Slika 1: OtokHvarzvrisanimilokacijamiposnetihtrimov.
The island Hvar with marked sites ofthe documented trims.
Slika 2: Prerez korbelinga v praksi: majhen trim kot zatočišče za enega človeka.
Section ofcorbelling in practise: the small trim as a shelter for only one person.
Slika3: Stopnice so pomemben element trima, čeprav nastopajo razmeroma redko.
Stairs are an important element ofthe trim, although they appear fairly rarely.
Slika4: Genialna rešitev razbremenitve preklade vhoda: medtem ko je najobičajnejša rešitev ponovitev preklade ali trikotna konstrukcija, je mojster na Hvaru našel boljšo rešitev - preprosto je odstranil težo nad preklado. To ni slučaj, takih rešitev je na Hvaru več. An ingenious solution for diminishing loads above the entrance beam: while the most common solution is to add another beam or build a triangular structure, the master builder from Hvar found a better solution - he simply removed the loadfrom the beam. This is not coincidental, more of the same can be found in Hvar.
Slika 5: Trije trimi in hlev: najbolj značilne oblike so stopničasti trimi (stopnje so idealne za vzdrževanje), hlev (tor) pa ima zametek korbelinga, ki ga ne razvije in služi le kot senca živalim.
Three trims and a stable: the most typical forms are: stepped trim (steps are ideal for maintenance) and stable (tor), which already has an early corbelling that is notfully developed and is used only to provide shadefor livestock.
AR
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Borut Juvanec TRIM NA HVARU SHELTER 'TRIM'ON HVAR
raziskava, research
povzetek
Trimi na Hvaru so kamnita zatočišča, grajena v tehniki suhega zidu, kot jih najdemo v Sredozemlju, pa v Švici, v Združenem kraljestvu, na Irskem, so pa še na Bližnjem vzhodu (Palestina, Sinai, Jemen) in v Severni Afriki (Maroko). Namenjena so predvsem človeku, za živino so le ograde.
Konstrukcija trima je značilen korbeling kot osnovna nosilna plast, na zunaj ima plašč ali 'okvir', ki služi tako za protiobtežbo korbelingu kot odvodu meteorne vode.
Na Hrvaškem so zatočišča kažun v Istri, komarda na otoku Krku, bunja v Dalmaciji med Zadrom in Šibenikom ter na otokih (predvsem Žirje, pa na Braču), trim stoji na Hvaru, kučarica pa v Konavlah v zaledju Dubrovnika.
Trim na Hvaru ima enotno konstrukcijsko telo z okroglim tlorisom, na zunaj pa je dokaj različen: njegova značilnost je predvsem stopničenje v prerezu (prsten ali koloč). Trim stoji navadno prosto v prostoru, lahko ima ogrado za živino ali pa je vhod zastrt z zidcem. Vhod je orientiran praviloma proti zahodu, čeprav jih mnogo gleda tudi na sever ali celo na jug. Vzhodna ali severovzhodna orientacija je redka in je predvsem plod okoliščin. Prostostoječi trim ima na zadnjem delu priključek na široke zidce, ki predstavljajo predvsem poti.
Značilnosti trima so v bogastvu detajlov: najbolj preprost in pravzaprav ena sama konstrukcija je pristrišak; obroči ali stopničenje zunanjega ovoja; stopnice in dostop na streho; razbremenitev preklade v vhodu; okno; cisterna kot zaloga življenjsko pomembne vode; vzidana oprema; tlak.
Problematika je podobna kot pri vsej vernakularni arhitekturi: ni informacije, ni strokovne obdelave, ni dokumentacije, ni raziskav in ne znanstvenih del s tega področja, pomanjkljiva zavest domačinov in obiskovalcev in odnos do vernakularne arhitekture - zato ni negovanja in ne vzdrževanja, kar je tudi plod individualne lastnine in neurejenih odnosov do tega.
Naloga kulturne javnosti, stroke in znanosti, lastnikov in lokalnega prebivalstva je ena sama: organizacija konzorcija za odkrivanje, znanstveno obdelavo, dokumentiranje, obnovo in vzdrževanje, predvsem pa za nadzor kulturne dediščine z
doseženi cilji, namen in rezultati
Cilj naloge je izvrednotenje kakovosti kamnitega zatočišča, imenovanega 'trim', ki predstavlja ključni element vernakularne arhitekture otoka Hvar.
Namen je predstavitev objekta in njegove kulturne vrednosti domačinom, javnosti in stroki. Z znanstveno obdelavo je vrednost tega objekta kot detajl in v okolju dokazana.
Rezultati: Na podlagi pregleda, inventarizacije, dokumentiranja, risanja, analiziranja in primerjanja so najdeni elementi, ki določajo trim inmu dajejo njegov pomen.
problematika v arhitekturi, umestitev obravnavane teme v te tokove in njen pomen
Odkrivanje, znanstvena obdelava in predstavljanje vernakularne arhitekture so pomembni za razumevanje kulture okolja in naroda, enako za razvoj arhitekture in njenih tokov.
ključne besede
kamnito zatočišče, kamen, korbeling, tehnika suhega zidu
summary
On the island of Hvar the Trim are stone shelters built in the dry wall technique; similar examples can be found throughout the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Ireland, as well as in the Middle East (Palestine, Sinai, Yemen) and Northern Africa (Morocco). Mostly they are intendedfor human use, while the livestock only gets an enclosure.
The trim's structure is a typical corbelling, which is the basic load-bearing layer, while the exterior is given a cladding or "frame" that works as a counterweight as well asfor dispensing rainwater.
The shelters known in Croatia are: kažun in Istria, komarda on the island Krk, bunja in Dalmatia between Zadar and Šibenik and on some islands (above all Žirje, and Brač), trim on Hvar, and kučarica inKonavle, the hinterland of Dubrovnik.
The Trim in Hvar have a uniform structural body with a circular layout, while their exteriors may vary: their characteristic is the tapering section (ring or koloč). Usually the Trim is a free-standing structure, it can have an enclosurefor livestock and the entrance can be blocked by a parapet. The entrance generally looks to the West, although many also turn to the North or even South. Eastern or north-eastern orientation is rare, but can be attributed to circumstances. In the back the freestanding Trim is linked to wide walls that are mainly the paths. Richness ofdetails is also typical: the simplest and actually only structure is the pristrišak; rings or tapering external envelope; stairs and accesses to the roof; buttressed entrance beams; windows; the reservoir for storing life-supporting water; built-in equipment; flooring.
The issues are similar as in other vernacular architecture: there is no data, no expert treatment, no documentation, no research or scientific works available, lacking local consciousness and poor attitudes of visitors to vernacular architecture - thus there is no care or maintenance, also hindered by individual property rights and poorly defined obligations
The task ofthe cultured public, professions and science, owners and local inhabitants is but one: to organise a consortium for discovering, scientific treatment, documenting, maintaining and renewing, and above all, controlling cultural heritage with responsible actions by all.
intentions, goals and results
The aim of the task was to evaluate the quality of the stone shelter, known as Trim, which represents a key element of vernacular architecture on the island of Hvar.
The gaol was to present the building and its cultural value to local inhabitants, the public and profession. Scientific treatment of the building as an environmental detail proved its value.
Results: Based on review, inventory, documenting, drawing, analysis and comparison elements that determine the Trim and give it significance werefound.
architectural issues, positioning the topic in ongoing debate and its' significance
Discovering, scientific dealing and representation of vernacular architecture are important for understanding the culture of an environment and its people, the same applies to development of architecture and its flows.
key words
stone shelter, stone, corbelling, dry wall technique