sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage 1st International Summer School In Situ Techniques in Preservation of Built Heritage LJUBLJANA, 2-4 JULY 2024 Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG) book of abstracts Ljubljana, Slovenia 1 1st International Summer School In Situ Techniques in Preservation of Built Heritage organized by Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG Ljubljana), sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage Ljubljana, 2-4 July 2024 Book of abstracts Edited by Sabina Dolenec Ana Brunčič Maruša Mrak Andreja Pondelak Katarina Šter Designed and layout by Ana Brunčič Published by sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2024 Summer School In situ techniques in preservation of built heritage was funded through: ARIS research project No. J2-4424 - An integrated approach for conservation of cultural heritage wall paintings ARIS research core funding No. P2-0273 - Building structures and materials ARIS research core funding No. I0-0032 - Testing of Materials and Structures ARIS Bilateral project Slovenia-Croatia No. BI-HR/23-23-015: Durability study of bronze protection fo outdoor application E-RIHS.si: European research infrastructure for heritage science - Slovenia Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute research stable funding and sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage ISBN 978-961-7125-06-1 (PDF) © Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG) First electronic edition https://www.zag.si/dl/sherezad-abstracts-2024.pdf OPEN ACCESS This is an open access publication, published under the terms of Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence CC BY-SA 4.0. This license allows reusers to copy, distribute, display, and modify their work, as long as the distribution and modification take place under the same condition and with reference to the original authorship. This publication is not intended for sale. Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 200837891 ISBN 978-961-7125-06-1 (PDF) 2 Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of diverse cultural environments, and as such should be preserved and managed as a source of sustainable development. The field of heritage science is rapidly developing into an independent science field that requires a distinctly interdisciplinary approach. The foundations of its development come from the natural sciences, in close connection with the humanities, both wrapped up in mod-ern digital technologies. Dealing with heritage is one of the permanent activities of the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, which has acquired rich domestic and international experience in the field of cultural heritage research. Heritage sciences are currently promoted at ZAG under internal transdisciplinary group of researchers sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage. We are aware that sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage preserving the cultural heritage of the built environment requires a clear assessment not only of the cultural significance and visual impression, but also the characterization Our deepest gratitude goes to all supporters enabling real-of the materials, structures, and construction techniques isation of this summer school, since the entire programme used as well as the built space in general (objects, plastic in is free of charge for the attendees. the space, squares, underground structures ...). Due to the vulnerable and limited nature of the heritage, the use of portable non-invasive and non-destructive techniques and Asist. Prof. Sabina Dolenec, PhD digitization is necessary, so is holistic approach involving a Coordinator of the Research group group of researchers and experts in the fields of materials, sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage structures, geomechanics, architecture, building physics and modelling. This year, we are organizing the 1st International summer school In situ techniques in the preservation of built heritage. The editorial board invited lecturers from 7 European countries to participate. Lectures will discusse how to efficiently, non-invasively and non-destructively collect data and technical properties of materials and structures, and their condition or the level of decay and the effectiveness of conservation and restoration interventions. The lectures cover different levels: from the challenges of dealing with historical materials and the effectiveness of interventions, insights into the modeling and digitization of built heritage, and topics, related to structures, sensorics and interdisciplinary approaches to heritage. More than 70 participants from as many as 15 different countries (Albania, Brazil, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, India, Italy, Kazakstan, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey, United States of America) shows big interest in topic. Heritage connects us and we hope that the knowledge and new collaborations acquired at the school will contribute and reflect through several effectively renovated cultural heritage buildings and - even more - in the preserved historical built environment of the future. We sincerely thank all the lecturers for their cooperation. Their abstracts and CVs had not gone through a peer review process. We are utmost delighted to host and wel-come foreign stablished professionals providing interna-preface tionality and interconnectivity. 3 day 1: materials On Site Studies of Consolidant Effectiveness with Differ- ent Techniques Andreja Pondelak, Andrijana Sever Škapin, Sabina Dolenec Abstract In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of Cultural Heritage Polonca Ropret, Lea Legan, Maša Kavčič, Klara Retko Abstract 3D X-ray Imaging Techniques: Precious Tools in the Cultural Heritage Conservation sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage Lidija Korat Bensa, Lucia Mancini Abstract Multi-disciplinary Approach for Diagnostic and Monitor- day 2: modelling&analysis ing of the Structural Health of Wall Paintings by Non-destructive Techniques Cristiano Riminesi Digitalization of Cultural Heritage: Abstract HBIM and OpenBIM Katja Malovrh Rebec Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Abstract Non-destructive Testing of Patinated Bronze Sculptures Helena Otmačić Ćurković, Mikić Dajana, 3D Technology in Restoration Processes Kapitanović Angela, Viskić Marko Rok Hafner Abstract Abstract Non-destructive Assessment of Wood: Investigation of the Structural, Physical, and Mechanical Case Study of Castle Leskovec Properties of Wood from Historic Buildings Using Miha Humar, Boštjan Lesar Conventional and NDT Methods Abstract Jure Žigon, Maks Merela, Angela Balzano, Katarina Čufar, Luka Krže, Aleš Straže Biological Burden on Built Heritage Abstract – is it Always Bad? Polona Zalar Hyperspectral Imaging for Abstract Cultural Heritage Applications John Gilchrist Abstract contents 4 day 3: structures, sensing and interdisciplinarity Testing for Earthquake Resistance Evaluation of Heritage Masonry: Non-destructive versus Destructive, Laboratory versus In-situ Testing Miha Tomaževič Abstract Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors (DFOS) for Diagnostics of Various Structures Tomasz Howiacki, Katarzyna Zuziak, Rafał Sieńko, Łukasz Bednarski sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage Abstract Damage Identification and Evaluation Using Acoustic Emission and Air-Coupled Ultrasonics Eleni Tsangouri, Nicolas Ospitia, Dimitrios Aggelis Abstract Preventive Conservation of Historic Structures and Artefacts by Intelligent Wireless sensor Networks Markus Krüger, Helmut Pongratz, Thomas Muelleder Abstract Use of VR and AI in Heritage Science Izidor Mlakar Abstract Infrared Assessment of Built Heritage Zvonko Jagličić, Andreja Padovnik Abstract Interdisciplinary Insight into Baroque Stucco Marble Katja Kavkler, Irena Kralj Cigić, Lea Legan, Matej Klemenčič, Martina Vuga Abstract contents 5 The Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute has developed a new consolidant for On site Studies of Consolidant consolidation of mineral surfaces. The consolidant is based on a water solution of calcium acetoace- Effectiveness with Different tate, or CFW for short. The consolidation effectiveness of Techniques the developed consolidant in comparison to other established carbonate-forming consolidants (e.g. CaLoSiL and Andreja Pondelak Andrejaa, Andrijana Sever Nanorestore) was investigated using various destructive Škapina, Sabina Doleneca,b and non-destructive methods. The presentation first briefly introduces the consolidants a Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering that were and are still being used to consolidation carbon-Institute, Slovenia ate materials. The methods for determining the consolida-b University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences tion effectiveness are also presented. Destructive (e.g. dye and Engineering, Slovenia indicator method, water vapour permeability test, flexural test, porosimetry), micro-destructive (DRMS method) and andreja.pondelak@zag.si non-destructive techniques (colorimetry, surface, Vickers and SHORE A hardness test, surface roughness test, ultrasound velocity) used in the laboratory are presented (Fig-Acknowledgments: ure 1). In the last part, in-situ studies to determine the ef-The authors acknowledge the financial support from fectiveness of consolidants are presented, with a focus on the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) non-destructive methods. Finally, the ongoing project An received within the research programmes P4-0430 and integrated approach for conservation of cultural heritage P2-0273, and research project J2-4424. wall paintings (research project no. J2-4424, funded by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency) is briefly presented and the studies carried out so far are explained. Figure 1: Examples of methods for destructive, micro-descructive and non-destructive determination of consolidant effectiveness. Andreja Pondelak, PhD, is a scientific associate at Slove-Her research is in the field of building materials, more specif-nian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute. She ically in the preservation of cultural heritage materials (char-achieved her PhD in 2017 in chemistry, where she studied a acterization, protection) and development of methods for de-completely new and innovative way of consolidation with an termining the consolidant effectiveness. In recent years her aqueous solution of calcium acetoacetate (CFW) for consol-area of interest has also been wood modification (including idation of carbonate based materials of cultural heritage. In mineralisation), modification of adhesive and assessment of the same year, she has been granted a postdoc project, where the adhesive bond-line on micro and chemical level. she developed a new, ecological procedure for wood miner-alization to improve woodś reaction to fire and increase its durability. In addition to being involved in many national and international projects, she is a leader of national project An integrated approach to the conservation of cultural heritage murals. 6 In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of In situ spectroscopic measurements on cultural heritage materials have become increasingly important in the last two decades, as sampling is often limited or Cultural Heritage in some cases even not allowed. Many portable instruments that allow non-invasive measurements have been Polonca Ropreta,b, Lea Legana, Maša Kavčiča, developed and among them the spectroscopic methods Klara Retkoa,b play an important role. In our work, we use portable instruments, such as X-ray fluorescence for elemental analysis, a Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of as well as instruments that give information on molecular Slovenia, Conservation Centre, Research Institute, composition of the analysed materials (Fourier Transform Slovenia b Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy). The re-University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and sults are of a great importance for planning further conser-Chemical Technology, Slovenia vation-restoration interventions, such as cleaning, consolidation treatments, etc., or simply just for identification of polona.ropret@zvkds.si materials that serves further in the art history research or planning of preventive conservation measures. By application of non-invasive spectroscopic methods we have performed numerous analyses of various cultural heritage materials and objects (see Figure 1), such as metal mountain shelter the Aljaž Turret at Mount Triglav, façade by Jože Plečnik on the Main Square in Kamnik, stone monument St. Mary's column in Radlje ob Dravi, baroque mural painting Allegory of Trade, Crafts and Techniques in Gru-ber Palace in Ljubljana, wooden Venetian Gothic triptych Madonna and Child between Saint Dominic and Saint Fran-cis from St. Dominic's Church in Izola, various objects from Slovene Ethnographic Museum (such as brass bust of Oba of Benin, wooden polychromed african bird mask, Slovene beehive panel paintings etc.), National Museum of Slovenia (such as Japanese laquerware, smoking paraphernalia etc.), Museum of Modern Art Ljubljana (canvas paintings by Janez Bernik), manuscripts and geographical maps from National and University Library of Slovenia, as well as archaeological artefacts (such as archaeological textiles, animal bones) etc. Polonca Ropret received her PhD in chemistry at the Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the University of Ljubljana, where she is also partly employed. She is the head of the Research Institute at the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (IPCHS) and Research Collabora-tor at the Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution. She developed also a strong collaboration with the department of Scientific Research at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. She led or collaborated in 14 national and 8 EU funded projects related to heritage science research, with the total funding of more than €75M. Her main research interest is application of Raman spectroscopy in heritage science, for which she is a member of the Scientific Committee of RAA (Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology). Currently, she is also the national coordinator for E-RIHS Slovenia (European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science Slovenia) and 7 Chair of the interim Committee of National Nodes of E-RIHS. Figure 1: In situ spectroscopic measurements on different cultural heritage examples. 3D X-ray Imaging Techniques: World-wide exhibits of cultural and natural heritage are very rich and diverse in their materials and keep precious information about our history and evolution. Slovenian Precious Tools in the Cultural National Building and Civil Engineering Institute is us-Heritage Conservation ing advanced technologies to preserve, both virtualy and physically, such world class examples. Lidija Korat Bensaa, Lucia Mancinia,b The aim of this presentation is to present the possibilities a of 3D X-ray imaging techniques and related software tools Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering for the non-destructive analysis of rare or unique arte-Institute, Slovenia b LINXS-Lund Institute for Advanced Neutron and facts. More specifically, the potential and importance of X-ray Science, Sweden X-ray computed microtomography techniques in the field of cultural and natural heritage will be presented through lidija.korat@zag.si several applications and successful stories. Also, the adop-lucia.mancini@zag.si tion of a multiscale and multimodal imaging approach complemented by additive manufacturing and advanced visu-alization will be illustrated as a high-accuracy method for the integrative restoration of samples. Lucia Mancini, PhD 1998, Université Joseph Fourier, Greno-Lidija Korat Bensa, BSc in Geology, PhD, Scientific Associate ble, France, is a material science physicist strongly involved at the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Insti-in Earth Science studies and interested in heritage science tute (ZAG). Lidija started her research engagement in 2010 applications by using non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) when she joined ZAG as a young researcher. After completing advanced imaging techniques. the PhD thesis on the “Characterization of cement compos-She coordinated the hard X-ray imaging research activity in ites with mineral additives” she continued as a post-doctoral Material Science at the Elettra synchrotron facility (Trieste, fellow focusing on characterization of materials, digital fabri-Italy) between 2001 and 2022 and since 2 years she has cation and X-ray microtomography. Presently Lidija is a Depu-been working as Senior Reasearcher in the Department of ty Head of the Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics Materials at ZAG (Ljubljana, Slovenia). She is also Core Mem-and a leader of the MicroXCT Research Group at ZAG. Lidija is ber of the Heritage Science theme at LINXS (Sweden). Her recognized nationally and internationally as an advanced op-research work is focused on microstructural characterization erator and analyst of SEM, XRD, BET, MIP and MicroXCT. She techniques combining synchrotron, neutron and laboratory was instrumental in establishing the latter technique at ZAG X-ray sources as well as computational analysis to extract which for 10 years remained unique in Slovenia. Likewise, quantitative information from 3D imaging data, in static and she paved the way for digital fabrication by setting up the dynamic conditions. This expertise has allowed her to sup-particle-bed 3D printer and investigating materials suitable port several research teams working in the cultural and nat-for digital fabrication in construction. Her international expe-ural heritage domain to answer historical and evolutionary rience comprises participation in several EU-funded projects, questions. In the past two decades she spent a great part of active membership in the RILEM association and Xradia Euro-her research work is the application of X-ray and neutron mi-pean Network as well as cooperation with the Elettra Sincro-cro-radiography and -tomography to study fossil remains and trone Trieste and with Henry Moseley X ray Imaging Facility archaeological finds. Her research work is also focused on the at the University of Manchester. study of innovative materials and cutting-edge approaches for restoration and conservation purposes. 