. pedagogical (Is 19), 20. inventive (Is 20), 21. interest in travelling (Is 21), 22. sexual (Is 22), 23. interest in humour (Is 23), 24. technical (Is 24), 25. cognitive-theoretical (scientific) (Is 25), 26. parental (Is 26), 27. religious (Is 27), 28. utilitarian (Is 28), 29. verbal-linguistic (Is 29), 30. military interest (Is 30).
The obtained data were processed by using the software package SAS (Statistical Analysis System). With correlation analysis the correlation coefficients between interest in sports and recreation and other interests were processed.
3. Results and discussion
The set of data in the system of interests was processed through correlation analysis, and it was established that certain types of interests have mutual correlation (connection). Table 2 shows the correlation coefficients between 30 different types of interests and interest in sports and recreation among future teachers.
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between 30 types of various interests and interest in sports and recreation of future teachers
Inters	Is 1	Is 2	Is 3	Is 4	Is 5	Is 6	Is 7	Is 8	Is 9	Is 10
Is 8	-0,005	0.111	0.240	0.136	0.125	0.083	0.248	1.000	0.073	-0.064
Inters	Is 11	Is 12	Is 13	Is 14	Is 15	Is 16	Is 17	Is 18	Is 19	Is 20
Is 8	0.177	0.222	0.028	0.051	0.149	0.141	0.123	0.071	0.151	0.213
Inters	Is 21	Is 22	Is 23	Is 24	Is 25	Is 26	Is 27	Is 28	Is 29	Is 30
Is 8	0.217	0.167	0.186	0.153	0.110	0.041	0.085	0.043	0.080	0.226
The biggest correlation coefficient with interest in sports has the stage/performance interest with correlation coefficient r = 0.248, on the second place is military interest with correlation coefficient r = 0.226, next is adventurous interest with correlation coefficient r = 0.240, after that is investigatory interest with correlation coef-
ficient r = 0.222, the fifth place belongs to interest in travelling with correlation coefficient r = 0.217, and on the final, sixth place, is inventive interest with correlation coefficient r = 0.213. It can be said that the mentioned interests constitute a system of low correlation, i.e. small connection between interests.
However, a greater connection in this group of interests was expected, especially with the interest in travelling, because sports activities by their nature imply travelling, which provokes a pleasant experience among the majority of youth, i.e. young students (Fullinwider, 2006; Woods et al., 2010; Mosonyi et al., 2013). Such assumption can also be based on the results of the previous research carried out in the Republic of Serbia.
In a study (Pantic et al., 1981), based on mean value, standard deviation and variation coefficient, a ranking of thirty interests was performed. On the sample of 21 year-old respondents, the interest in travelling was on the third place with 81 %, while the interest in sports was on the fourth place with 72%. In the second similar research (Bokan, 1985) with the same instrument, and 17 year-old respondents (group of potential students), it was established that the top five places among the ranked interests were: interest in travelling (82.93 %), interest in sports and recreation (78.79%), interest in humour (69.18%), military interest (49.42%) and inventive interest (47.73%). A possible explanation why this connection was in a group of low correlations, could have been a fact that there are not any highly organised forms of students' competitive sports on teacher education (pedagogical) faculties in the Republic of Serbia.
The second system comprises interests which in relation with interest in sports and recreation have the correlation coefficient in the extent of ± (0.1-0.2). This system actually represents a group of slight correlation, i.e. a group of interests where there is practically no connection with interest in sports and recreation. Interests that belong to this group are the following: interest in humour (r = 0.186), interest in social-humanitarian action (r = 0.177), sexual interest (r = 0.167), technical interest (r = 0.153), pedagogical interest (r = 0.151), interest in art (r = 0.149), musical interest (r = 0.141), biological interest (r = 0.136), work-manual interest (r = 0.125), mathematical interest (r = 0.123), interest in agriculture (r = 0.111) and cognitive-theoretical interest (r = 0.110).
