UDK 130.2(47):882.019 Solženicin "CBHTAH PYCb" M »nOCMJIbHWE COOEPA2KEHMH" "KAK HAM OBYCTPOMTb POCCMK)?" A. H. COJI2KEHMU,bIHA ALEKSANDER SKAZA, SLOVENIJA POVZETEK "SVETA RUSIJA" IN "MOŽNI RAZMISLEKI" "KAKO UREDITI RUSIJO?" A. I. SOLŽENICINA Razmišljanje A. I. Solženicina "Kako urediti Rusijo?" iz leta 1990 obravnavamo s kulturološkega vidika. Pri tem sodimo, da je razumevanje tega spisa plodno samo takrat, ko se zavedamo, da A. I. Solženicin ni politični lider, temveč pisatelj in mislec etik. Na tak pristop k obravnavanemu spisu nas navaja že njegova avtorska govorna intonacija, ki nas posebno pri avtorjevih razmišljanjih o zgodovinski tragediji Rusije spominja na avtorski izraz Arhipelag GULag in njegovo poudarjeno subjektivnost ter jedko ironičnost. Zato menimo, da pri razpravljanu o spisu "Kako urediti Rusijo?" A. I. Solženicina nimamo opravka z držpvniikopravnim ali političnim projektom, marveč s svojevrstnim "duhovnim" iskanjem, kako preroditi družbeno življenje Rusije. Na to nas opozarja neposredno tudi sam A. I. Solženicin, ko dvomi o preroditvenih možnostih, da bi s političnimi sredstvi "izboljšali družbo", in stavi "nravstveno načelo" nad pravo. A. 1. Solženicin sledi tisti tradiciji, ki ga preko "počveništva" F. M. Dostojevskega in ruskega "neokrščanstva" navezuje na tradicionalno rusko binamost in zavračanje zahodnoevropskih pravnih, intelektualnih in demokratičnih načel in vidikov. Pri načrtovanju nekakšne "najvišje moralne instance", ki naj bi v bodoči Rusiji bedela nad dejavnostjo državne oblasti, se A. I. Solženicin tako sklicuje na nekatere ustanove Moskovske Rusije, kot je na primer "Zemski zbor", in slovanofilsko "sobomost". - Utopizem A. I. Solženicina nosi v sebi željo po obnovitvi "svetosti" ruske nacije in teokratskih osnov Rusije kot "svete države". "IlocHJibHMe coo6pa*eHH«" "KaK HaM o6ycTpoHTb Pocchio"1 A. H. CojiaceHHULiHa mojkho oScyiK^aTb c pasHbix TOMex speHH«, h ohm tax h o6cy*flaJiHCb, xaK b noBceflHeBHoft npecce m xypHajibHoii ny6jiHUHCTHxe, tak h b 6oJiee hjih MeHee HayMHo 060CH0BaHHbix pa6oTax.2 /Jo jiorwxH h CMbicJia "nocHJibHbix coo6pasceHHft" "KaK HaM o6ycTpoHTb Pocchio?" A. H. CojixeHMUbiHa, Kax h Bceft ero ny6jiMUMCTHKH, ;jo6paJiHCb, Ha Ham B3rjiHjj, npexcfle Bcero Te, kto npn aHajime cojmeHHUbiHCKHX BbICKa3bIBaHHH Bee BpeMH nOMHHJI, MTO A. H. CoJIJKeHHUblH "He nojiHTHHecKHft JiHflep, a xyfloacHHK m MbicJiHTejib", h