nepyHMKa - ^BeT HeöecRcr mhm xTOHCKor
CBeTa ?*
^yöuHKO PadeuKoeuh
For more than a century, scholars of Slavic mythology have adopted the assumption connecting the German iris (Iris germanica) plant and the cult of the god Perun. The motivation for this connection was mainly found in two (of several dozen) South Slavic names for this plant, "perunika" and "bogiša", as well as certain calendar customs where it is used. Among other things, this paper considers the main arguments of the advocates of this thesis. Based on the presented less-known facts about the role of this plant in the folklore of the South Slavic peoples, the author concludes that there are no grounds for linking the plant to the cult of Perun, the god of thunder. The motivation for the name "perunika" comes from its dominant feather-like (perastij leaves, the name "bogiša" (bog, Eng. god) is only one of the narrowly local names (from the vicinity of Dubrovnik).
Keywords: Perun, German iris, god, folklore, South Slavs, plant, chtonic world
Bume je og jegHor BeKa KaKO ce Me^y MCTpa^MBaHMMa cnoBeHCKe MMTonorMje ycTanuna npeTnocTaBKa o Be3H ÖM^Ke nepyHUKe ca KynTOM 6ora nepyHa. Motm-Ba^Hja 3a OBy Be3y, yrnaBHOM je npoHana^eHa y Ha3MBMMa OBe öu^Ke - nepyHUKa M 6o^uma, Kao u HeKUM KaneHgapcKUM oöuqajuMa, y KojuMa ce OHa ynoTpeöaaBa. OBge he 6mtm pa3MoTpeHM rnaBHU apryMeHTU 3aroBopHMKa TaKBe Be3e u M3HeTM HeKM ^oga^M o yno3M oBe öu^Ke y ^onKnopy jy^HocnoBeHCKUx Hapoga, Koju cy HegoBo^Ho unu yonmTe Hucy y3MMaHM y o63Mp y TyManeay cuMÖonuHKor 3HaHefta oBe ÖMÄKe M fteHe ynore y cnoBeHcKoj MUTonoruju.
Tpeöa noMeHyTM ga je UMe 6ora nepyHa y nucaHUM cpegaoBeKoBHUM M3BopM-Ma no3HaTo caMo y KujeBcKoj Pycuju. Ha tom, m mupeM npocTopy Koju HaceaaBajy Mctohhm CnoBeHM, Ha3MB nepyHUKa 3a öu^Ky Iris germanica Huje no3HaT. MHane, oBa ÖMÄKa, Koja npunaga ^aMunuju Iridaceae, UMa Bume nogBpcTa u Ha geceTUHe pa3nMHMTMX Ha3MBa. y BoTaHMHKoM peHHMKy C. CuMoHoBuha (1959: 247-248) HaBe-geHo je oko 40 Ha3MBa, y öyrapcKoj eH^MK^o^egMjM HapogHe MegM^MHe - npeKo 20 (EBHM 1999: 306). y ByKoBoM pje^HUKy, rnaBHa ogpegHM^a 3a oBy öu^Ky je nepyHUKa, a HaBegeHa cy u jom Tpu peruoHanHa Ha3MBa 6o^uma (flyöpoBHUK), Ma^u^ u ca6na (^pHa ropa) (Kapa^Mh 1986/XI/1:685, 72, 491; XI/2: 900). Cy3aHa MapjaHuh y cBoMe pagy m3 pa3HMX M3Bopa, yKayqyjyhu u cBojy aHKeTy, HaBogu Bume geceTUHa Ha3MBa
Pag je geo pesynxaxa Ha npojeKTy "HapogHa Kynxypa Cp6a usMc^y McxcKa u 3amaga", 6p. 177022, Koju y ^enMHM ^UHaHcupa MuHucTapcTBo npocBCTe, HayKe u TexHonomKor pa3Boja PenyönuKe Cpöuje.
OBe ÖMÄKe (Marjanič 2011: 109-129). ^uaeHu^a je unaK, ga je Me^y MHoroöpojHMM Ha3HBHMa Kog Jy^HMX CnoBeHa, Hajno3HaTHjH nepyHUKa (6yr. nepyHu^a, nupoHu^a, nepuH, nepuHaKa). flpyru Kpyr Ha3HBa no ynecTanocTM uMa y ochobm Man-, ca6na-HOM-, Huja MOTUBa^uja noTuna og goMUHaHTHor eneMeHTa Ha OBoj 6ulb^u - aeHux nepacTUx unu ca6bacTUx nucToBa: xpB. cpn. ca6n>a, ca6nu^a, ca6n>aK, ca6napKa, ca-6nam, Ma^u^, Ma^uHa^, Manuh, Ma^uHOBa^, mhuh, HOMaH uTg. npeMa MOTUBa^uju, 6nucKu obum Ha3uBuMa jecy 6yr. Ma^apemKu ymu u Ma^apemKa pyMa. TaKo^e u pyc-ku Ha3uBu 3a oBy 6ubKy KOcuuKu, KOcu^a u KOcamuK Mory ce u3BecTu u3 onmTer Ha3uBa Koca, Koju 3HaHu "cBaKy cTBap Koja nunu Ha pen", na oTyga u Ha3uB KOcuuKu
nnaniKa (mnHijacTH KpajeBH Mapa-Me Koju ce Be3yjy ucnog nog6paT-Ka), unu Kocu y nemyxa (pen neT-na), KOcamKa (Ha3uB 3a nacTy ca pa3gBojeHuM m^u^acTUM penoM ((flanb 1881/II: 172-173). JegaH Kpyr Ha3uBa ynyhyje Ha aHTponoMo^u-3aM: xpB. duBojKa, Kony^pu^a, cpn. Kany^ep, 6yr. KpuB dedo uTg. OBaj nocnegau HaBegeHu Ha3uB no cBoj ^punu^u gona3u og u3gy^eHor u KpuBor nog3eMHor cTa6na (pu3o-Ma) Koju oBa 6ubKa uMa, u Koje TeK noHerge Mo^e ga Bupu u3 3eMbe (mTo TaKo^e Mo^e 6utu og 3HaHaja 3a fteH cuM6onuHKu ^OTeH^ujan).
