REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA MINISTRSTVO ZA NOTRANJE ZADEVE POLICIJA Kje so ženske? Ob 50-letnici sistemskega zaposlovanja policistk, nekoč imenovanih miličnice Where are the Women? On the 50th Anniversary of the Systemic Employment of Woman Police Officers, Formerly Called Militsioners Kje so ženske? Ob 50-letnici sistemskega zaposlovanja policistk, nekoč imenovanih miličnice Spremljevalna publikacija razstave "Kje so ženske?", odprte 7. marca in 25. septembra 2023 Where are the Women? On the 50th Anniversary of the Systemic Employment of Woman Police Officers, Formerly Called Militsioners Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 161687555 Accompanying publication of the exhibition "Where are the ISBN 978-961-6797-65-8 (PDF) Women?", opened on 7th March and on 25th September 2023 Vsebina Contents Danica Melihar Lovrečič, the First Slovenian Policewoman Danica Melihar Lovrečič, prva slovenska policistka – – Police Pioneer 7 policijska pionirka 6 From the Memoirs of Danica Lovrečič 11 Iz spominov Danice Lovrečič 10 People’s Defenders 15 Narodne zaščitnice 14 After the Second World War (1945) 19 Po drugi svetovni vojni (1945) 18 Women Criminal Police Officers 23 Referentke v kriminalistični službi 22 Acceptance of Uniformed Policewomen in 1973 27 Sprejem uniformiranih policistk, nekoč imenovanih miličnice (1973) 26 Mrs Police Officer 31 Tovarišica miličnica 30 Participation of Women in the Slovenian War of Independence in 1991 35 Udeležba žensk v vojni za Slovenijo leta 1991 34 They Said of Their Participation in the 1991 War O sodelovanju v vojni za Slovenijo so povedale ... 38 of Independence … 39 Po letu 1992 42 After 1992 43 Dijakinje Srednje policijske šole 44 Female Students of The Police High School 45 Mag. Tatjana Bobnar, prva generalna direktorica policije 46 Tatjana Bobnar – the First Woman Director General Enakost spolov 50 of the Police 47 Policistkin pečat 56 Gender Equality 51 Zgodovina je učiteljica življenja – našega in prihodnjih A Policewoman’s Mark 57 generacij 60 History Is the Teacher of Life - Ours and That of Future Generations 61 2 Obdobje po letu 1973, ko so bile v milico sprejete miličnice, The period after 1973, when women were recruited into the ki so se zaposlile na postajah milice po Sloveniji, pomeni police and were posted to police stations across Slovenia, veliko prelomnico in je pomemben mejnik za policijski poklic, marked a major turning point and an important milestone for the ki je dolga leta veljal za izključno moškega. V šolskem letu police profession, which for many years had been considered an 1975/1976 se je na Šoli za miličnike v Ljubljani začel redni exclusively male domain. In the school year 1975/1976, a regular izobraževali program za miličnice. Te so predavanja spremljale training programme for policewomen started at the School for skupaj z miličniki pripravniki, ki so že imeli odslužen vojaški Police Officers in Ljubljana. They attended lectures together with rok. Miličnice so na postajah milice opravljale enaka dela kot trainee policemen who had already completed their military njihovi moški kolegi. service. The policewomen did the same work as their male colleagues at police stations. Pri prebiranju in iskanju gradiva za razstavo o ženskah v policiji smo si avtorji pogosto zastavljali vprašanje Kje so When reading and researching material for the exhibition on ženske?. V nasprotju z bogato zgodovino policije, ki je bila women in the police, we often asked ourselves the question Where pretežno posvečena moškim, se o ženskah in njihovem Are the Women? In contrast to the rich history of policing, which prispevku ni veliko pisalo oziroma so bile manj vidne. has been predominantly dedicated to men, women and their contribution have been much less visible. Brez kančka dvoma lahko trdimo, da je bil prispevek moških v policijski organizaciji izjemen. Enako in brez kančka dvoma It can be said without a shred of doubt that the contribution of lahko danes trdimo tudi, da je prispevek žensk v policijski men to the police organisation has been extraordinary. Equally, organizaciji kljub njihovi manjši zastopanosti in ovirah, s and without a shadow of a doubt, we can say today that the katerimi so se spopadale, prav tako izjemen. Sprehodimo se contribution of women to the police organisation, despite their torej po nekaterih mejnikih iz zgodovine žensk v slovenski under-representation and the obstacles they have faced, has been policiji. equally remarkable. So let us take a walk through some of the milestones in the history of women in the Slovenian police 4 5 Danica Melihar Lovrečič, Danica Melihar L Danica Me o lihar L vr o ečič, vr prva slovenska policistka – the First Sl the Firs o t Sl v o enian P v olic enian P e olic w e oman w policijska pionirka – Polic – P e Pioneer olic Marsikdo je začuden ob spoznanju, da smo že davnega Many people are amazed to learn that back in 1936, during the leta 1936, v času Kraljevine Jugoslavije, dobili prvo Kingdom of Yugoslavia period, we had the first Slovenian slovensko policistko in prvo policistko v Jugoslaviji. To ni bil policewoman and the first policewoman in Yugoslavia. This was velik uspeh samo zanjo, temveč za vso družbo, saj je bila prva a great success not only for her, but for society as a whole, as she Danica Melihar, uslužbenski ženska, ki se ji je posrečil preboj v organizacijo, ki je bila od was the first woman to break into an organisation that had been list, Arhiv Republike Slovenije, vsega začetka v izključni domeni moških. Gre tudi za čas, ko SIAS56 XVI an exclusively male domain from the outset. It was also a time je bila slovenska ženska v družinskem življenju podrejena Danica Melihar, employee when the Slovenian woman was subordinate to the man in family sheet, Archives of the Republic moškemu, brez političnih pravic in ji niso bili dostopni vsi life, without political rights and without access to all professions of Slovenia, SIAS56 XVI poklici in vsa delovna mesta. Od ženske se je pričakovalo, da and jobs. Above all, a woman was expected to be a good mother bo predvsem dobra mati in gospodinja. and housewife. In kdo je bila naša Danica Melihar, poročena Lovrečič? Rodila And who was our Danica Lovrečič, née Melihar? She was born on se je 5. februarja 1911 v Tržiču. Šolala se je na ljubljanski Službena izkaznica 5 February 1911 in Tržič. She studied at Mladika in Ljubljana and Danice Melihar Lovrečič Mladiki in se leta 1930 vpisala na pravno fakulteto. Študij enrolled at the Faculty of Law in 1930, graduating with honours. Employment card je končala z odliko. Čedna, skromna in zadržana Danica ni Attractive, modest and reserved, Danica was not only special in of Danica Melihar Lovrečič bila nekaj posebnega samo pri izbiri študija, temveč tudi her choice of studies, but also in her choice of profession, as at the © UNZ Ljubljana nekoč in danes, 1997 / UNZ Ljubljana in pri izbiri poklica, saj je pri 25 letih dobila službo na Upravi age of 25 she got a job at the Police Directorate in Ljubljana. Our the past and present, 1997 policije v Ljubljani. O naši prvi policistki so se razpisali tudi first policewoman was also featured in the Belgrade newspaper v beograjskem časopisu Vreme. Poleg Danice ima zasluge Vreme. In addition to Danica, the General Women’s Association, za to tudi Splošno žensko društvo, ki se je kmalu po prvi which soon after the First World War began to make systematic svetovni vojni začelo sistematično truditi, da bi na različna efforts to place women in various key positions in the police ključna mesta v policiji prišle tudi ženske, ki bi poskrbele, force to ensure that police work was carried out with a different da bi se policijsko delo opravljalo z drugačnim posluhom, attitude, sensitivity and approach, also deserves a lot of credit občutljivostjo in pristopom. Danica je s svojo avtoriteto, for this. Danica’s authority, knowledge, professionalism and 6 7 znanjem, strokovnostjo in odgovornostjo pri delu hitro accountability quickly won her the respect of her colleagues. As a pridobila spoštovanje svojih kolegov. Kot kriminalistka se je criminal investigator, she tried to use different approaches when O naši prvi policistki Danici trudila uporabiti drugačne pristope pri delu z otroki, ženskami, working with children, women, prostitutes and juvenile offenders. Melihar Lovrečič so se razpisali v prostitutkami in mladoletnimi prestopniki. Stražnika, ki je She always put the guard who brought the prostitute to the beograjski reviji Vreme. Our first woman police officer, na zaslišanje pripeljal prostitutko, je vselej postavila pred interrogation in front of the door, because she wanted to be alone Danica Melihar Lovrečič, vrata, saj je hotela biti sama z vsako obravnavano osebo. with each person. She is also credited with setting up the social was featured in the Belgrade Njena zasluga je tudi ustanovitev socialnega odseka na magazine Vreme. section of the Criminal Investigation Department. She also proved © Vreme, 1937 kriminalističnem oddelku. Kot policijska komisarka se je her worth as a police commissioner during the occupation by the izkazala tudi v času okupacije Italijanov in Nemcev. Kot Italians and Germans. As a member of the Liberation Front and članica Osvobodilne fronte in civilna uslužbenka na Upravi Portret mlade policijske a civil servant at the Police Directorate in Ljubljana, she helped komisarke Danice Melihar policije v Ljubljani je pomagala pri osvobajanju naših ljudi, to liberate our people, often putting her own life in danger. After Lovrečič je naslikal Otmar zato je večkrat ogrožala tudi lastno življenje. Po osvoboditvi Dresle, ki je leta 1944 in 1945 the liberation, she even led the Ljubljana Police Directorate for a je nekaj časa celo vodila Upravo policije v Ljubljani. Maja 1945 portretiral večino pomembnih while. In May 1945, like most police officers, she was imprisoned, policistov so jo kot večino policistov zaprli, nato pa so jo, ponovno kot and then, again like most police officers in those unpredictable The portrait of the young police večino policistov v tistih nepredvidljivih in zahtevnih časih, commissioner Danica Melihar and difficult times, she was dismissed because of her personal Lovrečič was painted by Otmar odpustili zaradi osebnih prepričanj, od katerih ni odstopila. convictions, which she did not renounce. At the suggestion of Dresle, who portrayed most of Na predlog nekdanjega načelnika Uprave za notranje zadeve the important police officers in the former head of the Ljubljana Directorate of Internal Affairs, Ljubljana Branka Slaka je bila počaščena s posebnim 1944 and 1945 Branko Slak, she was honoured with a special award to mitigate © Puhar, A., Delo, 2005 priznanjem, s katerim so želeli omiliti povojno krivico. Leta the post-war injustice. In 2001, she was awarded a collection of 2001 so ji podelili zbirko znakov vseh enot slovenske policije. insignia of all Slovenian police units. 