mto "Kpyr ero ha eft - BOBce He HOBbift KaTexe3Hc, UHTaTbi H3 xoToporo flOJDKHO npHJiaraTb x oueHxe noJiMTHHecxoft CHTyauHH".3 Ha Taxoe BocnpHHTHe HaBOflHT Hac h aBTopcxaa HHTOHaima b "nocHJibHbix coo6paxeHH$ix", HanoMHHaiomafl, 0C06eHH0 Ha Tex MecTax b TexcTe, rfle H^eT penb o ncTopHMecxoii TpareflHH Pocchh, hhtoHaunio aBTopcxoro cjioBa b "Apxraiejiare ryjlar" - c ero noflHepxHyTO npncTpacHbiM tohom, pe3Kofi npoHHMHOCTbio m HaTHcxoM JiHMHoro HyBCTBa.4 TaxHM 06pa30M, Mbi b HaiueM cjiynae He HMeeM aejio c xaxHM-to rocy^apcTBeHHo-npaaoBUM hjih nojiHTHMecxHM npoexTOM HOBoft cHCTeMbi rocyaapcTBeHHoro ycTponcTBa Pocchh, a c CBOeo6pa3HbIM ayXOBHUM nOHCKOM B03p05KfleHHH 06meCTBeHH0rt 2KH3HH Pocchh, Ha mto yKa3biBaeT h caM A. H. CojnxeHHUbiH, coMHeBaacb b B03M0JKH0CTH IIOJIHTHMeCKHX CpeflCTB "yJiyMIUHTb o6lUeCTBo" H CMHTafl, mto "HpaBCTBeHHOe HaMaJlO flOJIXHO CTOSTb Bbiuie, MeM JOpHflHMeCKOe".5 IlpeB03HeceHHe HpaBCTBeHHoro HaMajia npHBo^HT A. H. Cojiace-HHUbiHa flo oco6om CHCTeMbi ueHHOCTett. PeJiHrHosHo-HpaBCTeBHHbre nocTyjiaTbi h xpHTepHH a6cojiioTH3HpyioTCfl, o6cy)KfleHMe npaBOBbix, nojiHTHMecxHX h o6merocyflapcTBeHHbix npo6jieM oKasbmaeTca Ha BTopoM njiaHe. TaKaa TpaKTOBKa "o6ycTpoficTBa" Pocchh B036y*flaeT npn TiuaTeJibHOM o6cy)KjjeHHH "nocHJibHbix cooGpajKeHHii" A. H. Cojisce-HHitbiHa HexoTopbie HefloyMeHHH. ECJIH B3HTb "nOCHJIbHbie C006pa*eHHK" c IIOJIOJKHTeJIbHOft CTOpOHbl, npeacfle Bcero co CTopoHbi coBoxynHocTH Hcxo^Hbix aTHMecxnx KaTeropnft A. H. CojixceHHijbiHa caMbix no ce6e, to Mbi aojiacHbi CKasaTb, mto HefloyMeHHH iiomth He noHBJiaioTcfl. B xoHuenuHH A. H. CoJixeHHUbiHa, mto "Mbi (T.e. pyccxne, A. Ck.) - Ha nocjieflHeM flOKaTe",6 mto "Ham Hapofl oT^ajicH ayxoBHoft xaTacTpo4>e CeMHaauaToro roaa",7 h mto "pa3pyiueHHe HauiHX a y 111 3a Tpn MeTBepTH ctojicthh - bot mto caMoe CTpauiHoe"8 - 1 A. H. COJDKEHHUblH, /Car hum odycrpoHTt Pocchio? TJocHJibHue oooSpaxennn, CneuHajibHoe npmionceHHe k "PyccKoft mhcjih" No 3846 - 21 ceTs6p» 1990. 2 Cm. Hanpj AHfl^KEft JIA3APH, HanojieoH hjih HhhhkoiB, CaHKT-FIeTepfiypr, 1993, CTp. 27-3L 3 AJIJIA JIATblHHHA, CojimeHHUUH h mu, "HobuB mhp", 1992, No 1, CTp. 240. 4 Cpj BHKTOP 3KHBOB, Kar Bpamaerrcn "KpacHoe rojieccT, "HoBbifl MMp", 1992, No 3„ CTp. 249. 5 A. H. COJI5KEHHUHH, op. ciL, ctP. 45. 6 TaM xe, CTp. 3-4. 7 Tbm xe, CTp. 7. 