UDK 811.16'36>7 E. W. Hopjuau Univerza v Minsku
XHA3M B CTPyKTyPE C^AB^HCKOH OPA3H: EPE^nOCH^KH, ®yHK^HH H C^EflCTBH^
V prispevku je obravnavan hiazem, tj. skladenjska zamenjava tipa Človek ne živi zato, da bi jedel, ampak je zato, da bi živel, pogost v besednih igrah, aforizmih, pregovorih itd. Raziskane so nekatere posledice hiazma, npr. rahljanje povezav med določenimi skladenjskimi položaji in pomenskimi lastnostmi besed. Ob zgledih hiazma v nekaterih slovanskih jezikih (ruščini, bolgarščini, poljščini) je ponazarjana odvisnost tega prijema od jezikovnih zakonitosti posameznih jezikov (besedni red, obstajanje sklonov itd.).
The article discusses the chiasmus, i.e., syntactic switch of the type A person does not live in order to eat but eats in order to live, which is common in puns, aphorisms, proverbs, etc. It analyzes some consequences of the chiasmus, e.g., the loosening of connections between individual syntactic positions and semantic properties of words. The examples from some Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Polish) demonstrate the dependence of this procedure on the linguistic principles of individual languages (word order, presence of case forms, etc.)
Ključne besede: hiazem, skladenjska vloga, skladenjski pomen, besedni red
Key words: chiasmus, syntactic role, syntactic meaning, word order
1 XHa3M, HHH CHHTEKCHHeCKHH nepeBepTHm - ^eHOMeH flHHEMHHeCKOH rpaMMETHKH: 3TO O^HH H3 HaCTHHX H Cne^H$HHeCKHX Cn0C060B ^OpMHpOBaHHH
neKCHKO-rpaMMaTHHecKOH CTpyKTypH BHCKa3HBaHHH. B HaHÖOnee THnHHHOM Cnynae xHa3M npe^CTaBH^eT co6oh «kocoh KpeCT», b ^OpMe kotopoto - Ha npOT^^eHHH O6O3pHMOrO 0Tpe3Ka TeKCTa, na^e Bcero o^Horo npe^no^eHHH, - ^Be neKceMH (hhh
CeMeMH) OÖMeHHBaroTCH CBOHMH CHHTaKCHneCKHMH n03H^HHMH. BnpOHeM, C TaKHM
npaBOM mo^ho yTBep^^aTt, hto 3to ^Be cHHTaKCHnecKHe no3H^HH oÖMeHHBaroTca «npHHa^ne^a^HMH» hm neKceMaMH (ceMeMaMH). EpHMepH XHa3Ma xopomo H3BecTHH H onHcaHH Ha MaTepHane pa3HHx cnaB^HCKHx h3hkob, cp. pyc. He rnecmo Kpacum uejioeeKa, a uejioeeK Mecmo; MoJlo^e^ npomue oee^, a npomue M0Jl0^^a u caM oe^a; Hado ecmb, nmoöbi :^umb, a He :^umb, nmoöbi ecmb; Tbi MHe, n me6e; yKp. He ncjia do KoHeu xodnmb, a kohi do nceji; non. Wies miastu, miasto wsi; Moj wiersz mnie tworzy, ja nie tworzq wierszy (T. Rozewicz); Wielblqd mozepracowacprzez caty tydzien, niepijqc, cztowiek mozeprzez caty tydzienpic, niepracujqc (J. Tuwim); 6onr. He Kpacueume ca iqacmjiueu, a iqacmjiueume ca Kpacueu; Ako KaMhKydapu zhpHemo - mexKo Ha zhpHemo; aKo zhpHemo ydapu KaMhK - mexKo naK Ha zhpHemo; Hnua 3jio 6e3 do6po, Hnua do6po 6e3 sno; cep6cK. Ako He he 6pujez MyxaMedy, xohe MyxaMed 6pujezy; Hu 6aKe Hucy yeeK 6ujie do6pe. ffa cy 6ujie do6pe, He 6u nocmaie 6aKu (fl. Pa^OBHÖ); cnoBeHCK. Bo pogreb na dan sejma ali sejem na dan pogreba? (F. Lipuš) HT.n.
1.1 XHa3M no CBoeH npHpo^e MHororpaHeH. Echh no^xo^HTt k HeMy c no3H^HH CHHTaKCHCa, TO OH 3aHHMaeT CBOe MeCTO B pa^y K0HCTpyK^HH, nOCTpOeHHHX no
^pHH^H^y CHHTaKCHHecKoro napa^enH3Ma. Ero mo^ho aHanH3HpoBaTB TaK^e b cbh3h C npo6neMoH H3MeHeHHoro (HHBepTHpoBaHHoro) nopa^Ka cnoB. Ecnn paccMaTpHBaTt xHa3M no^ yrjioM 3peHHH neKcHKH, to nepe^ HaMH - c^e^H$HHecKaH pa3HoBHflHocTB neKcHKo-ceMaHTHHecKoro noBTopa. B KaKoM-To cMHcne oh Bonno^aeT b ce6e h TeHfleH^Hro k skohomhh h3hkobhx cpe^cTB, nocKojBKy pa3BepTHBaHHe $pa3H npoHcxo^HT B TaKoM cjyHae 3a cneT eÄHHH^, y«e (tojbko hto) HcnojB3oBaHHHx roBopa^HM. XHa3M - npeBocxo^Haa HJJrocTpa^HH k Te3Hcy o cHcTeMHoM ycTponcTBe H3HKa: 3flecB cTaHoBHTca oneBH^HHM, KaK cTpyKTypa ^eJoro (TeKcToBoro ^parMeHTa) onpe^ej^eT cTpyKTypy nacTH (oT^ejBHoro npe^jo^eHH^). CHHTaKcHnecKHH nepeBepTHm npe^cTaBjaeT HHTepec h c tohkh 3peHHH jorHKH h ncHxojorHH: «ero ^eJ0CTH0CTB y6eflHTejBHo 3aBepmaeT mhcjb» (fl®. Vsjh), ero cHMMeTpHHHocTt oKa3HBaeT HecoMHeHHoe scTeTHnecKoe Bo3fleHCTBHe Ha cjymaro^ero. Ho MHeHHro O.A. KpHJoBoH, S^^eKT XHa3Ma oCHoBaH Ha Heo^H^aHHoCTH, C KoTopoH «^ecTpyKTHBHoe» npe^jo^eHHe npoTHBonocTaBjaeTca npe^H^y^HM $pa3aM, «oTBenaro^HM o6^eMy KoMMyHHKaTHBHoMy 3aflaHHro TeKCTa» (KpHjoBa 1995: 212).
1.1.1	Ha^e Bcero xHa3M TpaKTyroT HMeHHo b ^aHHoM Kjrone: KaK pHTopHnecKHH (cTHJHCTHHecKHH) npHeM, o^HBJHro^HH noBecTBoBaHHe h npH^aro^HH eMy ^onoJHHTeJBHyro scTeTHnecKyro ^eHH0CTB, KaK cnoco6 «nyTt napa^oKcantHoro 3aocTpeHHH cjora». B CHjy nocne^Hero oGcTo^TeJtCTBa XHa3M cocTaBjaeT CTpyKTypHyro ocHoBy MHorHx a$opH3MoB, n0CJ0BH^, jio3yHroB, aHeK^oToB h T.n. Cne^yeT oTMeTHTt, hto b KanecTBe jHTepaTypHoro npHeMa xHa3M H3BecTeH Hpe3BHHaHHo ^aBHo; ero npHMepH HCCJe^oBaTeJH o6Hapy«HBaroT y®e b ^peBHeeBpencKHx caKpantHHx TeKCTax X - VIII BB. ^o H. 3. HMeHHo ^aHHHM yrjioM 3peHHH cHHTaKCHHecKHe nepeBepTHmH h paccMaTpHBaroTCH b 6oJBmHHCTBe pa6oT (^epÖHHa 1975, 62-63; XejJtGepr 1988; KpHJ0Ba 1995 h ^p.). HeK0T0pHe aBTopn Boo6^e ckjohhh TpaKT0BaTB xHasM KaK pa3H0BHflH0CTB KajaMÖypa, cpe^H npoHHx bh^ob cJ0BecH0H HrpH (Buttler 1974, 257-263; Epe3HHCKH 1994, 51 - 54).
1.1.2	B HaH6ojee r.ny60K0M h ^eTajtHoM Ha cero^HamHHH ^eHt Hccje^oBaHHH, n0CBH^eHH0M flaHH0H TeMe, - KHHre 3. M. Eeper0BCK0H, - xHasM onpe^ejaeTca KaK CJ0®H0e, MH0r0K0Mn0HeHTH0e «B.eHHe, KJaCCH$HKa^HH no^BH^oB K0Toporo 06ycJ0BJHBaeTCH TeM hjh hhhm Ha6opoM K0Mn0HeHT0B. Bot no.Hoe onpe^e.eHHe xHa3Ma: «3to TpaHC$0pMa^H0HHaH CHHTaKCHnecKaa ^Hrypa, b K0T0p0H ^aHH KaK TpaHC^opM, TaK H Hcxo^Haa ^opMa, a TpaHC$opMa^HH BKjronaeT ot o^hoh ^o Tpex onepa^HH: 1) nepecTaH0BKa 3JeMeHT0B hcxo^hoh ^opMH no npHH^Hny 3epKajBH0H CHMMeTpHH (o6paTHHH napanjejH3M); 2) ^bohhoh jeKCHnecKHH noBTop c 06MeH0M CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH $yHK^HHMH; 3) H3MeHeHHe 3HaHeHHH n0JHCeMaHTHHeCK0r0 CJ0Ba HJH 3aMeHa o^Horo h3 cjob hcxo^hoh ^opMH ero omohhmom» (EeperoBCKaa 1984: 16). O^HaKo HeJB3H CKa3aTB, hto TeM caMHM ^aeTCH HcnepnHBaro^HH jiHHrBHCTHnecKHH nopTpeT xHa3Ma. ,flanBHeHmee Hcc.e^oBaHHe ^aHHoro HB.eHHH Mo®eT npo.HTt cBeT Ha HeK0T0pHe oco6eHHocTH npo^eccoB penenopo^^eHH« h peneBocnpHHTH«; HHTepec npe^CTaBj^eT TaK®e conocTaBHTeJBHo-THno.orHHecKaa xapaKTepHCTHKa xHasMa b CJaBHHCKHx H3HKax.
