REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE ' STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA P .-..'MlClf^V 11010010110101 I 10 [The Demographic Portrait of Slovenia, 2008 BROCHURES STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA rTr~ < ■ The Demographic Portrait of Slovenia, 2008 Authors Danilo Dolenc, Uršula Iljaš Petrovič, Janja Povhe, Barica Razpotnik, Darja Šter, Tina Znidaršič Translated by Danilo Dolenc, Uršula Iljaš Petrovič, Janja Povhe, Barica Razpotnik, Darja Šter, Tina Znidaršič Printed by Demat d. o. o. The publication is available at www.stat.si/eng/pub.asp Information: Information Centre phone: + 386 1 241 51 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 314(497.4)"2008" The DEMOGRAPHIC portrait of Slovenia, 2008 / [authors Danilo Dolenc ... [et al.] ; translated by Danilo Dolenc ... et al.]. -Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije = Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2010. - (Collection Brochures / Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia) ISBN 978-961-239-212-3 1. Dolenc, Danilo 252748544 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 - © SURS - Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged - Printed in 200 copies Foreword Demography or population statistics is one of the most traditional and also of the most elementary fields of statistics. The first enumeration of population (the predecessor of the modern censuses) took place in Slovenia in 1754, but the first census was held in 1857. Numerous demographic events (births, deaths, marriages, divorces, migration) have a large impact on our everyday lives, so statistical data on them are of great interest to the general public and are usually easy to understand. Besides that, demographic data are the basis for the calculations of different social, economic, environmental and other indicators. In the last few years the demographic data have become the mainstream topic regarding our future due to the ageing of population, migration flows from less developed to more developed areas, low fertility, the decreasing number of working age population, longer life expectancy. All about that and more is presented in charts and accompanied by short comments provided in our new publication The Demographic Portrait of Slovenia. The publication is designed for the general public as everyone could identify himself/herself with some of the published data. Apart from basic demographic data, it brings also some selected topics on different demographic events and it presents also interesting data that are obtained from demographic statistical surveys but are usually not published in our principal publications. Most of the published data relate to 2008, but nonetheless one can also find a short overview on the demographic development in Slovenia in recent decades. You are kindly invited to browse through the publication in order to discover what might be of interest to you. Then you are welcome to additionally search for more detailed statistical data on our website www.stat.si. YmJI Irena Križman Director-General Contents BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC DATA.................................................................................................7 BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR SLOVENIA.........................................................9 POPULATION...........................................................................................................................10 WORKING-AGE POPULATION..............................................................................................13 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION..............................................................................................14 LIVE BIRTHS............................................................................................................................18 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE.........................................................................................................19 DEATHS....................................................................................................................................20 LIFE EXPECTANCY.................................................................................................................22 MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES..............................................................................................23 MARRIAGES............................................................................................................................24 DIVORCES...............................................................................................................................25 FIRST NAMES..........................................................................................................................26 LIFE LINE..................................................................................................................................28 POPULATION PROJECTIONS................................................................................................29 SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA.............................................................31 POPULATION DENSITY.........................................................................................................32 SETTLEMENTS........................................................................................................................33 MARITAL STATUS...................................................................................................................34 PLACE OF BIRTH....................................................................................................................35 INTERNAL MIGRATION.........................................................................................................36 MOTHERHOOD.......................................................................................................................38 BIRTH ORDER..........................................................................................................................39 LIVE BIRTHS OUTSIDE MARRIAGE.....................................................................................40 FATHERHOOD.........................................................................................................................41 DELIVERIES.............................................................................................................................42 Contents LEGAL ABORTIONS...............................................................................................................43 INFANT DEATHS.....................................................................................................................44 CAUSES OF DEATHS.............................................................................................................45 SUICIDES.................................................................................................................................46 MORTALITY BY STATISTICAL REGIONS............................................................................47 MARRIAGES IN THE EU.........................................................................................................48 THE AGE OF THE GROOM AND OF THE BRIDE...............................................................49 DIFFERENCE IN THE AGE OF THE GROOM AND THE BRIDE.......................................50 MARRIAGE AND FIRST BIRTH..............................................................................................51 CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE................................................................................................52 BIRTHDAYS..............................................................................................................................53 SUMMARY....................................................................................................................54 METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS......................................................................56 DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS USED...............................................................56 STATISTICAL AND OTHER SIGNS............................................................................57 ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................57 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT........................................................................................57 LITERATURE AND SOURCES.....................................................................................58 SOURCES OF PHOTOS..............................................................................................59 BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Demographic data, Slovenia, 2008 Topic: Value: Short comment: Population Population (as of 31 December 2008) 2,032,362 The change in the number relates also to the introduction of the new definition of population. Live births Live births Live births per 1,000 population Live births outside marriage (%) Mean age of mother at birth (years) Life expectancy at birth (years) 21,817 The most after 1990. 10.8 Comparable to EU-27 (10.9). 