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^pe^pa^ nunep Beorpag
O npocTOpy y cpncKOJ jE3HqK0J c^H^H cbeta
npegMCT OBor paga je KOH$H^ypa^Hja ccMaHTHHKC KaTcropnje npocTopa y c^H^H CBera KaKBa je y caBpeMeHOM cpncKOM KftHxeBHOM je3HKy Bep6anH3OBaHa u rpaMaTHKanH30BaHa y nogcHCTeMHMa npegnora, npe^HKca, npnnora u npugeBa ca npocTopHUM 3HaHeaeM. Y pagy ce pa3MaTpa u nuTaae nope^eaa cTpyKTypHO cpogHux nogcucTeMa y ucTOM je3UKy.
K^yHHe peHH: cpncKu je3uK, npocTopHu u3pa3u, npuno3u, npegno3u, npe^uKcu, npuno3u, yHyTapje3HHKO nope^eae
The paper deals with the configuration of the semantic category of space in the linguistic picture of the world verbalized and grammaticalized in the subsystems of contemporary standard Serbian prepositions, prefixes, adverbs, and adjectives with the meaning of spatial relations. It also discusses the question of comparing structurally related subsystems within the same language.
Keywords: Serbian language, spatial expressions, prepositions, prefixal compounds, adverbs, adjectives, intralinguistic comparison
1 HaKO cy o6flH^H u HspasH ca npocxopHHM SHancftCM BCKOBHMa öh^h npegMCT nuHrBucTUHKC na^ftc, Koju je oöpa^uBaH y pas^uHuxuM xeopujcKO-MCTogoflomKUM OKBupuMa, KorHHTUBHOflUHrBucxuHKa npoyHaBaaa ga^a cy xaKBUM ucxpa^HBaftUMa hob saMax, Koju jom He ryöu Ha cHasu. y jegHoj og Kaura y Kojoj ce HajeKC^flH^HTHHje oösHaayje noneTaK KorHUTUBHe jiuHrBucTUKe Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987) aeH ayTop Teopujy KorHUTUBHe rpaMaTUKe Bugu Kao Teopujy rpaMaTUKe npocTopa ("the theory of cognitive grammar or space grammar"), mTo je 6uo TepMUH Koju je go Taga KopucTuo nemhe, a og Taga cBe pe^e. y geceToToMHoj lUHrBucTUHKoj eH^uKIoneguju, y ogpegHu^u o KorHUTUBHoj ^paMaTu^u, Kojy je 3a Ty eH^uKIonegujy Hanucao P. HaHaxep cToju: 'Cognitive grammar' (originally called 'space grammar') is a highly innovative theory of linguistic structure that has been developed and progressively articulated since 1976. In stark contrast to modular approaches, it regards language as an intregral facet of cognition, and grammar as being inherently meaningful. (Asher /ed./ 1994: 590).
npeMga ce npoynaBaae npocTopHux U3pa3a Haia3u y TeMe^uMa KorHUTUBHe lUHrBucTUKe, Kao jegHor og Bogehux npaBaua y caBpeMeHoj lUHrBucTuuu, no3HaTo je ga je ucTpa^HBaaa yiore MeTa^opa y je3UHKoM cucTeMy, yK^ynyjyhn u rpaMaTUHKe MeTa^ope, uMajy gyry lUHrBucTUHKy Tpaguuujy; a ga Teopuja npocTopHux MeTa^opa y nage^HoM cucTeMy nocToju Bume og neT BeKoBa, tokom Kojux ce pasBujaia y pa3iuHUTUM lUHrBucxuHKUM mKoiaMa u npaBuuMa (nunep 1986a; Piper '1997; 22001).
HcTpa^HBafta npocTopHux H3pa3a HMajy Ba^HO MecTO y gBa Bogeha ^paB^a caBpeMene KorHHTHBHe ^HHrBHCTHKe, KaKO OHOMe koJh je y ochobh aHTpo^o^eHTpHHKH, a ycpegcpe^eH je Ha HcnHTHBafta MeTa^opa h MeTOHHMHja, Kao MexaHH3aMa KojHMa ce CTBapHoCT casHaje h noMohy koJhx ce 3Hafta npeHoce h3 JegHe nojMOBHe oö^acTH y gpyry, npu neMy Ba^Hy y^ory HMa hkohhhhoct je3HHKHx H3pa3a H nocTojafte ochobhhx HMarHHaTHBHHx cxeMa, TaKO h y OHOMe ^paB^y KOjn ce, npe CBera, 3acHHBa Ha ^0CTaB^H ga je3HK y Maaoj h^h Behoj Mepu ynecTByje OÖ^HKOBafty c^HKe CBeTa CBaKOr je3HHKOr KO^eKTHBa.
Me^yTHM, KOH$H^ypa^Hja caMe ceMaHTHHKe KaTerOpnje npOcTOpa y nOjegHHHM je3H^HMa, h^h Ha ynOpegHOM ngaHy, jOm yBeK HHje HC^p^HO npOyneHa, hhth cy HC^p^eHe cBe MeTOgO^OmKe MOryhHOcTH fteHOr OnncHBafta h OÖjamaaBafta. OBaj npngOr nOcBeheH je ynpaBO HeKHMa Og rgaBHHx npOÖgeMa h3 Te OÖgacTH, OgHOcHO Tpa^efty OgrOBOpa Ha nuTafte ko^hko je MOry^HO ynOpegHO npOynaBafte HeKO^HKO nOgcucTeMa ca npocTopHUM 3HaHefteM y hctom je3HKy aKO ce npu TOMe noga3H og jegHHcTBeHe ocHOBe nope^eaa.
2 y ochobh OBor npngora je TeopnjcKO-MeTogogomKH anapaT Teopnje ceMaHTHHKHx goKagH3a^Hja (Piper '1997; 22001), Kao noceÖHe guHrBucTUHKe Teopuje, y OKBupy Koje ce rpaMaTUHKa u geKcuHKa 3HaHefta onucyjy u oöjamaaBajy y cBeTgy h3omop$hocth h H30$yHK^H0HagH0CTH ceMaHTUHKux KaTeropuja 3a Koje je KapaKTepucTUHHO H3pa®aBafte HenpocTopHux 3HaHefta cpegcTBUMa ca npuMapHo npocTopHUM 3HaHeftHMa (Hnp. y nemaK Kao y necaK, ugu od 6oßa Kao od cmojia u cg.). y Teopuju ceMaHTUHKux goKagH3a^Hja Taj Bpgo pacnpocTpafteHu nojaBHu oöguK je3HHKe u MeTaje3HHKe hkohhhhocth H3BogH ce KaKo h3 H3pa3HTe pasy^eHocTu je3HHKHx H3pa3a 3a npocTopHy goKagH3a^Hjy (Kao ^poTogoKagH3a^Hiy) TaKo u h3 nocTygupaHor ^pHH^H^a HaTKaTeropujagHe goKagH3a^Hje (ca npocTopHUM, nocecuBHUM, BpeMeHcKUM, y3poHHHM h gpyruM peagH3a^HjaMa), koJh H3BaH je3HKa uMa ocgoHa^ y pe^geKcy KorHUTUBHe opHjeHTa^Hje, yTBp^eHoM y ncuxogoruju (Kimmel, van Olst, Oriebeke /eds/ 1979). C o63HpoM Ha to, y oKBupy gaTe Teopuje pasguHUTu ogHocu Me^y ceMaHTUHKUM KaTeropujaMa Buge ce Kao goKagH3a^Hje pasguHUTor cTeneHa ancTpaKTHocTu, jep je MexaHH3aM oöjamaaBafta KOHKpeTHO-npocTopHux goKagH3a^Hja no npaBugy norogaH 3a oöjamftaBafte ceMaHTUHKHx nojaBa 3acHoBaHHx Ha HenpocTopHUM goKagH3a^HjaMa, u to He caMo oHga Kaga HenpocTopHe goKagH3a^Hje uMajy npocTopHy hkohhhhoct, Hero u OHga Kaga je HeMajy, Hnp. y cucTeMy rgarogcKHx BpeMeHa y cgoBeHcKHM je3H^HMa, rge ceMaHTUHKa goKagH3a^Hja UMa cTaTyc TeopujcKor KoHcTpyKra 6e3 npocTopHe hkohhhhocth y H3pa3y.
KoH^e^TyagHH anapaT Teopuje ceManTUHKnx goKagH3a^Hja oöyxBaTa KaKo nojMoBe y Be3H ca 0pHjeHTa^H0H0M cTpanoM goKagH3a^Hje (nnp. uHTpa- u eKCTpagoKagH3a^Hja, xopH3OHTagHa u BepTUKagna goKagH3a^Hja, ^eHTpagHOCT h nepu^epnocT, npoKcuMagnocT u gucTagnocT u gp.) TaKo u one koJh ce ognoce na ycMepenocT npoMene MecTa y npocTopy (aögaTUBHocT, aggaTUBHocT, nepgaTUBHocT) ugu ogcycTBO ycMepenocTu (goKaTUBHocT), yK^yHyjyhn Ty u neKe gpyre nojMoBe, Kao mTO je egeMenTapnu cuTyaTUBHu oKBup ceManTUHKe KaTeropuje npocTopa (goKagH3aTop, oöjeKaT goKagH3a^Hje u opujenTup), ^eHTpH$y^agHe u ^eHTpH^eTagHe TeHgeH^Hje y gucKypcy u je3HKy u gp.
^pHH^H^H xeopnje ccMaHXHHKHx flOKa^H3a^Hja (nnje cy oghobc gaxe y nunep 1977-1978, a y onmxHM ^pxaMa eKC^flH^HXHHje H3flO®eHe y Piper '1997; 22001) nogygapHH cy c HeKUM og ochobhhx ^pHH^H^a KorHHXHBHe ^HHrBHCXHKe. Cxora je pa3yM^HBo mxo ce xeopnja ceMaHXHHKHx flOKagH3a^Hja Bugu u Kao xeopuja Koja je KOMH^eMeHxapHa ocHOBaMa KorHuxuBHe guHFBucxuKe (BoieogHs 1998: 212), ogHOCHO Kao jegHa og xeopuja KorHuxuBHe guHPBucxuKe (Horecky 2000: 48). C gpyre cxpaHe, nocMaxpaHa y CBojoj pa3BojHoj guHuju, xa xeopuja je nonega ga ce yoögunaBa He3aBucHo og KorHuxuBHe guHPBucxuKe, mxo je noceÖHO gomgo go u3pa®aja y pagy Piper 1984, nocBeheHoM ncuxoguHrBucxuHKHM ocHoBaMa 0^03u^uje "yHyxpa/cno^a" Kao MoryheM kohcxux^xubhom ^aKxopy cucxeMa ceMaHxuHKHx Kaxeropuja (b. u nunep 1986, Piper 1988, a y $opMu npergega nunep 2006).
ynopego c nocxeneHuM u3rpa5uBafteM xeopuje ceMaHxuHKHx goKagu3a^uja umga je fteHa npuMeHa, mxo je Hajpa3BujeHuju oöguK goöugo y Mogegupaay cucxeMa 3aMeHuHKHx npugora, u 3aMeHuHKux penu yonmxe, Kao penu c KaxeropujagHuM 3HaHefteM, nuju cucxeM, nocMaxpaH y ^eguHu, npegcxaB^a npupogHu Mogeg cucxeMa ceMaHxuHKHx Kaxeropuja (Piper 1983; nunep 1988). Ha ucxoj xeopujcKoj ochobu ayxop je rpaguo u CKopo CBa KacHuja rpaMaxunKa ucxpa^HBafta o cpncKoM u gpyruM cgoBeHCKuM je3u^uMa. HaKo y pagoBuMa y KojuMa je pa3BujaHa xeopuja ceMaHxuHKux goKagu3a^uja to yrgaBHoM Huje 6ugo ucxu^aHO (b. unaK nunep 1983; 2008; Piper 1988), xa xeopuja 6u ce ca gocxa ocHoBe Morga Bugexu u Kao Bep3uja aHxpo^o^eHxpuHHux Bu^eaa je3uKa. fteHu rgaBHu ^puH^u^u pa3Bujajy ce u npuMeftyjy, y o6uMy u o6guKy cao6pa3HoM KoHKpexHuM ucxpa^HBanKHM ^u^eBUMa, u y nojeguHuM pagoBuMa gpyrux guHPBucxa, Ha npuMep, AhxohuR 2001; MaHHuh 2003; nonoBuh 2003; naBgoBuh 2004; Ceregu 2006; CxaHKoBuh-momo 2006; AgaMoBuh 2012; MegeHu^a 2012; 2013; HuKoguh 2014 u gp. Teopuja ceMaHxuHKux goKagu3a^uja ce Mo^e npuMeHuxu, u npuMeayje ce y ucnuxuBaay MHorux gpyrux je3uHKux o6gacxu - og Mogegupaaa guHeapu3a^uje ucKasa, onucuBafta pa3guHuxux o6guKa geuKce u cuHxaKce xeKcxa (yK^ynyjyhu aHa^opy u Kaxa^opy, ogpe^eHocx u Heogpe^eHocx uxg.) go nojaBa Koje npunagajy nojeguHuM ceMaHxuHKuM KaxeropujaMa, Hnp. (nocecuBHocx, nepcoHagHocx, Kay3agHocx u gp.), a ga^e ucnuxuBaae fteHux eKcngaHaxopHux MoryhHocxu u npuMeHa Ha gpyre 3HaKoBHe cucxeMe He 6u ucK^ynuBaga npomupuBaae xeopuje ceMaHxuHKux goKagu3a^uja y jegHy og enucxeMogomKux xeopuja (Piper 1988: 258).
