ACTAGEOGRAPHICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK SLOVENICA 2019 59 1 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK 59-1 • 2019 Contents Maja KOCJANČIČ, Tomislav POPIT, Timotej VERBOVŠEK Gravitational sliding of the carbonate megablocks in the Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia 7 Małgorzata KIJOWSKA-STRUGAŁA, Anna BUCAŁA-HRABIA Flood types in a mountain catchment: the Ochotnica River, Poland 23 Irena MOCANU, Bianca MITRICĂ, Mihaela PERSU Socio-economicimpactofphotovoltaicpark:TheGiurgiucountyruralarea,Romania 37 Andrej GOSAR The size of the area affected by earthquake induced rockfalls: Comparison of the1998 Krn Mountains (NW Slovenia) earthquake (Mw 5.6) with worldwide data 51 Matej GABROVEC, Peter KUMER Land-use changes in Slovenia from the Franciscean Cadaster until today 63 Mojca FOŠKI Using the parcel shape index to determine arable land division types 83 Mateja FERK, Matej LIPAR, Andrej ŠMUC, Russell N. DRySDALE, Jian ZHAO Chronology of heterogeneous deposits in the side entrance of Postojna Cave, Slovenia 103 Special issue – Green creative environments Jani KOZINA, Saša POLJAK ISTENIČ, Blaž KOMAC Green creative environments: Contribution to sustainable urban and regional development 119 Saša POLJAK ISTENIČ Participatory urbanism: creative interventions for sustainable development 127 Jani KOZINA, Nick CLIFTON City-region or urban-rural framework: what matters more in understandingthe residential location of the creative class? 141 Matjaž URŠIČ, Kazushi TAMANO The importance of green amenities for small creative actors in Tokyo: Comparing natural and sociocultural spatial attraction characteristics 159 ISSN 1581-6613 9 771581 661010 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 2019 ISSN: 1581-6613 COBISS: 124775936 UDC/UDK: 91© 2019, ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika Internationaleditorialboard/mednarodniuredniškiodbor: DavidBole(Slovenia),MichaelBründl(Switzerland),RokCiglič(Slovenia), Matej Gabrovec (Slovenia), Matjaž Geršič (Slovenia), Peter Jordan (Austria), Drago Kladnik (Slovenia), BlažKomac (Slovenia), Andrej Kranjc (Slovenia), Dénes Lóczy (Hungary), Simon McCharty (United Kingdom), SlobodanMarković (Serbia), Janez Nared (Slovenia), Drago Perko (Slovenia), Marjan Ravbar (Slovenia), Nika Razpotnik Visković(Slovenia), Aleš Smrekar (Slovenia), Annett Steinführer (Germany), Mimi Urbanc (Slovenia), Matija Zorn (Slovenia) Editor-in-Chief/glavni urednik: Blaž Komac; blaz@zrc-sazu.si Executive editor/odgovorni urednik: Drago Perko; drago@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for physical geography/glavni urednik za fizično geografijo: Matija Zorn; matija.zorn@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for human geography/glavna urednica za humano geografijo: Mimi Urbanc; mimi@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for regional geography/glavni urednik za regionalno geografijo: Drago Kladnik; drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for spatial planning/glavni urednik za regionalno planiranje: Janez Nared; janez.nared@zrc-sazu.si Chiefeditorforruralgeography/glavnaurednicazageografijopodeželja:NikaRazpotnikVisković;nika.razpotnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for urban geography/glavni urednik za urbano geografijo: David Bole; david.bole@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for geographic information systems/glavni urednik za geografske informacijske sisteme: Rok Ciglič; rok.ciglic@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for environmental protection/glavni urednik za varstvo okolja: Aleš Smrekar; ales.smrekar@zrc-sazu.si Editorial assistant/uredniški pomočnik: Matjaž Geršič; matjaz.gersic@zrc-sazu.si Issued by/izdajatelj: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZUPublished by/založnik: Založba ZRC Co-published by/sozaložnik: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Address/Naslov: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU, Gosposka ulica 13, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija The papers are available on-line/prispevki so dostopni na medmrežju: http://ags.zrc-sazu.si (ISSN: 