K Bonpocy 06 ojHoii MHCTn(|)nkamni n^n roro^eBCKHH Bhh npn cBeTe ykpanHCkoii Mn^ojomn1
Enena E. fleeKueecKan
The article deals with the genesis of the main antihero of Gogol's stories - "Vij", comparing it with mythical figures in Ukranian folk tradition.
Kpyr npo6ieM, cBa3aHHbix c HaponHbiMH HCTOKaMH noBecra H.B.Toroia "BHft", moxho pa3neiHTb Ha nBe KaTeropHH. K nepBoft othochtca npo6ieMa croxeTa, ko BTopoft — Bonpoc o caMoM iHTepaTypHoM nepcoHaxe, naBmeM Ha3BaHHe noBecTH. Bonpoc o cBa3H croxeTa roroieBcKoft noBecTH c pacnpocTpaHeHHbiM mothbom yKpaHHcKHx BbiiHneK o6 yMepmeft BenbMe h napy6Ke, nociyxHBmeM npHnHHoft ee cMepTH h npoBenmeM tph hohh okoio ee rpo6a (AapHe, ToMncoH 307), moxho cwraTb naBHo pemeHHHM (cm. xoTa 6h: CyMnoB 1892:472-479, neTpoB 1937: 742,778) — ocHoBHbie cTpyKTypHHe aieMeHTbi noBecTH Toroia noiHocTbro noBToparoT croxeTHyro KaHBy cooTBeTCTByro^Hx yKpaHHcKHx H roXHopyccKHx 6bIiHHeK, Bo3HHKmHx, oneBHnHo, non BIHaHHeM yKpaHHcKoft TpaflHnHH.
HepemeHHoft ocTaeTca npo6ieMa reHe3Hca BHa KaK iHTepaTypHoro nepcoHaxa, onHaKo enBa jih He enHHcTBeHHbiM hctohhhkom Bo3HHKHoBeHHa 3toh npo6ieMH moxho c^HTaTb yTBepxneHHe caMoro H.B. Toroia o tom, hto "Bhh — ecTb KoioccaibHoe co3naHHe npocToHaponHoro Boo6paxeHHa" h hto "TaKHM HMeHeM Ha3HBaeTca y MaiopoccHaH HanaibHHK rHoMoB, y KoToporo BeKH Ha ria3ax HnyT no caMoft 3eMiH". Hohckh BHa b HaponHoft KyibType BenyTca c KoHna npomioro BeKa — H3BecTHo, hto b nporpaMMy no c6opy cBeneHHft b o6iac™ HaponHHx cyeBepHft, cocTaBieHHyro b 1884 r. Ha VI ApxeoiorHnecKoM Cbe3ne b Onecce, 6bii BKironeH Bonpoc o BHe, TaK h ocTaBmHftca 6e3 oTBeTa (MHiopanoBHH 1896: 48).
nocKoibKy nonBeprHyTb coMHeHHro cioBa Toroia no chx nop He pemaica hhkto, a MH^oiorHHecKHft nepcoHax c TaKHM HMeHeM h c TaKHMH npH3HaKaMH b yKpaHHcKoft MH^oiorHnecKoft cHcTeMe He o6HapyxeH, y HccienoBaTeieft ocTaBaica onHH nyTb — "nepepbiTb" Bcro yKpaHHcKyro MH^oioraro b noHcKax nepcoHaxeft, xoTa 6h no oTneibHbiM npH3HaKaM cooTBeTCTByro^Hx BHro. noaToMy Bce nonHTKH ycTaHoBHTb cBa3b BHa c nepcoHaxaMH yKpaHHcKoft neMoHoiorHH crpoHiHcb no onHoMy npHHnHny: 6paica onHH H3 mothbob roroieBcKoro onHcaHHa BHa h k HeMy nonbicKHBaiHcb cooTBeTcTBHa b HaponHoft KyibType, nacTo He ToibKo ciaBaHcKoft (cp., HanpHMep, rHnoTe3y B.H.A6aeBa o poncTBe roroieBcKoro nepcoHaxa c oceTHHcKHM 6oroM cMepTH Vayu; A6aeB 1958:303. HHTepecHo, 3Hai ih ToibKo caM Toroib o cy^ecTBoBaHHH aToro oceTHHcKoro neMoHa?)
1 This article was financially supported by RGNF (grant N 96-04-06034 "Mifologiceskie osnovy slavjanskoj narodnoj kul'tury").
TpaflHnna cnrnaTb Bhh nepcoHaxeM Hapodnoü caaBHHcKoH MH^oaorHH HacToabKo CMbHa, hto CTaTba o HeM nonada b nocaeaHee H3aaHHe MH^oaoranecKoro caoBapa (MH^oaoranecKHH 1991: 123).
Mh hcxo^hm H3 Toro, hto MH^oaorHnecKHH nepcoHax b HapoaHoH TpaaHnHH npeacraBaneT co6oH nynoK ycTOHHHBbix, peaeBaHTHbix npH3HaKoB, cKpenaeHHbix HMeHeM. OneBHflHo, hto npH3HaTb Bhh co3aaHHeM yKpaHHCKoro "HapoaHoro Boo6paxeHHa" moxho ToabKo b tom caynae, ecaH b yKpaHHCKoñ TpaaHUHH 6yaeT o6HapyxeH nepcoHax c Ha6opoM Tex xe, hto h y Bhh npH3HaKoB HaH xoth 6h 6oabmeH hx nacm nepcoHax roroaeBcKoH noBecTH npraeMHCTbiH, KocoaanbiH; c xh^hcthmh, KaK KpenKHe kophh pyKaMH h HoraMH; Becb b neproH 3eMae; c xeae3HbiMH naabnaMH h aHnoM; noa3eMHHM roaocoM; ^hhhhhmh BeKaMH, onymeHHHMH ao 3eMaH. Ero noHBaeHHe npeaBapneTcn BoanbHM BoeM. OcHoBHaa ^yHKnna - Heo6braaHHafl cnoco6HocTb BHaeTb, npeoaoaeBaa B3raaaoM cnenHaabHbie anoTponeHnecKHe nperpaaH HeaocTynHbie 3peHHro o6hhh^ix ^mohob.