52.9 Every other child for the second consecutive year. 30.1 Above 30 years for the first time. men 75.4 The difference between the sexes women 82.3 keeps decreasing. Marriages and divorces Marriages 6,703 A positive trend. Marriages per 1,000 population 3.3 The fewest in the EU. Divorces 2,246 So few divorces were recorded for the last time in 2001. Deaths Deaths 18,308 The least since 1980 (except in 2006). Deaths per 1,000 population 9.1 8 Member States have even lower mortality rates. Infant deaths 52 The lowest annual figure until now. Infant mortality per 1,000 live births 2.4 10-times lower rate than in 1970. Migration Internal migration 106,248 Every 19th resident of Slovenia has moved. Immigrated to Slovenia 30,693 The highest figure. Emigrated from Slovenia 12,109 Emigration of foreigners has decreased over 2006 and 2007. BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR SLOVENIA Population: Since mid-2005 Slovenia has been exceeding the limit of 2 million people. Migration: The largest share of the inhabitants of Slovenia who were born abroad is employed in elementary occupations. Deaths: Women live longer than men. Working-age population: The share of working-age population among total population is decreasing. Migration: Female citizens of Slovenia are more mobile than male citizens of Slovenia. Deaths: The share of persons who die before 65 years of age is decreasing. Migration: Citizens of BIH prevail among the foreign citizens who immigrated to Slovenia. Live births: In the last few years the number of live births has been on the rise. Life expectancy: In Slovenia and the EU-27, life expectancy of the population is increasing. Migration: Younger men prevail among the foreign citizens who immigrated to Slovenia. Total fertility rate: In 2008 it was the highest within the last 20 years. Marriages and divorces: The trend is fewer marriages and more divorces. Consensual unions: Fewer marriages and more children born outside marriage. Names for new-borns: Luka and Lana are top names. Divorces: The number of divorces is increasing. Population projections: The population of Slovenia is expected to age more quickly than the population of EU-27. Divorces: An average of 13.6 years from marriage to divorce. First names: More than 45,000 different first names. POPULATION Table 1: Selected data on population, Slovenia Number 31 December Annual growth rate % Mean age Women % Foreigners % 1968 1978 1,709,752 1,872,133 1,996,325 1,990,266 1,990,094 2,003,358 2,025,866 2,032,362 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 32.9 34.1 35.4 37.3 38.9 40.5 41.1 41.3 52.0 51.5 51.5 51.4 51.1 51.0 50.6 50.6 1988 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008 0.8 1.1 2.4 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.5 - no occurence of event Source: SORS Since mid-2005 Slovenia has exceeded the limit of two million people ■ Among the EU Member States, Slovenia has one of the smallest populations, but not the smallest one. It contributes about 0.4% to the total population of the EU (end of 2007), whereas Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta have populations smaller than Slovenia. Since mid-2005 Slovenia has been exceeding the limit of 2 million people. Approximately 100 inhabitants who live on one square kilometre of area place Slovenia in the middle among the EU Member States by population density. Slovenia's population is increasing mainly due to foreigners ■ At the end of 2008, a population of 2,032,3621 lived in Slovenia. Compared to the end of 2007 the population increased by 1.1% or 22,093 people. The number of foreigners grew the most, by 19,018. Nevertheless, Slovenia ranks in the third of EU Member States with the lowest share of foreigners. Foreign citizens represent 3.5% of the total population of Slovenia. 1 According to the statistical definition of population, valid since 2008, a person must intend to live in Slovenia for at least a year to be counted among the population. That is why at the end of 2008, for example, about 24,000 people - mostly foreigners - who only came to Slovenia for a short time were not counted among the population. (More: see Methodological explanations.) POPULATION Chart 1: Natural increase and net migration of population, Slovenia per 1,000 population 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 year natural increase net migration Source: SORS Besides positive net migration, natural increase of population positive again ■ In Slovenia net migration has been a key factor of population growth since 1995. In the 1995-2008 period, the natural increase was negative for 9 years. Only in the last 3 years (2006-2008) the number of inhabitants of Slovenia started to increase again due to the natural increase (namely, more inhabitants were born than died). In 2008, the share of natural increase in the total increase was 16%. POPULATION Chart 2: Population pyramid, Slovenia, 31 December 2008 men age groups i i i— 1 II 1 1 1 1 I '1 I1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 II in i ii 1 1 1 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 =i i i 1 1 i ii , , , ! , , , , , 11 1 1 1 ii 1 ' ' ii 1 ' ii ii ! )i i -'-4 90 75 thousand 60 45 30 15 15 30 45 60 75 90 thousand n citizens of Slovenia n foreign citizens Source: SORS Mean age of population in Slovenia is rising ■ The mean age of the population of Slovenia has been steadily rising for the past 20 years. In 2008 it was 41.3 years, or almost 6 years higher than in 1988. The difference between the mean age of women and of men did not change much in the stated period; in 2008, women were on average 3.3 years older than men. WORKING-AGE POPULATION Chart 3: Age-dependent population per 100 working-age population and the share of children and elderly among the population, Slovenia b of total population 30 25 20 15 10 age-dependent per 100 working-age population 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-14 years 65+age dependency ratio Source: SORS Working-age population decreasing ■ The decline in the share of working-age population of Slovenia is the result of population ageing and the declining of live births. Although net migration to Slovenia is the most numerous among those aged 15-64, it can not stop the decline in the share of working-age population in Slovenia. ■ At the end of 2008, 69.6% of the population in Slovenia was of working age (i.e. aged 15-64). Until 2003 the share of working-age population had been growing steadily for several decades and at the end of 2003 it was 70.4%. After 2003 it slowly began to decline and by the end of 2007 it had been declining by 0.1 of a percentage point per year on average. In 2008 it decreased by 0.4 of a percentage point. ■ In the European Union slightly fewer than 50 children and elderly (i.e. those aged 014 years and those aged 65 years or more) were dependent on 100 persons of workingage at the beginning of 2008; in Slovenia there were about 44 age-dependent persons per 100 working-age population, which was less than in most EU countries. Twenty years ago, there were twice as many children (0-14 years) as there were older people (65 years) in Slovenia. In 2003, the elderly outnumbered children for the first time (as a result of longer life expectancy and lower birth rates in independent Slovenia). In the past two decades, the share of children among the population decreased by one third. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Table 2: Foreign immigrants by country of previous residence (selected countries), Slovenia, 2008 Number Citizens of BIH the most numerous among the foreign citizens who immigrated to Slovenia ■ In 2008, 30,693 people immigrated to Slovenia, 28,062 of whom were foreign nationals and 2,631 were citizens of Slovenia. Among the foreign nationals who immigrated to Slovenia in 2008 the most numerous were citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina (13,000 or 46% of all foreign immigrants). Among foreign immigrants who were citizens of other EU-27 Member States, citizens of new member states dominated. In 2005 and 2006 the most numerous immigrated nationals of other EU Member States were citizens of Slovakia, while in 2007 and 2008 the most numerous were citizens of Bulgaria. In 2008 one in four of the EU citizens who immigrated to Slovenia was a citizen of Bulgaria; after Bulgarians the most numerous were citizens of Italy and Germany. Bosnia and Hercegovina Serbia Macedonija Croatia Kosovo Source: SORS 13,016 5,051 3,208 1,519 1,463 Table 3: Foreign immigrants to Slovenia and among them share of EU citizens Foreigners - TOTAL Foreigners -EU - citizens (% of total) 2003 8,011 8.0 2004 8,597 4.7 2005 13,294 15.2 2006 18,251 9.5 2007 27,504 9.6 2008 28,062 7.4 Source: SORS Most of the foreign immigrants are citizens of European countries ■ Especially citizens from other European countries immigrate to Slovenia. They are followed by citizens of Asian countries. In 2008 citizens of Asian countries represented 1.3% of all foreign immigrants to Slovenia (among them the most numerous were citizens of China). Due to immigration, in the last 10 years the number of population of Slovenia has risen in terms of a larger Slovene city ■ In the past 10 years the population of Slovenia grew by some 60,000 inhabitants due to positive net migration (more people immigrated to the country than emigrated from it), which is in reality as much as the inhabitants of Celje (the third largest Slovenian city) and Velenje (our fifth largest city) together. The number of immigrated foreign citizens to Slovenia has been growing strongly since 2005 (mainly due to the need for workers in construction and metal industry). INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Chart 4: Net migration of foreign citizens by age group and sex, Slovenia, 2008 Younger men dominate among the foreign nationals who immigrated to Slovenia ■ High prevalence of men aged 20-59 years is typical of the inhabitants of Slovenia with foreign nationality. Since 1995, when foreigners became included among the population of Slovenia, the share of women among them has fallen from almost 40% to just over 25%; namely, in the last few years there has been a sharp increase in immigration of foreign workers (men) to Slovenia. Also at European Union level the share of women among people with foreign citizenship in Slovenia is very low. ■ Also in 2008, there was a predominance of men (80%) among the foreign nationals who have immigrated to Slovenia; on average they were slightly less than 33 years old. The largest share of the population of Slovenia who were born abroad are employed in elementary occupations ■ At the end of 2008, 12% of the population of Slovenia was born abroad. ■ At the end of 2007 most persons in employment who were born abroad were employed in elementary occupations (23.5%) and craft and related trades (22.3%). One in three persons in employment in Slovenia who worked in construction was born abroad (36.4%). The shares of those who were born abroad were the lowest among the employees in information-communication and financial and insurance industries and in activities public administration, defence and compulsory social security. