"servitore affetionatissimo fra gabriello puliti" and the dedicatees of his published music works (1600-1635): from institutional commission via a search for protection to an expression of affection
METODA KOKOLE Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Ljubljana
Izvleček: Gabriello Puliti (ok. 1583-1644) je ustvaril vsaj 36 glasbenih del, od katerih je preživela slaba polovica. Analiza vsebin 16 glasbenih del in 15 ohranjenih posvetilnih pisem je omogočila rekonstrukcijo mreže Pulitijevih verskih, kulturnih, glasbenih in drugih stikov. Prek posvetil je skladatelj bolj kot finančno nagrado pričakoval in želel pridobiti zaščito pri svojih vsakodnevnih in poklicnih dejavnostih.
Ključne besede: Gabriello Puliti, tipologija posvetil, glasbeno zaščitništvo.
Abstract: Gabriello Puliti (c. 1583-1644) composed at least 36 musical works of which survived less than one half. The contents of 16 musical works and 15 preserved letters of dedication were analysed in an attempt to reconstruct the network of Puliti's religious, cultural, musical, and other connections. Through his dedications the composer sought not so much financial gain as protection in all daily and professional activities.
Keywords: Gabriello Puliti, types of dedications, music patronage.
MADRIGALE DEL SIG. GIO: BATTISTA BRATI A Fra Gabriello Puliti.
Dalla Musica Sfera Puliti, il canto Angelico apprendesti: Onde di Gabriello il nome havesti. Ma se del Ciel, l'angelica armonia Emular t'insegno dotta Thalia; Meraviglia non e, s'hor a le genti Formi, divino Orfeo celesti ACCENTI.1
Who, indeed, was this "Frater Gabriello Puliti" whom Giovanni Battista Brati, "acca-demico Desioso", a member of the literary Accademia Palladia of Koper (It. Capodistria), praised as a divine musician: this Orpheus who learned, under Thalia's tutelage, the angelic
1 Madrigal published in: Gabriello Puliti, Sacri accenti, Ventia, Alessandro Vincenti, 1620.
music of the spheres?2 Even though the short madrigal quoted above is only a customary form of tribute to Puliti following a humanist tradition par excellence of his time - being written in florid language laden with mythological references and extravagant description of the composer's music abilities - it can also be understood as a significant testimony to the social circumstances of Puliti's most productive years as a composer in Istria, spent both in the "divine" setting of churches in Koper, Trieste and Labin (It. Albona) and in the "secular", humanist ambience of the literary academy in Koper. Gabriello Puliti was, indeed, an interesting and intriguing person, producing sacred music for practical use in churches and convents as well as composing secular songs that included madrigals of an overtly erotic nature.3
In this contribution I have attempted a brief analysis of Puliti's dedications, reconstructing the network of his dedicatees - patrons, associates, superiors, musical colleagues, etc. - which, located in the social and cultural milieu of its time, contributes a few details to the still very incomplete biography of Gabriello Puliti, this relatively little known Italian composer who spent most of his life in Istria within territory belonging today variously to Croatia, Slovenia and Italy.4 But before I pass to the documents themselves, let me, however briefly, summarise his currently known biography.5
2	In a number of poetic texts accompanying his music, Puliti's name Gabriello is conveniently related to "angelic", alluding to the Angel Gabriel and thus to "angelic music".
3	Especially the collection of five-part madrigals Baci ardenti of 1609, but also some of the mascherate of Ghirlanda odorifera, published in 1612.
4	Puliti's career in Istria and some aspects of his musical work have already aroused the curiosity of Slovenian, Croatian, and especially Italian scholars: notably Janez Höfler, Ennio Stipčevic, in the latest time also Nikola Lovrinic, Giuseppe Radole and, especially, Ivano Cavallini. However, no attempt has so far been made to review systematically the fifteen preserved letters of dedication and complimentary poetry published in his musical works.
5	For Puliti's biography, see Giuseppe Radole, Musicisti a Trieste sul finire del Cinquecento e nei primi del Seicento, Archeografo triestino 22 (1959), pp. 133-151; Giuseppe Radole, Musica e musicisti in Istria nel Cinque e Seicento, Atti e memorie della Societa istriana di archeologia e storia patria 65 (1965), pp. 147-214; Ennio Stipčevic, Uvodna razmatranja o umjetnosti Gabriella Pulitija, Arti musices 14 (1983), pp. 33-50; Giuseppe Radole, La Civica Cappella di San Giusto: 450 anni di musica a Trieste, Trieste, Comitato "Cappella Civica 450", 1989, pp. 29-38; Ivano Cavallini, Musica, cultura e spettacolo in Istria tra '500 e '600, Firenze, Olschki, 1990, pp. 33-41; Giuseppe Radole, La musica a Capodistria, Trieste, Centro studi storico-religiosi Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1990, pp. 33-42; Ennio Stipčevic, Gabriello Puliti, ranobarokni skladatelj u Istri, Musica incognita: Ivan Lukačic i njegova doba, Šibenik, Gradska Knjižnica Juraj Sizgoric, 1998, pp. 21-42; Ljudevit Anton Maračic, Maleni i veliki Franjevci konventualci u Istri, Zagreb, Provincijalat Franjevca konventualca, 2001, pp. 132-137; Metoda Kokole, Introduction, in: Gabriello Puliti, Sacri concentus (1614), Pungenti dardi spirituali (1618), ed. Metoda Kokole, Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XL, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2001, pp. XXV-XXVII; Nikola Lovrinic, Gabriello Puliti: Baci ardenti (1609.) i Armonici accenti (1621.) - transkripcija, analiza i kontekst nastanka. Prilog proučavanju povjesti madrigala u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb, 2003 (Muzička akademija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, BA thesis); Metoda Kokole, Sacred music in "Capo d'Istria" in the 17th century, Barocco Padano 4, ed. Alberto Colzani [...], Contributi musicologici del Centro Ricerche dell'A.M.I.S. 16, Como, A. M.I.S., 2006, pp. 225-261: 228-240; and Nikola Lovrinic, Gabriello Puliti: Sacrae cantiones (1600.) - transkripcija, analiza i kontekst nastanka. Primjer zbirke moteta sjevernotalijanskoga
Gabriello Puliti was born in the Tuscan town of Montepulciano in 1583 (?).6 He took holy orders before 1600, when he also received his musical education, probably in Florence under the fathers of the monastery of Santa Croce in their educational institution called "Lo Studio".7 He then spent short periods in the monasteries of Pontremoli and Piacenza, fulfilling the positions of "maestro di coro" (Lat. "in alma terra Pontremuli in Choro Magistri") in 1600 and organist of the monastery in Piacenza in 1602. From these two towns he committed to print his earliest surviving publications, which were two collections of traditional four- and five-part motets and psalms suitable for the use of his own institutions: the Sacrae modulationes, quae vulgo motecta nuncupantur [...] of 1600 and the Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertinapsalmodia [...] of 1602.8 From January 1604, when "frater Gabriel de Monte Puliciano" is recorded as being attached to one of the houses of his order in Pula (It. Pola), he apparently remained in the Minorite province of San Girolamo for Istria and Dalmatia until his death in 1644.9
kruga s kraja 16. stoljeca, Zagreb, 2007 (Muzicka akademija Sveucilista u Zagrebu, MA thesis).
6	The year of his birth can be deduced from the note in the Necrologium dei frati Minori Conven-tuali. Provincia di S Antonio di Padova, Padova, ms., 1926: "19 aprile 1644: P. Gabriele Puliti, Maestro di musica, morto a 62 anni di eta, 44 di Professione." In the Archivio Vescovile e Capi-tolare in Montepulciano; Libri di Battesimo; Battesimi de Maschi dalli 1562 all'1592, Cattedrale, fol. 80r, there is indeed a note on a boy Gabriello "figliuolo di Pietro di Simone Pandolfini da Castiglone e di Lucretia sua moglie", baptised on 26 March 1583. The composer's second name, Puliti, was probably the name he adopted when he entered the Franciscan order of the Frati Minori Conventuali around the turn of the century. The name "Puliti" may in fact derive from the name of his native town, which is called in Latin "Monte Politiano"; in a document from 1633 Puliti was, indeed, recorded as "Gabriel Politus a Monte Politiano". See [Stefano Rinaldi], Mu-sicisti dell'Ordine Francescano dei Minori Conventuali dei sec. XVI-XVin, Note d'archivioper la storia musicale 16 (1939), p. 194.
7	This information can be deduced from the dedication of Puliti's first book of monodic motets, the Pungenti dardi spirituali of 1618. The following phrase hints, in my opinion, at a stay, or possibly a period of study, at the famous educational institution "Lo Studio di Santa Croce": "[...] mentre m'hanno honorato in prendermi, et annoverarmi per Padre di cotesto nobilissimo Conuento di Santa Croce." For more on the history of Santa Croce, see Massimiliano G. Rosito (ed.), Santa Croce nel solco della storia, Firenze, Edizioni Citta di Vita, 1996.
8	Sacrae modulationes, quae vulgo motecta nuncupantur, quatuor, et quinis vocibus concinendae, Parma, Erasmo Vioti, 1600; and Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia quinis vocibus concinenda, Milano, Simone Tini and Giovanni Francesco Besuti, 1602. The psalms of the 1602 volume also contain a part for the "Basso continuato". Both collections are preserved complete (copies exist in Bologna, Lucca - only the 1600 volume, and Piacenza - only the 1602 psalms). Puliti's formative years in Tuscany and his early musical career are the least well known periods of his life and have only recently become the subject of serious musicological research. Sacrae modulationes of 1600 are now published in a modern edition by Nikola Lovrinic in the series of Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae L, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2006. This collection of motets was researched as part of a MA thesis by Nikola Lovrinic (N. Lovrinic, op. cit., 2007). The same author is currently preparing the edition of Integra [...] that will be published as volume LIV of the same series.
9	His death is also recorded in the acts of the Minorite province (Acta. Prov. s. Hieronimi) as having occurred on 19 June 1644 in Trieste. See also note 6, above; and L. A. Maracic, op. cit., p. 136.
In 1605 Puliti moved to Muggia near Trieste, where he was "maestro di cappella" and organist. In this capacity he published in Venice a collection of Scherzi capricci et fantasie per cantar a due voci, of which only a copy of the Canto part-book is preserved.10 Since the pieces have no text, it can be assumed that they were actually musical exercises for solfeggio or instrumental performance. Interestingly enough, Puliti named some of the pieces after north Istrian towns closely connected with his life: La Muglesana, La Triestina, etc.11 He dedicated the volume to Pietro dell'Argento, a member of a powerful Triestine family, apparently seeking, as we shall see later, this patron's protection against slander and envy.