nepyHMKa u nepyH
roguHe 1904, 6yrapcKu Ha-yHHuK J. MBaHoB, o6jaBuo je pag Ha pycKoM je3uKy y CaHKT-neTep-6ypry, y yrnegHoM naconucy "M3-BecTua OTgeneHua pyccKoro fl3H-Ka u cnoBecHocTu MMnepaTopcKon aKageMuu HayK" (t. VII, Kft. 4, cTp. 140-174), nog HacnoBoM Kynm nepyHa Kod JyMHux CnoBeHa, Koju jom yBeK, npuBnanu na^ay ucTpa^uBana. nopeg ocTanor, MBaHoB Ka^e ga ce uMe nepyH jaBba y Bugy Ha3uBa ^Beha Iris germanica - nepyHUKa Kog cbux jy^HocnoBeHcKux Hapoga. O ToMe ga je oBa 6ubKa 6una nocBeheH nepyHy Kog Jy^Hux CnoBeHa, Haj6obe Ka3yje aeH gy6poBaHKu Ha3uB - 6o^uma, Tj. "6o^ju ^BeT". y npunor Te Be3e, HaBogu MBaHoB, roBopu u BepoBaae u3 oKonuHe ^ycTeH-guna u nemTepa y ByrapcKoj, npeMa KoMe, yKonuKo ce oBa 6ubKa HeKe roguHe He pac^BeTa, to npegcTaBba npeg3HaK cMpTu HeKor nnaHa goMahuHcTBa y nujeM BpTy oHa pacTe. HexoTU^e, MBaHoB y cBoj pag yHocu gpyry BpcTy goKa3a, a Koju yKa3yjy Ha Be3y nepyHuKe ca HapogHuM npegcTaBaMa o cMpTu, mTo He npunaga genoKpyry 6ora nepyHa.
UepyHUKU (Iris germanica)
He gyro nocne oöjaB^eHor paga MBaHOBa, y Beorpagy, y OKBupy nepMflMHHe ^y6^HKa^Hje "CpncKU eTHorpa^cKM 36opHHK", nojaBMna ce pacnpaBa CuMe Tpoja-HOBM^a rnaBHU cpncKU MpmBCHU oöunaju (1911, t. XVII; npemTaMnaHO y Beorpagy 1983, "npocBeTa", BM6nMOTeKa "BamTUHa" ), Koja uMa u nornaB^e nepyH (y gpyroM M3gafty, Koje je OBge KopumheHO, cTp. 109-117). TpojaHOBuh y cBOMe pagy noHaB^a apryMeHTe MBaHoBa o KynTy nepyHa Kog Jy^Hux CnoBeHa, anu ToMe npugogaje u HeKa cBoja ca3Hafta o tom nuTaay. nopeg ocTanor, u o Be3M nepyHuKe ca KynToM nepyHa, y nuje nocTojaae oh He cyMaa: "C npaBoM ce y3MMa ga u Hame ^Behe nepy-HUKa uMe cBoje M3BecHO goBogu caMo og 6ora nepyHa. 3aHMMÄMBO je u to mTo cy MMTono3M 3a^a3MnM ga ce y fly6poBHMKy nepyHuKa 3oBe u 6o^uma, na ce Taj Ha3MB HeocnopHo ogHocu Ha 6ora - Kora gpyror go nepyHa! Jep uMeHa goMahux oMuaeHux 6MÄaKa M3 gaBHamaer cy BpeMeHa" (cTp. 113). Oh goHocu u MH^opMa^Mje M3 nucMa Buga ByneTuha ByKacoBuha, ga y Xep^e^OBMHM (Tpe6Mfte) Ha CnacoBgaH, ibygu Hoce y ^pKBy nepyHuKy (Kojy Ha3MBajy Kany^ep), Te je TaMo 6narocnoBe, na je oHga yHoce y nojaTe (rge je cTOKa) u ogHoce y 6amTe u nobe, ga 6M npuHocu 6MnM 6obM. OneT, Ha-BegeHa ap^yMeHTa^Mja cBegonu o HeneM gpyroM - nnogHocT cTOKe u pogHocT auBa Hucy 6MnM nog naTpoHaTOM nepyHa. flogyme, TpojaHOBuh HaBogu u nogaTaK, ga cy goMMHMKaH^M y fly6poBHMKy o6eneÄaBanM ^pa3HMK nog Ha3MBOM Cb. neTap Boru-map, Kaga je, y3 Mucy, 6na^ocMbaHa Boga u nepyHuKa, Kojy cy noTOM bygu ogHocunu Kyhu ga ux canyBa og rpoMa, a 6onecHM^M nunu Ty Bogy pagu o3gpaBbeaa. nogaTaK o 6na^ocMbaay nepyHuKe jom paHuje HaBogu P. Bogdan-Bijelic (1918: 318), 6e3 go-gaTKa ga oHa mTuTu byge og rpoMa (mTo je yBepbuBuje, jep aeH ^BeT Bpno 6p3o yBeHe u cacymu ce): "29. aprila pada sv. Petar, koga u Dubrovniku slave dominikanci. Tad cvjetaju bogiše i u crkvi svetoga Domenika, po starinskom običaju, blagosivaju taj cvijet i po tome narod zove ovoga sveca bogišar". y gpyruM MecTuMa naK, goMuHu-KaH^M 6na^ocMbajy pa3Ho gpyro ^Behe, na u MacnuHy, u ca auM ce nocTyna Kao u ca nepyHuKOM (6o^MmoM). y BpcenuHaMa Kog fly6poBHMKa, Ha CnacoBgaH cy umne KpcTOHome, Tj. "Hoce ce Kpu^u", Koju cy oKuheHu ^BeheM, npe cBera 6o^MmaMa u bu-onoM. To ^Behe, ucTora gaHa ce cKuHe c KpcTa u pa3H0CM no 6amTaMa, ga 6M roguHa 6Mna pogHa. M y obum o6MHajMMa y ochobu pen je o KynTy pogHocTu u nnogHocTu.
TpojaHOBuh noMuae u o6MHaj y Cp6MjM (Ma^Ba), ga ce nepyHuKa cMaTpana deBojauKUM ^BemoM - ay cy geBojKe 3ageBane y Kocy. TaKo^e, geBojKe u Mnage HeBe-cTe Kaga no^y y rocTe unu Ha ca6op, aeH ^BeT cy cTanHo gp^ane y py^M. nepyHuKa je 6Mna u oMubeHu opHaMeHT y HapogHOM Be3y. y oKonuHu Beorpaga, Hajnemhe ce cpehe Ha ^eHcKuM nperanaMa u ^eHcKuM KomybaMa.
BecenuH HajKaHOBuh y cbom PeuHUKy cpncKux HapoÖHUx BepoBawa o 6un>KaMa (Koju je no aeroBOM He3aBpmeHOM pyKonucy o6jaBbeH nocne aeroBe cMpTu), uMa ogpegHM^y 6o^uma, y3 Kojy HaBogu jom gBa cpn.xpB. Ha3MBa - nepyHUKa u Kany^ep. Oh ca go3OM 0^pe3H0CTM yKa3yje Ha Moryhy Be3y oBe 6MbKe ca 6oroM nepyHOM: "npeMa jegHOM u gpyroM aeHOM uMeHy (Tj. 6o^uma u nepyHUKa) Morno 6M ce noMu-cnuTu ga cToju y Be3M ca 6o^oM (summus deus) rpoMOBHuKOM nepyHOM" (HajKaHo-Buh 1994: 30). y npunor TOMe, HaBogu ga ce 6o^Mme 6epy u Hoce y ^pKBy Ha 6naro-cnoB, Ha CnacoBgaH, a Taj gaH, unu HeKu M3 Te ce3OHe, Morao je HeKaga npunagaTu nepyHy (1); ga je y fly6poBHMKy nocTojana cnaBa Boruma, Be3aHa 3a KynT cb. neTpa Borumapa (a cb. neTap je uMeaaK nepyHOB) (2); ocBeheHy 6MbaKy Ha CnacoBgaH Hapog pa3H0CM no KyhaMa pagu 3amTMTe og rpoMa (3).