1581–8314) Ordering/naročanje: Založba ZRC, Novi trg 2, p. p. 306, SI – 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija; zalozba@zrc-sazu.si Annual subscription/letna naročnina: 20 € for individuals/za posameznike, 28 € for institutions/za ustanove. Single issue/cena posamezne številke: 12,50 € for individuals/za posameznike, 16 € for institutions/za ustanove. Cartography/kartografija: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU Translations/prevodi: DEKS, d. o. o. DTP/prelom: SYNCOMP, d. o. o. Printed by/tiskarna: Tiskarna Present, d. o. o. Print run/naklada: 350 copies/izvodov The journal is subsidized by the Slovenian Research Agency and is issued in the framework of the Geography of Slovenia coreresearchprogramme(P6-0101)/revijaizhajaspodporoJavneagencijezaraziskovalnodejavnostRepublikeSlovenijein nastajav okviru raziskovalnega programa Geografija Slovenije (P6-0101). The journal is indexed also in/revija je vključena tudi v: SCIE – Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, JCR – Journal Citation Report/Science Edition, ERIH PLUS, GEOBASE Journals, Current geographical publications, EBSCOhost,Geoscience e-Journals, Georef, FRANCIS, SJR (SCImago Journal & Country Rank), OCLC WorldCat, Google scholar,and CrossRef. Oblikovanje/Design by: Matjaž Vipotnik. Front cover photography: Stone bridge over the Rak River on the outskirts of the Rakov Škocjan polje, which is otherwiseknown for its beautiful natural bridges (photograph: Matej Lipar).Fotografija na naslovnici: Kamniti most čez reko Rak na obrobju kraškega polja Rakov Škocjan, ki je sicer bolj znano počudovitih naravnih mostovih (fotografija: Matej Lipar). GREENCREATIVEENVIRONMENTS: CONTRIBUTIONTOSUSTAINABLE URBANANDREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Jani Kozina, Saša Poljak Istenič, Blaž Komac Greenery in the Chinese city of Chongqing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.7030 UDC: 911.375:502.131.1 711.2:502.131.1 COBISS: 1.01 Green creative environments: Contribution to sustainable urban and regional development ABSTRACT:Theaimofthispaperisto provide a theoreticalandconceptualintroduction forthe Special Issueontheroleofgreencreativeenvironmentsinsustainableurbanandregionaldevelopment.Theidea isbasedontheassumptionthatconceptsofcreativitymostlyaddresseconomicissuesandtoalesserextent social issues, while green concepts predominantly deal with environmental aspects. Therefore, we lack a deeper insight into the interrelations between creative and green environments in urban and regional development. This special issue addresses this research gap through investigating 1) the residential pref­erences of the creative class in city-regional, urban and rural settings, 2) participatory urbanism as a tool for creative interventions in urban planning, and 3) the importance of green amenities as spatial attrac­tionfactorsforsmallcreativeactors.Wearguethatgreencreativeenvironmentscancontributetosustainable urban and regional development. KEY WORDS: creativity, innovation, sustainability, nature, creative city, green city, creative industries, natural amenities Zelena ustvarjalna okolja: prispevek k trajnostnemu urbanemu in regionalnemu razvoju Namentegaprispevkajeprispevatiteoretskiinkonceptualniuvodvposebnoizdajoovlogizelenihustvar­jalnih okolij v trajnostnem urbanem in regionalnem razvoju. Ideja temelji na predpostavki, da koncepti ustvarjalnosti večinoma obravnavajo ekonomska vprašanja in v manjši meri socialna vprašanja, zeleni koncepti pa se pretežno ukvarjajo z okoljskimi vidiki. Zato v urbanem in regionalnem razvoju nimamo globljegavpogledavmedsebojnepovezavemedustvarjalnimiinzelenimiokolji.Posebnaizdajarevijeobrav­navatoraziskovalnovrzelspreučevanjem1)bivanjskihpreferencustvarjalnegarazredavregionalnih,mestnih in podeželskih okoljih, 2) participativnega urbanizma kot orodja za ustvarjalne posege v urbanistično načrtovanjein3)pomenazelenihdobrinkotdejavnikaprostorskeprivlačnostizamaleustvarjalneakterje. Trdimo,dazelenaustvarjalnaokoljalahkoprispevajoktrajnostnemuurbanemuinregionalnemurazvoju. KLJUČNE BESEDE: ustvarjalnost, inovacije, trajnostnost, narava, ustvarjalna mesta, zelena mesta, ustvarjalne dejavnosti, naravne dobrine Jani Kozina, Blaž Komac Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Anton Melik Geographical Institute jani.kozina@zrc-sazu.si, blaz@zrc-sazu.si Saša Poljak Istenič Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of Slovenian Ethnology sasa.poljak@zrc-sazu.si The paper was submitted for publication on September 28th, 2018. Uredništvo je prejelo prispevek 28. septembra 2018. 