From 1606 to 1609 Puliti lived in Koper, the capital city and administrative centre of Venetian Istria. He composed there his second collection of five-part madrigals, Baci ardenti [...], which appeared in print in early 1609.12 The first volume of Puliti's madrigals, the Madrigali pastorali of 1604, is, unfortunately, not preserved.13 On the title-page of the 1609 volume, which is dedicated to Archduke Ferdinand II of Inner Austria, at that time resident in Graz, Puliti is styled for the first time "Accademico armonico detto l'Allegro", which indicates that he was a member of an academy, most likely the Ac-cademia Palladia of Koper.14
On 31 May 1609 Puliti was engaged by the Bishop of Trieste (then part of the Habsburg domains), Ursino de Bertis, for five years as organist at the Cathedral of San Giusto.15 From this period dates his collection of mascherate for three voices, Ghirlanda
10	Scherzi, capricci et fantasie. Per cantar a due voci, Venetia, Giacomo Vincenti, 1605. The sole extant copy is preserved in Bologna. The reconstructed scores of three fantasias (La Triestina, L'Isolana and La Piranese) were published by Irena Pahor in 1994: Gabriello Puliti, Tre fantasie per flauti dolci (S, T), Basel, Pizzicato, 1994.
11	Together with a later collection, the Lunario armonico of 1615, this publication is comparable with Lodovico Viadana's set of instrumental Sinfonie musicali, which the Venetian printer Giacomo Vincenti dedicated in 1610 to Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria, who was also the dedicatee of Puliti's Baci ardenti of 1609. See also James Ladewig, Introduction, in: Lodovico Viadana, Sinfonie musicali a otto voci [...](Venice, 1610), ed. James Ladewig, Italian instrumental music of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries 21, New York, Garland, 1994, pp. XI-XIV. The editor argues that in Viadana's case the sinfonie were inspired by popular tunes or dances associated with the named city. In Puliti's case, no attempt has yet been made to identify possible pre-existing melodies.
12	Baci ardenti. Secondo libro de madrigali a cinque voci, Venetia, Giacomo Vincenti, 1609. Examples of this publication are preserved in Florence, London and Naples. See also the critical edition by Bojan Bujic: Gabriello Puliti, Baci ardenti (1609), Armonici accenti (1621), ed. Bojan Bujic and Ennio Stipcevic, Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XLIV, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2003. On Puliti's madrigals, see also Ivano Cavallini, La diffusione del madrigale in Istria: i Casentini e Gabriello Puliti, Muzikoloski zbornik 23 (1987), pp. 39-69: 62-65.
13	Oscar Mischiati, Indici, catalogi e avvisi degli editori e librai italiani dal 1591 al 1798, Firenze, Olschki, 1984, p. 121.
14	The musical and philosophical activities of this academy have been closely studied by Ivano Cavallini, Musica e filosofia nell'Accademia Palladia di Capodistria: Consideration! sul dilogo Dieci de'cento dubbi amorosi (1621), Studi musicali 16 (1987), pp. 229-245.
15	On Puliti's activity in Trieste and the archival documentation relating to this period, see especially G. Radole, op. cit., 1989, 29-31.
Figure 1
Title-page of Puliti's Baci ardenti dedicated to Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria in 1609 (Florence, Biblioteca Nazi-onale Centrale, shelf-mark Mus. Ant. 16; after Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XLIV, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2003; with permission).
odorifera, printed in Venice in 1612.16 In Puliti's own words, the pieces were composed for his own recreation and pleasure in playing the lute, the "cetra" and other instruments, outside his working hours, and he decided to offer them to the nobleman Tranquillo Negri of Labin and his family as a token of gratitude for their past hospitality. Nine years later, he dedicated to the members of the same family a further collection of scular songs, Armoniciaccenti. Puliti returned to Koper in 1614 for the feast of the local patron saint San Nazario and remained there until 1620 as organist at the Cathedral. This was his most productive period, and the one when he began to add the newly fashionable sacred monody to his repertory of genres.17
16	Ghirlanda odorifera di varij fior tessuta, cioe mascherate a tre voci. Libro primo, Venetia, Giacomo Vincenti, 1612. The collection survives in a single example, today kept in Vienna. A modern critical edition was published by Ivano Cavallini. Gabriello Puliti, Ghirlanda odorifera (1612), ed. Ivano Cavallini, Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XLVI, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2004. On Puliti's mascherate, see also Ennio Stipcevic, Maskerate Gabriella Pulitija, Sveta Cecilija 53/3 (1983), pp. 60-62; 53/4 (1983), pp. 83-85; and 54/1 (1984), pp. 9-10; Ivano Cavallini, Feste e spettacoli in Istria tra Cinque e Seicento e le mascherate a tre voci di Gabriello Puliti, Flauto dolce 14-15 (1986), pp. 3-15; and Gianmario Merizzi, Le fonti poetiche delle mascherate di Gabriello Puliti, Muzikoloski zbornik 36 (2000), pp. 17-40.
17	All collections of Puliti's music relating to the period he spent in Koper are published in three volumes as critical editions with introductory texts belonging to the series Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae: Gabriello Puliti, Sacri concentus (1614), Pungenti dardi spirituali (1618), ed. Metoda Kokole, Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XL, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2001; Gabriello Puliti, Lilia convallium (1620), Sacri accenti (1620), ed. Metoda Kokole. Monumenta
As early as 1614 he had published two collections of sacred music. His Psalmodia vespertina was printed with the opus number 13, which indicates that over half of his earlier printed collections are now lost.18 This volume, which, interestingly enough, is dedicated to the Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Stična in the neighbouring Inner-Austrian province of Carniola (Ger. Sittich, It. Sitico), contains twenty four-part psalms for equal voices and organ continuo, adapted for the use of the monks, but also convenient for the needs of the cappella musicale of the Cathedral in Koper or for devotions in the churches of Puliti's order.19 Puliti's other print of 1614 is a volume of motets for one to three voices and organ entitled Sacri concentus and dedicated to the Bishop of Krk (It. Veglia).20
To this volume the editor and printer Giacomo Vincenti added a short note addressed to singers in which he reminded them that Puliti could have added ornaments to his motets but chose instead to leave them to the singers themselves "con tirate di gorgia far Passag-gi". To leave the choice of embellishments to the performer was not an unusual practice at the time. In 1608 Ottavio Durante, then active in Rome, explained in his Arie divote the way to write down ornaments ("passaggi ed altri affetti"), and in 1615 Francesco Severi published his Salmi passagiatti per tutte le voci alla maniera che si cantano in Roma. This systematic ornamental practice, termed by Vincenti "alla Romana", was also explicitly practised by Bartolomeo Barbarino, who in 1614 published his Secondo libro de motetti in both a simple and an ornate version. We should note here that Puliti definitely knew Barbarino's works, since in his own Pungenti dardi spirituali of 1618 he went so far as to include a slightly simplified version of one of Barbarino's motets of 1610.21
artis musicae Sloveniae XLII, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2002; and Gabriello Puliti, Il secondo libro delle messe (1624), ed. Ennio Stipčevic, Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae XLVI, Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU, 2006. See also Ivano Cavallini, Quelques remarques sur la musique sacrée en Istrie au XVII s. et les premiers essais monodiques de Gabriello Puliti, Musica antiqua 8, Bydgoszcz, Filharmonia Pomorska im. Ignacego Paderewskiego, 1988, pp. 235-248; and Metoda Kokole, III. Gabriello Puliti - primo monodista istriano, La Musica Veneziana nell'Istria Settentrionale, Ljubljana, Založba ZRC, 2004, pp. 17-19.
18	Psalmodia vespertina omnium solemnitatum totius anni iuxta ritum Sacrosanctae Romanae Ec-clesiae, quatuor vocibus paribus concinenda. Una cum parte organica. Opera XIII, Venetia, Giacomo Vincenti, 1614. Of this collection only one part-book is preserved, so it is impossible to make any assumptions about the musical characteristics of Puliti's psalms. The solitary Cantus part is now kept in Modena. In his Psalmodia vespertina of 1614 Puliti in fact used the same set of psalm texts as in his earlier collection Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia, dating from 1602, but with totally different music.
19	The first person to draw attention to Puliti's connections with the abbot of Stična in Carniola was Janez Hofler. Janez Hofler, Glasbeniki koprske stolnice v 17. in 18. stoletju, Kronika 16 (1968), pp. 140-144; and Janez Hofler, Glasbena umetnost pozne renesanse in baroka na Slovenskem, Ljubljana, Partizanska knjiga, 1978, p. 48.
20	Sacri concentus, unis, binis, ternisque vocibus, una cum parte organica. Opera XIIII, Venetia, Giacomo Vincenti, 1614. The sole extant example of this collection, which is not preserved in its entirety (the Tenor part-book is missing), is kept in Florence. See also M. Kokole (ed.), op. cit., 2001.
21	On Puliti's connections with Barbarino, see also Ivano Cavallini, Un riferimento "padano": Bartolomeo Barbarino dopo il 1607, La musica sacra in Lombardia nella prima metà del Seicen-to, ed. Alberto Colzani [...], Contributi musicologici del Centro Ricerche dell'A.M.I.S. 4, Como,
1615 saw the publication of Puliti's next volume of secular music, Lunario armonico perpetuo, calculato al meridiano, et clima delle principali citta d'ltalia, Op. 16, which was a volume of three-part instrumental pieces with illustrative titles referring to major Italian cities, such as Roma santa and Venetia vergine - and, last but not least, Capo d'Istria unica.22 These pieces were dedicated to the nobleman Michiele Bonzi from Koper and written for his son Mario, who was a pupil of Puliti. To the same Mario Bonzi the composer later dedicated a volume of Fantasie scherzi et capricci da sonarsi in forma di canzone con un violino solo overo cornetto, printed originally in 1618 as Op. 19 and reprinted in 1624.23
The next preserved collection is Op. 20 from 1618, which is the earliest of Puliti's five volumes of monodic motets. This is entitled Pungenti dardi spirituali a una voce sola, Canto d Tenore, con il Basso sotto da sonare in qual si voglia strumento chorista.24 These motets were dedicated, as I have already mentioned, to the "Molto Reverendi Padri del Convento di Santa Croce di Fiorenza" in recognition of the composer's gratitude for having in the past been given hospitality by this monastery. Nine of the pieces - as we shall see in some detail later - bear separate dedications to local nobles in Koper, to members of the Accademia Palladia, or to his musical colleagues or superiors, among whom only his colleague and fellow composer Giacomo Finetti, maestro di cappella at the Frari in Venice, requires mention at this point.25
A.M.I.S., 1988, pp. 223-243; and Bojan Bujic, Patronage, taste and style in early 17th-century music, Glasbeni barok na Slovenskem in evropska glasba, ed. Ivan Klemenčič, Ljubljana, Založba ZRC, 1997, pp. 61-70: 64-67.
22	The Lunario was printed by Giacomo Vincenti in Venice. An incomplete example (the Canto part-book is lost) survives in Bologna. A reconstructed score of the Capo d'Istria unica was published by Irena Pahor in 1994: Gabriello Puliti, Capo d'Istria Unica a Tre Voci (flauti dolci S, A, T), Basel, Pizzicato, 1994. Puliti inserted into this collection a piece, Verona vere una, by a local lutenist, Celio Porro. Il Secondo Lunario, composto a 2. 3. et 4. voci was also published and offered for sale in Vicenti's catalogues, but not even a single example of this collection survived. See O. Mischiati, op. cit., (Indice [...] 1621), p. 6; (Indice [...] 1649 and 1662), p. 8.