8 TaM xe, CTp. 22. onem. MHoro ropbKoft npaBflbi; npaBflHB h iiohth 6ecnpeKocJioBeH h npH3tIB K OHHIIjeHHJO, paCKaHHHK), CaMOOrpaHHHeHHK) - K 06H0BJieHHKJ ayxoBHoft 3KH3HM coBpeMeHHoro HeJioBexa h o6mecTBa. Bee CHMnaTHM Ha cTopoHe a. m. cojixcehhumha h Torfla, xorfla oh b "nocHJibHbix coo6pa»ceHH5ix" BCJiefl 3a "noHBeHHHKaMH" (Aiiojijiohom rpnropbeBbiM h «d. m. ^octoebckhm) noBTopjieT Mbicjib, BbicKasaHHyio b "Ho6eJieBCKoft jieKUHH" (1972): "Kaxtflbift, h caMbift Majibift, Hapofl - ecTb henobtophmaa rpaHb Eoxcbero 3aMbicJia", m noTOM flonojiHfleT 3Ty MbicJib 3abetom bjiaflhmhpa CojioBbeBa: "JIk»6h Bee flpyrne Hapoflbi, kak CBoii co6cTBeHHbiii," ("OnpaBflaHwe flo6pa", 1897), a haxoheu npnxoflHT k 3aKJiioHeHHio: "IIpHiiieji xpaiiHHft Mac ncxaTb 6ojiee Bbicoxne (fiopmbi rocy^apcTBeHHOCTH, ochobahhbie He TOJibKO Ha aroH3Me, ho h Ha COHyBCTBHH."9 nohbehhhheckhli HaUMOHaJIH3M a. h. CojIKeHHUbIHa flaeT BceM hauhhm oflHHaicoBbie npaBa h HacHJibHO HHKoro He HaMepeH noflmhhhtb cbohm "B3rjiKflaM"10 Oh corJiauiaeTcs, xoth c 6ojibio, Ha otflejiehhh ykpahhbi h BeJiopyccHH ot Pocchh, ecjin Taxa bojih "MeerHoro HacejieHHH" 3thx CTpaH,11 "nero He MoryT emy npocTHTb pyccKHe uuoBHHHCTbr, yTBepacflaiomHe, hto nncaTeJib xoneT >>3arHaT' Pocchio b mockobcxyio o6jiacT'«".12 - HenpepexaeMbie h tpe6obahha a. h. Coji»ceHHUbiHa acecTKoro Bbi6opa meatfly HMnepnen h "flyxoBHbiM h TejiecHbiM cnaceHHeM Hauiero (pyccKoro, a. Ck.) Hapofla"13 h noHCKa "cBoero nyra" npw "o6ycxpoHCTBe Pocchh".14 HefloyMeHHH B03HHKaK)T Torfla h TaM, Korfla h rfle A. H. CoJixeHHUbiH o6cy>KflaeT HacymHbie npo6jieMbi coBpeMeHHoft Pocchh, KaKHMH HBJIHIOTCH BOnpOC "A MTO eCTb POCCHH?", npo6jieMa BJ13CTH, xo3HAcTBa, rocyflapcTBeHHoro expos, fleMOKpaTHH, HapoflHoro npeflCTaBHTejibCTBa, napjiaMeHTapH3Ma, MHTejiJinreHUHH, njiiopajiH3Ma Hfleft h nocTynKOB, 3aiHHTbi npaB neJioBexa h HexoTopbix flpyrnx c tohkh 3peHHH HenpepexaeMoro npeBocxoflCTBa sthhccxhx KaTeropnft, cpeflH KOTopbix Bbifl BHHyTbi Ha nepBbin njiah xaTeropHH "paccxaaHHs" h "caMoorpaHHMeHHs" xax "xaTeropHH HauHOHaJibHoft jkhshh".15 Ecjih npHBecTH b cbh3h c cxasaHHbiM b "nocHJibHbix coo6pa»ceHH$ix" "Kax o6ycTpoHTb Pocchio?" ochobhoh, Ha Ham B3rJiHfl, nocTyjiaT A. H. Coji*eHHUbiHa, nacTb xoToporo Mbi b Harnett cTaTbe yace unTnpoBaJin: "HpaBCTBSHHOe HHHHJIO ROJIXHO CTOXTb BhIIIie, WM K>pH AHHOCKOe. CtipaBeAJWBOCTb - srro cooraecrBHe c HpaacrBeHHhiM npaBOM npexne, veM C lOpHffymeCKHM."16 9 TaM xe, CTp. 10. 