N. ABD. RASHID et al.:THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ...
793–799
THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PROPERTIES
OF FIBER-REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES
VPLIV DODATKA SILICIJEVEGA KARBIDA NA MEHANSKE
LASTNOSTI IN TOPLOTNO PREVODNOST EPOKSIDNIH
KOMPOZITOV OJA^ANIH Z VLAKNI
Nadhir Abd. Rashid
1
, Hamid M. Mahan
2*
, Omran A. Shabeeb
3
1,2
Middle Technical University, Baqubah Technical Institute, Diyala, Iraq
3
Middlel Technical University, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Baghdad, Iraq
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2024-09-12; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2024-10-17
doi:10.17222/mit.2024.1276
This study investigates the impact of adding silicon carbide (SiC) filler with various weight percentages on the mechanical and
thermal properties of carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Alterations in the filler content were analyzed to ob-
serve the composite material’s response to loading, assessing mechanical properties such as hardness, impact resistance, tensile
strength, flexural strength and thermal conductivity. The investigation focuses on composite materials comprising carbon fibers
and glass fibers to enhance the binder material (epoxy resin). Accordingly, four different groups of samples were prepared for
experimentation. The first group consisted solely of epoxy resin, while the second group of samples contained epoxy resin rein-
forced with 15 w/% SiC. The third and fourth groups of samples included three layers of glass fibers, with and without 15 w/%
SiC reinforcement, respectively. In the fifth and sixth groups of samples there were three layers: one upper layer of glass fibers,
one layer of carbon fiber in the middle, and one layer of glass fiber at the bottom, with and without 15 w/% SiC reinforcement,
respectively. The experimental findings revealed that the sixth group of samples exhibited lower heat conductivity (with an over-
all reduction of 10.9 % compared to samples from other groups), while demonstrating the highest tensile strength, hardness,
flexural strength values and impact resistance (showing improvements of 20 %, 50 %, 19.5 %, and 11 % respectively, compared
to samples from other groups).
Keywords: mechanical properties, SiC, glass fiber, epoxy, thermal conductivity, carbon fiber
V ~lanku avtorji opisujejo {tudijo u~inka dodajanja polnila iz silicijevega karbida (SiC) v razli~nih masnih dele`ih na mehanske
in toplotne lastnosti z ogljikovimi in/ali steklenimi vlakni oja~anih epoksidnih kompozitov. Analizirali so vpliv spremembe
dele`a dodanega SiC na mehanske in termi~ne lastnosti kompozitov (trdoto, udarno `ilavost, natezno in upogibno trdnost ter
toplotno prvodnost). Avtorji so se v raziskavi osredoto~ili na analize kompozitnih materialov z epoksidno matrico in razli~no
vsebnostjo steklenih ali ogljikovih vlaken. Za preizkuse so uporabili {est razli~nih skupin preizku{ancev. V prvi skupini je bila
samo oksidna matrica. V drugi skupini vzorcev je bila epoksidna matrica oja~ana s 15-timi w/% SiC. V tretji in ~etrti skupini so
preizku{anci vsebovali {e plasti steklenih vlaken brez in z dodatkom 15 w/% SiC. Peta in {esta skupina preizku{ancev sta
vsebovali po tri plasti: zgornjo plast steklenih vlaken, srednjo plast ogljikovih vlaken in spodaj {e plast steklenih vlaken ter brez
in z dodatkom 15 mas.% SiC. Ugotovitve na podlagi preizkusov so pokazale, da ima {esta skupina preizku{ancev za pribli`no
10,9 % ni`jo toplotno prevodnost kot preostale skupine preizku{ancev. Med tem, ko je le-ta skupina imela za 20 % vi{jo natezno
trdnost in za 50 % vi{jo upogibno trdnost, za 19,5 %, ve~jo trdoto in za 11 % ve~jo udarno `ilavost, glede na ostale skupine
preizku{ancev.
Klju~ne besede: mehanske lastnosti, SiC, steklena in ogljikova vlakna, epoksi, toplotna prevodnost
1 INTRODUCTION
Numerous modern industrial technologies and appli-
cations require materials with superior characteristics,
which cannot be met by the typical monolithic materials,
like ceramics, polymers and metal alloys. Due to their
heterogeneous nature, composite materials have numer-
ous benefits compared with conventional engineering
materials, making them an attractive option for a wide
range of industrial applications.