8 Multi-disciplinary Approach for Based on the analysis of the renaissance wall paintings by Masaccio, Masolino, and Filippino Lippi in the Brancacci chapel in Firenze, this speach dis- cusses the use of complementary non-destructive Diagnostic and Monitoring of the techniques based on microwave (Ground Penetrating RaStructural Health of Wall dar, Microwave Reflectometry) and optical methods (InfraRed Thermography, Digital Holographic Speckle Pattern Paintings by Non-destructive Interferometry) for the characterization of the structural Techniques integrity of the wall paintings and their support in masonry. In particular, willl be analysed the in-situ applicability of Cristiano Riminesia these techniques for the identification of the sequence of a past interventions during centuries (stratigraphy analysis) National Research Council of Italy, Italy and decay phenomena and defects, such as out-of-plumb or swelling area/elements, detachments, cracks and voids inside the wall. The results are compared with data obtained cristiano.riminesi@cnr.it by means of consolidated techniques and methods, such as the Photogrammetry (performed by Structure from Motion method) and knocking test. The last one is normally used by restorers and conservators to recognize the pres-ence of detachments. The proposed diagnostic strategy provides a survey from large scale by means of imaging techniques, to small scale increasing the spatial resolution thanks to the scanning of the surface by means of spot techniques. Therefore, the macroscopic survey of wall paintings was carried out using photogrammetry, in order to also provide metric information, to quantify the sizing out-of-plumb and swelling of the masonry or to locate of cracks, and followed by IRT. This preliminary morphomet-ric survey was, supplemented by GPR, MWR and DHSPI for improve the results of the investigation. By combining these three techniques it was possible to inspect the entire thickness of the masonry with resolutions ranging Cristiano Riminesi has a degree in Electronic Engineering at from a few millimetres up to several centimetres. The com-the University of Florence. He achieved PhD in Device and bination of microwave-based and optical-based methods Electronic Circuits at the Department of Electronic and Tele-proved to be a valuable addition to routine methods for communications of the same university. Since 2009 he is re-the holistic masonry diagnosis. Standard practice based searcher at the National Research Council of Italy at the In-on visual inspection and knocking test can be significantly stitute of Heritage Science (CNR-ISPC). His research interest improved and objectified by the proposed approach. The is focus on the: integrated use of these techniques in situ, supported by a • Study, design, and development of methods/systems for laboratory study on ad-hoc prepared mock-ups, proved to measuring of physical, chemical and mechanical char-be suitable for a quantitative evaluation of damage risk to acteristics of materials (stone, plaster, mortar, concrete, guide restoration strategy accordingly. etc.); • Study, project, and development of methods/systems for the monitoring and control of environmental parameters and chemical, physical and mechanical parameters of interest for materials of cultural heritage. He has been involved, also as PI, in several national and international projects for the development of techniques and methods for the diagnosis and conservation of cultural heritage, in particular for the development of sustainable systems and products to combat biodegradation. At present he is Branch Manager of the CNR-ISPC in Florence and Director of the CNR Interdepartmental Research Unit at the University of Camerino (MC). 9 Electrochemical Impedance Bronze sculptures are an important part of tangible cultural heritage found in cities worldwide. Very often they are exposed outdoors where their deg- radation occurs under the influence of pollution, Spectroscopy as a Tool for rain or other factors. As such objects are usually covered Nondestructive Testing of by a layer of corrosion products called patina it is difficult to visually asses the extent of dissolution of bronze as well Patinated Bronze Sculptures as of the patina. Recently, electrochemical methods are Helena Otmačić Ćurkovića, Dajana Mikića, Angela becoming an often choice for assessment of bronze and Kapitanovića, Marko Viskića patina stability. This especially applies for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a nondestructive electro-a University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineer-chemical technique that will be in focus of this presenta-ing and Technology, Croatia tion. Basic principles of EIS measurements and data analysis will be presented. Special emphasis will be put on how to helena.otmacic@fkit.unizg.hr conduct measurements on curved and vertical surfaces typical for artistic sculptures. Examples of possible solutions of this problem will be presented, both from the recent scientific literature as well as from authors own re-Acknowledgment: This work was fully supported and search. funded by the Croatian Science Foundation under the proj-Investigations on selected bronze sculptures in two Croa-ect IP-2019-04-5030. tian cities, Zagreb and Sisak will be shown. Studies were conducted in 2020 and in 2023, which enabled additional evaluation of the stability of patinated bronze surfaces. The results from EIS measurements as well as from the spectroscopic measurements (XRF, FTIR) will be presented and compared. It will be shown that EIS is a very sensitive method that provides useful information on properties of patina and underlying bronze substrate. Helena Otmačić Ćurković graduated in 2000 at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of Zagreb, Croatia. The same year she was employed a research assistant at the same faculty and got enrolled in postgraduate study in the field of chemical engineering. In 2004. she became MSc, and in 2007 she defended her PhD thesis on “Inhibiting Action of Imidazole Derivatives on Metal Corrosion”. She is currently holding a position of full professor at the University of Figure 1: Evolution of EIS spectra in one point of sculpture Vladi-Zagreb. The main focus of her scientific work is on corrosion mir Nazor (author Stjepan Gračan), Zagreb. research, especially on corrosion protection by corrosion in-hibitors and organic coatings. In her research she applies different electrochemical techniques to analyse corrosion stability of materials. On part of her work is focused on application of electrochemical techniques in characterization of bronze cultural heritage exposed outdoors. She leaded 3 domestic scientific projects as well as three international bilateral projects with Slovenia and Germany. She has published 50 papers 10 in scientific journals and mentored 6 doctoral thesis. The respective castle is part of the Cultural Heritage. Several names know the castle: Leskovec at Krško - Castle Šrajbarski turn. The castle is built Non-destructive Assessment of as a two-storey, four-bay castle with an arcaded Wood: Case Study of Castle courtyard and round towers at the corners dating from the second half of the 16th century. The castle was first Leskovec mentioned in 1436. The entrance facade has a semicircular stone portal and a triangular attic. The castle was rebuilt Miha Humara, Boštjan Lesara in the 18th century. The castle is situated north of Lesk-a University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, ovec near Krško. The castle has been abandoned for the Slovenia last decades. The roof has become leaky; thus, extensive decay has occurred in several wooden structural elements. Localised collapses have occurred on individual elements. The castle is in the process of renovation. Before this process, the structural health of the wooden elements must miha.humar@bf.uni-lj.si be assessed. In order to complete this task, the following measurements were performed on the elements in situ, namely; moisture content measurements, resistograph Based on these measurements, we identified the structur-measurements (resistance drilling), screw withdrawal, and al elements that need to be replaced. In addition, we esti-dynamic modulus of elasticity through measurements of mate the remaining mechanical properties of the remain-the transit time in microseconds. In addition, the wood ing structure. These data are entry information to plan samples were isolated, and additional laboratory measure-reconstruction and to develop further uses of the castle. In ments were performed. Particular emphasis was placed on addition, suggestions were provided to limit the decay in digital microscopy to determine the wood species used for the future. Biocidal treatment was proposed for elements construction. where limited decay was identified to limit its further de-Most