Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 RuZa Petrovié & UDC 376.744(497.1) Marina Blagojevié Belgrade, Yugoslavia THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN YUGOSLAVIA (RESULTS OF THE 1981 CENSUS)* The expansion of education which has been at work in all the developed countries and many developing countries has displayed important qualitative aspects in addition to the quantitative ones (the increased number of pupils, students, teachers, professors, schools, faculties), The democratisation of education is probably the most important qualitative aspect in the development of education. The emancipatory character of education is enhanced in direct relation to its democratisation, and this has two essential components: the development of the personality of the individual and the optimal ordering of human resources- Under this conception, the democratisation of education appears doubly rational: with regard to the individual and with regard to the global society. The democratisation of education can therefore be defined in two ways. On the global level, it can be defined as the process of equalising the participation of various social groups in the educational system in relation to their numbers in the global social system. This equalising refers to very different social groups: layers/strata, sex, ethnic groups, as well as age groups (permanent education). On the individual level, it may be as the equalisation of the opportunity for the individual - without regard to sex, age, class or affiliation to an ethnic group, in the field of education - to develop as a creative personality to the limits which are determined above all by their capabilities, ambitions and interests. The more the democratisation is intensive, the greater the opportunities for the individual to express his own personality are. For the democratisation of education itself, the development of institutionalised foundations, which grow during the process, is indispensable, viz. (1) increase (growth); (2) diversification? and (3) decentralisation of the educational system. A greater accessibility to education is made possible through these processes. By way of illustration, it should be noted that the number of students in Yugoslavia increased more than six-fold in the period from 1949/50 to 1979/80, while the number of faculties increased nearly four-fold during the same period, and the number of colleges nearly seven-fold. While in 1949/50 there were faculties in ten cities in Yugoslavia, by 1979/80 there were faculties in as many as 46 cities, These data indicate that a strong institutional basis has been created in the educational system, which has made possible the development of the process of democratisation, although this has * Original: Serbo-Croatian 90 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 not been equally successful in all its aspects. It is interesting that this development has been generally in relation to the equalising of opportunity between the sexes and between ethnic groups, and slower in relation to different generations (or in the increase of the participation of the older generations in permanent education), or when the question was one of equalisation between various layers of the population. The dynamics of change in the educational system are best seen in the field of elementary education, the teaching of literacy (Table 1). In 1981 in Yugoslavia, 10.4% of the population over the age of 15 was illiterate. Of this percentage, a much higher number of women than men were illiterate (as many as one million more). The lowest rate of illiteracy is that among the Slovenes (0.8%) and the highest among the Romanies (Gypsies) (34%), the difference being as much as 34 percentage points. Among the Slovenes, illiteracy no longer really exists since it is only present among the older generation, while one third of the Romany population over 15 years of age is illiterate. This great difference is much more due to cultural-historical reasons than to the inaccessibility of the compulsory eight-year schooling. Table 1 Number and Percentages of Illiterates Among the Inhabitants of Yugoslavia over the Age of 15 (in 1981) Number of Percentage of Illiterates Illiterates Total Men Women All Men Women Total 1,764,369 370,686 1,393,683 10.4 4.5 16.1 Slovenes 10,803 4,797 6,006 0.8 0.6 0.8 Czechs 276 100 176 1.6 1.3 1.8 Slovaks 1,621 588 1,033 2.4 1.8 2.9 Ruthenians 562 198 364 2.9 2.1 3.6 Yugoslavs* 31,646 5,777 25,869 3.5 1.3 5.6 Italians 534 181 362 3.9 2.9 