3 Ochob 3a npoynaBafte ceMaHxuHKe Kaxeropuje npocxopa y cpncKoM je3uKy nocxaB^eH je pagoBuMa MugKe HBuh (HBuh 1957; Ivic 1961). Kao u y gpyruM CgoBeHCKuM u MHoruM HecgoBeHCKuM je3u^uMa, Kaxeropuja npocxopa y cpncKoM je3uKy o6yxBaxa KoMngeKCHe nogcucxeMe je3uHKux jeguHu^a pa3guHuxux HuBoa, Koju ce peagu3yjy y cbum peneHuHHuM HgaHoBuMa u Koje HagasuMo y CKopo cbum BpcxaMa peHu, a u3pa3u ca npocxopHuM 3HaHefteM, Koju ce BehuHoM ogguKyjy u pegaxuBHo bucokom ^peKBeHxHomhy, uMajy BeguKu ceMaHxuHKu noxeH^ujag o3HaHaBafta u npocxopHux u HenpocxopHux pega^uja.
CBe xo gaje Kaxeropuju npocxopa noce6aH cxaxyc y cucxeMy ceMaHxuHKux Kaxeropuja. Taj cxaxyc je yMHoroMe 3acHoBaH Ha HUfteHu^u ga je ochobho CBojcxBo npocxopHor 3HaHefta KoHKpexHocx geHoxaxa, a xuMe u Moryhnocx ftuxoBor
HenocpegHor ona^aaa h ca3HaBafta. KoHKpeTHOCT ogHOca ce sp^o necTO nouMa Kao flOKa^HSOEaHOCT jegHor oöjeKTa y ogHOcy Ha gpyru (Hnp. Kn,u^a je Ha cmony), 3a pasflHKy og gpyrux BugoBa KOHKpeTHOCTH, Hnp. KOHKpeTHOCT ogHOca HSMe^y nocecopa u nocecyMa (Hnp. enacHUK cmaHa), KoHKpeTHocT ynecHHKa y roBopHoj CHTya^HjH (Hnp. Oh mu ce jaeuo), KoHKpeTHocT ogHoca u3Me5y ^eguHa u aeHor gega (Hnp. noKMona^ od Kymuje), KoHKpeTHocT ype^eHor Hu3a (Hnp. npeu maKuunap y pedy) u gp. KoHKpeTHocT ynecHUKa y npocTopHoM ogHocy nocToju u oHga Kaga je jegaH og aux ocMum^eH He caMo Kao gu^e ugu oöjeKaT, Hero Kao gora^aj nuju cy yHecHu^u KoHKpeTHe npupoge, Hnp. memma oöaMOM, KOH^pec y MuHCKy, cycpem ucnped cnoMeHUKa.
npocTopHu u3pa3u o3HaHaBajy npocTopHe pega^uje nocMaTpane y auxoBoj npoMeH^uBocTu (Hnp. AHa y^asu y MKo^y), ugu HenpoMeH^uBocTu (Hnp. AHa je y mKOMu). npoMeH^uBocT MecTa jegHor oöjeKra y ogHocy Ha gpyru Mo^e 6utu Bume ugu Maae rpaMaTuKagu3oBaHa. rpaMaTuKagu3oBaHocT u3pa®aBafta 3HaHefta npoMeH^uBocTu npocTopHor ogHoca y cpncKoM je3uKy je Haju3pa3uTuja Kaga je pen o u3pa®aBafty ahpekthbhocth KpeTaaa (hbur 1957; Ivic 1961). To ce cBogu, Kao u y MHoruM gpyruM je3u^uMa, Ha Tpu ocHoBHe MoryhnocTu: yga^aBaae, npu6gu®aBafte, ugu ^pece^afte npocTopa goKagu3aTopa. Ta egeMeHTapHa 3HaHefta gupeKTuBHocTu o6uhho ce o3HaHaBajy TepMuHuMa: a6gaTuBHocT (Hnp. Ohu udy u3 myMe), aggaTuBHocT (Hnp. Ohu udy y myMy) u nepgaTuBHocT (Hnp. Ohu udy Kpo3 myMy), 3a pasguKy og goKaTuBHocTu Kao ogcycTBa gupeKTuBHocTu (Hnp. Ohu cy y myMu, ugu Ohu nymajy no myMu). JegHa og Te neTupu ceMaHTuHKe KoMnoHeHTe 3acTyn^eHa je y 3HaHefty cBaKor npocTopHor u3pa3a y cpncKoM Kao u 6ugo KojeM gpyroM cgoBeHcKoM je3uKy.
OpujeHTa^uoHu acneKaT npocTopHux pega^uja y 3HaHeftuMa npocTopHux u3pa3a ucno^aBa ce y TaKBuM c^e^u$uHHOCTUMa ogpe^uBaaa o6jeKTa goKagu3a^uje u3BecHuM goKagu3aTopoM 3a Koje Huje pegeBaHTHa Moryha npoMeH^uBocT auxoBor MecTa y npocTopy, Hero je 6uTaH ogHoc npeMa HeKOM TpeheM npocTopHOM cerMeHTy, opujeHTupy, KojuM ce pega^uja u3Me5y o6jeKTa goKagu3a^uje u goKagu3aTopa KOHKpeTu3yje, Hnp. AHa cedu ucnped HeaHe, AHa cedu u3a HeaHe u cg. OgroBapajyha KaTeropujagHa 3HaHeaa y ceMaHTuHKuM cTpyKTypaMa npocTopHux u3pa3a cy yHyTpamaa ugu cno^amaa goKagu3OBaHocT, xopu3OHTagHa ugu BepTuKagHa goKagu3OBaHocT u gpyra.
noKagu3aTop, o6jeKaT goKagu3a^uje u opujeHTup cy o6aBe3Hu egeMeHTu cuTyaTuBHor OKBupa npocTopHe goKagu3a^uje, npu HeMy uctu o6jeKaT, y 3aBucHocTu og KOMyHuKaTuBHux noTpe6a roBopHuKa, MO^e 6utu HOCuga^ pa3guHuTux $yHK^uja. Ha npuMep, y gaH^y npocTopHux goKagu3a^uja o3HaHeHux peHeHu^OM AHa ^ueu y cmaHy 6poj 2 Ha npeoM cnpamy y 3^pa^u 6poj 3 y ffyHaecKoj ynu^u -'cTaH' O3HaHaBa goKagu3aTop 3a o6jeKaT goKagu3a^uje 'AHa', agu je y cuTya^uju geHOTupaHoj TOM peHeHu^OM 'cTaH' ucTOBpeMeHO o6jeKaT goKagu3a^uje 3a goKagu3aTop 'npBu cnpaT' uTg., a Ha cgunaH HanuH cy opraHu3OBaHu gaHHaHu ogHocu y HenpocTopHuM goKagu3a^ujaMa. Ha npuMep, y BpeMeHcKoj goKagu3a^uju Cpenu cy ce y nemaK npee Hede^e y Majy 2014. ^o^uHe cBaKu BpeMeHcKu cerMeHT cuTya^uje O3HaHeHe TOM peHeHu^OM, ocum npBor 'cycpeT' u nocgegaer '2014. roguHa', TaKO^e uMa gBocTpyKy ygory y gaH^y gaTux BpeMeHcKux goKagu3a^uja.
KoH$H^ypa^Hja Kaxeropnje npocTopa y npupogHOM jesHKy Hcno^aBa ce y HanuHy Ha KojH je npocTop y	CBeTa Tora jesHKa KOH^e^TyaflHO pamn^afteH noMohy
npocTopHHx Hspasa, npu neMy cy y pas^unuTUM je3H^HMa nojeguHe npocTopHe guMeHSuje ocMum^eHe c pa3flHHHTHM cTeneHOM nogpoÖHocTu u c pa3flHHHTHM cTeneHOM MoryhHocTu O3HaHaBafta uctof acneKTa npocTopHor ogHoca pa3flHHHTHM je3HHKHM cpegcTBuMa. Ha npuMep, y c^OBeHcKuM je3H^HMa ^poHTa^Hu npocTop (ca 3HaHefteM npocTopa ca npegfte ugu 3agfte cTpane) je3HHKH je pa3y5eHHjH Hero gaTepa^Hu npocTop (ca 3HaHefteM npocTopa ca gecHe ugu geBe cTpane), a 3HaHefta g0KagH30BaH0CTH Ha MagoM pacTojaay Mo^e ce ucKasaTu BehuM öpojeM npocTopHux H3pa3a Hero 3HaHefte goKagH3OBaHOCTH Ha BeguKoM pacTojaay.
HMeHcKe rpyne ca npocTopHuM 3HaHefteM BehuHoM cy HOMHHa^HjcKH npocTopHu H3pa3H. ohu uMeHyjy oöjeKTe Koju KoHcTuTyumy KHTeropujagHy CHTya^Hjy npocTopHe goKagH3a^Hje, Hnp. uHdujcKu cnoHoeu ('cgoHoBu y HHguju' ugu 'cgoHoBu H3 HHguje'), öpasu^cKa Ka^a, ^oHdoHCKa Maana, 6e3 rpaMaTuHKor H3pa3a npocTopHor ogHoca.
Cpa3MepHo Maftu geo uMeHcKux rpyna ca npocTopHuM 3HaHefteM jecy geuKTunKu npocTopHu H3pa3H, Koju ce ogguKyjy MaftoM ugu BehoM rpaMaTHKagH30BaH0mhy, a Huja je npuMapHa $yHK^Hja ynyhuBafte Ha pega^Hje H3Me5y o6jeKTa goKagH3a^Hje, goKagH3aTopa u opujeHTupa, Hnp. Ha decHy cmpaHy, y ucmoM npae^y uTg.
4 npocTopHu H3pa3H cy HecTo 6HgH npegMeT npoynasafta Ha MaTepujagy nojeguHux je3HKa (Hnp. HbuR 1957; Bennett 1975; fflepep 1979; nunep, 19866; ^KoBgeBa 1994; BceBogogoBa, BgaguMupcKun 2008; MaHcypoBa 2009), Ha KoHTpacTuBHoM ugu Ha KoH^poHTaTuBHoM ngaHy (Hnp. ApTHKoBa 1961; nunep 1977-1978; r^eropnuKoBa 2000; Anna Skiba, Robert Skiba, 2011), Ha ynopegHoucTopujcKoM ugu Ha TunogomKoM ngaHy (Hnp. Beguh 1949-50; KH6pHK 1970; Weinsberg 1973; nunep 1978; 1988; 1997), Kao u y TeopujcKoM cBeTgy (Hnp. Kempf 1978; Talmy 1983; Piper 1983; 1986; 2008; neTe 2004). 3a pa3gHKy og onuca HeKor nogcucTeMa 3a H3pa®aBafte npocTopa y jegHoM je3HKy, ugu nope^eaa ucTor je3HHKor nogcucTeMa y gBa ugu Bume je3HKa, y obom pagy ce pa3MaTpa MoryhHocT nope^efta HeKoguKo cpogHux nogcucTeMa y uctom je3HKy, y obom cgynajy cpncKoM, Hera go caga Huje 6Hgo y ucTpa^uBaftuMa o npocTopHuM H3pa3HMa y cpncKoM je3HKy, a no cBoj npHgH^H hu y gpyruM cgoBeHcKuM je3H^HMa.