Bo^bmHHcTBo H3 yKa3aHHbx npH3HaKoB b oTaeabHocTH BcTpenaeTca y caMbx pa3Hbix caaBHHcKHx nepcoHaxeH. npH3eMHcTocTb, MaaeHbKHH pocT — oTaHHHTeabHan nepTa MHorHx, npeHMymecTBeHHo 3anaaHocaaBHHcKHx MH^oaoranecKHx cymecra (cp. noa. krasnoludki, caoBan.pikuliki h ap.). CoraacHo noBepbHM, MaaeHbKHM poctom TaKxe MoryT o6aaaaTb TaKHe pyccKHe nepcoHaxH, KaK: doMoeoü, KUKUMopa, memurn — aeMoHbi, npoHcxoflH^He H3 3a^ymeHHHx MaTepaMH aeTeH h BbiKHabimeH, wymKyHU, a TaKxe noabcKHH topielec, noaeccKHH eodmoü, nemcKHe h noabcKHe nepcoHaxH diblik, skritek h noa., 3anaflHo-yKpaHHcKHH xoearnu, zodoeamu, h ap. aoMamHHe ayxH-o6oraTHTeaH, yKpaHHcKHe noa3eMHbie aroaH paxMami, a TaKxe MH^oaoranecKHe cymecTBa b BHae hohhhx oroHbKoB, npoHcxoflH^He H3 aym 3ary6aeHHbix MaTepaMH MaaaeHneB: nemcKHe svetlonoši, noabcKHe btqdne ogniki h ap.
Xeae3Hbie nacra Teaa—nepTa aocraTOHHo xapaKTepHaa aaa caaBHHcKHx aeMoHoB: xeae3Hbie pyKH, cornacHo BoaoroacKHM noBepbHM, y SaHHUKa (3eneHHH I: 263), a xene3Hbie naabnbi Ha pyKax - y 3anaaHoyKpaHHcKoro nepma (EHaTroK 1912: 5), xene3HHMH 3y6aMH o6aaaaroT ceBepHopyccKHe rnynuKyHU, nepmu h epemuK ^e^esHosyóuü - KoaayH, BcTaro^HH no HonaM H3 MorHaH, cep6cKHe euAU h KapaKoHd^ynu. Cp. oaHo H3 cep6cKHx Ha3BaHHH KapaKoHaxyaa gvozdenzub (Moszyñski, II:671). CpeaH nepcoHaxeH, kotophmh nyraaH aeTeH, H3BecTHH: we^esHU nonoeeK (noaecbe), 6a6a c we^esmiMu sy6aMu - xeHcKoe MH^oaorHnecKoe cymecrao, xHBymee b noae (noaaambe), železna bába — nemcKHH noaeBoH aeMoH, o6eperaro^HH ropox ot aeTeH, sa^usHa 6a6a (noaecbe), 6a6a waMsHa (3anaaHaa YKpaHHa), dum 6a6as dse^ismiMMaKozomM (TaM xe). Xeae3HbiM MoryT 6biTb nepcoHaxH caaBHH. cKa3oK: Mesiželezo — cKa3oHHbiH cHaan, kotophh MecHT xeae3o (3aHneBa, 1975: 18), nemcKHe h caoBanKHe Me^esHuü MoHax, Medeedb c weaesHoü rnepcmbw, MeaesHbiü soak (cp. nem. nocaoBHny: "Baje jako o želaznem wilku"). Xeae3-hhmh rpyaHMH, coraacHo noaeccKoH TpaaHnHH, o6aaaaroT pycaaKH. OaHaKo, TaKaa aeTaab, KaK xeae3Hoe aHno, kotophm HaaeaHa Eoroab Bhh, no KpaHHeH Mepe b boctohho-caaBHHcKHx TpaaHnHHx HaM He H3BecTHa.
3acHnaHHocTb 3eMaeH — npH3HaK, yKa3HBaromHH Ha 3arpo6Hoe npoHcxoxaeHHe nepcoHaxa (hto cnpaBeaaHBo oTMenaaocb bo MHorHx HccaeaoBaHHHx), b HapoaHoH yKpaHHcKoH TpaaHnHH b npHMoM BHae He oTMeneH. 3aecb bo3moxhh HeKoTopHe KocBeHHHe aHaaorHH c roxHocaaBHHcKHM o6pa3oM BaMnHpa, ho Bpaa aH Eoroab xopomo 3HaKoM c roxHocaaBHHcKoH TpaaHnHeH. Moxho npeanoaoxHTb, hto 3Ta aeTaab 6^ma npHayMaHa caMHM EoroaeM, KaK h coBepmeHHo HeecTecTBeHHoe aaa caaBHHcKoH
HapoflHoö MH^oaorHH coneTaHne b 0flH0M nepcoHaxe xeae3a h 3eMan. 3aMeTHM, hto Ioroab HecKoabKo npoTHBopewr caM ce6e, Koraa cHanaaa roBopHT o 3acnnaHHHx 3eMaeö pyKax h Horax Bna, a no3xe ynoMHHaeT ero xeae3Hbiö naaey.
