Review Buckwheat Breeding and Seed Production in Poland Jacek KWIATKOWSKI Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland E-mail address: jacekkw@uwm.edu.pl DOI https://doi.org/10.3986/fag0032 Received: August 14, 2023; accepted August 18, 2023. Keywords: buckwheat breeding, seed market, seed certification, history of cultivation, Poland ABSTRACT The history of buckwheat breeding in Poland is almost 80 years old. “Hruszowska” was the first breeding variety, which was in 1956 entered to The Polish National List of Agricultural Plant Varieties (NLI). In the history of buckwheat breeding programs in Poland, 10 varieties have been registered so far. Additionally, 3 breeding lines have been entered into official tests without a decision on entry to the NLI. During the planned economy period in Poland (until 1989), despite the limited number of varieties, the scale of production of certified buckwheat seeds practically covered the entire demand for sowing material. Currently, the small scale of buckwheat cultivation in Poland, and above all, the lack of buckwheat on the EU list of plant species varieties which are subject to national listing and which seed material may be produced, assessed, and controlled limit the scope of breeding work on buckwheat and make it difficult to obtain profitable seed trade. Fagopyrum 40 (2): 29-40 (2023) 29 INTRODUCTION Probable traces of buckwheat in Poland date back to around 400 BC. (Gibert, 1956). Badura’s (1999) reports on the presence of remains of Fagopyrum esculentum in two archaeological sites dating back to the 6th-10th centu- ry AD and the remains of common buckwheat from the Wolin island dated to the 9th century (Alsleben, 1995) may indicate that its cultivation was known in these are- as even before the invasions of the Mongol tribes, which is generally accepted as a buckwheat source in Europe. During the wars with the Tatars (13th century), buck- wheat cultivation was popularized and intensified (Badu- ra, 1999; Koszałka and Strzelczyk, 2015). Materials and Methods The history of buckwheat breeding and cultivation in Poland, the number of registered varieties and variety movement in the The Polish National List of Agricultural Plant Varieties were presented on the basis of a query of archival materials and old prints as well as legal acts relat- ed to the subject and current publications. Cultivars’ characteristics were based on literature sources, source data from Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU), and accession descriptions from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources: Polish Gen- ebank (KCRZG). The scale of production was presented on the basis of source data from Statistics Poland (GUS) and FAOSTAT and a query of historical studies. The char- acteristics of the seed market were made using source data obtained from Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service (PIORiN). RESULTS Buckwheat production in Poland The first records of buckwheat cultivation in Poland date back to the 15th century (Zemanek et al., 2009). Buckwheat has always been a minor crop. In the agri- cultural literature of the sixteenth century, it was not recommended to grow it in larger areas but generally in areas after frozen winter crops (Gostomski, 1588). Buckwheat growing was in Poland mostly spread in the 17th century, and since then, it has been gradually replaced by oats (Król, 1986). In the interwar period (1920-1939), its cultivation area was about 150 thou- sand ha, falling three times in the second half of the twentieth century. Currently, buckwheat is cultivated in Poland in an area of approx. 114,000 hectares, this is 1.6% in the en- tire sowing structure and slightly more than 1% in the cereal sowing structure (Fig. 1). The scale of buckwheat production in Poland corre- sponds to the size of the sown area, due to the seed yield Fig. 1. Sown area in Poland (2022) (Source: own elaboration based on data provided by GUS 2023 (Statistics Poland) Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 30 oscillating around 1 t per hectare. Until the 1980s, buck- wheat production per hectare did not exceed 1 t per ha, which reduced the scale of production. In the last decade, there has been a clear improvement in the yield of this pseudocereal (Fig. 2). Buckwheat cultivation in Poland is concentrated pri- marily in the east and north of Poland. The traditional production area remains the Lublin region. The Dol- nośląskie Voivodeship also has a relatively large share in buckwheat production (Fig. 3). In addition to historical Fig. 2. Harvested area and production quantity of buckwheat in Poland (1961-2022) (Source: own elaboration based on data provided by GUS and FAOSTAT) Fig. 3. Distribution of buckwheat growing in Poland (the average for the years 2002-2003 and 2021-2022, compiled based on data from the GUS 2023) Fagopyrum 40 (2): 29-40 (2023) 31 traditions, the location of the buckwheat processing in- dustry in Poland still has a significant impact on the dis- tribution of buckwheat cultivation. The highest yields are obtained in the south-east and south of the country, but considering the scale of pro- duction, attention should again be paid to the Lubelsk- ie region and Lower Silesian. In the remaining southern regions, the high productivity reported in statistical re- ports is due to the extremely small size of crops (single plantations) and not to the mass scale of buckwheat pro- duction (Fig. 4). Buckwheat breeding in Poland The buckwheat breeding program in Poland began late, compared to other species. In the Polish agricultural literature from the nineteenth century, there are descrip- tions of two varieties of buckwheat, but this applies to ecotypes and not agricultural cultivars (Tab. 1). The first form was called black or common buck- wheat, with dark brown or black seeds. The second form was called Scottish or Swedish, or silver buckwheat. It was characterized by a light gray color of seeds (less fer- tile, with higher soil requirements, maturing later, with Species Forms Additional information Common buckwheat (Fagopytum esculentum Moench) Tatarka, Hreczka, Gryka Czarna (Black) or Zwyczajna (Common) dark brown, almost black small achenes, good yielding form Szkocka (Scotch) or Szwedzka (Swedish) or Srebrna (Silver) the light gray color of achenes, less fertile, with higher soil requirements, later maturing, with larger seeds Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) Tatarka, Gryka syberyjska (Siberian buckwheat) Chińska tatarka (Chinese buckwheat) Rdest tatarski (Tatar knotweed) (Polygonum tataricum or P. emarginatum Rth.) cultivated and weed high green biomass, low yield of achenes, late ripening; cultivated to obtain green biomass for fodder; some of its forms as a weed in the cultivation of common buckwheat Table 1. Species and forms of cultivated buckwheat described in agricultural literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Fig. 4. Relative yields of buckwheat in Poland (the average for the years 2002-2003 and 2021-2022, compiled based on data from the GUS 2023) Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 32 Ecotype Vege-tation period Plant hight [cm] 1000 seed weight [g] Soil requi-rements Additional information Borówka short 25-45 18-24 light soil Small, dark brown achenes. High yield - 2.0 t·ha-1, high yield of groats Majówka long 50-70 22-23 from light to heavy soil Light brown achenes, small yield of achenes and groats Ruska long do 100 15-17 Unstable yield Podolanka short do 40 18-20 light soil Brown achenes with wings. Stable and good yielding ecotype, also like a cath crop Holewica Medium long do 55 22-23 Wet sandy soil on slope Very easy infested by Tartary buckwheat Różowa (Pink) long 45-55 ok. 20 Pink perianth ecotyp. Dark brown achenes, strongly embedded in the bottom of flower Biała (White) short do 50 cm 20-21 Uniform ripening, brown achenes Siwa (Gray) middle 70-80 17-19 light also new soil Gray-brown achenes with wings, embedded in all inflorescences, without shattering. Czarna (Black) short 30-40 13-18 light soil Uniform ripening, dark brown almost black achenes Table 2. Local ecotypes of buckwheat grown in Poland until the 1960s (Source: Ruszkowski, 1983) finer seeds) (Kowalski, 1885; Jachner 1920). Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn), also known as Siberian buckwheat or Chinese tartare or Tartar knot- weed (Polygonum tataricum or P. emarginatum Rth.) used for green fodder was also cultivated. Even then, attention was paid to the form of Tartary buckwheat, which ap- peared as a weed in buckwheat fields (Krafft 1876). In the late thirties of the twentieth century, prelim- inary breeding studies began at the Institute of Soil Sci- ence and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) in Puławy, failing to create expected cultivars (Arseniuk et al., 2009). Breed- ing work returned at the turn of the 40s and 50s of the twentieth century. In the first period, 9 local buckwheat ecotypes (created by farmers as a result of long-term se- lection) were collected (Ruszkowski, 1955; Ruebenbauer and Brej, 1957). They were characterized by a relatively short vegetation period, a short stem and little branch- ing, and a low 1,000 seed weight (Ruszkowski, 1983) (Tab. 2). The first Polish