KBaguTeT nope^eaa yMHoroMe 3aBHCH og H36opa ocHoBe nope^eaa, 3a mTa nocToju Bume MoryhHocTu (nogpo6HHje y: Piper 1991). npuguKoM nope^eaa HeKoguKo ugu Bume cpogHux nogcucTeMa y uctom je3HKy, Hnp. npuguKoM nope^eaa npocTopHux H3pa3a ca npeggo3HMa, npe^uKcuMa, npugeBuMa ugu npHgo3HMa, ocHoBa nope^efta Mo^e 6HTH oho mTo je 3ajegHHHK0 cbum nogcucTeMuMa Koju ce nopege, Tj. ocHoBa nope^eaa npegcTaB^a napaMeTpuHKu HgaH nope^eaa, a He Tpehu HgaH nope^eaa, mTo je TepMuH Koju npunaga MeTaje3HKy KoHTpacTuBHe ugu KoH^poHTaTuBHe aHagH3e.
nogasehu og TaKBe 3ajegHHHKe ocHoBe, Mory ce H3gBojHTH cne^H$HHH0CTH nojeguHux nogcucTeMa Koju ce nopege. Ha npuMep, 3a npocTopHy goKagH3a^Hjy npeggo3HMa, npe^uKcuMa, npHgo3HMa ugu npugeBuMa jegaH og 3ajegHHHKHx KpuTepujyMa je paaguKoBafte goKagH3a^Hje ropaoM ugu goftoM CTpaHoM
fl0KaflH3aT0pa (Hnp. nad xyhoM / nod KyhoM, Ha^^pa^umu/nomKonamu, u3Had/ ucnod, ^opmu/^omu...), a^H je caMO 3a npocTopHe npn^ore h npugeBe pe^eBaHTaH KpHTepnjyM flOKaflH3a^Hje npeMa KpHTepnjyMy gHCTaH^e y ogHOcy Ha ropay CTpaHy fl0KaflH3aT0pa (Hnp. hucko/bucoko, HusaK/eucoK) h^h goay CTpaHy goKagH3aTopa (Hnp. nßumKo/dyöoKo, nßumaK/dyöoK). 3aTO KpHTepnjyM JIOKagH3a^Hje npeMa ropaoj H^H goftoj CTpaHH j0KajH3aT0pa 6e3 3HaHefta ogMepasaaa no gHCTaH^H cnaga y KpHTepnjyMe 3ajegHHHKe cbhm nogcHCTeMHMa koJh ce OBge nopege h npunaga OCHOBH nope^eaa CBa neTHpn nogcHCTeMa, goK je KpHTepnJyM goKagH3a^Hje npeMa gHCTaH^H y ogHOcy Ha ropay hjh goay CTpany y^e npupoge, na ce npeMa aeMy H3gBajajy c^e^H$HHHOCTH gBajy nogcucTeMa (npngomKor h npugeBcKor) y nope^eay ca gpyra gBa nogcucTeMa. Tbkbo BumenjaHo (y obom cgynajy neTBoponjaHo) nope^eae cBogu ce Ha yTBp^uBaae yKynHor cucTeMa ohhx o6ege»:ja Koja uMa 6ap jegaH og nogcucTeMa koJh ce nopege, a y oKBupy aera pasjuKoBaae ohhx o6ege»:ja Koja npunagajy ochobh nope^eaa, og ohhx Koja cy cBojcTBeHa caMo HeKUMa uju caMo jegHoM og aux, mTo ^eo onuc hhhh eKoHoMUHHujuM u nperjegHujuM Hero aKo 6h cBaKH og neTupu nogcucTeMa 6ho 3ace6Ho onucaH ga 6h ce 3aTHM npucTynujo yTBp^uBaay cjhhhocth h pasjuKa. CucTeMcKa npupoga ogHoca Me^y nojeguHa^Ho y3eTHM npocTopHUM npeggo3HMa, npe^uKcuMa, npHgo3HMa u npugeBUMa gupeKTHa je ^ocgegH^a cucTeMcKe npupoge ogHoca Me^y ceMaHTUHKHM o6ege®jHMa Koja cy y auxoBoj ochobh, ogHocHo Me^y KpuTepujyMUMa npeMa KojuMa cy auxoBu Me5yco6HH ogHocu ype^eHu.
HanejHa c^e^H$HHHOCT npocTopHux npugeBa y nope^eay ca npeggo3HMa, npe^uKcuMa u npHgo3HMa jecTe y ToMe mTo th npugeBu 3HaHe KBagH$HKa^Hjy no BpcTu goKagH3oBaHocTH, a He caMy goKagH3oBaHocT, 36or nera goga3e ogroBopy Ha nuTaaa KaKae? (Hnp. eucoK) uju Koju? (Hnp. noc^edwu).
5 ^euKTUHKH npocTopHu H3pa3H y cpncKoM je3HKy o6yxBaTajy npocTopHe H3pa3e cy6jeKTHBHe geuKce u npocTopHe H3pa3e onmTe geuKce, npu neMy npBu yBeK uMajy 3a goKagH3aTop ynecHUKa y roBopHoj CHTya^HjH (npe cBera, roBopHUKa), Hnp. oede 'Ha MecTy rge caM ja', oHde 'Ha MecTy Koje je gajeKo og MeHe' u cj., a gpyru Mory aju He Mopajy ynyhuBaTu Ha TaKaB goKagH3aTop, yn. da^eKo od MeHe Kao da^eKo od Kyhe.
npocTopHu H3pa3H cy6jeKTHBHe geuKce cy 3aMeHHHKe penu (oeaj, oede, oedamwu, maj, maMo, maMornwu u cj.), Huju Hajpa3BHjeHHjH ceMaHTUHKH nogcucTeM HUHe 3aMeHHHKH npHgo3H. Ohh cy MoHorpa^cKH onucaHu y: nunEP 1988, 36or Hera ce oBge Hehe pa3MaTpaTH.
npocTopHu H3pa3H onmTe geuKce o6yxBaTajy nogcucTeMe npegjora, npe^uKca, Kao h He3aMeHHHKHx npugeBa u npujora, Koju, nocMaTpaHu y ^egHHH, uMajy Bume 3ajegHHHKHx oco6HHa, a y3eTH 3ace6Ho u H3BecHe c^e^H$HHHOCTH.
Ha cuHTarMaTcKoM njaHy KapaKTepucTUHHo je, npe cBera, to ga ce uMeHcKHM rpynaMa ca npeggo3HMa npocTopHor 3HaHeaa o6aBe3Ho uMeHyje He caMo opujeHTup, Hero u goKagH3aTop (Hnp. Cedey aymoöycy, aju He *Cede y), 3a pa3gHKy og peHeHH^a ca npocTopHUM npe^uKcajHUM KOHCTpyK^HjaMa, y KojuMa ce HasuB goKagH3aTopa HecTO MO^e H3ocTaBHTH (Hnp. Hc-mpna^u cy /u3 Kyhe/), a H3ocTaB^a ce, y3 Moryhu ocgoHa^ Ha KOHTeKcT, u y npujomKHM npocTopHUM H3pa3HMa
(yn. Cede ynympa u Cede ynympa, y monnoj co6u) u y npngcBCKHM npocxopHHM HspasHMa (yn. Vnympamwa meMnepamypa pacme u Momop padu na ynympamwa meMnepamypa pacme), Kog Kojux je oöaBCSHO uMCHOBaftC oöjcKxa flOKaflU3a^uje (OBge: meMnepamypa).
nopeg Tora, cuHxarMaxcKH je pe^eBaHXHa MoryhHOCx u^u HeMoryhHOCx ynoxpeöe pa3fluHuTux npocxopHux u3pa3a y ucxoj peHeHu^u (yn. npe^asu ynu^y // npena3u npeKo ynu^e, nopeg 6ecnpe$uKcagHor rgaroga y npeguKaxy y peHeHu^u ucxor 3HaHefta: Hde npeKo yßu^e), Kao u MoryhHocx ugu HeMoryhHocx ynoTpe6e ppaMaxuHKH pa3guHUTux npocxopHux u3pa3a y ucxoj cuHxaKcunKoj no3u^uju, mxo je cBojcxBeHo npeggomKo-nage^HuM uMeHcKHM rpynaMa u npugo3uMa (Hnp. Cede y xyhu, Cede ynympa), ugu y pasgunuxuM cuHxaKcuHKHM no3u^ujaMa, agu y uctom ugu cguHHoM 3HaHefty (yn. ^yje yda^ene anacoee, ^yje ^ßacoee u3 da^une). nogpo6Huje nope^eae cpncKux npocxopHux u3pa3a Ha cuHxaxMaxcKoM ngany ga^e ce, 36or orpaHuneHor npocxopa, u3ocTaB^a, a rgaBHa na^aa ce nocBehyje ^uxobom napaguPMaxcKoM nope^eay.
6.1	Ha napaguPMaxcKoM ngaHy najonmxuja pa3guKa y oKBupy npocxopnux u3pa3a onmxe geuKce xune ce 3HaHeaa (1) nenocpegne goKagu3oBaHocTu ugu (2) nocpegne goKagu3oBaHocTu. y npBoM cgynajy opujeHxup je geo npocxopa goKagu3aTopa, Hnp. Kwu^a je Ha cmo^y, rge Ha 03naHaBa noBpmuHy goKagu3aTopa cmo, a y gpyroM cgynajy opujeHxup Huje geo npocxopa goKagu3aTopa, Hnp. CujaMu^a je u3Had cmona, rge u3Had o3HaHaBa npocxop Koju je ogpe^eH ropaoM cxpaHoM goKagu3aTopa cmo, agu Huje aeroB geo.
PasguKoBaae HenocpegHe ugu nocpegHe g0Kagu30Ban0CTu (opujeHxup jecxe/ Huje geo goKagu3aTopa, Hnp. ^ymHu^u cede y aymo6ycy vs. ^ymHu^u cmoje noped aymo6yca), npegcxaB^a gucTUHK^ujy pegeBaHXHy u 3a npe^uKce (Hnp. ympnamu Ha mepeH /onmpnamu oko mepeHa) u npugore (Hnp. cedemu yHympa /cedemu Hano^y), npugeBe (Hnp. yHympamwu npumucaK / cno^amn>u npumucaK). 06a xa onmxa 3HaHeaa 3acTyn^eHa cy y BeheM 6pojy npocxopHux u3pa3a ca y^uM 3HaHeauMa Ha HanuH Koju Huje noxnyHo ucxu y nogcucxeMuMa npeggora, npe^uKca, npugora u npugeBa.
6.2	BasuHHo 3HaHeae HenocpegHe g0Kagu30Ban0CTu o6yxBaTa 3HaHeaa (1.1) g0Kagu30Ban0CTu yHyxpamauM gegoM goKagu3aTopa, ugu (1.2) g0Kagu30BaH0CTu n0BpmuH0M goKagu3aTopa. Ta gucTUHK^uja je pegeBaHXHa 3a nogcucxeM npeggora (Hnp. y cmo^y / Ha cmo^y), npe^uKca (Hnp. y-mpnamu/Ha-mpnamu) u npugeBa (Hnp. yHymparnwe ornmehewe /noepmuHcKo ornmehewe), agu He u 3a npugore, Kog Kojux HacnpaM 3HaHeaa g0Kagu30Ban0CTu yHyxpamauM gegoM goKagu3aTopa (Hnp. yHympa) He nocxoje jeguHu^e ca 3HaHeaeM g0Kagu30Ban0CTu n0BpmuH0M, a gaxo npa3H0 Mecxo y cucxeMy ce Ha $yHK^u0HagH0M ngaHy K0MneH3yje agBep6ujagH0M ynoTpe6oM uMeHCKe rpyne ca ogroBapajyhuM 3HaHeaeM (Hnp. EaKmepuje cy yHympa / EaKmepuje cy Ha noepmuHu).