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Table 4: Foreigners, who immigrated to Slovenia for family reunification, by citizenship affiliation to selected groups of countries Groups of countries 2005 2006 2007 2008 immigrated foreigners by citizenship affiliation to selected groups of countries (%) EU Member States 4.3 12.0 11.4 15.7 Countries of the former Yugoslav republics 20.4 14.8 15.7 17.2 Other European countries 23.7 21.8 26.3 30.6 Non-European countries 35.5 34.0 37.6 39.1 Source: SORS The reasons why foreign citizens immigrate to Slovenia differ according to their sex ■ Men - they dominate among the foreign immigrants to Slovenia - immigrate for economic reasons, i.e. due to employment and work or seasonal work, while women immigrate mostly to be reunited with their family. ■ In 2008, 5,762 foreign citizens immigrated to Slovenia, of whom 61% intended to join their family. Of these there were 813 citizens of other European countries (i.e. persons who were neither citizens of the EU-27 nor of any of the countries that emerged on the territory of former Yugoslavia). INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Table 5: Emigrated Slovene citizens by selected countries of their next residence, Slovenia, 2008 Countries of next residence Number of emigrated Slovene citizens Germany Austria Switzerland Croatia Italy Source: SORS 1,850 603 338 260 227 As a rule, foreigners who emigrated abroad return to their countries of origin ■ In 2008, 12,109 people emigrated from Slovenia, of whom 7,343 were foreigners and 4,776 were Slovene citizens. ■ Foreigners usually more numerously return to their countries of origin, while citizens of Slovenia mainly emigrate to Germany, Austria and Switzerland. On the other hand, more citizens of Slovenia emigrate (than immigrate) to all continents, except South America. The number of migration flows of the citizens of Slovenia with other continents and vice versa has been increasing since 1995. Table 6: Net migration of Slovene citizens by sex and continent, Slovenia, 2000-2008 Female citizens of Slovenia are more mobile than male citizens of Slovenia ■ In the 2000-2008 period there were significantly more citizens of Slovenia (men and women together) who emigrated abroad than there were those who immigrated to Slovenia; among the citizens of Slovenia who emigrated abroad, women were more numerous (i.e. negative net migration). On the other hand, Slovenia has a positive net migration of Slovene citizens with South America, especially with Argentina, from where former Slovene emigrants and their descendants are returning to Slovenia. ■ In general, female citizens of Slovenia migrate in greater numbers than their male counterparts. Male Female citizens citizens Europe -3,327 -4,930 America, North and Central -401 -487 Australia and Oceania -225 -198 Asija -111 -89 Africa -12 -12 America, South 51 60 Source: SORS LIVE BIRTHS Table 7: Basic data on live births, Slovenia Live births number Live births per 1,000 population Mean age of mother at birth (years) total first birth Total fertility rate Live births outside marriage % 1968 28,580 16.8 26.8 23.5 2.28 8.8 1978 30,354 16.3 25.4 23.0 2.19 11.0 1988 25,209 12.6 25.8 23.5 1.63 22.6 1998 17,856 9.0 27.9 25.9 1.23 33.6 2000 18,180 9.1 28.3 26.5 1.26 37.1 2006 18,932 9.4 29.7 28.0 1.31 47.2 2007 19,823 9.8 29.9 28.2 1.38 50.8 2008 21,817 10.8 30.1 28.4 1.53 52.9 Source: SORS Fertility in Slovenia has been decreasing for over 100 years ■ The largest decrease in the number of live births was recorded after 1980. ■ After World War II the »baby boom« lasted until the mid-1950s; about 30,000 children were born every year; i.e. 20 per 1,000 population (in the last few years this number is halved). Annually approximately 30,000 children were again born in the late 1970s and in the early 1980s when the baby boom second generation was giving birth. After 1980 the number of live births has been decreasing and in 1992 fewer than 20,000 children were born. The fewest children were born in 2003 (17,321). After that year the number has been on the rise. In the independent Slovenia the most live born children were born in 2008 ■ In 2008, 21,817 children (11,126 boys and 10,691 girls) were born alive, the most in the last 18 years. One of the reasons for the recent increase in the number of life births was related to the age structure of population and the other to the process of postponing motherhood. ■ The generation of women aged between 25 and 35 years who are the most fertile age group is still numerically strong. It is expected that gradually the number of women in the mentioned age group is going to decline and - at the same fertility rate and small net migration - consequently the number of births will also decrease. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE Chart 5: Total fertility rate, Slovenia total fertility rate 3 IN IN rM Source: SORS In the last 20 years the highest total fertility rate in 2008 ■ Even though an employed woman in Slovenia is entitled to one year of fully paid maternity and childcare benefits for every child she gives birth to, Slovenia ranks among the countries with the lowest fertility rates in Europe. The decline in the total fertility rate occurs all over Europe. The total fertility rate for EU-27 was estimated to be 1.53 in 2006; Slovenia reached that value in 2008. It was also the highest value in the last 20 years. ■ For simple reproduction of the population every woman should give birth to 2.1 children, but this value was recorded for the last time in 1980. DEATHS Table 8: Basic data on deaths, Slovenia Deaths Deaths per 1,000 population Mean age at death (years) Infant deaths Infant mortality per 1,000 live births 1960 15,145 9.6 63.0 977 35.1 1970 17,353 10.1 64.2 673 24.5 1980 18,820 9.9 67.1 457 15.3 1990 18,555 9.3 70.1 187 8.4 2000 18,588 9.3 71.8 89 4.9 2006 18,180 9.1 73.2 64 3.4 2007 18,584 9.2 73.6 55 2.8 2008 18,308 9.1 74.1 52 2.4 Source: SORS The number of deaths does not change significantly ■ While the birth rates are declining, the number of deaths has not changed significantly in the recent decades. There were, however, noticeable some minor movements between individual years, but these did not affect the overall downward trend. There was a slight increase in mortality in the 1980s, with the peak in 1983 and the annual mortality rate of 10.7. In the last few decades between 17,000 and 19,000 people died in Slovenia every year; in 2008, 18,308 deaths were recorded or 9.1 deaths per 1,000 population. Women live longer than men ■ It has long been accepted that women live on average slightly longer than men. The mean age of persons who died in 2008 was on average half a year higher over 2007. Men who died in 2008 were on average almost 70 years old and women who died in the same year were on average 79 years old. Men who died in 2008 were on average 9.2 years younger than women. Place of death ■ In 2008, health facilities were the place where 53% of all persons died; in 39% of cases death occurred at home and it was notified by a physician, whereas 8% of deaths occurred elsewhere and these were notified by another person. DEATHS Table 9: Deaths by age groups, Slovenia TOTAL 0 1-9 10-19 20-29 — r »/ 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+ 1960 15,145 977 253 155 316 412 683 1,718 2,938 4,356 3,337 1985 19,854 338 95 137 352 530 1,025 2,438 2,900 6,260 5,779 1990 18,555 187 78 115 274 450 915 2,193 3,453 4,777 6,113 2000 18,588 89 29 89 221 361 1,018 1,756 3,458 5,473 6,094 2006 18,180 64 20 65 209 246 780 1,923 2,692 5,214 6,967 2007 18,584 55 28 65 221 272 754 1,837 2,730 5,306 7,316 2008 18,308 52 21 65 157 233 712 1,847 2,533 5,050 7,638 Source: SORS Mortality of the population in Slovenia varies with different intensity in different age groups ■ Analyses of the data for the last, nearly 50-year period reveal that the number of the deceased persons in the lower (younger) age groups was decreasing, while the number of the deceased persons in higher age groups (among the elderly) was growing. At present the share of premature deaths of people (i.e. before 65 years of age) in Slovenia is decreasing. About 50 years ago every other man and every third woman of those who died were under 65 years old. In 2008 the share changed to every third man and every eighth woman. The share of persons who die before 65 years of age is decreasing ■ The health status of the population is improving, as is evident from the data on premature mortality. Compared to 2007, the share of men who were at death younger than 65 years dropped by 0.5 of a percentage point and amounted to 32.5%, whereas the share of women who were at death younger than 65 years dropped by 0.6 of a percentage point and amounted to 13.1%. The most common cause of death by people who have died before the age of 65 was neoplasms, followed by diseases of the circulatory system, injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. LIFE EXPECTANCY Chart 6: Life expectancy, Slovenia year (age) 85 -i 80 75 70 60 1968 1978 1988 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 □ □ Source: SORS In Slovenia and the EU-27, life expectancy of the population is increasing ■ In the last 40 years, life expectancy in Slovenia was prolonged by 10 years. In 2008, life expectancy for men increased by almost a year over 2007 and for women by half a year over 2007. Thus, boys born in 2008 in Slovenia can expect - assuming unchanged conditions of mortality - to live a little more than 75 years, whereas girls born in that year in Slovenia can expect to live a little more than 82 years. ■ In 2007 life expectancy for men ranked Slovenia 18th among EU-27 Member States (74.6 years) and life expectancy for women ranked Slovenia 16th (81.8 years). Life expectancy among EU-27 Member States was in 2007 the highest for men in Sweden (79.0 years) and for women in France (84.8 years) and the lowest for men in Lithuania (64.9 years) and for women in Latvia (76.5 years). ■ In the EU-27 in 2007, life expectancy for men was 76.1 years and for women 82.2 years. MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES Chart 7: Marriages, Slovenia marriages per 1,000 population CM fM Source: SORS More marriages and fewer divorces ■ In 2008, 6,703 marriages took place in Slovenia (5.2% more than the year before), which was on average 3.3 marriages per 1,000 population or 2.5-times less than 4 decades ago (then 14,010 marriages or 8.2 marriages per 1,000 population took place). ■ The number of divorces compared to the number of marriages is on the rise. In 2008, 2,246 divorces took place, which was 14.2% less than a year before. There were 335.1 divorces per 1,000 marriages or almost 2.5-times more than 4 decades ago. Chart 8: Divorces, Slovenia divores per 1,000 population IN IN fM fM Source: SORS MARRIAGES Table 10: Marriages - basic data, Slovenia Marriages Marriages per 1,000 population First marriages Mean age of groom at marriage Mean age of bride at marriage 1968 14,010 8.2 12,069 28.1 24.5 1978 14,695 7.9 12,533 27.5 24.1 1988 9,217 4.6 8,062 27.3 24.2 1998 7,528 3.8 6,393 30.9 27.8 2000 7,201 3.6 6,148 31.4 28.4 2006 6,368 3.2 5,408 32.8 30.0 2007 6,373 3.2 5,251 33.2 30.3 2008 6,703 3.3 5,324 33.2 30.2 Source: SORS Fewer marriages and more children born outside marriage ■ Five decades ago about 15,000 couples were married per year and now only about 6,000. The number of marriages started to decrease in the mid 1980s and at the beginning of the 21st century there were by a half fewer marriages than 4 decades ago. ■ Slovenia - like most of the other western countries - is becoming aware that the classical social role of the family has started to lose its meaning. The number of marriages is decreasing, while the number of consensual unions and that of children born outside marriage are on the rise. More than half of the children born in 2008 were born in consensual unions. Why do more couples make a decision to live in consensual unions is a question to be posed to the experts. Maybe the answer lies in the equalisation of the consensual union with marriage, or is it gamophobia (fear of marriage), or just financial reasons? The fact is that fewer marriages take place and more children are born to unmarried parents. 