23	Fantasie scherzi et capricci. Da sonarsi in forma di Canzone, con un Violino solo d vero Cornetto. Con il Basso principale accommodato in dua[sic] modi, uno al suo luoco, l'altro alla quinta alta, overo quarta bassa come piu piacera al perito Organista, et comportera lo strumento. Opera decimanona, Venetia, Alessandro Vincenti, 1624. Of this collection only an incomplete example of the 1624 reprint is preserved (the Basso continuo part-book is missing) in Trieste.
24	The Pungenti dardi spiritali were printed by Giacomo Vincenti in Venice. There are two surviving examples of this work, one in London and another in Wroclaw. For more information, see M. Kokole (ed.), op. cit., 2001, pp. XVIII-XIX.
25	Gerome Roche, Finetti, Giacomo, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 8, 2nd edition, London [...], Macmillan Publishers, 2001, pp. 828-829. On Finetti's close relationship with musicians of the same order active within the Minorite province of San Girolamo for Istria and Dalmatia, especially Lukačic in Split (It. Spalato), to whom he wrote the letter of dedication of the collection Sacrae cantiones of 1620, see Ennio Stipčevic, Ivan Lukačic e la sua raccolta di mottetti sacri Sacrae cantiones, Venezia, 1620, in: Ivan Lukačic, Sacrae cantiones. Venezia, 1620, ed. Ennio Stipčevic, Corpus Musicum Franciscanum, Padova, Centre Studi Antoniani, 1986, pp. V-XIII: VIII-X.
Another collection dating from 1618, is Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia Beatae Mariae Virginis, Op. 21, for five voices and basso continuo,26 that can be now safely identified with Salmi e litaniae della Madonna a 5 voci recorded in 1732 by Johann Gottfried Walther27 and till recently thought to be lost. The volume contains only seven Vesper psalms, litanies and one motet; the later is the exact reprint of an earlier composition, En dilectus meus from his Sacrae modulationes of 1600, obviously with an added continuo part. The psalms are, however, set to completely new music and do not seem to be connected either to the 1602 Integra, or to the Psalmodia vespertina of 1614, or even much later Salmi dominicali of 1635. The Op. 21 calls in its dedicatory latter to the Triestine nobleman Benvenuto Petazzi, great protector and patron of Puliti's order, a high-ranking Habsburg military official, and literary man.28
Opp. 22 and 23 are Lilia convallium Beatae Mariae Virginis. Libro terzo delli con-certi a una voce and Sacri accenti. Libro quarto delli concerti a una voce.29 They were dedicated to two nobles of Koper, fresh from the honour of becoming Cavalieri di San Marco; the two letters of dedication were signed within the space of only a few days. In these collections Puliti came closest to the popular early-Baroque style of sacred monody. In the case of the second volume, it is worth noting in addition that the motets all bear a strict relation to the liturgical calendar of the Bishopry of Koper, such as the motet Protector noster "In festo Sancti Nazzarii Protectoris Iustinopoli" and O quam pulchra est "in festo Sancte Ursule" (Santa Ursula being in importance second only to San Nazzario). The latter motet was dedicated expressly to the Inquisitor General for Istria, Gregorio Dionisi da Cagli (1615-1635), who was, in fact, a member of Puliti's own order and was living at the time in the composer's monastery of San Francesco in Koper. The last of Puliti's known volumes of sacred monodies is known only from Vincenti's catalogue, where it appears as Celesti ardori. Libro quinto delli concerti a una voce sola di tenore, Op. 26.30 It was printed by Alessandro Vincenti in Venice in 1622 and dedicated to the then Bishop of Pula, Umberto Testa. Puliti was at the time "Maestro di Cappella della nobilissima Terra d'Albona".
26	The original title reads: "Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia Beatae Mariae Virginis. Juxta Ritum S. R. Ecclesiae Quinque Vocibus decantandis. Auctore F. Gabriele de Pulitis Odrinis Min: Con: S. Francisci, Et in Cathedrali Ecclesia Iustinopolitana Organista. Cum Basso pro Organo. Opus vigesimum primum cum privilegio. Venetiis, Apud Iacobum Vincentium 1618." There are only two part-books preserved in the Archives of the Cathedral in Krakow. See Marta Pielech, Do repertuaru kapel wawelskich. Sarodruki muzyczne zachowane w archiwum Katedraly Wawelskiej, Muzyka 46/2 (2001), pp. 59-91: 75.
27	Johann Gottfried Walther, Musikalisches Lexikon oder musikalische Bibliothek, Documenta Mu-sicologica - Faksimiles 3, Kassel and Basel, Bärenreiter, 1953, p. 504.
28	See also note 42, below.
29	Both collections were printed by Alessandro Vincenti in Venice and are preserved in London; another volume of Lilia convallium is reported to survive in a private collection in Oxford. See M. Kokole (ed.), op. cit., 2002.
30	The collection known to us from Alessandro Vincenti's catalogues as "libro quinto" (originally on p. 32), was also recorded under its full title in Bologna as being preserved in Carpi, but the print is now apparently lost.
Gabriello Puliti moved in 1621 to the south-eastern Istrian town of Labin, following an invitation from the above-mentioned noble family of Negri. He served there as "maestro di cappella" and organist at the town Cathedral. For Orazio Negri, Tranquillo's brother, Puliti composed in 1621 a collection of strophic canzonette for solo bass and instrumental basso continuo - Armonici accenti. Voce sola per cantar nel chitarrone, et in altri strumenti musicali, Op. 24 - which were followed by two three-part a cappella madrigals, composed especially for the wedding of Agnesina Negri to a Venetian nobleman, Antonio Bragadino.31 However, Puliti returned to Koper in 1622 in search of better opportunities and remained there until at least 1624, when he published two Masses dedicated to Franciscus Corelius (Francesco Corelli), a "giurista capodistriano": Il sec-ondo libro delle messe a quattro voci, una concertata, e l'altra da choro, Op. 30.32
From 1630 to 1638 Puliti's presence is recorded in Trieste. From this period dates his last-known printed collection, Salmi dominicali, concertati con il Magnificat a 4. voci, et Basso per l'organo, Op. 36, of 1635, commissioned by the Bishop of Trieste, Count Pompeo Coronini.33 Puliti is recorded also as having composed a Te Deum in 1630.34 Very late in his career, on 27 February 1633, he was promoted in Venice to the rank of "magister musices", while still belonging in formal terms to the Franciscan province of Tuscany.35 He was elected a full member of the Dalmatian province only at its General Chapter held in 1636 in Cres (It. Cerso). Two years later, Puliti became "discretus" at the monastery of his order on the island of Pag (It. Pago). His death occurred in Trieste on 19 June 1644.36
Following a model proposed in 1993 by Claudio Annibaldi in his introductory essay to a volume of studies of patronage and the commissioning of music in Italy from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century,37 I shall now attempt to analyse the dedications that
31	The Armonici accenti were printed by Alessandro Vincenti in Venice. The sole surviving example is kept in Bologna. There exists a facsimile edition by Ennio Stipčevic with introductory text: Gabriello Puliti, Armonici accenti, ed. Ennio Stipčevic, Grožnjan, Muzička omladina Hrvatske, 1989; and also a modern critical edition. B. Bujic and E. Stipčevic (ed.), op. cit., 2003. See also I. Cavallini, op. cit., 1987, pp. 66-70; and Boris Šinigoj, Sledovi pitagorejskega izročila v Puli-tijevi zbirki Armonici accenti (1621), Glasbeni barok na Slovenskem in evropska glasba, ed. Ivan Klemenčič, Ljubljana, Založba ZRC, 1997, pp. 95-126.
32	The volume was printed by Alessandro Vincenti in Venice. There is a complete example preserved in London and a single part in Krakow. A modern critical edition is edited by Ennio Stipčevic, op. cit., 2006. For the analysis of the two Masses, see Ivano Cavallini, Četiri parodije Gabriella Pulitija i problem mise u Istri u prvoj polovici 17. stoljeca, Muzikološki zbornik 27 (1991), pp. 39-47.
33	Puliti's Salmi were printed by Bartolomeo Magni in Venice. Only a single Tenor part is preserved in Trento, so a reconstruction of the music is impossible.
34	See G. Radole, op. cit., 1989, p. 31. It seems possible that this composition was commissioned by the Bishop of Trieste, Count Pompeo Coronini, for the solemn liturgical services that accompanied the state visit of the new sovereign, Ferdinand III, in Trieste and Gorizia fixed for June 1731. The Bishop in fact "canto la messa solenne" for the Erbhuldigung ceremony in Gorizia. See Carlo Morelli, Istoria della Contea di Gorizia, vol. 2, Gorizia, Paternolli, 1855, p. 56.
35	[S. Renaldi], op. cit., p. 194.
36	See note 9, above.
37	Claudio Annibaldi, Introduzione, La musica e il mondo. Mecenatismo e commitenza musicale in Italia tra Quattro e Settecento, ed. Claudio Annibaldi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1993, pp. 9-43.
appear in the collections of music by Puliti published between 1600 and 1635, in order to distinguish different categories of dedicatee, and to shed some light on the composer's social environment and on the cultural circles in which he moved, especially in Istria.
Annibaldi proposes three major types of patronage or reasons for seeking a certain type of a dedicatee within a triad, as he terms it, of relationships between a musician-composer, his dedicatee and society ("il mondo"), where social context is the prime cause of relations between the first two. The first type is represented by the commissioning of a work for concrete practical use, as was indeed - at least partly - the case for Puliti's first two works, which were collections of motets and psalms apparently intended for practical use at his monasteries in Pontremoli and Piacenza, while he was engaged there first as choirmaster and later as organist. Second, dedications can be a composer's way of seeking the protection of a socially higher-ranking patron either in order to secure his own social status or to improve his standing through the status of the dedicatee himself and his benevolence in deigning to accept the dedicated work. Clear examples of such an intention are seen in Puliti's dedication of Baci ardenti to Archduke Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor, and his dedication of Psalmodia vespertina to the Abbot Reinprecht of Sticna. The third type, according to Annibaldi, is a dedication to honour a friendship or show gratitude for past and present favours such as hospitality. Such were Puliti's dedications to the family Petazzi of Trieste, the Negri family from Labin and to the Bonzis of Koper. To this category probably belogs also the dedication of Pungenti dardi spirituali to the Fathers of Santa Croce in Florence.
Most of Puliti's reasons for his choice of a dedicatee can, indeed, be gleaned directly from his letters of dedication. Two telling examples are the letters accompanying the collection of motets, Sacri concentus, of 1614, addressed to the Bishop of Krk,38 and the Sacri accenti of 1620, dedicated to Pietro Pola. In the introductory paragraph to the first letter, signed in Venice on 10 July 1614, Puliti writes openly of "two principal reasons" for a dedication. The first is "the splendour and magnificence of the dedicatee's name", and the second is his (the composer's) "quest for his useful protection". Puliti adds immediately that he is offering this work to the Bishop for both of these reasons.39
38	Count Giovanni Turriani (from 1589 to 1623, Bishop of Krk) was a well-known patron of the arts. See I. Cavallini, op. cit., 1990, p. 62. The dedication in Latin is accompanied by a Latin epigram in Turrini's honour by Alessandro Bruti, a member of a noble family from Koper and probably a relative of Barnaba Bruti, the dedicatee of Puliti's Lilia convallium of 1620 and a man also known for his cultural interests. On Alessandro Bruti, see Pietro Stankovich, Biografia degli uomini distinti dell'Istria, Capodistria, Carlo Priora Tipografo Editore, 1888, p. 240; and Domenico Venturini, La famiglia albanese dei conti Bruti, Atti e memorie della societa istriana di archeologia e storia patria 20 (1904), pp. 346-408. The epigram is followed by the same exasticon published earlier in Puliti's collection of psalms from 1602.