Hto KacaeTca Boanbero Boa, conpoBoxaaromero noaBaeHHe nepcoHaxa, to npaMbix napaaaeaeö b HapoaHoö TpaanyHH HaM o6HapyxHTb He yaaaocb, oaHaKo, coraacHo apeBHepyccKHM aeTonncaM, TaKaa oco6eHHocTb npHnncHBaaacb noaoByaM. B HacTHocra, b HnaTbeBcKoö h ^aBpeHTbeBcKoö aeTonncax roBopmxa o noaoBeyKoM xaHe BoHaKe, kotophö npnmea Ha noMomb ,D,aBHay BoaHHcKoMy h raanyKHM KHa3baM b hx 6opb6e npoTHB yrpoB: "H BocTaBt BoHaKt oTbfxa orb paTH, h nona bhth BoatHbcKH h oTBHca eMy BoaKt, h nonama mho3h Boayn bhth, BoHaKt xe npifxa noBfaa ,D,aBHaoBH, aKo no6faa hh ecTb Ha Yrpbi" (ynr. no: Ky3MHneBcKHÖ 1887/8: 677-678).
Boaee noapo6Horo paccMoTpeHHa 3acayxHBaeT Bonpoc o raa3ax Bna h ^yhkuhh ero 3peHHa, HeoaHoKpaTHo 3aTparHBaBmHÖca b HaynHoö aHTepaType (ncTopnro Bonpoca h HcnepnHBaromHH nepeneHb HHaoeBponeöcKHx nepcoHaxeö, o6aaaaromnx naToaoraeö 3peHHa, cm. b: HBaHoB, 1973). B noBecTH Ioroaa XoMa BpyT oKpyxeH MaranecKHM KpyroM, aeaaromHM ero He ToabKo HeaocaraeMHM aaa HeHHcToö cnaH, ho h HeBHaHMHM. 9to noaHocTbro cooTBeTcTByeT o6mecaaBaHcKHM, b tom nncae yKpaHHcKHM BepoBaHHaM b to, hto anoTponennecKHÖ Kpyr npeacTaBaaeT aaa HeHHcToö cnaH hto-to THna HenpoHHyaeMoö cTeHH h anmaeT ee bo3moxhocth BHaeTb neaoBeKa. CoraacHo TeKcTy noBecTH, Bhö HyxeH He aaa Toro, hto6h yÖHTb XoMy (c 3thm Moraa 6h cnpaBHTbca h caMa naHHonKa, ecan 6h 3Haaa, rae oh), a HcKarowreabHo aaa Toro, hto6h ero yBHaeTb. 3aMeTHM, hto XoMa yMHpaeT He ot B3raaaa Bna, a ot co6cTBeHHoro cTpaxa: "Be3abixaHHHH rpaHyaca oh Ha 3eMaro, h TyT xe BHaeTea ayx H3 Hero ot cTpaxa" (Ioroab 1959: 193). KcTaTH, Ioroab aKyeHTHpyeT 3Ty MHcab, BKaaaHBaa ee b ycTa Tn6epna Topo6ya -ToBapnma Xomh no 6ypce: "A a 3Haro, noneMy nponaa oh: oTToro, hto no6oaaca. A ecan 6h He 6oaaca, to 6h BeabMa HHnero He Moraa c hhm caeaaTb" (roroab 1959: 194). B3raaa Bna He cMepToHoceH, a BceBHaam, a ero raaBHaa ^yHKana — BHaeTb to, hto He noaBaacrao apyrHM aeMoHaM.
B yKpaHHcKHx 6^iaHHKax c aHaaorHHHHM croxeToM 3Ty ^yHEynro BHnoaHaroT pa3HHe nepcoHaxn, HrneM He HanoMHHaromne Bna: KHeBcKaa BeabMa, caMaa cTapaa BeabMa, cTapmHÖ nepT h noa., b cooTBeTcTByromHx roxHopyccKHx TeKcTax, H3BecTHHx Ha yKpaHHcKo-pyccKoM norpaHHHbe, b 3tom KanecTBe MoryT BbicTynaTb KpHBaa BeabMa Han MaaaeHey c xbocthkom — coraacHo HapoaHHM BepoBaHHaM, c xBocTaMH poxaaroTca BeabMH h KoaayHH. 06hhho 6^iaHHKH He coaepxaT yKa3aHHÖ Ha hx BHemHHÖ BHa, ho b 3tom HeT h oco6oö HyxaH — 3to cBoero poaa nepcoHaxn-"Kanme", neö o6aHK 6e3 HanoMHHaHHÖ xopomo H3BecTeH BceM HocHTeaaM aaHHoö TpaanyHH. YnoMHHaeTca ToabKo hx ^yHKyna, o6maa aaa 3thx nepcoHaxeö - BHaeTb HeBHaHMoe: "^HBKa (aHaaor naHHo^KH - E.Ä. ) mapnaa, mapnaa — HeMa. HaKaHKaaa BeabM. fflyKaroTb — He HaöayTb. nocaaan 3a KHeBcKoö — "0h Ha npbiBaaonKy Koao cToBna cbiaHTb" (noaTaBcKaa ry6., MnaopaaoBHH 1896: 46).
OnncaHHa b TpaanyHoHHHx TeKcTax apyrnx npeacTaBHTeaeö He^ncron cnab, noMoraromnx MepTBoö BeabMe nory6HTb raaBHoro repoa, cTepeoTHnHH h noaHocTbro cooTBeTcTByroT TpaanyHoHHHM ma6aoHaM o6aHKa caaBaHcKHx MH^oaornnecKHx nepcoHaxeö: BeabMH o6opanHBaroTca "6eaHMH cynKaMH" (CyMcKaa ry6., TpHHneHKo I: 69), cBHHbeö Han copoKoö (TyabcKaa ry6., Komhh 1899: 41), nepT aBaaeTca b o6aHKe "poTHoro KoMaHanpa" (XapbKoBcKaa ry6., TpHHneHKo II: 325-326), MepTBbie, kotophmh
KOMaHflyeT yMepmaa BenbMa, enyT "Ha chbhx kohhx" (nonraBCKaH ry6., MHnopanoBHH 1896: 47) h non. T.o. b HaponHbix 6binHHKax ponb Bhh BbinonHHroT nocTaTOHHo paCnpoCTpaHeHHHe b BocToHHocnaBHHCKoñ MH^onorHH nepcoHaxH, KoTopbie b 6onbmHHCTBe cnynaeB HaneneHbi o6^eñ c hhm ^yHKqHeñ, ho BHemHHH o6nHK kotophx, cyna no TpanHnHoHHbiM onHcaHHHM, naxe oTnaneHHo He HanoMHHaeT Bhh.