Particularly surprising is the fact that this system, which is defined as a group of slight correlation, contains the cognitive-theoretical interest. Bigger connection of this interest with interest in sports and recreation was expected, being that sports activities constantly include theoretical knowledge in the immediate practice (Fisher et al., 1996; Field et al., 2001; Chomitz et al., 2009).
The third system consists of interests such as religious interest (r = 0.085), household interest (r = 0.083), verbal-linguistic interest (r = 0.080), hedonistic interest (r = 0.073), political interest (r = 0.071), hippie interest (r = -0.064), gambling interest (r = 0.051), utilitarian interest (r = 0.043), parental interest (r = 0.041), literary interest (r = 0.028) and administrative interest (r = -0.005). Those are the interests in
which an absolute value of correlation coefficient with interest in sports and recreation is smaller than 0.1 and there is practically no connection at all.
4. Conclusion
Conclusions regarding correlation of young people's, students' and future teachers' interests are based upon the results of the performed research. The obtained systems clearly indicate, and, unfortunately, also confirm the practical knowledge, that future teachers' interests in sports activities are not closely connected with other interests. However, such connectivity, according to their professional vocation, should have to exist.
Results of this correlation analysis among interests cause a series of implications from which important conclusions for the teacher profession can be made. The correlation analysis of interests of students attending teacher education (pedagogical) faculties can be a good starting point for further research of this kind and mutual comparison. In order to have a clearer picture, it would also be important to examine categories such as attitudes, value orientations, engagements and motivation. Based on these results, it is easier to follow tendencies of development and direction of young people's interests, in this particular case of students at faculties of education in the Republic of Serbia. It is possible to form a common interests profile of students and compare the profile with similar profiles among the youth. In addition to this, it would enable analysis of various mutual positions of different types of interests in the common system of interests.
Data about interests of students should be a good basis for changing the programme curricula on education (pedagogical) faculties, since they do not provide proper qualifications to future teachers for teaching physical education in the lower grades of primary schools.
Dr. Zoran Momčilovič
Korelacija med interesom za šport in rekreacijo ter ostalimi interesi prihodnjih učiteljev
Interesi mladih, še posebej prihodnjih učiteljev, so v psihologiji izjemno pomembni, saj se o njih lahko govori kot o neke vrste vedenjih (Momčilovič, 2006). Posamezna vedenja se lahko pojavljajo neodvisno, najpogosteje pa se pojavljajo v povezavi z drugimi vedenji, s katerimi tako tvorijo vedenjski sistem. Redek je pojav, kadar so vsa vedenja nekega posameznika popolnoma povezana in usklajena (Rot, 1977).
Mnogi psihologi so že podali definicijo pojma interesi. Ena definicija pravi, da so interesi ena od oblik (praviloma terminalnih) vrednosti, za katere je značilno ukvarjanje zavesti z najljubšo vsebino in / ali pa ukvarjanje z izbranimi aktivnostmi (Fantič, 1980). Športno-rekreacijski interes je želja posameznika, da redno telovadi in da se s telovadbo ukvarja tako mentalno kot telesno aktivno (Galič, 1994). Sistem interesov razumemo kot medsebojno povezanost posameznih vrst interesov, ki se operacionalno izražajo kot skupek dovolj visokih korelacijskih koeficientov v okviru matrice vseh koeficientov.
Glavni motiv preučevanja interesov je pravzaprav dejstvo, da so interesi pomemben del osebnosti in spadajo v dinamične in spremenljive kategorije, katere so odvisne od številnih dejavnikov: od vzgoje, spola, stopnje in uspeha izobraževanja, do družbenega statusa anketiranca, velikosti kraja bivanja, vpliva množičnih medijev, prijateljev, itd. V prispevku raziskujemo stopnjo povezanosti športno-rekreacijskega interesa z ostalimi interesi študentov pedagoških fakultet v Srbiji.
