Uvodnik
Uvodnik
Prva številka revije Varstvoslovje v letu 2013 ne more mimo družbeno-političnih dogajanj v zadnjih mesecih, ki so imela tudi svojo varnostno komponento. Številna zborovanja, demonstracije in protesti po vseh večjih slovenskih mestih so vsaj posredno vplivali na nastanek nekaterih prispevkov. Kaja Prislan se tako loteva vpliva spletnega socialnega omrežja Facebook na dinamiko protestov in ugotavlja, da se je omrežje uporabljalo pri organizaciji dogodkov in kolektivnih akcij, in sicer za širjenje idej, sporočil in pozivov ter rekrutiranje podpornikov. Pri tem analiza ni pokazala negativnega vpliva spletnih storitev na aktivnosti podpornikov, je pa bilo zaznati ideje o strožjem nadzoru tehnologije, ki omogoča tovrstno mobilizacijo ljudi, s čimer se avtorica ne strinja, saj bi šlo v tem primeru za kršenje človekovih pravic, poleg tega pa tovrstne omejitve ne vplivajo na zaviranje kolektivnih akcij. Pri javnih zbiranjih, naj so še tako dobro organizirana in dobronamerna, vselej ne gre po pričakovanjih, zato ima v zvezi z njimi določene obveznosti tudi policija. Policisti in poveljniki posebnih policijskih enot bi zato znali najti uporabne informacije v prispevku Petra Umka o novejših teorijah o psihologiji množice v povezavi s taktiko policije, ki se z množico sooči. Avtor ugotavlja, da v današnjih časih Le Bonova teorija množice ni več uporabna in da je upoštevanje teh načel pri nadzoru množice celo kontraproduktivno. Sodobne policijske taktike vsebujejo Reicherjev model socialne identitete, ki poudarja, da posameznik v množici ne izgubi osebne identitete, ampak sprejme identiteto socialne skupine, s katero se identificira. Zato policija množice ne sme obravnavati kot celote, ampak mora ločiti med različnimi socialnimi skupinami, ki se v množici različno vedejo.
Ali bomo ljudje spoštovali zapisane (in nezapisane) družbene norme je naša avtonomna odločitev, do katere nas vodijo različni razlogi. Tudi Jerneja Šifrer, Gorazd Meško in Matevž Bren se ukvarjajo z vprašanjem, zakaj mladi spoštujejo zakone. Odgovor iščejo pri študentih štirih slovenskih fakultet in ugotavljajo, da ne glede na to, ali so študenti že imeli izkušnjo s policijo ali ne, zakone spoštujejo zaradi lastnega prepričanja, osebne morale. Na spoštovanje zakonov vplivata tudi postopkovna in distributivna pravičnost in grožnja s kaznijo, ki pa ima obraten vpliv od pričakovanega. Zanimivi, čeprav precej pričakovani, pa sta tudi ugotovitvi avtorjev, da študentke v manjši meri kršijo zakone kot študenti in da imajo največje zaupanje v policijo študenti varstvoslovja.
Matevž Bren in Dejan Bagari predstavljata ugotovitve raziskave o zadovoljstvu občanov z delom policije, njeni uspešnosti, o zaupanju vanjo ter občutku varnosti na območju Policijske uprave Murska Sobota. Med drugim ugotavljata, da se prebivalci počutijo varno, da zaupajo pomurski policiji, da so zadovoljni z njenim delom in da ocenjujejo, da je policija manj uspešna na področju preiskovanja kriminalitete kot na področju opravljanja splošnih policijskih nalog.
Pojav rotirajočih vrat (»revolving door«), relativno slabo raziskan mehanizem nasprotja interesov, predstavljata Daša Janja Banovec in Bojan Dobovšek. Opozarjata, da ima sodelovanje in izmenjava položajev med javnim in zasebnim sektorjem lahko pozitivne učinke, vendar ob tem obstaja nevarnost različnih zlorab,
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kadar posamezniki in organizacije osebno korist postavijo pred javni interes. Zaradi nasprotja interesov sta na preizkušnji poštenost in integriteta javnih uslužbencev, ki sodelujejo pri javnem odločanju, to pa vpliva na zmanjšano zaupanje javnosti v državo in v delovanje njenih institucij.