1.2 KaK cje^yeT y®e h3 npHBe^eHHHx BHme npHMepoB, xHa3M M0®eT oxBaTHBaTt caMHe pa3Hoo6pa3HHe cHHTaKCHHecKHe CTpyKTypn: npe^HKaTHBHHe, aTpHÖyTHBHHe,
o6ieKTHBHHe H ^p.; OH Hepe^Ko oxBaiHBaei h cipoeHHe cno^Horo - cno^Ho-coHHHeHHoro H cno^Hono^HHHeHHoro - npe^no^eHHH. KpoMe «KnaccHnecKoro», HHcioro xHa3Ma, Ko^,^a ^Be cHHiaKcHHecKHe ^o3H^HH npocio oGMeHHBaroica cbohm neKcHHecKHM HanonHeHHeM (hto ecieciBeHHo oipa^aeica Ha nopa^Ke chob b npe,no®eHHH), cy^eciByroi 6onee cno^HHe pa3HoBH,HocTH aioro cHHiaKcHnecKoro HBneHHH. B HaciHociH, cHHiaKcHHecKHH nepeBepiHm Mo^ei 6htb cBH3aH c HaciepeHHHMH, cnoBoo6pa3oBaTenBHHMH h ceMaHiHnecKHMH npeo6pa3oBaHHHMH, cp. npHMepH THna pyc. .^C smozo epeMCHU ecn :mu3Hb ezo npuHHJia cmpaHHUü o6opom: oH, Mo:mHo cKasamb, cnaj Haney u öodpcmeoeaj eo cHe (H. B. Toront. HeBcKHH npocneKi); Oh ecnoMHUj npo euxop, xomej öujo ezo npuzjadumb, npomnHyjpyKy k moMy Mecmy, Komopoe Kamn onpedejKja mo KaK «sambuoHHym nacmb MaKymKu», mo KaK «MaKymeHHym nacmb sambuKa», ho mym :me saöbu o ceoeM HaMepeHuu^ (r. HHKonaeBa. EHiBa b nyiH); Upo pyKoeodumeieü PAUna Feopzun Hejeeuna u .Heonojbda Aeepßaxa cio^uiu a(popu3M: KaK lOpKa jnnHem, maK HnnKa lopKHem (B. EapaHoB. ToptKHH 6e3 rpHMa. TaHHa cMepiH); 6enop. Mepa posyMy: He maKi pasyMHbi, Ka6 My^paea^b, i He maKi Mydpu, Ka6pa3yMHi^a^b (M. Koy3Ki); nontcK. Z racjq stanu jest zawsze doskonale, ale jak jestze stanem racji? (J. Wejroch); Rzqdsiq walqsa, a Walqsa rzqdzi h i.n.
XHa3M Mo^ei BoBneKaiB b cBoro opÖHiy Gontmee, neM ,Ba, hhcho jieKceM (ceMeM), cp. npHMepH THna pyc. Pad dypaK, nmo nupoz eeiuK; pad nupoz, nmo y dypaKapom eejuK (^0CJ0BH^a); noJtcK. Prosimy odrozniacLekkq Muzq odMuzy lekkiegoprowa-dzenia siq (S.J. Lec); Pijak chcial rzucic wodkq, lecz wodka rzucila go pierwsza na ziemiq (H3 mKoJtHoro coHHHeHH^) h i.n.
Oco6oro BHHMaHHH 3acjy«HBaroT cKpHiHe, hjh cBepHyiHe, xHa3MH, b KoiopHx nepBaa, «ceme co6oh pE3yMero^EHcH», nacit ony^eHa, a cjymaro^eMy (b naciHoM cjynae - HHiaienro) npe^jaraeica loJtKo Biopaa, «nepeBepHyiaa» nacit. EpHMepaMH Moryi cjy^HTt BHpa^eHHa iHna Xeocm eepmum coßaKoü (o CHTya^HH, b Koiopon no,HHHeHHHH ynpEBjaei HEHEJtHHKoM, pemaei 3a Hero KEKHe-io BonpocH) hjh Oe^bl cbeju jodeü (o nocne^ciBHax HH^ycipHEntHoH peB0Jro^HH b AHrjiHH, Kor,a pE3Be,eHHe 0Be^ H pacmHpeHHe naciÖH^ npHBejo k BHiecHeHHro KpecitaH-apeHflaiopoB). noHaiHo, Hio HcXo,HHMH B peHeMHcJHieJtHoM njEHe ^EHHHX BHcKa3HBaHHH nocjy^HJH EHTHiesH THna He coßaKa eepmum xeocmoM, a xeocm eepmum coßaKoü HJH He jodu cbeju oee^, a oe^bl cbeiu jodeü.
2 Ba^Henmaa coGciBeHHo asHKoBaa npe,nocHJKa xHa3Ma - 3to cno^Hoe, MHoroypoBHeBoe ycipoHciBo aaHKoBon cHcieMH h oiHocHiejtHaa EBioHoMHocit KE^^oro H3 3THX ypoBHeH. no cyiH ,eja, nepeBepiHm h ^eMoHcipHpyei b xo,e peHenpoH3Bo,cTBa HeaaBHcHMocit BH6opa jeKcHnecKHx e,HHH^ oi BH6opa cHHTEKcHHecKHx K0HCTpyK^HH H Mop^ojorHHecKHx ^opM.
2.1 To, HT0 Ka®,HH a3HK0B0H yp0BeHt $yHK^H0HHpyeT B 3HaHHTeJtH0H Mepe no CB0HM coGcTBeHHHM 3aK0HaM, no,TBep®,aeTca npHMepaMH omH6oK, HMero^Hx Mecio B cnoHTEHHoH (Hen0,r0T0BjeHH0H, cBo6o,Ho leKy^en) penH.
2.1.1 Tek, cnynaeica, hto roBopa^HH y«e BHÖpan cjobe, Heo6xo,HMHe eMy ,ja nocipoeHHa $pE3H, o,HaKo KEKHe-io npHHHHH npHB0,aT K HapymeHHro nocje,0Ba-lejtHocTH $0HeM, cocTEBjaro^Hx hx njEH BHpa^eHHa. 3th o6mojbkh (pe^e - onHCKH)
MoryT npoHcxo^HTB B paMKax o^Horo cnoBa; Hepe^KO ohh CBH3aHH c KaKHMH-TO apTHKy^a^HOHHHMH 3aTpyflHeHHHMH, cp. aKcenm bmbcto acncKm, KOHepen:mumbcn BMecTo KOHeepn::umbcn h T.n. Co BpeMeHeM cnynaHHHe nepecTaHoBKH ^ohbm MoryT 3aKpennHTBcH o6^ecTBeHHoH TpaflH^HeH, h Tor,^a Bo3HHKaroT npHMepn hctophhbckoh MeTaTe3H: mapenKa (h3 manepKa) hhh jiadoHb (h3 dojioHb). OcoGbhho xapaKTepHH nepecTaHoBKH 3ByKoB ,eTcKoH penH (^eHT^HH 2000: 79-80), h 3to hohhtho: o6pa3 cnoBa y ,eTeH e^e nnoxo cBH3HBaeTcH c ycTaHoBneHHon (3aKpenneHHoH) nocne^oBaTent-hoctbto ^oHeM. hhhmh cnoBaMH, neKcHKa h ^oHeTHKa $yHK^HOHHpyroT b ,aHHoM cnynae He,ocTaToHHo corjiacoBaHHo.
2.1.2 O tom roBop^T cnynaH «oÖMeHa» ^oHeM Me®,y pasHHMH cjoBaMH, BcTpenaro^Heca b cnoHTaHHon penH. HMeroTca b BH,y MHoroo6pa3HHe o6mojbkh Bpo,e oxyjbHo ozaueamb BMecTo ozyjibHo oxaueamb, njiamoeue hocku BMecTo Hocoeue njiamKu, nocemumejieü He 6ydnm BMecTo noßedumejieü He cydnm h T.n. B JHHrBHcTHKe nepecTaHoBKH TaKoro THna nojyHHJH cne^HaJBHoe Ha3BaHHe cnyHepH3MoB (Oojcom 1974: 148; Sobkowiak 1990) h T.n. EpHBe^eM npHMep Ha oTpa^eHHe no,o6HHx oroBopoK B xy,o®ecTBeHHoH jHTepaType:
-	Hpyjrae, TaM pHBH^eHHe! - 3aBonHj oh.
-	Oh xoTej KpHKHyrt: «Pyjrae, TaM npHBH^eHHe!», ho ot cTpaxa y Hero 3anjeTajcH H3HK, H nojyHHjoct: «npyjrae, TaM pHBH^eHHe!» (A. .ÜHH^rpeH. Majam h KapjcoH, kotophh »HBeT Ha Kpame).