4.9 Hungarians 15,686 5,274 10,412 4.4 3.1 nee Croats 241,023 48,950 192,103 6.9 2.3 ao Macedonians 86,775 23,127 63,648 8.6 5.0 2 Montenegrins 35,435 4,461 30,974 8.1 2 "0 12 : Rumanians 4,792 1,399 3,393 10.5 de 1e Serbs 796,513 145,450 651,063 12.3 eo es Bulgarians 4,413 835 3,560 13.8 aes 7 Muslims 239,731 47,026 192,705 17.5 3 oy Turks 13,526 3,815 9,711 20.9 a. as Albanians 222,218 62,671 161,147 22.4 ae aoe Romanies 31,111 10,194 23,917 34.8 : « Source: Documentary Material, 1981 Census. * Yugoslav has two accepted meanings. In oe ee ba subsumes all the nations and mations tC ad taal". chokes «citizenship. It can also be applied, at the Pin orposes. in the sense of nationality, for census and o P 91 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 There are seven ethnic groups with illiteracy rates above that of the Yugoslav average, which is 10.4%. These are Rumanians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Muslims, Turks, Albanians and Romanies. Ten ethnic groups are below this average: Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Yugoslavs, Italians, Croatians, Macedonians and Montenegrins. In absolute numbers, there is the greatest illiteracy amongst the Serbs. The large number of illiterates within this nationality group can be partially explained by the fact that the Serbs and Croats are the most numerous ethnic groups in Yugoslavia, although in the case of Serbia, underdevelopment also plays a part. The greater number of illiterates among the Muslims and Albanians is associated with the relatively young population make-up and underdevelopment. The ethnic groups with illiteracy rates below the Yugoslav average are characterised by a relatively low differential between the illiteracy of men and women, while those above the Yugoslav average are characterised by large differences in illiteracy with regard to sex. Thus, the difference amounts to 0.2% for the Slovenes, while for the Romanies it amounts to as much as 28%. In the case of the Montenegrins, who are among the ethnic groups with an illiteracy rate below that of the Yugoslav average, the difference between men and women amounts to a high 12.2%, which is due to the patriarchal life and the position of women in it. There are also great differences in the degree of illiteracy between men and women in the ethnic groups with the aa tradition: Muslims 21.1%, Turks, 19.1% and Albanians Table 2 Structure by School Education of the Population of Yugoslavia over the Age of 15 (in 1981) Total NoSchooling Grades Elemen- More Than & Grades 1-3 4-7 tary Elementary School School Total 100.0 17:39 26.8 24.2 311 Yugoslavs 100.0 7.6 17.0 23.1 51.9 Montenegrins 100.0 14.3 20.3 23.5 42.1 Slovenes 100.0 3:5 22.5 32.4 41.2 Italians 100.0 12.6 36.6 16.3 33.9 Czechs 100.0 6.7 42.3 17.0 33.4 Croats 100.0 14.8 31.7 20.5 32.7 Ruthenians 100.0 8.2 28.5 30.6 32.2 Macedonians 100.0 13.5 26.9 27.2 32.2 Serbs 100.0 19.8 27.9 22.2 29.9 Hungarians 100.0 12.4 26.7 33.2 26.9 Bulgarians 100.0 21.0 30.7 20.7 24.2 Slovaks 100.0 73 31.9 37.0 23.4 Muslims 100.0 25.6: 27.0 25.5 21.8 Rumanians 100.0 18,3 32.0 31.7 17.1 Albanians 100.0 29.2 20.2 34.6 15.9 * Romanies 100.0 47.3 29.4 17,2 4.6 92 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 Romanies, Turks, Albanians and Muslims. This again confirms that the differences in education between the generations decrease more quickly with the universal education of the population, which can be seen very well in the higher levels of education. If we examine the lower level of education, the differences between the entire population and the 25 - 34 age group are also very noticeable. In all the ethnic groups, the number of those without any schooling or with grades 1 - 3 of the primary school is lower in the 25 - 34 age group than in the total population. The differences are the greatest among the Albanians, Bulgarians, Muslims and Turks, which means that among those ethnic groups taken as a whole, an intensive process of the schooling of the younger generation is taking place, and that the differences between the generations are very pronounced. If we look at the percentages of the population aged 25 - 34 with secondary, college or university education, an orientation towards different levels of schooling emerge among the various ethnic groups (Table 4), In the 25 - 34 age-group, the Yugoslav average of completed secondary school is 60.3%. Below this average are the Yugoslavs, Italians, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Rumanians and Albanians. Above