1
The characteristics of
the composites have been obtained as a function of their
constituent materials, their distributions, and the interac-
tions among them, in addition to the potential unusual
combinations of the material characteristics. The com-
posite materials are known for improved mechanical
characteristics, like high specific strength, high specific
stiffness, good impact characteristics and high fatigue
strength.
2
The fiber-reinforced composites attracted a
great deal of attention from such a wide family of com-
posites due to their good mechanical characteristics.
Those composites discovered many different application
areas. As a result of their anisotropic nature, the direc-
tion dependence of their characteristics leads to much
better flexibility of the design, which cannot be obtained
from particle-reinforced composites or monolithic mate-
rials.
3
Typically, achieving the desired blend of properties in
composite materials is tailored to specific applications.
4
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 6, 793–799 793
UDK 54-311:677.521:52-334.6 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek Mater. Tehnol.
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
hamid.m.mahan@mtu.edu.iq (Hamid M. Mahan)

Defining composite materials with a single, straightfor-
ward definition proves challenging due to the diverse
range of materials falling under this category and the
varied uses they serve.
5
However, a practical standard
definition often entails identifying materials with a ma-
trix that binds the components together, reinforcing
strength and stiffness. The balance of structural proper-
ties in composite material is better compared with the
material alone.
6
In such regard, composite materials only represent a
giant step towards an ever-constant attempt to optimize
the materials. In the strict sense of the word, the concept
of composite materials is not new. The most common ex-
ample where the use of composite materials is nature.
7
In
the 1930s, modern composites were utilized in the case
where glass fibers were reinforced with resin. The boats
and aircraft were built by these glass composites, typi-
cally referred to as fiber glass. Since the 1970s, advances
in composite systems incorporating metal and ceramic
matrices, as well as new fibers such as carbon, aramids,
and boron, have expanded the range of applications for
composite materials.
8
In manufacturing recently, under-
ground fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) pipes have been
deployed in a wide range of applications, like the water
mains, sewer lines, culverts, gas lines, oil lines, etc.
There is now the potential to use engineering sciences to
design underground pipes with a level of precision simi-
lar to that achieved in the design of bridges and build-
ings.
9
In general, the fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) is
lighter, thinner, and harder than the available concrete or
steel pipe lines, and it has been considered good in
strength/stiffness per weight unit. These characteristics
of FRP are suitable for construction when buried under-
ground and may decrease the materials’ failure risks. No-
tably, as there are thick, soft grounds, there is a wide va-
riety of large-scale residential development sites with
poor soil conditions, where high embankment sections
and greater burial depths are common. These conditions
can lead to deformations in the isotropic materials of the
structural members.
10
It is crucial to investigate how vari-
ations in temperature affect the changes on the character-
istics of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, as tempera-
ture fluctuations can lead to changes in strength and
ductility
11
. According to Nielsen and Landel (1994), an
increase in temperature typically reduces the strength
and ductility, while a decrease in temperature tends to in-
crease the ductility and strength.
12
In efforts to enhance
the mechanical properties of composites, silicon carbide
(SiC) filler particles have been introduced into fiber-rein-
forced epoxy. Studies by Imanaka et al. and Yamamoto
et al.
13
have highlighted the significance of shape, parti-
cle size and percentage content in influencing the me-
chanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer compos-
ites. Research findings, such as those by Nakamura et
al.,
14
indicate that the structure and shape of silica parti-
cles play significant roles in properties like fatigue resis-
tance, tensile strength, and fracture properties.
15
Despite
numerous studies on various natural materials, there re-
mains much to explore.
16
In contrast to prior studies that
primarily focused on either glass- or carbon-fiber com-
posites, or solely on mechanical properties, this work
provides a holistic assessment of both the mechanical
and thermal properties in a hybrid system. The novelty of
this study lies in its comprehensive investigation of the
synergistic effects of silicon carbide (SiC) filler on the
mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid carbon- and
glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. This study is
distinctive in its approach by combining both glass and
carbon fibers, along with varying SiC filler content, to
optimize the performance of the epoxy matrix. The find-
ings reveal a novel composite architecture that offers su-
perior mechanical performance with reduced thermal
conductivity, advancing our understanding of hybrid
composite systems and their potential for advanced engi-
neering applications. Thus, this study delves into the ef-
fects of incorporating glass and carbon fiber with silicon
carbide (SiC) reinforcement. Five tests were conducted
on each sample group to assess the influence of material
configuration on the mechanical properties. These tests
included measurements of the hardness, tensile strength,
impact resistance, flexural strength and thermal conduc-
tivity. The results allowed for conclusive observations.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1 Materials used
In this study, Sikadur-52 epoxy resin was employed
as the polymer matrix. The resin was combined with the
hardener in a weight and volume ratio of 2:1 (A). At nor-
mal room temperature, Sikadur-52 epoxy resin manifests
as a clear and thick liquid. Glass fibers and carbon fibers
were obtained from a woven mat. The properties of these
materials, including glass fibers, carbon fibers, and ep-
oxy resin, as provided by the manufacturer, are summa-
rized in Table 1.