8 9 Iz spominov From the Memoirs Danice Melihar Lovrečič of Danica Melihar Lovrečič Ko je bila Danica Melihar Lovrečič stara 77 let, so bili njeni When Danica Melihar Lovrečič was 77 years old, her memoirs spomini na službovanje v policiji objavljeni v reviji Borec of her service in the police were published in the Borec (Zgodilo se je, Borec 11, 1988). Magazine (Zgodilo se je, Borec 11, 1988). V spominskem pričevanju je med drugim navedla: In her memoirs, she stated: »Ko sem dopolnjevala gradivo za te spomine, sem na cesti “When I was looking for material for these memoirs, I met a srečala nekdanjo uslužbenko policije. Dejala je, da je škoda, former policewoman in the street. She said it was a shame that no da o našem delu na policiji nihče nič ne piše. Pa je res škoda, one writes anything about the contribution of women to the police Danica Melihar Lovrečič sem pomislila, saj so se dogajale velike stvari.« force. It’s really a shame, I thought, because great things used to Danica Melihar Lovrečič happen.” © Foto: Roman Turnšek, Ona, Danica Melihar Lovrečič ob »Nisem si mislila, da bom kdaj pisala spomine, še najmanj 2001 / Photo: Roman Turnšek, podeljeni zbirki znakov vseh Ona, 2001 enot slovenske policije pa, da jih bom pisala o tako kočljivi in nehvaležni zadevi, kot “I never thought I would ever write a memoir, least of all about Danica Melihar Lovrečič je policija«. such a delicate and thankless matter as the police”. when receiving a collection of insignia of all Slovenian Police units »Policije vedno služijo režimu. Vsak režim postavi na vodilno “Police forces always serve the regime. Every regime puts its own © Foto: Roman Turnšek, Ona, mesto svojega človeka. Tako je tudi jugoslovanski minister za person in the leading position. Thus, the Yugoslav Minister of the 2001 / Photo: Roman Turnšek, notranje zadeve pred drugo svetovno vojno dr. Anton Korošec Interior before the Second World War, Anton Korošec, appointed a Ona, 2001 za upravnika policije v Ljubljani imenoval režimskega človeka regime man, Lovro Hacin, as the police commissioner in Ljubljana.” dr. Lovra Hacina.« Danica wrote the following about him: “But he always showed understanding when I expressed my desire to receive further O njem je Danica napisala: »Toda vedno je pokazal training or see how a centre in Slovenia operated or, for example, razumevanje, kadar sem izrazila željo, da bi se strokovno visit the social department at the police administration in Zagreb. izpolnila ali si ogledala delovanje kakšnega doma v Slovenji When I told him that I would like to see the conditions in which ali, na primer, socialni odsek na upravi policije v Zagrebu. Ko the convicts in the women’s prison in Begunje lived, he called for sem mu omenila, da bi si rada ogledala, v kakšnih razmerah the car himself. He also invited Mr Barle, the commander of the živijo obsojenke v ženski kaznilnici v Begunjah, je kar sam Gendarmerie, and the commissioner’s personal chauffeur, police naročil avto. Povabil je tudi poveljnika orožnikov Barleta in officer Oton Vončina, took the three of us to Begunje.” 10 11 upravnikov osebni šofer policist Oton Vončina nas je vse tri “I was interested in professional work, and I won the affection odpeljal v Begunje.« of my co-workers and other police officers. They called me the mother of the police. They came to me for advice when they had »Poklicno delo me je zanimalo, pridobila sem si naklonjenost various problems. There was absolutely no temptation to exchange sodelavcev in preostalih policijskih uslužbencev. Klicali so me my profession for housework.” kar mama policije. Ob različnih težavah so prihajali k meni po nasvet. Prav nič me ni mikalo, da bi poklic zamenjala za delo v gospodinjstvu.« Danica Melihar Lovrečič Danica Melihar Lovrečič © Foto: Roman Turnšek, Ona, 2001 / Photo: Roman Turnšek, Ona, 2001 12 13 Narodne zaščitnice People’s Defenders S sklepom vodstva osvobodilne fronte, ki je na začetku By decision of the leadership of the Liberation Front, which združevala vse protifašistične sile v Sloveniji, je bila initially united all anti-fascist forces in Slovenia, the People’s oktobra 1941 ustanovljena Narodna zaščita, iz katere je po Defence was founded in October 1941 as the precursor of the vojni nastala ljudska milica. Njeni najpomembnejši nalogi People‘s Police, which was established after the war. Its most sta bili vzdrževanje javnega reda in boj proti kriminalu. V important duties were maintaining public order and fighting času narodnoosvobodilnega boja po odhodu zaščitnikov v crime. During the National Liberation War, women were recruited partizanske enote so množično novačili tudi ženske. Jeseni en masse as male members of the People’s Defence joined the 1944 je predsedstvo Slovenskega narodnoosvobodilnega partisan units. In the autumn of 1944, the presidency of the sveta izdalo odlok o splošni mobilizaciji za dokončno uničenje Slovene National Liberation Committee issued a decree on general fašizma. Odlok je zajel tudi Narodno zaščito. Več kot 60 mobilisation for the final destruction of fascism. The decree also odstotkov pripadnikov Narodne zaščite se je takoj po objavi applied to the People’s Defence. More than sixty per cent of odloka javilo najbližjim partizanskim enotam. Oddelek za members of the People’s Defence reported to the nearest partisan narodno zaščito se je takrat znašel v precej težkem položaju, units immediately after the decree was published. At that time, Narodna zaščita v okraju saj je bilo treba na osvobojenem ozemlju še naprej skrbeti the People’s Defence found itself in a rather difficult situation, as Kočevje pri delu v pisarni, Tečajniki za narodno zaščito v 15. januar 1945 za javni red in mir in opravljati druge varnostne naloge, Semiču, okoli leta 1944 it was necessary to continue to maintain public order and peace National Defence in Kočevje delavcev pa ni bilo. Tako so začeli vključevati dekleta, ki so National Defence course in the liberated territory and perform other law enforcement tasks District while working at the members in Semič, around 1944 pokazala veliko zanimanja za službo v Narodni zaščiti in jo office, 15 January 1945 even with no staff. This is why they started to recruit girls who © Muzej novejše zgodovine © Muzej novejše zgodovine tudi uspešno opravljala. Oddelek za Narodno zaščito je zanje Slovenije / Museum of distinguished themselves as they applied for work in the People’s Slovenije Slovenije / Museum organiziral poseben tečaj. Na poziv se je javilo 40 deklet in Contemporary History of Defence en masse and did their jobs successfully. The People’s of Contemporary History of Slovenia žensk; najstarejša med njimi je bila 60-letna komandirka Slovenia Defence organised a special course for them so that they could Narodne zaščite na Notranjskem. Daleč naokrog je bila znana perform their tasks well. Forty girls and women responded to the kot odločna in pametna ženska. Kot najboljša tečajnica se call, with the oldest among them being a 60-year-old commander omenja Malka Poje, komandirka iz Notranjske. Po osvoboditvi of the People’s Defence unit in the Notranjska region. She was je bila celo namestnica okrajnega načelnika Narodne milice widely known as a determined and smart woman. Malka Poje, na Rakeku. Zaščitnice so bile na tečaju zelo disciplinirane, a commander from Notranjska, was mentioned as the best z njihovim pristopom in znanjem pa so bili zelo zadovoljni. trainee. After the liberation, she even became the deputy head Splošen uspeh prvega tečaja zaščitnic je bil precej boljši kot of the People’s Police in Rakek. The course participants were pri zaščitnikih. very disciplined, and their approach and knowledge was very 14 15 Na območju Primorske je razvoj milice po drugi svetovni satisfactory. The overall success rate of the first course for female vojni potekal drugače. Območje je bilo namreč razdeljeno na members of the People’s Defence was much better than that of coni A in B, saj se takratna Jugoslavija in Italija nista mogli their male peers. sporazumeti glede suverenosti nad teritorijem, imenovanim Svobodno tržaško ozemlje (1947–1954). V coni B je službo In the Primorska region, the development of the police after the javne varnosti opravljala Narodna zaščita, ki se je leta 1954 Second World War was different. The area was divided into Zones Zaščitniki na patruljnem čolnu preimenovala v ljudsko milico. A and B, as the then Yugoslavia and Italy could not agree on mejnega prehoda Koper, 1947 National Defence crew aboard sovereignty over the territory called the Free Territory of Trieste a patrol boat at Koper border (1947–1954). In Zone B, the public security service was provided crossing point in 1947 by the National Defence, which was renamed the People’s Police © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum in 1954. Patrulja Narodne zaščite na terenu National Defence Patrol in the field. © Strokovni list, 1954 Tečaji varnostne službe med NOB Security courses during the national liberation struggle. © Strokovni list, 1964 16 17 Po drugi svetovni vojni (1945) After the Second World War (1945) Miličnice v kazensko- poboljševalnem domu Rajhenburg Officers at Rajhenburg penal and correctional facility Dr. Janez Pečar je v članku revije Varnost leta 1968 zapisal, Janez Pečar wrote in an article in Varnost magazine in 1968 that da naj bi kmalu po osvoboditvi, torej po letu 1945, promet shortly after liberation, i.e. after 1945, traffic was directed by usmerjale miličnice. Pozneje naj bi izginile, ostale pa naj bi le še women officers. They are said to have disappeared later, and only © zasebna last / privately owned paznice v kazenskih zavodih in posamezna referentka v tistih female guards in correctional facilities and some clerks in units of enotah kriminalistične službe, ki se ukvarjajo z mladoletnimi the criminal police service that deal with juvenile offenders and storilci in ženskami, ki so storilke kaznivih dejanj. female