T. WEGRZYN et al.: IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF WMD AFTER MAG WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING
1001–1004
IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF WMD AFTER MAG WELDING WITH
MICRO-JET COOLING
UDARNA @ILAVOST WMD PO MAG VARJENJU Z MIKRO-JET
HLAJENJEM
Tomasz Wegrzyn1, Jan Piwnik2, Aleksander Borek3, Agnieszka Kurc-Lisiecka4
1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, Krasiñkiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
2Bialystok University of Technology, Mechanical Faculty, Wiejska 45c, 16-351 Bialystok, Poland
3Plasma-system, Towarowa 14, 41-103 Siemianowice Œl¹skie, Poland
4University of D¹browa Górnicza, Rail Transport Department, Cieplaka 1c, 41-300 D¹browa Górnicza, Poland
a.kurc@wp.pl
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2015-06-30; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2015-11-05
doi:10.17222/mit.2015.159
The MAG welding process with micro-jet cooling of the weld during the cooling stage was investigated. For micro-jet gases the
mixtures of argon with carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen were tested. This paper presents a piece of information about a
new proposal for gas mixtures during micro-jet cooling after welding. Presented is the main information about the influence of
various micro-jet gas mixtures on the metallographic structure of the weld metal. The mechanical properties of the welds were
presented in terms of various gas mixtures selection for micro-jet cooling. The influence of argon gas mixtures with oxygen and
nitrogen for micro-jet cooling after welding are reported for the first time in the technical literature.
Keywords: welding, micro-jet cooling, weld, metallographic structure, gas mixtures, GMA welding
Preiskovana je bila za~etna faza postopka MAG varjenja z mikro-jet hlajenjem zvara. Za mikro-jet so bile preizku{ene me{anice
argona z ogljikovim dioksidom, kisikom in du{ikom. ^lanek predstavlja del informacije o predlogu novih me{anic plinov za
mikro-jet hlajenje po varjenju. Dane so informacije o vplivu razli~nih plinskih me{anic za mikro-jet na metalografske strukture
zvarjenega materiala. Mehanske lastnosti zvarov so prikazane v smislu izbranih razli~nih vrst me{anic plinov za mikro-jet
hlajenje. Vpliv me{anice argona s kisikom in du{ikom za mikro-jet hlajenje po varjenju je prvi~ prikazan tudi v tehni{ki
literaturi.
Klju~ne besede: varjenje, mikro-jet hlajenje, zvar, metalografska struktura, me{anice plinov, GMA varjenje
1 INTRODUCTION
MAG is an important industrial welding process,
preferred for its versatility, speed and the relative ease of
adapting the process to robotic automation. Develop-
ments in arc welding processes are strongly related with
the need to increase productivity without losing the
quality of the weld.1–5 The reduction of costs and com-
petitive pricing are each day more strongly related with
technological innovations.6–11 The properties of steel
welded structures depend on many factors such as weld-
ing technology, filler materials, state of stress. The main
role of these conditions is also connected with the ma-
terials, the chemical composition of steel and the weld
metal deposit (WMD).12–16 The chemical composition of
metal weld deposit could be regarded as a very important
factor influencing the properties of the weld metal
deposit (WMD). In particular, the oxygen, titanium,
manganese and aluminium are regarded as the main
elements that positively effect the mechanical properties
and the metallographic structure of low-alloy welds. This
is because of the non-metallic inclusions in weld (Figure
1) that have similar lattice parameter as the ferrite (TiO,
TiN, MnO, Al2O3).