cultivated buckwheat varieties cre- ated on the basis of the selection of the best individu- als within local ecotypes were: “Hruszowska” (1957), “Puławska” (1958), “Modzurowska” (year not known), and “Dańkowska” (1963) (Król, 1986). In the 1960s, new breeding directions were set and the new methods used in buckwheat breeding were extended. In 1969, the first tetraploid variety “Emka” was registered. It was created by genomic mutation by doubling the number of chro- mosomes using colchicine (Komenda-Ronka et al., 1994). Due to the larger size of achenes, requiring changes in the buckwheat processing and a higher share of husks, the variety did not gain the interest of farmers and pro- cessors, and work on further polyploids was limited (Tab. 3) (COBORU, 1980; 1983; 1985; 1987; Komen- da-Ronka et al., 1994). Ather Polish varieties (Kora, Luba, Panda) were creat- ed by crossing ecologically distant forms. At the turn of the 70s and 80s, mutagenesis developed in Polish breed- ing of buckwheat (Samborska-Ciania, 1999). The work led to the development of two lines (Gema and Green Corolla), with increased inflorescences and achenes on the plant and thin husk (Komenda-Ronka et al., 1994). In parallel, work was carried out on homostyle self-fer- tile forms. Despite high hopes placed in this direction of breeding (synthetic, hybrid varieties), it did not bring the desired results (Ruszkowski and Noworolnik, 1983). Fagopyrum 40 (2): 29-40 (2023) 33 Cultivar Entry date Date of deletion Breeder Author of culivar Description Hruszowska 1957 2008 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Hruszów Alina Dziubikowska, A. Bęcik, Bogusław Komenda, Kalina Komenda, J. Got, W. Got ecotypes from Rejowiec, Hruszów, Radzyń Podlaski and Puławy region Puławska 1958 1976 IHAR Puławy/ Staszkówek/ Chodów Stefan Lewicki, Marek Ruszkowski Selection from domestic local population (Lublin region) Modzurowska ?* ?* Centralne Zrzeszenie Selekcji Roślin ?* ?* Dańkowska 1963 1969 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Dańków Stanisław Janasz, Piotr Kolago, Tadeusz Wolski, Stanisław Ramenda Selection from domestic local ecotypes (Gościeradowo and Nowe Miasto regions). Emka (4x) 1969 1996 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Jeleniec Kalina Komenda, Bogusław Komenda, Mirosław Łapiński Krupnieplodnaja 4n х form of 4n from Hruszowska cv. JEC 179 1980 1983 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Jeleniec Breeding line applied for addition to NLI (The Polish National List of Agricultural Plant Varieties) without acceptance for the official testing JEC 284 1985 1987 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Jeleniec Tetraploid (4n) Breeding line applied for addition to NLI without acceptance for the official testing Kora 19932017 2004 (2027) Stacja Hodowli Roślin Jeleniec / Palikije / Małopolska Hodowla Roślin Spółka z o.o. Bogusław Komenda, Kalina Komenda, Joanna Komenda-Ronka (Wolińska) Cultivar’s cross Luba 1998 2004 Stacja Hodowli Roślin Palikije Bogusław Komenda, Szymon Suchecki Cross of Jubilejnaja with Hruszowska and own breeding materials Panda 19982017 2004 (2027) Stacja Hodowli Roślin Palikije / Małopolska Hodowla Roślin Spółka z o.o. Bogusław Komenda, Szymon Suchecki Cross within own breeding materials MHR Korona 2019 (2029) Małopolska Hodowla Roślin Spółka z o.o. Szymon Suchecki?* Cross of Koto х Kora MHR Smuga 2019 (2029) Małopolska Hodowla Roślin Spółka z o.o. Szymon Suchecki?* Cross of Smugljanka х Kora GK/2022/1 2022 “Pietrzak” sp. z o.o. sp. k. Breeding line applied for addition to NLI and accepted in 2023 for the official testing. Origin? Table 3. Polish cultivars of buckwheat (Source: own study based on the : COBORU, 1970; 1976; 1993; 1996; 1998; 2017; 2019; 2023; Arseniuk i in. 2003; Suchecki, 2008; Monitor Polski, 1958; 1959; 1964; 1970; Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – NRI/National Centre for plant genetic resources data base, access: May 2023) * In the table are question marks where the information is not confirmed Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 34 After the political and economic transformation in Poland (1989/1990), breeding programs of buckwheat were suspended, and only conservative breeding of owned varieties was carried out, as well as reproduction and evaluation of buckwheat collection from the resourc- es of the Polish gene bank (Suchecki, 2006). In 2008, the breeding of buckwheat was taken over by a strong, professional breeding company – Małopol- ska Hodowla Roślin (Małopolska Plant Breeding Com- pany) as a result of consolidation in the Polish breed- ing and seed sector. It should be