6.3	HeKu npocxopHu u3pa3u ca 3HaHeaeM g0Kagu30BaH0CTu yHyxpamauM gegoM goKagu3aTopa ugu n0BpmuH0M goKagu3aTopa uMajy MoryhHocx npe^u3Hujer
HMeHOBafta npocTopHe pefla^Hje, TaKO ga ly y ^pHH^H^y nocToje Tpu MoryhHOCTH: (1.1.1) onmTa yHyTpamaa goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. Konuöa je y myMu, (1.1.2) ^eHTpagHa yHyTpamfta goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. Koßu6a je ycped myMe, u (1.1.3) nepn^epHa yHyTpamfta goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. Konuöa je Ha ueu^u myMe.1 Kao mTO noKasyje nocgegftH npuMep, y nogcucTeMy npocTopHux npeggomKO-nage^HHx KOHCTpyK^Hja He nocToju noceöan npeggor ca 3HaHefteM (1.1.3), Hero ce ogroBapajyhe 3HaHefte H3pa®aBa npeggomKUM H3pa3OM y HujeM je cacTaBy $parMeHTH3aTop ueu^a, a aHagorHa MoryhHocT nocToju u 3a 3HaHefte (1.1.2), npu neMy ce KopucTu $parMeHTH3aTop cpeduHa, Hnp. Konuöa je y cpeduHU myMe.
MoryhHocT H3pa®aBafta 3HaHefta (1.1.2) u (1.1.3) He nocToju y npe^uKcagHoM Kao hu y npugomKoM cucTeMy cpncKor je3HKa, agu ce yMecTo y ^opMu npugora ogroBapajyha 3HaHefta ucKasyjy agBepöujagHo ynoTpeö^eHuM uMeHcKuM rpynaMa ca $pa^MeHTH3aTopHMa, Hnp. Ca^a je 6una nyHa. HMaMU cy Mecma y cpeduHU. ugu CaMa je 6una nyHa. HMaMU cy Mecma ca cmpaHe. npocTopHu npugeBu uMajy MoryhHocT H3pa®aBafta 3HaHefta (1.1.2) u (1.1.3), Hnp. ffoöuMu cme cpedumwa Mecma, OÖHoe^eHe cy HeKe nepu^epHe ynu^e u cg. H36op TaKBux npugeBcKux geKceMa je ogpe^eH He caMo ^uxobum 3HaHefteM, Hero u ^uxobum KogoKa^HjcKHM cBojcTBuMa, Hnp. 6Hgo 6H TemKo npuxBaT^uBo ffoöunu cy nepu^epHa Mecma Kaga ce roBopu o MecTuMa y HeKoj npocTopuju.
6.4 H npocTopHu H3pa3H ca 3HaHefteM g0KagH30BaH0CTH noBpmuHcKuM gegoM goKagH3aTopa uMajy MoryhHocT ^pe^H3HHje^ uMeHoBafta npocTopHe pega^Hje, TaKo ga u Ty y ^pHH^H^y nocToje Tpu MoryhHocTu, aHagorHe npeTxogHuM: (1.2.1) onmTa noBpmuHcKa goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. ^amaje Ha cmoMy, (1.2.2) ^eHTpagHa noBpmuHcKa goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. ^ama je Hacped cmona, u (1.2.3) nepu^epHa noBpmuHcKa goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. ^ama je Ha ueu^u cmona. H oBge, Kao u y (1.1.3), y nogcucTeMy npocTopHux npeggomKo-nage^Hux KOHCTpyK^Hja He nocToju noce6aH npeggor ca 3HaHefteM (1.2.3), Hero ce ogroBapajyhe 3HaHefte H3pa®aBa npeggomKuM H3pa3OM y HujeM je cacTaBy $pa^MeHTH3aTop (o6HHHO ueu^a), a aHagorHa MoryhHocT nocToju u 3a 3HaHefte (1.2.2), npu neMy ce u Ty KopucTu $pa^MeHTH3aTop cpeduHa, Hnp. ^ama je Ha cpeduHu cmona.
nomTo je y cTBapHocTu Mago goKagH3aTopa Koju no cBojuM $H3HHKHM cBojcTBuMa uMajy o6gHK napagegonunega Kao ugeagHor goKagH3aTopa (nunep 1977-1978), ogH. ^poTogoKagH3aTopa, pa3gHKOBafte 3HaHefta yHyTpamftocTu og 3HaHefta noBpmuHe Mo^e 3aBHCHTH KaKo og $H3HHKHx ogguKa npegMeTa Koju ce y3HMa 3a goKagH3aTop TaKo u og ^po^eHe roBopHor gH^a ga gu ce Taj goKagH3aTop go^uB^aBa Bume 3a^peMHHCKH ugu Bume noBpmuHcKu, yn. ffe^a ce u^pajy y deopummy vs. ffe^a ce u^pajy Ha deopummy. C o63HpoM Ha Ty HHfteHH^y, npocTop y cpncKoj je3HHKoj cgH^H cBeTa Morao 6H ce ^ogpo6HHje ucnuTuBaTu u ca cTaHoBumTa Tunogoruje Moryhux goKagH3aTopa u o6jeKaTa goKagH3a^Hje, mTo ce y obom pagy Mopa u3ocTaBuTu.
MoryhHocT H3pa®aBafta 3HaHefta (1.2.2) u (1.2.3) He nocToju y npe^uKcagHoM cucTeMy, a y npugomKoM cucTeMy cpncKor je3HKa ogroBapajyha 3HaHefta ce yMecTo
1 Obom npuguRCM ce He Mc^e ygasuxu y cgynajeBe c nepu^epHe 3oHe npeggomKor cucxeMa KaKBu cy npeggomKu H3pa3H Tuna napanenHo ca, nod npaeuu yencM y odHocy Ha u cg.
y $opMH npH^ora Mory HCKasaxH agBcpÖHja^HO ynoxpeö^CHHM hmchgkhm rpynaMa ca ^parMeHXHsaxopHMa, Hnp. Ceo je 3a cmo. Ha cpeduHU je cmajana HUHuja h^h Ceo je 3a cmo. Cnycmuo je Kn,u^y ca cmpaHe. npu^or Koju SHanu (1.1.2) Mo^e y ogroBapajyheM KOHxeKCxy SHanuxu (1.2.2), Hnp. Tp^ je 6uo npocmpaH, a Ha cpe^UMweM//^eHmpa^HOM Mecmy cmajao je cnoMeHUK.
7.1	npocTopHH H3pa3H nocpegHe ^oKa^HSoBaHocxH (opujeHxup Huje geo goKa^Hsaxopa) oöyxBaxajy 3HaHefta (2.1) npocxopHe goKagH3oBaHocxH npeMa HHBoy oöjeKxa goKagH3a^Hje y ogHocy Ha goKagH3axop u 3HaHefta (2.2) npocxopHe goKagH3oBaHocxH npeMa KBanxuxaxuBHoM KpuxepujyMy.
7.2	3HaHefte (2.1) ocxBapyje ce ugu Kao 3HaHefte (2.1.1) xopH3oHxagHe goKagH3oBaHocxH, u to: (2.1.1.1) onmxe (öugo Koju goKagH3axop oghm cxpana CBexa) ugu (2.1.1.2) noceÖHe xopH3oHxagHe goKagH3oBaHocxH npeMa cxpaHaMa CBexa, nnp. ucmoHHu/3anadHu; ceeepHu/jy^HU, ceeepoucmoHHu/jy^o3ana^HU uxg.; ugu Kao 3HaHefte (2.1.2) BepxuKagne goKagH3oBaHocxH (nnp. u3Had/ucnod).
3HaHefte (2.1.1.2) y cpncKoM je3HKy ce H3pa®aBa npeggomKUM H3pa3HMa (Hnp. To ceno je ucmoHHo od Huma), npHgo3HMa (Hnp. To ceno ce Hanasu ucmoHHo) ugu npugeBHMa (Hnp. Ohu cy Hacenunu ucmoHHe oönacmu).
npocxopHH H3pa3H xuna (2.1.1.1) 3HaHe ugu (2.1.1.1.1) ^poHxagHy g0KagH30Ban0Cx, Hnp. ucnped xyhe / U3a Kyhe, ugu (2.1.1.1.2) gaxepagHy g0KagH30Ban0Cx, Hnp. neeo do ynasa / decHo od yna3a).
7.3	npocxopHo 3HaHefte (2.1.1.1.1), Kaga je pen o g0KagH30BaH0cxH (2.1.1.1.1.1) npegft0M cxpaH0M goKagH3axopa, H0ce, npe CBera, uMeHCKe rpyne c npeggo3HMa nped, ucnped, npeKo nyma (Hnp. Bo3aH je cmao nped aymoöyc, Bo3aH cmoju nped aymoöycoM, Bo3aH cmoju ucnped aymoöyca, Bo3aH ce cKnoHuo ucnped aymoöyca; CmydeHm cedu HacnpaM npo^ecopa; EaHKa je npeKo nyma nomme), a Kaga je pen 0 g0KagH30Ban0CXH (2.1.1.1.1.2) 3agft0M cxpaHoM goKagH3axopa, xaKB0 3HaHefte H0ce, npe CBera, uMeHCKe rpyne c npeggo3HMa 3a, u3a (Hnp. EaHKa je my, 3a yanoM; CKpeHume 3a y^ao; EaHKa je u3a y^na).2
npegfta ugu 3agfta cxpaHa goKagH3axopa Mory 6hxh aeroBa uHxepeHxHa CBojcxBa (goKagH3axopH xuna: H0BeK, ayxo, Kyha uxg.), Koje HeKu goKagH3axopH HeMajy (Hnp. nama, gonxa, jaje), na, Ha npuMep, peHeHH^a OnoeKaje ucnped Hame 3HaHH ucxo mxo H OnoeKa je usMe^y MeHe u Hame, jep ce Kog goKagH3axopa xuna 'nama', Koju HeMajy HHxepeHxHy npegay u 3agfty cxpaHy, npegaoM cxpaH0M CMaxpa 0Ha Koja je 6gH®a r0B0pH0M gH^y Kao nocMaxpany, a 3agft0M 0Ha cxpaHa Koja je ga^a og aera. Ako goKagH3axop uMa uHxepeHxHy npegay/3agay cxpaHy, a HHxepnpexa^Hja gonymxa
2 y HMeHCKHM rpynaMa ca pe^axuBHo Maao6pojnHM HMenH^aMa Koje 3naHe ogpe^eHe o6jeKxe Kao ^oKaaH3axope (Hnp. eonaH, Kamedpa, cmo, maHK) npeg^or 3a 03naHaBa pagHy cxpaHy xaKBHX o6jeKaxa (Hnp. Bo3aH je eeh 6uo 3a eonaHCM), a He 3agay cxpaHy ^oKaaH3axopa, uaKo hckh og aux HMajy h npegay H 3agay cxpaHy (Hnp. Kamedpa), a hckh HMajy h npegay h 3agay cxpaHy Kao gBe cxpaHe Koje cy y pas^HHuxoM CMHcgy pagHe, Hnp. rocm cmoju 3a maHKCM ('ucnpeg maHKa'), EapMeH cmoju 3a maHKoM ('H3a maHKa'). Hnxep^pexa^Hja y xaKBUM cgynajeBUMa 3aBHGH og xora mxa 3naI^H HMenH^a Koja ce ogHocH Ha o6jeKax goKaaH3a^Hje h og xora Koje je yo6HHajeno Mecxo xaKBor o6jeKxa.