offenders are said to have remained. Elizabeta Terčič, miličnica v Po letu 1945 je v centralni šoli narodne milice absolviralo 98 After 1945, 98 officers graduated from the central police school. kazensko-poboljševalnem tovarišev in tovarišic. Kje so se zaposlile te tovarišice, lahko We can only guess where the female graduates ended up. domu Rajhenburg samo predvidevamo. Elizabeta Terčič, an officer The Museum of Contemporary History keeps a photograph of a at Rajhenburg penal and correctional facility group of women officers employed in the correctional facility in Muzej novejše zgodovine hrani fotografijo skupine milič- © zasebna last / privately Begunje in Gorenjskem, dated September 1947. It also keeps a nic, zaposlenih v kazensko-poboljševalnem domu (KPD) owned Skupina miličnic kazensko- photo of female and male officers employed by the Rajhenburg poboljševalnega doma v Begunjah na Gorenjskem, iz septembra 1947. Hrani tudi correctional facility between 1950 and 1952 in front of Rajhenburg Begunje na Gorenjskem, fotografijo miličnic in miličnikov, zaposlenih v KPD Rajhen-september 1947. Castle, where the facility operated. The building was converted burg, med letoma 1950 in 1952 pred gradom Rajhenburg, kjer A group of KPD Begunje into a correctional facility in 1948, after it was taken over by the officers in Gorenjska, je delovala kazenska ustanova. Leta 1948 je stavbo prevzelo September 1947. Ministry of the Interior. At first, the building housed a correctional Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve in jo začelo preurejati v © Muzej novejše zgodovine facility for women, to which convicts from Begunje na Gorenjskem Slovenije Slovenije / Museum kazensko ustanovo. Najprej je imel tam prostore kazensko-were transferred. The convicts in the castle were mostly political of Contemporary History of poboljševalni zapor za ženske, v katerega so premestili Slovenia prisoners, and there were some women who had committed obsojenke iz gorenjskih Begunj. V omenjenem gradu je bilo criminal acts. They were accused of hostile propaganda, največ političnih zapornic in nekaj storilk kaznivih dejanj. denunciation and espionage. Prisoners accused in political trials Obdolžene so bile sovražne propagande, ovaduštva in were also imprisoned in the castle. The most famous one was vohunstva. Na gradu so bile zaprte tudi v političnih procesih Angela Vode. obsojene zapornice. Najbolj znana je bila Angela Vode. As it was realised that officers performed different jobs in prisons Ob spoznanju, da miličniki v zaporih opravljajo drugačna than at police stations, the two areas began to be separated. They dela kot na postajah milice, so začeli področji ločevati. Ostali were kept within the police, but their education was adapted. The 18 19 sta sicer v okviru milice, toda šolanje se je prilagodilo. Počasi term police officer was being gradually abandoned, and prison se je tudi opuščalo ime miličnika, zaposleni v zaporih pa employees became guards or officers in correctional facilities. In so postajali stražarji v kazensko-poboljševalnih zavodih ali 1967, the authority to enforce prison sentences was transferred pazniki. Leta 1967 se je zgodil prenos pristojnosti izvrševanja from internal affairs authorities to the authorities responsible for kazenskih sankcij z organov za notranje zadeve na organe, justice. pristojne za pravosodje. Miličnice v kazensko- poboljševalnem domu Rajhenburg Officers at Rajhenburg penal and correctional facility Šolanje prvih 18 miličnic leta 1950, ki so prišle iz kazensko- © zasebna last / privately poboljševalnega doma owned Rajhenburg na tečaj v Litijo. The first 18 women officers were trained in 1950 after they came from the Rajhenburg correctional facility to attend a course in Litija. © Ljudski miličnik, 1950 20 21 Udeleženci kriminalističnega Strojepiske so morale pisati tečaja leta 1972. Ženske Referentke v kriminalistični službi Women Criminal Police Officers brez napak, saj popravki niso so bile redko udeleženke bili mogoči: Branka Bizjan kriminalističnih tečajev. v strojepisnici leta 1971, v Participants of a criminal letu 1984 pa se je pridružila investigation course, 1972. miličnicam. Nekatere Women seldom attended such strojepiske so nadaljevale courses at that time. Kot posledica vojnih razmer se je iz leta v leto krepil As a result of the war, juvenile crime was on the rise every year. tudi mladoletniški kriminal. Mladoletniki so izvrševali Juveniles committed property crimes, burglaries, assaults šolanje in se pozneje zaposlile © zasebna last / privately premoženjske delikte, vlomne tatvine, pretepe in uboje ter and murders, and ran away from homes and institutions, while tudi v kriminalistični službi. owned bežali od doma in iz zavodov, zaznana sta bila tudi povečana an increased rate of alcoholism and prostitution was also noted. Typists could not afford mistakes, as they could not be prisotnost alkoholizma in prostitucija. Največje povečanje The largest increase in the number of such crimes was recorded corrected: Branka Bizjan in the števila tovrstnih kaznivih dejanj je bilo v Ljubljani in Mariboru. in Ljubljana and Maribor. Women had been employed in the typing room in 1971, in 1984 she became a police officer. Some criminal police since the liberation, but were few and far between. typists continued their training Že od osvoboditve dalje so bile v kriminalistični policiji They were also employed in the state security and prison guard and later joined the Criminal Investigation Service. zaposlene ženske, vendar jih ni bilo veliko. Zaposlene so bile services. The first operatives in the field of juvenile crime came © zasebna last / privately tudi v državni varnosti in pazniški službi. Prve operativke s from the ranks of social workers. The increased rate of juvenile owned področja mladinskega kriminala so prišle iz vrst socialnih delinquency demanded special attention and action from the law delavk. Povečanje prisotnosti mladoletniškega kriminala je enforcement authorities. namreč od varnostnih organov zahtevalo posebno ukrepanje Petra Hočevar je delo in ravnanje. In 1959, sections for juvenile delinquency and female criminality referentke na področju were established in the secretariats of the Ljubljana, Maribor, mladoletnega prestopništva v kriminalistični službi v Ljubljani V letu 1959 so zaradi naraščajočega mladinskega prestopništva Celje, Kranj and Novo Mesto districts due to an increasing rate of opravljala že pred letom 1971 in smotrnejšega obravnavanja žensk delinkventk (kot so sami juvenile delinquency the need for more appropriate treatment of Petra Hočevar worked as a navajali) v tajništvih okrajev Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje, Kranj in female delinquents (as they themselves stated), while offices were juvenile delinquency officer in the Criminal Investigation Novo mesto ustanovili odseke za mladinsko prestopništvo in established in the internal affairs secretariats in the Gorica, Koper Service in Ljubljana before 1971 značilno žensko kriminaliteto, v tajništvih za notranje zadeve and Murska Sobota districts. © zasebna last / privately okrajev Gorica, Koper in Murska Sobota pa referate. owned In 1959, some of them also worked in the juvenile crime section, Nekatere od njih so v letu 1959 delale tudi na odseku za and an independent office for juvenile crime and female criminality mladinski kriminal, ustanovljen pa je bil tudi samostojni was also established. Women held the leading positions in both. A referat za mladinsko in žensko kriminaliteto. Na obeh major article about what was called the female police was published vodilnih mestih sta bili ženski. V reviji Varnost (1968) je bil in Varnost magazine in 1968 and presented positive experiences objavljen pomemben članek o tako imenovani ženski policiji, pertaining to the inclusion of women in police organisations and v katerem je avtor predstavil pozitivne izkušnje vključevanja female police officers in Europe and around the world. The article 22 23 žensk v policijske organizacije in ženske policije po svetu in v argued in favour of female police officers by noting the many Evropi. V prid ženski policiji je navajal veliko kriminalističnih criminal police and operational tasks that women could perform, in operativnih opravil, ki bi jih lahko opravljale ženske, kot such as conducting personal investigations, escorting female na primer opravljanje osebnih preiskav, spremljanje storilk offenders and children to various institutions, monitoring railway kaznivih dejanj in otrok v razne zavode, nadzorovanje stations, airports and harbours and various establishments železniških postaj, letališč in pristanišč ter različnih lokalov, frequented by minors, looking for runaway or missing children, kamor zahajajo mladoletniki, iskanje pobeglih ali izginulih deterring sexual assaults on children and alcoholism in children otrok, odvračanje nevarnosti pred spolnimi napadi na otroke and minors. ter alkoholizem pri otrocih in mladoletnikih. It can certainly be said that the beginnings of the inclusion of Vsekakor lahko rečemo, da so bili začetki vključevanja žensk women in the police organisation related also to work in juvenile v policijsko organizacijo povezani tudi z delom na področju crime and dealing with prostitution, women and children. mladoletniškega kriminala ter obravnavanja prostitucije, Women begin to fill senior positions in the criminal Na vodilnih delovnih mestih žensk in otrok. police (1960). v kriminalistični službi so bile tudi ženske, 1960 © History of ONZ (Interior Affairs Office) RS 1945-1960 © Zgodovina ONZ RS 1945–1960 24 25 Sprejem uniformiranih policistk, Acceptance of Uniformed nekoč imenovanih miličnice (1973) Policewomen in 1973 Pred letom 1973 je bilo čedalje več pobud, da bi v Republiki Before 1973, there was a growing number of initiatives to Sloveniji organizirali uniformirano žensko milico. Po organise a uniformed women’s police service in the then sprejetju Zakona o narodni milici konec leta 1946 je bilo to Socialist Republic of Slovenia. This was deemed impossible when Študentke prometnice so na osnovnih šolah poučevale o nemogoče, saj so bili miličniki lahko samo moški; nekaj žensk the National Police Act was passed in late 1946, as only men could prometni varnosti. je ostalo le v službi paznic v zaporih. Zamisel se je porodila be police officers, although some women remained to serve, but Predstavitev ženske miličniške Student - traffic officer. They uniforme. Športne igre organov zaradi velikega pomanjkanja miličnikov in ob ugotovitvi, only as prison guards. The idea was born due to a great shortage of taught traffic safety in primary javne varnosti Jugoslavije v schools. da je mnogo delovnih mest, ki bi jih lahko brez posebnosti police officers and the realisation that there were many positions Tacnu, Ljubljana, 13. maj 1973 © Tovariš, 1957, foto: Svetozar zapolnile ženske v uniformi. Največ delovne moči naj bi that could be filled by women in uniform. There was said to be a Tacen, Ljubljana, 13 May 1973, Busić, Muzej novejše zgodovine Sport games of Yugoslavia’s primanjkovalo za izvajanje nalog, podobnih socialnemu labour force shortage for duties such as social work. The Ljubljana Slovenije / Tovariš, 1957, photo: public security authorities. Svetozar Busić, Museum of delu. Uprava javne varnosti Ljubljana je prva vztrajala, da bi Public Security Administration was the first to insist on mitigating Presentation of the women’s Contemporary History police uniform. kadrovski primanjkljaj ublažili z ustanovitvijo ženske milice. the staff shortage by establishing a women’s police service. of Slovenia © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum Tajništvo za notranje zadeve je skrb za naše malčke že v letu As early as 1957, the Ministry of the Interior entrusted the care of 1957 zaupalo uniformiranim študentkam – prometnicam, our little ones to uniformed female students – traffic police, who ki so podpisale pogodbo o honorarnem delu. Na osnovnih signed a contract to work on a fee-paying basis. They taught traffic šolah so poučevale o prometni varnosti. safety in primary schools. Obdobje po letu 1973, ko so bile v milico sprejete miličnice, The period after 1973, when the first uniformed women officers ki so se zaposlile na policijskih postajah po Sloveniji, pomeni were employed in the police, marks a major turning point and veliko prelomnico in je eden največjih mejnikov za policijski is one of the largest milestones for a profession which for many poklic, ki je dolga leta veljal za izključno moškega. Ženske so years was considered exclusively male. Women performed the opravljale enake naloge kot njihovi moški sodelavci. same tasks as their male counterparts. Prva ženska je bila na delovno mesto miličnice pripravnice v The first woman was assigned to the post of police trainee in the Upravi za notranje zadeve Ljubljana razporejena 1. decembra Ljubljana Internal Affairs Administration on 1 December 1973, and 1973, naslednja pa 1. januarja 1974. Tema dvema so 1. the second on 1 January 1974. These two were followed by another 26 27 februarja 1974 v Upravi za notranje zadeve Maribor sledile še three women in the Maribor Internal Affairs Administration on 1 tri. To je bilo prvih pet žensk, zaposlenih v takratni slovenski February 1974. These were the first five women employed in the policiji. Do konca leta 1975 je bilo nato postopoma zaposlenih Slovenian police at the time. Around 50 women police trainees še okoli 50 miličnic pripravnic. Po končani šoli za miličnike so had been gradually employed by the end of 1975. After finishing večinoma dobile naloge, kakršne so opravljali njihovi moški the school for police officers, they mostly performed the same sodelavci. tasks as their male counterparts. 13. maja 1973, ko so bile v Tacnu, v Ljubljani športne igre The women’s police uniforms were presented to the public for organov javne varnosti Jugoslavije, so v javnosti prvič the first time on 13 May 1973, during a sports competition of the predstavili ženske miličniške uniforme. Za to priložnost so jih Yugoslav public security authorities, held in Tacen, Ljubljana. For oblekle uslužbenke organov za notranje zadeve. this occasion, the uniforms were worn by female employees of the internal affairs authorities. V policijskih vrstah je v letu 1973 vladal velik odpor glede zaposlovanja uniformiranih policistk (nekoč miličnic), In 1973, there was great resistance in the police ranks to the a zaposlovanje žensk v milico se je kljub temu začelo. recruitment of uniformed female police officers, but the Glavni razlog za to je bil, da moški nekaterih pooblastil, recruitment of women began nonetheless. The main reason denimo varnostnega pregleda žensk, niso mogli izvajati. was that men were not allowed to perform certain powers, such Udeleženke drugega uvajalnega tečaja za miličnike V organizaciji je bilo veliko ovir, dvomov in strahu, ali se as frisking and strip searching of women. There were many pripravnike bo ženskam uspelo vključiti. Nenehno se je poudarjalo, da obstacles, doubts and fears as to whether women would be able Miličnica in miličnik pri kontroli prometa Participants of the second je pomemben skupni trud: če se bodo trudili, jim bo tudi to integrate into the organisation. It was constantly stressed Officers patrolling traffic induction course for police trainees uspelo. that joint effort is important, and if they put in the effort they © zasebna last / privately © Foto: Tone Jerman, Varnost, would succeed. owned 1975 / Photo: Tone Jerman, Ivan Winkler, nekdanji načelnik milice o zaposlovanju žensk Varnost, 1975 v letu 1973 Ivan Winkler, a former police commissioner on employment of women in 1973 28 29 Tovarišica miličnica Mrs Police Officer Prišla je kakor strela z jasnega neba, The presence of young policewomen on the street and in police skrivnostna kakor osmo čudo sveta procedures not only influenced the work of the police, but also in trije kolesarji so zleteli na tla impressed and inspired citizens. Songwriter Drago Mislej dedicated in dva motorista po gobe sta šla. his song »Mrs Police Officer« to a policewoman in Koper. In the Matere podile otroke so spat, song, he humorously addresses the changes at that time, when zdaj pa brez besed in konec debat. the first policewomen suddenly appeared on the streets. Če ne boste tiho, bo ona prišla, tovarišica miličnica. In January 2023, the songwriter Drago Mislej recalled how the song came to be: “It was quite a long time ago, but I remember Zdenka Celin, miličnica na Očetje so se zbrali na tajni posvet. Postaji mejne policije Šentilj when the first policewoman appeared in Koper. I was the editor of Zdenka Celin, officer of Šentilj Ja, kam pa vse to vodi, kam gre ta svet. youth programmes on Radio Koper, and of course we thought it border police station Zlatka Gorup, miličnica v Zdaj ko še miličnik ni več, kar je bil, © zasebna last / privately Kopru, okoli leta 1974 was something really special. I think we even invited her in for an saj lahko bo v službi porodniško dobil. owned Zlatka Gorup, a police officer in interview, although I don’t remember exactly. We met her after we Koper, around 1974 Tatovi so se zbrali na občni zbor recorded the song in the Radio Koper studio. Of course, she didn’t © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum in pismo so poslali na primerni odbor: like it very much because the song is a bit of a banter, but when we kar je prav, je prav, a to ne gre, got to know each other better, she realised it was actually a very bežati pred žensko pač spodobi se ne. mild remark on staffing in the police. In the following years and decades, the song became a kind of bond between us, and I hope Začasni sindikat za žensko obrt that, also because of the song, we will meet again soon.” prijavil je na občini štrajk odprt. Parole so pripravile članice vse, na njih pa zapisale besede te: Ja, kaj te je prineslo, zakaj si prišla, pa ravno v naše mesto, tovarišica miličnica. Avtor: Drago Mislej 30 31 Prisotnost mladih miličnic na cesti in v postopkih milice ni vplivala samo na delo znotraj policije, temveč je puščala vtis in bila v navdih tudi pri občanih. Pesem Tovarišica miličnica je Drago Mislej posvetil nekdanji miličnici v Kopru. V pesmi duhovito opiše takratne spremembe, ko so se na cesti nenadoma pojavile prve miličnice. Avtor pesmi je o njenem nastanku januarja 2023 povedal: »Že kar nekaj časa je minilo, ampak spominjam se, da je takrat v Koper prišla prva miličnica. Bil sem urednik mladinskih oddaj na radiu Koper in seveda se nam je zdelo to nekaj res posebnega. Mislim, da smo jo celo povabili na intervju, čeprav se tega natančno ne spomnim. Potem ko smo pesem posneli v studiu Radia Koper, smo se z njo tudi spoznali. Seveda ji ni bilo najbolj prav, ker je pesem nekoliko zafrkljiva, ko pa smo se bolje spoznali, je tudi ona razumela, da gre v resnici za zelo blago komentiranje sprememb v policijskem kadrovanju. V naslednjih letih in desetletjih je pesem postala Miličnica pri kontroli prometa nekakšna vez med nami in upam, da se bomo, tudi zaradi An officer conducting pesmi, kmalu spet srečali.« a traffic stop © Tadeja Kolenc, Slovenska policija, 2002 e olic es of the P chivar olicije / 32 © arhiv P Udeležba žensk v vojni za Participation of Women in the Slovenijo leta 1991 Slovenian War of Independence in 1991 Pomembne zasluge za uspeh vojne za Slovenijo imajo The successful outcome of the war was largely due to the organi za notranje zadeve in teritorialna obramba. Vojna internal affairs authorities and Territorial Defence. The War za Slovenijo je zahtevala posebno angažiranost različnih of Independence required a special commitment from various služb oziroma uslužbencev in uslužbenk organov za notranje services or employees of the Ministry of the Interior. Each service zadeve. Vsaka služba je opravljala svoj del celovite naloge. V carried out its part of the overall task. Preparations for the war had organih za notranje zadeve Republike Slovenije so priprave already been under way a year earlier in the Slovenian Ministry of na osamosvojitveno vojno potekale že leto prej. the Interior. Za milico so bili odgovorni načelniki inšpektoratov milice. The heads of the police inspectorates were in charge of the police. Delovanje postaj milice in njihovih oddelkov je bilo odvisno The functioning of the police stations and their departments Miličnica Diana Breznik od njihovih starešin. V najtežjih varnostnih razmerah so se depended on their elders. In the most difficult security situations, Miličnica Darja Prudič Police officer Diana Breznik izkazali komandirji in komandirke, miličniki in miličnice, male and female commanders, police officers, criminal police Police officer Darja Prudič © Muzej novejše zgodovine © Foto: Borut Krajnc, Mladina Slovenije / Museum kriminalisti in kriminalistke ter drugi uslužbenci in uslužbenke officers