it are the Slovenes, Ruthenians, Czechs, Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Muslims, Turks and Romanies. The highest proportion amongst those with completed secondary school are from the Romany ethnic group (93.2%), and the lowest from the Bulgarian (70.6%). We can conclude from the data presented that the proportion of those among the educated who have completed secondary school varies in relation to the level of literacy or development in the territorial units in which the ethnic group concerned is most concentrated. The ethnic group of kKomanies displays a high consistency of various characteristics, while in the remaining ethnic groups, especially those from the undeveloped regions of Yugoslavia, the process of education is rapid and unequal. This inequality is reflected in the fact that the number and structure of those with an education higher than elementary among the individual ethnic groups do not correspond either to the development of the region in which they are concentrated or to the needs of these regions which, under the conditions of a non-existent labour market and low mobility of labour, give rise to the conditions for permanent unemployment. The inequality - which is a natural consequence of accelerated development (in this case the development, of the educational system) - is especially noticeable in relation to the universities. The proportion of the educated population aged 25 - 34 attending university (faculty) is above the Yugoslav average among the Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Italians, Czechs, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians and Rumanians, and below among the Slovenes, Ruthenians, Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Muslims, Albanians, Turks and Romanies. The highest proportion of the university educated population is among the Rumanians (14.8%) and the lowest among the Romanies (2.7%). Those that have a higher proportion than the Slovenes (9.9%) are the Albanians (10.5%), the Muslims (10.6%), the Serbs (10.7%), the Macedonians (13.7%), and the Montenegrins (14.2%), i.e., those ethnic groups which are linked to the undeveloped parts of Yugoslavia. 93 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Croats, Italians, Czechs, Serbs, Bulgarians and Romanies are below it. It is clear that various factors have influenced these groupings: age groups, economic structure, tradition, educational policies, etc. On the level of Yugoslavia as a whole, there has been a considerable levelling of differences between those with grades 4 - 7 (26.8%) and those with completed elementary school (24.2%). However, the largest group is that with an education level higher than elementary school (31.1%). If we compare our four etucational categories with regard to the highest percentages of the population of each ethnic group, four types stand out. In the first is the largest number of those with an educational level higher than the compulsory eight years (Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Slovenes, Croats, Ruthenians, Macedonians and Serbs). In the second is the highest number of those who have completed elemen- tary school (Hungarians, Slovaks, Albanians). The third comprises the largest number of those who have finished grades 4 - 7 of elementary school (Italians, Czechs, Bulgarians, Muslims, Ruman- ians and Turks), while the final group is the one with the highest number of those without any schooling or with grades 1 - 3 of primary school (Romanies). Only to a certain extent can these differences be accounted for in terms of the activity structure of the population by ethnic groups (agrarian - non- agrarian). They are much more related to various cultural-histor- ical factors, different levels of development and the character-— istics of the educational systems within the defined territorial border and different horizons of the members of individual ethnic groups, as well as various educational traditions. The development of the educational system in Yugoslavia has been particularly intensive precisely in the field of education above the elementary school level (secondary, colleges and universities). Hence, the differences in the percentages of these categories in terms of individual ethnic groups is very important. While in Yugoslavia in 1971 the percentage of those with an education higher than elementary was 20.3%, by 1981 this figure had risen to 31.1%. In 1981, the following ethnic groups were above the Yugoslav