0Cfl0Ha^ Ha KpHTepnjyM nocMaTpana Kao o6aBe3Hor gpyror fl0KaflH3aT0pa, HCKasH nocTajy gBOCMHC^eHH, Hnp. Typucmu cy ce (pomo^pa^ucanu ucnped aymo6yca Mo^e 3HaHHTH H^H '... Hcnpeg npegfte CTpaHe ayTo6yca' h^h '... ucnpeg 6oHHe CTpane ayTo6yca OKpeHyTe nocMaTpany' (nunep 1977-1978).
npocTopHH ogHOCH Tuna (2.1.1.1.1.1) u (2.1.1.1.1.2) y cpncKOM je3HKy ce O3HaHaBajy npegflo3HMa (Kao mTo je ugycTpoBano npeTxogHUM npuMepuMa), agu u npe^HKCHMa, ^pHgo3HMa u npugeBuMa. MoryhHocTu npe^uKca^Hor H3pa®aBafta ogroBapajyhux 3HaHefta nocToje, Maga cy CKpoMHe (Hnp. nped-eodumu, 3a-^pa^umu), goK cy Behe MoryhHocTu ga ce y TaKBuM 3HaHeftHMa ynoTpe6e npugeBu (Hnp. npedwu moHKoeu, 3adn,u moHKoeu, npeu ped, noc^edwu ped) u, noroToBy, ^pHgo3H (Hnp. Hanped, Ha3ad, no3adu, cnpeda, cmpa^a, odHanped, omno3adu).
C^e^H$HHHOCT npugeBcKor o3HaHaBafta pega^Hja (2.1.1.1.1.1) u (2.1.1.1.1.2) jecTe y ToMe mTo TaKBu npugeBu, no npasugy, ucToBpeMeHo 3HaHe ^03H^Hjy HeKor gega ^egHHe y ogHocy Ha ^eHTpagHH geo Te ^egHHe, TaKo ga ce auMa o3HaBajy goKagH3a^Hje y KojuMa goKagH3aTop Huje ^eo o6jeKaT, Hero je oh ^eHTpagHH ugu rgaBHu geo o6jeKTa y ogHocy Ha Ha HeKu gpyru aeroB geo ugu HeKe gpyre aeroBe gegoBe (Hnp. Oeaj nac UMa 6ejie ne^e Ha npedwuM u 3adwuMa H0^aMa). Ty ceMaHTuHKy c^e^H$HHHOCT Mory uMaTu u npocTopHu ^pHgo3H (Hnp. Oeaj nac uMa 6eje ne^e u Hanped u no3adu ugu ... u cnpeda u cmpa^a), agu je He Mopajy uMaTu (Hnp. OHa je cedeia Hanped, a oh je cedeo no3adu).
7.4	HaTepagHa g0KagH30BaH0CT (2.1.1.1.2) npegcTaB^a 3HaHeae Koje ce y cpncKoM je3HKy He Mo^e H3pa3HTH hu npeggoroM hu npe^uKcoM, agu Koje uMajy u ^pHgo3H (jeeo/decHo, Haieeo/HadecHo, cjeea/3decHa) u npugeBu (jeeu/decHu). npa3Ho MecTo y npeggomKoM cucTeMy KoMneH3yje ce ynoTpe6oM npeggomKux H3pa3a (jeeo od / decHo od, cieea od /3decHa od, Haieeo od / HadecHo od, Hnp. Heeo od ^pKee je MKoia).
MoryhHocTu H3pa®aBaaa gaTepagHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH cy y cpncKoM je3HKy, Kao u y gpyruM cgoBeHcKuM je3H^HMa, Maae Hero Kaga je pen o $poHTagHoj g0KagH30BaH0CTH, y neMy ce orgega HHaeHH^a ga y je3HHKoj cgH^H npocTopa He caM0 mT0 He nocToje cBe MoryhHocTu Koje 6H ce HanegHo Morge 3aMHcgHTH (Hnp. cnupagHa TpajeKTopuja npoMeHe MecTa y cno^amaeM npocTopy), Hero hu 0He MoryhHocTu Koje nocToje Hucy jegHaKo pasBujeHe y cpogHuM je3HHKHM nogcucTeMuMa, Kao mT0, yocTagoM, Hucy jegHaKo pa3BHjeHe hu y cpogHuM je3H^HMa. Ha npuMep, y pycK0M je3HKy nocToju npugor onmTe gaTepagHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH cöoKy (OHa cudeia cöoKy), goK ce aer0B0 3HaHeae y cpncK0M je3HKy He M0®e H3pa3HTH npugoroM, Hero caM0 npugomKuM H3pa30M ca cmpaHe (Hnp. OHa je cedeia ca cmpaHe).
y MuKpocucTeMy xopH30HTagHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH jegH0 og TaKBux cacBuM cKp0MH0 npucyTHux ceMaHTuHKux MoryhHocTu jecTe (2.1.1.1.3) gujaroHagHa g0KagH30BaH0CT, KaKBa ce ocTBapyje ^pHgo3HMa yKoco ugu ^uja^oHaJHo (Hnp. EaHKa je npeKo nyma nomme, a My3ej je yKoco; Oh je cedeo HacnpaM cmpu^a, a oHa je cedeia ^uja^oHaJHo), nuja ynoTpe6a y cpncK0M je3HKy Huje necTa.
7.5	3HaHeae (2.1.2) BepTuKagHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH c o63HpoM Ha to ga gu je opujeHTup ogpe^eH (2.1.2.1) ropaoM CTpaH0M goKagH3aTopa (Hnp. H3Had ^pa^a iemu
aeuoH) H^H (2.1.2.2) goftOM cxpaHOM noKa^Hsaxopa (nnp. Hcnod ^pa^a mene peKa), MO^e 6hth Hspa^CHO KaKO npeg^osuMa (Had, u3Had; nod, ucnod) xaKO u npe^uKCUMa (Hnp. Had-ßememu, y3-^ememu, c-^ememu; nod-eyhu ce, nod-MemHymu u cg.), npugosHMa (Hnp. ÄMnuHucma je cada ^ope, Ha epxy; Cneneono^ je cada done, y jaMu) ugu npugeBHMa (Hnp. ropn,u cnoj u3ona^uje je nponao, a cpedwu u domu cnoj Huje).
npugeBH 3a osHanaBaae goKagusoBaHOCTu ropftOM ugu goftOM CTpaHOM goKagusaTopa MOry y 3aBHCHOCTH Og geKCUHKOr cacTasa cuHTaKCUHKOr MOgega y KOjeM cy ynOTpe6^eHH 3HaHHTH no3H^Hjy HeKOr gega ^egHHe y OgHOcy Ha ^eHTpagHH geO Te ^egHHe (b. npeTXOgHu npuMep), TaKO ga ce ftUMa O3HaBajy goKagH3a^Hje y KOjuMa gOKagH3aTOp Huje HeKu ^eo O6jeKaT, HerO je gOKagH3aTOp ^eHTpagHH ugu rgasHH geO O6jeKTa y OgHOcy Ha Ha HeKu gpyru fterOB geO ugu HeKe gpyre fterOse gegOse (Hnp. ropmu cnpamoeu oee 3^pa^e HeMajy eody, a domu cnpamoeu je uMajy), anagOFHO npugesuMa ca 3HaHefteM ^pOHTagHe gOKagH3OBaHOCTH (b. t. 7.3). To ceMaHTHHKO CBojcTBO Mory HMaTH H npocTopHH npHgo3H BepTHKagHe goKagH3a^Hje (Hnp. rope HeMajy eody, a done je uMajy), agu to Huje o6aBe3HO (Hnp. rope nemu aeuoH, PoHuna^ je jom done u cg.).
8.1 npocTopHu H3pa3H cno^amfte g0KagH30BaH0CTH o6yxBaTajy u 3HaHefta (2.2) npocTopHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH npeMa KBaHTuTaTuBHOM KpuTepujyMy, u to 6Hgo npeMa (2.2.1) 6pojy, ugu npeMa (2.2.2) CTeneHy.
8.1.1	y npsoM cgynajy (2.2.1) pegesaHTanje ugu (2.2.1.1) 6poj goKagH3aTopa, Hnp. Me^y, usMe^y (g0KagH30BaH0CT noMohy HajMafte gsa goKagH3aTopa, Hnp. Vnume^ cmoju Me^y y^eHu^uMa), ugu (2.2.1.2) 6poj CTpana goKagH3aTopa Koje ynecTsyjy y goKagH3a^HjH, Hnp. y^eHu^u cmoje okoynume^a. npeTxogHa gsa npuMepa noKasyjy ga npeggo3H Me^y u oko uMajy 3HaHefta Koja gonymTajy ^opMupafte peHeHH^a y KOHBep3HBHOM ogHOcy, 6ygyhH ga Te u TaKse peHeHH^e uMajy ucTO geHOTaTusHO 3HaHefte, a cynpoTHa curHu^uKaTuBHa 3HaHefta.
KpuTepujyM (2.2.1.1) sa^n u 3a npe^uKce (Hnp. Me^y-penje), npugore (Hnp. Oh je cedeo neeo, oHa decHo, a ja caM ceo u3Me^y) u npugese (Hnp. Cpedmu cnoj u3ona^uje 6uo je Hajdeö^u). y npe^uKcagHOM cucTeMy H3gBaja ce npe^uKC pa3-/ pac- He caMO no TOMe mTO He nocToju ogroBapajyhu npeggor y npeggomKOM cucTeMy, Hero u no cne^H$HHHOM 3HaHefty, HauMe, Taj npe^uKC Tpa^u ngypaguTeT o6jeKTa goKagH3a^Hje, Hnp. Ohu cy ce pa3umnu, agu He *Oh ce pa3umao.
8.1.2	y gpyroM cgynajy (2.2.2) to je goKagH3a^Hja c o63HpoM Ha CTeneH pacTojafta H3Me5y goKagH3aTopa u o6jeKTa goKagH3a^Hje (Hnp. noped peKe / daneKo od peKe), mTO MO^e 6HTH (2.2.2.1) onmTa CTeneHOsaHa goKagH3a^Hja, u to khko (2.2.2.1.1) npoKcuMagHa goKagH3a^Hja tbko u (2.2.2.1.2) gucTagHa goKagH3a^Hja, Hnp. 6nu3y Kyhe/daneKo od Kyhe; ugu (2.2.2.2) noce6Ha CTeneHOsaHa goKagH3a^Hja (sepTuKagHa goKagH3a^Hja), Kao (2.2.2.2.1) pacTojafte og ropfte CTpane goKagH3aTopa, Hnp. bucoko/hucko, 6Hgo (2.2.2.2.2) pacTojaae og gofte CTpaHe goKagH3aTopa, Hnp. dy6oKo/nnumKo.
y npeggomKOM cucTeMy cpncKor je3HKa nocToju HeKoguKO npeggora 3a npocTopHy npoKcuMagHOCT (Hnp. noped, Kpaj, 6nu3y, dy^, a6gaTHBHO od, aggaTusHO
do, nep^aTHBHO mumo), a y 3HaHefty npoKCHMa^He fl0KaflH30BaH0CTH kophcth ce h npeg^omKH H3pa3 HedaneKo od. C^e^H$HHHOCT HMeHCKHx rpyna c npeg^oroM dy^ je y gBOCTpyKOM CTeneHOBaay: c jegHe CTpaHe, to je 3HaHefte npoKCHMa^HOCTH, a c gpyre, to je o6aBe3Ho 3HaHefte Be^HKor pacTojaaa H3Me5y rpaHHHHHx ge^OBa fl0KaflH3aT0pa (Hnp. ffy^ o^pa^e pacme ^eehe).
y cpncKOM je3HKy HeMa HHjegHor npeggora 3a npocTopHy gncTa^HocT, Hero ce to 3HaHefte o6hhho H3pa®aBa npeggomKHM H3pa3oM daneKo od (yn. Oh ^ueu 6nu3y Hac / Oh ^ueu daneKo od nac). H y gpyruM cgoBeHcKHM je3H^HMa, a H MHorHM HecgoBeHcKHM, o6gH^H H3pa®aBafta npocTopHe npoKcHMagHocTH cy pasHoBpcHHjH Hero o6gH^H H3pa®aBa npocTopHe gncTagHocTH, mTo je Mo^ga je3HHKa yHHBep3agHja, nnje 6h o6jamftefte 6Hgo y HHfteHH^H ga cy KorHHTHBHe aKTHBHocTH HoBeKH (yK^yHyjyfiH npocTopHy goKagH3a^Hjy) Bume ycMepeHe Ha oho HHMe je y cBaKogHeBHoM ^hboty HenocpegHo oKpy^eH Hero Ha yga^eHe o6jeKTe u gora^aje.