E^e o,HH xapaKTepHHH npHMep no3aHMcTBoBaH HaMH h3 roMopHcTHHecKoro caÖTa B HHTepHeTe:
Cero,HH y Hamen rpynna b MHHTe 6hj 3K3aMeH no xhmhh. Hac pacca,HJH no pa3HHM napTaM, Ka®,HH b3hj no 6HjeTy, pa3,ajH jihctohkh, (c pocnHctro yHHTena) h cKaaajH - Bce, nHmHTe. O,hh napeHt y Hac oneHt HepBHHHan, h B,pyr npoH3HocHT: «A nHcjo HecaTB Ha,o?» OroBopHjca 6e,HH®Ka!
npeno, Ha Hero nocMoTpej oneHt y,HBjeHHo h cKaaaj: «HemH, ecjH noMo^eT».
npHMepa no,o6Horo po,a mo^ho HcTojKoBHBaTt KaK npoaBjeHHe Hecorjaco-BaHHoH pa6oTH (h, b o6^eM-To, oTHocHTentHoH aBToHoMHH) ^oHeMHoro H jeKcH-HecKoro ypoBHeH b o6^eM MexaHH3Me penenopo^^eHHa.
B to BpeMa, ecjH roBopa^HH cnpaBHjca c njaHoM BHpa^eHHa Hy^HHx eMy cjob, to 3to e^e He rapaHTHpyeT npaBHjtHoro Hx pasMe^eHHH b cHHTaKcHnecKon cTpyKType ^pasH, cp. npHMep h3 pyccKon xy^o^ecTBeHHon jiHTepaTypa:
-	3,paBcTByHTe, TaTtaHa MapKoBHa, - cyHyjca oh no^eJOBaTt y Hen pyKy, - a BaM npHBe3 KOH^epTH B 6HjeT_ - Hanaj oh cKoporoBopKOH.
-	Hto th Mejemt, onoMHHct^ - ocTaHOBHja ero MaTt.
-	Ox, 6HjeTH B KOH^epT, 6jaroTBopHTejtHHH. Ä B3aj H BaM, MaMeHtKa, H Bepe BacHjteBHe^ (H.A. ToHnapoB. 06pHB).
npHBe,eM TaK^e aHajorHHHHe npHMepa cnoBecHOH nyTaHH^H Ha MaTepHaje nojtcKoro a3HKa; Ha ceM pa3 hctohhhkom Hac nocny^aT coHHHeHHa nojtcKHx mKOjtHHKOB: Jezdziec bil konia bokami po piqtach; Zeus kazal przybic skalq do Prometeusza; Srodkiem ulicy, po zrujnowanym bruku, wlokly siq noga za nogq cegly z wozem; Na posilki Marcysia skladaly siq chleb, barszcz i sol maczana w chlebie (h3 c6opHHKOB „Przekröj przez humor zeszytow").
nOHHTHO, HTO oGmOHBKH H OnHCKH laKOrO THna HOCHT MOTOpHHH, eCieCTBeHHO-$H3HonorHHecKHH xapaKTep: ohh OÖyCnOBneHH OCna6neHHeM kohtpohh 3a peHenpOH3BOflCTBOM. BMeCie C leM, ohh no-CBoeMy CBH^eientCiByroi o6 aBio-HOMHOCTH $yHK^HOHHpOBaHHH JieKCHHeCKHX H CHHiaKCHHeCKHX eÄHHH^ B fleHTe^BHOCTH
roBopa^ero. HaC Ba^Hee BCero to, hto ohh CO3flaroT CBoero po^a ^pe^eÄeHT,
HCHXOJOrHHeCKyro OCHOBy ^JH CO3HaTeJBHOrO HCnOJB3OBaHHH CHHiaKCHHeCKHX nepeCiaHOBOK cjob - HMeHHo Tor,^a mh HMeeM ^ejo C xHa3M0M.
2.2 BnpoHeM, b peajBHHX yCJOBH^x peneBoro aKia He BCer,a ÖHBaei jerKo onpe,ejHTB, Kor,a mh HMeeM ,ejo Co CjynaHHOH o6mojbkoh, a Kor,a CHHiaKCHHeCKHH nepeBepiHm npeCJe,yeT KaKHe-io cne^HaJBHHe sCieiHHeCKHe ^eJH. PaCCMoipHM CJe,yro^He npHMepH h3 pyccKHx xy^o^eciBeHHHx leKcioB:
Coce, npo,oj®aj, oGpa^aact k ®.neTHepy:
-	y Bac laM, 3a py6e®oM, jieca rpHÖHHe ecit? Xo,HTe?
OjieiHep. 3a py6e>KOM jecHHx rpHÖoB Hei (A. Bojo,hh. OceHHHH Mapa^oH).
ffl n a K. A MeHH k, 3HHaH,a MHxaHJOBHa, o6oKpanH. Co6aKa c MHJH^HeH o6e^ana npHHTH (khho^hjbm «HBaH BacHJteBHH MeH^ei npo^eccHro»).
-	^ro6onHTHo, - npo,oJKaj, HaxjecTHBaact, ,HpeKTop, - hto mh cennac paccyK,aeM, KaK tboh Majtiyc: 6ece,yeM o6 yKacax ^HBHJH3a^HH b 3anoBe,HHKe, r,e y Hac no cio KHJOMeipoB^
-	Ha o,Horo KBa,paTHoro He.OBeKa^ - no,xBaTHj KoppecnoH,eHT (A. Ehtob. 3anoBe,HHK).
npe,CTaBjeHHHe 3,ecB HBHHe hjh CKpHiHe nepeBepiHmH (zpuÖHue neca / jiecHbie zpu6bi, co6aKa c MUJu^ueü / MUJlu^un c coßaKoü, cmo KuuoMempoe Ha oöhozo KeadpamHozo neuoeeKa / cmo KeadpamHbix KuuoMempoe Ha oÖHozo neuoeeKa) ^eMOHCipHpyroi bo3mokhocth peneBOH HrpH Ha rpaHH «omHÖKa / npHeM». B cbh3h c 3THM CTOHT BCnOMHHTB O,HO MeCTO H3 CiaiBH E.A. .HapHHa, B KOTOpOH aBTop noKa3HBaeT, KaK npHMepH peneBon «Hecypa3HocTH» ciaHOBaica 3HaHHMHM sjeMeHioM xy,oKecTBeHHoro leKcia:
«npHe3KaH KO MHe B ,epeBHro, yro^y leGa HepHHM mojokom h cja,KHM xje6oM» (h3 nHCBMa). B paaroBope, ecjH 6 cKasaHo 6hjo 6e3 oco6hx y,apeHHH, mh cpasy MHCJeHHo HcnpaBHJH 6h nopa^oK CJOB H He npH^ajH 6h aioMy cjynaro peHH HHKaKoro 3HaHeHHH, - B nHCBMe (h oTToro, HTO B He,aBHHe ro,H) 6e3 bchkhx coo6paKeHHH yjaBJHBaeM b 3tom myiKy, Hrpy CJOB, o^y^aeM xy,oKecTBo peHH» (.apHH 1974: 38-39).
3.1 Boo6^e cHHiaKCHHecKHH nepeBepiHm - 3to, KOHeHHo, He ctojbko jHiepa-lypHHH npHeM, ckojbko Hacit o5^ero MexaHH3Ma, 3a^o^eHHoro b nauBHon rpaMMaTHKC nocHTe^H n3UKa. O6 3tom cBH^eienBciByei He tojbko acieiHHecKoe y,oBjeTBopeHHe pa^oBoro HHiaieja npH ciojKHOBeHHH c npHMepaMH xHasMa, ho h ero aKTHBHoe ynaciHe b co3,aHHH no,o6HHx KOHCTpyK^HH. KaK yKe oiMeHanoct, xHa3M BecBMa pacnpocipaHeH b MajHx ^oJBKJopHHx KaHpax - laKHx, KaK nocJOBH^H, CKoporoBopKH, noiemKH, aHeK,oTH h i.n. He cjyHaHHo oh nonyjapeH h b ,eTCKOH peHH: laKHe nonHiKH peHeiBopHeciBa 3aKpenjaroT ocBoeHHe pe6eHKOM peajBHoro MHpa. K.H. HyKOBCKHH nocBa^aei b CBoeH KHHre «Oi ,Byx ,o naiH» ^eJHX ,Ba pa3,eja «He6HBajB^HHaM» h «HeJenH^aM», a no cyiH (b ochobhom) CHHiaKCHHecKHM
nepeBepTHmaM (hykobckhh 1984: 186-206). C no^BneHHeM ceTH HHTepneT cTHXHHHoe (oco6eHHo Mono^e^Hoe) nHTepaTypHoe TBopnecTBo cTano noHCTHHe MaccoBHM, h npHMepH CHHTaKCHHecKHX nepeBepTHmeH 3aHHMaroT a^ect - b co6paHHHX myrnHBHX a$0pH3M0B - flOCTOHHOe MeCTO. EpHBe^eM HeCKOHBKO pa3H0p0flHHX H^^roCTpa^HH H3 pyCCK0H3HHH0r0 h n0nBCK0H3HHH0r0 CaHTOB:
Hynrne KonbiMumb Ha Fondypace, hcm zondypacumb Ha KonbiMe.
Cnacmbe ecmb, ho ecmb - eom necnacmbe.
Kpeme 3a mo(pepKy dep^ucb, ßapan.
MeH'^uHbi, My^aümecb! My^HUHM, :meHumecb!
Mamy prawo do szczqscia, ale nie mamy szczqscia do prawa.
Wtedy nie uwaialas, co robisz, teraz rob co uwazasz.
Uczyc siq - Lenin. Lenic siq - uczeii.