and other employees of internal affairs authorities proved – posebna številka, 26. marec of Contemporary History notranjih zadev. Na dan začetka vojne za Slovenijo sta bili their worth. The Special Unit of the Republican Secretariat for 2021 / photo: Borut Krajnc, of Slovenia pripravljeni tudi Specialna enota Republiškega sekretariata Internal Affairs and the Special Unit of the Police were also ready Mladina – special issue, 26 March 2021 za notranje zadeve in Posebna enota milice. on the day the War of Independence began. Kriminalistična služba oziroma kriminalisti in kriminalistke During the war, the Criminal Investigation Service and its officers so med vojno opravljali redno delo, pa tudi druge naloge carried out their regular work, as well as other tasks. They kot sicer. Sprejemali so ujetnike v zbirnem centru za vojne admitted prisoners of war at the Prisoner of War Collection Centre, ujetnike, opravljali identifikacije in razgovore z njimi ter iskali carried out identification and interviews with them, searched for storilce kaznivih dejanj iz vrst pripadnikov Jugoslovanske perpetrators of criminal (non)military activities of members of the ljudske armade, pripadnikov varnostne službe Jugoslovanske Yugoslav People’s Army and members of the Yugoslav People’s ljudske armade (JLA) in pripadnikov zvezne enote milice, Army Security Service (hereafter: JNA), members of the Federal zvezne carinske uprave in zvezne Službe državne varnosti. Police Unit, the Federal Customs Administration and the Federal 34 35 Kriminalisti in kriminalistke so opravljali tudi oglede State Security Service. Criminal investigators also carried out visits dogodkov in kaznivih dejanj, povezanih z vojno za Slovenijo. to events and crimes related to the War of Independence. They Dokumentirali so nastalo škodo med spopadi in evidentirali documented the damage caused during the fighting and recorded telesne poškodbe. Mnogi so bili vključeni v operativno injuries. Many were involved in operational monitoring of units spremljanje enot in posameznih pripadnikov JLA. Delovali and individual members of the JNA. They also worked outside the so tudi izven Republike Slovenije in, denimo, pomagali pri Republic of Slovenia, assisting in the escape of Slovenian soldiers pobegih slovenskih vojakov iz enot JLA. from JNA units. Miličnica Diana Breznik in pripadnik teritorialne obrambe, Leta 1991 je bilo v Sloveniji okoli 4400 uniformiranih miličnikov In 1991, there were around 4,400 uniformed police and 440 30. junij 1991 in 440 kriminalistov. 1. julija 1991 je bilo na pooblaščenem criminal investigators in Slovenia. On 1 July 1991, there were 154 Police officer Diana Breznik and Territorial Defence uniformiranem delovnem mestu 154 žensk. Na delovnem women working as uniformed police officers and 24 as criminal member, 30 June 1991 mestu kriminalistke je bilo zaposlenih 24 žensk. Ne smemo investigators. The contribution of other female and male staff of © Foto: Tone Stojko, Muzej pa pozabiti prispevka preostalih uslužbencev in uslužbenk the internal affairs authorities should not be overlooked either. novejše zgodovine Slovenije / photo: Tone Stojko, Museum organov za notranje zadeve. of Contemporary History of Although only relatively few women were employed in the Slovenia Čeprav je bilo v obdobju vojne za Slovenijo v milici in police and the criminal investigation service during the War of kriminalistični službi zaposlenih le malo žensk, je njihova Independence, their role in the path to independence has left a vloga na poti v samostojnost pustila globoko sled. Mnoge od deep impression. Many of them were awarded the status of war njih so prejele status vojnih veterank. veterans. 36 37 O sodelovanju v vojni za They Said of Their Participation in Slovenijo so povedale ... the 1991 War of Independence … Jožica Škrlec – namestnica komandirja Postaje mejne Jožica Škrlec – the deputy commander of the Maribor border milice Maribor police station Na začetku vojne za Slovenijo je bila edina izmed starešin, At the beginning of the war, she was the only officer who remained ki je ostala na tej postaji, in sama je vodila vse akcije. Deset at this station and she herself led all the campaigns. It was very dni je bilo zelo napeto, saj je nenehno grozilo, da bodo tense for ten days, as there was the constant threat of federal zvezne enote zasedle območje mejnega prehoda. V enoto, troops seizing the border crossing area. 50 police officers – active Uslužbenci Inšpektorata milice ki jo je vodila, je bilo razporejenih 50 policistov – aktivnih ones and those of the reserve – were assigned to the unit that she Sektorja za stalno dežurstvo in iz rezervnega sestava. Jožica je povedala, da je bilo zelo commanded. Jožica said that it was very difficult. Many co-workers Uprave za notranje zadeve Novo mesto, začetek julija 1991. hudo. Marsikateri sodelavec ji je takrat dejal, da niso vedeli, told her at the time that they didn’t know she could endure so Z leve: Martin Remih, Alojz da lahko toliko zdrži. To je bilo zanjo priznanje, ker so ob much. This was a recognition for her, because the stereotypes Trontelj, Zofija Kolenc tem odpadli tudi očitki o občutljivosti in šibkosti žensk. about women being sensitive and weak were being broken. (Zora Namestnica komandirja Ljuba in Štefan Misja Šolar na mejnem prehodu (Zora Štok, Delo, 1992) Štok, Delo, 1992) Employees of the Police Ljubelj, 1. julij 1991 Inspectorate, round-the- Deputy Commander Ljuba clock duty section of the Marija Tertinek – komandirka Oddelka mejne milice Radlje Marija Tertinek – the commander of the Radlje police station Šolar, Ljubelj border crossing, Administration of Internal 1 July 1991 Affairs, Novo mesto, beginning V vojni za Slovenijo je bila komandirka oddelka na mejnem During the war, she was the commander of a division on the border © Foto: Mirko Kunšič, zasebna of July 1991. From the left last / photo: Mirko Kunšič, Martin Remih, Alojz Trontelj, prehodu. S teritorialci je usklajevala in vodila stražo in crossing. She coordinated and managed the guard and logistics privately owned Zofija Kolenc and Štefan Misja logistiko. Obkoljeni so bili z vseh strani. Na oddelku je imela with members of the Territorial Defence. They were surrounded on © Četrt stoletja Policijske takrat eno sodelavko, ki je bila pomočnica vodje izmene. Še all sides. At the time, she had one female colleague in the division, uprave Novo mesto, 2016 enkrat bi se odločila za poklic policistke, saj ima lepe spomine who was the assistant head of the shift. She would choose to in ni imela težav z moškimi. Malo težje je bilo usklajevanje become a policewoman again, as she has fond memories and has službe z družino. Do enega leta starosti otrok ji ni bilo treba had no problems with men. Balancing work with family life was a delati ponoči, vse druge naloge pa je morala opravljati. Na bit more difficult. Until the children were one year old, she did not usposabljanjih je bila pogosto sama med moškimi, zato so jo have to work at night, but was required to perform all other duties. večkrat izpustili iz seznamov, v Gotenici pa niso vedeli, kam She was often the only woman taking part in training, so she was naj jo namestijo. (Ustni vir, 25. april 2022) omitted from the lists several times, and they did not know where 38 39 Mojca Šemerl Harmel – kriminalistka to accommodate her at the Gotenica Training Centre. (Oral source, Med vojno za Slovenijo je bila aktivno vključena v naloge, 25 April 2022) ki jih je imela takrat kriminalistična služba (na terenu so obravnavali dogodke oziroma kazniva dejanja, povezana Mojca Šemerl Harmel – a criminal police officer tako s takratno situacijo kot tudi na splošno s področjem, ki During the War of Independence, she was actively involved in the ga zajema kriminalistična služba). V času vojne za Slovenijo tasks that the criminal police service were required to undertake leta 1991 je sodelovala pri ogledih kaznivih dejanj in drugih at the time (they dealt in the field with events or criminal acts dogodkov, povezanih z vojno. Bila je v patruljah (kriminalist, related to the situation at that time and, in general, to the area specialec in policist), ki so v nočnem času opravljale covered by the criminal police service). At that time in 1991, she kontrole vojašnic, in opravljala vse druge naloge v zvezi also participated in investigations of crime scenes and other Namestnica komandirja Ljuba z zagotavljanjem varnosti. V tem času so bili večinoma na events related to the war. She was part of patrols (consisting of a Šolar na mejnem prehodu terenu in tudi delovni čas se je skoraj vsak dan raztegnil v criminal police officer, a special unit officer and a police officer) Ljubelj, 1. julij 1991 Deputy Commander Ljuba noč. (Intervju, 2022) that performed checks of barracks at night and performed all Šolar, Ljubelj border crossing, other security tasks. During this time, they were mostly in the field 1 July 1991 and the working hours extended into the night almost every day. © Foto: Mirko Kunšič, zasebna last / photo: Mirko Kunšič, (Interview, 2022) privately owned 40 41 Po letu 1992 After 1992 Usposabljanje policistk in policistov, 1995 Po osamosvojitvi slovenske države je slovensko policijo After Slovenia became an independent state, the Slovenian zaznamovalo kar nekaj večjih organizacijskih sprememb, police underwent a number of major organisational changes Training of new police officers ki so vplivale na delo policistov in policistk. Z iztekanjem leta that affected the work of police officers. With the end of 1991, a in 1995 1991 je nastajala nova podoba uniforme milice. Milica se je new police uniform was being created. In 1992, the police dropped © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum leta 1992 preimenovala v policijo, miličniki in miličnice pa the old name milica (militia). Legislation was being changed. v policiste in policistke. Spreminjala se je tudi zakonodaja. There were repeated initiatives to recruit new female uniformed Leta 1992 je ponovno prihajalo do pobud za sprejem novih police officers as no new women had been taken on since 1983. uniformiranih miličnic. Od leta 1983 namreč niso zaposlovali Nove uniforme policije, 1991. The Ministry of the Interior was receiving ever more initiatives for Modno žensko pokrivalo – novih policistk. Kljub temu je na Ministrstvo za notranje the employment of women, which was also the result of the work klobuček Čarli