90% of grooms and of brides with Slovene citizenship ■ In 2008, grooms of Slovene citizenship were married with predominantly Slovene brides (90% of brides). Among the brides of foreign citizenship the most numerous were from those with the citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina, followed by those with the citizenships of Croatia, Serbia and Ukraine. ■ Likewise, most brides with the Slovene citizenship were married with the Slovenes (90% of grooms). Among the grooms with foreign citizenship most numerous were grooms from Bosnia and Herzegovina, followed by those from Croatia, Serbia and Italy. DIVORCES Table 11: Divorces - basic data, Slovenia Divorces Divorces per 1,000 population Divorces per 1,000 marriages Divorces of spouses with children Divorces of spouses without children 1968 2,023 1.2 144.4 1,409 614 1978 2,515 1.4 171.1 1,750 765 1988 2,075 1.0 225.1 1,521 554 1998 2,074 1.0 275.5 1,359 715 2000 2,125 1.1 295.1 1,363 762 2006 2,334 1.2 366.5 1,301 1,033 2007 2,617 1.3 411.0 1,348 1,269 2008 2,246 1.1 335.1 1,259 987 Source: SORS More divorces ■ Like the marriage forms a family, it is the divorce that destroys it. In 2008, 2,246 divorces took place, while 4 decades ago there were about 140 divorces per 1,000 marriages. Recently, there were around 350 to 400 divorces per 1,000 marriages. In 2008 there were 335.1 divorces per 1,000 marriages. A quarter of marriages end in divorce ■ The increase in the number of divorces is shown also by the total divorce rate, which is the average number of divorces of marriages that lasted 0-30 years per one marriage. The total divorce rate in Slovenia in 2008 was 0.25, or in other words, a quarter of all marriages ended in divorce. Table 12: Divorces by duration of marriage, Slovenia Marriages Divorces less than 1 year Duration of marriage (years) 1-4 5-9 10-14 15+ 1968 14,010 2,023 64 647 527 331 454 1978 14,695 2,515 58 813 645 385 614 1988 9,217 2,075 30 472 532 393 648 1998 7,528 2,074 17 313 450 389 905 2008 6,703 2,246 25 326 419 352 1,124 Source: SORS Average duration of marriage before divorce was 13.6 years ■ Marriages that end in divorce tend to last longer than they did in the past. Four decades ago one fifth of marriages were dissolved after more than 15 years of marriage and more than a third of all marriages was dissolved in the first 5 years of marriage. By 2008 the number of marriages that lasted less than 5 years before the divorce has been cut in half, while the number of marriages that lasted 15 years or more before the divorce increased by 2.5-times over that recorded 4 decades ago. FIRST NAMES Table 13: Frequency of names, Slovenia The most frequent names »Always popular names« Rank Male name Number Rank Female name Number Rank Male name Rank Female name of men of women among among with this with this all all name name names names 1 Franc 30,546 1 Marija 71,093 2 Janez 2 Ana 2 Janez 25,028 2 Ana 29,177 6 Andrej 10 Barbara 3 Anton 21,902 3 Maja 12,786 7 Marko 20 Katarina 4 Ivan 21,555 4 Irena 12,685 14 Tomaž 26 Martina 5 Jožef 20,700 5 Mojca 11,450 23 Martin 34 Kristina 6 Andrej 17,567 6 Jožefa 11,036 47 Aleksander 58 Veronika 7 Marko 17,160 7 Mateja 10,526 67 Matija 8 Jože 15,921 8 Nataša 10,230 70 Mihael 9 Marjan 13,482 9 Frančiška 10,004 82 Jurij 10 Peter 13,062 10 Barbara 9,710 Source: SORS More than 45,000 different first names ■ At the end of 2008 the people in Slovenia had 46,205 different first names (and 90,294 different family names). The list of names keeps increasing; in 10 years the number of new names increased by 10,510. Among all names 39,330 (85%) were so rare that they appeared less than 5 times, while 31,329 (68% of all) names were unique. ■ In the past 5 years large differences have been noted as regards the frequency of first names in Slovenia. ■ Among female names Marija and Ana remained the most frequent ones, but in the past 5 years the number of women in Slovenia named Marija dropped by almost 10,000 and the number of women named Ana by 2,000. The name Ana has never disappeared from the top 100 list of most popular first names. Maja, which was in 2003 the fifth most popular name in Slovenia, ranked third in 2008. In the past 5 years the number of women named Jožefa and Frančiška has each decreased by 2,000. In addition to the mentioned names, a drop of about 1,200 has been registered in case of Terezija, Angela, Ivana and Antonija. On the other hand, the number of girls named Nika and Sara increased by 1,400 and Lara and Eva by 1,200. ■ As regards male names, in the past 5 years the number of men named Franc has dropped by almost 5,000, followed by these names: Jožef (almost by 4,000), Anton (by 3,200), Janez (by 3,000) and Ivan (by 2,500). The other names that have registered a decrease by more than 1,000 were Stanislav, Alojz and Jože. On the other hand, the number of boys named Luka has increased by 1,800, Jan and Nejc by 1,300, Nik and Žan by 1,100 and Žiga by 1,000. FIRST NAMES Chart 9: Names Marija and Franc by the year of birth of person with this name, 31 December 2008, Slovenia Franc Marija rmm i—to o o o oo o o o oo fNI (N fN rum year Source: SORS ■ 15 names have been among the top 100 in all the decades after 1920. The most frequent names, Marija and Franc, however, are not included in this list. Table 14: The most frequent baby names, Slovenia, 2008 Boys Girls 1 Luka Lana 2 Jan Sara 3 Nejc Eva 4 Nik Nika 5 @iga Ana 6 @an Lara 7 Jakob Neža 8 Jaka Zala 9 Matic Julija 10 Aljaž Ema Source: SORS 2008, 6% of children got a combined unmarried parents, whereas the sex children with two family names were Top names for newborns: Luka for boys, Lana for girls ■ As in 2007, in 2008 girls were most fre-- quently named Lana (327) and boys were most frequently named Luka (370). Luka thus remains the most popular boys' name in Slovenia for the tenth year. Short baby names (with 3 or 4 letters) are still in fashion. Always popular names (evergreen names) which were also popular a hundred or only fifty years ago are no longer among the top baby names. Only 3 boys born in 2008 got the name Franc and only 13 girls were named Marija - even though both names are the most frequent Slovene names. In the last few years the phenomenon emerged that each year more and more children get a combined family name. Thus in family name. These were mostly children born to of the child was not significant (half of newborn boys). LIFE LINE Chart 1: The life lines of an average woman and an average man in Slovenia born in 1978 and 2008 Life expectancy at birth 82.3 • O 74.9 Life expectancy at birth 2008 Luka 30.0 75.4 1978 Boštjan 25.7 67.0 Source: SORS POPULATION PROJECTIONS Chart 10: Age structure by sex, EUROPOP2008 population projection, baseline variant, Slovenia, 2008 and 2060 20 tisoč 2008 I I 2060 2008 I I 2060 15 20 thousand Source: Slovenia's population today and tomorrow, 2008-2060. EUROPOP2008 population projections for Slovenia. (2009). Brochure collection. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Slovenia's demographic future is not rosy ■ Chart 10 illustrates the population projection valid for the 2008-2060 period, which was based on the number of population of Slovenia on 1 January 2008 and prepared according to the previous definition of population valid from 1995 to 2007 (see Methodological explanations, page 56). The basic assumptions of the baseline variant presented here are: - a gradual rise of the total fertility rate from 1.32 to 1.52, - a gradual increase in life expectancy (by 9 years for men and by 7 years for women until 2060), - a decrease in net migration by a half. ■ According to the baseline variant, the number of population of Slovenia is expected to keep increasing by 2020, by 2030 the number is expected to remain the same as it was at the beginning of the observed period, and it is expected to decline to 1.77 million in 2060 (a decrease of 12%). ■ According to the most pessimistic scenario there shall be only 1.45 million people in Slovenia in 2060, but according to the most optimistic one there shall be even more people than at the beginning of projection period (2.39 million). ■ The sex structure is expected to be almost the same during the entire projection pe- POPULATION PROJECTIONS Chart 11: Age structure of the population by sex, shares, EUROPOP2008 population projection, baseline variant, EU-27 and Slovenia, 2060 age (years) Source: Slovenia's population today and tomorrow, 2008-2060. EUROPOP2008 population projections for Slovenia. (2009). Brochure collection. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. The ageing of the population of Slovenia will be faster than in EU-27 ■ Population ageing will be the dominant demographic process in EU-27 in the first half of the 21st century. By 2060 the population of EU-27 is expected to increase by 2%. The positive net migration is expected to be the main reason for slower population ageing. ■ In 14 EU-27 Member States (including Slovenia) the number of population is expected to decline (the most in Bulgaria - by 30%) and in 13 it is expected to rise (the most in Cyprus - by 66%). ■ By 2060 the share of old population (aged 65 years and over) should be over one third of the population in Slovenia, which should rank Slovenia seventh in EU-27 (there the average should be 30%). The share of population aged 80 years and over will place Slovenia (with 13.9%) third after Italy and Estonia. ■ Whereas in Slovenia in 2008 there were 23 persons aged 65 years and over per 100 working age population (aged 15-64 years), in 2060 there shall presumably be 62 such persons. This ratio within EU-27 is expected to be much more satisfactory (an increase from 25 to 53). SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA Settlements: Every other settlement has a population of less than 100. Marital status: The oldest women are widows, the oldest men are married. Place of birth: Almost every 4th resident of the Obalno-kraška statistical region was born abroad. Internal migration: Foreign citizens are more mobile than the citizens of Slovenia. Motherhood: The age of women at childbirth keeps increasing. Deliveries: More and more twin births. Suicides: In 2008 on average more than one suicide per day. Difference in ages of bride and groom: As a rule brides are younger than grooms. Birth order: The share of higher birth order is decreasing. Legal abortions: In the last 20 years the legal abortion rate dropped by two thirds. Mortality by statistical regions: In 2008 mortality was lowest in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region. Marriage and first birth: The mean age of the bride at first marriage and the mean age of a mother at first childbirth are almost equal. Live births outside marriage: More than half of the children are born to unmarried parents. Infant mortality: Slovenia ranks among the European countries with the lowest infant mortality rates. Marriages in the EU: In Slovenia the marriage rate per 1,000 population is the lowest among the EU Member States. Children after the divorce: Most children are assigned to mothers after the divorce. Fatherhood: Fathers are on average 3 years older than mothers. Causes of deaths: The most frequent cause of death is still diseases of the circulatory system. Age of bride and groom: The mean age at marriage is on the rise. Birthdays: The most birthdays on 1 January. POPULATION DENSITY Map 1: Population density, statistical regions, Slovenia, 2008 number of population per square cell 1 km x 1 km □ 1-20 □ 21-500 | 501 or more ] unpopulated Sources: SORS, SMA Most residents per km2 live in municipality Ljubljana and the fewest in municipality Sol~ava ■ Differences in population density between individual municipalities are large: in municipality Ljubljana more than 1,000 residents live per km2, in municipality Sol~ava fewer than 5. Among the most densely populated municipalities are municipalities with large cities and municipalities with small surface areas but large populations on the outskirts of major employment centres. Remote municipalities and municipalities where a large share of the area is uninhabited are sparsely populated. SETTLEMENTS Map 2: Settlements with solely male or female population, statistical regions, Slovenia, 2008 Gorenjska Koroška Savinjska Gorl&ka Hy OsrednJeslovenska ' Spodnjeposavska "'j« Jugovzhodna SlovenUaC HNotranjsko-kraškaL f• \ JI • s kralka7 ( \ * ® settlement with solely male population 0 settlement with solely female population Sources: SORS, SMA Every other village with fewer than 100 residents ■ In Slovenia, there were just over 6,000 settlements at the end of 2008. Every other settlement had fewer than 100 residents. Altogether the population of such settlements equalled half of the population of the largest settlement - Ljubljana. Every hundredth settlement had no population. ■ In 2008, 16 settlements in Slovenia had only female population, and 21 settlements had only male population. These settlements were very small, the largest one had a population of 7 (Robidiš~e in municipality Kobarid), most of these settlements were also characterized by peripheral location. The most numerous single-sex settlements were in municipality Kostel (9). Most of the residents of the "female" settlements were aged 65 years or more, while most of the residents in the "male" settlements were less than 60 years old. MARITAL STATUS Chart 12: Married population by sex and age groups, Slovenia, 2008 % 80-, 60- 40- 20- 1 0-20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ age groups ^ men I I women Source: SORS Oldest women widows, oldest men married ■ As women in Slovenia live longer than men, many among them are widows. Among women aged 80 years or more, 2 out of 3 were widows at the end of 2008. By comparison, among all women, 1 in 10 was a widow. ■ In 2008, men in the oldest age groups were mostly married. Among 80-year-olds, almost two thirds were married, while a quarter of them were widowers. ■ Most of the 80-year-olds were married to persons aged 70 years or more; only every 100th married 80-year-old man and every 500th married 80-year-old woman were married to a person under 65. PLACE OF BIRTH Chart 13: Population of Slovenia born abroad, statistical regions, 31 December 2008 statistical region Obalno-kraška Osrednjeslovenska Notranjsko-kraška Zasavska Spodnjeposavska Gorenjska Savinjska Jugovzhodna Slovenija Podravska Goriška Pomurska Koroška Source: SORS 10 15 20 % 25 Almost every 4th resident of the Obalno-kraška statistical region was born abroad ■ Among the population of each of the statistical regions the share of immigrants, i.e. residents who were born abroad, was at the end of 2008 the largest in the Obalno-kraška statistical region (nearly a quarter or 23.1% of the population of the region) and the lowest in the Koroška statistical region (5.7% of the population of the region). ■ In most of the statistical regions (in 9 out of 12), in 2008 the most numerous among the foreign-born residents were those who were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They were particularly numerous in the Zasavska (62.9%) and in the Gorenjska statistical regions (50.7%). In the Pomurska, Spodnjeposavska and Podravska statistical regions the most numerous among the foreign-born population were those born in Croatia. Among the immigrant population, there were in the Pomurska statistical region in 2008 also a significant number of people who were born in Germany (18%) and Austria (17%). INTERNAL MIGRATION Chart 14: Net migration among statistical regions per 1,000 population, Slovenia, 2008 statistical region Osrednjeslovenska Podravska Obalno-kraška Jugovzhodna Slovenija Notranjsko-kraška Gorenjska Savinjska Zasavska Pomurska Spodnjeposavska Koroška Goriška -12 -4 0 per 1,000 population 8 12 Source: SORS Foreign citizens more mobile than Slovene ■ In 2008, 5% of the population of Slovenia changed their settlement of residence in the country. Foreign citizens are more mobile than the citizens of Slovenia. In 2008, 7% of all the inhabitants of Slovenia with foreign citizenship changed their settlement of residence in Slovenia. Only 3 statistical regions (Osrednjeslovenska, Podravska and Obalno-kraška) had positive net migration with the other statistical regions. INTERNAL MIGRATION Chart 15: Internal migration by age group of migrants, Slovenia, 2008 number 20000- 16000. 12000. 8000- - - 1-1 (—1 1— Hnnnnnr 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ age groups Source: SORS Major cities have the largest migration flows ■ In 2008 most of the migrants in Slovenia (i.e. those who migrated from one municipality to another) immigrated to the municipality of Ljubljana (18.4%) and then to Maribor (7.9%), while the share of those who emigrated from Ljubljana amounted to 15,8% of all emigrants by municipalities, followed by Maribor (8%). ■ If, in addition to changes of permanent residence, also migration to a temporary address is taken into consideration, the municipality of Ljubljana had in 2008 positive net migration with other municipalities (2,346 persons). In the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region, the number of residents per 1,000 population in 2008 increased by more than 8. MOTHERHOOD Chart 16: Mean age of mother at childbirth, Slovenia age (years) all births first births Source: SORS Mothers are becoming older ■ Although the fertility in Slovenia has been on the rise since 2003, compared to the previous decades women have fewer children and the decision to become a mother is postponed, too. The process of postponing motherhood in 2008 still has not finished. In 2008, mothers were on average 30.1 years old. First-time mothers averaged 28.4 years in age. Both values are the highest mean ages after World War II. ■ The most fertile group of women in 2008 was those aged 28-31 years. Forty years ago a half of women who gave birth were below 25 years of age and only 10% were above 35 (those were having children of higher birth order). After 1990 the share of young mothers kept decreasing and the share of older ones was increasing (14% in 2008). In 2008 only a fifth (21.9%) of women who gave birth for the first time was under 25 years of age, while 7.3% of women giving birth for the first time were aged 35 years or over. BIRTH ORDER Chart 17: Live births by order of birth, Slovenia number 16000 -, 12000. 