Mo^HO CKa3aTB, HTO XHa3M - 3T0 TOp^eCTBO TpaHC$0pMa^HH B rpaMMaTHKe HOCHTena H3HKa. 06hhhhh nenoBeK B^pyr 0C03HaeT, hto eMy BnonHe ^ocTynHO (h He TOHBKO B HacTH cn0B006pa30BaTenBHHx cpe^CTB) caMocTOHTentHoe TBopnecTBo b H3HKe.
roBopa^HH Haxo^HT B XHa3Me (n0flC03HaTenBH0, KOHeHHo) 3anor cbogo^h
penenopo^^eHHH, rapaHTHro cBoeH He3aBHCHM0CTH ot 3ano®eHHoro b H3HKe o6^ecTBeHHoro onHTa. 0h ^encTByeT npHMepHo no ^pHH^H^y: Bce roBop^T: «He ^enaHTe h3 MyxH cnoHa», a a bot B03BMy ^a h CKa^y: «He ^enanTe h3 cnoHa Myxy^>! Bce roBopHT: «AnneTHT npHXo^HT bo BpeMH e^H», a a CKa^y: «EycTt e^a npHXo^HT bo BpeMH anneTHTa»! HeM 3to He TBopnecTBo? Eonee Toro, oKasHBaeTca, hto c noMo^tro TaKoro npocToro («^emeBoro») cnoco6a mo^ho ^octhhb HeMe^neHHoro h pasHTentHoro pe3yjiBTaTa: C03flaHHH napa^OKca^tHoro CMHcna! He3HaHHTenBHaH, b o6^eM-To, nepecTpoHKa y^e roTOBOH $pa3H npHBo^HT k nojHOMy oÖHOBjeHHro npe^CTaBjeHHOH KapTHHH MHpa_
3.2 Pa3yMeeTCH, HecJO^HHH MeXaHH3M cHHTaKCHHecKoro nepeBepTHBaHHH He Bcer,^a npHHocHT cTOJt o^yTHMHe cMHCJOBHe pe3yjitTaTH. HHor,a noHBjeHHe XHa3Ma b TeKCTe 06ycJ0BjeH0 TeM, hto roBopa^eMy npocTo Bce paBHO, KaK CKasart. noKaaaTeJtHH b ,aHH0M OTHomeHHH aTpHÖyTHBHHe CHHTarMH «npHjaraTeJtHoe + cy^ecTBHTejtHoe», ,onycKaro^He pa3JHHHoe (h npaKTHHecKH paBHOBepoHTHocTHoe) 3anojHeHHe n0,HHHeHH0H h no^HHHHro^en no3H^HH. EpHBe^eM HecKOJtKo npHMepoB H3 poccHHCKOH npeccH: Eü (coBpeMeHHOH »eH^HHe - E.H.) Hy:mHbi, e oß^eM, MunuMyM deoe. A FsHcßyp coeMecmu^ ux e odnoM Jlu^e. U^uhuhhuüpoManmuK uujiupoManmuHHbiü ^UHUK, He 3Haio, Hezo e neM ßoubme^ («KoMCOMOJtCKaa npaB,a», 25 HroHH 1996); H dojzo He Moz omopeamb eszmda om smozo cnuMKa. Vsnau cpasy HyKoHuna u BopoHbKo. Hmo Menn nopasuuo e nux - smo KaKan-mo ßecno^adna^H caMo-ompeHennocmb. Hjju naoßopom - caMoompeHennan ßecno^adnocmb («^HTepaTypHaa ra3eTa», 19 Hroja 1978); Odun us UHocmpaH^ee cKasau: «B MocKey nado npue3:mamb sumoü». SnaHum, suMHnn MocKea, snaHum, MocKoecKan suMa ezo nopasuia, nienuia, yeiJCKja^ («H3BecTHH», 16 HoaGpa 1975); Bom maKoü denb 6mj eHepa. BMecme noy:uHaju, nomoM cxoduiu e kuho na cmapunnbiü - maKue mojbKo na Kypopmax u noKasbieamb - neMei^Kuü (puubM, nepenoimeHHbiü zuynuMu neceHKaMu, nyxjbiMu KpacomKaMu u KaKoü-mo pasepamnoü doßponopndoHHocmbio^ ujju, Mo:em 6bimb, Haoßopom - doßponopndoHHoü pasepamnocmbm? BnpoHeM, Heea:Ho
(«CTy^eHHecKHH MepH^naH», 1990, M 12). He 3aTparHBaH 3flecB Bonpoca o ceMaHTHHecKHX H cnoBoo6pa3oBaTenBHHX npe^nocnnKax laKoro nepeBepiHBaHHH, 3aMeTHM, hto caMa bo3mo®hoctb BH6opa o^Horo h3 ^Byx BapHaHToB, no-BH^HMoMy, npHBneKaTentHa ^na roBopa^ero - xoth 6h noioMy, hto Bonno^aei b ce6e o6^yro H^ero cbogo^h peneiBopHeciBa.
3.2.1 flo6aBHM, hto ^aHHaa npo6neMa He orpaHHHHBaeica paMKaMH SKcnpec-cHBHoro cHHiaKcHca H 3aTparHBaeT laK^e HHiepecH oHoMacHonorHH. B HaciHociH, nontcKaa HCc^eÄOBaTe^BHH^a HaBa^Ka nocB^iHna c^e^Ha^BHyro ciaitro lepMHHonorHHecKHM coHeiaHHaM-^yGneiaM b nontcKoM H3HKe iHnafundament tawowy / tawa fundamentowa, zarnik drutowy / drut zarnikowy, rozdzielnica tablicowa / tablica rozdzielcza h i.n. Eo MHeHHro aBiopa, peryjiapHocit no^oÖHHX cnynaeB (cooiHoca^Hxca c noTeH^HaJBHHM cjoBoo6pa3oBaHHeM) onpe^eiaeica HcKiroHHieitHo Bo3Mo®HocTaMH TpaHC$OpMa^HOHHOH rpaMMaiHKH: lerKocitro, c KoiopoH cy^eciBHieiBHoe npeoGpasyeica b cooiBeiciByro^ee npHiaraieitHoe, h HaoGopoT (Nawacka 1978: 163). EoHaiHo, hto laKoe BaptHpoBaHHe Mo^ei 6htb cBOHciBeHHo cociaBHHM lepMHHaM jHmt ^o onpe^eieHHOH nopn - noKa cooTBeiciByro^He HasBaHHa He BnoiHe oicioaiHct h KOÄH$H^HpoBaJHCB; o^HaKo o6^He MexaHH3MH H npe^noc^iiKH npeo6pa3OBaHHH 3flecB, oHeBH^Ho, le hto h b c^epe 3KcnpeccHBHoro cHHiaKCHca.
3.3 TaKHM o6pa3OM, mo^ho CHHiait ^oKaaaHHHM, hto o6hhhhh HoCHieit a3HKa npHHHMaei KaK Giaro bo3mo®hoctb npo^oi^Hit leKCi c HcnoJB3OBaHHeM y^e (tojbko hto) ynOTpeGieHHHX a3HKOBHX eÄHHH^, npH yCIOBHH, hto nOBIOpHO 3TH eÄHHH^H HcnoJB3yroTca b hhoh, «3epKajBHOH» $yHK^HH, no npHH^Hny «to ^a He to ^e». E^e GojtmHH coGiasH nepe^ laKHM s^^eKiHHM h s^^eKiHBHHM cpe^ciBOM HcnHTHBaei npo^eccHOHai-nHcaieit hjh nyGJH^HCT: a3HK, mo^ho CKaaait, caM, aBTOMaiHHecKH, no^CKaaHBaei eMy nyiH pa3BHTHa leKCia. EoKa^eM 3to Ha npHMepe ^Byx ^HTaT H3 COBpeMeHHOH pyCCKOH nO33HH.
rde do^db, zde cad - He pasjiunumb.
3decb ceadböa deyx cmuxuu meopumcn^
Becb cad e do^de! Becb do^db e cady!
nozuÖHym do^db u cad dpyz e dpyze^	(E. AxMafly.nHHa.	h ca^)
He mpo^b Hejoeexa, depee^e,
Kocmpa e HeM He paseodu^
He 6eü neioeexa, nmu^a.
E^e He omKpbim omcmpen^	(A. Bo3HeceHCKHH. Po^a)
Epe^ciaBieHHHH b nepBOM ciyHae aBHHH CHHiaKCHHecKHH nepeBepiHm (cad e do:mde/do:mdb e cady) h npe^ciaBieHHHH bo BiopoM ciyHae XHa3M CKpHiHH (cp.: He mpo^b depee^e, neuoeeK - He mpo:b neuoeeKa, depee^e^ h i.n.), HecoMHeHHO, yHacTByroi b co3flaHHH xy^o^eciBeHHoro oGpa3a.
Eonee Toro, nepeBepTHBaHHe cHHTaKCHnecKHx oTHomeHHH mo^ct Henocpe^cTBeHHo B^HHTB Ha pa3BHTHe CM^eTa, a b cnynae c MHHHaTropHHMH »aHpaMH h coa^aBaTt caM cro^eT. npHMepoM HaM Ha cen pa3 nocny^HT jiHTepaTypHHH aHCK^oT o tom, KaK MoHaxH o^Horo MoHacTHpa o6paTHJHcB B CbH^CHHHH ChHo^ c 3anpocoM: Mo^Ho JH bo BpeMH MoJHTBH KypHTB? CHHo,^, cctcctbchho, otbcthj oTKa3oM. Tor,^a MoHaxH nocjajH hoboc nHctMo, B KoTopoM cnpamHBajoct: mo^ho jh mojhtbch bo BpeMH KypeHH«? «Mo^ho», - otbcthj Chho,. Bhbo,: Bce 3aBHcHT ot nocTaHoBKH Bonpoca!