Eva Bertok in Gorazd Meško proučujeta moralnost mladih glede na njihovo samonaznanjeno prestopništvo. Avtorja predstavljata ugotovitve raziskave SPMAD v Sloveniji, natančneje, primerjata občutke sramu in krivde ob hipotetičnih situacijah pri srednješolcih, glede na to, ali so se pred raziskavo vedli prestopniško ali ne. Ugotavljata, da so bile med skupino srednješolcev, ki niso poročali o prestopniškem dejanju v preteklem letu, in skupino, ki je poročala o vsaj enem prestopniškem dejanju, ugotovljene statistično pomembne razlike v odgovorih na vprašanja glede občutkov sramu in krivde. Pri tem so srednješolci, ki so storili prestopniško dejanje, v povprečju poročali o manj izrazitih občutkih ob različnih prestopkih kot srednješolci, ki so bili brez tovrstnih izkušenj. Razlike v povprečjih odgovorov med skupinami so bile večje pri občutkih sramu kot pri občutkih krivde.
Ali je kaj sram tiste, ki kupujejo ponaredke blagovnih znamk višjega cenovnega razreda, sicer ne vemo, sta pa to, vse bolj razširjeno obliko kriminalitete, proučevala Sara Trstenjak in Bojan Dobovšek. Ugotavljata, da večina ponarejenih izdelkov prihaja iz Kitajske, Italije, Turčije in iz območja bivše Jugoslavije. Gre za obliko kršitve intelektualne lastnine, ki je opredeljeno kot kaznivo dejanje, kadar gre za naklepno dejanje, storjeno v komercialno korist. Ker tržni inšpektorat ni ustrezno usposobljen za dokazovanje, mora dokaze o tem, da gre za ponaredek, predložiti kar sam imetnik zaščitene blagovne znamke.
Tokratno številko revije Varstvoslovje zaokrožujejo predstavitve del in poročila z dogodkov. Maja Jere predstavlja tematsko številko Journal of Police Studies (2012) z naslovom »Tides and currents in police theories« (uredili E. Devroe, P. Ponsaers, L. G. Moor, J. Greene, L. Skinns, L. Bisschop, A. Verhage in M. Bacon). Blaž Markelj in Igor Bernik poročata o nacionalni konferenci »Informacijska varnost - smernice za prihodnost«, Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje o zaključni konferenci projekta »ACCESS -Proti kriminaliteti: podpora in varnost starejših žrtev kaznivih dejanj«, Katja Eman in Gorazd Meško pa o tradicionalni ekskurziji magistrskih študentov Fakultete za varnostne vede UM v Sarajevo.
Zahvaljujeva se vsem, ki so sodelovali pri ustvarjanju številke, in vam želiva zanimivo branje.
Andrej Sotlar in Bojan Dobovšek Urednika
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Editorial
Editorial
This year's first issue of our journal can all but ignore the recent months' sociopolitical events which, to some extent at least, bear implicit safety- and security-relevant connotations, as numerous rallies, demonstrations, and protests held in all major Slovenian cities indirectly inspired some of the papers you are about to read.
The first among them is that of Kaja Prislan, addressing the influence that Facebook, the most wide-spread social network, has on the dynamics of these protests. She notes that Facebook was used to help organize the events and synchronize different collective actions aimed at disseminating ideas, circulating messages, orchestrating appeals, as well as recruiting supporters. Her analysis revealed no negative impact of Web services on the activities of protest supporters. Nevertheless, there were also some voices calling out for a tighter control of technology that enables such mobilization of people. Plainly, the author does not side with these ideas, for they would manifest as heavy breaches of human rights, not to mention the fact that such restrictions actually do not affect incapacitation of collective action.