average: Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Slovenes, Italians, Czechs, Croats, Ruthenians and Macedonians. All these groups, as well as the Hungarians and Slovaks, have an illiteracy rate below that of the Yugoslav average. If we compare the data of 1981 with those of 1971, it can be seen that the Macedonians and Montenegrins were below the Yugoslav average in 1971 and above it in 1981, while the Hungarians were above the Yugoslav average in 1971 and below it in 1981. The much better structure of the population as a whole in all the ethnic groups in 1981 compared to 1971 is largely due to the spread of education and its democratisation, for which a solid institutional groundwork has been created, but also to the biological processes of aging and death, i.e. gradual disappearance of the least educated generations. The speed and strength of the changes in educational structure of the various ethnic groups are the result of numerous factors. It is interesting that in the period from 1971 to 1981, the change in the percentage of those with an education higher than elementary has been the greatest among the Montenegrin ethnic 94 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 group (from 15.3% to 42.1%) and the least among the Yugoslavs (from 47.3% to 51.9%). To eliminate large differences in the age structure of various ethnic groups, which are very significant with regard to the stages of their demographic transition, it is necessary to look at the extracted generation group of 25 - 34 years (Tables 3 and 4). The process of regular education is already largely behind this age group, so that different social positions and different opportunities for the individuals of the same age in different parts of the country and in various ethnic groups can readily be seen. Table 3 Structure by Education of 25-34 Age Group in Yugoslavia (in 1981) No Schooling Grades Elemen- More than Total & Grades 1-3 4-7 tary Elementary School School Total 100.0 3.6 19.6 26.9 49.5 Yugoslavs 100.0 13 7:3 21.1 69.9 Montenegrins 100.0 res 10.8 22.3 65.3 Italians 100.0 2.5 11.2 20.6 65.0 Slovenes 100.0 0.9 16.8 21.8 60.1 Ruthenians 100.0 1.9 211.5 27.5 58.8 Czechs 100.0 2.2 13.0 26.4 57.9 Croats 100.0 0.7 17.1 24.3 54.7 Macedonians 100.0 1.9 15.9 30.0 51.9 Serbs 100.0 2.8 20.0 28.0 48.9 Bulgarians 100.0 2.4 15.2 36.5 45.7 Hungarians 100.0 3.2 19.5 33.1 43.8 Slovaks 100.0 255 19.6 38.2 39.1 Muslims 100.0 8.1 31.9 25.8 30.9 Rumanians 100.0 9.9 25.5 33.0 30.6 Albanians 100.0 9.6 26.7 37.4 26.1 Turks 100.0 10.9 35.8 32.3 20.8 Romanies 100.0 35.7 38.2 18.6 6.2 In comparison with the ethnic groups taken as a whole, the differences are diminishing. This becomes even more clear if the Romany ethnic group is excluded from the comparison. In all the ethnic groups with the exception of the Rumanians, Albanians, Turks and Romanies, the largest group of the population aged 25 - 34 is those with an education higher than elementary. Comparing this age group with the total population of the ethnic groups listed, an important spectrum of differences emerges, Specifically, the differences are more marked between the 25 - 34 age groups in those ethnic groups which are above the Yugoslav average, Thus the difference is the greatest with the Italians, Ruthenians, Czechs and Montenegrins, and the least with the 95 Razprave in radivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 az à that the relative order of the ethnic It should bs fy co the rate of illiteracy is largely the same as groups at the time of the previous census. ifferences between ethnic groups at higher Tu de ee (Table 2). The highest rate of persons without schooling or with only one to three grades of primary school is precisely in the groups with the highest illiteracy rates: Romanies (47.3%), Albanians (29.2%), Turks (27.2%) and Muslims (25.6%); and the lowest rate among the groups with a low number of illiterates: Slovenes (3.58), Czechs (6.7%), Slovaks (7.3%) and Yugoslavs (7.6%). The Romanies are the only group in which the number of those without schooling or with only one to three grades of primary school is greater than the number in any other category. Thus, high illiteracy and elementary school dropout are interrelated. The differences in the lowest educational category among the literate population are very large, ranging from 3.5% for the Slovenes to 47.3% for the Romanies. They are less pronounced in the next category (grades 4 - 7), where the percentage ranges from 17% for the Yugoslavs to 42.3% for the Czechs. For this category, it is characteristic