,^eHCTBHTeJBHo, nepcBcpTHBaHHe rpaMMaTHHecKHx oTHomeHHH Bonno^aeT b ce6e hochtcj« H3HKa hhoh «B3rjia, Ha MHp», HHyro ncHxonorHro, HHyro ^hjoco^hm. TaK, repoH o,Horo h3 paccKa3oB B. ToKapeBoH B,pyr o6pej cnocoÖHocTt no-HoBoMy cmotpctb Ha npHBHHHyro eMy KapTHHKy: onepe^t 3a ToBapaMH. ^po^HTHpyeM:
H edpyz n o6pamuji eHUMaHue, nmo onepedb cmana KaKou-mo dpyzoü. CnaHana n He moz coo6pa3umb, e hcm deio. Ho, ezundeemucb, noHKj: uiodu u ee^u noMCHnuucb MecmaMU. Be^u ebimnHyuucb e duuHHym onepedb u euöupamm ce6e jiodeü. A ijiodu cudnm e KapmoHHbix KopoÖKax, e KaKue naKyiom meueeusopbi, u, eucyHye zoioebi, dbimam cee^uM eosdyxoM («^noHcKHH 3ohthk»).
H ,anee cro^eT paccKa3a pa3BHBaeTcH y«e c yneToM 3thx nepeBepHyrHx oTHomeHHH. XHa3M, TaKHM o6pa3oM, cnoco6eH co3,aBaTB cboh oco6hh MHp, cbom BHpTyajtHyro ,eHcTBHTejBHocTB, ycTpocHHyM no npHH^Hny «hto 6hjo 6h, ccjh 6h X h Y noMeHHJHct MecTaMH (pojhmh)».
3.4 npHBe,eHHHe npHMepH cm^cthom 3HaHHMocTH xHasMa no^KpenjaroTca nonyjiapHocTtro ,aHHoro npHCMa b a6cyp,HcTcKoH jHTepaType. TaK, cthxotbopchhc XapMca «HBaH TonopnmKHH» nojHocTtro nocTpoeHo Ha npHH^Hne cHHTaKcHHecKoM «Hexap,H»: cjoBa 6ecnpenHTcTBeHHo nyTemecTByroT no y^e 3a,aHHHM cHHTaKcH-hcckhm n03H^HHM:
HBaH TonopnmKHH nomej Ha oxoTy, C HHM ny,eJB nomej, nepenparHyB 3a6op. HBaH, KaK 6peBHo, npoBajHjca b 6ojoto, A ny,eJB b peKe yroHyn, KaK Tonop.
HBaH TonopnmKHH nomej Ha oxoTy, C HHM ny,eJB BnpHnpH^Ky nomej, KaK Tonop. HBaH noBajHjca 6peBHoM Ha 6ojoto, A ny,eJB b peKe nepenparHyji 3a6op.
HBaH TonopnmKHH nomej Ha oxoTy, C HHM ny,ejB b peKe npoBajHjca b 3a6op. HBaH, KaK 6peBHo, nepenpHrHyji 6ojoto, A ny,eJB BnpHnpH^Ky nonaj Ha Tonop.
OTcro,a - o,HH mar ,o nepeBepTHma, Hrparo^ero pojt cm^cthom ochobh jHTepaTypHoro npoH3Be,eHHH. Pent H,eT o Tex cjynaax, Kor,a repoH - Ha 6ojee hjh MCHee ,jHTejBHoe BpeM« - MeH^roTca cbohmh pon^MH, Ha,eBaroT peneByro MacKy
^pyr ^pyra. flaHHHH npHeM HcnonB3yeTCH, HanpHMep, b KHHOKOMe^H^x 3. PH3aH0Ba «Cny«e6HHH poMaH» h «BoK3an ^na ^bohx». Ha HeM cipoHica ^e^aH noBecit «^pHH^ H hh^hh» MapKa TBeHa; npHMepH «nepeo^eBaHHa» nepcoHa^en (b tom HHcne peneBoro) Heipy^HO HaniH b KOMe^Hax B. ffleKcnHpa h ^^.-E. Montepa, E. Epexia h E. fflBap^a_ EepeBepiHm, laKHM 06pa30M, fl0Ka3HBaeT CBoro BcecHntHocit hhh yHHBepcantHOCTt - b tom CMHcne, hto oh oxBaiHBaei Bce a3HK0BHe ypoBHH - HaHHHaa OT ^OHeMHoro H KOHHaa ypoBHeM ^e^oro leKCia.
4 B HHCTO jiHHrBHCTHHecKOM n^aHe xHa3M npe^ciaBnaei HaHÖontmHH HHiepec KaK
Cpe^CTBO ^OpMHpOBaHHa B C03HaHHH HOCHieJa a3HKa CHCieMH $yHK^H0HaJtH0-CHHiaKCHHeCKHx n03H^HH. ®yHK^H0Ha^tH0-CHHTaKCHHeCKHe n03H^HH - le aneMKH, H3 KOTopHx CKna^HBaeica CHHiaKCHHecKaa cipyKiypa BHCKa3HBaHHa (h KOiopHe naciHHHO COOTHOCHMH C HjeHaMH npe^JO^eHHa b TpaflH^H0HH0H rpaMMaiHKe). Ka^^aa laKaa eÄHHH^a co^ep^HT b ce6e onpe^eneHHHe jeKCHKo-ceMaHiHnecKHe ycJOBHa («npe^nHcaHHa») CBoeH peaJH3a^HH. TaK, ^ja no3H^HH cyöieKia cocioaHHa ($H3HHecKoro HJH ncHxHHecKoro) iHnHHHO 3anoJHeHHe cJOBaMH, Ha3HBaro^HMH HeJOBeKa hjh ^hbothhx (iHna Hemn, coced, cmapuK, co6aKa). n03T0My-T0 $pa3y THna CmapuKy He cnumcn e doMe mh BOcnpHHHMaeM KaK coBepmeHHO oÖHHHyro, «HopMajtHyro», a $pa3y Kopa6ji}o He cnumcn e nopmy - KaK Meia^opHHecKyro, «xy^o^ecTBeHHO OKpameHHyro». E^e npHMep: ^na no3H^HH HHCipyMeHia xapaKiepHO 3anojHeHHe jeKCHKOH c KOHKpeiHo-npe^MeiHHM 3HaHeHHeM. noaiOMy $pa3a iHna Mbi omKpbijiu deepb kjijohom BHr.naflHT coBepmeHHO o6hhhoh, a $pa3a Mbi omKpbuiu deepb cjiecapeM pe^ei rjia3 (cm.: HopMaH 1997: 6-8; HopMaH 1996: 3-7). Hccje^OBaieJH BHHy^^eHH BKjroHait b njaH co^ep^aHHa $yHK^H0Ha^tH0-CHHTaKCHHecKHX no3H^HH laKHe ceMH, KaK 'npe^MeiHocit' (hjh 'Be^Hocit'), 'HapH^aTeJtH0CTt', 'o^ymeBjeH-HocTt', 'coGHpaiejtHocTt' H T.n. (cM., HanpHMep: Eor,^aH0B 1977: 3-38).
4.1 XHa3M B ,aHH0M n.aHe Hrpaei cy^eciBeHHyro pojt: oh SKCipanoJHpyei, pacnpocipaHaei ,eHCTBHe y^e oipaGoiaHHHx, HcnHiaHHHx CHHiaKCHHecKHx M0,ejeH Ha He cBOHCTBeHHHe HM jeKCHHecKHe KjaccH. Hhhmh cJOBaMH, Hepe3 «3axBaT» hoboh jeKCHKH OH pacmaiHBaei rpaHH^H e,HHH^, y«e 3a,aHHHx b C03HaHHH HOCHiena a3HKa, npHyHaei ero k 6ojee MarKOH, 6ojee pa3MHT0H ipaKioBKe $yHK^H0HaJtH0-CHHiaKCHHecKHx no3H^HH. Eo cyiH, laKHM 06pa30M HOCHieJt a3HKa, He ^KcnJH^Hpya H He 0C03HaBaa CBOHx JHHrBHCIHHeCKHx 3HaHHH, pa3BHBaeT, BH,0H3MeHaeT c^opMHpoBaBmyroca b ero roJOBe CHCieMy rpaMMaiHHecKHx noHaiHH.
fleHCTBHieJtHO, no-pyccKH, xoia h c Haia^Kon, ho mo^ho CKa3aTt: H ji}o6ji}o o6ed. Ho MO^HO JH CKa3aTt 06ed ji}o6um MeHn? B npHH^Hne laKOH ^aKi pcHH He HCKjroHeH - OH Mo^ei BcipeiHTtca, HanpHMep, b xy^o^eciBeHHOM KOHieKcie (cp. y EpHroBa: ffonycmuM, n jiio6um co6ou, ceouM o6edoM u ^eHou). Ho ,onycTHTt B03M0®H0CTt (npHeMjeMOCTt) $pa3H 06ed ji}o6um MeHn c tohkh 3peHHa pyccKoro H3MKa - 3HaHHT no KpaHHeH Mepe BJo^Hit HeKoiopoe oco6oe 3HaHeHHe b cjobo ji}o6umb, a, Mo^ei 6HTt, H Boo6^e nepecMoipeit oiHomeHHa, cy^eciByro^He Me®,y noHaiHaMH «a» h «o6e,»^ n03T0My, Kor,a mh HHiaeM, CKa^eM, b poMaHe B. Ha60K0Ba «KopoJt, ,aMa, Bajei» laKHe nacca^H, KaK: Hjiio6jiio xojiod, ho oh MeHn He jiio6um; CmpaHHoe dejio: eeiu He ji}o6ujiu 0paH^a h i.n., lo noHHMaeM, hto hx mo^ho HCiOJKOBait n0-pa3H0My. Mo^ho yBH,eTt 3,ect aHHMH3a^Hro (o,ymeBjeHHe) sjeMeHioB cpe,H, oKpy^aro^en
repoeB, a mo®ho cHHTaTt, hto H3MeHHJ0CB $yHK^H0Ha^BH0e cooTHomeHHe cy6ieKTa H ero npoTaroHHCTa (napTHepa)^ Ho b jiro6oM cjynae 3tot cmhcjoboh c^BHr bo3hhk Gjaro^apa MexaHHKe cHHTaKCHHecKoro nepeHoca.