N. ABD. RASHID et al.:THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ...
794 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 6, 793–799
Table 1: Mechanical and physical properties of fibers epoxy resin and silicon carbide (SiC)
Fiber’s type
Density
(g/cm
3
)
Young’s
Modulus (GPa)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Elongation at break
(%)
Poisson’s
ratio
Glass fiber 2.54 72.4 3445 4.8 0.21
Carbon fiber 1.8 135 3900 2.1 0.2
Epoxy resin 1.1 1.8 37 8 0.3
Silicon carbide (SiC) 3.1–3.2 450 300 0.1 0.14–0.17

2.2. Experimental work
The sample was arranged according to the stacking
sequence depicted. Six separate sets of samples were
prepared for the testing. The specimens in the first group
consisted solely of epoxy resin. The second group in-
cluded samples of epoxy resin reinforced with 15 w/%
SiC. In the third group, the samples contained three lay-
ers of glass fibers. The fourth group consisted of three
layers of glass fibers reinforced with 15 w/% SiC. The
fifth and sixth groups of samples comprised three layers:
one upper layer of glass fibers, upper and lower layers
were reinforced by glass-fiber, while the mid one was re-
inforced by carbon-fiber, with and without 15 w/% SiC
reinforcement, respectively. The reinforcing material
constituted a volumetric fraction of 40 % in all samples.
Table 2 provides the manufacturing details for samples
in each group, including the types and quantities of fiber
layers used and their configurations. To create the com-
posites, layers of fibers were stacked within a mold mea-
suring (130 × 130 × 5) mm. The glass fibers were intri-
cately arranged to achieve the described layer
configuration (Figure 1). A designated area within the
mold was allocated for pouring the epoxy binder, which
was then applied until it thoroughly covered the inter-
twined fibers. Subsequently, appropriate pressure was
exerted on the mixture, and the entire assembly was
pressed.
17
All samples were fabricated at a temperature of 25 °C
and left in the mold for 24 h to ensure the solidification
process was complete. Following the protocols outlined
in a recent study by Agayev, S.,
18
the materials were then
N. ABD. RASHID et al.:THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 6, 793–799 795
Table 2: Provides the manufacturing details for samples in each group, including the types and quantities of fiber
layers used and their configurations.
Sample
Number of layers
Layers arrangement
Glass fibers carbon fibers
Silicon carbide
(SiC) %
First group – – Consisted solely of epoxy resin
Second group – – 15
Included samples of epoxy resin reinforced with 15 w/%
SiC
Third group 3 – – Samples contained three layers of glass fibers
Fourth group 3 – 15
Consisted of three layers of glass fibers reinforced with
15 w/% SiC.
Sixth group 2 1 –
Comprised three layers: one upper layer of glass fibers, one
layer of carbon fiber in the middle, and one layer of glass
fiber at the bottom
Sixth group 2 2 15
Comprised three layers: one upper layer of glass fibers, one
layer of carbon fiber in the middle, and one layer of glass
fiber at the bottom with 15 w/% SiC reinforcement
Figure 1: Arrangement of glass and carbon fibers within the fabricated specimens

subjected to four hours of drying at 60 °C in a furnace.