39	From the dedicatory letter of the Sacri concetus of 1614. The dedication on the title-page: "Ad Illustrissimum, et Reverendissimum Comitem Ioannem Turrianum Episcopum Veglensem, etc." Dedicatatory letter: "Illustrissimo, ac Reverendissimo Comiti Ioanni Turriano Veglensi Epis-copo, etc. Qui opus aliquod edere constituunt, duabus potissimum causis principibus viris illud dicare consueverunt, altera ut ex eorum nominum amplitudine splendorem, altera ut illi tutelam mutuentur, iisdem ego causis adductus operis huius frontem praeclara tui nominis praescriptione hominum oculis spectandam subicio, nam utrumque, dum tibi, Illustrissime Antistes, has sacras
Figure 2
Title-page and dedicatory letter of Puliti's Sacri accenti dedicated to Pietro Pola of Koper in 1620 (Bologna, Civico museo Bibliografico Musicale, shelf-mark BB 199; with permission).
The second general reference by Puliti to the type of offering appears at the beginning of his letter of dedication to Pietro Pola40 in 1620, which reads: "The presents offered to patrons, as is commonly said, always tend to be received with good will and if it happens that they are great, they are willingly accepted for their greatness; but if it happens that they are small, they are hoped to be accepted nevertheless with a happy face, since they deserve to win favour on account of the affection of the person who is offering them [...]." Puliti goes on to explain that his offering to the nobleman falls into the second category, although it is also a sign of affection by the composer towards Pola, a person much inclined to the art of music.41
nuncupo cantiones, me assecuturam certo scio. [...]" Unlike the dedication, written in erudite Latin, the instructions for the singers are written in Italian in order to make sure that they could be well understood by potential performers.
40	On Pietro Pola, see note 52, below.
41	From the letter of dedication of the Sacri accenti, 1614 (on the title-page: "Dedicati Al Molto Illustre Signor il Signor Cavaliero Pietro Pola"): "Molto illustre Sig. mio collendissimo. I presenti, che si fanno a Patroni, sogliono sempre da essi esser ricevuti di buona voglia, et se aviene, che grandi siano, s'accettano volontieri per la grandezza loro, et se piccioli sono, si ricevono altresi con lieto viso, e si aggradiscano per l'affetto di chi gli dona; il dono, che hora io faccio a V. S. Molto Illustre di queste mie Musicali compositioni, e nel secondo numero, poi che é per se
Another example of a text that clearly quotes the reasons for the dedication is the letter to the Triestine nobleman Benvenuto Petazzi42 from 1 August 1618 that accompanies a small collection of Vesper psalms Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia Beatae mariae Virginis.43 Puliti clearly states that he dedicates the psalms to Petazzi for two reasons, first, because the dedicatee's father, a devoted worshiper of Mary, left large alms to different churches in Trieste and especially to the convent of St Francis (i.e. Puli-ti's home in Trieste). The second reason, however, is not as clearly expressed as the first one, but it seems to allude to Petazzi's military renown, his heroic virtues of a "true Christian Knight" known in Italy and Germany, on the boarders of which he possessed three castles: Sbortenech (Ger. Schwarzenegg), Castel nuovo (Ger. Neuhaus), and S. Seruolo (Ger. S. Serff, Slov. Socerb).44
Before we examine Puliti's other dedications, let me first present some statistical details that may aid the later discussion. From the list in the Appendix, it is clear that there are altogether sixteen printed musical collections by Puliti that have survived wholly or in part. One of them is a reprint that omits the letter of dedication and mentions the dedicatee, Mario Bonzi, only on its title-page (Fantasie scherzi et capricci [...] of 1618, known only through the 1624 reprint). Another dedicatee, Umberto Testa, Bishop of Pula,45 is
stesso, e per l'Autore egli é di poca stima; ma comunque si sia, questo so bene, ch'ella non mirará la picciolezza di lui, ma l'affetto, con cui io (che molti anni sono vivo ammiratore, et asservatore delle suo segnalate vitrudi) gle l'apresento. Musicali componimenti io dedico a V. S. perche á persona intendentissima di Musica, quale é lei; la cui Casa si puo dir anco, che sia una Accademia di Musica; da un Musico, delle cui opere ella há mostrato sempre per sua bontá compiacersi, altre che Opere musicali non si devono apresentare [...]"
42	Benvenuto (Baldassare) Petazzi (1593-1643) was a member of a powerful family from Trieste. His salt-fields in Zaule near Trieste were the immediate cause for the second Venetian war between Venice and the Habsburgs that ended with a treaty on "status quo ante bellum" right in 1618. It might be that the signed treaty actually gave free way to Puliti to address himself from the Venetian Koper to the Triestine patron. Puliti alludes to the "heroism" of Petazzi, who was indeed personally involved in military actions during the war. Benvenuto Petazzi was later raised by the Emperor to Baron and Imperial Count. In 1632 he was Mayer of Trieste and Imperial Councillor. On Petazzi see also Sergio Sghedoni, Le tredici casate di Trieste. Storia della con-fraternitä dei nobili di San Francesco delle "Genealogie " di Luigi de Jenner, Trieste, Parnaso, 2000, pp. 98-99.
43	See note 26, above.
44	From the letter of dedication of the Integra [...], 1618 (on the title-page: "Al molto Illustre Sig. or patron mio colendissimo il Sig. Benvenuto Petazzo, Signor di Sbortzenech, Castel nuovo, e S. Seruolo, etc."): "[...] dedicarla á V. S. per dua [sic] rispetti, l'uno perche, e figlio del Sig. Giovanni Petazzo, che mentre visse, fu devotissimo della Beata Vergine Maria, come per lasciar indietro le grosse elemosine lasciate á diverse Chiese di Trieste sua patria, et in particolare al Monastero di S. Francesco, dimostro riconosciendo di riguardevole lasciata la Santissima Casa de Loreto. Ed il secondo rispetto, perche lei unitando le paterne vestigie, e similmente devotissima della istessa Madre di Dio, e per aggiunta, e dotata di tutte quelle Heroiche virtu, che rendono adorno un vero Christiano Cavaliero, le quali virtu tacer alle per brevitá in questo soglio, ma non sono pero ne taciute, ne scognosciute in Italia, ed in Germania, frá i confini delle quali, ella possiede á soui tre nobilissimi Castelli."
45	Umberto Testa was Bishop of Pula from 1618 to 1623. See also G. Radole, op. cit., 1990, p. 39.
known to us only from a mention in the catalogue of the Civico Museo Bibliografico Musicale di Bologna, where his name is recorded in the title of Puliti's fifth (lost) volume of monodic motets, the Celesti ardori of 1622.
Among the fifteen preserved letters of dedication, all three types defined by Anni-baldi can be found, as already noted. Puliti's letters of dedication can be divided further into different subgroups according to language and genre. There are altogether six texts in Latin, all of which introduce sacred works by Puliti: the Vesper psalms of 1602, 1614 and 1635; the motets of 1600 and 1614; and the two Masses published in 1624. At least three of the dedicatees concerned - the Abbot of Stična, and the Bishops of Krk and of Trieste - can be safely identified as high church dignitaries and, in relation to Puliti, as superiors from whom he expected protection.
Similar to them was possibly Scipione Zambeccari of Pontremoli (c. 1570-1632), the dedicatee of Puliti's Sacrae modulationes of 1600.46 He was advised to the young -he was apparently not even twenty years old in 1600 - composer by a high ecclesiastical dignitary, the vicar foraine (Lat. vicarius foraneus) of the Sarzana Bishop, Girolamo Dodi. It is possible to deduce from the letter that Pulit had been asked to supply this collection some years previously and was offering it now as an act of reverence to his protector and superior.47 He was overtly hoping to gain glory to his motets by publishing them under the illustrious name of Zambeccari. It is also worth pointing out that even though this is the earliest known preserved collection by Puliti, the composer is already described by a poet of the dedicatory epigram as "most skilled in music", which, apat of being a coded phrase, could suggest that this was perhaps not the first work Puliti had written.
It is also not clear what was the nature of the relationship between Puliti and Alberico d'Aragona Appiani (d.1628), the dedicatee of the 1602 Vesper psalms, and, according to the composer, an excellent musician himself as well as a protector of musicians and host of musical gatherings, whose home was a gathering place for them. Puliti was calling upon this powerful and important nobleman to help him in a difficult situation.48 The
46	The name of the dedicatee is not mentioned on the title-page itself, but only in the letter: "Illustri, ac admodum excellenti I. V. C. D. Scipioni Zambecario Pontremulensi". The letter is followed by a six-line poem (hexasticon) in praise of Puliti ("Ad F. Gabriellem Pulitum virum musicae peri-tissimum") by another "Iuris Utriusque Consultus" in Pontremoli, Antonio Bononi (or Bononio). On Scipione Zabeccari, Girolamo Dodo (1534-1625) and Antonio Bononi (or Bologna (?-1649)) see N. Lovrinic, op. cit., 2007, pp. 68-70 and 157-161.
47	According to the title preceding his name (I. V. C. = Iuris Utriusque Consultus), Scipione Zambeccari was a highly educated man, who could offer good protection to the young musician. He was especially known in legal circles in Pontremoli. The passage in the letter reads: "Cogitanti mihi, vir integerrime, quo meam erga te benevolentiam, vel potius observantiam patefacere possem, in mentem venerunt meae sacrae cantiones, quae vulgo motecta appellantur; quas iamdiu typis praelum; committere mihi certum est, et tuo praeclaro nomini, pene dixi, numini, ut his aliquid splendoris, accedat, dedicare."
48	This Alberico Aragona Appiani can probably be identified with the noble citizen of Piacenza Alberigo Appiani d'Aragona (1580-1628), later to become Palatine Count of the Holy Roman Empire. Alberigo was a grandson of Girolamo, the founder of Appinai d'Aragona family wing in Picenza, and pretender to the throne of the independent Tuscan state of Piombino, ruled
ILLVSTRISS1MO
ALBERICO ARAGONIO
A P P I A N O-
FRATER GABRIEL PVLIT VS. S. P. D.