fl. EyTTjep roBopHT b TaKHx cnynaax o «Heo^H^aHHon ocMHcneHHocTH nepeBepHyToro co^ep^aHHH» cjoBoconeTaHHH. B KanecTBe npHMepa 0Ha npHBo^HT myTjHBHH nojBCKHH a$opH3M: Romantyk: Szczqscie pieniqdzy nie daje!, 6yKB. 'PoMaHTHK: CnacTte He npHHocHT ^eHer!', BocnpHHHMaeMHH, K0HeHH0 ®e, Ha $0He ycT0HHHBoro, pacnpocTpaHeHHoro b nontCKoM H3HKe BHpa^eHHH Pieniqdze szczqscia nie dajq 'fleHtrH He npHHoc^T cnacTta' (Buttler 1974: 262). Eohhtho, hto b ^aHHoM xHa3Me He npocTo nepeBepTHBaroTca oTHomeHHH, TpaflH^H0HH0 cy^ecTByro^He Me^^y noHHTHHMH «^eHtrH» h «cnacTte», ho npoHcxo^HT pacmaTHBaHHe npe^-CTaBjeHHH o T0M, hto Boo6^e Mo®eT BHCTynaTB b pojH Kay3Hpyro^ero cy6ieKTa hjh npHHHHH, a HT0 - B pojH Cje^CTBHH^ ^3HK0BaH Hrpa, TaKHM 06pa30M, Cjy^HT He tojbko cooTHeceHHro MHpa H3HKa h MHpa ^eHCTBHTejtHocTH, H0 0Ha ^opMHpyeT caM cnoco6 no3HaHHH 3toh ^eHCTBHTejtHocTH H ee 0Tpa®eHHH b H3HKe.
4.2 Pe3yjiBTaT0M «^eaTentHocTH» xHa3Ma «BjaeTca HajHHHe b H3HKe MHo®ecTBa CTepTHx MeTa^op THna pyc. Hazpada HamMa zepon, Bpemn ebiöpano Hac, CmeHbi smozo doMa eudeMU UymKUHa, KHUza ^dem ceoezo HumameMn; Hden oeMadeeaem MaccaMu H T.n. B to BpeMH HyBCTBo h3hkoboh MepH n0CT0HHH0 npe^ocTeperaeT Hac 0T H3jHmHeH M^rKocTH B o^eHKe BHpa^eHHH THna 06ed Mjoßum MeHn. EcTt jh KaKHe-To o6ieKTHBHHe npe^ejH y onepa^HH cHHTaKCHHecKoro nepeBepTHBaHH«? ^po^HTHpyeM no 3T0My noBo^y o^Hy jiHHrBHCTHnecKyro pa6oTy:
«EcjH TaKHe KaTeropHH, KaK cy6ieKT, o6ieKT, a^pecaT, HHCTpyMeHT, MecTo, HanpaB-jeHHe H ^p., oTpa^aroT o6ieKTHBHHe CBoncTBa 0Tpa»aeM0H b BHCKa3HBaHHH CHTya^HH, To no^je^a^ee h cKa3yeMoe othochtch k MHpy cy6ieKTHBH0H HHTejjeKTyajtHoH ^eHTejBHocTH He.oBeKa: b peantHon cHTya^HH HeT hh no^je^a^ero, hh cKaayeMoro^ O6 3T0M CBH^eTeJBCTByeT pa3JHHHe 3anoroBHx flHaTe3 rjiaro.a: YneHbiü nodzomoeuM npoeKm - UpoeKm nodzomoeMeH yneHbiM - UodzomoeKa npoeKma ocy^ecmeMeHa yneHbiM^
C.e^yeT o6paTHTB BHHMaHHe, hto H3MeHeHHe jiorHHecKon $yHK^HH BHCKa3HBaHHH He BJHHeT Ha ero HCTHHH0CTH0e 3HaHeHHe. Ecjh M0ÄH$HKa^HH öy^yT no^BepraTtcH H0MHHaTHBHHe KaTeropHH (cy6ieKT hjh o6ieKT ^encTBHH), BHCKasHBaHHe Mo®eT 0Ka3aTtCH HeCoBMeCTHMHM C HopMajtHHM noJo®eHHeM ^ej, cp.: *npoeKm nodzomoeuMyneHozo» (KHKjeBHH 1999: 162).
^ro6onHTHo, HTO aHanorHHHHe npoÖJeMH BoJHyroT npe^CTaBHTejen caMHx pa3HHx JHHrBHCTHHeCKHx HanpaBJeHHH - 0T TpaHC$0pMa^H0HH0H rpaMMaTHKH 60-x ro^oB K0rHHTHBH0H rpaMMaTHKH 90-x. TaK, A. Xhjj b CBoeH no.eMHKe c H. Xomckhm pa3MHmnaj Ha^ CTeneHtro 0TMeHeHH0CTH (npaBHJtHocTH) aHrjiHHCKHx BHCKa3HBaHHH THna John plays golf - Golf is played by John, Golf plays John - John is played by golf (Xhjj 1962: 106-107 h ^p.). A TajMH, paccMaTpHBaH cjynaH «ceMaHTHHecKHx
KoH^JHKToB» Me^^y JeKCHHeCKHM h rpaMMaTHHeCKHM 3HaHeHHHMH B paMKax npe^jo^eHHH, 0flH03HaHH0 pemaeT Bonpoc b nojt3y nocje^Hero - n0T0My hto «HMeHHo ^opMa 3aKpHToro (T.e. rpaMMaTHHecKoro - E.H.) Kjacca onpe^eJHeT K0HeHHyro K0H^enTya^tHyro CTpyKTypy» (TajMH 1999: 109).
Hac, co6cTBeHHo, bo BceM 3tom HHiepecyei o,ho: Ha neM ocHOBaHa HeoiMe-HeHHocit (HenpaBHjtHocit) $pa3H iHna *npoeKm nodzomoeuji yneHozo? HenpaBHjtHa jh oHa caMa no ce6e hjh lojtKo KaK ipaHc^opM (MO,H$HKa^Ha) $pa3H VueHbiü nodzomoeuji npoeKm? H KaK o^eHHBaeT BO3Mo®HocTt laKoro nepeBepiHBaHHa peajtHHM HocHiejt a3HKa?
4.3.1	Mh nonHiajHct nony^Hit oiBei Ha 3tot Bonpoc SKcnepHMeHiantHHM nyieM. e^ijh B3aTH 10 o6hhhhx npe^jo^eHHH co «ciaH^apTHHM» jieKcHHecKHM 3anojHeHHeM $yHK^HOHaJtHO-CHHTaKCHHecKHx no3H^HH (Co6aKa eepmum xeocmorn, ^Kojia omcmaem om :mu3Hu, Uucamenb numem KHuzy, HejuodaH coomeemcmeyem xosnuHy h T.n.) H MeTo,OM nepeBepiHBaHHa ipaHc^opMHpoBaHH b cboh «npoTHBonono^HociH».
B pe3yjtTaTe 6hj nonyneH cnHcoK h3 10 ^paa, Koiopae 6hjh npe,jo®eHH HcnHiyeMHM (ciy^eHiaM ryMaHHiapHHx cne^Ha^tHocTeH EejopyccKoro rocy,ap-ciBeHHoro yHHBepcHieia b MHHcKe) co cne^yro^HM 3a,aHHeM:
KaKHe H3 cje,yro^Hx npe,jo®eHHH bh cnHiaeie bo3mo®hhmh (,onycTHMHMH) b pyccKOM a3HKe? OiMeitie hx niHHKaMH.
06^ee KOjHHeciBo HcnHiyeMHx - 100 nenoBeK. flajee npHBo^Haica cnHcoK npe,iaBjeHHHx BHcKa3HBaHHH; b cKoÖKax nocje Ka®,oro npHMepa yKa3aHo
KOjHHeciBO nOjO^HiejtHHx OTBeiOB (oTMeneHHHx niHHKaMH).