B noBeCTH Torona neMoHHnecKoe CBepxBHneHHe Bhh conpaxeHo c xapaKTepHCTHKoñ ero Heo6biHHbix rna3, 3aKpHTHx jihhhhmh pecHHnaMH, KoTopbie oh He MoxeT nonHHTb 6e3 nocTopoHHeñ noMo^H (Cp. b cbh3h c sthm 3THMonorHro cnoBa, CBH3aHHyro c yKp. ein "pecHHna", npennoxeHHyro O.H.Tpy6aneBbiM, cm.: Tpy6aneB 1965:42-43). CornacHo Ha6nroneHHHM MomHHbCKoro (Moszyñski II 2:606-608), nnHHHbie no Hoca 6poBH - npH3HaK BeflbMH HnH KonnyHa, moph/3moph (cep6., xopB., nem., nyx., 3an. nonbma), a TaKxe BypnanaKa (nononbe); y pyccKHx rna3a c TaKHMH 6pobhmh Ha3biBanH "BonnbHMH" (A^aHacbeB 1:171-173). CpenH H3BecTHHx HaM MaTepHanoB nepcoHaxH c nono6Hoñ "naTonorHeñ" rna3 (ho He B3rnana!) BCTpenaroTCH b Tpex pyccKHx hctohhhkbx (A^aHacbeB, N 137, 233, 3eneHHH, N 100), b oahom 6enopyccKoM (PoMaHoB 1887: 259), b ceMH yKpaHHCKHx (MeHnenbcoH 1897: 1, Ky3MHneBCKHH 1887: 224-226, Xe6poBCKHH 1851: 68, BarHneBHH 1843: 163, P..H.H. 1891:302) h b oahom pyMHHCKoM HCTOHHHKe (Ky3MHnecKHH 1887: 242). Bo Bcex nepenHcneHHbix TeKCTax coneTaHHe nByx mothbob (rna3, 3aKpbiBaeMbix aihhhhmh pecHHnaMH, KoTopbie nonHHMaroT tomo^hhkh, h B3rnana, cnoco6Horo BHneTb HeBHnHMoe npyrHMH) BCTpenaeTCH Bcero nBa pa3a. B BonHHCKoñ CKa3Ke-nereHne o wenydueoM EynxKe — stot repoñ enHHCTBeHHbiñ H3 Bcex xeHHxoB napeBHH ysnaem b cTpamHoM 3Bepe Bomb, KoTopyro napeBHa BbiKopMHna no pa3MepoB Ka6aHa: "HaKoHen noHBHncH menynHBbiñ ByHHK, nHBHoe co3naHHe, KoToporo rna3a HMenH TaKHe BeKH, hto nBoe nenoBeK nonHHManH hx BHnaMH, ecnH oh xoTen hto-HH6ynb BHneTb, h Torna oh Bce h Bcrony BHnen Ha cto MHnb. npHmenmH k napHne EneHe h npHKa3aB nonHHTb ce6e BeKH BHnaMH, B3rnaHyn oh Ha 3Bepa b CTeKnHHHoñ 6aHKe h CKa3an: "Bot TaK nHBo! ^a sto x Bomb!" (Ky3MHneBCKHñ 1887: 224-226). B pyMbiHCKoñ CKa3Ke o HeBHnonHHMoñ 3anane oTen napeBHbi nonbiMaeT ce6e rna3a KocTbinaMH, hto6h naümu ee xeHHxa, cnpaTaBmeroca y Hero b 6opone (Ky3MHneBCKHñ 1887: 242).
B ocTanbHbix cnynanx mothb nnHHHHx BeK, nonHHMaeMHx BHnaMH, coneTaeTca c npyrHM no ^yHKUHH B3rnanoM. B naTH TeKCTax repoH, o6nanaro^He nono6HHMH BeKaMH, npocHT oKpyxaro^Hx nonHHTb hm hx, hto6h npocTo nocMoTpeTb, yBHneTb to, hto BHnaT Bce. TaK BenyT ce6a CTapHK, napb-neB h Hnon-Hnonbm b pyccKHx CKa3Kax (A^aHacbeB, NN 137, 233, 3eneHHH: 300-303), napb npaxop b 6enopyccKoñ (PoMaHoB 1887:259), cb. KacbHH b nonraBCKoM noBepbe (MeHnenbcoH 1897:1).
