HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004, 27–47 NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Andreas EXNER* & Wolfgang WILLNER* Izvleèek V èlanku je 5 novo opisanih in tipiziranih asociacij: (1) Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae, kamor uvršèamo suha, oligotrofna grmišèa z vrsto Juniperus sabina v montanskem pasu centralnih Alp; (2) Balloto-Prunetum domesticae, (3) Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo in (4) Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris, to so polihemerobne, termofilne združbe, ki uspevajo na potencialnih rastišèih listopadnih gozdov; (5) Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae, kamor uvršèamo brezove gozdove na zmerno svežih rastišèih na silikatni matièni podlagi v višjem montanskem do subalpinskem pasu, predvsem v osrednjih Alpah. Tri pionirske gozdne tipe smo provizorièno uvrstili kot sintakson brez ranga: združba Avenella flexuosa-Betula pendula, združba Populus tremula-Betula pendula in združba Filipendula ulmaria-Betula pendula. Obravnavana je tudi sintaksonomska uvrstitev vseh asociacij in združb. Abstract In this paper, five associations are newly described and typified: (1) Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae, which consists of dry and oligotrophic Juniperus sabina scrubs of the montane zone in the inner Alps; (2) Balloto- Prunetum domesticae, (3) Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo and (4) Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris, which are polyhemerobe, thermophilous communities, occurring in potential broad-leaved woodland areas; (5) Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae comprising birch woods on moderately fresh sites on silicate bedrock of the high-montane to subalpine zone, mainly distributed in the inner Alpic zone. Three pioneer forest types are provisionally classified as rankless communities: Avenella flexuosa-Betula pendula community, Populus tremula- Betula pendula community and Filipendula ulmaria-Betula pendula community. The syntaxonomical assignment of all associations and communities is discussed. Kljuène besede: Rhamno-Prunetea, sintaksonomija, tipifikacija, Avstrija, Junipero-Pinetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea Key words: Rhamno-Prunetea, Syntaxonomy, Typification, Austria, Junipero-Pinetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea 1. INTRODUCTION Shrub communities, pioneer forests built up of softwood species and polyhemerobe woody plant communities have not yet been in the focus of Austrian vegetation scientists. In general, relevés concerning these vegetation types were made in the frame of regional studies or have remained unpublished. Monographs are rare, the most extensive one being a study by Wirth (1991) on thermophilous hedge vegetation in North-Eastern Austria. Neophytic and other ruderal shrub and forest communities are relatively well documented by the studies of Forstner (1984) and Neuhauser (2001). According to the national vegetation survey of Austria, broad-leaved shrub communities, pioneer forests and neophytic woody plant communities belong to the classes Rhamno-Prunetea, Epilobietea angustifolii and Galio-Urticetea (Mucina 1993a, b, Wirth 1993). Since this classification was not based on quantitative analyses, many gaps of knowledge remained to be filled. In the course of a syntaxonomic revision of Austrian woody plant communities (see Willner 2002, Willner & al. 2002, Exner 2002), a large amount of single relevés was used to test and refine the existing national classification scheme. This analysis revealed new associations and communities, which are described in the pre sent paper. * Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1091 Vienna, Austria 27 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Both published and unpublished relevés were used. All of them fulfill the criteria of the Braun-Blanquet method concerning homogeneity and size of sample plots (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Cryptogams have often not been properly recorded. Data collec tion of the Man and the Biosphere (MaB) project „Hemeroby of Austrian forest ecosystems“ followed a stratified random sampling design (Grabherr & al. 1998), data of the project-cluster SINUS-BINKL-LANDLEBEN within the „Austrian landscape research“ (ALR; see Wrbka & al. 1999, 2002, Pollheimer & al. 2002, Zechmeister & al. 2003) were collected in the frame of a description of landscape elements. In Tables 1 to 3, species occurrences in different layers were combined. Site data, stand parameters and bibliographical information for all relevés are shown in Tables 4 to 6. Associations were defined according to the concept outlined by Willner (2001). The nomenclature of phanerogams follows Adler & al. (1994; Austria) and Tutin & al. (1964– 1980; other countries), the nomenclature of mosses follows Frey & al. (1995). The denomination of syntaxa is in accordance with Weber & al. (2000). 3. RESULTS 3.1 Juniperus sabina shrubs [Tab. 1] (1) Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Holotype: Tab. 1, rel. 11 Wagner 1979 [=Tab. 1, rel. 17] Juniperus sabina shrubs on dry, steep and often rocky slopes on base-rich silicate substrates. The association is distributed within the middle to high- montane zone of the inner, continental parts of the Eastern Alps. The shrub-layer is species poor, the understorey is characterized by a high number of xerotolerant species indicating relatively base rich soils with low nutrient supply. Most diagnostic species are typical for dry grasslands, e.g. Festuca rupicola, Acinos alpinus, Koeleria pyramidata, Thymus praecox agg. and Artemisia campestris. The ass. Festuco-Juniperetum is related to floristically similar Juniperus sabina-Larix decidua woods on deeper soils and can develop from such larch forests under grazing pressure (Wagner 1979, Rouschal 1989). In the available material, two variants can be distinguished: one with Dianthus carthusianorum agg. of the Lungau region and one with Pimpinella saxifra ga agg., which is found in Virgental. The latter variant is richer in species and shows a higher portion of shrub species. Until now, the association has been documen ted by Wagner (1979, 1985) in the Virgental (Ost-Tirol) and Rouschal (1989) in the Lungau region (Salzburg). Brandes (1987) published the relevé of a mesophilous, transitional Juniperus sabina stand with many broad-leaved woody plant species from the Matrei region (Ost-Tirol). It cannot be assi g ned to the Festuco- Juniperetum and might be re gar ded as a Juniperus sabina facies of Pruno-Ligustretum Tüxen 1952. 3.2 Polyhemerobe shrub and forest communities [Tab. 2] (2) Balloto-Prunetum domesticae Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Holotype: Tab. 2, rel. 6 [=Wirth 1991, tab. 7, rel. 154] Monodominant communities, mostly hedges of Prunus domestica on warm sites in Eastern Austria. The ass. is often to be found on narrow slopes between vineyards, preferring fresh and nutrient rich soils (Wirth 1991). Due to the good light supply and favourable soil conditions, the understorey is well developed and dominated by ruderal elements (Wirth 1991). The ass. Balloto-Prunetum domesticae mostly evolves from abandoned cultivations of Prunus domestica under a regime of frequent cutting, which stimulates polycormon formation (Wirth 1991). On dry sites, Prunus domestica seems to be less competitive and the ass. then probably develops into the Prunus domestica variant of the Pruno- Ligustretum, which is the most common hedge community in North-Eastern Austria (Wirth 1991). From these stands, Balloto-Prunetum is differentiated by the lack of Prunetalia and Berberidion species. Prunus domestica is an allohexapolyploide fruit- tree species of hybridogenic origin (P. spinosa x P. cerasifera ssp. divaricata), which is often cultivated, but also occurs spontaneously (Adler & al. 1994). In North-Eastern Austria, the species has been naturalised for a long time and occurs in approximately 30% of all hedge stands (Wirth 1991). In hedges of this region, Prunus domestica ssp. domestica is more frequent then ssp. insititia. The subspecies do not differ in ecological behaviour (Wirth 1991). (3) Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Holotype: Tab. 2, rel. 13 Acer negundo forests on warm sites of lowland ar 28 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA eas, mostly on wastelands and ruderal slopes. Soils are moderately dry to fresh and very rich in nitrogen (Forstner 1984). The ass. is rich in shrub and tree species, the understorey is mainly composed of ruderals. Acer negundo is a tree species of North- American origin (Adler & al. 1994). (4) Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Holotype: Tab. 2, rel. 18 [=Wirth 1991, tab. 9, rel. 11] Syringa vulgaris polycormons on warm and dry slopes in vineyard landscapes of Eastern Austria (Wirth 1991). The shrub layer is densely closed and monodominant, the herbaceous layer is poor in species. In Europe, natural Syringa shrubs are confined to the Balkan peninsula (Jakucs 1959). 3.3 Pioneer forests of softwood species [Tab. 3] (5) Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae Klosterhuber ass. nov. hoc loco Holotype: Tab. 3, rel. 44 [=Klosterhuber 1994, rel. page 114] Light and low growing birch woods on abandoned pasture lands and in episodic avalanche paths on acidophilous silicate substrates of the high-montane to subalpine zone. Moderately dry to fresh and mostly shallow, sometimes rocky soils. The most important differential species are Rhododendron ferrugineum and Calamagrostis villosa. The ass. is characterized by an important portion of acidophytes (Klosterhuber 1994). (6) Avenella flexuosa-Betula pendula community Light birch woods of the submontane to montane zone. Mostly successional states on abandoned pasture lands (Jelem & Kilian 1975), rarely persistent natural communities on shallow substrates. Soils are predominantly moderately fresh to fresh, nutrient-poor and acidophilous. Starzengruber (1979) described this community invalidly as Frangulo-Betuletum pendulae. It is similar to the Agrostio tenuis-Populetum tremulae Passarge 1968, but differs by the dominance of Betula pendula instead of Populus tremula. (7) Populus tremula-Betula pendula community Light woods of Populus tremula and Betula pendula on mostly fresh and basiphilous soils of the sub- montane to montane zone. The community shows some relations to the Salicetum capreae cirsietosum arvensis (Oberd. 1978) Weber 1999, the Pteridio-Betuletum Trinajstiæ et Šugar 1977 and the Betulo-Fagetum Rauš et Matiæ 1994 (cf. Rauš et Matiæ 1994). (8) Filipendula ulmaria-Betula pendula community Light woods, rarely hedges of Betula pendula, Populus tremula and Salix caprea in the submontane to montane zone. Soils are very fresh to moist and rich in nutrients. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae Due to the scattered occurrence of thermophilous shrub species such as Berberis vulgaris as well as the dry and warm site conditions, relationships to Berberidion (Prunetalia spinosae, Rhamno-Prunetea) are visible (see also Braun-Blanquet 1961). However, neither physiognomy nor phytosociological affinities of the dominant species are in accordance with the features of broad-leaved Berberidion communities and an assignment to the Junipero sabinae-Pinetea sylvestris class as proposed by Rivas- Martínez & Géhu (1978) and Béguin & Theurillat (1984) seems to be more appropriate. Still, lumping together forest and shrub communities into one class (Junipero-Pinetea) is not satisfying from a physiognomical point of view. Thus, the syntaxonomical status of Juniperus sabina scrubs remains unclear at the moment. Juniperus sabina communities similar to the Festuco-Juniperetum, which are also confined to steep sunlit slopes with shallow soils, have been described in the Italian Aosta valley (Braun-Blanquet 1961, Astragalo alopecuroidis-Juniperetum sabinae) as well as in the Swiss Valais (Rivas-Martínez & Géhu 1978, Cotino coggygriae-Juniperetum sabinae; Béguin & Theurillat 1984, Asplenio trichomanis-Juniperetum sabinae). The Asplenio-Juniperetum is differentiated by species typical of rocky habitats, especially Asplenium trichomanes, A. ceterach and Teucrium chamaedrys. Astragalus alopecuroides and Koeleria vallesiana are exclusive features of Astragalo-Juniperetum. Cotino- Juniperetum is documented by only one relevé, making it impossible to assess its ecological and floristical variability. According to Béguin & Theurillat (1984), it is confined to screes and seems to prefer deeper soils. Zenari (1952) published species lists of Juniperus sabina stands in South Tyrol / Alto Adige (Italy), which show relationships to the Festuco-Juniperetum, but are lacking Festuca rupicola, Poa molineri and Jovibarba arenaria (cf. Rouschal 1989). In the Romanian Carpathians, Juniperus sabina scrubs occur on thermophilous calcareous scree 29 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 sites of the submontane to montane zone. They were described as Juniperetum sabinae Csürös 1958 and put into Seslerio rigidae-Pinion (Erico-Pinetea; Coldea 1991). Thymus comosus, Helictotrichon decorum and Seseli gracile are geographical differential species of this community. 4.2 Polyhemerobe shrub and forest communities Communities of invasive neophytes such as Acer negundo and Syringa vulgaris or naturalised fruit-tree species such as Prunus domestica have traditionally been neglected by syntaxonomy. Taking into account that they constitute an important part of spontaneous vegetation, this attitude can hardly be justified, even if the assignment to higher syntaxa is difficult. In contrast to traditionally recognized shrub and forest syntaxa, they might sometimes be rather shortliving. However, this is no argument against their syntaxonomical classification, which would then also apply to many herbaceous communities. Furthermore, communities dominated by neophytes might exist in similar floristic composition as native vegetation types in other bioregions and should not be ignored syntaxonomically simply because of their allochthonous status within the boundaries of a limited study area. As far as neophytic woody plant communities are concerned, three syntaxonomical solutions have been proposed until now. Mucina (1993b) puts such communities into the class Galio-Urticetea, arguing that they are anthropogenous and partly planted. Following this argument, we would have to assign eutrophic Prunus spinosa communities, the Balloto-Prunetum domesticae or any other eutrophic hedge community to Galio-Urticetea, too, and secondary Pinus nigra forests with dense shrub layer to Berberidion (Starlinger 2000). This concept obviously violates the criterion of physiognomic homogeneity of higher syntaxa and is not consistent with current syntaxonomical approaches in other vegetation units (e.g. Epilobietea angustifolii / Rhamno-Prunetea, Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea / Vaccinio- Piceetea). Principally, the anthropogenous nature of the tree layer is no argument against syntaxonomical classification as a forest (cf. Zerbe & Sukopp 1995). Rejecting the inclusion in Galio-Urticetea, neophytic woody plant communities can either be put into a separate class Robinietea (Jurko 1963) or – together with the ass. Balloto-Prunetum domesticae – assigned to the separate alliance Balloto-Sambucion nigrae Passarge 1978 (=Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Doing 1963) within Rhamno-Prunetea (Schubert & al. 2001). The principle of physiognomic homogeneity suggests that neophytic forest communities (Sambuco-Aceretum negundi) are placed into Robinietea and neophytic shrubs (Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris) into Rhamno-Prunetea. In the long run, some of these communities might better be assigned to higher syntaxa of the native distribution area of the dominant species. 4.3 Pioneer forest communities Together with Sorbus aucuparia woods, pioneer forests of Betula pendula, Populus tremula and Salix cap- rea are usually assigned to Sambuco-Salicion, which is either put into Epilobietea angustifolii (Oberdorfer 1978, Mucina 1993a) or Rhamno-Prunetea (Tüxen 1975, Weber 1999). The principle of physiognomic homogeneity clearly points towards a separation from Epilobietea angustifolii, which can additionally be justified by floristical arguments (Weber 1999). However, the assignment to Rhamno-Prunetea is ques tionable, too. Rivas-Martínez & al. (2002) classify birch (Betula pendula), asp (Populus tremula) and sallow (Salix caprea) communities, together with Corylus avellana and Sorbus aucuparia stands, as a separate order Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae within Querco- Fagetea. Following this approach, pioneer forests as well as communities of Corylus avellana, which are in many cases tall growing and of a forest-like appearance, are separated from low growing Sambuco- Salicion shrubs dominated by Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus agg., Sambucus nigra and S. racemosa. From a physiognomical point of view, this concept seems appealing, but more global considerations may point towards another solution. In the vast continental regions of Western Siberia beyond the distribution area of beech and oak forests, a vegetation belt of Betula pendula, Populus tremula and Salix caprea woods extends between boreal coniferous forests and nemoral steppe vegetation (Walter 1974). Continental birch-asp woodlands can be considered as the easternmost outposts of the European deciduous forest belt (Nimis & al. 1994). Populus tremula is a frequent component in these extremely continental, birch-dominated woodlands, but mainly dominates on brackish soils, whereas Salix caprea prefers peaty sites (Walter 1974). Ermakov & al. (1991) described the class Brachypodio pinnati-Betuletea pendulae as a vicar 30 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA iant to European Querco-Fagetea, including birch woods (Calamagrostio epigeii-Betuletalia pendulae) as well as pine forests (Carici macrourae-Pinetalia sylvestris). Including Central European pioneer forests to Brachypodio-Betuletea is a promising approach and certainly compelling if this class is accepted. Populus tremula woods have been assigned by Korotkov & Ermakov (1999) to the Abietetalia sibiricae within Querco-Fagetea. Yet, the position of asp communities within Querco-Fagetea remains questionable in the light of their affinities to Betula pendula woodlands, which rather seem to justify an assignment to Brachypodio-Betuletea. In contrast, Corylus avellana is limited to less continental regions, with a distribution pattern similar to Quercus robur. Sorbus aucuparia also finds its easternmost distribution limit at the Urals. These communities hardly belong to Brachypodio-Betuletea, but to Rhamno-Prunetea or Querco-Fagetea. The floristical and ecological variability of birch, asp and sallow communities in Central Europe is considerable. Thus, more data are needed for an appropriate classification of these rather widespread, yet often neglected vegetation types. 5. SUMMARY In the course of a syntaxonomic revision of Austrian woody plant communities, a large amount of single relevés was used to test and refine the existing national classification scheme. Five associations and three rankless communities are newly described (see tables 1 to 6): (1) Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Juniperus sabina shrubs on dry, steep and often rocky slopes on base rich silicate substrates within the middle to high-montane zone. Inner, continental parts of the Eastern Alps. (2) Balloto-Prunetum domesticae Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Monodominant communities, mostly hedges of Prunus domestica on warm, fresh and eutrophic sites in vineyard landscapes of Eastern Austria. (3) Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Acer negundo forests on warm, fresh and eutrophic sites of lowland areas. Mostly on wastelands and ruderal slopes. (4) Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris Exner ass. nov. hoc loco Syringa vulgaris polycormons on warm and dry slopes in vineyard landscapes of Eastern Austria. (5) Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae Kloster huber ass. nov. hoc loco Light and low growing birch woods on abandoned pasture lands and in episodic avalanche paths on shallow and acid soils of the high-montane to subalpine zone. (6) Avenella flexuosa-Betula pendula community Light birch woods on silicate substrates of the submontane to montane zone. (7) Populus tremula-Betula pendula community Light woods of Populus tremula and Betula pendula on mostly fresh and basiphilous soils of the submontane to montane zone. (8) Filipendula ulmaria-Betula pendula community Light woods, rarely hedges of Betula pendula, Populus tremula and Salix caprea on moist and eutrophic soils in the submontane to montane zone. The syntaxonomical status of the Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae is unclear. Yet, a strong affinity to the Junipero sabinae-Pinetea sylvestris is obvious (see Rivas-Martínez & Géhu 1978). The ass. Balloto- Prunetum domesticae belongs to the ruderal alliance Balloto-Sambucion (Rhamno-Prunetea). The ass. Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo and Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris are also provisionally included in this alliance. The Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae is provisionally put into Sambuco-Salicion (Rhamno- Prunetea), but an assignment to the class Brachypodio-Betuletea pendulae (see Korotkov & Ermakov 1999) should be considered. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Thomas Wrbka, Ingrid Schmitzberger and Johannes Peterseil from the Austrian Landscape Research, as well as Andreas Beiser, for providing unpublished relevés. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. 7. REFERENCES Adler, W., Oswald, K. & Fischer, R. (1994): Exkursionsflora von Österreich. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, Wien, 1180 pp. Béguin, C. & Theurillat, J.-P. (1984): Quelques aspects du complexe des falaises rocheuses sur silice dans le Haut-Valais (Alpes, Suisse). Candollea 39: 647–673. 31 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 Brandes, D. (1987): Synanthrope Pflanzengesellschaften der Matreier Kulturlandschaft (Osttirol). Bayer. Bot. Ges. 58: 139–151. Braun-Blanquet, J. (1961): Die inneralpine Trockenvegetation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 273 pp. Braun-Blanquet, J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Ed. 3, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 865 pp. Coldea, Gh. (1991): Prodrome des associations végétales des Carpates du sud-est (Carpates roumaines). Doc. Phytosoc. n.s. XIII, Camerino, 539 pp. Ecker, K. (1998): Historische und ökologische Prozesse in einer Kulturlandschaft. Genese und Wandel einer Agrarlandschaft im Niederösterreichischen Alpenvorland. Diss. Univ. Wien, 277 pp. Ermakov, N., Koroljuk, A. & Latchinsky, N. (1991): Floristic classification of mesophilous herbaceous forests of Southern Siberia. Novosibirsk, 96 pp. (preprint, in Russian). Exner, A. (2002): Die Synsystematik der Tannen- und Fichtenwälder in Österreich. In: Bundesanst. f. Alpenländ. Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein (ed.): BAL Ber. über das 10. Österr. Botanikertreffen vom 30. Mai bis 1. Juni 2002 an der HBLA Raumberg, pp. 103–106. Forstner, W. (1984): Ruderale Vegetation in Ost- Österreich. Teil 2. Wiss. Mitt. Niederösterr. Landesmus. 2: 11–91. Frey, W., Frahm, J.-P., Fischer, E. & Lobin, W. (1995): Die Moos- und Farnpflanzen Europas. Kleine Kryptogamenflora, Band IV. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 426 pp. Grabherr, G., Koch, G., Kirchmeir, H. & Reiter, K. (1998): Hemerobie österreichischer Waldökosysteme. Österr. Akad. d. Wiss., Veröff. d. österr. MaB-Programms, Bd. 17. Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck, 493 pp. Jakucs, P. (1959): Über die ostbalkanischen Flieder-Buschwälder. Acta Bot. Acad. Scient. Hung. V/3–4: 357–390. Jelem, H. & Kilian, W. (1975): Wälder und Standorte am steirischen Alpenostrand. Wuchsraum 18. Mitt. Forstl. Bundes-Versuchsanst. Wien, 111: 1–167. Jurko, A. (1963): Zmena pôvodných lesných fytocenóz introdukciou agáta. Ès. Ochr. Prír., Bratislava, 1: 56–75. Kielhauser, G. E. (1954): Thermophile Buschgesellschaften im oberen Tiroler Inntal. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 94: 138–146. Klampf l, R. (1989): „Enters Kho“. Hecken in der Oststeiermark. Dipl. Univ. Bodenkultur Wien, 85 pp. Klosterhuber, R. (1994): Flora und Vegetation von Schutzwäldern der Tiroler Innenalpen. Dipl. Univ. Innsbruck, 151 pp. Korotkov, K. & Ermakov, N. (1999): Waldpflanzensoziologie im Bereich der ehemaligen UDSSR: Geschichte, Aktueller Stand und Prognose. Phytocoenosis 11 (n. s.): 103–122. Moser, D. (1998): Vegetationsverhältnisse und Diversitätsverteilung in der Kulturlandschaft im Raume Rechberg (südöstliches Mühlviertel, OÖ). Dipl. Univ. Wien, 161 pp. Mucina, L. (1993a): Epilobietea angustifolii. In: Mucina, L., Grabherr, G. & Ellmauer, T. (eds.): Die Pf lanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil I, Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 252–270. Mucina, L. (1993b): Galio-Urticetea. In: Mucina, L., Grabherr, G. & Ellmauer, T. (eds.): Die Pf lanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil I, Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 203–251. Neuhauser, G. (2001): Einf luss der Robinie auf die Flora und Vegetation der Wälder und (Halb) Trockenrasen des östlichen Weinviertels. Dipl. Univ. Wien, 149 pp. Nimis, P. L., Malyshev, L. I. & Bolognini, G. (1994): A phytogeographic analysis of birch woodlands in the southern part of West Siberia. Vegetatio 113: 25–93. Oberdorfer, E. (1978) : Epilobietea angustifolii. In: Oberdorfer (ed.): Süddeutsche Pf lanzengesellschaften. Teil II. Pf lanzensoziologie. Eine Rei- he vegetationskundlicher Monographien. Bd. 10. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 299–328. Pollheimer, M., Wrbka, T. & Zechmeister, H. G. (eds.) (2002): Moose, Gefäßpflanzen und Vögel als Bioindikatoren zur nachhaltigen Nutzung österreichischer Kulturlandschaften. Endbericht des gleichnamigen Forschungsprojekts. BMBWK Forschungsschwerpunkt Kulturlandschaft, Wien, 142 pp. Rauš, Ð., Matiæ, S. (1994): Istraživanja vegetacijskih i uzgojnih problema obiæne breze (Betula pendula Roth.) na podruèju Požege i Slatine. Glas. Šum. Pokuse 30: 337—360. Rivas-Martínez, S. & Géhu, J.-M. (1978): IV. Observations syntaxonomiques sur quelques végétations du Valais suisse. Doc. Phytosociol. n.s. III: 371–423. 32 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Rivas-Martínez, S., Díaz, T., Fernández-González, F., Izco, J., Loidi, J., Lousa, M. & Penas, Á. (2002): Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the syntaxonomical checklist of 2001. Part II. Itinera Geobotanica 15(2): 433–922. Rouschal, E. (1989): Die Trockenvegetation des Lungaus mit schwerpunktmäßiger Betrachtung des Oberen Murtales. Diss. Univ. Salzburg, 108 pp. Schneidergruber, M. (1997): Typisierung einer bergbäuerlichen Kulturlandschaft am Beispiel des Oberen Mölltals. Dipl. Univ. Wien, 174 pp. Schubert, R., Hilbig, W. & Klotz, S. (2001): Bestimmungsbuch der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 472 pp. Starlinger, F. (2000): Vegetationskundliche Charakterisierung von sekundären Nadelwäldern und Nadelholz-Forsten. In: Müller, F. (ed.): Mariabrunner Waldbautage. Umbau sekundärer Nadelwälder. FBVA-Berichte 111: 9–29. Starzengruber, F. (1979): Die Vegetationsverhältnisse des westlichen Sauwaldes. Diss. Univ. Salzburg, 272 pp. Täubl, M. (1996): Erfassung und Bewertung der Hecken im mittleren Mürztal. Dipl. Univ. Graz, 130 pp. Tutin, T. & al. (1964—1983): Flora Europaea. Vols. 1—5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Tüxen, R. (ed.) (1975): Bibliographia Phytosociologica Syntaxonomica. Lieferung 23: Rhamno- Prunetea. Verlag von J. Cramer, Lehre, 181 pp. Wagner, H. (1979): Das Virgental/Osttirol, eine bisher zu wenig beachtete inneralpine Trockeninsel. Phytocoenologia 6: 303—316. Wagner, H. (1985): Zur Trockenvegetation des Virgentals (Osttirol). Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österr. 123: 239–246. Walter, H. (1974): Die Vegetation Osteuropas, Nord- und Zentralasiens. Vegetationsmonographien der einzelnen Großräume. Bd. VII. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 452 pp. Weber, H. (1999): Rhamno-Prunetea (H2A). Schlehen- und Traubenholunder-Gebüsche. In: Dier sch ke, H. (ed.): Synopsis der Pf lanzenge sell schaften Deutschlands, Heft 5. Göttingen, 108 pp. Weber, H., Moravec, J. & Theurillat, J.-P. (2000): International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. J. Veg. Sci. 11: 739–768. Willner, W. (2001): Assoziationsbegriff und Charakterarten im Zeitalter der numerischen Klassifikation. Ber. Reinhold-Tüxen-Ges. 13: 35–52. Willner, W. (2002): Syntaxonomische Revision der südmitteleuropäischen Buchenwälder. Phytocoenologia 32(3): 337–453. Willner, W., Karner. P., Grabherr, G. (2002): Zur Syntaxonomie der eschenreichen Wälder in Österreich. In: Bundesanst. f. Alpenländ. Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein (ed.): BAL Ber. über das 10. Österr. Botanikertreffen vom 30. Mai bis 1. Juni 2002 an der HBLA Raumberg, pp. 99–102. Wirth, J. (1991): Feldheckenvegetation des östlichen Weinviertels, Diss. Univ. Wien, 230 pp. Wirth, J. (1993): Rhamno-Prunetea. In: Mucina, L., Grabherr, G. & Wallnöfer, S. (1993b): Die Pf lanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil III, Wälder und Gebüsche. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 60–84. Wrbka, T., Kiss, A., Schmitzberger, I., Thurner, B., Peterseil, J., Zechmeister, H. G., Moser, D., Steurer, B., Scholl, S., Aschenbrenner, G., Pollheimer, M., Lughofer, S. & Matouch, S. (2002): LANDLEBEN – Erhaltung von Vielfalt und Qualität des Lebens im ländlichen Raum Österreichs im 21. Jahrhundert. Endbericht des gleichnamigen Forschungsprojekts im Rahmen des Forschungsprogramms Kulturlandschaft des BMBWK, 181 pp. http://www.pph.univie. ac.at/landleben/ Wrbka, T., Szerencsits, E., Moser D. & Reiter, K. (1999): Biodiversity patterns in cultivated landscapes: experiences and first results from a nationwide Austrian survey. In: Maudsley, M. & Marshall, J. (eds.): Heterogeneity in Landscape Ecology: Pattern and Scale. Proc. of the IALE (UK) conference 9/1999, Bristol, pp. 3–17. Zechmeister, H. G., Schmitzberger, I., Steurer, B., Peterseil, J. & Wrbka, T. (2003): The influence of land-use practices and economics on plant species richness in meadows. Biological Conservation 114(2): 165–177. Zenari, S. (1952): Juniperus sabina L. in Val die Vizze in Val Passiria (Alto Adige). Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital., n.s., LIX (2–4): 252–286. Zerbe, S. & Sukopp, H (1995): Gehören Forste zur Vegetation? Definition und Abgrenzung eines vegetationskundlichen und kulturhistorischen Begriffs. Tuexenia 15: 11–24. Recieved 28. 9. 2003 Revision recieved 27. 1. 2004 Accepted 6. 2. 2004 33 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 Table 1: Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae and related associations Tabela 1: Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae in sorodne asociacije D: Diagnostic species FJ: Festuco rupicolae-Juniperetum sabinae tJ: Astragalo-Juniperetum sabinae pJ: Asplenio-Juniperetum sabinae CJ: Cotino coggygrio-Juniperetum sabinae Js: “Juniperetum sabinae” PL: Pruno-Ligustretum, Juniperus sabina-Facies FJ pJJs tJ CJ PL Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Nr. of samples (if > 1) 4 17 6 D Association group Juniperus sabina 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 V V 4 3 D Festuco-Juniperetum Festuca rupicola . 2 . + 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 . . . . . Acinos alpinus + . . . + + 1 1 + + + . 1 + 1 1 + + + 1 . . . . . Koeleria pyramidata auct. . + 1 . + . 1 + . 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 . . . . . Thymus praecox agg. + . + + 2 + 2 1 1 . . . 1 + 2 1 1 2 1 1 . . . . . Artemisia campestris 1 + . + . . 