Xeocm eepmum coßaKoü (24) MusHb omcmaem om mKojibi (36) KHuza numem nucamein (14) XosnuH coomeemcmeyem nejjodaHy (69) npoeKm nodzomoeuji yneHozo (19) He6o nibieem no oßiaKaM (13) VneHuK eocnumbieaem yuumein (92) OusuKa HeHaeudum MaibnuKa (21) KomKa cnpnmaiacb om Mbimu (74) Mope enadaem e peKy (5)
4.3.2	0 HeM roBopai nonyneHHHe KojHHeciBeHHHe ,aHHHe? Hpe^^e Bcero o tom, HTo HcnHiyeMHe ,oBojtHo MarKo, TojepaHiHo oiHocHjHct k oTo6pa®eHHro «nepeBepHyiHx» cHTya^HH (a to, hto co,ep®aHHe npe,jo®eHHH HMeHHo laKOBo, ciaHOBHjoct acHo noHTH cpa3y ®e: o6 3tom roBopHj caM pa,, b KoiopoM oKa3HBajoct Ka®,oe cje,yro^ee BHcKa3HBaHHe). HiaK, Ka®,oe npe,jo®eHHe nojyHHjo nono^HientHyro (o,o6pHTejtHyro) o^eHKy HeKoioporo KojHHeciBa ciy^eHioB (oi 5 b MHHHMajtHOM cjyHae ,o 92 b MaKcHMajtHOM). BMecie c leM, caM paaöpoc Me®,y 3THMH noKaaaiejaMH flociaioHHo BejHK, hto6h ÖHit npoKOMMeHiHpoBaHHHM. ot Hero 3aBHcHT 6ojtmaa hjh MeHtmaa «npHeMjeMocit» tom hjh hhoM $pa3H?
npe®,e Bcero HcnHiyeMHH, KOHeHHo, o^eHHBaJ pe$epeH^HaJtHHH acneKi BHcKa3HBaHHa, TO ecit TO, HacKOjtKo ero co,ep®aHHe cooTBeiciByei hjh He cooTBeiciByei peajtHOMy nono^eHHro ,ej (KaK oho npe^ciaBnaeica oÖHHHOMy HejoBeKy). 3to le 6a3OBHe 3HaHHa o6 oöieKiax, Koiopae jHHrBHciHHecKH Bonjo-^aroica jHmt b ^opMyjiax iHna «Hcthhho, hto^», «Cy^eciByei^», «He cy^eciByei^», ho Koiopae cociaBnaroi Ba^HeMmyro Hacit ceMaHiHHecKoM cHcieMH (Boguslawski 1998: 24-26, 92 h ,p.). Hhhmh cjOBaMH, HocHiena a3HKa »enaientHo,
htoGh HMero^Heca y Hero a3HKOBHe 3HaHHa no^iBep^^aiHCt onHioM BHea3HKOBOH (npaKTHHecKOH) ^eaieiBHociH. CKa^eM, BHCKa3HBaHHe VneHuK eocnumbieaem ynumeun o^eHHBaeTca HcnHiyeMHMH KaK «noHiH HopMaitHoe» (cyMMa GaiioB 92), noiOMy HTO 3a HHM npoHHTHBaeica cooTBeiCTByro^aa peaitHaa CHTya^Ha. flenciBHieitHo, laKoe B »H3HH Mo^ei Ghtb: yHeHHK 3acTaBjaeT yHHieia H3MeHHTB ero oiHomeHHe k ceGe, ^eiaei ero MarHe hjh, HaoGopoi, »eciHe^ KpoMe ^aHHoro npHMepa, e^e ^Ba BHCKa3HBaHHa -XosnuH coomeemcmeyem neModaHy h KomKa cnpnmauacb om Mbimu
-	nojyHHJH BecBMa BHcoKoe KoiHHeciBo GaiJOB (cooiBeiciBeHHo 69 h 74). Eo oTHomeHHro k hhm laK^e mo^ho yiBep^^ait, hto Hame co3HaHHe (eciH cHHiait penpe3eHTaTHBHHMH cBH^eieitciBa HamHx HcnHiyeMHx) cnocoGHo BHHjeHaiB
COOTBeiCTByro^He CHTya^HH H3 oGieKIHBHOH ^eHCIBHieiBHOCTH H BKiroHaiB HX B a3HKOByro KapiHHy MHpa. B lo BpeMa $pa3a Mope enadaem epeKy «3anpe^aeTca» flia GoJtmHHCTBa HcnHiyeMHX He tojbko npaBHiaMH y3yajBHOH coHeiaeMociH leKceM (KaK 3to: Mope enadaem? Ky^a oho Mo^ei Bna^ait?), ho h MaJ0Bep0aTH0CTBro caMOH pe^epeHTHOH CHTya^HH (xoia b npHH^Hne peKa Mo^ei BHieKait h3 Mopa hih, Bo BcaKOM ciyHae, h3 O3epa). ^3HKOBoe co3HaHHe He roioBo k oGpaGoiKe cooTBeiCTByro^eH cHTya^HH, oHo He HaxoflHi en onopH bo BHea3HKOBOM onHie.
BlOpOH ^aKTOp, KOTOpHH, nO BCeH BHflHMOCTH, BiHai Ha fleaieiBHOCTB HCnHiyeMHX,
-	3TO ceMaHTHKa KOHKpeiHHx cioB (ocoGeHHo 3aHHMaro^Hx npeflHKaiHyro no3H^Hro). CKa^eM, B npHMepe XosnuH coomeemcmeyem neModaHy riaroi coomeemcmeoeamb, Hrparo^HH poit npe^HKaia oiHomeHHa, b npHH^Hne flonycKaei KOHBepcHro conpoBo^^aro^HX ero apryMeHioB: Xcoomeemcmeyem Y = YcoomeemcmeyemX. A BOT npeflCiaBieHHHH b npHMepe KHuza numem nucameun maroi nucamb co 3HaHeHHeM HHTeJJeKTya^BH0-C03HflaTeJBH0H fleaieitHociH laKOH KOHBepcHH b cBoeM oKpy^eHHH He npeflycMaipHBaei.
TpeiHH ^aKTOp, B03M0®H0, - OTHOCHieiBHaa yCTOHHHBOCTB $pa3H. TaK, MO^HO noiaraiB, hto BHpa^eHHe Xeocm eepmum coßaKoü aBiaeica y«e 3HaK0MHM flia MHorHX HoCHieieH pyccKoro a3HKa ($pa3a Xeocm eepmum KomKoü HaBepHaKa Gh 0^eHHBaJacB HcnHiyeMHMH 3HaHHTeJBH0 xy^e).
HaK0He^, Mo^Ho npeflnoio^Hit, hto HcnHiyeMHe (HanoMHHM: ciyfleHiH-ryMaHHiapHH) pac^eHHBaJH npefliaraeMHe hm npHMepH KaK CBoero pofla HHieiieKiyaitHyro Hrpy. A 3to 3HaHHT - Goitmaa hih MeHtmaa «npHeMieMocit» $pa3H 0Ka3HBanacB b 3aBHCHM0CTH OT Toro, HacKoiBKo ierKo (hih fla^e aBioMaiHHecKH) HoCHieiB a3HKa BocciaHaBiHBai aHTe^efleHT (HCxoflHyro, ony^eHHyro Hacit XHa3Ma). TaK, eciH npHMep OusuKa HeHaeudum MaubuuKa BH3HBan y ynaciHHKOB SKcnepHMeHia GoitmHe coMHeHHa b niaHe ero oiMeHeHHociH, lo mo^ho c yBepeHHocitro yiBep^flait, HTO pa3BepHyTHH BapHaHT - KaK MaubnuK HeHaeudum (pusuKy, maK u (pusuKa HeHaeudum MaubnuKa hih He moubKo MaubnuK HeHaeudum (pusuKy, ho u (pusuKa HeHaeudum MaubuuKa h i.n. - BHrJIafleJ Gh b ma3ax HcnHiyeMHX Goiee «npaBHiBHHM».
B ocHOBe Bcex 3thx ^aKiopoB ie^ai, oHeBHflHo, npo^eccH B3aHM0fleHCTBHa b peHH eflHHH^ ieKCHHecKoro h cHHiaKCHHecKoro ypoBHeH a3HKa; h npo^eflypa nepeBepiHBaHHa (xHa3Ma) 3aHHMaeT cpeflH 3thx npo^eccoB He nocieflHee Mecio.
5 Ociaeica BHacHHit, KaKHe iHnoiorHHecKHe ocoGeHHociH npHcy^H xHa3My b OTfleiBHHX CiaBaHCKHX a3HKaX. C OflHOH CTOpOHH, XHa3M, KaK H3BeCTH0, aBieHHe
pacnpocipaHeHHoe, npe,CTaBjeHHoe b caMHx pasHHx a3HKax; c ,pyroH ciopoHH, b KaK,oM a3HKe cy^eciByei cboh Ha6op KOHCTpyK^HH, «npe,pacnoJOKeHHHx» k CHHiaKCHHecKOMy nepeBepiHBaHHro (cm.: ^ep6HHa 1975: 82-83; EeperoBCKaa 1984: 24-47; HopMaH 1991: 13-14 h ,p.).
5.1 Oco6eHHoCTH rpaMMaiHHecKoro cipoa c.aBaHCKHx a3HKOB, ,eHCTBHTeJBHo, laK HJH HHaHe oipaKaroica h Ha npo^e,ype xHa3Ma. B HaciHociH, aHajHTH3M coBpeMeHHoro 6ojrapcKoro h MaKe,OHCKoro a3HKOB npHBo,HT k lOMy, hto ocHOBHaa poJB B CHrHaJH3a^HH nepeBepHyiHx CHHiaKCHHecKHx oiHomeHHH BO3JaraeTca 3,ecB Ha cJOBonopa,oK h cjyKe6HHe cJOBa (npeK,e Bcero npe,JorH). EoKaKeM 3to Ha HecKOJBKHx npHMepax h3 6ojrapcKoro a3HKa.
MeHama Ha npunmeun e3a npednonumaHe nped npunmeun Ha :meHama. Ho-pyccKH 3TOT myiJHBHH a$opH3M MOKHO nepe,aTB KaK '.yHme KeHa ,pyra, HeM ,pyr KeHH'; na,eKHHe ^jeKCHH npH nepeBo,e npHHHMaroi Ha ce6a 3HaHHTejBHyro Hacit toh $yHK^HOHaJBHOH Harpy3KH, KOTopaa b opHrHHaje 3aKpenjeHa 3a nopa,KOM CJOB h npe,JoroM Ha.
He iqe mjhko c opus, u^e opus c mjhko (nocJOBH^a h3 c6opHHKa n.P. C.aBeHKOBa «EijrapcKH npHTHH»). EyKBantHHH nepeBo, - 'He xoHei MOJOKa c pHCOM, ipeGyei pHca C mojokom' (o KanpH3HOM HeJOBeKe). H onait - b oicyiciBHe na,eKHHx ^opM npo^e,ypa cHHiaKCHHecKoro nepeBepiHBaHHa c ,ocTaTOHHocTBro oGecneHHBaeica H3MeHeHHHM nOpa,KOM CJOB.