10 A. H. CojixeHHUUH npoTHBonocTRBJuieT nomrrwo "B3rjisfl-u" noHHTHe "HfleojiorHji" h nmucT: "y qeJioBexa - B3rJi«AiJ, a y napTHH - Hjteojiormt." - TaM xe, CTp. 35. 11 TaM xe, CTp. 9. 12 Cmj AHfl5KEft JIA3APH, op. ciL, CTp. 31. 13 A. H. CojixeHHUUH, op. ciL, CTp. 6. 14 TaM xe, CTp. 21-22. 15 Cm.: 3KOP5K HHBA, CojixeHHUUH, Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, London, 1984, CTp. 216-217. 16 A. H. COJDKEHHUhlH, op. cit., CTp. 45. to npmieTCJi HaM yKasaTb h Ha "aHTH3ana,aHHMecKHft" cjiaB5iH0(})n.nbCKMfi KOMnoHeHT ero "noMBeHHHMecTBa". A. H. Coji*eHHm>iH, KOTopbiM xe Ha caMOM ce6e ncnbrraji, xax KOMMyHHCTHMeCKOe "HpaBCTBeHHOe Hanajio" H B M0£epHH30BaHH0M BapnaHTe "MopaJibHoro KojieKca cTpoHTeJifl KOMMyHH3Ma", np0B03rjia-uieHHOM riporpaMMoft KnCC (1961), nojiMHHflJio ce6e "HanaJio KipH^HMecKoe", KaK 6bi He oco3HaeT onacHocTH noAMHHeHHJi lopHflHHecKoro npaBa MopajiH 0TflejibH0ft jihmhocth hjih oTfleJibHoro KOJiJieKTHBa (Hapo,aa, pejinrnn, KJiacca, cocjiobhh) h KpHTHKyeT npaBOBoe rocyaapcTBo, xoTopoe jijih coBpeMeHHoft 3ana^Hoft KyjibTypbi rocyaapcTBo, b kotopom lopnaHMecxHe saKOHbi HaxoflHTCM b corjiacHH c npaBaMH nejioBeKa h He 3aBHCjrr ot MopajiH OT^ejibHott jihmhocth. A. H. CojiaceHHUbiH BHflHT b np0B03rjiaiueHHH "npaB HeJioBeKa" - "caMbift MOflHbift JiosyHr" h onacaeTca "o6mecTBa Heo6y3^ahhbix npaB"; "npaBaM HeJioBeKa" npoTHBonocTaBJiHeT "npaao Hawnx yinett Ha THUiHHy, npaBO HauiHX rjias - Ha BHyTpeHHee BH^eHHe" h npH3biBaeT k "fl06p0B0JibH0My caMoorpaHHHeHHio b nojib3y apyrnx" h k caMoorpaHHMeHHio Ha KaKOM-to py6e3Ke ot "HenocHJibHoro coBpeMeHHoro noTOKa yxe H36bn°oMHoft h MejioMHott HHtJjopMaiiHH", KOTopbiM "pacxnmaeT Hauiy flyiny b HHMTOJKHOCTb".17 O TOM, Tfle py6e* nOTOKa MH(J)OpMaUHH, A. H. CojuxeHHUbiH He roBopHT, KaK He roBopHT h o Tom, Kaxan ayxobhas He3aBHCHMOCTb b03m0*Ha npH Co6jIK)fleHHH "H3HaHaJIbH0ft eBponeftcKoft aeMOKpaTHH", HKofiu "HanoeHHoft nyBCTBOM xpncTHaHcxoft otbcctbchhocth /h/ caMOflHcuHnjiHHbi", h 3aweM "coBpeMeHHas cocTK3aTejibHa« ny6jiHHHocTb" KaK 6bi 6e3ycjioBHo poxaeT "HHTeJUieKTyajibHyio nceB.no-ajiHTy", KOTopaH "noflBepraeT ocmchhhk) a6c0Jii0TH0CTb noHJiTHft flo6pa h 3jia" h "npuKpbiBaex paBHojjyiiiHe k hhm >>HM0pajiH3M0M Hfleft« h nocTynKOB".18 Bo3Jiaraa HajiejKflbi Ha ayxoBHoe B03pox,aeHne pyccKoro Hapoaa, CBfl3aHHOe c peJIHrH03HbIM B03p0*fleHHeM, nOJIHbIM ocBo6o*fleHHeM hepkbh ot Hra rocy^apcTBa h BoccTaHOBJieHHeM xhboH