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Figure 3
Title-page and dedicatory letter of Puliti's Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia dedicated to Alberico Aragona Appiani from Piacenza in 1602 (Bologna, Civico Museo Bibliográfico Musicale, shelf-mark BB196/5 - Bassus; with permission).
by the Appiani dynasty. For the genealogy of the family see: http://www.infol.it/piombino_ dintorni/genealogia.htm (26 October 2007) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate_of_ Piombino#Lords_of_Piombino_-_Appiani_dynasty (26 October 2007). From the letter of dedication of the Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia, 1602: "Placentiam vix pedem intuleram, Alberice Aragoni Appiane, cum tuae nobilitatis, eximiaeque virtutis, qua reliquis omnibus ordinis tui viris antecellis, ita meas implevit aures, ut quemadmodum magnetis vi quadam abdita ferrum trahitur, ita ego ad te, licet mihi de facie minus cognitum, colendum fuerim compulsus, et observandum. [...] has meas vigilias (psalmodia vespertina dicuntur) sub tui nominis clypeo praelo subiciendas curavi [...] Quem enim potius mihi patronum deligerem, quam eum qui non modo musicam optime calleat, sed et eius artis peritorum conventus domi suae perlibenter haberi velit, eorumque difficultates muneribus, ac liberalitate sustentet? Apud te musicorum esse portum per hanc urbem fama pervulgavit, in hunc quietis causa meae te recipiunt modulationes. [...]" The dedication is followed by a couplet in honour of Puliti ("Fallor [?] an angelico resonant modulamine cantus, / Quid dubitem? Gabriel concinit arte melos.") and two sestets in honour of Alberico Aragona Appiani. The example today preserved in Bologna contains a manuscript annotation informing us that it was originally given to a certain Fra Corradini from Cremona: "Ad illustre [Priore di] Petris Bacc.vi Fratris Michelis Angeli Corradini ordinis Minori Conv. Cremonensis".
very formal structure of this letter, as well as the fact that Puliti stresses at the beginning of the letter that he had only just arrived in Piacenza (which would imply that he knew the nobleman more by reputation than through personal contact, or that he knew Appiani from before he came to Piacenza), support the hypothesis that this dedication is addressed to a wished-for (rather than actual) patron, from whom the composer seeks protection and the prestige of association.
On the other hand, it is safe to assume that Puliti was personally acquainted with Franciscus Corelius, "utriusque legis doctore", on whom we possess only the information given in the letter of 1624, which is laid out in a conventionally formal manner but reveals that the dedicatee was, in fact, a proficient musician ("the first among music teachers"), to whom Puliti felt grateful and obligated.49
Interestingly, Puliti addressed himself to amateur musicians, some possibly very proficient, on several other occasions. He refers to a number of his dedicatees from Koper in their role as musicians. These include his pupil Mario Bonzi (in 1615 and in 1618),50
49	From the letter of dedication of Il secondo libro delle messe, dated 10 August (IV. Idus Augusti) 1624 at Venice, "Per illustri, ac eccelentissimo Viro D. Francisco Corelio utriusque legis Doc-tori etc.": "Hasce meas modulationes eo venerabilius sacras, quo Sacratissimas missas ipsis modulandas suscepi, tibi (praestantissime Domine) prae omnibus volui iure merito consecra-tas, quibuscum vel gratia, vel servitute familiariter versor, et quorum humanitate, atque benig-nitate modestissime utor, tum quia es omnium virtutum genere perornatus, tum quia maxime, et vocum, et instrumentorum, quae ad musicam artem pertinere videntur, non vulgarem qui-dem intelligentiam calles, quin adeo musicorum per studiosum ipsam Apollinis armonicam facultatem apud te pollere certo scio, ut in te uno Musarum Chorus, tot, quotquot sunt, Caelo-rum orbes, Apolloque ipse nedum gloriari fatentur reperiri melos, sed uno omnium consensum cuncti tibi primum inter musices Professores concedunt locum: imo et Musarum Chorus, et Caelorum orbes, et Apollo isdem tuis manibus, et tybias, et Organa, et Cytharas, et quem-cunque alia instrumenta concrepantibus bene convenire; et adaptari profecto prae caeteris aliis, et excellentius (auderem dicere) quam sibi ipsis profantur. [...] Proinde ego inter musicos, tamet si perexilis, cum in theatrum, ac in omnium aures meas compositiones apparere constituerim, molitus pro mei ingenii parte attingere musicorum, nisi prima, saltem propiora fastigia, eas tibi uno dedere, atque dono dare opere pretium duxi. [...]" The dedicatee is, interestingly, not mentioned on the title-page of this publication.
50	The 1615 collection was in fact dedicated to Mario's father Michiele, but on behalf of Mario, Puliti's pupil, to whom was dedicated also the lost volume of Fantasie from 1618 (from the title-page: "Dedicate al Molto Magnifico Signor Mario Bonzi".) From the letter of dedication of the Lunario armonico perpetuo, dated 3 March 1615 at Venice, "Al Mag.co S.or Michiele Bonzi mio Sig. Honorando": "Viverá eterna in me la memoria delle gratie, e favori dalla molto sua cortesia largamante ricevuti la qual stimolandomi del continuo á ricompensa, e guiderdone, fá ch'io non tralassi punto alla giornata, ch'al mio debito si conviene. Il che parmi d'ottenere in parte, disciplinando, cosi nel suono, come nel canto Mario suo uno et unico Figliuolo; fanciullo veramente di rilevato ingegno, e d'indole nobilissima: Pure non m'appago tanto di questa opera che io sempre non desideri nuova occasione ond'io maggioramente facci palese al Mondo la gratitudine, egli oblighi; che li devo: si come parmi á punto di conseguire con la dedicatione che fö á V. S. della presente mia Operetta fatta solo, e composta in gratia del suo gentilissimo Figliuolo. La gradirá volontieri, come derivantiva d'amore, e animo grato. [...]" The name of the dedicatee was, however, not printed on the title-page of this work.
Barnaba Bruti (1620),51 and, last but not least, Pietro Pola (1620),52 whose house Puliti goes so far as to call "an Academy of Music". Another musician was Orazio Negri from Labin, the dedicatee of Puliti's 1621 volume,53 and we must not forget Puliti's secondary
51	Bamaba Bruti (1583-1660), to whom the prefatory text of Puliti's Lilia convallium is addressed, was an important member of a family, based at the time in Koper but originating from Albania, which had distinguished itself through diplomatic and military service to the Venetian Republic. In August 1619 Barnaba Bruti was raised to a knighthood for his exceptional services by the Venetian Doge Antonio Priuli. See also P. Stankovich, op. cit., p. 434; and D. Venturini, op. cit., pp. 384-385. From the letter of dedication of the Lilia convallium, dated 20 February 1620 at Venice and addressed "Al Molto Illustre Signor il Signor Cavaliere Barnabà Bruti": "[...] Hora havendo la bassa Vite del mio debol ingegno (nel mezzo della mia quiete) partorito questo picciol frutto, in honore della Madre di Dio, mi è parso accio non perda il frutto, et il gusto, appoggiarlo all'albero, et protettione di V. S. Molto Illustre sapendo io molto bene, ch'ella prende sommo diletto della Musica, [...] ma solo diro, che V. S. si degni d'accettar questa picciola dimostratione dell'interno mio affetto [...]" The dedication is followed by two poems, one addressed to Bruti and the other to the "book" itself: the volume of Marian motets. The latter was from the pen of one of the foremost members of the Accademia Palladia of Koper, Giovani Battista Brati.
52	Pietro Pola (1545-1630), the dedicatee of Puliti's Sacri accenti, was an erudite man of letters, poet and musician, and one of the leading members of the Koper Academy. See also P. Stankovich, op. cit., pp. 240-241; and Baccio Ziliotto, Accademie ed accademici di Capodi-stria, Archeografo triestino 7 (1944), p. 131. The letter of dedication of the Sacri accenti, dated 24 February 1620 at Venice, was addressed "Al Molto Illustre Signor il Signor Caualiero Pietro Pola". The dedication (see note 41, above), is accompanied by two poems: a madrigal addressed to Puliti by Giovanni Battista Brati (reproduced as an introduction to this article) and a madrigal addressed to Pietro Pola. O quam pulchra est from the Sacri accenti was dedicated to the Inquisitor General of Istria, Gregorio Dionisi da Cagli ("Ad instantia del molto R. P. Maestro Gregorio Dionisi da Cagli Inquisitor Generale in Istria. In festo Sancte Ursule.").
53	On Orazio Negri, see E. Stipcevic, Introduction, in: Gabriello Puliti, Baci ardenti, op. cit., 2003, XL-XLI. From the letter of dedication of Armonici accenti, dated 2 January 1621 at Venice and addressed "Al Molto Illustre Sig. il Sig. Cavaliero Oratio Negri d'Albona": "[...] Di qui è ch'andando io fra me stesso considerando il gentilissimo, et ben composto animo di V. S. Molto Illustre, et quanto gusto, et dilettatione, ella prende della Musica, per più ragioni mi son mosso à dedicargli questa picciola faticha, di queste mie Ariette; la prima per il gusto ch'ella ne piglia, la seconda per l'animo generoso (ch'io già molt'anni ne resto ammiratore) et l'altra es-sendo io alla servitù di Maestro di Capella, et Organista nella Chiesa maggiore di questa Nobil Terra vostra d'Albona, era dunque il dovere ch'io l'appoggiassi lo Scudo, et protettione di V. S. Molto Illustre [...] et potrà con la forza de suoi splendori, disgombrare qualche maligna impres-sione che suole partorire spesso l'invidia. [...]" There is also a second dedication preceding the madrigals that celebrates the wedding of the Venetian noble Antonio Bragadino with Agnesina Negri, probably Orazio's daughter. The texts were by two members of the Accademia Palladia of Koper: Otonello de'Bello and Giovanni Battista Brati. There is also a panegyric addressed to Puliti by Don Lelio Peregrini from Split (It. Spalato), who wrote a similar one in honour of Tomaso Cecchini for the latter's Canti spirituali of 1613. Orazio Negri is mentioned again in an earlier dedication by Puliti to the Negri family contained within the dedication of his mascherate titled Ghirlanda odorifera "Al molto Illustre, et Eccellentissiomo Signor Tranquillo Negri d'Albona", dated 10 January 1612 at Venice. This dedication stresses the composer's indebtedness to the family: "Questa Ghirlanda, che di varij fior quest'anni passati da Scherzo tessei, solo per mia ricreatione, e diletto, sonandola tal volta nel Liuto, nella Cetra, et in altri strumenti, hor da dovero, per compiacere à chi debbo, sono sforzato di darla in luce. [.] Io con lo splendor
dedications of separate pieces within his collections of monodic motets of 1618 and 1620 (both sets), which, included under the guise of being printed by special request, were inscribed to leading musicians such as Giacomo Finetti, "maestro di cappella" at the Ca Grande in Venice.54 All these dedications, signed by a "most affectionate servant" ("Servitore Affetionatissimo"), or even a "Servant with all his heart" ("Servitore di cuore") in Bonzi's case, would fit perfectly into Annibaldi's third category of dedications: that honouring friendship and showing gratitude.
Figure 4
Beginning of the motet O quam spetiosa, dedicated to Giacomo Finetti, from the Lilia convallium of 1620. (London, The British Library, shelf-mark K. 8h 30, p. 2; with permission of the BL Board).