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 1001–1004 1001
UDK 620.178.2:621.791:621.78.08 ISSN 1580-2949
Professional article/Strokovni ~lanek MTAEC9, 50(6)1001(2016)
Figure 1: a) SEM micrographs showing the oxide inclusions in
low-alloy WMD after welding with basic electrodes and b) EDS anal-
ysis of the WMD1
Slika 1: a) SEM-posnetek prikazuje oksidne vklju~ke v malo legi-
ranem WDM po varjenju z bazi~nimi elektrodami in b) EDS analiza
WMD1
The welding parameters, metallographic structure
and chemical composition of the weld metal deposit are
regarded as important factors that influence the impact
toughness properties of the deposits.9–12 In a typical low-
alloy steel weld structure the best mechanical properties
correspond with the maximum amount of acicular ferrite
(AF) in the weld metal deposit (WMD) and the mini-
mum amount of MAC phases (self-tempered martensite,
retained austenite, carbide). This article focuses on
mild-steel welding and covers the new possibilities of
that method. Since 2011, innovative welding technology
based on micro-jet cooling just after welding has been
investigated. The weld metal deposit (WMD) was carried
out for the standard MAG process and for the innovative
welding method with micro-jet cooling. A very high per-
centage of acicular ferrite (AF) in WMD was obtainable
(55–73 %) for low-alloy steel welding only for micro-jet
cooling after the MIG process with argon or helium.13–18
Argon and helium, as micro-jet gases, could provide a
better impact toughness of the WMD (0.08 % C, 0.8 %
Mn) than in the case of the classic MAG process (Table
1). Table 1 shows that argon is a more beneficial micro-
jet cooling gas than helium. Also, it is shown that
micro-jet cooling improves the amount of acicular ferrite
in the weld. Helium is not such a beneficial micro-jet gas
as argon and its mixtures in the MAG process (because
of the high percentage of MAC phases). In that paper gas
mixtures of argon with a small amount of oxygen and
nitrogen were mainly tested because of the positive influ-
ence of some oxide and nitride inclusions of acicular
ferrite forming and thus the very good impact toughness
of the welds.
Table 1: Metallographic structure of MAG welds1
Tabela 1: Metalografske strukture MAG zvarov1
Micro-jet gases Ferrite AF MAC phases
without micro-jet 43% 4%
He 59% 6%
Ar 63% 2%
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
The weld metal deposit was prepared by welding
with micro-jet cooling with gas mixtures both for the
standard MAG process and the MAG welding with
micro-jet cooling. The MAG welding process was based
on a shielded gas mixture of 79 % Ar and 21 % CO2. To
obtain various amounts of acicular ferrite in the WMD
the installed micro-jet injector was close to the MAG
welding head. The main parameters of the micro-jet
cooling were slightly varied:
• cooling steam diameter (40 μm and 50 μm),
• gas pressure (0.4 MPa and 0.5 MPa),
• gas mixtures of argon (82 % Ar/18 % CO2 and 98 %
Ar/2 % O2 and 98 % Ar + 2 % N2) were chosen as the
micro-jet gases.
A montage of the welding head and the micro-jet
injector is illustrated in Figure 2. The main data about
the parameters of the welding are shown in Table 2. The
weld metal deposit was prepared by welding with
micro-jet cooling using a larger number of parameters
(Table 3).
Table 2: Parameters of the welding process
Tabela 2: Parametri procesa varjenja
No. Parameter Value
1. Diameter of wire 1.2 mm
2. Standard current 220 A
3. Voltage 24 V
4. Shielding welding gases 82% Ar/18% CO2
5. Kind of tested micro-jetcooling gases
Ar, 82% Ar/18% CO2;
98% Ar/2% O2;
98% Ar/2% N2
6. Gas pressure 0.4 MPa; 0.5 MPa
7. Number of micro-jets 1
8. Cooling stream diameter 40 μm; 50 μm
Table 3: Chemical composition of WMD
Tabela 3: Kemijska sestava WDM
Comment Element Amount
in all tested cases C 0.08%
in all tested cases Mn 0.79%
in all tested cases Si 0.39%
in all tested cases P 0.017%
in all tested cases S 0.018%
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We tested and compared various welds of the stan-
dard MAG process connected with those of the innova-
tive micro-jet cooling. A typical weld metal deposit had
a similar chemical composition in all the tested cases.