zadeve prihajalo več prošenj za zaposlitev žensk, kar je bilo of the Office for Women’s Policies in the government and public New police uniforms, 1991. A stylish hat Charlie forms part med drugim tudi posledica dela urada za žensko politiko v pressure. of women’s police uniform naši vladi in pritiska javnosti. © Muzej slovenske policije / In 1994, the Minister’s Office took a decision to start employing Slovenian Police Museum V letu 1994 so v kabinetu ministra sprejeli odločitev o women in the police again. The uniformed police were facing a Nove uniforme policije, 1991. ponovnem zaposlovanju žensk v policiji. V uniformirani policiji staff shortage, which they wanted to address by recruiting female Modno žensko pokrivalo – klobuček Čarli so se namreč srečevali s kadrovskim primanjkljajem, ki so ga police officers. In 1992, there were 160 uniformed policewomen, New police uniforms, 1991. A hoteli odpraviti s sprejemom policistk. Leta 1992 je bilo pri nas but in 1994 there were only 153. Together with regional offices, stylish hat Charlie forms part 160 uniformiranih policistk, v letu 1994 pa le še 153. Skupaj they identified the need for 68 new policewomen. This number of women’s police uniform © Muzej slovenske policije / z uradi za notranje zadeve so ugotavljali potrebe po novih included all the Internal Affairs Offices, the Protection Units and Slovenian Police Museum policistkah in prišli do številke 68. V tem številu so zajeli vse the Special Unit. The greatest need for female police officers urade za notranje zadeve, zaščitne enote in specialno enoto. was expressed in Ljubljana, Celje, Novo Mesto and Krško, and Največ potreb po policistkah so izrazili v Ljubljani, Celju, somewhat less in Kranj, Koper, Maribor and Murska Sobota. In Novem mestu in Krškem, nekaj manj pa v Kranju, Kopru, 1994, a call for applications for employment of women in the Mariboru in Murski Soboti. V letu 1994 so v dnevnikih objavili Slovenian police was published in daily newspapers. The response razpis za zaposlitev žensk v slovenski policiji. Odziv je bil zelo was immense, with as many as 460 applications for the job of velik, saj so dobili kar 460 prošenj za delo policistke, čeprav so police officer being received, of which only 23 were accepted. The jih sprejeli le 23. Izbirni postopek je bil pripravljen skrbno in z selection procedure was prepared carefully and with considerable veliko truda, izbrali pa so le najboljše. effort, and only the best were chosen. 42 43 Dijakinje in dijaki Srednje policijske šole, 1998–2002 Students of the Police High School, 1998–2002 Dijakinje Srednje policijske šole Female Students of The Police Študentke in študenti Policijske High School akademije Students of the Police Academy L © Arhiv Sektroja za odnose z eta 1967 se je s programom, namenjenim samo fantom, Education at the three-year Cadet High School started in 1967 javnostmi, Policija / archives of the Public Relations Division, začelo izobraževanje na triletni Srednji kadetski šoli. Leta with a programme intended only for boys. In 1974, the school Police 1974 se je šola preoblikovala v štiriletno Kadetsko šolo za was reorganised into a four-year Cadet School for Police Officers miličnike in nato leta 1992 v Srednjo policijsko šolo. V 90. and then in 1992 into the Police High School. In the 1990s, quite letih je bilo narejenih kar nekaj primerjav in posvetov, kakšni a few comparative studies were conducted and discussions were naj bi bili izobraževalni sistemi za policiste in policistke. held regarding what kind of educational system to establish for Pojavljali so se namreč tudi predlogi o ukinitvi kadetnice; police officers. There were proposals to abolish the cadet school; nekateri so menili, da so kadeti s 14 leti premalo zreli za tako some believed that at the age of 14, cadets were not mature zahteven poklic, kot je poklic policista, ki ga začnejo opravljati enough for such a demanding profession, which they start to samostojno že pri 18 letih. Program Srednje policijske šole je perform independently at the age of 18. The programme of the trajal do leta 2002. Zadnji in edini letnik je končalo tudi 23 Police High School was implemented until 2002. The last and only deklet. Po tem programu v policiji ni bilo več šolanja, ki bi year was also completed by 23 girls. This was the end of police bilo namenjeno samo predstavnikom moškega spola. education intended only for men. Študentke in študenti Višje policijske šole Večji sprejem žensk v uniformirano policijo je bil tudi ob Women were accepted in the uniformed police force to a greater Students of the Police College vstopu Slovenije v schengen (2006) in pojavu potreb po degree upon Slovenia’s entry into the Schengen Area due to the © Arhiv Sektroja za odnose z varovanju zunanje meje Evropske unije. Od leta 2015 v policiji need to secure the external border of the European Union (2006). javnostmi, Policija / archives of the Public Relations Division, poteka višje strokovno izobraževanje, ki traja dve leti in je Two-year state-approved higher education programmes have Police javno veljaven študijski program. Po uspešno opravljenih been available in the police since 2015. After passing their exams, obveznostih študent in študentka pridobita višjo strokovno students obtain higher professional education and the title of wned izobrazbo in naziv policist/policistka. police officer. ately o privt / © zasebna las 44 45 Mag. Tatjana Bobnar, prva Tatjana Bobnar – the First Woman generalna direktorica policije Director General of the Police Tako kot je bila prva slovenska policistka po poklicu Just as the first Slovenian policewoman was a lawyer, so was pravnica, je bila tudi prva generalna direktorica policije the first woman Director General of the Police. Her early days pravnica. Tudi njeni začetki v policiji so bili (tako kot začetki in the police (like those of the first Slovenian policewoman) were prve slovenske policistke) povezani z delom na področju connected with work with the most vulnerable groups – minors, najranljivejših, mladoletnikov, otrok in žensk. V slovenski children and women. After graduating from the Faculty of Law in policiji se je zaposlila po končani Pravni fakulteti v Ljubljani Ljubljana in 1993, she was employed by the Slovenian police as a leta 1993, in sicer kot kriminalistka v skupini za mladoletno criminal investigator in the group for juvenile delinquency at the Mag. Tatjana Bobnar. prestopništvo Uprave kriminalistične službe znotraj Uprave Criminal Investigation Office of the Internal Affairs Administration. Slovesnost ob imenovanju generalne direktorice policije, za notranje zadeve Ljubljana. Zaradi njenega pravnega Because of her legal knowledge and operational skills, she was Mag. Tatjana Bobnar, Tacen, Ljubljana, 2018 generalna direktorica policije znanja in operativnih sposobnosti so ji že zelo zgodaj zaupali entrusted at an early stage with the management of this sensitive Tatjana Bobnar at the Tatjana Bobnar, Director vodenje tega občutljivega področja, na katerem je pokazala area, where she also demonstrated her leadership skills. She ceremony marking her General of the Police appointment as Director tudi svoje vodstvene sposobnosti. Nikoli se ni pretirano never got too involved in the minutiae, and was always willing to © Arhiv Sektorja za odnose General of the Police, Tacen, z javnostmi, Policija, foto: ukvarjala z malenkostmi, znala pa je prisluhniti sodelavcem listen to her colleagues. She soon became Head of Operational Ljubljana, 2018 Aleš Završek / archives of © Arhiv Sektorja za odnose in sodelavkam. Kmalu je postala vodja službe za operativno Support at the Ljubljana Police Directorate and later Assistant the Public Relations Division, z javnostmi, Policija, foto: Police. photo: Aleš Završek podporo na Policijski upravi Ljubljana, pozneje pa pomočnica Director of the Ljubljana Police Directorate. She also held the Aleš Završek / archives of direktorja Policijske uprave Ljubljana. Zasedla je tudi mesto the Public Relations Division, position of Assistant Director of the Criminal Police Directorate. Police, photo: Aleš Završek pomočnice direktorja Uprave kriminalistične policije. Leta In 2009, she was appointed Deputy Director General of the Police. 2009 je bila imenovana za namestnico generalnega direktorja She held this post until 12 December 2018, when the Government policije. To funkcijo je opravljala vse do 12. decembra 2018, ko appointed her Director General of the Police. She led the Police jo je vlada imenovala za generalno direktorico policije. Policijo until 13 December 2020. In this and other positions, she always je vodila do 13. decembra 2020. Na tej in preostalih funkcijah advocated and supported good people-oriented projects, including je vselej podpirala dobre projekte, namenjene ljudem, med gender equality in the organisation. In 2022, she was appointed drugim tudi projekte za enakost spolov v organizaciji. V letu the Minister of the Interior, only to resign from the post in the 2022 je bila imenovana za ministrico za notranje zadeve, a je same year. še v istem letu odstopila od funkcije. 46 47 V intervjuju iz leta 2022 nam je zaupala: She told us the following in an interview from 2022: »Nekomu, ki se je pravkar odločil postati policistka ali “This is my advice to someone who has just decided to become a policist, bi svetovala naslednje: Sledi naj svojim idejam, police officer: They should follow their ideas, and the journey itself pri tem pa je sama pot pomembnejša od cilja. Na tej poti is more important than the goal. On this path, they should always naj vedno zagovarja pravičnost in poštenost. Ne glede na advocate justice and fairness. Regardless of anything. Let all of vse. Poskušajmo vsi čim bolj slediti ideji Marka Avrelija, ki us try to follow as much as possible the idea of Marcus Aurelius, pravi, da je treba po eni strani brez nejevolje, po drugi strani who says that on the one hand we must do our duty without pa z vestno, neprisiljeno dostojnostjo, človekoljubjem in reluctance, and on the other hand with conscientious, unforced pravičnostjo opravljati svojo dolžnost, zavedajoč se večnega decency, philanthropy and justice, aware of the eternal struggle boja v nas med dobrim in slabim, pa vendar nikomur hlapci within us between good and evil, while being neither servants nor in nikomur tirani.