KpuTepujyM (2.2.2.1.1) y cpncKoM je3UKy Ba^H u 3a npe^uKce (Hnp. npu-Mahu ce), npugore (Hnp. OHa je cedena 6nu3y) u npugeBe (Hnp. Ohu ^uee y oönu^meM ceny).
8.1.3 BepTuKagHa g0KagH30BaH0CT ca 3HaHefteM npoKcuMagHocTu ugu gucTagHocTu ucK^yneHa je 3a npocTopHe npeggore, npe^uKce u npugeBe, a yo6HHajeHa je 3a npocTopHe npugore, khko y cgynajy goKagH3a^Hje ropaoM cTpaHoM goKagH3aTopa (hucko/bucoko) TaKo u y cgynajy goKagH3a^Hje goaoM cTpaHoM goKagH3aTopa (Hnp. nnumKo/dyöoKo).
3a pasguKy og npocTopHux npugora Koju 3HaHe (2.2.2.2.1) ugu (2.2.2.2.2) npugeBu ca ogroBapajyM 3HaHefteM (eucoK, HU3aK, dyöoK, nnumaK) H3pa®aBajy, npe cBera, KBagH$HKa^Hjy y Be3H ca goKagH3a^HjoM, a He caMy goKagH3a^Hjy, mTo noKa3yje nogaTaK ga goga3e y ogroBopy Ha nuTaae KaKae? (b. t. 4)
^HfteHH^a ga npocTopHu ^pHgo3H u npugeBu ca 3HaHefteM onmTe ugu BepTuKagHe gHCTaH^e 3HaHe cTeneH pacTojaaa H3Me5y o6jeKTa goKagH3a^Hje u goKagH3aTopa, oMoryhaBa tum ^pHgo3HMa u npugeBuMa ga, no npaBugy, uMajy o6gHKe KoMnapaTuBa u cynepgaTuBa (Hnp. 6nu3y - 6nu^e - Hajönu^e; daneK - da^u - Hajda^u), mTo gpyru npocTopHu H3pa3H HeMajy, a HeMajy ra hu cbu npocTopHu ^pHgo3H u npugeBu 3a cTeneHoBaae npocTopHor pacTojaaa (Hnp. oönu^mu, yda^eH, nepu^epHu).
9.1 npocTopHu ^peggo3H, npe^uKcu, ^pHgo3H u npugeBu Mory uMaTu u 3HaHefte (3) onmTe eKCTpag0KagH30BaH0CTH, mTo ce y cpncKoM je3HKy 06HHH0 H3pa®aBa ^peggo3HMa K(a), npeMa, eaH, u3eaH (Hnp. Abuoh nemu Ka ^yö^aHu, Abuoh nemu npeMa ^yö^aHu, ^uxoea Kyha je lu3leaH ^pa^a), npe^uKcuMa eaH-ugu eKc- (Hnp. eaH3eMa^a^, eaHmenecHa onnodma, eKcmepumopujanHu), ^pHgo3HMa Hano^y, cno^a (Hnp. Hano^y naje nac, Cno^a donupe Mupuc Mopa) ugu npugeBoM cno^amwu (Hnp. cno^amwa meMnepamypapacme). yHyTap npocTopHux H3pa3a ca 3HaHefteM onmTe eKCTpag0KagH30BaH0CTH y HeKuM cgynajeBuMa M0®e nocTojaTu ceMaHTuHKa H3gH$epeH^HpaH0CT npeMa Tuny gupeKTuBHocTu (b. t. 10), Hnp. Hano^y (goKaTuBHocT), Hano^e (aggaTuBHocT), cno^a (a6gaTHBH0CT).
9.2	nogcHGTCMHMa npoGxopHHx npeg^ora, npe^HKca, npn^ora u npngcBa cxpyKiypHO u $yHK^HOHaflHO je HajcpogHuju nogcHCTeM HMeHHHKHx Hspasa KojH SHane KaTeropnja^He TunoBe npocTopHux opujeHTupa (Hnp. ynymparnwocm, noepmuna, eucuna, dyöuna, c neee cmpane, ca ^opme cmpane u gp.). Kao mTo ce u3 HasegeHux npuMepa Bugu, uMeHuHKn $parMeHTu3aTopu cy geo Tor nogcucTeMa HeKu og ftux gyögupajy 3HaHefta npeggora (yn. y ynympamwocmu Kymuje u y Kymuju), ugu u3pa®aBajy ucto mTo u npocTopHu u3pa3u ca npugo3uMa (yn. Ha ee^uKoj eucunu u epßo eucoKo) ugu npugeBuMa (yn. noepmuHCKu mpa^oeu u mpa^oeu Ha noepmuHu). y ^eguHu, cucTeM uMeHunKux u3pa3a ca 3HaHefteM npocTopHux opujeHTupa Huje cTpyKTypupaH Ha cacBuM uctu HanuH Kao npeggo3u, npe^uKcu, npugo3u u npugeBu uaKo noKa3yje c auMa bucok cTeneH c^u^hoctu.
9.3	y cpncKoM je3uKy, Kao u y gpyruM cgoBeHcKuM je3u^uMa, nopeg npocTopHux npugora, npugeBa, npeggora u npe^uKcagHux u3BegeHu^a, 3HaHajHo MecTo y u3pa®aBafty npocTopHux 3HaHefta uMajy y TBopöeHoM cucTeMy nomina loci, Hnp. u^paMumme, mepemaHa, ^eKaoHu^a... (KupmoBa 1999), a y geKcuHKoM cucTeMy rgarogu KpeTaaa, Hnp. uhu, Hocumu, eo3umu (ByjoBuh 2006), agu u y jegHoM u y gpyroM cgynajy He nocToju u3pa®eH ochob 3a nope^eae tux cucTeMa ca npocTopHuM npugo3uMa, npugeBuMa, npeggo3uMa u npe^uKcuMa, Koju cy yMHoroMe gpyranuje opraHu3oBaHu. y cpncKoM je3uKy TBopöeHa perygapHocT uMeHunKux u3BegeHu^a 3a MecTo Huje BucoKa, a y nogcucTeMy rgaroga KpeTaaa HeMa rpaMaTuKagu3oBaHocTu hu oHoguKo KoguKo je uMa, Ha npuMep, y pycKoM je3uKy, rge ce rgarogu KpeTaaa Tuna udmu/xodumb ogguKyjy perygapHomhy ogHoca, agu je oHa orpaHuneHa Ha pegaTuBHo Magu 6poj geKcunKux napoBa u cTora cgaöo rpaMaTuKagu3oBaHa, 36or Hera ce rgarogu KpeTaaa y pycKoM je3uKy npegcTaB^ajy geKcuKo-rpaMaTunKy, a He rpaMaTuHKy KaTeropujy. HHTepecaHTHo ga cy HeKu cpncKu geRcunKo-ceMaHTuHKu KopegaTu pycKux rgaroga HeycMepeHor KpeTaaa pa3Bugu hobu Tun 6uHapHor ogHoca y KojeM jegaH HgaH 3HaHu KpeTaae 6e3 ^u^a (Hnp. eodamu), a gpyru TaKBo 3HaHeae HeMa (Hnp. eodumu); TaKo u Hocamu/Hocumu, ^awamu/^oHumu u cg. Hnax, geKceMe Tuna eodamu cy Mago6pojHe, a HeKe og aux cy u3pa3uTo KogoKBujagHe, Hnp. 6e^amu, ^awamu.
C gpyre cTpaHe, Kao mTo je y npe^u3H0M ocBpTy Ha Teopujy ceMaHTuHKux goKagu3a^uja yMecHo ucTaKga AHgpeja ^ege, «Vloga glagolov kot prostorsko-časovnih organizatorjev je tako pomembna, da tudi njihova pomensko-skladenjska osrednjost in samoumevnost ne more biti vzrok, da se pri prostorskosti ne bi predstavile njihove besedotvorne, pomenske in skladenjske zmožnosti.» (Žele 2006: 84; 3a cgoBeHaHKu je3uK b. Žele 2012: 138-39). CTora ygora rgaroga KpeTaaa y npocTopHoj guMeH3uju je3uHKe cguKe cBeTa 3aBpe5yje ga 6yge npegMeT noce6Hor ucupnHor ucTpa^uBaaa.
10 Kao mTo je 6ugo peneHo (t. 3), ceMaHTuHKe cTpyKType npocTopHux u3pa3a ogpe^eHe cy, c jegHe cTpaHe, o6ege®juMa Koja ce ogHoce Ha opujeHTauuoHu acneKaT npocTopHux pegauuja (t. 3-8), a c gpyre cTpaHe, o6ege»juMa Koja ogpa^aBajy gupeKTuBHy cTpaHy npocTopHe pegauuje. npeMa KpuTepujyMy gupeKTuBHocTu, cbu npocTopHu u3pa3u ogpe^eHu cy gBojaKo: ugu o6aBe3Ho uMajy gaTo 3HaHeae
(aö^aTHBHOCT, ag^aTHBHOCT, nep^aTHBHOCT), h^h ra HeMajy (^OKaTHBHOCT). Bygyhn ga ce npBa Tpu cgynaja ogHOce Ha ycMepeHy npoMeHy MecTa y npocTopy, ogHOCu Me^y THM 3HaHeftHMa ype^eHH cy Ha cgegehn HanHH: 1. gnpeKTHBHOCT: 1.1. cno^amaa HgH rpaHHHHa (1.1.1. aögaTHBHOCT, Hnp. U3 Kyhe, ca CToga, 1.1.2. aggaTHBHOCT, Hnp. y Kyhy, Ha cmo), 1.2. nepgaTHBHOCT Kao yHyTpamaa ngn guHeapHa gnpeKTHBHOCT, Hnp. Kpo3 Kyhy, npeKO cmona; 2. goKaTHBHOCT (= HegnpeKTHBHOCT, Hnp. y Kyhu, Ha cmoßy). y OCHOBH gnpeKTHBHa 3HaHefta cy ^asHa 3HaHefta y CHTya^HjH npoMeHe MecTa y npocTopy: aögaTHBHocT ce ogHocu Ha noneTaK, aggaTUBHocT Ha 3aBpmeTaK, a nepgaTHBHocT Ha caM ^po^ec KpeTaaa og noneTHe Ka 3aBpmHoj TanKH. .HoKaTHBHocT He ucK^ynyje npoMeHy MecTa y npocTopy (Hnp. OHa cKane y Mecmy), agu He 3HaHH gupeKTHBHocT.
y cpncKoM je3HKy npocTopHu npeggo3H uMajy Hajmupe MoryhHocTu H3pa®aBafta gaTHx onmTHx 3HaHefta (b. npeTxogHe npuMepe), agu HeMajy MoryhnocT KoMÖuHoBafta y cbojhm ceMaHTHHKHM cTpyKTypaMa öugo Kor 3HaHefta opHjeHTa^HOHO^ acneKTa npocTopHor ogHoca ca öugo kojhm 3HaHefteM gupeKTUBHor acneKTa npocTopHor ogHoca. Ha npuMep, uctu npeggor usMe^y, Koju yBeK uMa 3HaHefte g0KagH30BaH0CTH noMohy HajMafte gBa goKagH3aTopa, Mo^e y 3aBHCHOCTH og KoHTeKcTa ynecTBoBaTu y H3pa^aBafty KaKo goKaTuBHocTu (Hnp. OHa cedu usMe^y 6pama u cecmpe), TaKo u aggaTuBHocTu (Hnp. OHa je ce^a u3Me^y 6pama u cecmpe), nepgaTuBHocTu (Hnp. OHa je npom^a u3Me^y 6pama u cecmpe), a Huje ucK^yneHo hu aögaTuBHo 3HaHefte uaKo je peTKo (Hnp. OHa je ycma^a usMe^y 6pama u cecmpe).
y cpncKoM je3HKy HeKn npocTopHu ^peggo3H cy ucK^ynuBo aögaTuBHu (Hnp. u3, c/a/, od), HeKK cy ucK^ynuBo aggaTuBHu (Hnp. do, K/a/, npeMa, nym, y3/a/, Hu3/a/), HeKK cy ucK^ynuBo nepgaTuBHu (Hnp. Kpo3, npeKo, mumo), agu nocToju TeHgeH^Hja ryö^efta c^e^HjagH3OBaHOCTH nojeguHux npeggora 3a H3pa^aBafte nojeguHux gupeKTuBHux 3HaHefta, TaKo ga MHoru ^peggo3H ynecTByjy, y 3aBHCHOCTH og KoHTeKCTa, y H3pa®aBafty KaKo goKaTuBHocTu TaKo u HeKor Buga gupeKTuBHocTu (Kao mTo to ugycTpyjy npuMepu c npeggoroM usMe^y y npeTxogHoM nacycy).