CKopo nona BeKa HaKOH oöjaB^HBafta CTygMje MBaHOBa o KynTy rpoMOBHU-Ka Kog Jy^HMX CnoBeHa, Ha Ty TeMy ce Kog Cp6a nojaBMna u pacnpaBa MuneHKa ^MnMnoBMha Tpa^0BU nepyHOBa Kynma Kod JyMHUx CnoBCHa (npBu nyT y CapajeBy 1948, npemTaMnaHO y Beorpagy 1986). ^ununoBuh nona3u og a^upMaTUBHor cTaBa: "nuTaae ce yonmTe Bume He nocTaB^a, nocne cTyguje J. MBaHoBa, ga nu cy Jy^HU CnoBeHU 3Hanu 3a nepyHa: y to ce Bume He Mo^e cyMaaTu" (^ununoBuh 1986: 71). CBe mTo noToM cnegu, npegcTaB^a noHaB^aae apryMeHaTa y npunor nocTojaaa nepyHoBa KynTa y jy^HocnoBeHcKuM 3eMaaMa, Koju cy Beh HaBegeHu Kog MBaHoBa. BenuKy na^ay y cBoMe pagy ^ununoBuh nocBehyje 6ulb^u ^epyHU^u, cMaTpajyhu ga je 6una HecyMauBo Be3aHa 3a KynT nepyHa. flogyme, oh yHocu u3BecHy pe3epBy, ga Mo^ga Ha3uB nepyHuKe gona3u og KapaKTepucTu^Hux gyra^Kux nucToBa y o6-nuKy nepa, noroToBy mTo poro^apu Ha KocoBy jegHy BpcTy meBapa (Sparganium ramosum) Ha3uBajy nepyHUKa, a no aeHuM nepacTuM nucToBuMa. Me^yTuM, Kby^Ha je HuaeHU^a 3a ^ununoBuha ga ce y fly6poBHuKy u aeroBoj oKonuHu Ta ucTa 6ubKa Ha3uBa 6o^uma, Tj. "6o^ju ^BeT". 3aTuM o ^epyHU^u cnege ^oga^u Koje je paHuje u3Heo C. TojaHoBuh y noMeHyToM pagy. M. ^ununoBuh gogaje, ga ce y CpeMy, nepy-HuKa cMaTpa 3a cBeTy 6ubKy, na ce aoMe KuTe uKoHe.
y Tpa^eay MuTonomKux o6ene^aja nepyHuKe, ^ununoBuh yKa3yje ga ce y nobcKoM je3uKy oBa 6ubKa Ha3uBa nenuja, mTo je no aeMy Bpno cnu^Ho pe^pe-Hy u3 o6pegHux necaMa "nebo" u "bebo". OBge oh npaBu onurnegHy rpemKy, jep y nobcKoM, Kao u pycKoM, Ha3uBu nenuja, nuneja nunuja npegcTaBbajy ^O3ajMU^e u3 HeMaHKor lilie - die blaue lilie u die himmelslilie, a Kog HeMa^a to je ^O3ajMU^a U3 naTUHcKor - lilium. Ha to ynyhyje u jegaH og Ha3UBa Kog Pyca 3a nepyHUKy - up HeMe^KaH (yn. AHHeHKoB 1878: 178).
y cbom ocBpTy Ha cTygujy ^ununoBuha o nepyHoBoM KynTy Kog Jy^Hux Cno-BeHa, n. neTpoBuh yKa3yje, ga Ta cTyguja Huje HUKaKBo HanpegoBaae y ogHocy Ha paHuju TeKcT MBaHoBa, "jep ^uca^ Huje noKa3ao roToBo HUKaKBe 'HoBe goKa3e', a yKonuKo ux je noKa3ao, ga ux Huje goBobHo KpuTUHKu npoyHuo u ucKopucTuo, na My je 3aTo 'noy3gaHa rpa^a' ocTana u gabe Henoy3gaHa, a aeroBu 'BepoBaTHu ocTa^u u ycnoMeHe' cy cacBUM HauBHu u cyMauBu" (neTpoBuh n. 1952: 373).
n. neTpoBuh ocnopaBa u ucKa3aHe TBpgae ga je nepyHUKa Be3aHa 3a 6ora nepyHa, 3aTo mTo o ToMe He nocToje HUKaKBe UHguKa^uje o BepcKoM ogHocy u3Me5y Te 6ubKe u noMeHyTor 6ora. OcuM Tora, oh HaBogu u nogaTaK, ga Kog Jy^Hux CnoBeHa Huje peTKa nojaBa ga ce nepyHUKoM Kume ^po6oBU unu da ce OHa cadu Ha ^po6n>y. To Mo^e yKa3UBaTu Ha aeHy Be3y 3a KynT noKojHUKa, Koju je cTapuju og KynTa nepyHa. TaKo^e, ucTUHe ayTop, to mTo ce nepyHUKoM KUTe uKoHe y CpeMy, Huje og 3HaHaja 3a caM KynT nepyHa. Kaga 6u ce aoMe KUTuna caMo uKoHa cb. Mnuje, oHga 6u to 6uo 3HaK ga nocToju Be3a u3Me5y oBe 6ubKe u nepyHa (aKo ce y3Me ga je cb. Mnuja aeroBa 3aMeHa).
n. neTpoBuh je u ^uca^ ogpegHU^e Eo^uma y CpncKoM MUTonomKoM peHHu-Ky (CMP 1970: 26-27). y3 HapogHe Ha3UBe 3a oBy 6ubKy - 6o^uma, ^Bum He6ecKu, nepyHuKa, oh yBogu u Ha3UB uyBapKyha, Koju y nucaHUM u3BopuMa Huje nocBegoneH Me^y Ha3UBUMa 6ubKe Iris germanica. To je cacBUM gpyra 6ubKa - Sempervivum tectorum. OHa ce gp^u Ha KpoBoBUMa Kyha u, npeMa mupoKo 3acTynbeHoM Ha-pogHoM BepoBaay - mTUTu goM og ygapa rpoMa. y CnoBeHuju (Kpor, npeKMypje) no3HaTa je Kao cvetje perinovo (Barle 1936: 207) rge je y Ha3UBy canyBaHa cnoBeHcKa
03HaKa 3a rpoM u Myay nepyH; yn. cnoBeH. perün bije; pyc. Moe^o uyMa nepyH saöun (CPHr 1991/26: 294).