One of Puliti's Latin dedications of 1614 undoubtedly deserves special attention. The dedication of his Psalmodia vespertina of 1614 to Giacomo Reinprecht, Abbot of Sticna,55 testifies to the composer's strong interest in gaining the protection of the highest
vivace del nome di V. S. tento d'abbellire questi pochi fogli [...] poiche é chiarissimo quanto lei si diletti di poesia, di filosofia, et quanto sia amatore de' Virtuosi. Et per le cortesie ch'io in casa sua ho ricevuto, e da lei, e dalli Signori Marchio, et Horatio, suoi fratelli, de quali s'io volessi dir i meriti, et l'heroiche qualitá, com'anco quelle del Signor suo Padre, e del Signor Capitan Gio. Battista suo Zio. [...] E facendo per adesso fine allo scrivere, non faro fine pero in estender queste picciole mie forze in servitio di V. S. che giá le dedicai per debito di gratitudine, et per decreto di volontá. [...]" On Tranquillo and Orazio Negri, see also Baccio Ziliotto, Tranquillo Negri rimatore albonese del secolo XVII, Atti e memorie della Societa istriana di archeologia e storia patria 25 (1910), pp. 285-316.
54	The O quam speciosa of the Lilia convallium was written at the request of Giacomo Finetti ("Ad instanza del P. F. Iacomo Finetti maestro di Capella alli Frari in Venetia"). See note 25, above, and also B. Bujic, op. cit., 1997, p. 69.
55	Abate Iacobo (Giacomo Reinprecht, Abbot from 1603 to 1636). On Reinprecht, see Metod Mikuž, Vrsta stiskih opatov, Ljubljana, Jože Kramarič, 1944, p. 65; Jože Gregorič, Cistercijani v Stični, Ljubljana, Cistercijanski samostan v Stični, 1980, pp. 81-83; Jože Mlinarič, Stiska opatija 1136-1784, Novo mesto, Dolenjska založba, 1995, pp. 496-524.
authorities of the Counter-Reformation movement, not only within Italian territory but also further afield, in the Inner-Austrian lands, where the Abbot Reinprecht was one of the most zealous propagators of Counter-Reformation ideas, a principal Inquisitor in Car-niola, and, not least, a fervent promoter of the Roman liturgy that was, after the General Council of 1599, to replace the older Aquilean and other indigenous rites. Puliti, who stressed the fact that his Psalmodia was composed "iuxta ritum Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae", was advised to seek Reinprecht's patronage and protection by the Bishop of Trieste, Ursino de Bertis, another partisan of the Counter-Reformation and a friend of the Abbot.56 In his letter of dedication Puliti mentions Reinprecht's connections and good friends in Italy, on whom we do not possess further information.57
Incontestable, however, is the Abbot's inclination towards the arts in general; he contributed greatly to the new outlook of the monastery, whose leader he was from 1603 until his death in 1626. Worth mentioning are the ornamental baroque stuccature in the monastery's east tower, which contain, among other things, a scene of the Last Judgment depicting the Jaws of Hell, towards which, very significantly, a Protestant preacher is being led.58 What kind of protection Puliti expected from Reinprecht is not quite clear,
56	Ursino de Bertis (1559-1620) was until 1589 a high-ranking official at the Inner-Austrian Court in Graz, where he served as a secretary to Archduke Karl. In 1597 he was appointed Bishop of Trieste by Archduke Ferdinand. He was one of the main promoters of the Roman liturgy that was imposed in place of the older Aquilean rite. All his life, he was closely connected with the Franciscan Order of Conventuals (Fratelli Minori Conventuali). See C. Morelli, op. cit., vol. 3, 1855, pp. 259-264; and Luigi Tavano, Bertis, Ursino de, Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reichs 1448 bis 1648, ed. Erwin Gatz, Berlin, Duncker & Humbolt, 1996, pp. 49-51.
57	From the letter of dedication of the Psalmodia vespertina, dated 15 January 1614 at Venice and addressed to "Illustri ac Reverendissimo in Christo Patri D. Iacobo celeberrimi monasteri Siti-censis Ordinis Cisterciensis Abbati benemerito, ac Serenissimi Principis D. D. Ferdinandi Archi-ducis Austriae, et a Consiliis, etc.": "[...] et iam maximo in honore inter provinciae Carniolanae primarios proceres constitutum, suo gremio retinet; sed et in Italia propemodum universa, ut doc-tissimi quique, amicitiae et benignitati tuae, omnibus nervis sese insinuare contendant; scientes a virtutis et doctrinae nitore amicitiam et benevolentiam proficisci et confoveri, et gratiam hinc se-mel cohortam, utpote quae a virescenti promanaris principio, nunquam fere, neque senio, neque squalore marcescere. Ne igitur mirere, cur haec mea Cantica Vespertina quatuor vocibus paribus cantanda, tibi nomine et fama solummodo mihi noto, dedicanda consuerim, cum ego quoquae aperto pectore, sed summa interim reverentia, non dicam amicitiam tecum inire (neque hoc tua patitur dignitas) sed sub clientelae tuae umbra conquiescere cupiam, quod fieri nolui absque literario qualicunque commercio, cum literarum et virtutum studiosos, (et musicae precipue, qua Dei nomen extollitur,) maximo favore prosequaris, liberalitate demercaris, comitate allicias, et eorum studia pro virili foveas, ac tuearis. Quibus rebus mihi hactenus allecto Illustrissimus et Re-verendissimus D. Ursinus de Bertis, Episcopus et Comes Tergestinus, qui non raro de praeclaris tui animi dotibus loqui solet, et cuius tam propensus est in te amor quam patris in fillium, animum dedit, et currenti (quod aiunt) calcaria addidit [...]" The letter is accompanied by a poem by Puliti on the subject of the volume and by a panegyric addressed to Puliti by Alessandro Bettoni Scotto, who in 1609 was a teacher in Trieste, probably attached to the public school that operated in the Minorite convent. It is possible therefore, that Puliti and Scotto were personally acquainted. See also Attilio Tamaro, Storia di Trieste, vol. 2, Roma, Alberto Stock, 1989, p. 139.
58	Marijan Zadnikar, Samostan Stična in njegove znamenitosti, Ljubljana, Družina, 2001, pp. 238-244.
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Figure 5
Letter of dedication to the Abbot Giacomo Reinprecht of Stična from Puliti's Psalmodia vespertina of 1614. (From the original now kept in Modena, Duomo, Biblioteca e Archivio Capitolare; with permission).
unless he was simply eager to prove the "correct" orientation of his faith - or even to rebut the imputations of heresy directed during those years towards some of his brother Franciscans, Italians as well as Slavs. Puliti composed the psalms for four equal voices in direct response to the specific needs of the Cistercian monks in Stična, where Vesper psalms were a compulsory part of daily devotions.
The fact that Puliti was experiencing problems of some kind can be deduced from two of the dedications written during his first years in his new host province, Istria. The first is the 1605 collection of Scherzi capricci et fantasie that he dedicated as "a sign of affection and respect" to Pietro dell'Argento, his "Signor et Patron", a member of one of the thirteen most important noble families in Trieste and later a Court Councillor in Graz.59 The tone of the letter is altogether more familiar, and Puliti openly speaks in it of slanderousness. He repeats the statement that he is hoping for protection against the offence caused by wicked tongues in the dedication of his Baci ardenti, which is inscribed to Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria (1578-1637). Resident in Graz, Ferdinand was one of the most ardent patrons of the arts and especially of Italian musicians.60 With this dedication Puliti was seeking nothing less than the protection of the "Great Eagle", a traditional defender of Trieste.61 Two madrigals were in fact dedicated to Ferdinand's younger brother Archduke Maximilian Ernst (1583-1616), whom Puliti possibly met in Trieste, when the young Archduke stopped there on his way to Rome.62 Quite possibly, his secular works, such as the madrigals on amorous and even erotic subjects, having been deemed none too suitable for a monk and man of the Church, had provoked some adverse comments that he wished to counteract by adorning his latest opus with the name of such an important protector.
Throughout his life Puliti sought important patrons among high ecclesiastical dignitaries, possibly in order to balance his secular interests. To this category belongs the dedication of his last known printed collection, the collection of Vesper psalms, Salmi
59	From the letter of dedication of Scherzi capricci et fantasie, dated 16 September 1605 at Venice and addressed "AI Nobile et molto Magnifico Sig. et Patron mio collendissimo, il Sig. Pietro dell'Argento da Trieste": "Piaccia adunque a V. Sig. d'aggradire questa piccola mia fatica, in segno dell'Affetto, e reverenza che li porto; essendomeli il di gia del tutto dedicato fin da quel tempo, che per suo diporto venne a Muglia. Da denti delli invidiosi non temo, perche l'invidia, non mira cosi basso: et so che sotto tal scudo faro sicuro da morsi de calunniatori: quali certamente a torito offendono coloro, che cercano porgere diletto senza offesa d'altri, con le loro fatiche. [...]" On Argento, see also P. Stankovich, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 435; and on the family also S. Sghedoni, op. cit, pp. 15-25: 19.
60	Hellmut Federhofer, Musikpflege und Musiker am Grazer Habsburgerhof der Erzherzöge Karl und Ferdinand von Innerösterreich (1564-1619), Mainz, B. Schott's Söhne, 1967, pp. 46-47; Steven Saunders, Cross, Sword and Lyre. Sacred Music at the Imperial Court of Ferdinand II of Habsburg (1619-1637), Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995, pp. 3-9; and B. Bujic, op. cit, 1997, pp. 63-64.
61	From the letter of dedication of Baci ardenti, dated 25 February 1609 at Venice and addressed "Al Sereniss. Prencipe Ferdinando Arciduca d'Austria, etc.": "Perilche stando in me stesso un giorno fra gli altri, mi venne in pensiero (havendo gia inteso quanto sia vaga dell'arte, et numeri armonici) di comporre li presenti Madrigali, intitolati BACI ARDENTI, atti per aventura ad esprimer la mia devota servitu, et l'animo mio affettuoso verso il merito di V. Altezza Serenissi-ma, la quale non sdegnera, che restino segnati nella fronte del suo temuto, et riverito nome, per assicurarli sotto l'ali di si grand'AQVILA da gli oltraggi del tempo, et del'ingiuria delle male lingue. [...]" Unfortunately, the letter of dedication offers no further information about the manner in which the collection was put together; nor does it comment on its content. For more details, see B. Bujic, Introduction, in: Gabriello Puliti, Baci ardenti, op. cit., 2003, pp. XXIII-XXIV.