that there are not very great differences between the ethnic groups with a high rate of illiteracy, characterised by social and demographic underdevelopment, and the groups with the opposite characteristics. So the difference between the Slovenes (20.3%) and the Albanians (20.2%) is almost nil. However, the differences can be observed when these data are broken down into age groups, as unfinished elementary school is typical of the older generations in developed regions. In discussing elementary schooling, there is a further levelling of differences between of those ethnic groups belonging to underdeveloped regions characterised by a high level of illiteracy and the others. This can be seen if we compare the percentage of those that have finished the elementary school amongst the Slovenes (32.4%) and the Albanians (34.6%). The difference between the ethnic group with the lowest rate of completion of elementary school (Italians) and the ethnic group with the highest percentage in this category (Slovaks) is 20.7%. This levelling of differences is encouraging at first sight. However, in the case of the Slovenes, the high percentage of those with elementary school is associated with a high percentage of those with more than elementary school (41.2%), while in the case of the Albanians, this is so to a much smaller extent (15.9%). Thus, with ethnic groups which, taken as a whole, lack education, a high percentage of the population with completed elementary school may be considered an important success for the policy of development. With those ethnic groups which are, on the whole, more educated, the trend towards a decrease in the number of those with completed elementary school is due to higher levels of education. If the ethnic groups are compared on the basis of those with completed elementary school to the Yugoslav average (24.2%), it can be seen that the Slovenes, Ruthenians, Macedonians, Slovaks, Rumanians, Albanians and Turks are above this level, whereas the 96 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 Table 4 Educational Structure of the Population Aged 25 — 34, Based on Types of School in Yugoslavia (in 1981) Nation- % School Total Secondary Voca- High Tech- College Univer- ality Education Total tional School nical sity 25-34 Age School School Group Total 49.5 100.0 80.3 43.6 9.6 27.1 8.2 11.5 Yugoslav 69.9 100.0 77.0 36.7 11.3 29.0 8.5 14.5 Montenegrin 65.3 100.0 76.7 37.9 12.1 26.7 9.1 14.2 Italian 65.0 100.0 77.4 34.0 20.2 20.2 12.0 13.6 Slovene 60.0 100.0 81.6 54.2 6.1 23.1 8.5 9.9 Ruthenian 58.8 100.0 80.7 50.2 7.2 23.3 8.7 10.6 Czech 57.9 100.0 80.8 46.1 7.5 27.2 7.7 11.5 Croatian 54.7 100.0 79.9 46.6 8.3 25.0 8.4 11.7 Macedonian 51.9 100.0 78.9 33.9 16.2 28.6 7.8 13.7 Serbian 58.9 100.0 81.6 43.9 8.9 28.8 7.7 10.7 Bulgarian 45.7 100.0 70.6 26.3 20.6 23.7 12.7 16.7 Hungarian 43.8 100.0 84.9 54.7 7.2 23.0 6.7 8.4 Slovak 39.1 100.0 83.2 51.9 9.3 22.0 7.4 9.4 Muslim 40.9 100.0 82.1 55.2 6.4 20.5 7.3 10.6 Rumanian 30.6 100.0 73.0 37.1 9.4 26.5 12.2 14.8 Albanian 26.1 100.0 78.6 20.2 21.7 36.7 10.9 10.5 Turkish 20.6 100.0 84.4 42.6 17.8 24.0 8.8 6.8 Romany 6.7 100.0 93.2 62.6 5.0 25.6 4.1 2.7 An analysis of the data relating to the proportion with higher education (colleges, training schools) shows that above the Yugoslav average there are the Yugoslavs, Montenegrins, Italians, Slovenes, Ruthenians, Croats, Bulgarians, Rumanians, Albanians and that below there are the Czechs, Macedonians, Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Muslims, Turks and Romanies. Those ethnic groups which have a greater proportion of those with secondary schooling have fewer with college and university education. In respect to secondary schooling, all the ethnic groups, except for the Albanian, have the highest proportion of those that have completed vocational schools (for skilled or highly skilled workers), followed by technical schools and, least of all, high schools. The largest proportions of those that have completed schools for skilled or highly skilled workers are among the Romanies (62.6%), Muslims (55.2%), Hungarians (54.7%), and Slovenes (54.2%). The Bulgarians (26.3%), Macedonians (33.9%) and Italians (34%) have the lowest proportion. Data on those that have finished high schools are to a great extent complementary to the previous data, The proportion of Albanians (21.7%) is the greatest and the proportion of the Romanies (5.0%) and the Slovenes (6.1%) is the least. 