1 Introduction This special issue is taking into consideration two distinct, but interrelated fields in urban and regional development. The first issue refers to creativity and related concepts such as creative industries, creative economy,andthecreativeclass.Thesecondissuepertainstothenaturalenvironment,whichcanbeasso­ciated with concepts such as green infrastructure, green economy, greenery, ecosystem services, and nature-basedsolutions.Bothareheavilycitedassignificantfactorsofsustainableurbanandregionaldevel­opment (Ravbar, Bole and Nared 2005; Bole 2008; Ravbar 2011; Mell et al. 2013; Clifton, Comunian andChapain 2015; Smrekar, ŠmidHribarandErhartič 2015;Uršič2016; Bowenand Lynch 2017; Kozina and Bole 2017; Kozina 2018; Lazzeretti, Capone and Innocenti 2018), but from different aspects and in dif­ferentmanners.Whereasthe»creativecity«mostlyaddresseseconomicandtoaminordegreesocialissues (PrattandHutton2013),the»greencity«predominantlydealswithenvironmentalfeatures(Brilhanteand Klaas2018).However,thelinebetweenthemissubtle.Thecreativeeconomyandcreativejobsarenoteas­ily identified and measured (Boggs 2009) and the same is true of green economy and green jobs (Muro, RothwellandSaha2011).Cooke(2013)reportsthat»eco-innovation«ontheonehandandcreativeindus-tries analysis on the other have largely operated in sealed containers or intellectual »silos«. Stolarick and Smirnova(2015)arguethatclean,green,creative,andsmartcitieshaveallbeenseparatelyidentified,mea­sured, ranked, and evaluated. So there is a need to take these concepts and their potential interrelations into deeper consideration. The roots of the creative city movement can be sought in a discourse of a post-industrial society that hasseenashiftfromtraditionalmanufacturingtonewagentsofgrowthsuchasknowledge,creativity,and innovation(Bell1973;ScottandStorper2015;Florida2002;2005;2008).Inthe1980s,the»culturalturn« moved attention away from the Marxist tradition towards culture by favouring cultural industries (Garnham2005)thatrefertothetraditionalculturaleconomicsandtoformsofculturalproductionchar­acterised by symbolic elements (Lazzeretti, Capone and Innocenti 2018). Since the 1990s, the »creative turn«hasdenotedthedawnofanewerainpoliticalandacademicdomainsbyconstructingcreativeindus­triesandlaterthecreative economyasapolicyobjectthatcanbemanagedtosecureprimarily economic, butalsooccasionallysocialoutcomessoastoincreasecompetitiveness(Schlesinger2017;KozinaandBole 2018). The focus of cities, regions, and countries across the world has thus been redirected to the impor­tanceofcreativityandinnovationinfosteringdevelopmentwiththeemergenceofhighlyinterrelatedconcepts suchascreativeindustries,creativeeconomy,andthecreativeclass(Chapain,CliftonandComunian2013). The origins of the green city movement can be associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, andthedeteriorationofurbanenvironmentalperformanceinthe20th century(BrilhanteandKlaas2018). As a response to pressing challenges in the 1980s, strong voices emerged to reconcile economic growth, environmental preservation, and social development (WCED 1987). The new millennium has seen the »green turn« asaresponsetotheglobalecologicalcrises andtheaccumulatingevidenceofrisinginequal­ity (Bina and La Camera 2011). It signifies a new privileging of listening to consumer demand for more usable, less over-engineered, more sustainable goods and services (Cooke 2010). To address these issues, moderncitiesapplycollectiveapproachestotheuseandmanagementofgreenspacesinurbansocial-eco­logical systems. This formof social-ecological innovation provides a valuableresourcein the production and adaptive management of local ecosystem services (Dennis and James 2018). Atthemoment,welackmoredetailedtheoreticalandempiricalcontributionsabouttheinterrelations