of the damage was caused by the brown rot fungi velopment. Serpula lacrymans, Antrodia vaillantii and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood-inhabiting insects caused minor dam-References: age, predominately Hylotrupes bajulus and Anobium punc-1. B. Lesar, R. Hasanagić, M. Bahmani, M. Humar, Drvna industrija, tatum. Wood decay fungi seem active, while the insect 2024, 75, 59-67. damage seems to have developed in the past. Figure 1: Illustration of the methods utilised to assess the structural health of wooden construction in the castle: resistograph, Measurement of the transit time and screw withdrawal. Miha Humar graduated from Wood Technology, and he joined in the international field as a member of scientific committees the Biotechnical Faculty at the University of Ljubljana as a re-of conferences and international editorial boards. Together search assistant, where he completed his PhD studies as the with Hojka Kraigher, he has co-organised the scientific meet-best PhD student in his year and was awarded the Jesenko ing Forest and Wood for twelve years, and in 2022, he organ-Prize of the Biotechnical faculty. After completing his PhD, ised the World Conference on Wood Protection (IRG/WP) in Miha Humar first gave tutorials on wood pests and wood proBled. He has coordinated several applied and basic projects tection, and later, he also started lecturing on these topics. and a research programme. He has published his scientific In 2015, he was elected full professor in the field of wood findings in more than 220 scientific papers. He is also a co-au-pathology and wood protection. From 2010 to 2022, he held thor of two international patents. His current research work management positions at the Department of Wood Science addresses problems of wood life cycle assessment and the and the Biotechnical Faculty. In 2016 and 2018, as Dean of development of classical biocidal and non-biocidal solutions the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, he was respon-for wood protection. sible for the work of one of Slovenia’s largest and most dis-tinguished faculties. In 2023, Miha Humar was elected as an associate member of the Slovenian Academy of Science and Art. Under his mentorship, more than 200 students graduated, and eight obtained their PhDs. Miha Humar is also active 11 Biological Burden on Built Macroorganisms (plants, mosses) and microor- ganisms (lichens, fungi, algae, bacteria and ar- chaea) are known colonizers of outdoor mon- uments and built objects. Vascular plants are Heritage – is It Always Bad? able to colonize stone materials when they find favorable environmental conditions, and they can contribute to the Polona Zalara deterioration of building materials by causing mechanical a University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, and chemical damage, depending on their life form and the Slovenia shape and extent of their root system [1, 2]. The stones of historic buildings are also the ideal mineral-based substrates for the growth and proliferation of a wide variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, cyano-bacteria, as well as mosses and lichens. Microbial life, either phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, or chemoorganohet-polona.zalar@bf.uni-lj.si erotrophic, exists in the protected form of mixed biofilms within a self-produced exopolysaccharide matrix (EPS), where metabolically cooperative partners utilize and recy-cle available nutrients, as occurs in the natural process of 3. Liu, X., Koestler, R. J., Warscheid, T., Katayama, Y., & Gu, J. D. stone weathering [3]. All these biological agents can con- (2020). Microbial deterioration and sustainable conservation of tribute to biodeterioration by causing discoloration, physi-stone monuments and buildings. Nature Sustainability, 3(12), 991-cal, chemical and mechanical changes leading to corrosion 1004. 4. Sanmartín, P., Bosch-Roig, P., Pangallo, D. et al. Unraveling dis-by biogenic acids, encrustation, complexation and release parate roles of organisms, from plants to bacteria, and viruses on of cations, secondary mineral formation and (re)crystalliza-built cultural heritage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 107, 2027–2037 tion. Although the negative effects of biological agents are (2023). pronounced and worrying, in some cases they even play a 5. Liu X, Qian Y, Wang Y, Wu F, Wang W, Gu J-D (2022) Innovative bioprotective role. They can protect the surface from wa-approaches for the processes involved in microbial biodeterioration ter infiltration, wind abrasion and solar radiation. They can of cultural heritage materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 75:102716 6. Cappitelli, F.; Cattò, C.; Villa, F. The Control of Cultural Heritage prevent erosion or weathering due to pollution. They can Microbial Deterioration. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1542. https://doi. stabilize or even consolidate stone through the formation org/10.3390/microorganisms8101542 of secondary minerals and act as good substitutes for cementitious materials [4]. Restoration of outdoor stone monuments is a long-standing practice [5]. Control strategies include chemical (appli-Born on June 30, 1971 in Novo mesto, Slovenia, Polona Zalar cation of biocides and nanoparticles), physical (mechanical graduated in 1995 from the Faculty of Biology, Biotechnical removal, UV-C irradiation, gamma radiation, laser cleaning, Faculty, University of Ljubljana, where she also received her etc.), and biological treatments (biocidal treatments with Ph.D. in 2006. From 1997 to 1999 she was a young research-compounds of natural origin, application of selected mi-er at the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana. In 1999 crobial cultures or their enzymes, etc. [6]. Also alternative she joined the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, approaches are considered and include environmental con-Department of Biology, where she habilitated as an assistant trol, e.g. air pollution control, humidity regulation, etc. professor in Microbiology. Currently, she is a full-time assis-In order to prevent biodeterioration of build heritage, and tant professor at the Biotechnical Faculty, where she teaches knowing that many treatments used in the past were ei-laboratory courses and lectures in microbiology and mycolo-ther not effective nor environmentlly friendly, green strat-gy to students at the Biotechnical Faculty, Faculty of Educa-egies should be explored and applied. Careful investigation and the Academy of Fine Arts and Design, Restoration tions by (micro)biologists using state-of-the-art methods, and Conservation Program. All her scientific work has been such as the application of culture independent (DNA/RNA-devoted to fungi living in extreme environments, using cul-based techniques) as well as culture-dependent (isolation ture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Since of organisms in pure cultures) techniques could provide 2010 she has been working in the field of microbiology of some usable answers towards solutions. cultural heritage. She has led national projects on biological-ly damaged textiles and on moldy canvas paintings. She has participated in several studies of built heritage, such as the Celje Ceiling, the Lutheran Cellar, Roman villas, and studies References of biodeteriorated interior and exterior surfaces of several 1. Motti, R.; Bonanomi, G. Vascular plant colonisation of four castles churches in Slovenia. in southern Italy: Effects of substrate bioreceptivity, local environment factors and current management. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2018, 133, 26–33. 2. Caneva, G.; Galotta, G.; Cancellieri, L.; Savo, V. Tree roots and damages in the Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia (Roma). J. Cult. Herit. 2009, 10, 53–62. 