The micro-jet gas could only have an influence on more
or less intensive cooling conditions, but it does not have
any influence on the chemical WMD composition (Table
3), except for the oxygen and nitrogen amounts in the
WMD (Table 4).
It is easy to deduce that the amount of oxygen and
nitrogen was slightly increased in terms of the chemical
composition of the micro-jet gas mixtures. After the che-
mical analyses the metallographic structure of the WMD
T. WEGRZYN et al.: IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF WMD AFTER MAG WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING
1002 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 1001–1004
Figure 2: Montage of welding head and micro-jet injector (on the
right)
Slika 2: Namestitev varilne glave in mikro-jet injector (na desni)
(with and without micro-jet cooling) was carried out. An
example of this structure was shown in Table 5.
Table 4: Content of oxygen and nitrogen in WMD
Tabela 4: Vsebnost kisika in du{ika v WMD
Micro-jet gases Element Amount (%)
Ar O 0.0350
82% Ar / 18% CO2 O 0.0380
98% Ar / 2% O2 O 0.0380
98% Ar / 2% N2 O 0.0350
Ar N 0.0055
82% Ar / 18% CO2 N 0.0055
98% Ar / 2% O2 N 0.0055
98% Ar / 2% N2 N 0.0060
Table 5: Metallographic structure of (MAG method 82% Ar/18%
CO2) welds
Tabela 5: Metalografska struktura zvarov (metoda MAG z 82 %
Ar/18 % CO2)
Micro-jet gas
Gas
pressure,
MPa
Cooling
steam
diameter,
μm
Ferrite
AF
MAC
phases
without micro-jet - - 55% 3%
Ar 0.4 40 60% 2%
Ar 0.4 50 63% 2%
Ar 0.5 40 63% 2%
Ar 0.5 50 61% 2%
98% Ar/2% O2 0.4 40 64% 2%
98% Ar/2% O2 0.4 50 66% 2%
98% Ar/2% O2 0.5 40 67% 2%
98% Ar/2% O2 0.5 50 65% 2%
82% Ar/18% CO2 0.4 40 58% 2%
82% Ar/18% CO2 0.4 50 60% 2%
82% Ar/18% CO2 0.5 40 61% 2%
82% Ar/18% CO2 0.5 50 59% 3%
98% Ar/2% N2 0.4 40 58% 2%
98% Ar/2% N2 0.4 50 59% 2%
98% Ar/2% N2 0.5 40 59% 2%
98% Ar/2% N2 0.5 50 57% 3%
Table 5 shows that in all cases a gas mixture of argon
with oxygen is the most beneficial choice. We also ob-
served MAC (self-tempered martensite, retained auste-
nite, carbide) phases on various levels. In the standard
MAG welding process (without micro-jet cooling) there
are usually gettable larger amounts of grain-boundary
ferrite (GBF) and site-plate ferrite (SPF) fraction, mean-
while in micro-jet cooling WMD both of the GBF and
SPF structures were not so dominant. Ferrite with a
percentage above 60 % was gettable only in one case
after MAG welding with micro-jet gas mixtures:
argon/oxygen or argon/carbon dioxide (Figure 3).