Public gatherings do not always turn out as expected, no matter how well-organized and well-intentioned they are. That is why the police have certain obligations when it comes to tackling such large assemblies of people, and police officers and chiefs dealing with riot policing could find some useful information in Peter Umek's article on recent theories about psychology of the masses underlying the design and selection of adequate police tactics. The author notes that today Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology are no longer applicable, and that acting in compliance with those crowd control principles might even prove counterproductive. Modern police tactics include Reicher's model of social identity stating that individuals within the crowd do not lose identity: on the contrary, they take on the identity of social groups they identify with. Therefore, the police may regard and handle a crowd as a whole, but they must still distinguish between different constituent social groups showing specific behaviours within a larger crowd.
People act autonomously in deciding to (not) comply with written and unwritten social norms; however, their decisions in favor of either may differ for a variety of reasons. Jerneja Šifrer, Gorazd Meško, and Matevž Bren research the issue of why young people are law-abiding and find some answers in their analyses of the responses of students from four Slovenian faculties: regardless of whether the students have had any prior experience with the police or not, they respect the laws because of their own beliefs and personal morality. The extent of their obeyance of the law is also a function of procedural and distributive justice, as well as that of deterrence and the threat of punishment, which is contrary to the authors' expectations. Also interesting, though quite expected, are the findings that female students violate laws to a lesser extent than their male colleagues, and that
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of all respondents, it is the criminal justice and security students who attest to the highest level of confidence in the police.
Matevž Bren and Dejan Bagari present research findings on the satisfaction of citizens with police work, police performance, police trust, and the sense of security within the Murska Sobota Police Directorate. Among other, they note that residents feel safe and trust the police in the region. They are also satisfied with its work and estimate that the police is less successful in the field of crime investigation then in their performing of general police duties.
Revolving door, a relatively poorly researched mechanism of conflict of interest, is presented by Daša Janja Banovec and Bojan Dobovšek pointing out that cooperation and exchange of positions between public and private sectors may have positive effects, but there still remains a risk of a variety of abuses when individuals and organizations put their personal gain before the public interest. As a result of conflicts of interest, honesty and integrity of public officials involved in public decision-making are rigorously tested. If they give in to temptation, such a failure undermines the public's confidence in the state and its institutions.
Eva Bertok and Gorazd Meško examine morality of young people according to the latter's self-reported delinquency. The authors present the findings of SPMAD research in Slovenia. They compare secondary school students' feelings of shame and guilt in hypothetical situations in the light of their pre-survey (non)delinquent behaviours. Statistically significant differences in their responses to shame- and guilt-related questions stand out, generating two groups of respondents: one consists of secondary school students who reported at least one offence in the past year, and the other one comprises those who claimed to have committed no delinquent act. In this context, the secondary school students who have committed delinquent acts reported, on the average, less expressive feelings when faced with various offenses. As to the differences between the averaged responses of/between the two groups, the difference in the volume of shame was larger than that of guilt.
Though we do not know for a fact whether or not those buying counterfeit highend brands experience any shame, we do know that counterfeiting is ever more becoming a widespread form of criminality. In this issue, it is examined by Sara Trstenjak and Bojan Dobovšek confirming that the largest volumes of counterfeit products come from China, Italy, Turkey, and the former Yugoslav countries. It is a kind of intellectual property regulations violation that is regarded as a crime only provided it is committed intentionally and for commercial gain. Since the market inspectorate staff are not adequately trained to prove counterfeiting cases, the evidence that something is fake must be actually submitted by the holders of particular trademarks (property rights) themselves.
The last chapter brings presentations and reports. Maja Jere presents a thematic issue of the Journal of Police Studies (2012) entitled "Tides and currents in police theories" (edited by Devroe, E., Ponsaers, P., Moor, L. G., Greene, J., Skinns, L., Bisschop, L., Verhage, A. and Bacon, M.). Blaž Markelj and Igor Bernik report on the outcomes of the national conference on "Informacijska varnost -smernice za prihodnost [Information Security: The way forward]", while Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje reports on the final conference within the project "ACCESS - Proti
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kriminaliteti: Podpora in varnost starejših žrtev kaznivih dejanj [ACCESS - Against Crime: Support and safety of elderly victims of crime]". Katja Eman and Gorazd Meško wrap up this issue with a detailed account of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security M.A. students' traditional excursion to Sarajevo.
We are grateful, again, to all who have participated in the creation of this issue.
Andrej Sotlar and Bojan Dobovšek Editors
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