8000-- 4000-- Ik Ik Ik 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2006 2007 2008 year ^ first I I second I I third I I fourth birth or higher order of birth Source: SORS The share of third births and births of higher order is decreasing ■ In 2008, almost a half of births (49.5%) were first order births and over a third (36.3%) were second order births. Every tenth child was third-born. This ratio has been more or less the same in the last few years. Concerning the higher order births (third order or higher) significant changes occurred in the last 50 years. The share of third order births or higher order ones decreased a lot: in 2008, 40% less children of third order births and 80% less of higher order births were born than 50 years ago. In 2008, 85.5% of all births were first and second order births. Most of the first-born children were born outside marriage (almost two thirds). Also among second-born children the share of those born to unmarried parents was almost 45%. LIVE BIRTHS OUTSIDE MARRIAGE Chart 18: Live births outside marriage, Slovenia fN (N IN fN fN Source: SORS More than half of children are born outside marriage ■ In 2007, the share of live births outside marriage exceeded a half for the first time. In 2008, the share even increased, to 52.9%. Marriage is therefore no longer the predominant family form in Slovenia. The share of mothers who are not married at the time of births has been rising since the mid-1970s. Among the mothers who gave birth in 2008, only at the age of 30 years the share of married mothers prevailed over the share of those who were not married. The share of unmarried first-time mothers in 2008 was over 50% in all ages. Almost two thirds (65%) of first-born children in 2008 were born to unmarried mothers. Table 15: Live births outside marriage, selected countries, Europe, 2007 % Island 65.6 Estonia 58.1 Sweden 54.7 Norway 54.5 Slovenia 50.8 France 50.5 Bulgaria 50.2 Austria 38.2 Hungary 37.5 Serbia 22.5 Italy 20.7 Bosnia and Herz. 11.6 Croatia 11.0 Source: EUROSTAT Chart 19: Live births by birth order and family type, Slovenia, 2008 % 100 n first second third fourth birth or higher order of birth I I within marriage I I outside marriage Source: SORS FATHERHOOD Chart 20: The age difference1 between father and mother at childbirth, Slovenia, 2008 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 the age difference (years) 1 Negative values reveal that the father was younger than the mother. Source: SORS Fathers on average 3 years older than mother ■ Fathers are becoming older, too. The mean age of a father in the last 3 decades increased by almost 4 years, to 32.9 years in 2008. ■ Very young fathers are rare nowadays and were rare in the past, too. There were only 77 teenage fathers (those below 20 years of age) whose children were born in 2008; 30 years ago there were 100 more. Since 1978 the share of fathers aged 20-30 years has dropped significantly and the share of fathers above 30 has increased, especially of those above 35 years of age. ■ Most fathers of children born in 2008 were older than the mothers of these children. Every sixth father was younger than the mother; the majority of fathers was 2 years younger at most. The biggest age difference between a young father and an older mother was more than 15 years. ■ A half of children born in 2008 had parents of similar ages or the fathers were at most 4 years older than mothers. 72% of fathers were older than mothers at the time of birth. There were 120 fathers of children born in 2008 who were more than 20 years older than the mothers. number 3000 -, IS SURS O-lo. J=L DELIVERIES Chart 21: Multiple births, Slovenia Source: SORS More twin births every year ■ The twin and triplet births are still rare although the share of multiple births has been on the rise since the end of the 1970s. Thirty years ago less than 1% (0.9%) of all deliveries was multiple births, in 2008 1.8%. The reasons for the increased share of multiple births are that the expectant mothers are older and the biomedical infertility treatments. ■ Mothers who in 2008 gave birth to multiple babies (twin and triplet births) were on average 1.3 years older than mothers who gave birth to one child only. In 2008 every 56th birth was multiple birth, in the mid-1990s every 72nd and thirty years ago every 105th only. Table 16: Deliveries, Slovenia, 2008 2008 Chart 22: Multiple births of all births at various ages of mother, Slovenia, 2008 TOTAL Single births Twin births • two boys • one boy, one girl • two girls Triple births Source: SORS 21,538 21,153 382 126 125 131 3 f ^ / 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35+ age of mother (yean) Source: SORS LEGAL ABORTIONS Chart 23: Legal abortions, Slovenia 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 oooooooooocooooocococricncncncnaiaioiai-. (N m f tn so iv oo ooooooooo ooooooooo i-i-i-i-i-i-INNNNNININNIN A two-thirds decrease in legal abortion in the last twenty years ■ In Slovenia abortions became legal in 1977. At the beginning of the 1980s about 19,000 legal abortions were registered, after 1982 the number kept decreasing. In the last 20 years the legal abortion rate decreased by two thirds. In 2008, 4,946 legal abortions were recorded, i.e. 23% of live born children. 10 legal abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49 were done. The legal abortion rates were the highest in the group of women aged 20-39 years (14 legal abortions per 1,000 women of the stated ages). Source: IPH INFANT DEATHS Chart 24: Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, European comparison, 2007 number 14- 12. 10- 2- u LU SE Fl SI CZ IE PT EL AT CY FR IT ES DE BE DK NL UK EE LT HU PL SK MT LV BO RO countries Source: EUROSTAT Slovenia ranks among the European countries with the lowest infant mortality rates ■ Among people who died in 2008, there were 52 deaths of infants under 1 year of age (30 boys and 22 girls), or 2.4 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. The number of infant deaths in Slovenia is still falling. As regards infant mortality, the first week of living is the riskiest. Of all infant deaths in 2008, 65% occurred within the first week. Over the past 10 years, infant mortality dropped by half. In 1998 there were 5.2 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Slovenia is among the European countries with the lowest infant mortality rate (this can be attributed to the high-quality health system). CAUSES OF DEATHS Chart 25: Deaths due to neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system, Slovenia number 20000- 16000-- 12000-- 8000-- 4000- 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 year I I deaths, TOTAL I I neoplasms I I diseases of the circulatory system Source: SORS The most frequent cause of death are still diseases of the circulatory system ■ These are diseases that are highly dependent on individual lifestyles and behaviour. Among all deaths that happened in 2008, 40% of deaths occurred due to the diseases of the circulatory system, the share of women among these persons was higher (58%) than that of men (42%). In 2008, most people who died due to diseases of the circulatory system were aged between 80 and 89 years. Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer ■ The second most common cause of death are neoplasms, among these also cancer. Among all deaths that happened in 2008, 31% of deaths occurred due to neoplasms or 138 more than in 2007. Among neoplasms lung cancer still dominates and thus in 2008 1,100 people died due to lung cancer, of whom 73% men and 27% women. The second most common form of cancer is breast cancer, which is the most common form of cancer among women. In 2008, 441 people died because of it, mostly women aged between 70 and 84 years. According to their frequency, these two forms of cancer were followed by colon cancer, stomach cancer, cancer of pancreas and prostate cancer. Falls are the most common cause of death among injuries ■ The third most common cause of death in Slovenia are injuries as a result of accidents, suicides and homicides. In 2008, 1,515 people died as a result of injuries but the number has been gradually decreasing. 1,094 people died as a result of accidents which dominated in this category. Among accidents most common were falls (50%), transport accidents (23%), poisoning (6%) and suffocation and drowning (5%). In 2008, most accidents occurred in June, then in July, August, September, October and January. SUICIDES Chart 26: Suicides per 1,000 deaths by sex, Slovenia number 50-, 40- 30—I 20 — 10- I I I I I I I I t 4 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 I I suicides, TOTAL I I men Source: SORS In 2008 on average more than one suicide per day ■ In 2008 there were 408 suicides in Slovenia - too many, but still 6% less than in 2007. Among the deceased, 80% were men. Most (44%) of these persons were aged from 40 to 59 years. In 2008, most suicides were committed in January and March and the fewest in December. 44% of men who committed suicide were single and 38% were married, whereas among the women who committed suicide, 48% were married and 21% were single. Most of these persons, 52%, had a secondary education, 29% had basic education, 7% had incomplete basic education, 5% had higher education and 4% had short term higher education. MORTALITY BY STATISTICAL REGIONS Table 17: Basic data on deaths by statistical regions, Slovenia, 2008 Deaths Infant deaths per 1,000 per 1,000 population live births Mean Diseases of the age at circulatory system death per 1,000 population Slovenia Pomurska Podravska Koroška Savinjska Zasavska Spodnjeposavska Jugovzhodna Slovenija Osrednjeslovenska Gorenjska Notranjsko-kraška Goriška Obalno-kraška 9.1 11.1 9.9 9.3 9.2 10.4 10.5 8.8 7.7 10.5 10.2 8.3 8.4 2.4 0.9 2.9 2.4 0.9 3.2 2.3 2.9 3.8 1.3 3.5 3.8 1.8 74.2 74.4 73.3 73.3 73.7 73.0 73.3 73.6 74.4 74.5 76.2 76.1 75.9 3.6 5.0 4.2 3.7 3.4 4.2 5.1 3.0 3.1 4.1 4.5 3.3 2.8 Source: SORS In 2008 mortality was lowest in the Osrednjeslovenska statistical region ■ In 2008 the mean age at death was the highest in the Notranjsko-kraška region (76.2 years) and the lowest in the Zasavska region (73.0 years), while for men it was the highest in the Obalno-kraška region (71.9 years) and the lowest in the Zasavska region (68.2 years). The mean age of women was the highest in the Goriška region (81.1 years) and the lowest in the Koroška region (76.6 years). ■ Mortality can also be shown as the ratio between the number of deaths and the number of population. In 2008, the lowest mortality was recorded in the Osrednjeslovenska region. The lowest number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was registered in the Pomurska and Obalno-kraška regions. The fewest deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system per 1,000 population were registered in the Osrednjeslovenska region. MARRIAGES IN THE EU Chart 27: Marriages per 1,000 population, European comparison, 2008 per 1,000 population 8-, 7— CY LT RO DK PL MT Fl LV SE IE SK CZ EL DE EE NL UK BE ES AT FR IT FT HU LV BO SI countries Source: EUROSTAT Slovenia with the lowest marriage rate per 1,000 population among EU Member States ■ According to Eurostat2, in 2008 the number of marriages per 1,000 population in EU Member States was between 3.3 and 7.1. With 3.3 marriages per 1,000 population Slovenia ranked last among the EU Member States. Eurostat revealed that in 2008 there were fewer than 4 marriages per 1,000 population also in Bulgaria (3.6), Luxembourg (3.9) and Hungary (3.9). EUROSTAT: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 22. 