Za raziskavo smo uporabili mešan namenski vzorec 1008 anketirancev obeh spolov, starih med 19 in 23 let. Anketiranci so bili študenti prvih in tretjih letnikov pedagoških fakultet v Republiki Srbiji. Anketiranje je bilo izvedeno na skupno petih pedagoških fakultetah v Somboru, Beogradu, Jagodini, Vranju in Užicah, posamezno anketiranje je trajalo dva dni.
Uporabili smo instrument, sestavljen iz 30 sumativnih lestvic (Likertovega tipa) za merjenje 30 vrst različnih interesov, pri čemer je posamezna lestvica temeljila na petih vrstah kazalnikov (SS-I). Kazalniki so bili: preferenca interesa, samoocena nagnjenosti, koriščenje prostega časa (časovni budžet), neposredna samoocena interesov in reakcija na kritiko - stimuluse.
V raziskavo smo vključili naslednje interese: 1. administrativni (Is 1), 2. agrikul-turni (Is 2), 3. avanturistični (Is 3), 4. biološki (Is 4), 5. interes za ročno delo (Is 5), 6. gospodinjski (Is 6), 7. interes za nastopanje (Is 7), 8. športni (Is 8), 9. hedonistični (Is 9), 10. hipi interes (Is 10), 11. socialno-humanitarni (filantropski) (Is 11), 12. raziskovalni (Is 12), 13. literarni (književni) (Is 13), 14. hazarderski (Is 14), 15. likovni (Is 15), 16. glasbeni (Is 16), 17. matematični (Is 17), 18. politični (Is 18), 19. pedagoški (Is 19), 20. izumiteljski (Is 20), 21. interes za potovanja (Is 21), 22. seksualni (Is 22), 23. interes za humor (Is 23), 24. tehnični (Is 24), 25. spoznavno-teoretični (Is 25), 26. starševski (Is 26), 27. religiozni (Is 27), 28. utilitarni (Is 28), 29. verbalno-lingvistični (Is 29), 30. vojaški (Is 30).
Podatki so bili obdelani s software paketom SAS, s korelacijsko analizo pa smo pridobili korelacijske koeficiente med športno-rekreacijskim ter ostalimi interesi. Ugotovili smo, da obstaja korelacija (povezava) med določenimi vrstami interesov.
Največjo povezavo s športnim interesom ima interes za nastopanje, kjer je korela-cijski koeficient znašal r = 0,248, sledi vojaški interes (r = 0,226), na tretjem mestu je avanturistični interes (r = 0,240), sledi raziskovalni interes (r = 0,222), na petem mestu je interes za potovanja (r = 0,217) in na šestem mestu je izumiteljski interes (r = 0,213). Lahko rečemo, da omenjeni interesi kažejo na sistem nizke korelacije, oziroma male povezanosti.
Dejansko smo v tej skupini pričakovali večjo povezanost, še posebej z interesom za potovanja, saj šport sam po sebi pomeni potovanje, ki pri velikem številu mladih (študentov) izzove prijetno doživetje (Fullinwider, 2006; Woods idr., 2010; Mosonyi idr., 2013). Takšno sklepanje lahko temelji tudi na rezultatih dosedanjih raziskav v Republiki Srbiji, namreč v študiji (Fantič idr., 1981) so na osnovi srednjih vrednosti, standardne deviacije in koeficienta variacije izvedli rangiranje enakih 30 interesov.
Vzorec anketirancev je zajemal mlade, stare 21 let, in rezultati so pokazali, da bil je interes za potovanja na tretjem mestu z 81%, interes za šport pa na četrtem mestu z 72%. V drugi podobni raziskavi (Bokan, 1995) so z enakim instrumentom na anketirancih, starih 27 let (skupina potencialnih študentov) potrdili, da prvih pet mest po stopnji interesa zavzemajo: interes za potovanja (82.93 %), športno-rekreacijski interes (78,79%), interes za humor (69,18%), vojaški interes (49,42%) in izumiteljski interes (47,73%). Možna razlaga zakaj se je ta povezanost znašla v skupini nizkih korelacij bi lahko bilo dejstvo, da o nekih visoko organiziranih oblikah študentskih tekmovalnih športov na pedagoških fakultetah v Republiki Srbiji ne moremo govoriti.