HajHOBMjM ocBpT Ha nepyHMKy gana je y cbom pagy Cy3aHe MapjaHuh, Koja je Bpno geTa^Ho u oöjeKTUBHo npuKynuna u cucTeMaTU30Bana nogaTKe, yraaBHOM U3 xpBaTCKux KpajeBa. OHa goHocu hu3 HapogHux Ha3uBa oBe öu^Ke, og HajcTa-pujux noMeHa go gaHac, Kao u onuc aeHe ynore y oöpegHoM noHamaay. noceÖHo je 3aHuMÄuBo y aeHoM pagy HaBegeHo Ka3uBafte BpyHe ^yKuH ca Cunöe (y 3a-nucy MapKa ^yKuHa): "U staro doba za peruniku u nas su znali reči koludrica, a ta riječ koludrica je od riječi kaluderica, časna sestra. (...) Niko nije držao da je to neko cvijece. Sada je zovu perunika. Kad sam došla u Zagreb, saznala sam da se zove perunika. Poslije smo ih mi mladi uveli u vrtove, a starima je to divlje raslo. To je bilo divlje cvijece koje nisu koristili. Koliko ja znam, bilo ih je samo u jednoj boji, lila" (Marjanič 2011: 119). Obom cBegoneay Morao 6ux npugogaTu cBoje. Kaga caM ja ^uBeo Kao geTe y ucTo^Hoj Cpöuju (6nu3y rpaga CBpaura), nepyHuKy cy 3Banu py^a. 3a ay huko Huje Mapuo. Pacna je u ^BeTa^a Ha Me^aMa y BuHorpaguMa, npeMa mom naMheay, y nnaBoj 6oju. Ako jy je 6uno y BpToBuMa, oHga je pacna nopeg nno-ToBa, rge cy je cTanHo cy36ujanu, ga ce npeBume He mupu u He 3ay3uMa KopucTaH npocTop. Kaga caM gomao y Beorpag ca3Hao caM ga ce 3oBe nepyHuKa. Ha3uB pyMa (pyMu^a, senja pyMu^a) no3HaT je u y oKonuHu Huma (CumohobuR 1959: 247), anu u y McTpu (^u6ypHuja) - plava ruoža/roža (Marjanič 2001: 112), u Kog Byrapa - pyMa, Ma^apemKa pyMa, cuwa pyMa (EBHM 1999: 306). OBa gBa cBegonaHcTBa, Koja Me^y-co6ho KopecnoHgupajy, Mory 6utu og muper 3HaHaja 3a carnegaBaae ogHoca ibygu npeMa oBoj 6ub^u. Pen je o ^oga^uMa ca nepu^epuje jy^HocnoBeHcKor npocTopa, Koja no npaBuny, 6obe qyBa cTapuje cTaae je3uKa u HapogHe KynType (uHOBa^uje ugy, KaKo cy 3ana3unu ^unono3u, u3 ^eHTpa npeMa nepu^epuju).
M y MHoruM gpyruM ^y6nuKa^ujaMa Be3a u3Me5y nepyHa u nepyHuKe npu-XBaTa ce 6e3 uKaKBe cyMae unu kputuhhoctu. AyTopu ByrapcKor eTuMonomKor peHHuKa Ha3uB nepyHUKa cMaTpajy npacnoBeHcKuM gujaneKTu3MoM, u3BegeHuM u3 *perum "rpoM", anu He o6jamaaBajy o KaKBoj Be3u je peH (yn. BEP 1999/V: 181-182).
Ha3uBu MHorux 6ubaKa u3BegeHu cy og HeKux auxoBux goMuHaHTHux unu jacHo yoHbuBux KapaKTepucTuKa, y3 noMoh cy^uKca - (i)ka: öenonepKa, öecKop-Ka, öoöuKa, BnacuKa, ^pMUKa, MymenuHKa, SBOHapKa, seneHUKa, u^nuHKa, nosuKa, ommpUKa, maHKopenKa, uTg. y HeKuM Ha3uBuMa yonaBa ce npomupeae KopeHcKe Mop^eMe ^opMaHToM - un: 6y^yHUKa, MaöonyHKa, KahyHKa, naByHKa, naMnyHKa, poMyHKa (yn. uHgeKc Ha3uBa 6ubaKa y CuMoHoBuheBoM peHHuKy). OBaKaB o6nuK neKcuHKor o6pa3oBaaa Bpno je npogyKTuBaH y ^opMupaay nuHHux uMeHa bygu, mTo je BugbuBo y 6yrapcKuM u cpncKuM uMeHocnoBuMa: EanyHKa, Ena^yHKa, Epa-myHKa, BnadyHKa, ropyHKa, ^pa^yHKa, 3namyHKa, MunyHKa, naByHKa, nempyHKa, PadyHKa, CnacyHKa, uTg. (yn. 3auMoB 1994). no cBoj ^punu^u, u Ha3uB nepyHUKa je ^opMupaH no tom Mogeny (per-un-ika), jep oBa 6ubKa uMa nono^eHo nog3eMHo cTa6no u gyre nepacTe nucToBe, Koju ce He cyme u He BeHy cBe go 3uMe. y BpeMe ^BeTaaa, Koje Tpaje KpaTKo, oTBapa ce Ha gyroj gpm^u BenuKu u He^aH ^BeT, KoMe npeTxogu u3gy^eHu nynobaK, mTo aco^upa Ha ^pecnu^y, na oTyga u jegaH og Ha-3uBa 3a oBy 6ubKy Kog Byrapa - xypKa (repoB 1901/IV: 24). M HeKe gpyre "nepacTe" 6ubKe uMajy Ha3uBe no tom o6ene^jy, na ce He goBoge y Be3y ca 6oroM nepyHoM, Kao mTo cy: nepUKa (Agropyrum repens), nepHamKa (Caukalis dauokoides), nepo-
^na6Ka (Tremastelma palaestinum), nepowuKa, nepoHu^a, nepyHUK (Cyperus longus), nepymu^a (Ajuga chamaepitys), nepymuHa (Salvia officinalis), nepyHUKa ^oMonacma (Hermodactylus tuberosus) (yn. ChmohobmR 1959: 633). nepo, nepje (pyc. nepbe), je onrnTecnoBCHCKM Ha3HB, KojuM ce, nopeg ocTanor, 03HaHaBajy gyraHKM hmctobm Kog ÖM^aKa, HapoHMTo Kog nyKa, öapcKe ÖM^Ke - meBapa (pyc. KaMum) (yn. CPHr 1991/26: 298), y MeToXMjM - KyKypy3a (ByKyMMpuh 2012: 417).