12 Digitalization of Cultural The importance of digitization in protected buildings and constructions cannot be overstated. It facili-tates the efficient management, preservation, and enhancement of cultural heritage through the use Heritage: HBIM and OpenBIM of advanced technologies such as Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM). This is complemented by the Katja Malovrh Rebeca,b integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), scan-to-BIM tech-a nologies, virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) represen-Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Slovenia tations, holograms, and massive data analysis, which en-b University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, able detailed and accurate documentation and analysis of Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, cultural heritage sites. Using drones and digital knowledge Slovenia repositories, including citizen science initiatives, further enhances the accessibility and preservation of built cultural heritage. These technologies not only support the conservation and restoration efforts but also promote the pub-katja.malovrh@zag.si lic’s engagement and understanding of cultural heritage. In the lecture, we will look into the reasons why HBIM and openBIM supported by ISO 16739:2013, is the most common ontology. We will present different case studies, including the conservation plan for a protected seven-teenth-century residential building planned for restoration and the digital representation of the tallest building in the capital as it was erected in the 1980s. These examples will serve as practical use cases. We will also discuss the use of MVD (Model View Definition) and energy use modelling coupled with environmental footprint calculations (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA). We will also touch upon fascinating trends for the future of digitization in construction and cultural heritage, particularly in the context of built heritage with completely new knowledge domains and seeking innovative skill sets for future experts. Assistant Professor Katja Malovrh Rebec, PhD, is Head of The Department and Laboratory for Building Physics at the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG). She started and led a horizontal research group, Digitalization, at ZAG in 2018. She holds compulsory course for the Master’s degree level titled Energy Efficient Building Design at the University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies. Her research topics are digitalization of built environment, BIM and HBIM, lighting and human responses and environmental impacts of built environment including energy use and decarbonati-zation of buildings. Currently, two researchers are pursuing 13 their PhDs under her guidance in digitalization field of study. The capture of three-dimensional data is a powerful tool for the preservation and analysis of conditions 3D Technology in Restoration and the presentation of historical structures and artefacts. Depending on the type of data capture, Processes the processing methods and the type of applications, cultural heritage units are divided into buildings with relative-Rok Hafnera ly regular geometric shapes and sculptures and sculptural decorative ornamentation with free organic forms. Build-a Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of ings with regular geometries, such as historic houses, re-Slovenia, Slovenia ligious buildings or castles, are captured with a terrestrial scanner designed for larger and more distant objects. This allows us to record the dimensions of the structures, architectural features and surface textures. Architectural drawings based on orthophotos are now common practice in the architecture and construction in-rok.hafner@zvkds.si dustry. This avoids the huge amount of manual field surveying that was unavoidable in the past. These images are the product of photogrammetry, while orthophotos with even greater accuracy can be obtained using terrestrials, i.e. scanners designed to capture larger dimensions. In the cultural heritage area, organic patterns of irregular geometric shapes predominate. The three-dimensional images were primarily produced to document the existing state of the artefacts in 3D. Monitoring the rate of deterioration of an artefact is possible by capturing it in 3D over different time periods. In cultures that advocate the preservation of vedutas regardless of the lifetime of the artwork, copying is one of the basic activities. Endangered originals are removed to the safety of museums or museum depositories, while copies are placed in their original places. Sculptures and other sculptural decoration are usually damaged in conservation and restoration processes. In the case of form, there are usually surface delaminations, often with the most exposed parts such as fingers. In tradi-tional copy-making techniques, the missing and damaged parts and areas would be modelled physically. However, in the case where we have a 3D model at our disposal, we can take advantage of this and carry out part of the restoration process in virtual space. A number of projects have been carried out in which hap-tics, a digitised form of classical sculptural techniques, has been used to transform the virtual material. This technology delivers a convincingly realistic sense of touch in the virtual space of the computer screen. Haptic feedback hardware, used primarily in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) environments, provides tactile sensations that allow users to feel and interact with virtual objects as if they were real. 14 Investigation of the Structural, The paper presents research into the structural, physical and mechanical properties of wood found in the construction of historic and other cultural heritage buildings. An examples of the studies of Physical, and Mechanical oak (Quercus sp.) wood is presented, from constructions Properties of Wood from Historic ranging in age from 4 to 512 years [1,2]. A comprehensive study of wood primarily requires dendrochronological dat-Buildings Using Conventional ing, which provides information about the age of the wood and NDT Methods or buildings, as well as their reconstructions, additions, etc. After successful dendrochronological dating, standardized Jure Žigona, Maks Merelaa, Angela Balzanoa, samples were prepared using conventional techniques for Katarina Čufara, Luka Kržea, Aleš Stražea structural analysis and for the analysis of physical and mechanical properties. For comparative analysis, selected a University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, non-destructive testing methods were also applied to the Slovenia samples, such as ultrasound time-of-flight measurement, frequency response measurement and X-ray scanning. jure.zigon@bf.uni-lj.si This type of analysis provides information about the properties of the wood, knowledge of which is essential for as-Acknowledgments: sessing the state of preservation and planning adaptations The authors acknowledge the financial support from the and possible restoration and conservation methods for the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) re-preservation of cultural heritage. On the research example ceived within the research programmes P4-0430 and P4-of old oak wood, we found lower hygroscopicity, better di-0015, and research projects J4-50131 and J5-50063. mensional stability and lower transverse shrinkage anisotropy. The density of oak wood did not change significantly with aging. In the transverse direction of old oak wood, we found a decrease in the speed of sound, a decrease in the elastomechanical properties and hardness of the wood and a reduction in sound damping. Jure Žigon, PhD, is an assistant professor at the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology. He has been working as an independent expert consultant at the Department of Wood Processing since 2016. In the past, he was mainly involved in research on the properties of wood surfaces, surface treatment, coating and gluing of wood. He completed his doctorate in the field of the Figure 1: Wood from historic buildings investegated with conven-use of plasma for the surface treatment of wood and wood-tional and NDT methods. based composites. In the last two years he has worked mainly in the field of wood physics, wood technology and wood drying. This area includes the application of both destructive and non-destructive methods to determine the relevant properties of wood, whether on standing trees, logs, sawn timber and various wooden objects. Dr. Žigon is the author of 53 scientific articles, 2 chapters in a monograph and numerous other publications, including expert opinions and professional expertises. References: 1. A. Straže, M. Dremelj, E. Žveplan, K. Čufar, Les. 2018, 67 (1), 5-14. 2. M. Dremelj, K. Novak, M. Merela, A. Straže, Forests. 2023, 14 (7), 1-13. 15 Hyperspectral Imaging for Hyperspectral imaging has become a valuable tool in art heritage science and conservation studies. This talk will review the technical requirements for making robust, repeatable, and reliable mea- Cultural Heritage Applications surements hyperspectral images of art heritage objects and demonstrate some real-life examples of the practical John Gilchrista deployment to measure real objects of heritage signifi-a cance. ClydeHSI, United Kingdom johnrg@clydehsi.com John Gilchrist, PhD, is an Applied Physicist who has been instrumental in the design, development and deployment of optical spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging systems worldwide since 1985. He has held senior posts in both UK and USA based companies and had responsibilities for both technical and commercial developments of these businesses. Today he focusses on hyperspectral imaign and since the last four years has been the managing director of ClydeHSI and also the chairman of the IEEE Standards Association project P4001 for the characterisation and testing of hyperspectral cameras. 