betweencreativity andnaturalenvironment inurbanand regionaldevelopment. This special issue addresses this challenge by focusing on selected examples of: 1) residential preferences of the creative class in city-regional, urban, and rural settings, 2) participatory urbanism as a tool for creative interventions in urban planning, 3) the importance of green amenities as spatial attraction factors for small creative actors. However,theaimofthespecialissueandthefollowingcontributionsisnottocomprehensivelyaddress theroleofgreencreativeenvironmentsinurbanandregionaldevelopment.Instead,itwantstorevealsome hidden aspects in analysing the connection between creativity and the natural environment and unveil the potential spatial implications of their synergies. A shift is needed in how we mutually reflect the cre­ativityandtheenvironment.Thechangingnatureofthesociety,theeconomy,andtheenvironmentdemands new solutions for governance and communication. We argue that by focusing on green creative environ­ments, we can begin to near sustainable urban and regional development and a high quality of life. 2 Natural environments: a missing aspect in studying the impact of creativity on urban and regional development? Theimpactofthenaturalenvironmentoncreativeandknowledge-intensiveprocesseshasbeenanalysed by various disciplines such as psychology, interior design, education and health studies, landscape archi­tecture, etc. A large body of evidence shows that interaction with greenery can be beneficial for reducing stressandimprovingemotionalstatesandcognitivefunction(VanDenBogerdetal.2018).Theenvironment, including green areas discussed here, influences creativity, because a connection to nature enhances cre­ativeperformance(vanRompayandTineke2016)andisassociatedwithinnovativeandholisticcognitive styles (Leong, Fischerand McClure 2014). Nature playsarole especially in thepreparation phase andthe incubation phase of the creative process (Plambech and Konijnendijk van den Bosch 2015). The impact of greenery has a significant impact on creativity within indoor physical environments (DulandCeylan2011;Caple2019)andalsowhenitisexposedtooutdoornaturalenvironments(Plambech and Konijnendijk van den Bosch 2015). For this reason, connectedness with nature should be promoted in schools, workplaces, and at home (Leong, Fischer and McClure 2014). Green areas can contribute to new ways of understanding modern environmental issues such as noise, pollution, and other hazards in urban and rural areas where new creative and innovative solutions are constantly being pursued. Inspiteofabundantevidenceofthehighlypositiveimpactnaturalenvironmenthasoncreativity,the research in urban and regional science offers only limited proof to support such relations. Proximity to the natural environment as part of the so-called »soft« factors such as diversity, openness, amenities, and tolerance plays only a marginal role in attracting creative and high-skilled workers to a particular place. However, these factors play a more important role in retaining the creative capital in a given area, which justifiespoliciesaimedatretainingpeopleratherthanattractingthem(Martin-Brellotetal.2010).Professional and social relations, other types of local social connections related to people’s life courses, and so-called »hard« conditions, especially job availability, seem to be the more relevant drivers of creative urban and regionaldevelopment(MusterdandGritsai2012).Thereasonsforsuchoutcomesareatleasttwofold.First, recent studies on regional creative capacity often focus on the urban context without taking into account theruralsettings(Gülümser,Baycan-LeventandNijkamp2010),whichexhibitamoreprominentroleof thenaturalenvironment.Asreportedbysomeauthors,attractiontoruralareasmightbesignificantlyattrib­utedtoanaccesstooutdooramenitiesandactivities(McGranahanandWojan2007;White2010).Second, creativity in urban and regional development has been mostly applied through the »culture-centric« and »econo-centric«approach(AndresandChapain2013),whichhasneglected theecologicalperspectiveof sustainability. This brings us back to the initial question: what