fla HM Mo^ga peruoHanHM Ha3HB - 6o^uma (oKonuHa flyöpoBHMKa), Mo^e cKpMBaTM Ba^Hy ognMKy oBe ÖM^Ke - aeHy nocBeheHocT öory nepyHy, Kao summus deus? y3rpeg, y roBopy flyöpoBHUKa nocToju H3pa3 3a HecnaHy xpaHy nyd Ko 6o^u-ma (Pu3om je 6uo nyd Ko 6o^uma) - BojaHuh, TpHByHa^ 2002: 48. BepoBaTHo ga je oh H3BegeH h3 HapogHe MegH^HHCKe npaKce ga ce ge^H, Kao BpcTa cegaTUBa, Kaga MM HMHy 3yÖH, gaBao pH3oM oBe ÖM^Ke ga ra ^Bahy (yn. ^BC 1989: 324). nojegu-HMM McTpa^MBaHMMa oBaj Ha3HB je Öuo og npecygHor 3HaHefta, na cy ra Öe3 oÖ3Hpa Ha fteroBy ycKo peruoHaHHy pacnpocTpaaeHocT, cTaB^anu Ha npBo MecTo. Tpeöa HanoMeHyTM ga Öoruma Huje caMo Iris germanica Beh u Iris xiphoides (6o^uma ^a-pu^pa^cKa), anu u Lilium candidum - 6o^umKa 6ujena, Koja ce, nopeg ocTanor, Ha3UBa u 6o^opo^u^UHo ^6ujehe. y CuMoHoBuheBoM pe^HuKy uMa oko TpugeceTaK Ha3uBa öuaaKa Koje y ochobu uMajy 6o^: 6oMawa, 6oMje onu, 6oMja 6pada, 6oMja nnaxma, 6oMje dpeo, 6oMje cy3U^e, 6oMju ^6em, uTg. Kog Pyca nocToje Ha3uBu öuaaKa 6o^yH, 6o^yHHUK (Ledum palustre), 6o^ynbHUK (CPHr 1968/III: 54), unu 6o^omHUK (Sorbus torminalis), Koju Hucy hu y KaKBoj Be3u ca öuäkom öorumoM. Tpeöa HanoMeHyTu ga ce Kog Pyca u Benopyca Ha3uBoM 6o^u o3HaHaBajy u uKoHe, na oTyga u Ha3uB Ha6oM-HUK 3a u3Be3eHu nemKup KojuM cy noKpuBaHe.
nepyHMKa u KynT noKojHMKa
To mTo ce öu^Ka nepyHuKa nojaB^yje y oöpegHoM noHamaay y BpeMe npa3-HuKa nponehHor ^uKnyca KaneHgapcKux oöunaja, Huje HumTa Heoöu^Ho. OHa uHane ^BeTa oko ycKpca unu CnacoBgaHa ("Oko ycKpca ^po^BeTajy öorume" -BojaHuh, TpuByHa^ 2002: 48). y tom nepuogy Ha BanKaHy je öuo mupoKo pacnpo-cTpaaeH oöunaj KoneKTuBHe noceTe rpoöauMa u ogaBaae nomTe ^oKojHu^uMa, Koju je Ha3uBaH Rosalia, Rusalia, Rosa (yn. AranKuHa 2002: 348-372; Tpou^a 2013: 8-187). y ceBepHoj rp^Koj to je öuo cegMogHeBHu npa3HuK y npBoj geKagu Maja (mTo je Bpno önu3y npa3HuKy cb. neTpa Borumapa y flyöpoBHuKy). Kog Cpöa y Boj-BoguHu, Kao u y okohuhu ByguMnemTe, npa3HuK oko ycKpca, Kaga ce KoneKTuBHo nocehuBano rpoöae u ogaBana nomTa ^oKojHu^uMa, Ha3uBaH je PyMunapa (ceBep-hu BaHaT), unu PyMunano (Ba^Ka u CpeM). To je Morao öutu gpyru gaH ycKpca (ce-BepHu BaHaT), Tpehu gaH ycKpca (jy^Hu BaHaT), unu naK, gpyru gaH Manor ycKpca (naga y Hegeay nocne ycKpca). 3aHuMauB je nogaTaK, ga cy ce y HeKuM cenuMa Ha ^pymKoj ropu, nocne noceTe rpoöoBuMa cBojux noKojHuKa, ^eHe oKynaane Ha jegHoM MecTy y rpoöay, rge cy ce 3ajegHo rocTune ca cBemTeHuKoM "3a noKoj gyme MpTBuMa, a HaMa 3a 3gpaBae". y HeKuM cenuMa BaHaTa, cBemTeHuK je u3 rpoöaa u3Boguo ^eHe y Kony, neBajyhu ogpe^eHy necMy (Bocuh 1996: 273). Kog gpyrux CnoBeHa obu oöpegu cy oöuhho naganu y PycanHoj Hegeau, Koja je Hajnemhe öuna TpojuHKa Hegeaa, y HeKuM KpajeBuMa je oöene^aBaHa u gBe Hegeae npe Tpoju^e, a peTKo je oHa öuna Ha cpeguHu ^egeceTHu^e, Tj. u3Me5y ycKpca u Tpoju^e. Ha
ceBepo3anafly yKpajuHe (Bonuacka oönacT) y PycanHoj Hege^M (oBge je to Hegeaa npeg TpojM^aMa), öuno je 3a6pafteHo ga ce Kpene Kyhe, ga ce He 6m HaTpyHune oHu ^oKojHM^MMa. TaKo^e, y To BpeMe, ibygu cy umnu y noae, u ra3ehM no ^uTy no-3MBanM cBoje yMpne po^aKe, Koju cy mm ce, npeMa BepoBaay, Mornu jaBUTu y Bugy pycanKM (AranKUHa 2002: 353).