4. 2010 THE AGE OF THE GROOM AND OF THE BRIDE Chart 28: Age-specific marriage rates of groom, Slovenia Chart 29: Age-specific marriage rates of bride, Slovenia 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 - 1988 Source: SORS 1998 35-39 40-44 age group (years) - 2008 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 - 1988 Source: SORS 1998 35-39 40-44 age group (years) - 2008 year The mean age at marriage is on the rise ■ The number of marriages is decreasing while the mean age at marriage is on the rise. In 2008, 85.3% of all grooms and 88.1% of all brides were married for the first time. Grooms who were married for the first time in 2008 were on average 30.9 years old, while first-time brides were on average 28.4 years old. Three decades ago, i.e. in 1978, the bride at first marriage was on average almost 6 years younger (22.5 years) and the groom 5 years younger (25.7 years). ■ That the mean age at marriage is on the rise is evident from the mean age at all marriages: the mean age of the groom was above 30 years from the mid 1990s, while the mean age of the bride was in 2006 for the first time above 30 years. The age at marriage is on rise, too ■ Not only is the mean age at marriage on the rise, but also the age-specific marriage rates (the ratio between the number of marriages in a certain age of the groom and the bride and the number of population of the same age) shows that couples decide to marry at older age. Three decades ago most of the marriages took place in the age group 20-24 years, while in 2008 the age moved up to the age groups 25-29 and 30-34 years. Fewer teenage marriages ■ In the past teenage marriages were not considered to be a social issue as they probably are in the modern society. Life expectancy was shorter at that time, people were less educated, and more children in a family meant more help on a farm and also contribution to welfare. ■ Nowadays all is different. Children stay longer in the education system and the decision to get married is given much more consideration. Therefore, the age at marriage is higher. In 2008 there were 17 marriages among grooms and brides who have not yet completed 20 years of age. DIFFERENCE IN THE AGE OF THE GROOM AND THE BRIDE Chart 30: Difference in the age of the groom and the bride, Slovenia, 2008 % 80. 60. 40 20. brides younger than groom brides older than groom groom and bride of equal age Source: SORS The oldest groom and bride had each 88 years ■ The oldest groom in 2008 had 88 years. He married a 12 years younger bride. Among aH brides that were married in 2008, 70% of them married an older groom, 10% a groom of the same age and 20% a younger groom. The oldest bride married a 40 years younger groom. As a rule the bride is younger than the groom ■ 70% of brides are younger than the groom. In 2008 the highest share of brides who were younger than the groom was made up of the brides who were 2 years younger than the groom (11.1%). Most of the grooms and the brides thus get married with spouses of the same age or the age difference is not higher than 5 years. MARRIAGE AND FIRST BIRTH Chart 31: Mean age of bride at first marriage and mean age of mother at birth of first child, Slovenia cooiOT-fNm^isiior^coaiOt-rMm^i/iio^coroOT-rMm^isiior^co N^tOIOOOCOCOCOISUCOCOOIOiOIQIuinOlflinOtOOOOOOOOO CTOIGIOSGICTOSOICTCTOICTCTOICTCTOICTCTOICTCTOOOOOOOOO age of bride at first marriage age of mother at birth of first children Source: SORS The mean age of bride at first marriage and the mean age of mother at birth of first child are almost equal ■ The mean age of bride at first marriage and the mean age of mother at birth of first child are becoming almost equal. In the last 3 decades the mean age at first marriage of bride increased by almost 6 years. The mean age of mother at first birth increased almost the same. Postponement of marriage and birth are moving to a later time (in higher age). The reason for delaying marriage and parenthood is that young generations first want to finish education and to ensure the existence. CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE Chart 32: Divorces without dependent children, Slovenia % of dependent children 50- 40- 30--, 20. 10— 1968 1978 1988 1998 2000 2006 2007 2008 Source: SORS More divorces of spouses without dependent children ■ Through decades the number of divorces of spouses without dependent children has been increasing. Four decades ago in 30% of divorces there were no dependent children; now that share has risen to almost a half. In 2007, 49% of divorces were those of families without dependent children, whereas in 2008 the share fell to 43.9%. In the remaining 56% of marriages that ended in divorce in 2008 there were 1,899 dependent children. Most numerous families in which there had been a divorce were those with one dependent child (31.3% of all divorces), followed by divorces of spouses with two dependent children (21.5%). In 72 divorced marriages there were recorded 3 or more children (3.2%). Most children assigned to mothers after the divorce ■ Almost half of the dependent children are assigned to mothers after the divorce. In 1998, more than a half of children (57.6%) were assigned to mothers after the divorce, whereas in 2008, 45% of children were assigned to mothers after the divorce. The share of children who are assigned to fathers after the divorce is around 4%-5%. In 2008, after the divorce 4.5% of children were assigned to their fathers. BIRTHDAYS Chart 33: Births on 1 January and 31 December, Slovenia number 200 160 120 80 40 I 'm i-minMJi<-fomM)ii-fnmM3i<-minMJii-mmMSrminMJiT-r(imM»rminMJi»-minN CD CTi CD CTi 01 01 Ol Ol 01 O) 0S 01 0S 01 0S 01 O^ 01 O^ O^ Ol 01 Ol O^ Ol 01 Ol O^ Ol 01 Oi 01 Oi 01 OI 01 o 000 1 January 31 December Source: SORS The most birthdays on 1 January ■ Until the end of the 1960s the number of births was more or less equally distributed among the days of the week. After 1970 the first differences began to appear between weekdays and weekends. After 1980 the differences kept becoming larger. In the last few years on average 11% of children were born on a weekend, while the average for weekdays was 16%. Most children (15%) were born on Thursday or Friday and the fewest (14%) on Sunday. ■ Most people in Slovenia were born on 1 January (more than 7,800). At the same time, the fewest people were born on 31 December; around 4,600 people, i.e. 3,200 less than those who celebrated their birthday on the first day of the year. ■ A smaller number of births on the last days of the year is characteristic of the period until the mid-1960s, when most people were born outside maternity hospitals. Many children were actually born on these days, but their parents (or people present at birth) registered their birth on the New Year's Day. This in fact meant that children went to school later and could help on the farm a year longer. This was especially important for boys, because they went to serve in the army a year later. ■ As the share of children born in maternity hospitals kept increasing, the difference in the number of children born on the last and first day of the year started to decrease. In the early 1950s free health care was introduced in Slovenia; by 1965 the share of children born outside maternity hospitals fell to 10% and by 1977 to 1%. Since 1970 the share of children born in Slovenia on 1 January and on 31 December has been about the same. SUMMARY The 2008 definition of population keeps the number of inhabitants down The number of inhabitants of Slovenia has been increasing during the entire last decade, the most in the last 2 years. In the middle of 2005 the number exceeded 2 million and at the end of 2008 there were 2.032 million people living in Slovenia. The figure would be even larger (2.057 million), but the new definition of population introduced in 2008 no longer includes the short-term migrants (persons who intend to live in Slovenia for less than a year, mostly foreign seasonal workers). The importance of migration The surplus of immigration (142,000 in total) versus emigration (82,000 in total) was the key factor of population increase in the last decade. 90% of immigrants were foreigners; the share of the citizens of Slovenia who emigrated (29%) was more significant than that of those who immigrated (10%). Migration is an important element of changing the demographic picture of Slovenia. In 2008 men prevailed among the immigrants (3 out of 4 immigrants were men), especially young men (their average age was 32 years). Most foreigners living in Slovenia had time limited residence permits based on work permits and they emigrated when the date of their work permit had expired. This is one of the reasons why the mean age of emigrants of foreign citizenship has risen (to 35 years), but the emigrated citizens of Slovenia are even older (in 2008 for the first time over 40 years). Live births finally on the rise, life expectancy is increasing In the last few years a very encouraging demographic change has been revealed: the increasing number of live births. The natural increase was again positive in the last 3 years and in 2008 it amounted to 3,500 or almost the same as it was in the last year before Slovenia gained its independency (in 1990). In 2003 the lowest number of live births in the recent demographic history of Slovenia was recorded (17,321). Due to low fertility around 2000 the last decade's natural increase was negative. Comparisons of the decades 19992008 and 1989-1998 reveal that in the latter there were 16,000 live births less while the number of deaths did not change significantly (4,000 less). Mortality data, on the other hand, show quite big differences between 2 consecutive years. Life expectancy at birth is gradually increasing and it was in 2008 that it for the first time exceeded 82 years for women and 75 years for men. At the same time, also the gap between life expectancy for women and that for men is slowly decreasing. The mean age of a person at death (69.6 for men and 78.8 for women in 2008) could be higher, but suicides (according to the suicide rate Slovenia already for many years ranks at the top in EU-27) and other external causes of death (injuries due to traffic, work or other type of accidents) have negative influence. Fewer marriages, divorce rate almost unchanged In 2008 Slovenia was the EU-27 Member State with the lowest number of marriages per 1,000 