cbh3h IJepKBH c o6meHapoflHbiM nyBCTBOM,19 A. H. CoJixceHHUbiH co cKencoft othochtch k fleMOKpaTHH h conycTBeHHo ccbiJiaeTCH Ha kphthkob fleMOKpaTHH. Cpe^H A. H. CojixeHHUbiHbiM npwBeaeHHbix uHTaT BCTpenaioTCH b "nocHJibHbix coo6paHceHHHx" yTBepacaeHHe T. e^0T0Ba, "mto jieMOKpaTwo HCKasHJi aTencTHMecKHft MaTepnajiH3M XtX BeKa, o6e3rjiaBHBiuHii MeJioBenecTBo, onaceHHe C. Mhjijih, mto "b HeorpaHHMeHHoti jjeMOKpaTHH onacHocTb »THpaHHH 6oJibinHHCTBa<<", onpe,aejieHHe aeMOKpaTHH H03e())0M IIIyMneTepoM KaK "cypporaTa Bepbi flJifl HHTeJuieKTyaJia, JiHineHHoro peJinrHH"20, KOHCTaTauHK) B. B. P03aH0Ba: "/JeMOKpaTHfl - 3To cnoco6, c noMombio KQToporo xopouio opraHHSoBaHHoe MeHbuiHCTBO ynpaBJineT 17 TaM xe, CTp. 24-25. 18 TaM xe, CTp. 34. 19 TaM xe, CTp. 23-24. 20 TaM xe, CTp. 27. He0praHH30BHHHLIM 60JIbUIHHCTB0M,"21 H T.fl. M T.n. - CoJHKeHHUblH cHHTaeT, mto fleMOKpaTHji 6eccHJiHa nepefl TOTajiHTapM3MOM, HecnpaBeflJiHBa h CJiynaftHa, Ta* xax 3aMeH«eT o6mee corJiacHe saKOHOM MaTeMaTHMecKoro 6ojn>uiHHCTBa h tbkmm 06pa30M npeflcTaBJineT "TopxcecTBo 6eccoflepxaTejibHoro KOJiHHecTBa Hafl coflepacaTejibHbiM KaMecTBOM".22 robopk o HauHH xax o "khbom opraHM3Me", a He "MexaHHHecKott coBOKynHocTH paccunaHHbix eflHHHu", a. h. Cojdkchhuwh ccbijiaeTca Ha KHoft npHMecH apncTOKpaTHHecKoro hjih /jaxe MOHapxHMecxoro ajieMeHTa" b ynpaBJieHHH h o6«3aTejibHoro npncycTBHH "cHJibHoft pyxn, KOTopa« Morna 6bi rocy,napcTBeHHbiii pyJib HanpaBJiHTb no JiCHOMy Kypcy"33 - CBJi3biBaeT c fleMOKpaTHeft MaJibix npocTpaHCTB, hxo6h "BexaMH cymecTBOBaBineft h b Pocchh". 3to 6mjih no ero mhchhjo "cKB03b Bee BeKa pyccKHft aepeBeHCKHfi m Hp, a b HHbie nopbi - ropoflCKHe Bena, Ka3aMbe caMoynpaBJieHHe," a c xoHua npouuioro BeKa (c 1864 r.) h SeMCTBO.34 B "3eMCKOft CHCTeMe" BHflHT A. H. coji*eHHUbIH OCHOBy 6yaymero rocyaapcTBeHHoro cTpo« Pocchh. CojuxeHHUbiHCKoe HanepTaHHe HOBoft poccnftcKoti aeMOKpaTHH b CBoeM cJiaBHH0(J)HJibCK0-n0HBeHHHMecK0M oSjieneHMH nojiynaeT caMoe npKoe BbipaaceHHe b npeflnocjie^Heft rJiaBe "nocHJibHbix coo6pa)xeHHft" "Kax ham o6ycTpoHTb Pocchkj?", 03arJiaBJieHH0ft A. H. CojixeHHUbiHbiM MHoro3HaMHTeJibHbiM sarjiaBHeM "CoBemaTeJibHaa CTpyxTypa". 