Specimens for mechanical characterization are subse-
quently cut using a CNC router machine, adhering to the
dimensions specified in Figure 2. The hardness of the
composite polymer mixture is determined using the
ASTM D2240 hardness test (Shore D type), while the
tensile properties of the samples are measured using
(Lloyds, capacity 1–50 KN). Testing is conducted at
room temperature with a testing speed of 5 mm/min. The
dimensions of the samples conform to the ASTM D638
Type 1 standard, measuring (115 × 25 × 3.5) mm. The
Charpy impact test is performed in accordance with the
ASTM E23 standard, with impact test samples sized at
(55 × 10 × 3.3) mm. Additionally, the flexural strength
of the samples is evaluated according to ASTM D790,
with specimens measuring (100 × 10 × 5) mm. Thermal
conductivity samples are implemented following ASTM
D7340 using Lee’s Disc apparatus.
18,19
The samples have
a disc shape, featuring a diameter of 40 mm and a thick-
ness of 4 mm, as depicted in the sequence shown in Fig-
ure 2.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The characteristics of a material, both physical and
mechanical, elucidate its performance across practical
applications. Hardness is a mechanical test. Because it is
a reaction of materials to an applied force, while me-
chanical properties gauge its response to diverse loads.
Experiments were conducted to examine how incorporat-
ing the SiC filler influences these properties, and to de-
termine the ideal loading levels of glass- and carbon-fi-
ber reinforcements.
3.1 Hardness (Shore D)
Hardness, as a surface characteristic, serves as an in-
dicator of wear resistance on the composite’s surface.
Figure 3 illustrates the measured hardness values for all
the weight percentages of SiC reinforcement. The data
reveals a consistent increase in hardness with rising SiC
content, following a linear trend from 0 w/% SiC to
15 w/% SiC. The increase in hardness after adding SiC is
due to the pinning of chain sliding or the hindrance of
chain movement under applied loads by SiC particles. A
slight uptick in hardness values was noted in samples in-
corporating glass and carbon fibers. This increase is at-
tributed to the higher density resulting from filler parti-
cles positioned between the fiber and the matrix, leading
to decreased compressibility and enhanced hardness.
Conversely, the decrease in hardness can be explained by
the increase in voids and mismatches when using two
types of reinforcement with larger weight fractions. The
introduction of a modest volume fraction of SiC can en-
hance the composite’s hardness and wear resistance. As
the SiC filler content increases, the filler particles occupy
the voids between the fiber and matrix, forming a denser
structure and consequently the improving hardness.
20
3.2 Tensile strength
Figure 4 illustrates the tensile strength plotted
against epoxy, epoxy with glass-fibers reinforcement,
and epoxy with glass-fibers and carbon-fibers reinforce-
ment. Tensile strength exhibits an increment from 0 w/%
to 15 w/% SiC content. The unique structure of the glass
and carbon fiber samples demonstrates superior tensile
behavior, surpassing the glass fiber group by 76 %.
When subjected to tensile forces, the carbon and glass fi-
bers within the composite matrix mutually reinforce each
other. This synergy delays and prevents material crack-
ing, attributed to the uniform fiber distribution in the
fourth group of samples comprising alternating layers of
glass and carbon fibers.
8
Consequently, the fibers boost
the composite material, mitigating the likelihood of plas-
tic deformation. Specifically, the inclusion of carbon-fi-
ber layers in the sixth group of samples, arranged be-
N. ABD. RASHID et al.:THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ...
796 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 6, 793–799
Figure 2: Dimensions of samples for tensile, flexural, impact, hard-
ness testing and thermal conductivity
16
Figure 3: Effect of fiber layers and silicon carbide on hardness values

tween layers of glass fibers, enhances the tensile
strength. This arrangement effectively distributes the ap-
plied loads across the fibers, thus improving the load dis-
tribution and subsequently enhancing the tensile
strength. These findings align with conclusions drawn
from previous studies.
21
3.3 Impact properties
The ability of a composite materials to withstand im-
pact loads without failure is crucial for design engineers
assessing components for industrial or structural applica-
tions. This study found that during impact resistance
testing, the sixth group of samples demonstrated superior
performance (Figure 5). This superiority is attributed to
the organized distribution of carbon fibers within the
sample’s core, which facilitates uniform load dispersion
and increases the energy required to fracture the compos-
ite, as the carbon fibers bear the primary force. In con-
trast, the impact strength of samples from the sixth group
increased due to the positioning of carbon fibers amidst
layers of glass fibers, which enhanced the shock resis-
tance of these samples. The inclusion of SiC particles in
the carbon fiber matrix further enhances the composite’s
capacity to absorb and dissipate energy upon impact, re-
sulting in increased toughness. This improvement is pri-
marily due to the SiC particles acting as barriers that hin-
der crack propagation, preventing sudden fractures. Ad-
ditionally, the SiC particles improve load transfer
between the carbon fibers and the epoxy matrix, contrib-
uting to a stronger bond. This combination of improved
energy absorption and increased bonding efficiency leads
to a more durable material capable of withstanding
higher impact forces.