The larger amount of MAC phases was especially
gettable for the more intensive micro-jet cooling with a
gas mixture of argon-oxygen (Tables 5 and 6). The
heat-transfer coefficient of the various micro-jet gas
mixtures influences the cooling conditions of the welds
(and consequently the rise in the content of the MAC
phases). This is due to the conductivity coefficients
(
·105), as shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Heat-transfer coefficient of various gases used in micro-jet
cooling
Tabela 6: Koeficient prenosa toplote razli~nih plinov, uporabljenih pri
mikro-jet hlajenju
Gas Conductivity coefficients,mW/mK
Ar 17.9
CO2 16.8
O2 26.3
N2 26
He 156.7
Table 7: Metallographic structure of MAG (82 % Ar/18 % CO2) welds
Tabela 7: Metalografska struktura MAG zvarov (82 % Ar/18 % CO2)
Welding method Micro-jetgas
Test
temperature,
°C
Impact
toughness
KCV, J
MAG without -40 below 40
MAG with micro-jet
cooling Ar -40 55
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
82% Ar/
18% CO2
-40 53
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
98% Ar/
2% O2
-40 57
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
98% Ar/
2% N2
-40 below 40
MAG without +20 177
MAG with micro-jet
cooling Ar +20 191
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
82% Ar/
18% CO2
+20 189
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
98% Ar/
2% O2
+20 194
MAG with micro-jet
cooling
98% Ar/
2% N2
+20 183
Analysing Table 6, it is possible to deduce that
helium could give the strongest cooling conditions, but
helium was not tested in this investigation. The cooling
T. WEGRZYN et al.: IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF WMD AFTER MAG WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 1001–1004 1003
Figure 3: Microstructure weld metal with large amount of acicular
ferrite in weld (67 %) after Ar/CO2 micro-jet cooling
Slika 3: Mikrostruktura zvara z velikim dele`em igli~astega ferita v
zvaru (67 %), po mikro-jet hlajenju z Ar/CO2
conditions after welding using other micro-jet gases are
on a similar level. After the microscope tests, the Charpy
V impact toughness of the deposited metal was assessed
with 5 specimens. The Charpy tests were carried out at
temperatures of –40 °C and +20 °C only. The impact
toughness results are given in Table 7.
It is easy to deduce that the impact toughness, espe-
cially at the negative temperature of the weld metal
deposit, is apparently affected by the kind of micro-jet
cooling gas mixtures. Micro-jet technology always
strongly improves the impact toughness of the WMD.
Argon with oxygen and argon with carbon dioxide must
be treated as good choices. Argon as the main element of
the gas mixture with a small amount of oxygen gives
better results than gas mixtures of argon with carbon
dioxide and argon with nitrogen. Nevertheless, micro-jet
cooling with gas mixture of argon with 2 % of nitrogen
gives better results than the simple MAG welding
without micro-jet cooling. This can be explained by the
presence of nitride inclusions in the weld (for instance
TiN) that facilitate the nucleation of ferrite AF.
4 CONCLUSIONS
In low-alloy steel welding there are two general types
of tests performed: impact toughness and structure. Aci-
cular ferrite and MAC phases (self-tempered martensite,
upper and lower bainite, retained austenite, carbides)
were analysed and counted for each weld metal deposit.
These two tests (microstructure and impact toughness)
proved that micro-jet technology gives a beneficial modi-
fication to the mechanical properties of the welds. The
innovative micro-jet technology was firstly recognized
with great success for MIG welding only with argon as a
micro-jet gas. In this paper micro-jet cooling technology
was for the first time described and tested for MAG
welding process with various micro-jet gas mixtures of
argon.
Final conclusions:
• micro-jet cooling could be treated as an important
element of MAG welding process,
• micro-jet cooling after welding can improve the
amount of ferrite AF, the most beneficial phase in
low-alloy steel WMD,
• gas mixture of argon with carbon dioxide and gas
mixture of argon with oxygen could be treated as
better micro-jet cooling media than gas mixture of
argon with nitrogen,
• micro-jet cooling after welding can seriously improve
the impact toughness of low-alloy steel WMD,
• micro-jet cooling after welding practically does not
have an influence on the MAC amount in low-alloy
steel WMD.
5 REFERENCES
1 T. Wêgrzyn, Gas mixtures for welding with micro-jet cooling, Arch.
Metall. Mater., 47 (2011), 57–61, doi: 10.1515/amm-2015-0017
2 B. Slazak, J. S³ania, T. Wêgrzyn, A.P. Silva, Process stability eva-
luation of manual metal arc welding using digital signals, Mater. Sci.