CguHHo cy 0p^aHH30BaHa 3HaHefta npocTopHux npugora y cpncKoM je3HKy (MegeHH^a 2012; 2013), c tom rgaBHoM pasguKoM mTo ce npugomKa nepgaTuBHocT (H3BaH cucTeMa saMeHuHKux npugora, Hnp. oeyda, oHyda) cpehe caMo no usyseTKy, Hnp. npem^u cy npeKo (agu He npom^u cy *Kpo3).
C^e^H$HHHOCT cpncKKx npocTopHux npe^uKca je y ToMe mTo yBeK uspa^aBajy HeKo gupeKTuBHo SHaneae (yn. yeyhu, u3eyhu, npeeyhu, npoeyhu u cg., b. Mitrinovic 1990), a npe^uKcagHe H3BegeHH^e og ocHoBa Koje He SHane KpeTaae, no npaBugy He uspa^aBajy npocTopHa SHaneaa, Hero npeHocHa SHaneaa, Hnp. npedcedaeamu He SHanu npuMapHo'cegeTu ucnpeg HeKora ugu Henera', 3acmamu He SHanu 'cTaTu ca sagae CTpaHe', nodnehu He SHanu 'gehu ca goae CTpaHe HeKora ugu Henera' uTg.
npocTopHu npugeBu y cpncKoM jesuKy (b. Xge6e^ 2002; AgaMoBuh 2012), sa pasguKy og npeggora, npe^uKca u npugora Hajnemhe uMajy goKaTuBHo SHaneae 'Koju ce Hagasu ...', Hnp. yHymparnwu op^aHu, npedwu pedoeu, ^opwu cnpamoeu u cg. Pe^u cy npuMepu ga npocTopHu npugeB uMa gupeKTuBHo SHaneae, Kao mTo to Mory uspasuTu npugeBu sa CTpaHe CBeTa, Hnp. ucmouHu eemap je 'BeTap Koju gogasu ca ucToKa'.
11 KoH$H^ypa^Hja npocTopa yjesHKy Hcno^aBa ce y HanuHy Ha koJh ce SHancftHMa npoGxopHHx Hspasa cerMeHTupa npocTopHO ucKycTBO jesuHKor KO^eKTUBa, na je, Ha npuMep, 3a roBopHe npegcTaBHUKe hckhx garecTaHcKux jesuKa pe^eBaHTHa flOKaflH3a^Hja no BepTuKa^u Burne Hero 3a npegcTasHuKe hckux gpyrux jesuKa, goK je, Ha npuMep, 3a roBopHe npegcTasHuKe cpncKor jesuKa npac^oBeHcKu raaron *laziti, Kao npoMeHa MecTa y npocTopy Koja ce ocTBapyje c HanopoM, yMHoroMe noTucHyo raaron *hoditi (Mo^ga 36or pe^e$a), yn. cpn. dojia3umu, od^a3umu, npu^asumu, pyc. npuxodumb, yxodumb, nodxodumb uTg. (Piper '1997, 22001: 5), agu ce 3HaHaj HeKor acneKTa npocTopHor ogHoca y yKynHoj je3HHKoj cgH^H cBeTa ucno^asa u Ha Bume gpyrux HanuHa, og Kojux hcku oBge Mory 6HTH caMo noMeHyTu.
JegaH og ftux je cTaTyc nojeguHux npocTopHux o6ege»ja y cucTeMy KojeM npunagajy. HauMe, o6ege®ja Koja cy y ochobu xHjepapxHjcKH 0praHH30BaH0r cucTeMa ceMaHTuHKux o6ege»ja npocTopHux H3pa3a, Haga3e ce y bcrcm gegy cucTeMa npocTopHux H3pa3a Hero nojeguHa TepMuHagHa o6ege»ja. Ha npuMep, 3HaHefte cno^amfte g0KagH30BaH0CTH je 36or cBoje cuctcmckc mupoKe 3acTyn^eH0CTH 3HaHajHHje 3a yKynHy je3HHKy cguKy npocTopa og, Ha npuMep, 3HaHefta gujaroHagHe g0KagH30BaH0CTH, Koje uMa cacBuM nepu^epaH cTaTyc y npocTopHoj gHMeH3HjH cpncKe je3HHKe cguKe cBeTa.
3a go6Hjefte noTnyHuje cguKe o npocTopHoj gHMeH3HjH je3HHKe cguKe cBeTa 3HaHajHa je u aKycTuKa npocTopa y je3HKy, Koja ce ucno^asa Kao ogjeK npocTopHe K0H$Hrypa^Hje y HenpocTopHuM KaTeropujagHuM c^epaMa (Hnp. TeMnopagHoj, nocecuBHoj, Kay3aTHBHoj u gp.), y KojuMa exo npocTopa noKa3yje KaK0 cguHHocT c KaTeropujagHuM npoToTunoM TaK0 u fteroBe MogH$HKa^Hje HacTage 36or npupoge KaTeropuje Ha Kojy ce hcku npocTopHu KpuTepujyM npeHocu. MeTa^opuHKu noTeH^Hjag nojeguHux KpuTepujyMa je3HHKe cerMeHTa^Hje npocTopHor ucKycTBa KogeKTuBa Huje uctu, Kao mT0 ce paaguKyje u MeTa^opuHKu noTeH^Hjag nojeguHux npocTopHux H3pa3a, a u og jegHor u og gpyror 3aBHCH yKynHa cguKa npocTopa y je3HKy.
^paBHTa^Hja npocTopa y je3HKy, Kao jegaH Bug ^eHTpHneTagHHx npo^eca y je3HHK0M 6Hhy, ucno^aBa ce y TeHgeH^HjaMa, Mafte ugu Bume H3pa®eHHM y pa3gHHHTHM je3H^HMa, ga ce mT0 Bume ancTpaKTHux KaTeropujagHux pega^Hja Be^e 3a o6pac^e npocTopHux pega^Hja (Hnp. cuctcm npeggomKo-nage^Hux K0HCTpyK^Hja ca bpcmchckum 3HaHefteM y cgoBeHcKuM je3H^HMa), HacynpoT ^eHTpH$yragHoj npupogu je3HHKHx TeHgeH^Hja ga ce nojeguHe ceMaHTuHKe KaTeropuje Mafte ugu Bume ocMucge u 3aogeHy y je3HHK0 pyxo Ha HanuH Koju HeMa $opMagHe Be3e u cguHHocTu ca npocTopHuM H3pa3HMa, HaK hu Kaga hc ucK^ynyje ycnemHe HHTepnpeTa^Hje noMohy MeTaguHrBucTuHKux npocTopHux H3pa3a (Hnp. cuctcm cgo^eHux peHeHH^a c TeMn0pagH0M Kgay30M, b. Antonie 2001).
Bo^cm pa3yMeBafty CTaTyca KaTeropuje npocTopa y npupogHoM je3HKy M0®e gonpuHeTu npoynaBaae CTeneHa CTpyKTypHux cpogHocTu H3Me5y KaTeropujagHe ceMaHTuKe npocTopa u KaTeropujagHe ceMaHTuKe o6gHKa. HauMe, cymTuHa 3HaHefta o6gHKa (Hnp. eucoK, HU3aK, mupoK, y3aK u cg.) jecTe y goKagH3a^HjH jegHor rpaHuHHor gega o6jeKTa npeMa fter0B0M HacnpaMH0M rpaHuHHoM gegy. Ha npuMep, eucoK 'ca BeguKuM pacTojaaeM H3Me5y Kpajftux TanaKa no BepTuKagu', HU3aK 'ca MaguM pacTojafteM H3Me5y Kpajaux Tanaxa no BepTuKagu' u cg., jep je K0H^enT
oö^HKa y CBojoj ochobh yHyxpamfta npocTopHa flOKaflH3a^Hja, a^H ce je3HHKH ocMHrn^asa Kao KBa^HTeT (a He Kao npocTopHa pefla^Hja), mTo noKasyje HHfteHH^a ga gogasH y ogroBopy Ha nHTaae KaKae?
3HaHaj KaTeropnje npocTopa y yKynHoj je3HHKoj cgH^H CBeTa Hcno^aBa ce h CTeneHy ^peKseHTHocTH ynoTpeöe npocTopHHx H3pa3a y ^egHHH Kao h nojegHHHx npocTopHHx H3pa3a, Koja noKa3yje ftHxoBy KoMyHHKaTHBHy Tpa^eHocT, a TUMe h 3HaHaj Koju gaTu je3HHKH KogeKTUB noK^aaa ogpe^eHoj CTpaHu npocTopHor gega CTBapHoCTU.
noceöaH 3HaHaj 3a noTnyHuje cargegaBaae MecTa npocTopa y je3HHKoj cgH^H CBeTa uMa aco^HjaTHBHH ^0TeH^Hjag npocTopHux H3pa3a y ^egHHH u nojeguHux npocTopHux H3pa3a y cucTeMy Bepöa^Hux aco^Hja^Hja HeKor je3HKa. CTpyKTypa aco^HjaTHBHHx Mpe^a npocTopHux H3pa3a y hctom je3HKy ugu y pasgunuTUM je3H^HMa Mo^e noKaauBaTu Maau ugu Behu cTeneH cTpyKTypHux c^uhhocth h pa3gHKa, Koje cy ycgoB^eHe reorpa^cKUM, ucTopujcKUM, gpymTBeHUM, KygTypHUM h gpyruM ucKycTBoM gaTor je3HHKor KogeKTUBa. Ha npuMep, 3a HeKe roBopHUKe cpncKor je3HKa BepöagHu cTUMygyc da^eKo uMa pe^gHKy-aco^HjaT Aycmpa^uja, mTo ce He Mo^e oneKUBaTu y BepöagHUM aco^Hja^HjaMa cTaHoBHUKa AycTpaguje (b. 3a cpncKu je3HK: nunep, flparuheBuh, CTe^anoBuh 2005; ^paruheBuh, nunep, CTe^anoBuh 2011).
nomTo BepöagHe aco^Hja^Hje npegcTas^ajy jegaH acneKaT BumecTpane npupoge je3HHKHx KOH^e^aTa, 3ajegHo c geKcuHKo-ceMaHTUHKUM, rpaMaTUHKUM, napeMuogomKUM, $pa3eogomKHM, cth^hctuhkum h gpyruM ogguKaMa KOH^e^aTa, KoMngeTHuju yBug y je3HHKy cguKy KaTeropuje npocTopa y HeKoM je3HKy Tpa^uo öu h onuc fteroBe npocTopHe KOH^e^TOC$epe (b. Pacyguh 2004, 2006), mTo jom Huje hh npuögu^Ho noTnyHo ynuaeHo hhth 3a jegan je3HK.
HaKo cy nojeguHu acneKTu KaTeropuje npocTopa y cpncKoj je3HHKoj cgH^H cBeTa go caga HejegHaKo npoyneHu, cBe ce jacHuje Ha3Hpe aeHa yKynHocT Kao u nyTeBu Koju Boge fteHoM HC^p^HOM onucy u oöjamaefty.
^HTHpaHa guTepaTypa
MupjaHa AflAMOBHs, 2012: npocTopHa 3HaHefta npugeBa eepxHuü/^opn>u - hu^huu/ domu y pycKOM u cpncKOM je3HKy. VIIMe^yHapodHU cuMno3ujyM ,^ocmu^Hyha u nepcneKmuee KOH^poHma^uoHo^ npoynaeama pycKo^ u ^py^uxje3UKa. yp. Bepa BegoKa^Hh-fflKyH^a. Beorpag: CgaBucTUHKO gpymTBO Cpöuje. 205-13.