3^ecb nJiaBHo coeflHHeHbi npeB03HeceHHe HpaBCTBeHHoro Haiajia, KpHTHKa, xota AaHHaa He HenocpeacTBeHHO, yMpeacaeHHft 3anaflHoro rocyaapcTBeHHoro ctpoh h h^eajih3auhh npeapebojiyuhohhoro yxjiaaa, b HauieM cJiynae yxjia^a MockobckoA Pycn. PasMbiiiiJiHJi o "otflajiehhom rocyaapctbehhom 6yaymeM" Pocchh A. H. CojixeHHUbiH roBopHT o He06x0flHM0CTH ycTaHOBJieHHH Ha,n flejrrejibHOCTbio Bcex rycyaapcTBeHHbix BJiacTeft aTHMecxoro KOHTpojiH, KOToporo Morjia 6bi ocymecTBJiJiTb, no ero cyacaeHHio BepxoBHa« MopaJibHaa HHCTaHiiHH c coBemaTejibHbiM tojiocom. n0JJ06He TaKOfi BepXOBHOH MOpaJIbHOH HHCTaHUHH OTflaJieHHOrO 6yaymero Pocchh A. H. CojuKeHHUbiH haxo^ht b ^ajiekom npouiJiOM - b 3eMCKOM Co6ope MockobckoA Pycn.35 A. H. CoJixeHHUbiH KaK 6bi BjibixaeT HOByro XH3Hb b H^eio CTapHHHoro yMpexjieHHJi (3eMCXHft Co6op), a BMecTe c TeM h b cjiaB$iHo<})HJibcxoe Hanajio fleBHTHafluaToro Bexa - b "co6opHocTb". A. H. CojixeHHUbiH UHTHpyeT /J. fflnnoBa, mto bo BpeMH co6npaHHa 3cmcxhx Co6opoB "He nponcxo^HJio 6opb6bi Meatfly TocyaapeM h Co6opaMH", h CBK3biBaeT stot <})aKT c noHHMaHHeM "co6ophocth" KaK "CHCTeMbi flOBepHJi", KOTopaa "npeanoJiaraeT, mto HpaBCTBeHHoe e^HHCTBO - B03M03KH0 h ^ocTHXHMo".36 3eMCKOMy Co6opy, xaK yMpexfleHHK), h "co6ophocth", KaK CHCTeMe floBepHH, Morjia 6bi, corJiacHo npeflnojioaceHHio A. H. CojiaceHHUbiHa, HfleajibHO cooTBecTBOBaTb 31 A. H. Cojukchhuuh cjieflyeT jjjecb mucjih BjiaflHMHpa CojiOBbeBa, BbipaxeHHOtt B ero mioco(})cicom coihhchhh jjyxobhllc ochoblj xh3hh (1882-1884). 32 A. H. COJI3KEHHlJbIH, op. cit, CTp. 35. 33 A. H. CoJDKeHHUUH ccbiJiaeTc* Ha PaftMOHjia Eporepa. 34 A. H. COJDKEHHLlblH, op. cit., 35-37. 35 TaM xe, crp. 43. 36 TaM xe, CTp. 43-44. 6yaymafl ^lyMa Kaic DepxoBHaa MopajibHaa HHCTaHUHfl, a nocxojibxy A. H. coji*eHHUbIH CT3BHT HpaBCTBeHHOe npaBO Ha a KtpHflHMeCKHM, H KaK BcpxoBHoe rocyflapcTBeHHoe ynpewfleHHe Boo6me. ^yMa/Co6opHaa flyMa b "nocHJibHbix coo6pa>xeHHHx" A. H. CojixceHHUbiHa "HaxjiaflbiBaeT 3anpeT Ha jno6ofi 3axoH, Ha Jiio6oe aeftcTBHe Jiio6oro ynpe>KfleHHH, no ee cyxfleHHio "MoaceT 6biTb HajioxceHO bcto h Ha Jiio6yio xaHflHflaTypy b npesHfleHTbi".37 3eMCXHfl Co6op BpeMeH MocxoBcxoft Pycn 6a3HpoBajicH Ha 06biMH0M npaBe, Ha aBTopHTeTe Tocyflapfl h bhciiihx cocjiobhA, Ha HenncaHbix npaBHJiax noBeaeHHfl. Ha aBTopHTapHoft HHCTaHUHH "aBTOpHTeTHblX JllOfleft, npOHBHBUIHX H Bbicoxyio HpaBCTBeHHOCTb, H MyapOCTb, H o6HJIbHblft )KH3HeHHblft OnbIT", Ha flH^epeHUHaUHH cocJioBHil - "no npoiJjeccHHM h oTpacjuiM npHJioaceHHa Tpyaa", h Ha 06biMH0M HpaBCTBeHHOM npaBe ("HapoflHoft coBecTH")38 6a3HpyeT h npoexT A. H. CojiaceHHUbiHa. Oh OTxa3biBaeTc$i - xax ot Bceo6mHX paBHbix napjiaMeHTapHbix Bbi6opoB, Tax h ot napjiaMeHTapH3Ma Boo6me. 