B ocranbHbix cnynaax repoñ c TaKHMH BeKaMH o6nanaeT B3rnanoM, yHHHToxaro^HM Bce xHBoe. 9tot mothb b yKpaHHCKoñ TpanHnHH CBH3aH c nByMH nepcoHaxaMH — cb. KacbHHoM h menynHBbiM ByHHKoM (CononoBHM ByHbo), npoToTHnoM KoToporo, no MHeHHro HCcnenoBaTeneñ, 6bin, npennonoxHTenbHo, xaH Barañ. Cb. KacbHH b onHoM H3 nonTaBCKHx noBepHñ nonHHMaeT pecHHnbi 29 ^eBpann — "Ha hto oh Torna B3rnHHeT, Bce norH6aeT" (MeHnenbcoH 1897:1-21). npenBonHTenb opnbi ByHHK H3 HeycTaHoBneHHoñ neTonHCH, Ha KoTopyro ccbinaeTca T. Xe6poBCKHH, yHHHToxaeT ropon CHnoñ CBoero B3rnana (nononbe, Xe6poBCKHH 1851: 68). Cp. coo6^eHHe HananbHoñ neTonHCH non 6604 (1096 r.) o npHxone BoHHKa k KHeBy: "npHne BTopoe Bohhk 6e36oxHbiñ, menynHBHH oTañ x^i^hhk k KbieBy BHe3any h Mano b rpant He Btexama nonoBnH, h 3axroma 6onoHbe oKono rpana..." (BarHneBHH 1843: 163). Cnoco6HocTbro cxHraTb ropona cbohm B3rnanoM
o6aaaaeT h CoaoaoBbiö ByHbo. CoraacHO raaHiKoMy Hapo^HOMy npeaaHbro, Koraa KHa3b PoMaH TaaHiKHH cpy6Ha CoaoaoBoMy ByHbo roaoBy, "craaa roaoBa kothth ca. Bpobh y toh roaoBH 6yaH TaKH aoBrH, ^o ohh CKpH3b hhx ahbhth ca He MoraH. To aK pa3 nHaHaaa xeae3HHMH BHaaMH th 6poBH Ha cTaTiö roaoBH, h roaoBa noaHBHaa ca H3 MorHaaK Ha TopoaH^e, to iHae Te mhcto 3anaaHao ce" [Craaa roaoBa KaTHTbca. Bpobh y 3toh roaoBH 6biaH TaKHMH jiHHHHMH, hto raa3a cKBo3b He MoraH BHaeTb. KaK noaHaaa xeae3HHMH BHaaMH Te 6pobh Ha oTceneHHoö roaoBe, h roaoBa nocMoTpeaa H3 MorHaoK Ha TopoaH^e, to leabrä ropoa 3aropeaca] (P.H 1891: 302, cp. TaKxe Xe6poBcKHfi 1851: 66-71). 06 oco6eHHocTax B3raaaa raaHiKoro noayaeMoHa, Ha3biBaeMoro Szetudywy Buniak, TaKxe HaaeaeHHoro aaHHHHMH BeKaMH, HHKaKHx cBeaeHHö He coaepxHTca (BaraaeBHH 1843: 163). Heo6xoaHMo noa^epKHyTb, hto Bce nepenHcaeHHbie nepcoHaxH, o6aaaaro^He naToaoraeö raa3, b BocTOHHocaaBaHcKoö TpaaHiHH hh pa3y He BCTpenaroTca b 6biaHHKax c croxeTOM THna AapHe, ToMncoH 307, noaoxeHHHM b ocHoBy noBecTH Toroaa.
B cBoro onepeab nepcoHaxH cooTBeTCTByro^Hx HapoaHbix 6biaHneK, BH3BaHHHe, hto6h yBHaeTb cKpbiToro anoTponeaMH raaBHoro repoa, He HMeroT KaKHx-aH6o HeHopMaabHHx H3MeHeHHö raa3, 3a HcKaroneHHeM eaHHcTBeHHoro H3BecTHoro HaM roxHopyccKoro TeKcTa. B oaHoö H3 TyabcKHx 6biaHneK yMepmaa BeabMa, He cnoco6Haa o6HapyxHTb b iepKBH napHa, wraro^ero Haa Heö ncaaTHpb, o6pa^aeTca 3a noMo^bro k kphboh BeabMe (Komhh 1899 :41). KpHBH3Ha, KaK h caenoTa b HapoaHoö caaBaHcKoö
TpaaHiHH - ycTOHHHBblH npH3HaK HHoMHpHHX cy^eCTB, Hba ^H3HHecKaa y^ep6HocTb He MemaeT hx cBepxBHaeHHro.
06paTHMca k aeMoHHnecKHM cy^ecTBaM, oKpyxaro^HM BHa, kotophx Toroab Ha3HBaeT "raoMaMH". 06^eH3Becrao, hto raoMbi - nepcoHaxH 3anaaHocaaBaHcKoö MH^oaorHH (BepHee — aaeMeHT BaHaHHa HeMeiKoö TpaaHiHH Ha caaBaHcKyro) — b yKpaHHcKoö MH^oaorHH He H3BecTHH. BHemHHH BHa "raomob" b noBecTH Toroaa (nCC 1957: 574) HecoMHeHHo cBHaeTeabcTByeT o npHHiHnax KoHcTpyHpoBaHHa aeMoHHnecKHx cy^ecTB, xapaKTepHbix aaa eBponeöcKHx h pyccKHx poMaHTHKoB, H3o6paxaro^Hx cTpamHoe h "HHoMHpHoe" KaK coBMe^eHHe HecoeaHHHMHx aeTaaeö h npeaMeToB (npaMaa napaaaeab roroaeBcKHM "rHoMaM" — nymKHHcKaa "maÖKa aoMoBHx" H3 cHa TaTbaHH, co3aaHHaa no ToMy xe poMaHTHnecKoMy npHHiHny; .oTMaH 1980: 272-273). H3aHmHe roBopHTb, hto "hto-to b BHae orpoMHoro ny3Hpa, c Tbicanbro npoTaHyTHx H3 cepeaHHH Kae^eö h cKopnHoHHHx xaa" HaH "nyaH^e b nepenyTaHHHx Boaocax", ynoMaHyTHe ToroaeM b KanecTBe "copaTHHKoB" BHa, accoiHHpyroTca He c nepcoHaxaMH yKpaHHcKoö MH^oaorHH, a, cKopee, c ^aHTacTHnecKHMH o6pa3aMH H3BecTHoö KapTHHH Bocxa "HcKymeHHe cb. Ahtohhh" (b HeKoTopbix H3 hhx HccaeaoBaTeaH ycMaTpHBaaH npao6pa3 h caMoro BHa).