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 . + + + . . . . . . Saxifraga paniculata + . + . + . 1 . + 1 . . + + . + . . 1 . . . . . . Erysimum sylvestre . 1 . . 1 + + + . 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + + + . . . . . Scabiosa columbaria . . + + + . 1 + . + + 1 1 + 1 1 + + + . . I . . . Galium pusillum agg. . . + + + + + 1 . . . . + + . . + . . + . . . . . Hieracium pilosella 1 . . . . 1 . + 1 . 1 . + + + . + + + 1 . . . . . Seseli libanotis . 1 . . + . 1 . + + + . + 1 . + . . . . . . . . . Carduus defloratus agg. + 1 . + + . . + + + . . 1 . . . + . + . . . . . . Laserpitium latifolium . + . + . . . + . 1 . . + . . . . . + . . I . . . Polygonatum odoratum . . . 1 . . + . . + . + . + . . . . + . . . . . . Phleum phleoides . . . + . . + 1 . 1 + + . + + + . + . + . . . . . Aster alpinus . . + . . + + + 1 . . 2 . + + . + . + . . . . . . Jovibarba arenaria . . . . 2 + + + 1 . . . . + + + . 1 + . . . . . . Potentilla verna agg. . . + . . . + + + . . . 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 . . . . . Poa molineri . . . . . . 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 1 1 . . . . . Thalictrum minus agg. + . . . . + + + . + + . + . . + . + + + . . . . . Euphorbia cyparissias + 1 + . 1 1 + 1 + . . 1 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 . . . . Silene nutans s. lat. + 1 . . . . + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 . . . . Sempervivum arachnoideum + 1 + 1 2 . 2 2 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + . 1 1 + 3 . . . . Sedum album . . . . 1 . 2 1 + . . . + + + + . 2 1 . 4 . . . . D Asplenio-Juniperetum Asplenium trichomanes . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I . . . Asplenium ceterach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . Galium lucidum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . Asplenium septentrionale . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . + . 3 . . . . D “Juniperetum sabinae” Csürös 1958 Seseli gracile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . Helictotrichon decorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . Thymus comosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . Cytisus nigricans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . Rhamnus saxatilis ssp. tinctoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . D Astragalo-Juniperetum Astragalus alopecuroides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . Rosa div. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . Koeleria vallesiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . V . . Elymus hispidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . Ononis natrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . Astragalus monspessulanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . Campanula rotundifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . Poa nemoralis . . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . III . . Stachys recta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II IV . . D Cotino-Juniperetum Cotinus coggygria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 34 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Achnatherum calamagrostis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Silene otites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Asperula aristata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Negative D Festuco- Juniperetum Teucrium chamaedrys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IV II 1 . Melica ciliata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II II . . Prunus mahaleb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . I 1 . Festuca vallesiaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . III . . Other woody plant species Berberis vulgaris . . . . . . . . + . + + 1 + + + + . . 1 1 II V 1 2 Juniperus communis . . . . . . . . . 2 + + 2 2 1 1 2 . . + 2 II III 1 . Rosa dumalis s. lat. . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + + + . . . . . Larix decidua . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + 1 . . + . I . . . D Prunetalia spinosae Rhamnus cathartica + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . + . III . . . Rosa canina s. lat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . 2 Fraxinus excelsior . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . + . I . . 3 Corylus avellana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 Prunus spinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ribes uva-crispa . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . + . . II . + D Var. Dianthus carthusianorum agg. Dianthus carthusianorum agg. . . . + + . 1 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . Sesleria albicans 1 . 4 1 . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Sempervivum wulfenii + . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . Artemisia absinthium + . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 . . . . Woodsia alpina . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum dasyphyllum . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . Astragalus penduliflorus . . . . . . + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vincetoxicum hirundinaria + . . + . + + + . + . + + + . . . . . . . IV . . . D Var. Pimpinella saxifraga agg. Pimpinella saxifraga agg. . . . . . . . + . + 1 + 1 + + + + + . 1 . . . . . Brachypodium pinnatum agg. . . . . . . + . . + 1 . 1 1 + + 1 . + 2 . I . . 1 Helianthemum nummularium agg. . . + . . . + . . . 1 + 2 2 2 2 2 . + 2 . I . + . Allium senescens . . . . . . + + . + + . + + + + + 2 + . . . . . . Trifolium montanum . . . . . . . + + + 1 . 1 + + + + + + 1 . . . . . Anthyllis vulneraria . . . . . . + + . + + + 1 + 1 1 1 + + . . . . . . Dianthus sylvestris . . + . . . . 1 . + + 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 + 1 . . . . . Calamagrostis varia . . . . . . . + . 1 + . + + + + 2 . + 2 . . . . . Tortella tortuosa . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + + 2 1 2 1 . . . . . . Lotus corniculatus agg. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1 . 1 . . 1 . . . . . Rhinanthus aristatus agg. . . . . . . . . . + + + 2 + . 2 + . + . . . . . . Centaurea scabiosa . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . + . . . . . . . Abietinella abietina . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1 + + + + . . . . . Thymus pulegioides . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum annuum . . . . . . . . . 1 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla pusilla . . . . . . . . . + 1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta epithymum . . . . . . . . . . + . + . + . . . . . . . . . . Cerastium arvense . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . + + 1 . . . . Viola tricolor . . . . . . . . . + + . + + . + . . . . . . . . . Petrorhagia saxifraga . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . Rhytidium rugosum . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 + 2 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . Thesium alpinum . . . . . . . . . + . . + . + . + . + . . . . . . Sedum sexangulare . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . . . Polygala vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + + . . . . . . . . Campanula spicata . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . . . + . 2 . . . . Phyteuma betonicifolia . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . Verbascum lychnitis . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . . + + . 1 . . . . Seseli annuum . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . + . + . + . . . . . Carex caryophyllea . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 + + + . . 1 . . . . . Teucrium montanum . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + 1 2 1 1 + . 1 . III . + . Carlina acaulis . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + . + 1 . . . . . 35 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Globularia cordifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 + 2 . . + . . . . . Salvia pratensis . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + . . . . . . . Sanguisorba minor . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . . . . . . . . Orobanche caryophyllacea . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . . . . . . . Onobrychis montana . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . Crepis alpestris . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . Plantago lanceolata . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + + + . + + . . . . . Trifolium pratense . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . + + . . . . . Euphrasia officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . + . . . . . Carex ornithopoda agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . . 1 . . . . . Medicago lupulina . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . + . . . . . Ranunculus bulbosus . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . + . . . . . Biscutella laevigata . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . . . . I . . . Arabis hirsuta agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . . + . . . . . Picea abies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . II . . . Others Galium mollugo agg. + + + + . + . . + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + . V IV . + Linum catharticum . + . + . . . . . . . . 1 + . + + . + + . . . . . Agrostis capillaris . . + + . + . 1 . . + . 1 . . 1 . . . + . . . . . Rumex acetosella s. lat. + 1 . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia cracca agg. . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Sedum maximum + . . . . . . + . + 1 . . . . . . + . . . II . . . Digitalis grandiflora + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . Leontodon hispidus . . . . . . + + . . . . + . + + + . . + . . . . . Veronica fruticans . . . . + . + + . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . Trifolium medium . . . . . + . + + 1 . . . + . . . + . . . . . . . Gypsophila repens . . . . . . . 1 . . . + + + . . 2 . . + . . . . . Fragaria vesca . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . Achillea millefolium agg. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + . . + + + . . . . . Asplenium ruta-muraria . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . + . + . . . II . . . Avenula pubescens . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Clinopodium vulgare . . . . . . + . . + + . . . . . . . + + . . . . . Dactylis glomerata agg. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + + . . . . . . . . Briza media . . . . . . + . . . + . + . . + . . . 1 . . . . . Plantago media . . . . . . . + . . + . 2 + + . + . . + . . . . . Euphrasia salisburgensis . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . + . + . . . . . . Veronica chamaedrys agg. . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . Silene vulgaris . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . + . . . II . . Occuring once or with frequency I: Occurring twice or with frequency II: Alchemilla vulgaris agg. (11: +), Allium oleraceum (7: +), Arabis glabra Amelanchier ovalis (4: +, 23: I), Anthericum ramosum (22: II), (21: 1), Arrhenatherum elatius (15: +), Calamagrostis arundinacea Anthoxanthum odoratum agg. (4: +, 13: +), Arabis nova (21: 1, 23: I), (22: 1), Campanula cochleariifolia (17: 1) , Arenaria serpyllifolia agg. (16: +, 20: +), C. glomerata (13: +), Cardamine hirsuta (21: 1), Carex alba (17: 1), Car-Bunium bulbocastanum (23: II), Campanula sibirica (22: II), C. lina vulgaris agg. (1: +), Carum carvi (19: +), Centaurea jacea (13: +), trachelium (1: +, 13: +), Cardaminopsis arenosa (22: II), Carex C. phrygia agg. (10: +), Clematis alpina (13: +), Cornus mas (22: I) , humilis (22: II), Crepis conyzifolia (10: +), Dianthus spiculifolius (22: I), Echium Centaurea triumfetti (22: II), Cerastium holosteoides (13: +, 16: +), vulgare (2: +), Chamaecytisus hirsutus (22: II), Cnidium silaifolium (22: II), Galium pumilum (21: 1), Geranium robertianum (25: 1), G. Convolvulus arvensis (21: 2), sanguineum (21: 1), Helianthemum canum (22: I), Holcus lanatus Cystopteris fragilis (21: 2, 23: II), Erigeron alpinus (13: +, 16: +), (9: +), Hypericum maculatum agg. (12: +) , Erysimum pannonicum (22: II), Festuca acuminata (21: 2), F. rubra Knautia arvensis (10: +), Lactuca perennis (21: 1), Lathyrus agg. (20: 1), heterophyllus (23: I), L. pratensis (16: +), Leucanthemum maximum Fraxinus ornus (22: II), Galium verum (7: 1, 8: +), Gentianella s.l. (10: +), Lilium bulbiferum (7: +), anisodonta (2: +, 13: +), Hieracium murorum (23: II), Hypericum Lonicera xylosteum (25: 1), Orchis ustulata (13: +), Origanum vulgare perforatum (13: +, 14: +), (19: +), Oxytropis campestris (17: +), Parnassia palustris (13: +), Inula ensifolia (22: II), Laserpitium siler (23: II), Leucanthemum vulgare Pedicularis tuberosa (19: +), agg. (7: 1, 22: I), Pinus sylvestris (12: +, 24: 1), Polypodium vulgare Phleum pratense agg. (4: +), Plantago atrata (14: +), Poa glauca (21: 2), (19: 1), P. pratensis (13: +), Polygala chamaebuxus (20: +), Primula elatior (22: II), P. veris (7: +, 22: II), Racomitrium canescens Polypodium vulgare agg. (19: +), (13: +, 19: +), Rhamnus alpina (23: II), Rubus idaeus (7: +, 11: +), Populus tremula (19: +), Prunella vulgaris (20: +), Prunus padus Saponaria ocymoides (23: II), Sempervivum tectorum (21: 2), (25: 1), Rumex scutatus (10: +), Schistidium apocarpum (19: 1), Taraxacum sp. (13: +, 20: +), Thalictrum foetidum (23: II), Trifolium Securigera varia (22: I), repens (15: +, 19: +), Sempervivum montanum (19: +), Sesleria rigida (22, I), Silene Valeriana officinalis agg. (8: +, 13: +), V. tripteris (16: +, 19: +) rupestris (5: +), Sisymbrium strictissimum (25: 1), Tortula ruralis (19: +), Trifolium campestre (8: +), Urtica dioica (25: +), Veronica officinalis (8: +), Viola collina (20: +) 36 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Table 2: Polyhemerobe associations Tabela 2: Moèno antropogeno vplivane asociacije BP: Balloto-Prunetum domesticae SA: Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundi BS: Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris BP SA SB Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Nr. of samples (if > 1) 18 D Balloto-Prunetum Prunus domestica 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 . . . . I r . D Sambuco-Aceretum Acer negundo 3 2 2 3 V Robinia pseudacacia . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 2 I . . D Balloto-Syringetum Syringa vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5 5 Other shrub and tree species Sambucus nigra r . 2 2 1 . r 3 3 . . + + 1 2 2 V r . Rosa canina s. lat. + + 1 . . . . . . . . . + . 2 . II r + Juglans regia . . 1 . . . r . 3 . . . . . . . I . . Lycium barbarum . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Prunus species . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . Fraxinus excelsior . r . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 + II . . Quercus robur . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . Ligustrum vulgare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + . II . . Crataegus monogyna . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 + II r . Salix alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 I . . Populus nigra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 I . . Acer pseudoplatanus . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . I . . Viburnum opulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . Prunus avium . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . II . . Salix cinerea . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . I . . Prunus padus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I . . Evonymus europaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + II . . Cornus sanguinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . Malus domestica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . Acer campestre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . Acer platanoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . Galio-Urticetea, Stellarietea mediae Viola odorata . 1 . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . I . . Galium aparine agg. 2 3 2 2 . 3 2 . . . 2 . 1 . . 3 III . . Urtica dioica . 2 2 1 . 1 + 3 . . . + + . 1 2 IV . . Anthriscus sylvestris . 1 . . 3 . . . . . . 2 . . . . I . . Geum urbanum . 2 1 . . 1 . . . . . 1 + . . 1 I . . Heracleum sphondylium . + . . . . . + . . . 1 . . . . I . . Convolvulus arvensis + . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . I . . Carduus acanthoides + . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . I . . Cirsium arvense . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . Rubus caesius . . . . 2 + 2 . . . 1 . . 1 1 . II . . Chenopodium album agg. . . . . 2 . 1 . . + . . . + + . I . . Bryonia alba . . 1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . Arctium lappa . . r . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . I r . Cirsium vulgare . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . + II . . Alliaria petiolata . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . I . . Lamium maculatum . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . I . . Descurainia sophia . . . . . . . . . + + . . 1 . . . . . Fallopia convolvulus . . . . . . . . . + 1 . + . . . I . . Sisymbrium loeselii . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . I . . Clematis vitalba . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 2 . III . . 37 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Lapsana communis . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . I . . Taraxacum sp. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + II . . Aegopodium podagraria . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . Geum urbanum . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . . . Stellaria media agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 3 I . . Anthriscus caucalis . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . I . . Geranium pusillum . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . I . . Capsella bursa-pastoris . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . I . . Calystegia sepium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . I . . Tripleurospermum inodorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . I . . Bryonia dioica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . I . . Humulus lupulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I . . Parietaria officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I . . Solidago gigantea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II . . Chelidonium majus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . Veronica hederifolia agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . 1 Artemisietea vulgaris Ballota nigra . 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 + + . 2 . . . . III 1 . Elymus repens 3 3 . . . 2 1 . . 3 2 . . 1 . . II 1 . Artemisia vulgaris 1 1 + + . + . . . . . . + + 2 . III + . Bromus sterilis . . . . 2 3 . . . . . . + + 2 . II 1 . Berteroa incana 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . Equisetum arvense . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . I . . Cardaria draba . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . I . . Bromus inermis . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . I . . Erigeron annuus . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . I . . Daucus carota . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . I . . Reseda lutea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . I . . Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Ranunculus acris . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea scabiosa + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . Dactylis glomerata agg. . 2 + . . . + + + . 1 1 . + . . II . . Arrhenatherum elatius . 2 . . . . . . . 1 2 1 . 2 1 . II . . Achillea millefolium agg. + . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . + + . I . . Galium mollugo agg. . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 1 . . I . . Potentilla reptans . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . I . . Centaurea jacea . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . I . . Ranunculus repens . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . . . Poa trivialis . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2 . . I . . Festuca rubra agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . I . . Symphytum officinale . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . I . . Pimpinella major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I . . Trifolio-Geranietea, Festuco-Brometea Allium vineale . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bupleurum falcatum 3 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . Falcaria vulgaris 2 . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . I . . Poa angustifolia 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . I . . Galium verum agg. . + . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . I . . Salvia pratensis . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . I . . Brachypodium pinnatum agg. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 1 . . . . . Others Rubus fruticosus agg. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I . . Silene latifolia . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . I . . Campanula rapunculoides . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . I . . Lactuca serriola . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . II . . Glechoma hederacea . . . . . . . + . . . . . . 1 . I . . Poa nemoralis . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . I . 1 Phalaris arundinacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 2 I . . Calamagrostis epigejos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + . II . . Alopecurus geniculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . Solanum dulcamara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . I . . Ranunculus ficaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 38 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Occurring once with abundance < 2 or with frequency I: Acer tataricum (17: I), Agrimonia eupatoria (2: r), Agrostis stolonifera agg. (14: +), Ailanthus altissima (17: I), Allium ursinum (16: r), A. scorodoprasum (17: I), Amblystegium serpens (17: I), Anchusa officinalis (17: I), Arctium minus (17: I), A. tomentosum (6: +), Arenaria serpyllifolia (17: I), Armoracia rusticana (17: I), Asparagus officinalis (17: I), Atriplex patula (11: +), Asperula cynanchica (17: I), Aster lanceolatus (17: I), A. novi-belgii (17: I), Betula pendula (17: I), Bromus arvensis (4: 1), B. tectorum (17: I), Bryonia dioica (15: +), Bunias orientalis (10: 1), Brachythecium campestre (17: I), B. salebrosum (17: I), Bryum caespiticeum (17: I), Buddleja davidii (17: I), Cardaria draba (10: 1), Carex hirta (17: I), C. riparia (14: 1), C. secalina (14: 1), Centaurea nigrescens (17: I), C. stoebe (17: I), Cerastium semidecandrum (17: I), Chaerophyllum bulbosum (17: I), C. temulum (17: I), Chenopodium polyspermum (15: +), Cichorium intybus (17: I), Cirsium oleraceum (16: +), Colchicum autumnale (16: r), Conyza canadensis (14: +), Coronilla varia (17: I), Corylus avellana (17: I), Crepis tectorum (17: I), Cruciata laevipes (2: +), Dactylis glomerata agg. (14: +), Daucus carota (14: +), Dipsacus fullonum (14: +), Elymus repens (14: 1), Equisetum arvense (8: +), Erigeron annuus (13: +), Eryngium campestre (17: I), Euphorbia esula (11: +), E. falcata (14: +), Eurhynchium praelongum (17: I), Fallopia dumetorum (17: I), Festuca pratensis s.str. (14: 1), F. rupicola (17: I), Fragaria vesca (17: I), Galium mollugo agg. (14: 1), Geranium pyrenaicum (17: I), Hedera helix (17: I), Helianthus tuberosus (17: I), Hemerocallis fulva (17: I), Hordeum murinum (17: I), Hypericum perforatum (7: +), Impatiens parviflora (16: 1), Inula conyza (17: I), Knautia arvensis (17: I), Koeleria macrantha (17: I), Laburnum anagyroides (17: I), Lamium album (17: I), L. purpureum (17: I), Lathyrus pratensis (17: I), Leontodon hispidus (17: I), Leonurus cardiaca (17: I), Lepidium densiflorum (17: I), Linaria vulgaris (17: I), Lonicera tatarica (17: I), Lotus corniculatus (17: I), Lysimachia nummularia (16: +), L. vulgaris (14: 1), Lythrum salicaria (16: +), Medicago lupulina (17: I), M. x varia (17: I), Melilotus officinalis (17: I), Parietaria officinalis (16: +), Parthenocissus inserta (17: I), P. tricuspidata (17: I), Pastinaca sativa (17: I), Persicaria maculosa (14: 1), Phragmites australis (17: I), Physalis alkekengi (17: I), Picris hieracioides (17: I), Plantago lanceolata (17: I), Poa compressa (17: I), Populus alba (17: I), P. tremula (17: I), Potentilla anserina (17: I), P. argentea (17: I), Prunus armeniaca (17: I), P. mahaleb (13: +), P. persica (17: I), P. spinosa (17: I), Pyrus pyraster (17: I), Rhamnus cathartica (4: 1), Rubus idaeus (17: I), Rumex conglomeratus (13: +), R. crispus (17: I), R. obtusifolius (17: I), R. thyrsiflorus (17: I), Salix caprea (17: I), S. purpurea (17: I), Salvia nemorosa (17: I), S. verticillata (17: I), Silene dioica (16: +), Sanguisorba minor (17: I), Saponaria officinalis (17: I), Scabiosa ochroleuca (17: I), Silene noctiflora (17: I), S. vulgaris (17: I), Solidago canadensis (17: I), Sonchus oleraceus (17: I), Tragopogon dubius (17: I), T. orientalis (17: I), Trifolium repens (17: I), Ulmus glabra (17: I), U. minor (17: I), Vicia cracca agg. (2: 1), Viola suavis (17: I) Table 3: Pioneer forest communities and associations Tabela 3: Pionirske gozdne združbe in asociacije Other species occurring twice with abundance < 2 or X: Adoxa moschatellina (3: x, 7: x), Alchemilla vulgaris agg. (2: x, 3: x), A. species (47: +, 48: +), Anemone nemorosa (7: x, 21: +), Briza media (15: +, 47: +), Cardamine impatiens (12: +, 26: +), Carex montana (15: 1, 26: +), C. pallescens (24: +, 46: +), C. sylvatica (15: 1, 19: 1), Cerastium holosteoides (36: +, 46: +), Chrysosplenium alternifolium (1: x, 3: x), Cirsium arvense (6: x, 7: x), Clematis alpina (43: 1, 45: +), Dicranum polysetum (32: +, 52: 1), Hippocrepis comosa (28: +, 34: +), Huperzia selago (47: +, 51: +), Jasi one montana (37: +, 39: +), Leucanthemum vulgare agg. (15: +, 48: +), Eupatorium cannabinum (15: 1, 36: +), Lonicera xylosteum (7: -, 16: +), Luzula sylvatica (24: 1, 44: 1), Malus domestica (3: x, 31: x), Melica nutans (43: 1, 44: 1), Mentha longifolia (1: x, 15: 1), Myosotis arvensis (1: x, 3: x), M. sylvatica agg. (47: 1, 49: +), Peucedanum ostruthium (43: +, 48: 1), Pimpinella saxifraga agg. (17: +, 37: +), Plagiochila asplenioides (33: +, 52: +), Plantago lanceolata (3: x, 48: +) , Polypodium vulgare agg. (46: +, 51: +), Potentilla aurea (43: +, 44: +), Prunella vulgaris (15: 1, 48: +), Ptilium crista-castrensis (33: +, 51: +), Pyrola minor (43: +, 44: +), Ranunculus montanus (34: +, 43: 1), R. tuberosus (47: 1, 49: +), Sedum maximum (16: +, 30: 1), Senecio hercynicus (7: x, 9: x), Silene dioica (38: +, 46: +), Thymus chamaedrys agg. (38: 1, 46: +), T. praecox agg. (34: +, 44: 1), Teucrium scorodonia (21: +, 32: 1), Thuidium tamariscinum (33: 1, 52: 1), Tilia x vulgaris (3: x, 22: x), Veronica urticifolia (20: 1, 41: +), Viola reichenbachiana (15: +, 46: 1) Other species occurring once with abundance < 2 or X: Aconitum variegatum (6: x), Agrostis stolonifera agg. (15: 1), Alopecurus pratensis (2: x), Antennaria dioica (34: +), Aquilegia vulgaris agg. (15: +), Artemisia vulgaris agg. (2: x), Arum maculatum (19: +), Astrantia major (15: 1), Atrichum undulatum (40: +), Campanula barbata (46: +), C. persicifolia (20: +), C. rotundifolia (37: +), Cardaminopsis arenosa (20: +), Carduus defloratus agg. (34: +), Carex acutiformis (12: +), C. davalliana (15: 1), C. hirta (25: +), C. leporina (48: +), C. paniculata (15: 1), Carum carvi (47: +), Centaurea phrygia agg. (47: +), Chelidonium majus (35: +), Cirsium vulgare (15: +), Clematis vitalba (15: +), Convallaria majalis (15: +), Crepis biennis (1: x), Cruciata glabra (25: 1), Cyclamen purpurascens (15: +) , Cynosurus cristatus (15: +), Danthonia decumbens (46: +), Daphne mezereum (6: -), Dianthus carthusianorum agg. (34: +), Dicranum species (27: 1), Digitalis grandiflora (47: +), Empetrum hermaphroditum (44: 1), Epilobium ciliatum (1: x), E. collinum (34: +), Epipactis atrorubens (28: 1), Equisetum telmateia (19: r), Eurhynchium angustirete (20: 2), E. striatum (40: +), Festuca altissima (21: +), Filipendula vulgaris (15: +), Fissidens taxifolius (19: 1), Fragaria moschata (26: +), Gagea pratensis (7: x), Galanthus nivalis (7: x), Galeopsis species (25: +), Galium pusillum agg. (34: 1), G. sylvaticum (20: +), Genista pilosa (15: r), Geranium robertianum (6: x), Geum rivale (47: 1), Hedera helix (26: +), Helianthemum nummularium agg. (34: 1), Hieracium hoppeanum (46: +), H. intybaceum (43: 1), H. lachenalii (43: 1), H. sabaudum (21: +), H. sp. (24: +), Humulus lupulus (8: x), Impatiens glandulifera (3: x), Jovibarba arenaria (49: 1), Juglans regia (26: +), Juncus articulatus (15: 1), J. effusus (21: +), J. trifidus (49: +), Knautia arvensis (2: x), Lamium maculatum (6: x), L. purpureum (10: 1), Lathyrus pratensis (15: +), Leontodon autumnalis (36: +), Leucobryum glaucum (32: +), Lilium bulbiferum (35: +), Linaria vulgaris (6: -), Linum catharticum (15: +), Lupinus polyphyllus (22: x), Luzula pilosa (40: +), Lychnis flos-cuculi (14: +), Lycopus europaeus (11: +), Lysimachia nemorum (24: +), Medicago lupulina (26: 1), Milium effusum (48: +), Moehringia trinervia (38: +), Molinia arundinacea (32: 1), Persicaria lapathifolia (3: x), Phleum alpinum agg. (43: 1), Phyteuma persicifolium (46: 1), Plagiomnium species (33: +), Plagiothecium species (40: +), Poa annua (48: +), P. pratensis (18: r), Pogonatum urnigerum (20: 1), Polypodium vulgare (27: 1), Polytrichum commune (37: +), P. juniperinum (37: 1), Potentilla alba (26: +), Primula hirsuta (51: +), P. veris (15: +), P. vulgaris (26: +), Prunus spinosa (6: -), Pulmonaria stiriaca (20: 1), Pyrola species (52: +), Ranunculus lanuginosus (48: +), Rhamnus cathartica (22: -), Rhodobryum roseum (33: +), Rhododendron hirsutum (24: +), Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (47: +), Rumex acetosella s. lat. (37: +), R. alpestris (46: +), Salix myrsinifolia (12: 1), S. sp. (23: x), Salvia verticillata (1: -), Sanicula europaea (15: +), Scirpus sylvaticus (13: 1), Senecio germanicus (14: +), Soldanella alpina (50: +), Sonchus arvensis (12: +), Sphagnum girgensohnii (51: 1), S. quinquefarium (51: 1), Stellaria media agg. (21: +), Streptopus amplexifolius (50: +), Tanacetum corymbosum agg. (15: +), Taxus baccata (15: r), Thalictrum minus agg. (14: +), Thesium alpinum (46: +), Trifolium repens (15: +), Ulmus glabra (7: x), Vaccinium uliginosum agg. (51: +), Verbascum nigrum (32. +), Veronica beccabunga (15: +), Viola canina (52: +), V. riviniana (38: +), Vitis vinifera (26: +) 39 Table 3: Pioneer forest communities and associationsTabela 3: Pionirske gozdne združbe in asociacije The three-step scale used in the relevés of Täubl (1996) was coded as follows: “-” for rare, “x” for subdominant and “X” for dominant species. Filipendula-Betula community Populus-Betula community Avenella-Betula community Calamagrostio-Betuletum Column nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415 16171819202122232425262728 293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152 D Association group Betula pendula xx.xxXxxx. .2444 22.342.x+2.2. 42X345322422 334453333333 D Filipendula-Betula and Populus-Betula community Populus tremula xxx.xxxXx. . . .+. 3. .32.xx22324 ......+...+. .+.......... Salix caprea xxXx--xx-23...1 .12..1...2... ......1++.+. 21......... . Acer pseudoplatanus -.xx.xxXX1. . . .+ . . . .++x-++.+. ....+.+..+.. ............ Fraxinus excelsior x.XX.xx.X2.+. .2 1.22.2x. .12. . ..-..+...... .+.......... Corylus avellana -..xxxxx....... 3...2.x...31+ 2...+.....+. .+......... . Woody plant species common in higher altitudes Picea abies x--x--xxx.....2 2.2122xx2..21 ..x+21+111.2 2222222+2+22 Sorbus aucuparia . . . . .x.XX. . . .++ . . . .13xx2. .++ 2. . .2+.2. . .+ 2+.+2+21.212 Salix appendiculata -x..x..x...1.2. ........1.... ............ 2+2++2+2..2. Alnus alnobetula .......x....... ......xx..... ..