X. A. Apthkoba, 1961: npocTpaHcTBeHHwe 3HaHeHHa pyccKux nepBOo6pa3HHx npeggoroB u cooTBeTcTBua hm b Tag^uKcKOM a3HKe. H3eecmuH AH Tad^uK. CCP. Omde^eHue oö^ecmeeHHUx HayK. ^.ymaHÖe. Ban. 4 (27). 44-54.
AgeKcaHgap BEnHs, 1949-50: 3e^pe$HKca^Hja y cgoBeHcKUM je3H^HMa (npeggo3H Tuna u3Had u cguHHU nojaBu). Jy^Hoc^oeeHCKu	XVIII. 87-101.
H. H. BonflHPEB, 2000: OTpa^eHue npocTpaHcTBa geaTega u npocTpaHcTBa HaögMgaTega b BHcKa3HBaHHH. ^o^u^ecKuü aHa^u3 H3UKa. h3uku npocmpaHcme. MocKBa. 78-83.
^ojHH^ BojBOflH^, 1998: Predrag Piper, Jezik i prostor, Beograd: Čigoja štampa (Biblioteka XX vek, 91), 1997. Jy^HocnoeeHCKu ^unono^ LIV. 204-213.
M. B. BcEBonoflOBA, E. ro. BnAflHMHPCKHH, 2008: Cnoco6u eupa^eHUH npocmpaHcmeeHHUx omHomeHuü e coepeMeHHOM pyccKOM R3UKe. MocKBa:
URSS, HKH.
^.ymaHKa ByjoBH^, 2006: CcMaHXHHKa aHa^Hsa raaro^a Kpexaaa y cpncKOM jesHKy, HayHHU cacmaHaK c^aeucma y ByKoee daHe 36/1. 303-09.
PeHaxa rxEropquKOBA, 2000: noHaxuHHaa o^^o3H^Ha Bepx-HH3 (non. 'wierzch' -'spod') H a3HK0Baa Moge^t npocxpaHCXBa. ^o^u^ecKuü aHaßU3 H3UKa. h3uku npocmpaHcme. Otb. peg.: H.^. ApyxMHOBa, H.B. ^eBOHxuHa. MocKBa: ^3hkh pyccKOH KygbxypH. 78-83
PajHa gpArH^EBHi, npegpar nunep, Mapuja Cteoahobhs, 2011: OöpamHu aco^ujamueHU peHHUK cpncKO^ je3UKa. ffeo 2, Od peaK^uje Ka cmuMy^ycy. Beorpag: BeorpagcKa Kftura, Cgy^öeHu gucx.
MugKa Hbhs, 1957: JegHo norgaB^e h3 rpaMaxuKe Hamer MogepHor je3HKa -cucxeM MecHHx nagega. rodurnwaK 0ußO3o^cKo^ ^aKy^mema y hobom Cady II. 145-58.
A. E. Khephk, 1970: K xunogoruu npocxpaHcxBeHHHx 3HaHeHHH (Ha Maxepuage garecxaHcKHX a3HKoB). ^3mk u HenoeeK: CöopHUK cmameü naMRmu npo^eccopa nempa CaeeuHa Ky3He^oea (1899—1968). MocKBa: H3gaxegbcxBo MOCKOBCKOFO yHHBepcuxexa. 110-54.
MapujaHa n. Khpooba, 1999: Nomina lociy caepeMeHOM cpncKOM je3UKy. ^og^opH^a: yHHBep3Hxex ^pHe rope.
O. ro. MAHcypoBA, 2009: npoögeMH nepeganu npocxpaHcxBeHHHx oxHomeHUH npu MamuHHoM nepeBoge. Bapa^eHue npocxpaHcxBeHHHx oxHomeHUH b xype^KOM a3HKe. BecmHUK PrrV, Cepua «BocxoKoBegeHue. A^puKaHucxuKa». MocKBa 8/09. 56-77.
3opH^a Mah^hs, 2003: npedno3U Koju O3HaHaeajy npocmopHe odHOce y meedcKOM je3UKy u wuxoeu eKeueaneHmu y cpncKOM: Ma^ucmapcKU pad. Beorpag: ©ugogomKu ^aKygxex.
HyKa MEflEHH^A, 2012: npocxopHa goKagH3a^Hja He3aMeHHHKHM ^pHgo3HMa y pycKoM u cpncKoM je3HKy. 36opHuK Mamu^e cpncKe 3a cnaeucmuKy 81. 217-28..
--, 2013: .HoKagtHoe Hapenue mumo b pyccKoM a3HKe u ero ^KBHBageHXH b cepöcKoM a3HKe. npoöneMU KOH^enmyanu3a^uu deücmeumenbHOcmu u ModenupoeaHun H3UKoeoü KapmuHu Mupa, 6. MocKBa, ApxaHregtcK. 264-69.
MapuHa HuKonua, 2014: Kame^opuja cmeneHa y cpncKoM je3uKy: cno^eHa peHeHu^a. Beorpag: HHcxuxyx 3a cpncKu je3HK CAH^
CgoöogaH nABnoBua, 2004: npocxopHu ^pHgo3H y cxapocpncKuM noBe^aMa u nucMuMa. 36opHuKMamu^e cpncKe 3a ^unono^ujy u nuH^eucmuKy 47/1-2. 21532.
HmTBaH nETE, 2004: npocTpaHCTBeHHOCTt, npeg^orn, ^OKa^bHHe OTHomeHHa,
KapTHHH Mupa H SB^eHHa aCHMMeTpHHHOCTH. BeCmHUK M0CK0eCK0^0 yHueepcumema. Cep. 9. ©H^oflorna. 3. 59-67.
npegpar nunep, 1977-1978: Oöe^e^aBafte npocTopHux ogHOca npeg^omKO-nage^HHM KOHCTpyK^HjaMa y caBpeMeHOM pycKOM h caBpeMeHOM cpncKOxpBaTCKOM KftH^eBHOM je3HKy. npuno3u npoynaeawyje3UKa 13/14. 1-51.
-- , 1978: 3aMeHHHKH npHflO3H ca 3HaHefteM MecTa h ^paB^a y pycKOM, no^CKOM h cpncKOxpBaTCKOM je3HKy. 36opHUK3a (punono^ujy u nuH^eucmuKy XXI/1. 63-82.
-- , 1986: B TpexMepHoM npocTpaHCTBe a3HKo3HaHHa h 3a ero npege^aMH. h3uk u Kynbmypa: ^aKmu u ^eHHocmu: e necmb aKadeMUKa C. CmenaHoea. MocKBa. 120-28.
-- , 1986a: HoKagncTCKaa Teopua nage^en h $yHK^HOHagbHaa rpaMMaTHKa pyccKoro a3HKa KaK HHocTpaHHHoro. PyccKuu h3uk 3apyöe^oM 6. 79-83.
-- , 19866: npHgo3HTe co npocTpaHCTBeHo 3HaHefte bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3HK.
^umepamypeH 360p 30/2. 3-13.
-- , 1988: 3aMeHUHKU npun03u y cpncKoxpeamcKOM, pycKOM u no^cKOM je3UKy: (ceMaHmuHKa cmyduja). Beorpag: HHCTHTyT 3a cpncKoxpBaTCKH je3HK.
-- , 1997: O cpncKHM h pycKHM nogHTHHKHM MeTa^opaMa npocTopHHx ogHoca.
CßaeucmuKa 1. 21-30.
-- , 2006: O KorHHTHBHogHHrBHCTHHKHM H cpogHo ycMepeHHM npoynaBaftHMa cpncKor je3HKa. Ko^HumueH0ßUH^eucmuHKa npoynaeawa cpncK0^ je3uKa. yp. npegpar nunep. Beorpag: CAHy. 7-47.
-- , 2008: rpaMaTHKa ^paHH^e. Jy^HocnoeeHCKu	y nacT aKageMUKa
MngKe HBHR 64. 307-22.
npegpar nunep, PajHa gpArHSEBHa, Mapnja Cteoahobhs, 2005: Aco^ujamueHu peHHuK cpncKo^ je3uKa. Beorpag: BeorpagcKa K^nra, Cgy®6eHH gncT, ©HgogomKH ^aKygTeT.
^MgMHga nonoBHH, 2003: CeMaHTHnecKaa CTpyKTypa MeTaTeKCTyagtHoro xpoHoTona. 36opHuKMamu^e cpncKe 3a cnaeucmuKy 63. 177-200.
KaTapuHa PAcynua, 2004: Je3uK u npocmopHO ucKycmeo. KoH^enmyaßU3a^uja eepmuKanHe duMeH3uje y eH^necK0M u cpncKOxpeamcKOM je3uKy. Beorpag: ©ugogomKu ^aKygTeT.
-- , 2006: TaKo 6gu3y, a TaKo gageKo: o MeTa^opunKoj KOH^e^Tyagu3a^uju 3acHoBaHoj Ha nojMoBuMa EnH3y u aa^eko. Ko^HumueH0ßUH^eucmuHKa npoynaeawa cpncK0^ je3uKa. yp. npegpar nunep. Beorpag: CAH^ 231-60.
KceHuja CerEgH, 2006: npucTaBKu c npocTpaHCTBCHHHM 3HaHeHueM b pycuHCKOM u pyccKOM a3HKax. - Moea u Ky^bmypa: C6opHuK pa6om c 14 Me^dyHapodHOü HayHHoü K0H^epeH^uu. KueB: HHcTuTyT ^ugogoruu KHy um. t. ffleBHeHKa, hhct. MoBo3HaB. um O. O. noTe6Hu HAH yKpaHHH, Hhct. ncux. um r.C. KocTMKa AnH yKpauHH, BugaBHunuH giM ^MuTpa Byparo. BanycK 8, nacTt II, T. 5. 166-71.
Haxama CTAHKOBH^-fflomo, 2006: Tonoc nyma y cpncKoj napodnoj 6aj^u, Beorpag: ^,pymTBO 3a cpncKH jesHK u KftH^eBHOCx.
BopHC X^EEE^, 2002: HeKCHHKO-ceMaHTHHKa aHaflH3a npugeBa ca 3HaHefteM jegHe gHMeH3Hje. CpncKU je3UK: cmyduje cpncKe u cnoeencKe 7/1/2. 213-36.
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Bonpocbi R3UK03HaHUR 5. 103-09.
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Summary
The study of the semantic category of space in the linguistic picture of the world as it is verbalized and grammaticalized in the Contemporary Standard Serbian shows on the one hand the complexity of this category and on the other a high level of isomorphism and isofunctionality of the subsystems of prepositions, prefixes, adverbs, and adjectives that occupy the central place in the spatial dimension of the Serbian linguistic picture of the world. The article also points out several other aspects of the category of space in the Serbian linguistic picture of the world, as their study provides a more comprehensive insight into the description and explanation of the forms in which spatial expressions are structured, and into the peculiarities of their realization in Serbian.
The author also shows the explanatory possibilities of the theory of semantic localization in the study of spatial expressions and the advantages of intra-linguistic comparison of several connected subsystems with the common comparative base.
Povzetek
Študija pomenske kategorije prostora v sliki sveta kakor je ubesedena in gramatikalizirana v sodobnem srbskem knjižnem jeziku, prikazuje na eni strani kompleksnost te kategorije in na drugi visoko raven izomorfizma in izofunkcionalnosti podsistemov predlogov, predpon, prislovov in pridevnikov, ki imajo osrednje mesto v prostorski razsežnosti srbske jezikovne slike sveta. V članku je tudi opozorjeno na več drugih vidikov kategorije prostora v srbski jezikovni sliki sveta; preučevanje le teh zagotavlja celovitejši vpogled v opis in razlago oblik strukturiranja prostorskih izrazov v srbskem jeziku in posebnosti njihovega uresničevanja.
Prikazane so tudi pojasnjevalne možnosti teorije pomenske lokalizacije v preučevanju prostorskih izrazov, kot tudi prednosti intralingvalne primerjave več povezanih podsistemov, ki temeljijo na skupni primerjalni osnovi.