Btopoh npHHiHn H3o6paxeHHa "hhomhphocth" b poMaHTHnecKoö acTeTHKe -HarpoMoxaeHHe, H36biToHHocTb KoamecTBa aeTaaeö, H3 kotophx KoHcTpyHpyeTca nepcoHax. HMeHHo TaK onHcaHH caM Bhh h npo^He aeMoHH, hto aaao noBoa C.n.ffleBHpeBy 3aMeTHTb: "yxacHbie BHaeHHa ceMHHapHcTa b iepKBH 6biaH KaMHeM npeTKHoBeHHa aaa aBTopa. 9th BHaeHHa He npoH3BoaaT yxaca, noTOMy hto ohh caHmKoM noapo6Ho onHcaHH. Yxacroe He MoxeT 6biTb noapo6Ho: npH3paK Toraa cTpameH, Koraa b HeM ecTb KaKaa-To HeonpeaeaeHHocTb..." (ffleBbipeB 1835: 410).
B HapoaHoö KyabType npHHiHnbi onHcaHHa MH^oaoranecKoro HHHe:
Bo-nepBbix, - oTcyTcTBHe b arnponoMop^HoM o6aHKe MH^oaoranecKoro cy^ecraa Heo6xoaHMHx nacTeö Teaa, ero (^H3HnecKaa y^ep6Hocrb, HenoaHoieHHocTb (oTcyTcTBHe
cnHHHoro xpeÖTa, Kocreö, xpoMoTa, KpHBH3Ha h noa.). Bo-btophx, ranepTpo^Hpo-BaHHocTb Hacreö Teaa (roaoBbi, noaoBbix opraHoB h noa.). H HaKoHen, aaa nepcoHaxen c 3oomop^hhmh nepTaMH xapaKTepHo ÖHHapHoe coeaHHeHHe HacTen Tea peaabHbix xhbhx cy^ecTB (^apaoHKa — noayxeH^HHa-noaypnöa, BaMnHp — HeaoBeK c coöaHben roaoBon, BoaaHon — HeaoBeK c KopoBbHMH KonHTaMH h T.a.).
B öbiaHHKax npH onHcaHHH BcTpeHH HeaoBeKa c HeHHcroö cHaon KaK pa3 h HMeeT MecTo Ta HeonpeaeaeHHocTb, o kotopoh roBopHa ffleBbipeB, KaK o HeoöxoaHMoM npH3HaKe yxacHoro. B TeKcTax HapoaHon KyabTypbi oöhhho ao caMoro koh^ paccKa3a öbiBaeT He acHo, kto nepea HeaoBeKoM - xHBoe cy^ecTBo HaH aeMoH, nocKoabKy c tohkh 3peHHa HapoaHoro co3HaHHa, ocHoBHaa h HaHÖoaee TpyaHaa 3aaaHa aaa aeMoHa KaK "HHoMHpHoro" cy^ecTBa — He oTaHHaTbca ot HeaoBeKa h apyrHx 3eMHbix cy^ecTB, a KaK moxho ToHHee HMHTHpoBaTb hx, htoöh BBecTH b 3aöayxaeHHe h oÖMaHyTb HeaoBeKa. H ToabKo oaHa-aBe 3HaKoBbie aeTaaH b oöaHKe HaH noBeaeHHH He3HaKoMna (rpoMKHn cMex, 3oaoTbe nyroBHnn Ha Ka^TaHe, kohckto KonbiTa h noa.) no3BoaaroT pacno3HaTb ero aeMoHHHecKyro npHpoay. OaHTacTHHecKHe o6pa3bi HapoaHon KyabTypbi b npHHnHne He MoryT ÖHTb Hcnoab3oBaHb b aHTepaTypHoM TeKcTe b cBoeM "ecTecTBeHHoM" BHae, nocKoabKy y aHTepaTypb h y MH^oaoranecKoö TpaaHnHH pa3Hbie 3aaaHH h ^yHKUHH. ■Hroöoö aHTepaTypHbn TeKcT, raoöpaxaro^HH c^epy noTycTopoHHero, npecaeayeT hhcto 3CTeTHHecKHe 3aaaHH. flaa poMaHTHKoB TaKaa neab — co3aaHHe poMaHTHHecKoro rpoTecKa, aTMoc^epbi poMaHTHHecKoro yxaca.
y TeKcToB TpaaHnHoHHon KyabTypb ocHoBHHe 3aaaHH — hhcto nparMaTHHecKHe. 3aecb raaBHoe — cTepeoTHnHocTb h y3HaBaeMocTb MH^oaorHHecKoro o6pa3a, nocKoabKy MH^oaorHa no cBoeMy coaepxHT onHcaHHe MHpa, ero oötacHeHHe h KaaccH^HKanHro, nepeaaBaeMHe ot noKoaeHHa k noKoaeHHro. A KaaccH^HnHpoBaTb saeMemb MHpa, b tom HHcae h noTycTopoHHHe, moxho ToabKo Ha ocHoBe BHaBaeHHa hx oö^hx, noBToparo^Hxca npH3HaKoB. HeoöxoaHMocTb nepeaaHH KyabTypHon HH^opMauHH caeayro^eMy noKoaeHHro craBHT nepea öbiaHHKon e^e h oöynaro^He 3aaaHH — KaK oTaHHHTb aeMoHa, MacKHpyro^eroca noa HeaoBeKa, ot peaabHoro HeaoBeKa, KaK H3ÖexaTb onacHocTH ot cToaKHoBeHHa c HeHHcTon cHaon. 9cTeTHnecKHe 3aaaHH aaa TeKcToB HapoaHon aeMoHoaorHH BTopocTeneHHH.