mentioned that after Polish accession to the European Union, the situation in buckwheat breeding was difficult because buckwheat was excluded from the varieties registration and seed certification system. Only changes in seed regulations in 2016 allowed for the registration of buckwheat vari- eties as a species traditionally cultivated in Poland. This change and the new company’s strategy resulted in the introduction of new buckwheat varieties MHR Smuga and MHR Korona, to the Polish official catalogue. Cur- rently, another breeding line (GK/2022/1) from one of the seed companies from Mazovia has appeared in the registry research. The results of official variety research show high var- iability in seed yields of buckwheat varieties and new breeding lines between years and places of experiment (Tab. 4). The same is in the results of organic variety testing of buckwheat (Tab. 5). Although the progress in buckwheat breeding is not big, new varieties are gradually entering into agricultural practice. The introduction of new varieties to production has contributed to a systematic increase in the yield. Al- though it is very small - an average of about 9.5 kg per hectare per year, the trend is clear (Fig. 5). For almost 70 years, buckwheat breeding was carried out primarily by the state-owned company Lublin Plant Breeding in the Lublin region (Plant Breeding Station in Hruszów, Jeleniec, Palikije). Over the past 15 years, a breeding program has been conducted at the Malopol- Table 4. Yield of buckwheat seeds in official cultivar studies (Source: own calculations based on COBORU 2015; 2018 data) *Standard: 2014-2016 – Kora, Panda, PA 13; 2017-2018 – Kora, Panda Cultivar Breeder Seed yield dt·ha-1 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Mean Standard* M H R , P ol an d 19.9 (8.1-26.5) 16.2 (9.0-29.0) 21.9 (7.6-28.3) 17.0 (9.2-25.2) 17.3 (10.6-31.4) 18.5 Kora 20.4 16.0 22.4 17.3 17.3 18.7 Panda 18.7 16.2 22.0 16.7 17.3 18.2 PA 13 20.6 16.6 18.6 PA 14 20.2 16.4 18.2 18.3 PA 15 15.8 23.3 17.4 18.7 18.8 % of standard Standard* M H R , P ol an d 19.9 16.2 21.9 17.0 17.3 18.5 Kora 103 98 102 102 100 101 Panda 94 99 100 98 100 98 PA 13 103 102 103 PA 14 92 97 105 98 PA 15 98 106 102 108 104 Yield in production areas (dt·ha-1) 13.3 10.9 14.6 14.5 12.0 13.1 Yield of standard vs. production (%) 150 149 150 117 144 141 Fagopyrum 40 (2): 29-40 (2023) 35 ska Plant Breeding Company (Plant Breeding Station in Nieznanice). Buckwheat seed market in Poland Seed is the carrier of genetic potential for the per- formance of a crop. Buckwheat seed sector in Poland preceded its breeding by almost a century. From the ear- ly periods of buckwheat cultivation to the beginning of the 19th century, when the foundations of the seed in- dustry began to take shape, farmers used their harvest- ed seeds for sowing. At that time, many farmers believed that only small sized buckwheat seeds should be used for sowing (Sempołowski 1902, Miczyński 1909, Komenda et al. 1994). This view was due to two reasons. The first concerned the volumetric measure of seeds for sowing. The same volume contained more fine seeds, which, un- Lp. Cultivar Białogard Krzyżewo Śrem Wójt. Lućmierz Cicibór duży Mean dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d dt ·h a- 1 % o f s ta nd ar d Standard 14.4 7.5 8.9 25.5 17.3 16.2 1 Kora 14.0 97 8 108 7.7 87 24.3 95 18.1 104 -0.1 99 2 Panda 15.0 104 7.3 98 8.6 97 24.8 97 17.9 103 0.1 100 3 MHR Korona 14.4 100 8 108 10.8 121 26.5 104 17.4 100 0.4 102 4 MHR Smuga 14.2 99 6.5 87 8.3 94 26.5 104 15.9 92 -0.4 98 Table 5. Yield of buckwheat seeds in ecological cultivar experiments in 2022 (Source: COBORU 2023) Fig. 5. Yield of buckwheat achenes in production [t·ha-1] (Source: own elaboration based on data provided by GUS and FAOSTAT) Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 36 der favorable conditions, resulted in a higher density of plants per area unit than large, heavy seeds. The sec- ond premise resulted from frequent weed infestation of buckwheat plantations with Tartary buckwheat plants. Tartary buckwheat seeds (with wings) are similar in size to good buckwheat seeds, and therefore when using small common buckwheat seeds for sowing, there was no Tartary buckwheat in the sowing material (Komenda et al. 1994). With the development of seed testing stations in Europe (including Poland land) in the second half of the nineteenth century, this species’ seed samples were submitted for testing. These were few samples because at that time mainly the seeds of small-seeded Fabaceae species were tested. However, they show that attention was paid to the quality of the seed material