22
3.4 Flexural properties
Flexural strength determines the highest stress that a
composite material can endure under bending conditions,
a crucial aspect for various applications. Figure 6 illus-
trates that incorporating carbon fiber between glass-fiber
layers enhances the flexural properties of composite ma-
terials. The fiber arrangement in the sixth group of sam-
ples effectively distributes applied loads, reducing stress
concentration and consequently leading to higher flex-
ural strength. Additionally, research by Yahaya et al.
23
highlights the influence of the layering sequence on the
mechanical properties of hybrid polymeric composites,
particularly on flexural behavior. Similarly, in this study,
the various stacking sequences resulted in the sixth
group of samples exhibiting 16.4 % higher flexural
strength compared to the second group of samples and
10.7 % higher than the third group samples. The pres-
ence of reinforcing fibers or fillers can effectively dis-
tribute the applied loads, reducing the likelihood of crack
initiation and propagation. Additionally, a well-designed
composite structure can better withstand the bending
forces, leading to higher overall flexural strength. These
enhancements collectively contribute to the material’s
improved performance in structural applications. More-
over, upon examining the fracture area, it was evident
that the failure in the fourth set of samples occurred
abruptly (brittle fracture), indicating higher resistance to
the applied stresses compared to the other groups.
24
The
sequence of failure in glass and carbon fibers begins with
crack propagation, followed by debonding, and culmi-
nating in fracture. These interfacial cracks hinder the ef-
fective transfer of force, leading to matrix debonding and
fiber pull-out, indicating a partially plastic fracture
mechanism. The sixth set of samples, containing carbon
N. ABD. RASHID et al.:THE EFFECT OF SILICON-CARBIDE ADDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 58 (2024) 6, 793–799 797
Figure 4: Tensile strengths for different fiber layers
Figure 6: Impact of the arrangement and type of fiber layers on flex-
ural strength Figure 5: Impact strengths for different fiber layers

fiber, exhibited better shock resistance compared to ear-
lier groups, as the carbon fibers acted as stress-concen-
tration sites, which sped up the fracture process. Addi-
tionally, an analysis of the fracture surface (Figure 7)
revealed a sharp, brittle fracture in the sixth set, indicat-
ing greater resistance to applied stress than the other
samples.
3.5 Thermal conductivity
Regarding thermal conductivity, the sixth group sam-
ples displayed the poorest performance (Figure 7). This
is attributed to the presence of alternating layers of car-
bon and glass fibers in these samples, rendering them
more effective thermal insulators compared to the other
specimens. These layers are arranged sequentially, start-
ing with glass fibers, followed by carbon fibers, and
glass fibers in the third layer. As a result, this particular
configuration, characterized by the diversity of additives
(fiber layers), contributed to a decrease in thermal con-
ductivity.
25
The interaction between the carbon fibers and
SiC particles also contributes to a more uniform thermal
distribution, reducing the localized hotspots. Conse-
quently, this composite exhibited improved thermal man-
agement properties, making it suitable for applications
requiring effective heat dissipation.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The current study involved testing various hybrid
composite materials, where the reinforcing material con-
stitutes a volumetric fraction of 40 % in all the samples
comprising carbon fibers and glass fibers. The following
conclusions can be drawn from the test results.
As the SiC filler content increases up to 15 w/%, me-
chanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength,
interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and impact
strength also increase.
The sixth group of samples, which included a single
layer of carbon fiber sandwiched between two layers of
glass fiber at the top and bottom, demonstrated superior
performance in terms of tensile strength, hardness, and
bending strength. This superiority is due to the cohesion
and interlocking of carbon fibers, enabling them to bear
greater applied loads during the tests.
This research also advocates for the use of glass and
carbon fibers as reinforcement agents in polymeric com-
pounds, highlighting their potential for advantages across
diverse industries.
Acknowledgment
The researchers wishes to express heartfelt apprecia-
tion to the personnel at the Baquba Technical Institute,
Middle Technical University (MTU) in Iraq, as well as to
the Materials Engineering Department at the University
of Technology, Iraq.
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