62	See B. Bujic, Introduction, in: Gabriello Puliti, Baci ardenti, op. cit., 2003, p. XXIV.
dominicali concertati, dated 1 January 1635 at Venice63 and dedicated to the Bishop of Trieste, Count Pompeo Coronini,64 to whom, as he put it, he owed a debt of gratitude. The collection is followed by an epigram in honour of Puliti, in which an unknown author compares the composer to a swan, alluding to the white colour of his beard.65
Another interesting dedication, filled with information on the social circles within which the composer moved, was signed on 15 March 1618 in Koper. He dedicated his first collection of sacred monodies, "concerti a una voce sola, canto overo tenore con il basso sotto da sunare in qual si voglia strumento chorista", entitled Pungenti dardi spiri-tuali, to the Conventuals of the monastery of Santa Croce in Florence. From his letter we learn that he felt obliged to them for having enjoyed their hospitality at some time in the past and now wished to repay them by offering the fruits of the labour of their humble servant.66 Of greater significance, however, is that Puliti made also nine secondary dedications in this same collection, inscribing individual monodies to friends from Koper, and above all to local nobles from the circle of the Accademia Palladia,67 who included
63	In the original "Kalendae Januaris". From the letter of dedication of Salmi dominicali: "Oppu-gnavit me Illustrissime et Reverendissime Domine, uno, eodemque tempore duplex adversarius, pudor scilicet, ac debitum: quorum tanta fuit vis, ac pertinacia, ut uterque de me victoriam facile reportarit; pudor quidem merito de me triumphat, quia hac mea tenui ad numeros musicos psalmorum compositione Illustrissimae Dominationi tuae umbram potius, qua eidem decus, lucemque videor allaturus. A debito autem tum gratitudinis, tum observantiae ita me victum, immortalique nexu Illustrissimae Dominationis tuae constrictum fateor, ut neque me expedire, neque par in referenda gratia ullo modo esse possim [...]"
64	Pompeo Coronini (ca. 1581-1646) was a member of an old noble family from Gorizia. He belonged to Puliti's order and occupied high positions at the Court in Graz. Before being appointed Bishop of Trieste in 1631, he occupied the same post in Ljubljana and Pican (It. Pedena in Istria). He is known to have had personal literary ambitions and was also a poet. On Coronini, see C. Morelli, op. cit., vol. 3, 1855, pp. 288-289; and France M. Dolinar, Coronini (Caronino, Coroni-nus), Pompeo, Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reichs 1448 bis 1648, ed. Erwin Gatz, Berlin, Duncker & Humbolt, 1996, pp. 112-113.
65	The epigram ("Epigramma in laudem Auctoris") runs as follows: "Angelus es Gabriel, Gabriel cum carminas cantas, Cum pangis psalmos, Angelus es Gabriel. Iam tua Cygnaeas imitantur tempora plumas, Iam cadit in Barbam nix veneranda tuam; Candidus es Gabriel, cani instar candida Cygni Barba, at Apollineis aemula forma genis; Albus olor Gabriel, es pulcher Apollo Puliti, Sed merito psalmis vincis utrumque tuis."
66	From the letter of dedication of Pungenti dardi spirituali, dated 15 March 1618 at Koper and addressed to the "Molto Reverendi Padri et Patroni in Christo Osservandissimi": "[...] Qual legge, quando di prima intesi, tanto mi piacque che io, non Barbaro, o Partho; ma Toscano, Christiano; et per gratia particolare di Giesu Christo Franciscano Conventuale, deliberai servirme di lei, qualun-que volta mi occorresse comparire avanti á miei Maggiori, come apunto intendo far di presente; [...] apresento ad elle queste mie Musicali fatighe, che'l mio natural ingegno, aiutato dalla gratia di Dio, há novellamente prodotto. Et perche due sorte di persone frá l'altre sogliono far presenti; cioé i Patroni á Servitori in segno della cortese loro affetione, et Servitori á Patroni in tributo della lor servitu; Havendomi le PP. Vostre donato segno si raro del non finto amor loro; mentre m'hanno honorato in prendermi, et annoverarmi per Padre di cotesto nobilissimo Conuento di Santa Croce: (favore tanto piu stimato da me, quanto cagionato solo dal nobile, et reale animo loro.) Ogni ragione voleva, che anch'io apresentasse loro qualche segno della mia servitu. [...]"
67	It should be noted that Puliti was apparently well connected with this academy, of which, as
Raimondo Fini, the nephew of Tranquillo and Orazio Negri of Labin,68 Girolamo Zarotti, Gavardo Gavardi and Ludovico Daini,69 not forgetting such musicians as his pupil Mario Bonzi and the bass singer at the Cathedral Iseppe Albanese. One interesting person to whom Puliti dedicated two motets, and who was also close to the Accademia Palladia, was Gregorio Dionisi Da Cagli. The composer knew him personally from Koper as well as from Labin, where Da Cagli received hospitality from the Negri family at the same time as Puliti. Tranquillo Negri even composed a madrigal to celebrate the strictness of the Inquisitor in religious matters.70
MAIN DEDICATION OF THE Pungenti dardi spirituali
"alli Molto reuerendi Padri del couvento [sic] di Santa Croce di Fiorenza"
SECONDARY DEDICATIONS
Stella splendida et matutina
"Ad istantia del Molto R. P. Maestro Gregorio da Cagli Inquisitor Generale dell'Istria" Gaudebunt labia mea
"Ad istantia del : R. Pre Ludouico Daini Canonico della Catedrale di Capo d'Istria" Ego flos campi
"Ad istantia del Signor Raimondo Fino" O Felix Anima
"Ad istantia del Signor Mario Bonzi" Exulta et laetare terra
"Ad istantia del Molto R. P. Maestro Iacomo Finetti Maestro di Capella della Cà Grande di Venetia"
Confitemini Domino
"Ad istantia del Signor Gauardo Gauardi" Versa est in luctum Citara
"Ad istantia del Molto R. Pre Iseppe Albanese canonico et Basso nella Catedrale di Capo d'Istria"
Anima mea liquefacta est
"Ristampato et accomodato ad istantia del Signor Girolamo Zarotti" O bone Iesu
"Da cantar con Chitarone ouero Teorba o Liuto" O quam dulcis est nomen Iesu
"Del Sig. Bartolomeo da Fabriano detto il Pesarino. Ristampato ad istantia d'un suo seruitore"
already argued, he was possibly even a member. Many of its members are commemorated in his musical publications: for example, Giovanni Battista Brati ("accademico Desioso"), who contributed dedicatory sonnets and madrigals to Puliti's collections of monodic motets issued in 1620 and some texts to his volume of secular monodies entitled Armonici accenti of 1621. On the Accademia Palladia, see also I. Cavallini, Musica e filosofia, op. cit., 1987.
68	Raimondo Fini later became the author of Raccolta d'applausi in honour of the podestà of Koper, Andrea Morosini (1643). See P. Stankovich, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 253. On Negis, see also note 53, above.
69	Ludovico Daini was a collaborator on Rime e prose, a collective act of homage by the members of the Accademia Palladia to the podestà, later doge, Nicolo Donato. See B. Ziliotto, op. cit., 1944, p. 141 and p. 148.
70	See G. Radole, op. cit., 1990, p. 39. Da Cagli was probably also a musician.
One of the motets is addressed to Giacomo Finetti,71 "maestro di cappella" at the Frari in Venice, who was apparently directly connected with Puliti not only as a member of the same religious order, a musician, a lute player and a composer but also as a friend and even, possibly, a pupil. In this connection, it is interesting that Puliti, who on the title-page of the collection advises the use of "any kind of instrument" for the basso continuo, explicitly prescribes the theorbo or lute for one of the pieces, the motet O bone Jesu. The practice of singing motets with the chitarrone was in fact especially common among the Minorite friars in Venice. Interestingly, the volume in question also contains one of a few compositions by Bartolomeo Barbarino (from his 1610 collection) published in a volume containing music by another composer. The motet was reproduced by Puliti in its simple form, with the expectation that the performer would add improvised ornamentation.
A further observation to be made about Puliti's collection Pungenti dardi spirituali is that, together with Lilia convallium and Sacri accenti of 1620, it appears in Alessandro Vincenti's catalogue of music in a section containing music to be sung and played on plucked string instruments, most of which is secular in type, rather than under the heading "Motets", as one would have expected.72 Interesting, too, is the fact that all three dedications were written in Italian and not in erudite Latin, which in Puliti's time was still customary for sacred works. Perhaps the conclusion to draw is that the pieces were intended for private devotional (or even recreational) use rather than for insertion, as paraliturgical items, into a religious service.
All Puliti's dedications from the 1620s were addressed to members of the secular Istrian nobility, each recently promoted to the rank of cavaliere: Barnaba Bruti and Pietro Pola, both from Koper, and Orazio Negri from Labin. This was apparently an act of congratulation by Puliti on their social promotion, as well as an expression of his need for protection and a token of his friendship. It is indicative that all three dedicatees are singled out by Puliti as musicians.
Yet another type of a dedication - an offering of gratitude - is a small collection of Marian Vespers of 1618, interestingly addressed to a secular dignitary, Benvenuto Petazzi. The volume would seem to be committed by the composer's order, to express gratitude for large donations. From the letter it is not clear at all if Puliti was personally acquainted with the dedicatee or not, as at the time the composer was residing in Koper. Petazzi was, in his advanced age, known to act as a promoter of a revival of a literary academy "degli Arrischiati" in Trieste, and was also a dedicatee of other literary and scientific works.73 Therefore, he could well fall into a category of Puliti's literary acquaintances.
71	On Finetti see notes 25 and 54, above.
72	"Musiche per cantar e suonar nel chitaron tiorba arpicordo". See Indice di tutte le opere di música che si trovano nella stampa della pigna di Alessandro Vincenti, Venezia 1621, in: Monatshefte für Musikgeschichte 14-15 (1882-1883), p. 40 [original page no. 31], and O. Mischiati, op. cit., pp. 135-153 (Pungenti dardi, Lilia coualio [sic], and Sacri accenti are listed on the original pp. 22-23).
73	In 1636 the Italian Rabbi, born in Trieste, Emmanuel Porto or Menahem Zion Porto Cohen, astronomer and mathematician, dedicated to the Count Benvenuto Petazzi his Porto astronomico in four volumes. See web-site: http://wwwjewishencyclopedia.com/viewjsp?artid=460&letter=P (29 October 2007).
To conclude this discussion, I would like to touch on the financial aspect of the dedications. First, I may point out that Puliti, who, as a monk occupying a regular post as organist of the local Cathedral and, on occasion, as a choirmaster, always with a fixed salary, had no overriding need to earn extra money through his dedications. In this respect, one may concur absolutely with Claudio Annibaldi, who argues that "it is clear at this point that the financial implications of the relation between a patron and an musician were secondary: not only for a patron, to whom, obviously, prestige was more important than lucre, but also for a musician, who often needed to seek out a high-ranking protector not so much for financial gain as for the sake of non-monetary benefits arising from the feeling of being 'secure and well protected' in all daily and professional circumstances."74
Nevertheless, we learn from the sonnet written by Puliti's friend and patron Tranquillo Negri of Labin upon the composer's return from Labin to Koper (Capris was one of the old names for this town) in 1622, that our composer was not altogether insensitive to the monetary side of his artistic endeavours and in fact "expected all to recompense him" for his musical endeavours in their honour:
"L'Archimuseo Magistro Amphioneo D'ogni erudition cantica predito Qui e picto, con le Muse, a' quali e dedito, Come Rector dell'Equo Pegaseo;
Hora ch'il Plectro suo (ch'a Mastro Orpheo Toglie del canto, e suon la fama, e 'l credito) Spiega in Albona, loda ogn'un per debito L'ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la suo Cithereo.