Ha3MB oBor o6MHaja (Pycanuja, Poca, PyMunano u cn.) yKa3yje ga je jegaH og rnaBHMX eneMeHaTa y McKa3MBafty nomToBaaa npeMa ^oKojHM^MMa, 6Mno Homeae M Kuheae rpo6oBa pyMaua. no cBoj ^pMnM^M, to Huje HuaeHo py^aMa y gaHamaeM 3HaHeay Te peHu (Rosa), Beh npeTe^Ho nepyHUKaua (Iris), unu gpyruM ^BeheM Koje ce TaKo^e Ha3MBano pyMa (y BoTaHUHKoM peHHUKy CuMoHoBuha HaBegeHo je hm3 pa3nMHMTMX 6MbaKa ca Ha3MBoM pyMu). yn. cTUxoBe m3 HapogHe necMe: "Na persi su rož'ce tri. Prva je lelija/ Druga je gotraža/ Tretja je rožmarin" (Lobor; Kotarski 1918: 18). fla cy nepyHMKa u py^a y XIX BeKy y Cp6MjM 6MnM cmhohmmm, noKa3yje u ^op-MynaTMBHM M3pa3, Koju je ByK yHeo Me^y cBoje ^ocnoBM^e: "y3 nyT, Py^o, hm3 nyT, nepyHMKo!", a y 3HaHeay "HeK uge Kyg xohe" (Kapa^Mh 1987: 296).
flo caga je MHoro nyTa yKa3MBaHo Ha HapogHy npegcTaBy ga cy og ycKpca go TpojM^e (unu y 6nM3MHM tmx npa3HMKa) "pacnymTeHe gyme", Tj. oHe ce y tom ne-puogy BpeMeHa Hana3e 6nM3y cBojux paHujux cTaHumTa Ha 3eMbM. OnucaHa je u npaKca ga ce Ha TpojM^e, Kaga ce gyme yMpnux Bpahajy y cBoj cBeT, y ^pKBaMa, Ha rpo6bMMa, goMoBMMa, Hoce opaxoBe ^paHHM^e. nocTaBba ce nuTaae, ga nu y obo-Me ycKpmae-TpouHKoM KynTy nocToju o^o3M^Mja pyMa (nepyHUKa u gpyro ^Behe)/ opax (3oBa, nenuH), npeBogbUBa y o^o3M^Mjy cnamK0/^0pK0. "CnaTKUM" (py^aMa) cy gyme goneKUBaHe, a "ropKUM" (opaxoM u ropKUM TpaBaMa) TepaHe, ga He 6m ocTane gy^e Ha 3eMbM og npegBU^eHor BpeMeHa.
fla je nepyHMKa 6Mna geo KynTa MpTBUx roBopu nogaTaK ga cy y jy^Hoj Cp-6MjM (Penaaa Bapa 6nM3y ^ecKOB^a), MpTBa^a o6aBe3Ho KUTunu ^BeTOM nepyHUKe (^op^eBuh fl. 1985: 111). y MaKegoHuju, oHa je ca^eHa Ha rpo6oBMMa u cMaTpaHa ^BeheM 3a MpTBe: "^BeKe Ha MpTBUTe ro panyHaaT Toa - nepyHMKa" (Bpa^UHoBcKU 1998: 222). M y 3anagHoj Bochm (flyBaHcKo nobe), nepyHMKa (nog Ha3MBoM 3yM6aK), cagu ce oko Kyhe, anu u Ha rpo6oBMMa (^ununoBuh 1967: 327).
nepyHMKa - aTpMÖyT OHor CBeTa
Be3y nepyHUKe ca xtohckmm cBeToM oTKpuBa u Kpyr 6yrapcKMx HapogHUx ne-caMa, Koje Mory UMaTU u o6ene^je "KocMUHKe cBag6e". MapKo npuKynu cBaToBe u og-na3M Ha ganeKo, ga c gpyre cTpaHe Benor Mopa (y ^aTUHa), goBege ce6M HeBecTy. Kaga cBaToBM go^y go o6ane Tora Mopa, oho npecymuno, a aeroBo gHo je npeKpuna pac-^BeTana nnaBa nepyHMKa: "(...) Ka cTurHaa go BenoTo Mope,/ Beno Mope cyxo npeci-xHano /npec^xHano, cyx necoK cTaHano,/ m3 necoKa Modpa nepyHUKa./ Cu cBaToBe no KMTKa 6epaxa /MapKo 6epe u gBe u Tpu kmtkm,/ n^pBa 6epe 3a n^pBo cu nM6e,/ BTopa 6epe 3a Muna mypHaMKa, / TpeTa 6epe 3a Muna 6ingi3a./ Ka cTurHaxa Ha mommhm gBopM,/MapKo gaBa u gBe u Tpu kmtkm /6ip3o ca cu ^aTUHa T^KMunu,/ u Tp^rHana 3a MapKoBU gBopu" (BME 1971: 525-526). Tpu 6yKeTa nepyHUKe cy u jeguHU gap Koju MapKo gaje y geBojaHKoj Kyhu (HeBecTU, ^eHU aeHor 6paTa u cBacTM^M), Koju Kao ga yKnaaajy cBe Moryhe npenpeKe Koje cBaToBUMa Mory cTajaTU goK He ogBegy geBojKy. npu noBpaTKy Kyhu, Kaga cy cBaToBU cTurnu go o6ane Benor Mopa, HeMa Bume cyBor
nyTa npeKO Mopa, hmtm nepyHUKe: "Beno Mope og 6per go 6per öue". Taga ce OTKpu-Bajy eneMeHTM "KocMMHKe cBagöe" - HeBecTa npeHece npeKo Mopa cBaToBe Ha rajTaH, a Mnago^eay TaKo mTo ra cTaBU ceöu y Hegpa (Kao 3Be3ga npeKo Heöa).
TaKo^e M y Kpyry necaMa ca motmbom "geBojKa ygaBÄeHH^a", noKa3yje ce Be3a nepyHMKe ca cBeToM MpTBUx: Kaga Boga M36a^M ygaB^eHy geBojKy Ha oöany, og ae M3HMKHe nepyHMKa. OBaj motmb je cKpuBeH u y jegHoj cpncKoj necMU ca KocoBa, rge ce geBojKa yno3opaBa M3pa3oM "nepyHUKo, geBojKo", ga He uge no 6pery, jep he nacTM. Ha to oHa ogroBapa ga he paguje nacTU u yMpeTU (Tj. nocTaTU "nepyHMKa"), Hero ce ygaTU 3a TypnuHa: "nepyHUKo geBojKo,/He meTaj ce no 6pery,/ Bper ce poHU, he nagHem./ - Ako nagHeM, ga yMpeM,/Boae m' nacTU, yMpeTM,/fla He y3MeM Typnu-Ha (...)" (^cTpe6oB 1889: 157).