Drugi sistem so interesi, ki imajo v povezavi s športno-rekreacijskim interesom ko-relacijski koeficient v obsegu ± (0,1-0,2). Ta sistem pravzaprav predstavlja skupino neznatne korelacije, kjer povezanosti zagotovo ni. Interesi v tej skupini so naslednji: interes za humor (r = 0,186), interes za socialno-humanitarno delovanje (r = 0,177), seksualni interes (r = 0,167), tehnični interes (r = 0,153), pedagoški interes (r = 0,151), likovni interes (r = 0,149), glasbeni interes (r = 0,141), biološki interes (r = 0,136), interes za ročna dela (r = 0,125), matematični interes (r = 0,123), agrikulturni interes (r = 0,111) in spoznavno-teoretični interes (r = 0,110). Še posebej je presenetljivo, da temu sistemu neznatne korelacije pripada spoznavno-teoretični interes. Pričakovana je bila večja povezanost tega interesa s športno-rekreacijskim interesom, saj je šport aktivnost, ki zmeraj implementira teoretična spoznanja v prakso (Fisher idr., 1996; Field idr., 2001; Chomitz idr., 2009).
Tretji sistem sestavljajo interesi, kot so: religiozni interes (r = 0,085), gospodinjski interes (r = 0,083), verbalno-lingvistični interes (r = 0,080), hedonistični interes (r = 0,073), politični interes (r = 0,071), hipi interes (r = -0,064), hazarderski interes (r = 0,051), utilitarni interes (r = 0,043), starševski interes (r = 0,041), literarni (književni) interes (r = 0,028) ter administrativni interes (r = -0,005). To so interesi, kjer je koeficient povezave manjši od 0,1 in ne moremo govoriti o kakršnikoli povezavi.
Sklepne ugotovitve o korelaciji interesov mladih ljudi, študentov, tj. prihodnjih učiteljev, temeljijo na rezultatih že izvedene raziskave. Dobljeni sistemi na žalost jasno potrjujejo ugotovitve iz prakse, da interes prihodnjih učiteljev za športne dejavnosti ni bistveno povezan z drugimi interesi. Vendar pa bi povezanost, glede na poklicno poslanstvo, morala obstajati.
Rezultati takšne analize korelacij med interesi vplivajo na niz implikacij, iz katerih lahko za učiteljsko stroko izpeljemo pomembne zaključke. Korelacijska analiza interesov študentov pedagoških fakultet je lahko dobra iztočnica za nadaljnje raziskave tega
tipa in medsebojne primerjave. Za pridobitev bolj popolne slike bi bilo treba preučiti tudi kategorije, kot so vedenja, vrednostne orientacije, zavzetost in motivacija.
Na podlagi rezultatov je lažje spremljati tendence razvoja in usmerjanje interesa mladih, v našem primeru študentov pedagoških fakultet v Republiki Srbiji. Obstaja tudi možnost za oblikovanje skupnega interesnega profila študentov in primerjanje tega profila s podobnimi profili mladih. Prav tako se omogoča analiziranje različnih medsebojnih položajev različnih vrst interesov v skupnem sistemu interesov.
Podatki o interesih študentov bi morali biti dobra osnova za spremembo programskih vsebin na pedagoških fakultetah, saj obstoječi ne podajo pravih kompetenc učiteljem za pedagoško delo, oziroma za izvajanje pouka športne vzgoje v nižjih razredih osnovne šole.
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Zoran Momčilovic, PhD (1955), University of Niš, Teacher-Training Faculty Vranje, Serbia. Address: Partizanska 14, 17500 Vranje, Serbia; Telephone: (+381) 063 104 66 03 E-mail: z momcilovic@yahoo.com