of this cere- al. At the end of the 19th century, Sempołowski (1899) based on the testing of many seed samples, proposed the following quality requirements for buckwheat seeds: ger- mination - minimum 80% and purity - minimum 98%. These requirements were slightly stricter (seed purity) than those in force today in Poland. The system of seed quality standards evolved, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Polish seed market introduced quality requirements for buckwheat seeds with three quality lev- els: high (germination – 96%, purity - 98%), medium (90 and 93%) and the lowest (80 and 90%) (Jachner 1920). The results of buckwheat seed quality published in the years 1913-1915 indicate high germination capacity (98- 99%) and sufficient purity (83.9-98.4%) of buckwheat seed material (Grabowski 1920). In 1994-2003 the area allocated to buckwheat seed production ranged from 169 ha in 2002 to 1129 ha in 2000. The leading varieties in reproduction were: Hruszowska, Kora, and later Panda. The weight of certi- fied seed varied from 1996 to 2002, and nearly five-fold differences were observed between the years (Fig. 6). Following the harmonization of Polish seed laws with EU regulations (2004), buckwheat was removed from the official crop list, and selected varieties were deprived of legal production (no novelty varieties). No official con- trols were imposed on seed production, supplies were not Fig. 6. Seed production area of buckwheat in Poland in 1994-2003 and 2017-2022 [ha] (Source: own elaboration based on data provided by PIORIN (The State Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service)) Fagopyrum 40 (2): 29-40 (2023) 37 Fig. 7. Mass of certified seed of buckwheat in Poland in 2018-2022 (Source: own elaboration based on data provided by PIORIN Fig. 8. Percentage of buckwheat production area sown with certified seeds (Source: own calculations based on PIORiN and GUS data) Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 38 under obligation to pay license fees, and they were not held accountable for seed quality. The Polish market was flooded with foreign buckwheat varieties produced in the east countries. With the change of seed regulations in 2016, which enabled the registration of buckwheat varieties, the pro- duction of certified seeds of this species was resumed. In the first year after the change in the regulations (2017), two seed material plantations of the Kora and Panda cultivars, with a total area of 6.5 ha, were submitted for evaluation. Since then, there has been a steady increase in both the area of seed plantations and the quantity of certified seed. In 2022, the area of buckwheat seed plan- tations was nearly 1,090 ha. The Panda cultivar had a dominant share in it (43%). The total share of two new cultivars: Korona and Smuga was similar to Panda. The quantity of certified seed of buckwheat increased from 10.7t in 2018 to 674t in 2022 (Fig. 7). Such quantity allows for sowing with certified material on only 7% of the buckwheat’s production area. 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Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Upra- wa i wykorzystanie gryki w Polsce - stan obecny i przyszłość”. Puławy/ Palikije, 19-20 czerwca, 21 Wasylikowa K. 1978. Plants remains from Early and Late Medieval time found in the Wawel Hill in Cracov. Acta Palaeo- botanica 19(2): 115-200. Zemanek, A., Zemanek B., Harmata K., Madeja J., Klepacki P. 2009. Selected foreign plants in old Polish botanical litera- ture, customs and art (Acorus calamus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Cannabis sativa, Fagopyrum, Helianthus annuus, Iris). In: Moel J.P. and A. M. Mercuri (Eds.), Plants and culture: Seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe, pp. 179-193. Edipuglia Publishing House, Bari, Italy. IZVLEČEK Žlahtnjenje ajde in semenarstvo na Poljskem Ajdo so na Poljskem začeli žlahtniti pred skoraj 80 leti. ‘Hruszowska’ je bila prva požlahtnjena sorta, leta 1956 je bila vključena v uradno poljsko sortno listo (The Polish National List of Agricultural Plant Varieties (NLI)). Doslej je bilo uradno potrjenih 10 sort ajde. Dodatno so bile tri žlahtniteljske linije vključene v uradno testiranje, a brez vključitve v uradno listo (NLI). V času planskega gospodarstva (do leta 1989), je bilo ne glede na omejeno število sort dovolj potrje- nega semena ajde glede na povpraševanje. Sedaj je zaradi manjšega pridelovanja ajde na Poljskem in glede na to, da ajde ni na uradnem seznamu sort v EU manjše zanimanje za trgovanje s potrjenim semenskim materialom ajde. Kwiatkowski (2023): Buckwheat breeding and seed production in Poland 40