Jom jegHa 6yrapcKa necMa (6anaga), o oTMM^M geBojKe no UMeHy nepyHUKa, Mo^e HocuTM cKpuBeHo MMTonomKo 3HaHefte. JyHaK He^pM^a BojBoga y6Mja geBeT cuHoBa y MajKe, Koja ux je caMa onyBana, cHaxe ogBogu y poncTBo, a jeguHy Khep nepyHMKy y3MMa 3a ^eHy. MajKa yMonu Bora ga joj gage "geTe HeHagaHo, hm 3Ha-eHo, HM 6ory Ka3aHo" u gaje My UMe MapKo. Kaga MapKo ogpacTe ogna3M y gBop He^pM^e BojBoge, TaMo nupyje c auM, na Kaga ce oBaj Hanuje, oh My oTcene rnaBy u ogBogu cBojy cecTpy nepyHUKy Kyhu. Kaga ce cpeTHe c MajKoM, oHe ce 3arpne u o6e yMpy (BroE 1971: 368-369). Mo^e ce pehu ga He^pM^a BojBoga npunaga 3MajonMKMM jyHa^MMa, Kao u ^pHM ApanuH y gpyruM encKUM necMaMa. CaMo aeroBo UMe ce aco^Mpa ca "^pH" (6yr. He^^p "^pHa^"). y necMU ce He noMuae ga oh UMa nopoga ca nepyHMKoM, mcto Kao u y 6aj^M, Kaga 3Maj oTMe geBojKy, oh no npaBuny, HeMa ca aoM ge^e. fleTe MapKo HacTaje Ha qygecaH HanuH, Kao gap 6ora, Huja ce ynora cBogu Ha to ga y6Mje oTMunapa u BpaTU cBojy cecTpy nepyHUKy Kyhu. y onucaHoM gora^ajy, nepyHMKa UMa nacuBHy ynory - oHa je HacunHo ogBegeHa y gBop He^pM^e BojBoge, Koju UMa eneMeHTe xToHcKor cBeTa. Kaga je noHoBo BpaheHa y oBaj cBeT, oHa Bume Huje hm geBojKa, hm ^eHa u He npunaga HujegHoM cBeTy. 3aTo je jeguHo pemeae aeHa cMpT. A nomTo Huje ocTBapuna cBojy ynory ^eHe u npeBpeMeHo yMp-na, oHga oHa Mo^e UMaTU mctm cTaTyc Kao geBojKa ygaBÄeHM^a, m3 Hujer Tena Ha o6anM peKe M3HMKHe nepyHMKa. To Mo^e 6mtm m ochobhm motmb 3amTo oHa hocm MMe nepyHMKa y oBoj 6anagM.
OBa necMa UMa u HeKe eneMeHTe "ocHoBHor MUTa" (y peKOHCTpyK^MjM B.B. MBaHoBa M B.H. TonopoBa; yn. MBaHoB, TonopoB 1974: 75-164). CyKo6 gBa, jeguHo aKTMBHa jyHaKa y necMU - He^pM^e BojBoge u MapKa, Mo^e ce TyManuTU u Kao cy-ko6 3MajonMKor xToHcKor 6ora (Bonoca) u rpoMoBHUKa, 3aTo mTo je 3MajonMKM 6or oTeo aeroBy cecTpy (m numuo je noToMcTBa, mTo je ynuHuo m ca aeroBoM 6pahoM M auxoBMM ^eHaMa). CyKo6 ce 3aBpmaBa "pe3aaeM" npoTUBHUKa m ocno6a5aaeM cecTpe. fteHa HaKHagHa cMpT, Kao m cMpT MajKe, npoM3Bog cy noeTUHKUx ^pMH^M^a Ha KojuMa ce rpage HapogHe 6anage. Ako 6m ce necMa TyManuna y oBaKBoM mmto-nomKoM K^yqy, HacunHo ogBegeHa nepyHMKa npegcTaB^a 3aMeHy 3a rpoMoBHU-KoBy ^eHy, Koja HaKoH nporoHcTBa nocTaje ^oc^ogapM^a oHora cBeTa (Tj. MoKom). y cBaKoM cnyqajy, Ha3MB "nepyHMKa", 6mo oh Be3aH 3a 6MÄKy unu 3a geBojKy, cmm-6onM3yje ^eHcKU ^pMH^M^, m Kao TaKaB, He 6m ce Morao Be3MBaTM 3a 6ora nepyHa.
nepyHMKa je 6MÄKa Koja ce ynoTpe6aaBa m y MarujcKe cBpxe, a pagu pemaBaaa ^eHMg6eHo-ygag6eHMx npo6neMa. npeMa BepoBaay m3 ByrapcKe, geBojKa Mo^e km-TM^OM nepyHMKe oMa^ujaTU MoMKa, ga uge "Kao cnen" 3a aoM. ^oboäho je ga oh
y3Me og ae KMTM^y oBor ^Beha u ga je cTaBU nog nojac unu Ha Kany, yn. necMy: "(...) MeHe MoMa oMarboca,/ OMarboca, Ta oMaa,/ C' pocHa KUTKa, nepyHumKa;/ Ta mm MoMa gogpa^ana,/ flogpa^ana, yMunena" (MapuHoB 1994: 108). noHeKag cy MOM^M oTMManu og geBojaKa nepyHUKe Koje cy oHe gp^ane y pyKaMa y BpeMe nponehHUx npa3HMHHMx cKynoBa, y neMy ce Mo^e BugeTU ga oBaj ^BeT npegcTaB^a 3aMeHy 3a geBojKy, unu Mo^ga jom y^e - ga cMM6onM3yje aeH nonHU opraH (mTo ce ogpa3Mno M y caBpeMeHoj aHergoTU, HaBegeHoj y noMeHyToM pagy C. MapjaHuh).
3aK^yHHe HanoMeHe
npeucnuTMBaaeM BMmege^eHMjcKM yBpe^eHor cxBaTaaa ga nojeguHU Ha3M-BM 6MÄKe nepyHUKe, Kao u aeHa ynora y o6pegHoM noHamaay yKa3yjy Ha TparoBe nepyHoBor KynTa Kog Jy^Hux CnoBeHa, noKa3aHo je ga 3a TaKBa cxBaTaaa HeMa noy3gaHe ocHoBe. Hajnemha MOTMBa^Mja y ^opMupaay Ha3MBa 3a oBy 6MÄKy noTU-qe og aeHux goMUHaHTHux nepacTux u npu Bpxy m^M^acTMx nucToBa (nepyHUKa, Ma^u^, ca6n>u^a, HOMaH). JegaH og aeHux cTapux Ha3MBa (no3HaT y McTpu, ucToqHoj Cp6MjM M ByrapcKoj) jecTe pyMa, Koju yKa3yje ga je oHa Knacu^UKoBaHa y KaTeropujy "^Behe" (cynpoTHo "TpaBu"), nomTo je eBugeHTupaHo Bume geceTUHa pa3HMx ^Be-Tajyhux 6MÄaKa Koje ce Ha3MBajy "py^a". OBaj Ha3MB, Kao u nocBegoqeHa o6pegHa npaKca, yKa3yjy Ha ynory oBe 6MÄKe y ycKpmae-TpojuHKoM o6pegHoM KoMnneKcy nocBeheHoM ^0K0jHM^MMa (Rusalia, Rosalia, cpn. PyMunano). M BaH oBor KoMnneKca 3ana^a ce ynora oBe 6MÄKe y nocMpTHUM o6MHajMMa (aoMe ce KUTe ^0K0jHM^M, cagu ce Ha rpo6ay, aeHo He^BeTaae y 6amTM TyMaqu ce Kao HajaBa cMpTU HeKor yKyhaHMHa y Toj roguHu). y npunor oBoMe uge u eTuonomKo npegaae ga je HacTana M3 Tena yT0^ÄeHM^e Koje je M36a^Mna Boga Ha o6any.