97 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 The proportion of those who have completed technical schools is largely the same among the various ethnic groups. It may be concluded that the development of the educational system in Yugoslavia was influenced by educational policies more than the actual needs. This is especially noticeable at the higher levels of education. The consequence of this is that the ordering of the proportions of the different ethnic groups remains roughly the same from census to census in respect of the unfinished elementary school or illiteracy, while there are great differences in the order of the groups at the higher levels of education. It may be assumed that, given the trend towards Gecreasing and rationalising the network of colleges and universities, future changes will be more balanced and in accord with the real needs of the development of individual regions of Yugoslavia. 98 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 APPENDIX 1 SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE POPULATION OF YUGOSLAVIA IN 1981 Nationality Total No School & Grades Completed More Than Primary School 4-7 Elementary Elementary Grades 1-3 School School Total 16,936,907 2,924,309 4,545,216 4,103,426 5,277,885 Montenegrin 435,767 62,501 88, 264 100,839 183, 378 Croat 3,463,855 511,293 1,098,464 711,127 1,133,298 Macedonian 1,005,616 135,353 270,133 273,127 323,481 Muslim 1,367,750 349,779 369,399 329,048 297,003 Slovene 1,356,827 46,992 304,881 439,303 558,839 Serbian 6,461,422 1,278,106 1,803, 326 1,429,438 1,930,076 Albanian 993,464 289,971 200, 862 343,271 157,768 Bulgarian 32,028 6,728 9,845 6,621 7,756 Czech 17,221 1,153 7,336 2,925 5,746 Italian 13,639 1,725 4,996 2,228 4,624 Hungarian 358,930 44,645 95,741 118,994 96,693 Romany 98,002 46,358 28,815 16,837 4,566 Rumanian 45,393 8,315 14,520 14,375 7,758 Ruthenian 19,512 1,607 5,568 5,974 6,273 Slovak 66,412 4,863 21,194 24,597 15,539 Turk 64,648 17,682 21,008 17,715 8,144 Yugoslav 888, 583 67,526 150,898 205,489 461,665 Source: Documentary material of PS (Census) 1981 Note: Totals include also those (not entered elsewhere in the table) whose School qualifications are unknown. 99 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 APPENDIX 2 SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE POPULATION AGED 25-34 IN YUGOSLAVIA (IN 1981) Nationality Total No School & Grades Campleted More Than Primary School 4-7 Elementary Elementary Grades 1-3 School School Total 3,589, 229 130,024 705,025 965, 828 1,776,638 Montenegrin 96,120 1,454 10,393 21,456 62,715 Croat 659,261 17,738 112,789 160,027 360, 969 Macedonian 236,967 4,428 37,704 71,014 123,000 Muslim 314,091 25,642 100,082 80,979 97,240 Slovene 273,538 2,416 45,608 59,620 164,436 Serbian 1,354,784 38,681 270, 769 379,698 663, 342 Albanian 217,862 20,974 58, 222 81,447 57,000 Bulgarian 4,834 117 736 1,672 2,209 Czech 2,814 63 367 742 1,628 Italian 1,724 43 193 356 1,121 Hungarian 60, 249 1,935 11,728 19,933 26,418 Romany 24,135 8,614 9,232 4,501 1,490 Rumanian 7,942 789 2,024 2,619 2,427 Ruthenian 3,440 67 396 945 2,023 Slovak 12,574 310 2,469 4,805 4,941 Turk 14,767 1,616 5,284 4,769 3,075 Yugoslav 258,856 3,447 18,953 54,632 180, 950 Source: Documentary material of PS (Census) 1981 Note: Totals include also those (not entered elsewhere in the table) whose school qualifications are unkown. 100 Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana, March 1986, No.18 APPENDIX 3 EDUCATED POPULATION AGED 25-34 IN YUGOSIAVIA (IN 1981) Nationality Total Secondary School for Grammar Tech. School Univer- Skilled & School School College sity Highly Skilled Total 1,776,638 1,426,700 774,977 170,751 481,152 145,210 204,728 Montenegrin 63,715 48,151 23,502 7,719 16,889 5,771 8,793 Croat 360,969 288,431 168, 333 29,827 90,271 30, 381 42,157 Macedonian 123,000 96,534 41,750 19,640 35,144 9,642 16,824 Muslim 97, 240 79,897 53,581 6,253 19,963 7,052 10,291 Slovene 164,436 134,579 86,683 9,973 37,923 14,055 16,302 Serbian 663,342 541,272 190,185 58,164 191,258 51,405 70,665 Albanian 57,000 44,790 11,527 12,370 20,893 6,224 5,986 Bulgarian 2,209 1,561 581’ 457 523 280 368 Czech 1,628 1,316 750 123 443 125 187 Italian 1,121 834 381 227 226 135 152 Hungarian 26,418 22,437 14,437 1,915 6,085 1,767 2,214 Romany | 1,495 1,392 935 75 382 62 41 Rumanian 2,427 1,770 901 228 641 296 359 Ruthenian 2,023 1,633 1,015 146 472 175 215 Slovak 4,941 4,115 2,568 458 1,089 364 463 Turk 3,075 2,595 1,310 528 757 271 209 Yugoslav 180,950 139,295 66,402 20,379 52,512 15,406 26,249 Source: Documentary material, Census 1981 101