-...4+2222 332322.21.1. Larix decidua -..-..-........ ....2.x-....1 1....1.++.+. 2+122.22+2. . D Filipendula-Betula community Alnus incana . . . .x.x. . . .1.2. ............. 2........... .1.....2.... Prunus padus -. .x.x.xx. .1.+. .....2....... .2.......... ............ Viburnum opulus -. . . . --xx. . . . . . ............. ............ ............ Salix purpurea xx. . . . . . .3.1.+. ............. ............ ............ Filipendula ulmaria xxX-. .x. . . .+2++ ............. ............ .+.......... Chaerophyllum hirsutum xxx. . .xx. . .+. .2 .....+....... ......+..... .1++.3+..... Cirsium oleraceum Xxxxx.x. .1.1. .2 ............. ......+..... ............ Equisetum arvense xx.x. . . . . . . . . .1 .........1... ............ ............ Lysimachia vulgaris .x. . . -. .x.1. . . . ......x...... ............ ............ Lythrum salicaria .xx. . . . . . .1.1+. ............. ............ ............ Petasites hybridus .X. . . .x. . . . . . . . ............. ............ ............ Phalaris arundinacea . . . . . . . . . .42. . . ............. ............ ........... . Urtica dioica XxXxxXxXx512.3. +2+..+....... .......++... 1.......... . Geum urbanum x..x.xxx.....++ ............. ............ ........... . Sambucus nigra ..xxxxx-x..1.1. .....1x...... ............ ........... . Anthriscus sylvestris x..x-x.xx.1..1. ......x...... ............ ........... . Dactylis glomerata agg. ..xxxxxxx2...11 .....+...2... ...r........ +++........ . Heracleum sphondylium xx.xxxx.x....1. ......x...+.. ............ ........... . HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 40 Impatiens noli-tangere x.x...x....4... ............. ............ ........... . Petasites albus Xx....x........ ....+........ ............ ..2........ . Aegopodium podagraria xx.xxx.x.3.+.2. 1.........+.. +.....+..... ........... . D Calamagrostio-Betuletum Calamagrostis villosa ............... 2............ ........... . 3 . 2532323422Rhododendron ferrugineum ............... ............. ............ . . . 13132123 . Vaccinium vitis-idaea ............... .......x..... ....11...... . + . ++2221+2+ Betula pubescens ............... ............. ............ . . . . .332. . . . Lonicera caerulea ............... ............. ............ . . .+11.2. . . . Agrostis agrostiflora ............... ............. ............ . . .112. .1. . . Viola biflora ............... ............. .....+...... .1+1. . . . .2. . Homogyne alpina ............... ........1.... ............ 1+.1.+. . .1.+ Lycopodium annotinum ............... ............. ............ . . .+.+.1. .1. Nardus stricta ............... ........1.... ............ 2++. . . . . . .++ Acidophilous species Hypericum maculatum agg. x.x.xx..x...... ........+.... .....+.+++++ ........... . Campanula patula ..x............ ............. .....1.+.+++ ........... . Holcus mollis ............... ............. ...+....1121 ........... . Carex pilulifera ............... ............. ........++1+ +.......... . Agrostis capillaris ............11. .....+..1.... .....1112221 2+2........ . Potentilla erecta ....xx.xx...... ......xx+.... .....1..2+1+ 2+++.....+. + Vaccinium myrtillus . . . . .x.xx. . . . . . . . . .++xx3. .3. . . .23. .1.1.3 211222211212 Luzula luzuloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.+.1.xx.1.1. 1. . .21.1++.1 12122+221. .1 Avenella flexuosa ............... +.......+...+ 1..+23.4.+.2 21122...211+ Polytrichum formosum ............... ...........+. ...+2....1+1 .1........11 Calluna vulgaris ............... ...........2. ...4....2.3. 1++..+1...+ + Hylocomium splendens ............... ............. ....3..+.... .+.1.....123 Pleurozium schreberi ............... ...........3. ...12....+.. .+.1......12 Lonicera nigra ............... ............. ............ .........2+ . Thelypteris limbosperma ............... ........1.... ....3....... +.+.+....1.3 Blechnum spicant ............... ........+.... ....1....... ........... 3 Others Salvia glutinosa ...x.xx........ r............ ............ ........... . Cruciata laevipes x..x.x......... ......x...... ............ ........... . Rosa canina s. lat. ...-.x..x...... ......-...... ............ ........... . Crataegus monogyna -..-........... ......-...... ..........+. ........... . Cornus sanguinea ...-..x........ ..........2.. ............ ........... . Euonymus europaeus ...-........... .........++.. ............ ........... . Rosa sp. ............... ........2.... ............ ........... . ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA 41 Ribes uva-crispa ...-.xx........ r......-..... r........... ........... . Salix fragilis ..x............ ............. ............ ........... . Stachys sylvatica x.....x..2.1... ............. ............ ........... . Geranium phaeum .xx..xx........ ............. ............ ........... . Salix fragilis xxX...-........ ............. ............ ........... . Column nr. 1 2 3 4 56789 101112131415 16171819202122232425262728 293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152 Mycelis muralis ...x...x......+ ............. ............ ........... . Galeopsis speciosa x....-x........ .....1....... ............ ........... . Pulmonaria officinalis agg. x..x..x..1..... ............. ............ ........... . Asarum europaeum x..x..x.......+ ....+........ ............ ........... . Pimpinella major ......x....+..1 .rr.......... .....+...... .+......... . Vicia sepium x...x..x....... ............. ............ ........... . Pyrus communis .........2..... ............. ............ ........... . Lysimachia nummularia ...x.........+. ..........+.. ............ ........... . Galeopsis pubescens ..xxxxx........ ......x...... ............ ........... . Valeriana tripteris .x.x..x........ ............. ............ ........... . Impatiens parviflora ......x......1. ............. ............ ........... . Galeobdolon luteum agg. .........1.1... .....1....... ............ ........... . Carex brizoides .............2. .....1....... ............ ........... . Knautia drymeia x..xx.x........ .........21.. ............ ........... . Phragmites australis ............2.. ............. ............ ........... . Molinia caerulea ............1.. ............. ............ ........... . Brachypodium sylvaticum .........1..... 1..+......... ............ ........... . Rubus caesius ...........121. ............. ............ ........... . Dryopterisfilix-mas ....xxx.x...... 1.1.11...1... r........... ........+.. . Galium aparine agg. ..x......1..... ............. ............ ........... . Clinopodium vulgare ..x..x......... ......x...... ............ ........... . Campanula trachelium ...x.xx........ ....+.....+.. ............ ........... . Taraxacum sp. ..............1 ............. .r.......... ........... . Leontodon hispidus .....x........+ ............. .......++... ........... . Vicia cracca agg. .xx..xx......++ ............+ ............ ........... . Primula elatior ......x....+... ............. ............ ........... . Scrophularia nodosa x....x.......+. ....+........ ............ ........... . Alnus glutinosa ..........2.... .........1... ............ .2......... . Symphytum officinale .x........1.... ............. ............ ........... . Quercus robur ............r.. .....2...1+2. ...+2....... r.......... . Prunus avium ...x....-.....+ .....2-..11.. ..x....+.... ........... . Frangula alnus ....x..x...1.+. .....2-..+... ...2+....... ........... . Rubus fruticosus agg. -..x-x.x....... ...r.4-...2.. ..-......111 ........... . Rubus idaeus xxxxxx-Xx. . . . . . .23. .2xx1. . . . .2. . . . .1.1. . . .2+2. . .1++. Fragaria vesca -..-.xx..+..... +...++x..2... 1....1+++.+. 1++...1.+... Athyriumfilix-femina x.xx.x.xx. . . .+. . .2.++x.2. . . . . . . .+. .+.1++ 21. . . . . .+1. . Senecio ovatus x.xx.x.xx. .+. .1 . . . .1.x.+. . . . . . . . . .++.++1 +.1++.+2++. . Epilobium montanum .....x......... ....+.x...... .......1.++. .+1......... Solidago virgaurea . . . . .xx.x. . . . . . . . . .++xx++. r+ . . . .1. . . .+++ 11. . .1. .11+ Oxalis acetosella x. . . . .xxx. . . . . . 1. . .11. .+. . . . 1. . .+.+. .1.1 +1.21. .1.2+. Epilobium angustifolium ..X.....x...... ............. ............ +.+.......+. Gymnocarpium dryopteris .......x....... ....+...1.... .........+.+ ++.1++...2+. Polygonatum verticillatum .....x.xx...... +......x+.... +........... .+...1.1.... Achillea millefolium agg. xxx.xxxx. . . . . .+ .+. . . .x. .+. . . . . . . . . . .+. . . +.+. . . .++. . . Galium mollugo agg. x.x..xx......+. .++..+x...... .....++.+++. +........... HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 42 Lotus corniculatus agg. ............... .+........... .....+...... ..+..+1.... . Veronica officinalis ..............+ ............. ........++.. +.+.....+.. . Angelica sylvestris .........1+..1. .........+... ......+..... ........... . Galeopsis tetrahit agg. x....x......... ............. ............ 1.......+.. . Crepis paludosa ..............1 ............. ......1..... .+......... . Tussilago farfara x..x..x.......2 ............. ............ .11........ . Equisetum sylvaticum ....X.......... ............. ............ ..++....... . Abies alba .......x....... .....2..2.... ...+...++..2 ........... . Gnaphalium sylvaticum .....x......... ............. ............ +.+........ . Aruncus dioicus ......xx....... ............. ......1..... ........... . Sambucus racemosa .....-.-....... ..2..2.x..... .......+.... ........... . Poa nemoralis ............... 211......+... 22....+..... .....113... . Quercus petraea agg. ............... ....2........ ............ ........... . Carpinus betulus ............... ....+....2... ............ ........... . Tilia cordata ..-............ ....2........ ............ ........... . Carexflacca ..............2 ............. ............ ........... . Festuca heterophylla ............... ....2........ ............ ........... . Elymus repens ............... ............. .2.......... ........... . Arrhenatherum elatius .........+..... .....+...1... .......+.... ........... . Calamagrostis epigejos ............... .....2....... 3........... ........... . Veronica chamaedrys agg. ..............+ ..+..+...+... +.......+++. +....1..... . Ajuga reptans ............... .........++.. ........++.. ........... . Silene nutans s. lat. ............... ..........2.. ............ ........... . Trifolium pratense ..x............ ..........+.. .......+.... +.......... . Carlina acaulis .....x......... ............. ........+.+. ........... . Festuca rubra agg. ............... .+......+.... ........1.1+ +.......... . Veratrum album ..............+ ............. ........+... .+......... . Deschampsia cespitosa ............221 ............. ......+..... .+......... . Euphrasia rostkoviana agg......x......... ............. ........+.