nomTo je KynT MpTBux y 6nMcKoj Be3M ca KynT0M pogHocTU u nnogHocTU, TMMe ce Mo^e u o6jacHMTM ynora nepyHUKe y KaneHgapcKoj o6pegHocTM (yHocu ce y cTaje M TopoBe pagu nnogHocTU cT0Ke, ogHocu Ha auBe pagu noBehaaa u 3amTMTe 6epMheTa), Kao u y cBag6eHoj ^po6neMaTM^M (aoMe ce KUTe unu je Hoce geBojKe u Mnage HeBecTe Ha ^pa3HM^MMa; M0M^M je oTUMajy ^eaeHoj geBoj^M m3 pyKy; km-TM^a nepyHUKe, go6MjeHa og geBojKe, Mo^e "oMa^ujaTu" M0MKa). ynora nepyHUKe y ÄeHMg6eHo-ygag6eHoj ^po6neMaTM^M gomna je go M3pa^aja y HeKUM 6yrapcKMM necMaMa, rge UMa ynory MegujaTopa M3Me5y oBor u oHor cBeTa (aoMe je o6pacno ucymeHo gH0 Mopa npeKo Kora cBaT0BM ogna3e no geBojKy y Ty^u cBeT). M, Ha Kpajy, npeMa cu^ey 6yrapcKe necMe, geBojKy nepyHUKy oTUMa 3MajonMKM jyHaK - ca auM ce 6opM aeH "6oroM gaHu" 6paT, Koju y6Mja npoTUBHUKa (ogpe^e My rnaBy), ocno-6a5a cecTpy u ogBogu je Maj^M. npu cycpeTy 0He o6e yMupy. TaK0 nepyHUKa, Kao npeBpeMeHa ^0K0jHM^a, ocTaje Ha ^paHM^M oBor u oHor cBeTa (Kao u ygaBÄeHM^a m3 qujer Tena M3pacTa 6MÄKa nepyHUKa).
nepyHUKa cMM6onM3yje ^eHcKU ^pM^M^ (pacTe y Bugy "oraumTa", 6e3 gu^e-peH^MpaH0^ ycnpaBHor cTa6na, u Ha aoj ce 0TBapa BenuKU ^BeT, Koju Tpaje KpaTKo). ^BeTa y ycKpmae-TpojuHKoM nepuogy u Kog Jy^Hux CnoBeHa je yKnonaeHa y o6pe-ge Be3aHe 3a nomT0Baae noKojHMKa, Kao u 3a KynT pogHocTU u nnogHocTU.
^MTepaTypa
AranKuHa 2002 - AranKuHa T. A. Mu^ono^mu^ecKue OCHOBU cnaBHHCK0^0 Hap0^H0^0 KaneHÖapx. BeceHHe-nemHuü ^UKn, MocKBa 2002.
AHHeHKoB 1878 - AHHeHKoB H. EomaHunecKuü cnoBapb. CnpaBOUHax KHU^a, CaHKT-neTep6ypr 1878.
BEP 1999 - E^mpacKu emuMono^u^eH peuHuK, t. V, oTr. Peg. M. flypugaHoB, Co^ua 1999.
BojaHuh, TpuByHa^ 2002 - BojaHuh B., TpuByHa^ P. PjeuHuK ^y6pOBa^KO^ ^OBOpa // CpncKu gujaneKTonomKu 36opHuK XLIX, CAHy, Beorpag 2002.
Bocuh 1996 - Bocuh M. rodumwu o6uHaju Cp6a y BojBoduHu, Hobu Cag - CpeMcKa MuTpoBU^a 1996.
ByKyMupuh 2012 - ByKyMupuh M. PeuHuK ^OBOpa ceBepHe Memoxuje, MHcTuTyT 3a cpncKu je3uK CAHy, Beorpag 2012.
BroE 1971- E^mapcKu WHamKu enoc // C6opHuK 3a HapogHu yMoTBopeHua u Hapogonuc, kh. LIII, Co^ua 1971.
Bpa^uHoBcKu 1998 - Bpa^uHoBcKu T. HapoÖHa Mumono^uja Ha MaKe^OH^ume, kh. II, CKonje-npunen 1998.
repoB 1901 (1977) - repoB H. PeuHuK Ha 6^mapcKuH esuK, nacT neTB^pTa. M3gaHue nog peg. Ha T. naH^eB, nnoBguB 1901 (^oToTunHo u3gaHuje, Co^ua 1977.
flanb 1881 - flanb B. TonKOBUü cnoBapb BenuK0pycKa^0 xsuKa, t. II, CaHKT-neTep6ypr-MocKBa 1881.
^op^eBuh fl. 1985 - ^op^eBuh fl. M. ^uBom u o6uHaju HapoÖHu y necKOBauKOM Kpajy, Bu6nuoTeKa HapogHor My3eja y ^ecKOB^y, Ka. 35, ^ecKOBa^ 1985.
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German Iris - The Flower from the Heavenly or Chthonian World?
Ljubinko Radenkovic
For more than a century, scholars of Slavic mythology have adopted the assumption connecting the German iris (Iris germanica) plant and the cult of the god Perun. The motivation for this connection was mainly found in two (of several dozen) South Slavic names for this plant perunika and bogiša, as well as certain calendar customs where it is used. Among other things, this paper considers the main arguments of the advocates of this thesis. Based on the presented less-known facts about the role of this plant in the folklore of the South Slavic peoples, the author concludes that there are no grounds for linking the plant to the cult of Perun, the god of thunder. The motivation for the name perunika comes from its dominant feather-like (perasti) leaves, the name bogiša (bog, Eng. god) is only one of the narrowly local names (from the vicinity of Dubrovnik).
A series of ethnographic facts support the thesis that the German iris is linked to the transcendent world according to mythical representations of the South Slavs: the deceased were adorned with this plant prior to their burial, it was planted in cemeteries, it held an important place in the annual commemoration ceremonies (widespread in the Balkans is the custom of collective visits to cemeteries and paying tribute to the deceased, called Rosalia, Rusalia, Rosa, celebrated after Easter, which is also when the German iris blooms); according to legend, it was created from the body of a drowned girl who was washed up onto the shore.
Certain Bulgarian folk poems indicate a link between the German iris and the chthonian world: 1) while fetching the bride into another world, the wedding party crossed a dried up sea covered by blooming German irises; 2) the dragon-line brute kills all the sons raised by a single mother, and marries her only daughter, called "Perunika", who is later freed by her new-born brother, killing the brute.