population. The decreasing number of marriages was the main trend also in the last decade in Slovenia. Consequently more and more children are born outside marriage and the share of children born in consensual unions is among the highest in EU-27. Apart from that grooms and brides are becoming older. The mean age of a groom at the first marriage SUMMARY (which accounts for 90% of all marriages) was almost 31 years in 2008 and the mean age of a bride was 28.4 years. Interestingly enough, this was also the mean age of a mother at first birth. The absolute number of divorces remains the same as it was in the 1980s (2,246 in 2008, so few were lastly recorded in 2001). In public discussions people often talk about the increasing divorce rate which has in fact since 1960 been between 1.0 and 1.4 per 1,000 population. But it is true that only divorces per 1,000 marriages increased significantly due to the reduced number of marriages (by more than a half). More and more marriages that end in a divorce tend to last longer, so the share of divorces without (or no longer with any) dependent children is on the rise (44% in 2008). Overview of the selected demographic phenomena Special attention should be drawn to some of the outstanding demographic events and phenomena that are presented to a greater detail in the second part of the publication. These are: ■ in Slovenia there are settlements with solely male or female population (chapter Settlements); ■ as a rule the oldest men are married (chapter Marital status); ■ every 4th inhabitant of the Obalno-kraška statistical region was born abroad (chapter Place of birth); ■ only 3 statistical regions recorded positive net migration (chapter Internal migration); ■ 1 in 5 women gave birth before the age of 25 (chapter Motherhood); ■ the father of every 6th newborn child is younger than the mother (chapter Fatherhood); ■ more twin births also due to biomedical infertility treatment (chapter Deliveries); ■ abortion is decreasing in Slovenia (chapter Legal abortions); ■ sex is not a determinant for infant death (chapter Infant deaths); ■ among neoplasms the most common cause of death is lung cancer (chapter Causes of death); ■ at annual level there are the fewest suicides in December (chapter Suicides); ■ the difference in the mean age of a person at death among the statistical regions is 3.2 years (chapter Mortality by statistical region); ■ teenage marriages are very rare (chapter The age of the groom and the bride); ■ the oldest groom and bride were each 88 years old (chapter Difference in the age of the groom and the bride); ■ birthdays most frequently fall on 1 January and the least frequently on 31 December (chapter Birthdays). What demographic situation is expected for Slovenia in the future? The latest population projections are not favourable, as currently fertility is below simple replacement level. Only net migration could lead to an increase in the number of population. The ratio between younger and older people will certainly change. Whether the real number of population in 2060 in Slovenia will be closer to 1.45 million (EUROPOP2008, low variant) or 1.77 million (EUROPOP2008, baseline variant) or even 2.39 million is the reply which many readers shall be able to verify in 50 years' time. METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS CHANGES BROUGHT BY THE NEW DEFINITION OF POPULATION The new definition of the population, in use after 1 January 2008, introduces the length of one's stay in Slovenia as the key criterion. According to the new definition, the population of Slovenia consists of persons (regardless of citizenship) with registered residence in Slovenia who live or intend to live in Slovenia for one year or more and are not temporarily absent from Slovenia for a year or more. According to the previous definition that was valid from mid-1995, every person who registered permanent and/or temporary residence in Slovenia was counted among the population. We excluded citizens of the Republic of Slovenia with registered permanent residence in Slovenia who had registered temporary absence from Slovenia for 3 months or more. The length of a person's stay in Slovenia was not important. The change of statistical definition of population carries several consequences. The basic change can be seen in the number of population itself; Slovenia's population in March 2008 was by about 12,000 larger by the old definition than it was by the new definition. Three months later the difference was about 17,000, and at the end of September 2008 it was 26,000. This is the result of non-inclusion of persons who had registered residence in Slovenia for less than a year; these were mostly foreigners. An important change can also be seen in the territorial redistribution of the population by municipality. Persons with registered permanent as well as temporary residence for a year or more are in accordance with the new definition counted among the population at the address of their temporary residence. In line with the old definition such persons were until then counted at the address of their permanent residence. Thus the redistribution of the population can result in a changed age structure in some municipalities and settlements. DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN TERMS USED Total fertility rate is the average number of live born children per one woman in reproductive age (15-49 years) in the calendar year. Total first marriage rate of women is the average number of first marriages per woman by the presumption that aged-specific rates of marriage will not change. Age-specific marriage rate is the ratio between the number of marriages in a certain age of groom and bride and the number of population of the same age in the calendar year. Mean age of a person at given events or time cross-sections are a weighted arithmetic mean of the age of a given group of population. Life expectancy is the average number of years a person aged x years can expect to live assuming that mortality rates by age will remain unchanged since the year of observation. STATISTICAL AND OTHER SIGNS and more (years, members, etc.) no occurrence of event footnote + ABBREVIATIONS BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EU European Union EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union RS Republic of Slovenia SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SORS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia IPH Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia SMA Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia UNITS OF MEASUREMENT % percentage km2 square kilometre mio. million LIST OF COUNTRIES: NAMES AND ABBREVIATIONS (ISO 3166) Country name Abbr. Country name Abbr. EU-27, TOTAL EU-27 Italy IT Austria AT Latvia LV Belgium BE Lithuania LT Bulgaria BG Luxemburg LU Cyprus CY Malta MT Czech Republic CZ Netherlands NL Denmark DK Poland PL Estonia EE Portugal PT Finland FI Romania RO France FR Slovakia SK Germany DE Slovenia SI Greece EL Spain ES Hungary HU Sweden SE Ireland IE United Kingdom UK LITERATURE AND SOURCES Slovenia's population today and tomorrow, 2008-2060. EUROPOP2008 population projections for Slovenia. (2009). Brochure collection. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Population of Slovenia 2007. (2009). Results of Surveys, no. 832. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://www.stat.si/publikacije/pub_rezultati_5.asp Population, Slovenia, 31 March 2008. (31. 7. 2008). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 1778 Population, Slovenia, 30 June 2008. (30. 10. 2008). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 1950 Population, Slovenia, 30 September 2008. (30. 1. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2126 Population, Slovenia, 31 December 2008. (30. 4. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2319 Acknowledgment of paternity, Slovenia, 2008. (29. 9. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2649 First names and family names, Birthdays, Slovenia, 2008. (30. 6. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2457 Birthdays on 1 January. (28. 12. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 1375 Migration changes, Slovenia, 2008. (30. 9. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2666 Marriages and divorces, Slovenia, 2008. (4. 8. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2527 Deaths, Slovenia, 2008. (19. 8. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2547 Live births, Slovenia, 2008. (29. 6. 2009). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id = 2456 Demography and social statistics. Population. SI-STAT data portal. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 22. 4. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Database/Demographics/Demographics.asp Population and social conditions. Statistical Database. Luxembourg: European Commission, EUROSTAT. Retrieved on 1. 3. 2010 from the website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat SOURCES OF PHOTOS Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother; Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File: Baby_Mother_Grandmother_and_Great_Grandmother.jpg, 2. 7. 2010), author Azoreg Bride-boquet-toss; Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bride-boquet-toss.jpg, 2. 7. 2010), author David Ball Drukstation; Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drukstation.JPG, 2. 7. 2010), author lijjccoo Grandfather; Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grandfather.JPG, 2. 7. 2010), author KF Slovenian Press Agency, author Tamino Dolinšek Slovenian Press Agency, author Daniel Novakovi~ Ukanc cemetery; Source: Wikipedija (http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slika:Ukanc_cemetery.JPG, 2. 7. 2010), author Rude How to obtain statistical data and information? • on Statistical Office's website www.stat.si • via mail, phone, fax and e-mail address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia phone: +386 1 241 51 04 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 answering machine: +386 1 475 65 55 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si • by ordering statistical publications address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia phone: +386 1 241 52 84 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 e-mail: prodaja.surs@gov.si • by visiting the Information Centre office hours: Monday to Thursday from 9.00 to 15.30 Friday from 9.00 to 14.30