+. .1......... . Paris quadrifolia ......xx....... ............+ ............ .....+.+... . Caltha palustris ..x...x.......1 ............. ......1..... ........... . Cardamine amara x..........+... ............. ............ .+......... . Phleum pratense agg. .x..x.......... ............. ............ .+1........ . Rumex acetosa .-............. .........+... ..........+. ........... . Ranunculus acris ..xx.x...+..... ............. .......++... ........... . Gentiana asclepiadea ....Xxxxx...... ....1.x.1.... .......11112 ........... . Stellaria graminea .x...x.x....... ............. .........+++ 1.......... . Plantago major ...x..........+ ............. ............ ..+........ . Valeriana officinalis agg. ...........1.1. ..+.......... +........... ........... . Hypnum cupressiforme ............... ....21.....2. ............ ........1.. . Hypericum perforatum ...x.xxx....... ......xx.+... ......+.+.+. +.......... . Carex acuta ............3.. ............. ............ ........... . Juniperus communis ............... ............. ..-......... .........+1. Calystegia sepium .........+..2.. ............. ............ ........... . Glechoma hederacea .......x....2.. ..........+.. ............ ........... . Sphagnum capillifolium ............... ............. ....2....... ........... . ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA 43 Column nr. 1 2 3 4 56789 101112131415 16171819202122232425262728 293031323334353637383940 414243444546474849505152 Festuca nigrescens ............... ............. ............ ........... 2 Dactylorhiza maculata agg. ............... ........+.... ....+....... .+...+..... + Pinus sylvestris -x............. ............. ...1...1+... ........... . Fagus sylvatica ......-........ ...2+2.....1. ....2....... ........... 2 Sedum album ............... .r+.......... .2.......... ........... . Calamagrostis varia ............... ....+........ .....2...... ........... . Calamagrostis arundinacea ............... ....+........ ....2....... ........... . Brachypodium pinnatum agg. ..............2 ..........2.3 ............ ........... . Euphorbia cyparissias ............... .........++.. ........+.+. ......1.... . Laserpitium latifolium x.x............ ............3 ............ ........... . Sorbus aria agg. ............... ............. ....2....... ........... 2 Anthoxanthum odoratum agg. ............... ........+.... .....1..+.+. .+....1...+ . Festuca ovina agg. ............... .1+.......... ............ +.......1.. . Hieracium murorum ............... ....+......++ ....+21..... ++.1....+.. 1 Ranunculus repens ............... .....+...+... ............ ..+......+. . Maianthemum bifolium ............... ........+.... ....+....... .+.......1. + Knautia maxima ............... ........1.... ............ .2.....+... . Prenanthes purpurea ............... ....+........ ....+....... ...+.....1+ + Campanula rotundifolia agg. . .............. ........+...+ ............ +.......... . Hieracium pilosella ............... ............. .....+....+. .....+..... + Pinus mugo ............... ............. ............ ..........2. Trifolium medium ............... ............+ ............ +.+........ . Silene vulgaris ............... ............. ............ ++1.1+.1.+. . Phyteuma betonicifolium ............... ...........+. ....+....... .+.++1..... + Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus ............... ............. ....1..+.... .1.+......12 Pinus cembra ............... ............. ............ .....+1+..2. Stellaria nemorum agg. ............... ............. ............ ..++.....1. . Dryopteris carthusiana agg. ............... .....1....... .......+.... ..+++..+2+1. Arnica montana ............... ............. ............ +..+.+..... . Melampyrum sylvaticum ............... ............+ ....+....... 1+..++..... + Cirsium heterophyllum ............... ............. ............ .+11......+ . Chaerophyllum villarsii ............... ............. .....+...... ......+1... . Cirsium palustre ............... ............. .....+...++. +.1........ . Phegopteris connectilis ............... ............. ....+....... ++.++...... . Plagiomnium affine ............... ............. .......+.+.+ ........... . Geranium sylvaticum ............... ............. ............ .1+...+.... . Pteridium aquilinum ............... +............ ............ 3.......... . Dicranum scoparium ............... ....+........ ............ ...1....111. Athyrium distentifolium ............... ............. ............ ..12+....1+ . HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 44 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Table 4: Site data, stand parameters and bibliographical information of Table 1 Tabela 4: Podatki o rastišèu, sestoju in bibliografski vir za Tabelo 1 Source Aspect Cover shrub layer (% ) Slope (° ) Altitude (m) Relevé area (m2 ) Orig. relevé nr. Orig. table nr. Locality 1 Rouschal 1989 1 80 1200 45 S Lungau - Muhr 2 Rouschal 1989 23 90 1300 60 S Lungau - Muhr 3 Rouschal 1989 2 100 1300 55 S Lungau - W of Jedl 4 Rouschal 1989 3 90 1250 60 S Lungau - W of Jedl 5 Rouschal 1989 22 70 1000 75 SSE Lungau - E of Muhr 6 Rouschal 1989 4 90 1250 30 S Lungau - Muhr/Jedl 7 Rouschal 1989 6 100 1100 40 S Lungau - E of Hemerach 8 Rouschal 1989 9 50 1100 60 S Lungau - Mayerhof 9 Rouschal 1989 21 70 12 S Lungau - E of Muhr 10 Wagner 1979 1 16 1560 50 70 W Virgental - Hinterbichl 11 Wagner 1979 1 17 1480 40 70 S Virgental - near Bichl W of Prägraten 12 Wagner 1979 1 18 1300 45 20 S Virgental - road Obermauer-Bojobach 13 Wagner 1985 1 2 1380 35 S Virgental - Obermauern 14 Wagner 1985 1 3 1500 40 SSE Virgental - Budam 15 Wagner 1985 1 4 1410 40 S Virgental - Obermauern-Bojobach 16 Wagner 1985 1 6 1400 30 S Virgental - Obermauern 17 Wagner 1985 1 9 1380 45 S Virgental - Obermauern 18 Wagner 1985 1 13 1360 40 S Virgental - Wallhorn 19 Wagner 1985 1 15 1490 40 S Virgental - Hinterbichl 20 Wagner 1985 1 17 1410 30 S Virgental - Wallhorn 21 Béguin & Theurillat 1984 4 * Valais 22 Coldea 1991 31 * Rumanian Carpathians 23 Braun-Blanquet 1961 28 * Aosta 24 Rivas-Martínez & Géhu 1978 43 30 15 S Valais 25 Brandner 1987 3 7 10 1100 Matrei *: Column contains more than 1 relevé 45 HACQUETIA 3/1 • 2004 Table 5: Site data, stand parameters and bibliographical information of Table 2 Tabela 5: Podatki o rastišèu, sestoju in bibliografski vir za Tabelo 2 Source Aspect Height shrubs (m) Height trees (m) Cover herb layer (%) Cover shrub layer (%) Cover tree layer (%) Slope (°) Altitude (m) Relevé area (m2) Orig. relevé nr. Orig. table nr. Locality Balloto-Prunetum domesticae 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 Wirth 1991 unpubl. (ALR) unpubl. (ALR) Ecker 1998 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 VIII.6 144 122 35 94 121 154 119 71 249 32708000255 375 260 210 190 230 205 190 200 5 5 25 15 5 15 40 20 25 30-44 30-44 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 50 95 80 95 95 95 95 95 80 80 60 90 30 20 70 60 20 40 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 3 3 6 4 5 4 6 NE ENE SE SSW ESE SE WNW NNE NW NE N NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) Gobelsburg-Hadersdorf Retz Theyern, Traisental Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundi 13 unpubl. (ALR) 14 unpubl. (ALR) 15 unpubl. (ALR) 16 unpubl. (MaB) 17 Forstner 1984 178 * 625 150 0-5 0-5 0-5 <5 70 15 15 22 – – – – Karlhof Pamhagen Teichhof District Neusiedl am See E Austria Balloto-Syringetum vulgaris 18 Wirth 1991 9 19 Wirth 1991 9 153 11 240 240 5 10 0 0 100 100 3 3 0 0 3 2 SSE SW NE Austria (Weinviertel) NE Austria (Weinviertel) Table 6: Site data, stand parameters and bibliographical information of Table 3 (see page 47) Tabela 6: Podatki o rastišèu, sestoju in bibliografski vir za Tabelo 3 (glej stran 47) 46 ANDREAS EXNER & WOLFGANG WILLNER: NEW SYNTAXA OF SHRUB AND PIONEER FOREST COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRIA Source Aspect Height shrubs (m) Height trees (m) Cover mosslayer (%) Cover herblayer (%) Cover shrublayer (%) Cover treelayer (%) Slope (°) Altitude (m) Relevé area (m2) Orig. relevé nr. Orig. table nr. Locality Filipendula ulmaria-Betula pendula community 1 Täubl 1996 8 101 660 10 S Mürztal 2 Täubl 1996 8 102 615 5 SE Mürztal 3 Täubl 1996 8 99 720 5 W Mürztal 4 Täubl 1996 4 37 690 10 NE Mürztal 5 Täubl 1996 7 90 730 5 N Mürztal 6 Täubl 1996 6 74 860 20 SE Mürztal 7 Täubl 1996 6 76 675 15 NE Mürztal 8 Täubl 1996 6 79 895 10 N Mürztal 9 Täubl 1996 6 78 865 35 N Mürztal 10 unpubl. (ALR) 0-5 NW Post 11 unpubl. (ALR) 6–14 SW Edlitz a. d. Thaya 12 unpubl. (ALR) 6–14 SE Irdning 13 unpubl. (ALR) 0–5 – Lauteracher Ried 14 unpubl. (ALR) 6–14 NW Irdning 15 unpubl. (MaB) 625 640 5 60 35 90 30 17 0 N District Wiener Neustadt Populus tremula-Betula pendula community 16 Schneidergruber 1997 v2 183 Mölltal 17 Schneidergruber 1997 v5 122 Mölltal 18 Schneidergruber 1997 v2 109 Mölltal 19 unpubl. (MaB) 625 460 15 85 5 5 5 24 5 W District Salzburg/Umgebung 20 unpubl. (MaB) 625 775 45 70 30 50 10 25 6 NW District Bruck a. d. Mur 21 unpubl. (MaB) 570 560 5 65 35 90 30 7 4 N District Braunau am Inn 22 Täubl 1996 5 66 890 15 SE Mürztal 23 Täubl 1996 6 81 960 5 NW Mürztal 24 unpubl. (ALR) 15–29 E Brennkopf 25 unpubl. (ALR) 15–29 NW Otternitz 26 Klampfl 1989 2 8 SE of Pischelsdorf 27 unpubl. (Beiser) 100 790 div. 30 10 50 80 5 S Montafon 28 Kielhauser 1954 2 3 1500 30 4 SW Kaunerberg-Falpaus Avenella flexuosa-Betula pendula community 29 Schneidergruber 1997 v2 152 Mölltal 30 Schneidergruber 1997 v5 155 Mölltal 31 Täubl 1996 5 62 805 20 S Mürztal 32 Starzengruber 1979 II 1 500 520 5 30 20 50 0 SW Sauwald 33 unpubl. (Beiser) 150 1080 7 7 70 20 80 7 NNW Montafon 34 unpubl. (ALR) 15–29 SW Hinterschriefling 35 Moser 1998 p.7 2nd rel. Rechberg 36 Jelem & Kilian 1975 2 118 900 15 NW Gasen 37 Jelem & Kilian 1975 2 119 850 20 S Naintsch 38 Jelem & Kilian 1975 2 120 1050 30 NE Heilbrunn 39 Jelem & Kilian 1975 2 121 800 20 S Naintsch 40 Jelem & Kilian 1975 2 117 1100 30 NE Heilbrunn Calamagrostio villosae-Betuletum pendulae 41 unpubl. (MaB) 625 1540 25 0 70 90 10 0 9 E District Spittal a. d. Drau 42 unpubl. (MaB) 150 1390 35 15 80 50 15 16 4 NE District Spittal a. d. Drau 43 unpubl. (MaB) 625 1500 20 0 75 65 3 0 2 NW District Landeck 44 Klosterhuber 1994 1 49 1530 45 40 45 99 30 NW St. Anton am Arlberg 45 Klosterhuber 1994 1 50 1580 30 50 75 95 15 W St. Anton am Arlberg 46 Klosterhuber 1994 1 115 1750 0 35 50 80 20 – Ventertaler Ache 47 Klosterhuber 1994 1 116 1830 35 50 30 80 35 SE Ventertal 48 Klosterhuber 1994 1 117 1740 0 55 5 75 30 – Ventertaler Ache 49 unpubl. (MaB) 625 1700 35 45 20 80 15 12 8 SW District Lienz 50 unpubl. (MaB) 625 1600 35 50 25 80 25 8 4 N District Landeck 51 unpubl. (MaB) 625 1800 6 0 70 80 35 0 8 W District Innsbruck 52 unpubl. (Beiser) 175 1080 7 7 70 5 70 6 NW Montafon 47