'Tlpoueflypy Bbi6opoB (hjih Ha3HaneHH5i) cbohx aenyTaTOB b Co6opHyio ^yMy", no HanepTaHHio A. H. CojiaceHHUbiHa, "xaacjioe cocjioBHe onpeflejiHJio 6bi caMO."39 CBoeo6pa3Hbift coJisceHHUbiHcxnii xopnopaTHBH3M He npH3HaeT h npotJicoKoa, h6o oh, corJiacHo A. H. CoJiaceHHUbiHy, "opraHH3anH5t ajiji 6opb6bi 3a 3apnjiaTy h MaTepnajibHbie Bbiroabi, xyfla He xaacflbift BCTynaeT h He xaacfloro npHHHMaioT".40 yTonHMecxoe HanepTaHHe o6hobjichhoA h onnmeHHoft poccHHcxoii rocy^apcTBeHHocTH A. H. CoJiaceHHUbiH nbiTaeTcn c oahoh cTopoHbi B03p0flHTb npe*HHii "cbjitoA ^yx" Pycn, ecJiH BocnojisoBaTbca cJioBaMH caMoro nncaTeJiH h3 MeTBepToro TOMa poMaHa "MapT CeMHajmaToro",41 T.e. TblCHHeJieTHIOIO XpHCTHaHCXyiO TpaflHUHK) pyccxoft flyXOBHOCTH, noJiyHHBinyio Jipxoe Bbipaacenne npescjie Bcero b apeBHepyccxoft cbhtocth flo pacxojia, c apyroft - ayxoBHbie, b xaxom-TO CMbicjie h TeoxpaTHHecxne, ocHOBbi h ajieMeHTbi "cBHineHHofl .aephcabbi" Pycn. Bo BceM 3tom cxa3biBaeTca h cBoeo6pa3Hbift xyjibT 3eMJiH, yHacjieaoBaHHbitf h ot Tjie6a YcneHcxoro h O. M. ^ocToeBcxoro,42 h HaeajimaijHJi CeBepo-BocToxa,43 CBH3aHa c npeaaHHHMH CeBepHoil ohbahflbi44 h 6yHTOBmHMecxoro CTapoo6p$iaHecTBa, CHMBOJia pycxoro ayxa TBepaocTH, acxerasMa h caMoorpaHHHeHHH, no KoHCTaHTHHy JleoHTbeBy - caMoro cnacHTeJibHoro h HaflexcHoro T0pM03a nporpecca;45 ha 3Tom noxoHTca h HeaoBepne A. H. CojixceHHUbiHa x 3anafly, ero xpHTHHecxoe OTHOineHHe x "aana^HOMy 37 TaM xe, CTp. 45. 38 TaM xe, CTp. 44. 39 TaM xe. 40 TaM xe. 41 LjHTaTy npHBOAHM no oTpbiBicy /XpHCTHaHCTBO Ha Pycw/, HanenaTaHHOM b c6. PyccKoe 3apy6exie a roji ThicmHJierHM KpemeHHX Pycn, Coct. Mhxbmji Ha3apoB, Haa. "CTOJiHLia", MocKBa, 1991, CTp. 65. 42 Cm. rjiaBy "3eMJi»", A. H. COJI5KEHHLlhIH, op. cit, CTp. 14-15. 43 TaM xe, CTp. 18 (imi. "npoBHHUH*"). 44 Cmj TEOPrHft OEflOTOB, Cbhtuc Apeaneti Pycn, MocKBa, 1990, CTp. 154-164. 45 Cmj 5KOP3K HHBA, op. cit., CTp. 207-208. ryMaHH3My", h3xoflflmemy h3 tpajjhuhh Bo3po*flehhji h cbflsahhomy c npeB03HeceHHeM "HeJioBeKa, o6-bHBHBmero ce6fl ueHTpoM 6hthh," h HeyMeHweM "co3flaTb ypaBHOBemeHHoft ayxoBHoft CHCTeMbi". 