3acnum uu, ceemym npocmo yMupa u nozpeßea ecnKa MhKa. Mueomym ece edHo e cnpnu, sa da mpyzHe omHoeo, eceKu deH MauKo no-Kpacue u MauKo no-Mhdhp. Hhkou Kaseam: «Ho-MauKo Kpacue u no-M^Ko Mydyp». TnxHa cupaßoma (^. U^OHHeB; npHMep 3aHMCTBOBaH H3: Epe3HHCKH 1994). nepeBecTH aiy ^HTaTy Ha pyccKHH a3HK c coxpaHeHHeM ee cipyKiypHHx ocoGeHHocieH oKasHBaeica HeBO3MOKHHM, laK KaK MH HMeeM 3,ecB ,ejo c aHajHiHHecKHM BHpaKeHHeM cieneHeH cpaBHeHHa npHjaraieJBHHx h HapeHHH b 6ojrapcKOM a3HKe: MauKo no-Kpacue o3HaHaeT 'Hyit KpacHBee', MauKo no-Mhdhp - 'Hyit yMHee', no-MauKo Kpacue - 'MeHee KpacHBHH', no-MauKo Mhdhp - 'MeHee yMHHH'.
nojyHaeica, hto ^opMajtHoe BHpaKeHHe xHa3Ma b pa3HHx a3HKax MOKei oGecneHHBaiBca coHeiaHHeM pa3JHHHHx cpe,CTB.
B TOM Ke 6ojrapcKOM, KCiaiH, npe,CTaBjeHo aBjeHHe laK Ha3HBaeMOH penpH3H HMeHHoro ,onojHeHHa - lo ecit ,y6jHpoBaHHa cy^eciBHientHoro, Hrparo^ero pojt oGieKia, MecTOHMeHHOH kjhthkoh. KpaiKaa ^opMa jHHHoro MeciOHMeHHa HcnoJB3yeTca, b HaciHociH, KaK CHrHanH3aTop HenpaMoro, HHBepcHOHHoro nopa,Ka CJOB. npHMepoM MOKei nocjyKHTB 6ojrapcKaa noroBopKa Xyßaeama nß-huKa ceuHMma n usnxda - 6yKB. 'KpacHBoe a6jOKo CBHHta ero cie^aei' (o HeM-io xopomeM, HecnpaBe,JHBo ,ocTaBmeMca njoxoMy He.OBeKy). PenpH3a HMeHHoro ,onoJHeHHa MOKei HrpaiB pojt BcnoMoraieJtHoro cpe,CTBa h b cjyHaax CKpHioro xHa3Ma: eMy Be,B TOKe B npo^ecce peHenopoK,eHHa npe^meciByei HHBepcHa. EoKaKeM 3to Ha CJe,yro^eM npHMepe. AemoMoßuu-m Hanpaeu AMepuKa - ße Kasau HnKoza XeHpu 0opd-nhpeu. H MaKap ne mpydHo Mo^e da ce Ka^e, ne CheemcKun chios «zo Hanpaeu caMouemhm», ece naK moü cepuosHo noeuun ehpxypaseumuemo Ha Hamama cmpaHa^ (napajeJH, 1982, Ke 4). B ,aHHOH ^HTaTe BHpaKeHHa AemoMoöuu-m Hanpaeu AMepuKa
'ABT0M06HJt co3,an AMepHKy' h CbeemcKun cbos zo Hanpaeu caMoiembm 'CaMojei co3,aj CoBeiCKHH coro3' BocnpHHHMaroica, HecoMHeHHo, he $0He «6ojee eciecTBeHHHx» (MeHee Meia^opHHHHx) BHpa^eHHH AmepuKa Hanpaeu aemoMoöuia 'AMepHKE co3,ana aBT0M06HJt' h CbeemcKunm cbos Hanpaeu caMoiema 'CoBeiCKHH coro3 co3,an cEMojei'. Ho n0CK0JtKy aHTHTe3Hc 3,ect npe,CTaBjeH b oicyiciBHe Te3Hca (hjh ano,ocHc - 6e3 npoiacHca), lo mo^ho cHHiait, hto mh HMeeM ,ej0 co cKpHiHM xHa3M0M. H KJHTHKE zo B Hcx0,H0H ^HTaTe noMoraeT HHiaiejro npaBHJtHo HCioJKoBEit $pa3y, noacHaa, hto CbeemcKun cbos - 3to oGieKi, a He cy6ieKT ,eHCTBHa, a ceme HanpaBjeHHocit ,eHCTBHa lyi nepeBepHyia.
5.2 PacnpocipaHeHHro xHa3Ma b n0JtcK0M a3HKe HecK0JtK0 Memaei lo oGcioa-lejtcTBo, Hio 3,ect cy^ecTByroi onpe,ejeHHHe orpaHHneHHa, HajaraeMHe he nopa,oK CJe,0BaHHa K0Mn0HeHT0B aipHGyiHBHoH CHHiarMH (cp. K0HCTpyK^HH THna liberalna partia hpartia liberalna) . Hepe3 npeno3H^Hro h nocTno3H^Hro onpe,ejeHHa CHrHajH-3HpyeTca Mecio, Koiopoe 3aHHMaeT npHjaraiejtHoe he mKaje «KaneciBeHHocit -oiHocHiejtHocit»; HeKoiopHe yneHHe roBopai b ^ehhoh cHTya^HH ,a®e o BHpa^eHHH 0C060H rpaMMETHHeCKoH KEieropHH «TepMHH0J0rHHH0CTH» HJH «H0MeHKnaTypH0CTH» (Weinsberg 1983: 224). B nocje,HeM cjynae nepeBepiHBEHHe oiHomeHHH Me®,y onpe,ejeHHeM h onpe,enaeMHM, ciojt ecieciBeHHoe ,ja pyccKoro a3HKa h orpaHH-HeHHoe 3,ect jHmt cJ0B006pa30BaTeJtHHMH ycJ0BHaMH (cp.: jußepajbHan napmun - napmuüHan jußepajbHocmb, cjy^eÖHwü KaßuHem - KaßuHemHan cjy^ßa, zocydapcmeeHHoe npaeo - npaeoeoe zocydapcmeo h i.n.), ciEHoBHica b n0JtCK0M a3HKe npoÖJeMETHHHHM. Ecit B n0JtcK0M H ,pyrHe orpaHHneHHa he H3MeHeHHe nopa,Ka CJ0B - b hecthocth, CBa3aHHHe c leME-peMaiHHecKoH opraHH3a^HeH BHCKa3HBaHHa (cM.: BceB0J0,0Ba 1997, 35 h ,p.); Bce 3to, ecieciBeHHo, co3,aeT cboh «3anpeTH» he Hcn0Jt30BaHHe nepeBepiHmeH.
6 Tekhm 06pa30M, xHa3M - pacnpocipaHeHHaa npo^e,ypa b ,HHaMHHecK0H rpaMMETHKe cJEBaHCKHx a3HK0B, mHpoKo HcnoJt3yeMaa h b KEHeciBe xy,o®ecTBeHHoro npHeME. PeaJH3a^Ha ee 06ycJ0BjeHa ocoGeHHociaMH rpaMMaiHHecKoro cipoa K0HKpeTHoro a3HKa: GoraiciBoM hjh 6e,H0CTtro ero M0p$0J0rHHecK0H napa,HrMH, npaBHJEMH pa3Me^eHHa CJ0B bo $pa3e h i.n. B jro6oM cjyHae, o^heko, npHMepH xHa3Ma ,aroT oÖHJtHyro nH^y leopeiHHecKHx ,HCKyccHH h 3aKjroHeHHH.
^HTEPAXyPA
EEPEroBCKAa 3.M. 3KcnpeccHBHH0 cHHiaKCHc. CMOJeHCK, 1984.
Eor;iAHOB B.B. CeMaHiHKO-CHHiaKCHHecKaa opraHH3aqHa npeflJO^eHHa. ^eHHHrpafl, 1977.
EpE3HHCKH Ct. CHHiaKCHC H CTHJHCTHKa. Co^Ha, 1994.
BcEBOflO^OBa M.B. K Bonpocy o KOMMyHHKaiHBHOH napaflHrMe npeflJO^eHHa // HpoöneMH H3yHeHHa oiHomeHHH SKBHBajeHiHOciH B cjaBaHCKHX a3HKaX. nofl pefl. C. CaiKOBCKoro H T.C. THXOMHpoBOH. MocKBa, 1997. C. 28-44.
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Povzetek
Hiazem ali skladenjski premet je literarni prijem, ki se zlasti pogosto uporablja v kratkih zvrsteh: aforizmih, anekdotah, pregovorih, geslih ipd. Obenem je to - širše vzeto - eden od postopkov v skupnem mehanizmu generiranja govora in kot takšnega ga uporablja navaden nosilec jezika.
Prvi pogoj za hiazem je relativna avtonomija različnih jezikovnih ravnin, najpomembnejša (z jezikoslovnega vidika) pa je njegova posledica - rahljanje, omilitev pravil, ki urejajo odnose med skladenjskimi položaji in leksikalno-semantičnimi razredi.
Realizacija hiazma v posameznih slovanskih jezikih je povezana s posebnostmi slovničnega ustroja vsakega jezika: s sprejetimi pravili besednega reda, z bogatostjo ali revnostjo pregibne paradigme, s specifiko besedotvornih modelov.
Ugotovljene zakonitosti se v članku ponazarjajo pretesno s primeri iz ruščine, poljščine in bolgarščine.