« tyrants to anyone.” Svečana predaja uniforme generalne direktorice policije mag. Tatjane Bobnar kustodinji Mag. Tatjana Bobnar, generalna Muzeja slovenske policije direktorica policije Darinki Kolar Osvald, 2022 Tatjana Bobnar, Director Ceremonial handover of General of the Police the uniform of the Director- © Arhiv Sektorja za odnose z General of the Police, Tatjana javnostmi, Policija / archives of Bobnar to the Curator of the the Public Relations Division, Museum of the Slovenian Police Police, Darinka Kolar Osvald, 2022 © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum 48 49 Enakost spolov Gender Equality Enakost žensk in moških pomeni, da morajo biti ženske Equality of women and men means that women and men must in moški ne le zakonsko, ampak tudi v praksi enako not only be equally recognised legally, but also in practice; prepoznavni; razpolagati morajo z enako družbeno močjo, that they must possess equal social power, be equally involved biti enako udeleženi na vseh področjih javnega in zasebnega in all areas of public and private life and enjoy equal benefit from življenja ter imeti enako korist od rezultatov družbenega the results of social progress. However, equality of women and napredka. Nikakor pa enakost žensk in moških ne pomeni men does not mean sameness and the denial of the differences istosti in zanikanja razlik med ženskami in moškimi. between women and men. Katarina Kresal, ministrica za Ženske so bile vseskozi tako ali drugače prisotne v varnostnih Women have always been present in one way or another in Vesna Györkös Žnidar, notranje zadeve organizacijah. V preteklosti so bile v večjem številu zaposlene security organisations. In the past, a large number of women were ministrica za notranje zadeve Katarina Kresal, Minister of the Vesna Györkös Žnidar, Minister Interior na področjih administracije in financ, v arhivih, kot pisarniške employed in administration and finance, in archives, as office of the Interior © Foto: Daniel Novaković, STA referentke, tajnice, vodje pisarn, kadrovnice in podobno. clerks, secretaries, office managers, human resources managers © Foto: Robert Balen, Večer / / Photo: Daniel Novaković, STA Danes bi dejali, da so bile zaposlene na strokovno-tehničnih and the like. Today, one could say that they are employed in Photo: Robert Balen, Večer delovnih mestih. Pisalni stroji niso omogočali takih možnosti, professional and technical positions. Typewriters did not provide kot jih imamo danes v dobi računalništva. Njihov prispevek such possibilities as there are today in the age of computers. Their je bil nepogrešljiv za obstoj tako velike organizacije, kot je contribution was indispensable for the existence of such a large Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve z organoma v sestavi (Policija organisation, as they also performed exceptional support services. in Inšpektorat RS za notranje zadeve), saj so med drugim opravljale izjemno podporno funkcijo. The finding that policewomen in police organisations help improve the quality of the performance of police duties was not the true Ugotovitev, da policistke v policijskih organizacijah pripomo-reason for the inclusion of women in police organisations – rather, rejo k višji kakovosti opravljanja policijskih nalog, ni bila it was due to the pressure exerted by women’s rights groups pravi razlog za vključevanje žensk v policijske organizacije, abroad, and later also in our country. Fears and prejudices and temveč le pritisk skupin za pravice žensk v tujini, pozneje the traditional view of women as mothers and homemakers were pa tudi pri nas. Tradicionalni pogled na žensko kot mater in the main reason for resistance and their unequal inclusion. Great gospodinjo ter strahovi in predsodki so bili glavni razlog za progress has been made in the field of equality and policewomen odpor in njihovo neenakopravno vključevanje. Čeprav je bil today are present in various areas of the organisation, but this does na področju enakosti narejen velik napredek in so policistke not mean that prejudices and stereotypes have been eliminated. 50 51 danes prisotne na različnih področjih naše organizacije, This exhibition is intended to raise awareness of how important to še ne pomeni, da so predsodki in stereotipi odpravljeni. the recognition, inclusion and visibility of both sexes is in what Zato želimo s to razstavo opozoriti tudi na zavedanje, kako was for many years considered a traditionally male organisation. pomembne so prepoznavnost, vključenost in vidnost obeh spolov v organizaciji, ki je dolga leta veljala kot tradicionalno In 1998, the Police and the Inspectorate of the Republic of moška. Slovenia for the Interior became bodies within the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Slovenia. The Ministry has an important Leta 1998 sta Policija in Inšpektorat Republike Slovenije role in shaping gender equality policy and has so far been led za notranje zadeve postala organa v sestavi Ministrstva by four women, namely: Katarina Kresal (21 November 2008 to Sanja Ajanović Hovnik, za notranje zadeve Republike Slovenije. Ministrstvo ima 2 September 2011), Vesna Györkös Žnidar (18 September 2014 to ministrica za javno upravo v funkciji ministrice pomembno vlogo pri oblikovanju politike enakosti spolov. 13 September 2018), Tatjana Bobnar (1 June 2022 to 14 December za notranje zadeve Mag. Tatjana Bobnar, Na ministrstvu so bile do zdaj na najvišjem, ministrskem 2022) and Sanja Ajanović Hovnik, Minister of Public Administration Sanja Ajanović Hovnik, Minister ministrica za notranje zadeve položaju štiri ženske, in sicer Katarina Kresal (21. 11. 2008–2. in the capacity of Minister of the Interior (14 December 2022 to 21 of Public Administration Tatjana Bobnar, Minister of the in the capacity of Interior 9. 2011), Vesna Györkös Žnidar (18. 9. 2014–13. 9. 2018), mag. February 2023). Minister of the Interior © Foto: Tamino Petelinšek, STA Tatjana Bobnar (1. 6. 2022–14. 12. 2022) in Sanja Ajanović © Foto: Tamino Petelinšek, STA / Photo: Tamino Petelinšek, / Photo: Tamino Petelinšek, STA Hovnik, ministrica za javno upravo v funkciji ministrice za Number of employees by gender in the police STA notranje zadeve (14. 12. 2022–21. 2. 2023). Official posts Professional-technical Število zaposlenih v policiji posts Male Female Total Male Female Total National Uradniška delovna mesta Strokovno-tehnična delovna mesta 1.467 381 1.848 25 107 132 level moški ženske skupaj moški ženske skupaj Local level 3.526 812 4.338 84 449 533 Državna Regional raven 1.467 381 1.848 25 107 132 1.022 169 1191 85 324 409 level Lokalna Total 6.015 1.362 7.377 194 880 1.074 raven 3.526 812 4.338 84 449 533 Source: Human resources records, Ministry of the Interior, 31 Dec 2021 Regionalna raven 1.022 169 1191 85 324 409 Skupaj 6.015 1.362 7.377 194 880 1.074 Vir: Kadrovska evidenca MNZ, 31. 12. 2021 52 53 Število zaposlenih na vodstvenih delovnih mestih v policiji Number of employees in leading positions by gender in the police Uradniška delovna mesta Strokovno-tehnična Official posts Professional-technical delovna mesta posts moški ženske skupaj moški ženske skupaj Male Female Total Male Female Total Državna National raven 92 6 98 92 6 98 level Lokalna Local level 103 3 106 raven 103 3 106 Regional Regionalna 187 8 195 2 14 16 raven 187 8 195 2 14 16 level Skupaj 382 17 399 2 14 16 Total 382 17 399 2 14 16 Vir: Kadrovska evidenca MNZ, 31. 12. 2021 Source: Human resources records, Ministry of the Interior, 31 Dec 2021 Število zaposlenih na MNZ in IRSNZ Number of employees by gender in Ministry of the Interior and Internal Affairs Inspectorate Moški Ženske Skupaj Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve 205 444 649 Male Female Total Inšpektorat Republike Slovenije Ministry of the Interior 205 444 649 za notranje zadeve 9 9 18 Internal Affairs Inspectorate 9 9 18 Skupaj 214 453 667 Total 214 453 667 Vir: Kadrovska evidenca MNZ, 31. 12. 2021 Source: Human resources records, Ministry of the Interior, 31 Dec 2021 Število zaposlenih na vodstvenih delovnih mestih na MNZ Number of employees in leading positions by gender in ministry in IRSNZ and Internal Affairs Inspectorate Moški Ženske Skupaj Male Female Total Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve 27 23 50 Ministry of the Interior 27 23 50 Inšpektorat Republike Slovenije Internal Affairs Inspectorate 1 0 1 za notranje zadeve 1 0 1 Total 28 23 51 Skupaj 28 23 51 Source: Human resources records, Ministry of the Interior, 31 Dec 2021 Vir: Kadrovska evidenca MNZ, 31. 12. 2021 54 55 Policistkin pečat A Policewoman’s Mark Odtisi njenih neizbrisljivih sledi, Nevenka Pinter loves writing poems. On the occasion of the zavarovani v zgodovinski publikaciji. 50th anniversary of the admission of women into the police Več desetletij snovanja in oblikovanja, organisation, she wrote a poem entitled »A Policewoman's Mark«. usvajanja potrebnih veščin in znanja. It is dedicated to every woman who has paved the way and left Zakonitost, strokovnost, korektnost, vzor, her mark in the police ranks. It is of the utmost importance to raznolikost pomembnih nalog, vsebinski nabor. recognise the value of women in the Ministry of the Interior, the Mreženje vrednot medosebnih odnosov, Police and the Internal Affairs Inspectorate of the Republic of zaprisega poslovnih in humanih doprinosov. Slovenia. Their contribution is visible and resonant on a global Enakopravnost spolov pri opravljanju dolžnosti scale, too. Nevenka Pinter za temelj državne demokratične krepkosti. © zasebna last / privately owned Slovenija je izoblikovala pomemben policistkin pečat, She is employed as secretary to the director at the Logistics čigar oblika, barva, vsebina in vrednost so njen zaklad. Directorate and is a former customs officer at the Celje Customs Office. Before the accession of the Republic of Slovenia to the Avtorica: Nevenka Pinter, European Union (1 May 2004), as part of the reorganisation of Gostovanje lutkovne igrice 113. Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve the Customs Service, she applied for a transfer to the police. The 113 puppet show on tour. © Arhiv Sektorja za odnose z She successfully completed her training at the Police Academy javnostmi, Policija / archives in Tacen and obtained the title of police officer. She worked as a of the Public Relations Nevenka Pinter obožuje pisanje pesmi. Ob 50-letnici Division, Police police officer for six months at the Security and Protection Centre sprejemanja miličnic v policijsko organizacijo je napisala in Ljubljana, and then at the Žalec Police Station until June 2006. pesem Policistkin pečat. Ta je namenjena sleherni ženski, ki je tlakovala pot in pustila pomembne sledi v policijskih vrstah. To help her balance work and family life, she decided to look Zavedanje vrednosti posameznic na Ministrstvu za notranje for an office job instead of working shifts and immediately zadeve, v Policiji in na Inšpektoratu Republike Slovenije za transferred her diverse police knowledge, order, discipline, respect notranje zadeve je izjemnega pomena. Njihov prispevek je and correctness to another working environment. She brought a viden in odmeven tudi v svetovnem merilu. special feminine touch to a pleasant team. Her communication exudes positivity and a bridging role between the organisational Zaposlena je kot tajnica direktorja v Direktoratu za logistiko, units of the Ministry of the Interior and the Police. nekoč pa je bila carinica v Carinskem uradu Celje. Pred 56 57 vstopom Republike Slovenije v Evropsko unijo (1. maj 2004) se je v okviru reorganizacije carinske službe prijavila na razpis za prerazporeditev carinskih delavcev v policijo. Uspešno je opravila izobraževanje na Policijski akademiji v Tacnu in pridobila naziv policistka. Delo policistke je najprej šest mesecev opravljala v Centru za varovanje in zaščito v Ljubljani, nato pa do junija 2006 na Policijski postaji Žalec. Zaradi lažjega usklajevanja poklicnega in družinskega življenja se je odločila poiskati službo v pisarni. Izmensko delo je zamenjala za delo po uredbi, svoje raznoliko pridobljeno policijsko znanje, red, disciplino, spoštljivost in korektnost pa e je takoj prenesla v drugo delovno okolje. V prijeten kolektiv olic © Arhiv Sektorja za odnose z javnostmi, Policija / archives je vnesla posebno žensko noto. Njena komunikacija izžareva of the Public Relations pozitivizem in deluje povezovalno med organizacijskimi Division, Police enotami Ministrstva za notranje zadeve in Policije. tions Division, Pela es of the Public R chivar olicija / tmi, P vnos torja za odnose z ja 58 © Arhiv Sek Zgodovina je učiteljica življenja – History Is the Teacher of Life - našega in prihodnjih generacij Ours and That of Future Generations Zgodovina je učiteljica življenja, vendar njenega znanja History is the teacher of life, but we could not draw on ne bi mogli črpati brez obstoja in sodelovanja institucij, its knowledge without the existence and cooperation of ki skrbijo za ohranjanje zgodovinskih virov in spomina na institutions that preserve historical sources and the memory of pomembne dogodke. Prav tako bi zgodovina ostala le nema important events. In the same way, history would remain a mute priča, če ne bi bilo posameznikov, ki so pripravljeni posvetiti witness if it were not for the individuals who are willing to devote Miličnica – študentka pri poučevanju prometne varnosti svoj čas odkrivanju in predstavljanju kulturne dediščine naših their time to discovering and presenting the cultural heritage of na Osnovni šoli Ledina, predhodnikov. our predecessors. Ljubljana, januar 1957 A trainee officer teaching Kustodinja in vodja muzeja traffic safety at Ledina Da se na Ministrstvu za notranje zadeve z organoma v sestavi The Ministry of the Interior and the Slovenian Police are aware of Biserka Debeljak ob primary school, Ljubljana, zavedamo pomena zgodovine in ohranjanja svoje kulturne the importance of history and the preservation of their cultural predstavljanju kriminalistične January 1957 dediščine, priča tudi ta razstava, ki je nastala ob počastitvi heritage, as is evidenced by this exhibition, which was created to zbirke okoli leta 1978 © Foto: Svetozar Busić, Curator and head of museum fototeka Muzeja novejše 50-letnice sistemskega zaposlovanja uniformiranih policistk, mark the 50th anniversary of the systemic recruitment of women Biserka Debeljak presenting zgodovine Slovenije / photo: nekoč imenovanih miličnice, ter kot del raziskovalnega police officers and as part of a research project by the Police the criminal and forensic police Svetozar Busić, photograph collection, around 1978 collection of Museum of projekta Centra za raziskovanje in socialne veščine Policijske Academy’s Centre for Research and Social Skills and the Advisory © Muzej slovenske policije / Contemporary History akademije in Posvetovalnega telesa za integracijo načela Body for the Integration of the Principle of Gender Equality at the Slovenian Police Museum enakosti spolov na Ministrstvu za notranje zadeve z organoma Ministry of the Interior and its constituent bodies, which will be v sestavi, ki se bo končal z izdajo publikacije. Osvetlitev do followed by the issuing of a publication. Highlighting an area that nedavnega še neraziskanega področja nam prikazuje razvoj has not been explored until recently, it shows the development of slovenske družbe, ki je ženskam postopoma zaupala ne le Slovenian society, which has gradually entrusted women not just usmerjanje prometa, ampak sooblikovanje smeri razvoja with directing traffic, but also with co-shaping the direction of our naše družbe. society’s development. Posebna vrednost razstave je, da je bila ustvarjena v The special value of the exhibition is that it has been created in sodelovanju med številnimi posamezniki z raznovrstnim collaboration between a number of individuals with diverse skills znanjem in v sodelovanju s knjižnicami, arhivi in muzeji. and in cooperation with libraries, archives and museums. We are 60 61 Ponosni smo zlasti na to, da se bo zbrano gradivo ohranilo in particularly proud that the collected material will be preserved and nadalje predstavljalo v organizaciji našega muzeja – Muzeja further presented in the organisation of our own police museum - slovenske policije, ki ima več kot 100-letno tradicijo in že več the Museum of the Slovenian Police, which has a tradition of more kot pol stoletja deluje pod ženskim vodstvom. than 100 years and has been under the leadership of women for more than half a century. Muzej slovenske policije nadaljuje zbiranje gradiva na temo žensk v policiji. The Museum of the Slovenian Police continues to collect material on women in the police. Stik za dodatne informacije: muzej@policija.si. Gostovanje razstave Muzeja For further information contact: muzej@policija.si. slovenske policije – Utrinki iz Odprtje razstave o zgodovini zgodovine slovenske policije v policije na novi lokaciji muzeja, Muzeju Ribnica, maj 2016 v Beli galeriji na Kotnikovi ulici An exhibition of the Museum of 8 v Ljubljani, 3. december 2019. the Slovenian Police - Glimpses Ta veseli dan kulture from the History of the Opening of an exhibition on the Slovenian Police displayed at history of the police at a new the Ribnica Museum, May 2016. museum site, White Gallery at © Foto: Marko Modrej, fototeka Kotnikova ulica 8, Ljubljana, on Muzeja Ribnica / photo: Marko 3 December 2019, This Merry Modrej, photograph collection Day of Culture of the Ribnica Museum © Muzej slovenske policije / Slovenian Police Museum 62 63 Kje so ženske? Where are the Women? Ob 50-letnici sistemskega zaposlovanja policistk, On the 50th Anniversary of the Systemic Employment of Woman nekoč imenovanih miličnice Police Officers, Formerly Called Militsioners Spremljevalna publikacija razstave “Kje so ženske?”, odprte Accompanying publication of the exhibition “Where are the 7. marca in 25. septembra 2023 Women?”, opened on 7th March and on 25th September 2023 Izdalo: Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Policija Published by: Ministry of the Interior, Police Avtorji: Martina Stergar, Darinka Kolar Osvald, dr. Aleksander Authors: Martina Stergar, Darinka Kolar Osvald, dr. Aleksander Koporec Oberčkal in mag. Terezija Andreja Povše Koporec Oberčkal in mag. Terezija Andreja Povše Priprava: Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Posvetovalno telo za Prepared by: Ministry of the Interior, Advisory Body for the integracijo načela enakosti spolov na MNZ z organoma v sestavi, Integration of the Principle of Gender Equality at the Ministry Sekretariat, Urad za organizacijo in kadre, Center za raziskovanje of the Interior, Secretariat, Organisation and Human Resources in socialne veščine, Policijska akademija, Policija, Muzej slovenske Office, Research and Social Skills Centre, Police Academy, Police, policije Slovenian Police Museum Viri in fotografije: Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Specialna Sources and photographs: Ministry of the Interior, Library of the knjižnica Ministrstva za notranje zadeve, Služba za odnose z Ministry of the Interior, Public Relations Office of the Ministry javnostmi Ministrstva za notranje zadeve, Arhiv Sektorja za of the Interior, archives of the Public Relations Division, Police, odnose z javnostmi, Policija, knjižnica Policijske akademije, Muzej Library of the Police Academy, Slovenian Police Museum, Museum slovenske policije, Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije, Narodna in of Contemporary History of Slovenia, National and University univerzitetna knjižnica, Arhiv Republike Slovenije, Robert Balen Library of Ljubljana, Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, (Večer), Svetozar Busić, Marko Fric, Monika Golob, Tone Jerman, Robert Balen (Večer), Svetozar Busić, Marko Fric, Monika Golob, Borut Krajnc, Mirko Kunšič, Marko Modrej, Daniel Novaković (STA), Tone Jerman, Borut Krajnc, Mirko Kunšič, Marko Modrej, Daniel Tamino Petelinšek (STA), Brigita Petric, Nevenka Pinter, Tone Novaković (STA), Tamino Petelinšek (STA), Brigita Petric, Nevenka Stojko, Roman Turnšek, Aleš Završek, številni zasebni zbiralci in Pinter, Tone Stojko, Roman Turnšek, Aleš Završek, private drugi collectors and others Lektoriranje: mag. Nataša Podhraški Language editing: Christian Green Prevajanje: Zlatko Midžić, Doris Sodja Translation: Zlatko Midžić, Doris Sodja Oblikovanje in obdelava fotografij: Ana Vidmar Design and photo editing: Ana Vidmar Elektronska izdaja Digital publication URL: https://www.policija.si/delovna-podrocja/enakost-spolov URL: https://www.policija.si/delovna-podrocja/enakost-spolov Ljubljana, september 2023 Ljubljana, September 2023 REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA MINISTRSTVO ZA NOTRANJE ZADEVE POLICIJA Kje so ženske? Ob 50-letnici sistemskega zaposlovanja policistk, nekoč imenovanih miličnice Where are the Women? On the 50th Anniversary of the Systemic Employment of Woman Police Officers, Formerly Called Militsioners