noa KoHen xoTeaocb 6h BbicKa3aTb oaHy rHnoTe3y, oötacHaromyro, Ha Ham B3raaa, acTeTHHecKyro HeoöxoaHMocTb 3aMeHbi BHeM cooTBeTCTByro^Hx nepcoHaxen HapoaHbix öbiaHHeK b noBecTH Toroaa. Bbiao 6h HenpocTHTeabHon HaHBHocTbro paccMaTpHBaTb poMaHTHHecKHe noBecTH "BenepoB Ha xyTope 6aH3 flHKaHbKH" h "MHpropoaa" KaK yneÖHoe nocoÖHe no yKpaHHcKon 3THorpa^HH. O cHabHon 3aBHcHMocTH Toroaa ot eBponencKoro poMaHTH3Ma b nepHoa ero paöoTH Haa "MHpropoaoM" h o HecooTBeTcTBHH H3o6paxaeMbix hm "yKpaHHcKHx" KapTHH peaabHoMy yKaaay h TpaaHnnaM yKpaHHcKoro KpecTbaHcTBa nHcaaH MHorHe (cm., xoTa 6h: ffleBbipeB 1835: 396-411, KyaHm 1861, A.K., W.O. 1902: 641).
3aBHcHMocTb ot eBponencKHx poMaHTHKoB npoaBHaacb, b HacTHocTH, b Bböope croxeToB aaa noBecTen "MHpropoaa". K npHMepy, croxeT noBecTH "CTpamHaa MecTb" 3aHMcTBoBaH H3 noBecTH .HroaBHra THKa "nbeTpo AHoHe" h "npHnpaBaeH" KapnaTcKHM KoaopHToM (A.K., W.O. 1902: 641). B cBa3H c sthm moxho caeaaTb ocTopoxHoe npeanoaoxeHHe, hto nepBoHanaabHo ToaHKoM k co3aaHHro "BHa" nocayxHaH He cooTBeTcTByro^He yKpaHHcKHe öbiaHHKH, a poMaHTHHecKoe aHTepaTypHoe npoH3BeaeHHe. HMeeTca b BHay öaaaaaa PoöepTa CayTH "The witch of Berkley", nepeBeaeHHaa
B.A.Xykobckhm b 1814 r. Ha pyccKHH aabiK noa HaaBaHHeM: "Baaaaaa, b kotopoh onncbiBaeTca, KaK oaHa cTapymKa exaaa Ha nepHoM KoHe BaBoeM h kto cnaea Bnepean". B 3toh öaaaaae CayTH ncnoabayeT croxeT aHranncKon HapoaHon aereHab o BeabMe, KoTopaa Beaeaa noaoxHTb ceöa nocae cMepTH b oKoBaHHbin xeaeaoM rpoö h nocTaBHTb b nepKBH, rae cBa^eHHHKH aoaxHbi öbian cayxHTb Haa Hen naHHxnay b TeneHHe Tpex Honen. Ho, HecMoTpa Ha npHHarae Mepb, Tpyn BeabMbi öbia yHeceH abaBoaoM na nepKBH. CroxeT 3toh aereHaH aBaaeTca aanaaHoeBponencKHM BapnaHToM BocTonHocaaBaHcKHx öbianneK o napyÖKe h BeabMe.
Moxho npeanoaoxHTb, nTo öaaaaaa CayTH b nepeBoae XyKoBcKoro, reHeTHnecKH Bocxoaa^aa k aanaaHo-eBponencKHM BapnaHTaM croxeTa AapHe-ToMncoH 307, aBHaacb aaa Toroaa cBoeoöpaaHHM poMaHTHnecKHM "Kanme", Ha KoTopoe Haaoxnaca croxeT xopomo eMy HaBecraoö yKpaHHcKon öbiaHnKH, "poacTBeHHHnbi" aHranncKon aereHab. OcHoBaHHeM aaa TaKoro npeanoaoxeHHa cayxaT MHoronncaeHHbie nepn^paabi na öaaaaab "o cTapymKe" b TeKcTe "Bna", ocoöeHHo b toh nacTH noBecTH, rae roBopHTca o HonHbx yxacax b uepKBH. B nepenncaeHHH aeTaaen HonHoro öecnHHcraa nyaoBH^ Toroab aBHo caeayeT aa TeKcToM XyKoBcKoro: "H cHoBa peB, h myM, h TpecK y BpaT; I TpbiayT aaMoK, b aaTBopb pByTca; I KaK öyaTo BHxpb... I KaK öyaTo cTenb necnaHHyro opKaHI cBHcTa^HMH KpbiaaMH poeT... I H xpaMa aBepb co ctykom aaTpacaacb h Ha noa pyxHyaa c neTaaMH... I ^poxa ynaa nepHen npea aaTapeM;I MoaHTbca cnab HeT..." (Xykobckhh I: 423, 425, 427). A bot ^paraeHbi na TeKcTa Toroaa: "Bnxpb noaHaaca no nepKBH, nonaaaan Ha aeMaro hkohh ... aBepn copBaancb c neTeab ... CrpamHbiñ myM ot Kpbia h napanaHba Korreö HanoaHHa Bcro nepKoBb ... y Xomh Bbmea na roaoBb nocaeaHHn ocTaToK xMeaa. Oh ToabKo KpecTHaca, aa nHTaa KaK nonaao MoaHTBb" (Toroab 1959:423).