Forum, 730-732 (2013), 847–852, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/
MSF.730-732.847
3 P. Folêga, FEM analysis of the options of using composite materials
in flexsplines, Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng., 51 (2011) 1, 55–60
4 T. Wêgrzyn, J. Miros³awski, A. Silva, D. Pinto, M. Miros, Oxide
inclusions in steel welds of car body, Mater. Sci. Forum 6 (2010),
585–591, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.585
5 T. Kasuya, Y. Hashiba, S. Ohkita, M. Fuji, Hydrogen distribution in
multipass submerged arc weld metals, Sci. Tech. Weld. Join., 6
(2011) 4, 261–266, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171011015
38767
6 J. S³ania, Influence of phase transformations in the temperature
ranges of 1250–1000 °C and 650–350 °C on the ferrite content in
austenitic welds made with T 23 12 LRM3 tubular electrode, Arch.
Metall. Mater., 50 (2005), 757–767
7 W. Tarasiuk, B. Szczucka–Lasota, J. Piwnik, W. Majewski, Hydro-
gen distribution in multipass submerged arc weld metals, Adv. Mat.
Res., 1036 (2014), 452–457, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.
1036.452
8 T. Wêgrzyn, Mathematical equations of the influence of molybde-
num and nitrogen in welds, Conference of International Society of
Offshore and Polar Engineers ISOPE’2002, Kita Kyushu, Japan,
2002, Copyright by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engi-
neers, vol. IV, ISBN 1-880653-58-3, Cupertino – California – USA
2002
9 R. Burdzik, Z. Stanik, J. Warczek, Method of assessing the impact of
material properties on the propagation of vibrations excited with a
single force impulse, Arch. Metall. Mater., 57 (2012) 2, 409–416
10 R. Burdzik, Monitoring system of vibration propagation in vehicles
and method of analysing vibration modes, Comm. Comp. Inorm.
Scie., 329 (2012), 406–413
11 R. Burdzik, P. Folêga, B. £azarz, Z. Stanik, J. Warczek, Analysis of
the impact of surface layer parameters on wear intensity of friction
pairs, Arch. Metall. Mater., 57 (2012) 4, 987–993
12 K. Lukaszkowicz, A. Kriz, J. Sondor, Structure and adhesion of thin
coatings deposited by PVD technology on the X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2
and X40CrMoV5-1 steel substrates, Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng., 51
(2011), 40–47
13 A. Lisiecki, Diode laser welding of high yield steel, Proc. of
SPIE 8703 Vol.8703, Laser Technology 2012: Applications of
Lasers, 87030S (January 22, 2013), doi:10.1117/12.2013429
14 A. Lisiecki, Welding of titanium alloy by Disk laser, Proc. of SPIE
Vol. 8703, Laser Technology 2012: Applications of Lasers, 87030T
(January 22, 2013), doi: 10.1117/12.2013431
15 A. Lisiecki, Welding of thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steel
by different types of lasers, Arch. Metall. Mater., 59 (2014),
1625–1631, doi: 10.2478/amm-2014-0276
16 A. Kurc-Lisiecka, W. Ozgowicz, W. Ratuszek, J. Kowalska, Analysis
of deformation texture in AISI 304 steel sheets, Sol. St. Phenom.,
203-204 (2013), 105–110, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.
203-204.105
17 G. Golañski, J. S³ania, Effect of different heat treatments on micro-
structure and mechanical properties of the martensitic
GX12CrMoVNbN91 cast steel, Arch. Metall. Mater., 58 (2012) 1,
25–30, doi: 10.2478/v10172-012-0145-x
18 T. Wêgrzyn, J. Piwnik, D. Hadryœ, R. Wiesza³a, Car body welding
with micro-jet cooling, J.Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng., 49 (2011), 90–94
T. WEGRZYN et al.: IMPACT TOUGHNESS OF WMD AFTER MAG WELDING WITH MICRO-JET COOLING
1004 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 1001–1004