U'mentre le suo note udransi pangere, Huopo e, ch'ogn'un li servi l'aes pollicito; Accio vi fermi un lungo domicilio;
Che senza mai stancar il supercilio, Fara gran lucro, e havra ogni piacer licito Lasciando ai Caprariensi il core frangere." (Tranquillo Negri) 75
74	C. Annibaldi, op. cit., p. 20: "A questo punto e chiaro che i risvolti economici del rapporto mece-natesco-musicale diventano del tutto secondari. E non solo nei confronti del mecenate, a cui sono ovviamente da attribuirsi ambizioni di prestigio e non fini di lucro, bensi anche nei confronti del musicista, che spesso deve aver cercato una protezione altolocata non tanto per i relativi vantaggi economici, quanto per i vantaggi non monetizzabili derivanti dal sentirsi 'sicuro e ben difeso' in ogni contingenza quotidiana e professionale [...]"
75	B. Ziliotto, op. cit., 1910, p. 307.
I should like to express my special thanks to Professor Michael Talbot for precious help and revising of my text in English. I am also indebted to Dr Miran Spelic O.F.M. for revising my transcriptions of dedications in Latin and to Dr Dinko Fabris for his generous help and revising of my transcriptions of dedicatory letters in Italian.
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TYPE C = Commission P = Protection or Prestige G = Gratitude	C or P	C		P	P	O	P	OC r o P	O	O	O	O
LANGUAGE of the dedication	Latin	Latin		Italian	Italian	Italian	Latin	Latin	Italian		Italian	Italian
DATE1 and PLACE of dedication	Parma, (10. Kal. Dec.) = 22 November 1600	Milan, 7 July 1602 only on the Basso continu-ato part		Venice, 16 September 1605	Venice, 25 February 1609	Venice, 10 January 1612	Venice, 15 January 1614	Venice, 20 July 1614	Venice, 3 March 1616	there is no letter of dedication, since this was a reprint of an earlier work	Koper, 15 March 1618	Venice, 1 August 1618
DEDICATEE	* Scipione Zambecari from Pontremoli 2	Alberico d'Aragona Appiani from Piacenza		* Pietro dell'Argento from Trieste	Ferdinand II, Archduke of Inner Austria; Graz 3	Tranquillo Negri from Labin	* Abate Iacobo (Jakob Rein-precht), Abbot of Stična 4	Giovanni Turriano, Bishop of Krk 5	* Michele Bonzi from Koper6	Mario Bonzi from Koper	"Padri del Convento di Santa Croce" in Florence7	* Benvenuto Petazzi from Trieste
TOWN quoted on the title-page or in the dedication	Pontremoli	Piacenza		Muggia	Capodistria (=Koper)	Trieste	Capodistria	Capodistria	Capodistria	Capodistria	Capodistria	Capodistria
TITLE of the collection PLACE AND DATE of publication	Sacrae modulationes, Parma 1600	Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia, Milan 1602	Madrigali pastorali, [Venice] 1604	Scherzi, capricci et fantasie, Venice 1605	Baci ardenti, secondo libro de madri-gali, Venice 1609	Ghirlanda odorífera, Mascherate a tre voci, Venice 1612	Psalmodia vespertina, Op. 13, Venice 1614	Sacri concentus, Op. 14, Venice 1614	Lunario armonico, Op. 16, Venice 1615	Fantasie, scherzi et capricci, Op. 19, Venice 1618? (R1624)	Pungenti dardi spirituali, Op. 20, Venice 1618	Integra omnium solemnitatum vespertina psalmodia, Op. 21,Venice 16188
GENRE SA = Sacred music SE = Secular music	c. o S	SA-voc.	SE-voc.	SE-"per cantare" but without texts	c. o ï E S	c. o E S	c. o S	c. o S	SE-instr.	SE-instr.	c. o S	c. o S
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TYPE	P and G?	P and G?	G and C	P?	G?	C
LANGUAGE	Italian	Italian	Italian		Latin	Latin
DATE1 and PLACE of dedication	Venice, 20 February 1620	Venice, 24 February 1620	Venice, 2 January 1621		Venice, (IV. Idus Augusti) = 10 August 1624	Venice, (Kal. Jan.) = 1 January 1635
DEDICATEE	Barnaba Bruti from Koper9	Pietro Pola from Koper10	•	Oratio Negri •	Antonio Bragadino and Agnesina Negri from Labin11	Umberto Testa, Bishop of Pula	* Francesco Corelli from Trieste, "utriusque legis dottore"	* Pompeo Coronini, Bishop of Trieste12
TOWN	Capodistria	Capodistria	Albona	Albona	Capodistria	Trieste
TITLE of the collection PLACE AND DATE of publication	Lilia convallium, Op. 22, Venice 1620	Sacri accenti, Op. 23, Venice 1620	Armonici accenti, Op. 24, Venice 1621	Celesti ardori, libro quinto delli concerti, Op. 26, Venice 1622	Il secondo libro delle messe a 4, Op. 30, Venice 1624	Salmi dominicali, Op. 36, Venice 1635
GENRE	SA-voc.	c. o S	SE-voc.	c. o E S	c. o S	c. o S
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•	Gavardo Gavardi, a noble from Koper, at the time member of the town-council.
•	Iseppo Albanese, a "canonico e basso" of the cathedral of Koper.
•	Girolamo Zarotti, nobleman from Koper and member of the town-council (the motet Anima mea was taken from Puliti's earlier Sacri concentus of 1614 and adapted for his friend Zarotti).
•	The motet O quam dulcis est nomen Jesu is by "Bartolomeo da Fabriano detto il Pesarino ad istantia d'un suo servitore".
8	Identified with the Salmi e Litaniae della Madonna a 5 voci, recorded in Johann Gottfried Walther's Musikalisches Lexikon of 1732.
9	With a madrigal addressed to "Fra Gabrielle Puliti" by Giovanni Battista Brati. There is also an individual dedication to "P. F. Giacomo Finetti, maestro di cappella alli Frari in Venezia".
10	With a poem in honour of the "volume" by Giovanni Battista Brati. There is also an individual dedication to "R. P. Maestro Gregorio Dionisi da Cagli, inquisitore generale dell'Istria".
11	The texts of the madrigals are by Ottonello de' Bello and Giovanni Battista Brati, both active members of the Accademia Palladia of Koper.
12	With an epigram by an unknown author in honour of Puliti.
»SERVITORE AFFETIONATISSIMO FRA GABRIELLO PULITI« IN OSEBE, KI SO JIM POSVEČENA NJEGOVA TISKANA DELA (1600-1635) OD INSTITUCIONALNEGA NAROČNIŠTVA, ŽELJE PO ZAŠČITI, DO IZRAZA OSEBNE HVALEŽNOSTI IN PRIJATELJSTVA
Povzetek
Šestnajst v celoti ali deloma ohranjenih glasbenih tiskov Gabriella Pulitija (ok. 15831644) po svoji bogati glasbeni in tudi neglasbeni vsebini nudi poseben vpogled v kulturno in družabno življenje krajev, v katerih je po rodu toskanski skladatelj deloval in zanje prispeval svoja umetniška dela in dejavnosti. Sistematični pregled vsebine, predvsem pa spremljevalnih besedil - posvetilnih pisem, hvalnih pesmi itd. -, v vsej njihovi kompleksnosti razkriva razvejane odnose med umetnikom skladateljem, naročniki njegovih glasbenih del, dejanskimi zaščitniki glasbe in skladatelja, želenih oz. mogočih zaščitnikov (tako cerkvenih kot tudi posvetnih), pa finančnih podpornikov (osebnih ali takih, ki so podpirali skladateljev cerkveni red), prijateljev iz kulturnih, predvsem literarnih in akademskih krogov.
Pulitijeva posvetila (ohranjenih je petnajst pisem v italijanščini in latinščini, znano pa je še eno ime posvečenca) se (z izjemo treh) obračajo na vplivne in mogočne zaščitnike v krajih, povezanih s skladateljevim delovanjem v Istri: v Kopru, Labinu, Pulju itd. Ta posvetila kažejo, da je po eni strani iskal zaščito oz. morda tudi finančno podporo, po drugi pa je z njimi izkazoval zahvalo za že prejete milosti in pristno prijateljstvo. Ta zadnji tip je na primer veljal za dela, ki jih je poklonil svojim učencem ali glasbenim družinam, kot so bile Bonzi, Pola in Bruti v Kopru ali pa Negriji iz Labina, Argento iz Trsta. Tem je posvečal svoja posvetna ali paraduhovna dela (enoglasne motete), medtem ko je funkcionalna liturgična glasbena dela (pri nekaterih je celo izpostavil dejstvo, da so
napisana po »pravi liturgiji« svete rimske cerkve) večinoma posvetil visokim cerkvenim dostojanstvenikom, npr. puljskemu, koprskemu in tržaškemu škofu.
Med zanimivejšimi posvečenci je tudi opat stiškega samostana na Kranjskem, Jakob Reinprecht, ki mu je Puliti na nasvet takratnega tržaškega škofa Ursina de Bertisa posvetil zbirko devetnajstih večernih psalmov za štiri enake moške glasove - očitno napisanih prav za rabo pri samostanskem bogoslužju. Zdi se, da si je od tega posvetila obetal predvsem »zaščito« pod imenom visokega protireformacijskega dostojanstvenika, saj bi lahko iz nekaterih drugih posvetilnih besedil (predvsem leta 1605 Pietru dell'Argentu in 1609 nadvojvodi Ferdinandu) lahko sklepali, da je imel nekakšne »težave« in so ga nekateri zlobni jeziki obrekovali.
Od tistih, katerim je namenil posvetila v svojih najzgodnejših znanih delih (npr. Scipione Zambecari leta 1600 in Alberico d'Aragona Appiani dve leti pozneje), je zaščito šele pričakoval, medtem ko se drugim v svojih posvetilih zahvaljuje za že prejeto milost, najsi je bila ta naslovljena nanj ali pa na njegov red (kot v primeru posvetila Benvenutu Petazziju leta 1618). Naknadno se je zahvaljeval tudi očetom samostana Santa Croce v Firencah, ker so ga v preteklosti milostno sprejeli medse.
Puliti je vse življenje iskal podporo mogočnih cerkvenih zaščitnikov, morda tudi zato, da bi tako uravnovesil pomen liturgičnih del s svojo posvetno glasbeno produkcijo, ki ne nazadnje vsebuje tudi dela z nekoliko spotakljivejšimi vsebinami, kot na primer ljubezenski, celo erotični madrigali zbirke Baci ardenti in nekatere maskerate zbirke Ghirlanda odorifera. Iz celote njegovih skladb in posvetil lahko dejansko sklepamo, da se je najbolje počutil v družbi glasbenikov in literatov, predvsem članov humanističnih akademij, v prvi vrsti koprske Palladie. Zdi se tudi, da je bil finančni vidik pri njegovih posvetilih drugotnega pomena, saj je bil kot redno zaposleni glasbenik verjetno tovrstno preskrbljen, prav zato pa je toliko bolj potreboval moralno zaščito, po kateri kličejo verjetno prav vsa posvetilna pisma Gabriella Pulitija.