3anajiHbitt MHp no MHeHHJO A. H. CoJIXeHHUblHa, H3o6jIHHHTeJIfl JIK)6oft "HfleOJIOrHH perJieMeHTHpoBaHHoro cnacTbH", bhhobch b tom, hto 3a Bbicmee 6jiaro npHHHJi "cnacTbe" h oxasajica cjien x flpyrhm caMOCTOHTeJibHbiM KyjibTypaM, - b tom HHCJie h k pyccKoft.46 B "3fl0p0B0M xoHcepBaTH3Me", ecjin B0cn0Ji30BaTbcH noH«THeM caMoro nHcaTeJiH H3 "OTBeTHoro cjioBa Ha npncyacfleHHe JiHTepaTypHoft narpa^bi AMepnxaHCKoro HaijHOHajibHoro xjiy6a ncxyccTB" (1993),47 A. H. CojixeHHUbiHa o6Hapy*HBaioTCH h HexoTopbie TpaflHUHOHHbie "cBHTopyccxne" 0C06eHH0CTH.48 B Hameft CTaTbe yaoBJieTBopHMCji jiniub c xopoTKHM nepeHHCJieHHMeM HexoTopbix 3JieMeHT0B, ocTaBJiHH npo6jieMy OTxpbiToii. - Ha Ham BsrJiflfl A. H. CojuxeHHUbiH axTyajiH3HpyeT b cbocm HanepTaHHH "Kax HaM o6ycTpoHTb Pocchio?" cjiejiyiomHe oco6chhocth pyccKOH (cpeflHeBexoBoii) ay,x0BH0CTH: - HyBCTBeHHocTb npH o6cy)KfleHHH flyxoBHbix h counajibHbix npo6jieM, - acseTHMecxoe BocnpHjrrne MHpa, - HenpHHTHe ayxa MopajiH KOHTpaxTa, b kotopom h ojjhh h3 yHHTeJieft A. H. CojiiKCHHUbiHa, a hmchho D. M. floctoebckhft, yraflbmaji cyTb sanaflHoro MHpoomymeHHH h CHHTaJi ero 6e3HaflexHO HecoBecTHMbiM c XpMCTHaHCKOH 6paTCKOft JIJo6oBbK), h C 3THM CBH3aHO HenpHJITHe xaTeropnft "onocpeaoBaHHe" h "ecTecTBeHHbift 3aKOH", - aHTHHOMHK) "KpOTOCTH" H "xeCTOKOCTH" B pyCCXOft CBHTOCTH, - fleJieHHe MHpa He Ha Tpn, a Ha flBa y^ejia - yaeji Mpaxa h yfleji cBeTa... YTonH3M A. H. CojiaceHHUbiHa 6a3HpyeTCH h Ha TpajjHUHOHHO-pyccxoft Bepe b MopajibHoe BOSfleftcTBHe CjioBa ("OflHO CJIOBO riPABflbl BECb MHP nEPET^HET")49 h b oco6oe HasHaneHHe JiHTepaTypbi h HcxyccTBa. A. H. Cojihcchhumh ccbuiaeTc« Ha "npoponecTBo" O. M. flocToeBcxoro "KpacoTa cnaceT MHp!" h Ha OHHCTHTeJIbHOe B03fleftCTBHe nJiaTOHHHeCKOrO "TpOeflHHCTBa HCTHHbl, flo6pa h KpacoTbi".50 HaKOHeu paspeniHTe npHBecTH oflHy Ha nepBbifl Barjuw TpHBHaJibHyio cjjpaay: - He JinuiHee HanoMHHTb, mto A. H. CojuxeHHUbiH npeacae Bcero nncaTejib, aBTop "Apxnnejiara rYJIar", Bejinxoft KHHrn, KOTopaa 6brjia h ocTaeTca noTpHceHHeM ajik HHTaTeJiefl Bcero MHpa, Bee eme »cecToxoro h 6ecHejioBeHHoro; Hejib3fl saKpbtBaTb flHaJiora c hhm. 46 A. H. COJI5KEHHUHH, rapBapacraa pen, (1978), A. H. COJDKEHHIJblH, CrfpaHHe cchhhchhH, HMKA-ripecc, riapii*, T. 9 - ny6jiHUHCTiira (cTaTbH h pein). 47 A. H. COJDKEHHIJblH, OraerHoe cjiobo^ "HobuA MHp", 1993, No 4, CTp. 3. 48 Cm_' C. C. ABEPHHUEB, BM3aHTHJi H Pyck: flBa THna AyxoBHocTH. CraTtji nepnas, "HobhA MHp", 1988, No 7, CTp. 210-220; h CTaTta BTopas, No 9, CTp. 227-239. 49 AJIEKCAHflP COJI5KEHHIJbIH, Ho6ejieBcra* jickuhji (1972), "HobbiA MHp", 1989, No 7, CTp. 144. 50 TaM xe, CTp. 137.