16 Traditional masonry is typical composite construction material, mainly consisting masonry units Testing for Eearthquake and mortar. Natural raw materials, earth, clay and various types of stone are used for manufacturing Resistance Evaluation of the units, whereas the mortar is composed of mud, lime Heritage Masonry Buildings: and sand, mixed with water in the prescribed proportions Nondestructive versus with or without additives, such as cement. Units of various types and shapes are laid in various arrangements, and Destructive, Laboratory versus are expected to act together as a homogeneous structural In-situ Testing material when subjected to permanent and temporary ac-tions. Traditionally, masonry was aimed at resisting gravi-Miha Tomaževiča ty loads: masonry resists compression, however its capacity to resist tension and shear, caused by seismic forces a Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering induced during earthquakes, is rather low. Institute, Slovenia Earthquake ground motion is three-dimensional. During earthquakes, dynamic forces are induced, which, in addi-miha.tomazevic@zag.si tion to gravity, act on the structures, cyclically changing directions of action. Besides materials, structural layout thoroughly studied and understood. On the basis of such is responsible for energy dissipation and displacement ca-information, supported by testing, methods and proce-pacity of resisting structural systems. dures can be developed to prevent consequences of future To obtain reliable information, needed to assess the resis-seismic events, if adequately used and timely applied. tance of structural systems built of complex structural materials, such as masonry, to complex loads, such as seismic Acknowledgment: The discussion in this contribution is action, testing is indispensable. Various testing methods based on the author’s and his colleagues’ work and expe-are available, including non-destrucitve, semi-destructive, rience obtained during on-site and laboratory activities and destructive testing, both in-situ and in the laborato-aimed at determining the values of parameters needed ry. Experiences show that, since masonry is non-homoge-for earthquake resistance analysis of masonry buildings. neous, anisotropic and inelastic material, nondestructive Some details presented may be found in various papers tests on the basis of propagation of sonic and seismic and expert reports issued by ZAG. waves, as well as radar scanning cannot directly provide values of mechanical properties of masonry. They are good for discovering irregularities, such as voids in the masonry, Since 1967, professor Miha Tomaževič has worked at Slovenian Building and Civil Engineering Institute. He was heading filling the openings in masonry walls and changes in ma-section of earthquake engineering since 1977, and acted as sonry structure. Semi-destructive tests, like shove-tests the director of the Institute from 1996 to 2005. He partially in the case of brick masonry or flat jack tests provide in-retired in 2009 and worked on a half-time basis until 2017. formation regarding the existing stress state in the struc-Among other topics, the scope of his work included experi-tural elements as well as compressive and shear strength. mental and analytical research in seismic resistance of ma-However, careful calibration of test results, which requires sonry buildings. Important part of his research was aimed destructive testing in each particular case, is needed to ob-at reducing seismic vulnerability of existing, including archi-tain reliable values. tectural cultural heritage buildings. Professor Tomaževič has As a result of non-homogeneity and anisotropy of mason-been visiting professor to the Universities of Trento, Padua, ry, material with limited elastic characteristics, it is not Brescia, and Trieste in Italy, Universidad de Chile, Technical possible to reliably assess seismic behavior of masonry University of Dresden, Germany, as well as the Indian Insti-structural components and entire structures only on the tute of Technology in Roorkee. He has given more than 90 basis of relatively easily obtained mechanical properties of lectures and seminars at many universities and research in-constituent materials, such as masonry units and mortar. stitutes in Europe and the USA, Japan, China, Chile, Mexico, Additional specific testing of structural components and and India. He worked in several national and international assemblages is needed to assess the values of parameters technical committees, and served as an expert for Italian and which determine the seismic behavior, e.g. strength and Mexican goverments, UNIDO and the World Bank. He pub-stiffness degradation and deterioration under repeated lat-lished more than 400 papers and 7 books, collecting almost eral load reversals, as well as displacement and energy dis-4900 citations (Google scholar). Professor Tomaževič is mem-sipation capacity. To obtain relevant information, testing ber of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Slovenian methods which simulate actual seismic conditions, should Academy of Engineers. He is recipient of a number of awards and recognitions in Slovenia and abroad. be used. In such a case, in-situ tests are preferred to laboratory testing of laboratory prepared specimens. Ultimate-ly, real earthquakes represent best testing fields. Although expensive in all aspects, information obtained by learning lessons from earthquakes is precious and most valuable, if 17 Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) is increasingly being used in civil engineering and geotechnical applications. The key advantage over conventional point-based measurement methods, is the ability (DFOS) for Diagnostics of Various to measure the selected physical quantities continuously over the length of the structure, from a few centimetres to Structures several hundred kilometres. The benefits of this technique Tomasz Howiackia, Katarzyna Zuziakb, Rafał are therefore particularly evident when monitoring linear Sieńkoa, Łukasz Bednarskic structures such as roads, embankments, bridges [1], tun-nels, pipelines or railway lines. The result of the measure-a Cracow University of Technoly, Poland ment is not a single value at a selected point, but a profile b SHM System / Nerve-Sensors, Poland of strain, temperature, displacement or vibration, both as c AGH University, Poland a function of time and as a function of length [2]. The sensors are a key component of the system as they are fully integrated into the structure being monitored throughout tomasz.howiacki@pk.edu.pl its lifetime. Figure 1: Example applications of distributed mono-lithic sensors to monitor various structures. Typical projects include both short-term laboratory or field Tomasz Howiacki is a graduate of the Cracow University of measurements (e.g. load tests) and long-term measure-Technology CUT (Civil Engineering) and the AGH University ments under changing operational conditions. Monolithic of Science and Technology (Management) in Kraków, Poland. DFOS-based sensors [3] have been successfully installed In 2022, he defended with distinction his doctoral thesis en-in countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, Ja-titled. “Analysis of cracks in concrete structures using distributed optical fibre measurements”. He participated in more pan, Australia, the USA, Mexico and others. Selected field than 60 technical conferences and published more than 30 projects carried out in Poland are shown in Figure 1. The scientific papers, including the manuscripts in prestigious aim of this article is to discuss the current capabilities and journals such as Measurements, Sensors or Structural Health limitations, with a special focus on the experience gained Monitoring. In 2016 – 2018 he was a participant of the COST during the largest railway project in Poland. TU1402 international group: “Quantifying the Value of Structural Health Monitoring” within the activities of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. His main interests focus on distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS), finite element modelling (FEM) and 3D concrete printing (3DCP). Since 2014, he has been employed by SHM System, Krakow, where his responsibilities include designing monitoring systems, supervising installations, performing DFOS measure-References: ments, analysing and interpreting measurement results, mod-1. T. Howiacki, R. Sieńko, Ł. Bednarski, K. Zuziak, Structural monitor-elling structures using FEA, or conducting and documenting ing of concrete, steel, and composite bridges in Poland with distrib-R&D work. Since 2023, he is also a scientific researcher at uted fibre optic sensors. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. the Chair of Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete 2023, 1–17; https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2023.2230558 Structures at the Faculty of Civil Engineering (CUT). In recent 2. B. Piątek, T. Howiacki, M. Kulpa, T. Siwowski, R. Sieńko, Ł. Bednar-years, he has worked as a DFOS specialist in many research ski, Strain, crack, stress and shape diagnostics of new and existing post-tensioned structures through distributed fibre optic sensors. projects, focused on the development of innovative diagnos-Measurement, 2023, V221(15) 113480; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tic solutions for civil, bridge and geotechnical engineering. measurement.2023.113480 3. Ł. Bednarski, R. Sieńko, T. Howiacki, K. Zuziak, The Smart Nervous System for Cracked Concrete Structures: Theory, Design, Research, and Field Proof of Monolithic DFOS-Based Sensors. Sensors, 2022, 22, 8713. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228713 18 Damage Identification and Elastic waves, in their active (ultrasound) and passive (acoustic emission, AE) form have been ex- tensively used to monitor the damage condition of materials and structures. The present abstract Evaluation Using Acoustic describes certain ultrasonic and AE applications in heri-Emission and Air-coupled tage-related materials, like monitoring and identification of damage in masonry couplets, triplets, walls, patch repair Ultrasonics of masonry, as well as evaluation of deterioration due to Eleni Tsangouria,b, Nicolas Ospitiaa,c, fire loading. Certain ultrasonic topics in advanced applica-Dimitrios G. Aggelisa tions, like monitoring of durability loss in cementitious me-dia using air-coupled dispersion measurements supported a Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium by theoretical and numerical investigations are also men-b CY Cergy Paris Université, Cergy-Pontoise, France tioned. The contribution of the applied frequency is always c Ghent Universiteit, Ghent, Belgium highlighted, as in surface wave applications, it defines the penetration depth and thus the material layer that can be daggelis@vub.be characterized, while in through transmission, the wave-length defines essentially the resolution of the technique. Figure 2: Fracture modes identified with Acoustic emission. Figure 1: DIC strain map of masonry under compression. Figure 3: Wave field of masonry. Dimitrios Aggelis is Professor of the Department of Mechan-the world RILEM Robert L’Hermite medal of 2012 for his ics of Materials and Constructions at the Vrije Universiteit contribution in the field of construction materials. He has Brussel since October 2012. Prior to this position he worked published more than 160 papers in international journals as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Sci-and more than 200 in conference proceedings along with 25 ence and Engineering at the University of Ioannina, Greece chapters in books or stand-alone books. He is editor-in-chief (2008-2012) and as research fellow in the Research Institute of the journal Developments in the Built Environment, edi-of Technology, Tobishima Corporation, Japan (2006-2008). tor of the journal Construction and Building Materials, the He received his PhD degree from the Mechanical Engineer-acoustics section-editor-in-chief of Applied Sciences, editor in ing and Aeronautics Department of the University of Patras Sensors, associate editor of Materials and Structures and ed-in 2004 and his diploma in Mechanical Engineering from the itorial board member of NDT&E International. He is currently same department in 1998. His main area of interest includes or has been involved in teaching of Experimental Techniques characterization of cementitious materials, expanding also and Nondestructive Testing of Materials, Mechanics/Strength to composites and metals by use of non-destructive inspec-of Materials, Construction Materials, Dynamics of Structures, tion techniques focused on elastic wave propagation. He is Structural Health Monitoring. active member of several technical committees of RILEM, the vice-chair of 269-IAM (Damage assessment in Consideration of Repair/ Retrofit-Recovery in Concrete and Masonry Structures by Means of Innovative NDT) and was the recipient of 19 Preventive Conservation of Within the project SensMat, which is funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 814596 the area of preven- Historic Structures and Artefacts tive conservation of artefacts but also historic structures by applying wireless sensor systems was raised to a new by Intelligent Wireless Sensor level of networked systems. This applies not only to the Networks networking of self-sustaining sensors and their sensor data, but also to the networking and utilization of relevant Markus Krügera,b, Helmut Pongratzb, information for the building or artefacts condition assess-Thomas Muelledera,b ment. One main outcome of the project is the further de-a velopment of existing components in the interaction of the TU Graz, Institute of Technology and Testing of various systems for exemplary application scenarios and Building Materials, Austria b TTI GmbH, TGU Smartmote, Germany their integration into a cloud-based, scalable, but also high-ly efficient and interoperable system. krueger@tugraz.at The starting point for further developments was provided by the existing technologies of the involved partners, which is a wireless sensor system originally developed by The general risk assessment schemes (RH/T assessments TTI GmbH – TGU Smartmote and further improved by TU according to ASHRAE or ICOM-CC or the assessment of Graz and Smartmote. In order to obtain information rele-TVOC, light etc.) evaluate the quality of the building and vant to a predictable risk assessment of historic structures the corresponding climate system with respect to the de-and artefacts, analysis and prognosis procedures have sired and achievable environmental conditions inside the been further developed, adapted and evaluated with the building/room. aim of on-site data cleansing and simultaneous data reduc-Specific risk assessments consider biological degradation tion and data fusion. Data models as well as analysis tools like mold risk or chemical degradation, e.g. by calculating were developed and integrated into an interoperable soft-lifetime multiplier or by defining threshold level concentra-ware framework. The latter enables the status information tion of VOC, TVOC etc. to be displayed in the form of a georeferenced digital twin via web user interfaces. Wireless sensor network system Within the SensMat project three different types of sensor systems were developed, of which one is an IoT ready Markus Krüger is full professor at Graz University of Tech-wireless multi-sensor platform with wireless data transfer nology and head of Institute of Technology and Testing of using battery powered low cost sensor nodes for continu-Building Materials – IMBT since 2015. He graduated from the ous monitoring (RH, T, UV/light/IR, VOC, TVOC; particulate University of Dortmund in civil engineering in March 1998 matter/dust, shock/vibration) with active control/alarm and from the University of Hagen in industrial engineering functionality. and management in March 2004. Conferral of a doctorate at the Institute of Construction Materials, University of Stutt-Software framework for data visualisation, risk assess-gart in July 2004 with the dissertation “Prestressed Textile ment, alarming and reporting Reinforced Concrete”. In 2004 foundation of Smartmote that The risk assessment inside museums by using monitoris a spin-off formed from the non-destructive testing research ing systems has to consider many different aspects and group of the Institute of Construction Materials, Stuttgart. input parameters and complexity of system maintenance Until 2015 head of the unit “Monitoring in Civil Engineering” and data assessment increases with an increasing num-at the MPA Universität Stuttgart. Teaching and educating ber of artefacts and sensors applied. To guarantee easy students in construction materials, concrete technology and application and user satisfaction some essential issues destructive and non-destructive test methods. to be considered are basic classification schemes of risk Activities in research include concrete technology especially assessment, their basic mathematical operations and the with respect to workability, production technologies, durabil-graphical representation as well as a reporting tool that ity and sustainability, but also include non-destructive test-allows archiving the monitored data associated to the ar-ing and destructive test methods as well as quality control tefacts. The system must provide information that helps of construction materials and building structures, monitoring in decision making and that is more than just a database civil engineering structures and construction materials using wireless sensor networks and advanced sensor technologies. containing only time series of sensor data, e.g. type of building and indoor environment control, outdoor weather conditions or sensitivity of artefacsts. A risk assessment itself can be made on building level, room level (showcase level), artefact level or point level. 