is the relation between green and creative environ­ments? Are these two different concepts in their own right or do they share some commonalities? Cooke (2013;2015)triedtomergethetwocentralthemesofthisspecialissuethrough»eco-innovation«and»eco­art«.Thesetwoconceptualizationsimplythatsynergiesbetweencreativityandgreeneryarerelevanttopromoting sustainability. However, the connection between them is undermined by Stolarick and Smirnova (2015), whoofferarareexampleofstatisticalcomparativeanalysisofgreen,sustainable,creative,andsmartcities. Their findings suggest that these concepts are different and measured differently. While each may have its own importance and value to many regions for various reasons, they are different dimensions that are quiteindependentofeachother–atleastcurrentlyandbyusingtheavailablemeasures.Thiskindofargu­mentation calls for additional in-depth research into the connection between creativity and the natural environment in urban and regional development. 3 Ljubljana as an example of a green creative city One of the starting points for preparing this special issue was the conference »Creative Green Ljubljana: FromTheorytoPractice«,organizedin2016bytheResearchCentreoftheSlovenianAcademyofSciences and Arts and Poligon Creative Centre. Its aim was to accelerate the flow of knowledge and information in the field of creative industries, but with the focus on green aspects, since Ljubljana at that time cele­brated and promoted its European Green Capital 2016 Award. Ten researchers from diverse disciplines discussedhowdevelopedtheculturalandcreativeindustriesinSloveniaareandwhatistheirroleinasus­ tainableeconomy.Theyalsoanalysedwhichsocio-culturalprojectsandinitiativescreativelysupportasus­tainable and participatory development of Ljubljana and indicated how such activities can contribute to social innovation while preserving the environment. Ljubljanaprovedagoodpointofdeparturefordiscussions;besidespromotingitsgreenqualities(being a European Green Capital 2016, Global Top 100 Sustainable Destination, World’s Best Sustainable Desti­nationetc.),ithasbeenheavilybrandedwithits»culture«and»creativity«(e.g.asthe2010WorldBookCapital andthe2015UNESCOCityofLiterature).Thisreflectsthecity’sstrategytointertwineculturalandgreen measures, which has proved particularly successful for its current development. The common denomi­nator of both concepts is a notion of the »quality of life«: the goal cities are striving for in order to attract inhabitants, tourists, companies, and investment bringing in new revenues of economic and human cap­ital (Poljak Istenič 2016). However, the quality of life always depends on sustainability, as the cities must maintainthecapacitytomeetitsresidents’futureneedsinrelationtojustecological,economic,andsocial systems(Evans2002).Yet,thelinkbetweencreativity,sustainability(orgreenurbanpoliciesandmeasures ensuringit), andthe quality oflifeisoften unclearoreven contested, thus, itcalls for further elaboration. 4 Filling the gaps: papers of the special issue Thespecialissuefillssomegapsinstudyingtheinterrelationsbetweencreativityandthenaturalenvironment in urban and regional development. The selected examples encompass 1) the residential preferences of thecreativeclassincity-regional,urban,andruralsettings,2)participatoryurbanismasatoolforcreative interventionsinurbanplanning,and3)theimportanceofgreenamenitiesasspatialattractionfactorsfor small creative actors. The first paper by Kozina and Clifton (2019) addresses the question on what matters more in under-standingtheresidentiallocationofthecreativeclassinSlovenia:thecity-regionortheurban-ruralframework? Their analysis shows that differences in residential concentrations of the creative class vary more within city-regions(onanurban-ruralframework)thanbetweencity-regions.Moreover,thecreativeclassismov­ing out of densely populated urban areas to more sparsely populated suburban and rural areas within all city-regions. Their researchindicate that thenewmodelsof livingpromotedispersion. Subsequently, the authorscontesttheclaimthatcreative-knowledgeactivitiesarefundamentallyapredominantlyurban-cen­tricphenomenon.Inthelongrun,theyseemtobecomeimpregnatedbyamixtureofruralityandsuburbanity