Ecan 3Ta rnnoTeaa BepHa, nepea HaMH yHHKaabHbrä caynan, Koraa HcTonHHKaMH aHTepaTypHoro nponaBeaeHHa aBaaroTca aBa reHeTHnecKH poacTBeHHbx BapnaHTa oaHoro oö^eeBponencKoro ^oabKaopHoro croxeTa, BaaTbie na aByx paaHbx Tpaannnn — yKpaHHcKon h aHranncKon, npn 3tom aHranncKHÔ BapnaHT, "npony^eHHbiö" nepea "ropHHao" aBonHon aHTepaTypHon oöpaöoTKH (CayTH h XyxoBcKoro), npHBHocHT b poacTBeHHbn yKpaHHcKHH croxeT 3cTeTHKy eBponencKoro poMaHTnaMa. HMeHHo oHa oTannaeT nponaBeaeHHe Toroaa ot yKpaHHcKon öbiaHnKH. A 3to, b cBoro onepeab, onpeaeaaeT h oöpaa raaBHoro repoa, KoHcrpynpoBaHHe KoToporo HenaöexHo nponcxoaHT no aaKoHaM poMaHTHnecKoro naoöpaxeHHa "HHoMHpHoro" — KaKaa-HHÖyab aaypaaHaa, "npneBmaaca" BceM KHeBcKaa BeabMa aBHo öbiaa öb He cnocoÖHa pemHTb raaBHon 3cTeTHnecKon aaaann nponaBeaeHHa - coaaaHHa aTMoc^epb poMaHTHnecKoro yxaca.
XoneTca oöpaTHTb BHHMaHHe e^e Ha oaHy aeTaab, roBopa^yro b noabay naaoxeHHon rnnoTeab o aaHMcTBoBaHHH — b yKpaHHcKHx HapoaHbx öbiannKax napyöoK (coaaaT, Moaoaon cBa^eHHHK h noa.) nonTH Bceraa BbixoanT noöeaHTeaeM Haa HenncTon cnaoö öaaroaapa npaBHabHoMy ncnoabaoBaHHro anoTponennecKHx cpeacTB h coBeToB cTapmero noMo^HHKa. B öaaaaae CayTH, coraacHo aaKoHaM poMaHTHnecKoro rpoTecKa, nepHen He b cnaax npoTHBocToaTb abaBoay (cp. ^HHaa "Bna"). HHTepecHo, nTo nepeBoa XyKoBcKoro öbia aanpe^eH ayxoBHon neHaypoö, "KaK nbeca, b kotopoh abaBoa TopxecTByeT Haa nepKoBbro, Haa BoroM" (XyKoBcKHË I: 592).
HaaoxeHHbn Bbme MaTepnaa noaBoaaeT caeaaTb HeKoTopbe BbBoab:
1) nepcoHax c HaöopoM npnaHaKoB, npnnncbBaeMbx ToroaeM Bnro, hh b yKpaHHcKon, hh b Booö^e caaBaHcKon MH^oaoranecKoö cncTeMe He oÖHapyxeH, npn tom, nTo öoabmHHcTBo oTaeabHbx mothbob, cocTaBaaro^nx 3tot oöpaa, b paaHon creneHH
npncy^a pa3^HHHHM MH^o^ormecKHM nepcoHaxaM c^aB^HCKHx Hapo^Hbix Tpa^HUHH, B TOM HHC^e H yKpaHHCKoH.
2) EcTb Bce ocHoBaHHa CHHTaTb o6pa3 BHa TBopeHHeM He "npocToHapo^Horo Boo6paxeHHa", a aBTopcKoH ^aHTa3HH HHKo^aa BacrnbeBHna Toro^a, CKoHCTpy-HpoBaBmero CBoero repoa H3 peMbHbix MH^o^oranecKHx mothbob, BCTpenaro^Hxca b c^aB^HCKHx Tpa^HnHax, ho no 3aKoHaM poMaHTHnecKoö acTeTHKH. 06 3tom CBH^eTe^bCTByroT, b nacraocTH, cnoco6bi BbipaxeHHa "hhomhphocth" b HaponHoft Tpa^HnHH, oraHnaro^Heca ot npHHnHnoB onHcaHHa ^eMoHHnecKHx nepcoHaxeö B aBTopcKoH ^HTepaType. noaTOMy ^eKnapanHro Toro^a o "Ko^occa^bHoM co3^aHHH npocToHapo^Horo BbipaxeHHa" c^e^yeT cnecTb 6^ecTa^e y^aBmeöca ^HTepaTypHoö MHcTH^HKanHeö, fl^a^eöca bot yxe nojropa BeKa.
^HTepaTypa
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HepHHroBcKoö h coce^HHx c HeH ry6epHHax. HepHHroB 1895, 1897. Bbin. 1-2. Xe6poBcKHH 1851 - Me6poecKuü T. H^o^ CBaToraaBa // OTenecTBeHHbie 3anHcKH. 1851. M 7.
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o6o3peHne. 1897. M 1. MnaopaaoBHH 1896 - Mrnopadoem B. K Bonpocy o6 HcTOHHHKax "Bha" // KneBcKaa
CTapnHa. 1896. kh. IX. Mn^oaorHHecKHH 1991 - MH^oaoranecKHH caoBapb. M., 1991. neTpoB 1937 - nempoeB.U. KoMMeHTapHH // noaHoe co6paHHe co^HHeHHH H.B.roroaa. M., 1937. T. 2.
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Zur Frage einer Mystifikation oder Gogols Vij im Lichte der ukrainischen
Mythologie
Elena E. Levkievskaja
Die Figur mit einer Reihe von Merkmalen, die Gogols Vij zugeschrieben werden, ist weder im ukrainischen noch im allgemeinslawischen mythologischen System nie entdeckt worden. Mehrere Motive einschließlich dieser Figur, sind aber für verschiedene mythische Wesen der slawischen (und auch der ukrainischen) Volksüberlieferungen typisch. Man kann begründeterweise vermuten, daß die Figur von Vij nicht von der Volkseinbildungskraft, sondern von der Phantasie des Autors geschaffen worden ist, welcher seinen Haupthelden aus mehreren in der slawischen Tradition wirklich existierenden Motiven nach den Regeln der romantischen Ästhetik zusammengebaut hat. Davon spricht auch die Art, die Zugehörigkeit zu der "anderen Welt" zu beschreiben, die in der Volkstradition anders als in der Literatur ist.