20 Use of VR and AI in Heritage The lecture explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) in safeguarding historical monuments, artifacts, traditions, and knowledge. It begins by defining AI Science and VR, explaining their functionalities and historical evolution. The synergy between these technologies is high-Izidor Mlakara lighted, demonstrating how they complement each other a in cultural heritage preservation. AI’s applications include University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical digital archiving, documentation, and artifact restoration, Engineering and Computer Science, Slovenia while VR enables virtual museums and archaeological reconstructions. The lecture presents case studies of successful projects utilizing these technologies both individually and in combination, illustrating their practical benefits. It also addresses the challenges of implementing AI and izidor.mlakar@um.si VR, including technical barriers, ethical considerations, and cultural sensitivities, offering solutions and best practices. Looking to the future, emerging trends and potential advancements in AI and VR are discussed, predicting their impact on cultural heritage preservation over the next decade. The lecture concludes with a summary of key points, emphasizing the pivotal role of AI and VR in preserving cultural heritage for future generations. Izidor Mlakar, PhD, is a Research Associate at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, where he also obtained his PhD in electrical engineering. He is a principal investigator of a multidisciplinary HUMADEX Research Group, leading the activities of UM on various Horizon and national projects (HosmartAI, AI4HOPE, SOLARIS, SMILE, BIO-STREAMS, HoSmartAI) focused on artificial intelligence and human-machine interaction. His research interests include artificial intelligence, embodied con-versational agents, use experience etc. 21 Infrared Assessment of Built Infrared imaging, or thermography for short, provides us with data on the surface temperature of the body. Thermography is a well established tool for non-de- structive testing in mechanical engineering. Its applica-Heritage tion in the civil engineering is still less developed, mostly connected with the inspection of thermal bridges. Zvonko Jagličića,b, Andreja Padovnika,c However, an infra red (IR) camera can also be used for a non-destructive testing in the civil engineering. The ob-University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Slovenia tained temperature image of the surface of the test ob-b Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics, ject and the time dependence of the surface temperature Slovenia can provide information about what is hidden under the c Restavratorstvo Andreja Padovnik s.p., Slovenia surface. Compared to other non-destructive methods such as ultrasound, radar or electrical resistance measurement, thermography has several advantages: The method is fast-er than the others mentioned, relatively inexpensive and zvonko.jaglicic@imfm.si no physical contact between the test object and the IR camera is required. The basic working principles of thermography and the difference between active and passive thermography will be described. The use of the IR camera to detect delaminations and to assess the quality of injections in various objects of built heritage, such as the Church of St. Martin in Zazid, Slovenia, will be presented. Zvonko Jagličić, PhD, has a BSc in physics (1990), MSc in physics (1994) and PhD in physics (1996) at University of Ljubljana. From 2015 he is a full Professor of Physics at University of Ljubljana. He is head of Chair of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of civil and geodetic engineering, UL (2009-2013 and 2017-2021), Head of Physics department at Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics (2009-present). His research interests are magnetism in solids: molecular magnets, complex metallic alloys, frustrated systems, magnetic nanoparticles; building physics. He is leader of national programme New imaging and analytic methods (2009-present) and projects Study of magnetism in new complex materials (2004-07), Sensor technologies in diagnostics and monitoring of cultural heritage buildings (2017-2020), many bilateral projects. His visiting positions were Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Institute, Berlin, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Germany, Korea Basic Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences. 22 Interdisciplinary Insight into Stucco marble altars are a cheaper way of imitat-ing stone (especially marble) altars and were very popular especially during baroque periods. Stucco marble typically represents a mixture of gypsum, Baroque Stucco Marble water and animal glue, applied to a hard support such as plastered brickwork or stone or wood, and polished, of-Katja Kavklera, Irena Kralj Cigićb, Lea Legana, ten involving a final coating of oil and/or wax [1] [2]. To Martina Vugac, Matej Klemenčičd obtain colouration, the base mixture is homogeneously a Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of mixed with a pigment, and to obtain decorative marble-like Slovenia, Slovenia patterning, the application involves kneading the pigment b University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and into a heterogeneous moist gypsum mixture shaped into Chemical Technology, Slovenia a cylinder, subsequently cut into thin slices, laid onto the c University of Ljubljana, Academy of Fine Arts and prepared surface, smoothed, ground and polished to high Design, Slovenia lustre [2]. d University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Only little is known about the technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries as rare craftsmen who practiced the tech-katja.kavkler@zvkds.si nique then, withhold their expertise. In that time, it was also prohibited passing it on by law. Therefore, the making References: of stucco marble that is performed today originates from 1. M. T. Freire, A. Santos Silva, M. Veiga, Conservar Património. the 19th century’s practice [3]. 2021, 41, 10.14568/cp2020055. While stucco marble altars are rather seldom to find on the 2. M. Berner, J. Weber, Baroque artificial marble: Environmental impacts, degradation and protection, ENVIART, European Communi-territory of Slovenia, the existing ones present some of the ties (ed. Wittenburg, C.). 1999, 11-20. most important examples of local baroque heritage. While 3. C. Reithmeir, Structural Studies of Historical Buildings 4/2. Dy-the centre, and the country of origin, of stucco marble namics, Repairs & Restoration. 1995, 213-223. production was Italy, local and regional workshops have developed that often adapted the method of application slightly [2]. Because of their rarity, conservators and restorers have little experience with them and it is therefore difficult to plan and execute their restoration or prepare the appropriate climate conditions of the church interiors. Moreover, the current state-of-research in art historical terms is not at a satisfactory level. The lack of information can be overcome by combining conservation and art historical research with material analyses, which can give valuable information Katja Kavkler studied conservation and restoration of artistic on materials composition and their state of preservation. works at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design of University This is the aim of a three-years research project on stucco of Ljubljana. Later she finished PhD in textile sciences at the mable altars in Slovenia. Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering at the same uni-So far six different altairpieces from three churches have versity with the theme “Fungi on Textiles and their impact been examined in situ as well as on extracted samples. In on Natural Fibres”. Since 2011, she is employed in Natural situ measurements were done by infrared and Raman por-Science Department at Restoration Centre of the Institute for table spectrometers as well as USB microscope. Laborato-the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, being its head ry experiments were carried out by optical microscopy as since 2012. Since the department is small, a small group of well as benchtop infrared and Raman spectrometers and employees cover basic analyses of a wide range of materials GC-MS. composing heritage objects, i.e. organic, inorganic, natural, Preliminary results show different way of execution of an-and synthetic from all historic periods from prehistory on-alysed altairpieces with the main component gypsum and wards. They mainly work on samples extracted from heritage different inorganic as well as organic additives. Addition-objects, but as in the last years non-invasive analyses have ally, in situ and laboratory analyses were evaluated and become more and more important, we have been including compared. Results show, that combination of both groups them into our work. of analyses is important to get an overview of the objects In 2023 she was granted a research project about stucco as well as insight into the layers. Non-invasive methods marble altairs in Slovenia. This is an interdisciplinary research project, where non-invasive material analyses are combined can be used on several points, whereas analyses of sam-with invasive laboratory methods and art-historical research. ples give information about layer structuring and material distribution. 23 sHERezad: Sustainable Built Heritage Dimitrios Aggelis John Gilchrist Rok Hafner Tomasz Howiacki Miha Humar Zvonko Jagličić Katja Kavkler Lidija Korat Bensa Markus Krüger Katja Malovrh Rebec Lucia Mancini Izidor Mlakar Helena Otmačić Ćurković Andreja Pondelak Cristiano Riminesi Polonca Ropret Miha Tomaževič Polona Zalar Jure Žigon lecturers 24 25 This publication is not intended for sale. Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2024