with a more prominent role of the natural environment. Shifting the focus of the analysis from rural to urban settings, the paper by Poljak Istenič (2019) pre­sentstheconceptofparticipatoryurbanismasatoolforcreativeinterventionsinurbanplanningandanalyses its practical implications in the context of the City of Ljubljana. It assesses the potential of participatory methodology for physical and social interventions in public spaces through the case-studies of two cre­ative spatial practices: the Onkraj gradbišča/Beyond the construction site urban community garden and thecommunity-ledrenovationofthe Savskonaselje neighbourhood. Thecasesshowhowbottom-upini­tiatives can contribute to the sustainable development of an urban area, especially to its environmental and social features. The paper concludes with ideas on how cities might engage with bottom-up spatial practices toincrease theeffectivenessof urbanspatialplanning, management, andadministrationand to boost their green creative image. Closingthisspecialissue,thepaperbyUršičandTamano(2019)investigatestheimportanceofgreen amenitiesforsmallcreativeactorsinTokyo.Inthelastdecade,theJapaneseauthoritieshaveinvestedcon­siderable effort and economic resources into constructing developmental models that can help build afriendlierenvironmentforthedomesticcreativeeconomy.Basedonananalysisofspatialattractionfac-tors for individuals of various creative occupations, the authors identify how important green or natural amenitiesareincomparisonwithothersocioculturalcharacteristicsregardingsmallcreativegroups.The analysis of data acquired through semi-structured interviews indicates that green amenities do not play a primary role in the spatial distribution of small creative groups, but they do play a very important sec­ondary role in cases when creative workers consider places with similar spatial attraction characteristics in Tokyo’s specific areas. 5 Conclusion Theaimofthespecialissueistocontributenewevidencetothestudiesofurbanandregionaldevelopment byunveilingthe connectionsbetweencreativity andnature. Theidea is based on theassumption thatthe conceptsofcreativitymostlyaddresseconomicandtoalesserextentsocialissues(PrattandHutton2013), while green concepts predominantly deal with environmental features (Brilhante and Klaas 2018). The »creativecity«,the»greencity«,andothersimilarparadigmsareallusefulwhenaddressingthechallenges causedbythe(de)industrialisationandurbanisationofrecentdecades.Thesearerelatedtothetransformed post-industrial way of production and consumption and associated environmental pressures. Although the link between creativity and the natural environment seems quite obvious in this regard, the literature offersquitealimitedsetoftheoreticalandpracticalcontributions.Forthisreason,theauthorsofthisspe­cial issue have cross-pollinated the two fields of interest by searching for their interrelations. Themainfindingssuggestthatagglomerationlogicsdonotnecessarilyapplywhenstudyingtherela-tionshipbetweenurbanhierarchyandthedistributionofthecreativeeconomy. Thus,urbanandregional planners should also invest in rural/suburban localities with a significant extent of natural amenities and the increasing amount of creative and knowledge workers. However, green infrastructure should also be promoted in urban areas, especially when trying to retain talent in certain districts. Merging green envi­ronmentsandpracticeswithparticipatoryandcollectiveactionscanthenboosturbandevelopment.Cities should simultaneously invest in physical and social green infrastructure in order to reach their ultimate goal: a high quality of life of its citizens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:ThisworkwassupportedbytheSlovenianResearchAgency(ARRS)program Geography of Slovenia (P6-0101) and the project Surviving, living, thriving: Creativity as a way of life (Z6-6841). 6 References Andres, L., Chapain, C. 2013: The integration of cultural and creative industries into local and regional development strategies in Birmingham and Marseille: Towards an inclusive and collaborative gover­nance? 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