› INFORMACIJSKA DRUZBA Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMATION SOCIETY Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence Kognitivna znanost Cognitive Science Odkrivanje znanja in podatkovna skladisca • SiKDD Data Mining and Data Warehouses • SiKDD Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection 16. Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij 16th International Technology Transfer Conference Demografske in druzinske analize Demographic and Family Analyses Vzgoja in izobrazevanje v informacijski druzbi Education in Information Society Digitalna vkljucenost v informacijski druzbi Digital Inclusion in Information Society Konferenca o zdravi dolgozivosti Conference on Healthy Longevity Legende racunalnistva in informatike Legends of Computing and Informatics Uredniki • Editors: Mitja Lustrek, Matjaz Gams, Rok Piltaver, Anka Slana Ozimic, Borut Trpin, Toma Strle, Olga Markic, Dunja Mladenic, Marko Grobelnik, Tomaz Ogrin, Rafael Mihalic, Tinkara Mlinar, Spela Stres, Janez Malacic, Mari Joze Osredkar, Uros Rajkovic, Borut Batagelj, Matjaz Debevc, Ines Kozuh, Martin Lipovsek, Bostjan Petric, Tone Stanovnik IS2023 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence Kognitivna znanost Cognitive Science Odkrivanje znanja in podatkovna skladišča - SiKDD Data Mining and Data Warehouses – SiKDD Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection 16. Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij 16th International Technology Transfer Conference Demografske in družinske analize Demographic and Family Analyses Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi Education in Information Society Digitalna vključenost v informacijski družbi Digital Inclusion in Information Society Konferenca o zdravi dolgoživosti Conference on Healthy Longevity Legende računalništva in informatike Legends of Computing and Informatics Uredniki in urednice / Editors Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, Rok Piltaver, Anka Slana Ozimič, Borut Trpin, Toma Strle, Olga Markič, Dunja Mladenić, Marko Grobelnik, Tomaž Ogrin, Rafael Mihalič, Tinkara Mlinar, Špela Stres, Janez Malačič, Mari Jože Osredkar, Uroš Rajkovič, Borut Batagelj, Matjaž Debevc, Ines Kožuh, Martin Lipovšek, Boštjan Petrič, Tone Stanovnik http://is.ijs.si 9.–13. oktober 2023 / 9–13 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia Uredniki: Mitja Luštrek, Odsek za inteligentne sisteme, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Matjaž Gams, Odsek za inteligentne sisteme, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Rok Piltaver, Outfit7 in Odsek za inteligentne sisteme, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Anka Slana Ozimič, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Borut Trpin, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Toma Strle, Center za Kognitivno znanost, Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Olga Markič, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Dunja Mladenić, Department for Artificial Intelligence, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Marko Grobelnik, Department for Artificial Intelligence, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Tomaž Ogrin, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Rafael Mihalič, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, Ljubljana Tinkara Mlinar, Služba za vsebinsko podporo projektom, prenos tehnologij in inovacije, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Špela Stres, direktorjeva pisarna, Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Janez Malačič, Ekonomska fakulteta, Ljubljana Mari Jože Osredkar, Teološka fakulteta Poljanska 4, 1000 Ljubljana Uroš Rajkovič, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede, Univerza v Mariboru Borut Batagelj, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko, Univerza v Ljubljani Matjaž Debevc, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko, Univerza v Mariboru Ines Kožuh, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko, Univerza v Mariboru Boštjan Petrič, Medicinska fakulteta UL, Ljubljana Martin Lipovšek, Društvo za vitalno podaljševanje življenja, Ljubljana Tone Stanovnik, Špica, Ljubljana Založnik: Institut »Jožef Stefan«, Ljubljana Priprava zbornika: Mitja Lasič, Vesna Lasič, Mateja Mavrič Oblikovanje naslovnice: Vesna Lasič Dostop do e-publikacije: http://library.ijs.si/Stacks/Proceedings/InformationSociety Ljubljana, oktober 2023 Informacijska družba ISSN 2630-371X Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 176948227 ISBN 978-961-264-285-3 (PDF) PREDGOVOR MULTIKONFERENCI INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA 2023 Šestindvajseta multikonferenca Informacijska družba se odvija v obdobju izjemnega razvoja za umetno inteligenco, računalništvo in informatiko, za celotno informacijsko družbo. Generativna umetna inteligenca je s programi kot ChatGPT dosegla izjemen napredek na poti k superinteligenci, k singularnosti in razcvetu človeške civilizacije. Uresničujejo se napovedi strokovnjakov, da bodo omenjena področna ključna za obstoj in razvoj človeštva, zato moramo pozornost usmeriti na njih, jih hitro uvesti v osnovno in srednje šolstvo in vsakdan posameznika in skupnosti. Po drugi strani se poleg lažnih novic pojavljajo tudi lažne enciklopedije, lažne znanosti ter »ploščate Zemlje«, nadaljuje se zapostavljanje znanstvenih spoznanj, metod, zmanjševanje človekovih pravic in družbenih vrednot. Na vseh nas je, da izzive današnjice primerno obravnavamo, predvsem pa pomagamo pri uvajanju znanstvenih spoznanj in razčiščevanju zmot. Ena pogosto omenjanih v zadnjem letu je eksistencialna nevarnost umetne inteligence, ki naj bi ogrožala človeštvo tako kot jedrske vojne. Hkrati pa nihče ne poda vsaj za silo smiselnega scenarija, kako naj bi se to zgodilo – recimo, kako naj bi 100x pametnejši GPT ogrozil ljudi. Letošnja konferenca poleg čisto tehnoloških izpostavlja pomembne integralne teme, kot so okolje, zdravstvo, politika depopulacije, ter rešitve, ki jih za skoraj vse probleme prinaša umetna inteligenca. V takšnem okolju je ključnega pomena poglobljena analiza in diskurz, ki lahko oblikujeta najboljše pristope k upravljanju in izkoriščanju tehnologij. Imamo veliko srečo, da gostimo vrsto izjemnih mislecev, znanstvenikov in strokovnjakov, ki skupaj v delovnem in akademsko odprtem okolju prinašajo bogastvo znanja in dialoga. Verjamemo, da je njihova prisotnost in udeležba ključna za oblikovanje bolj inkluzivne, varne in trajnostne informacijske družbe. Za razcvet. Letos smo v multikonferenco povezali deset odličnih neodvisnih konferenc, med njimi »Legende računalništva«, s katero postavljamo nov mehanizem promocije informacijske družbe. IS 2023 zajema okoli 160 predstavitev, povzetkov in referatov v okviru samostojnih konferenc in delavnic, skupaj pa se je konference udeležilo okrog 500 udeležencev. Prireditev so spremljale okrogle mize in razprave ter posebni dogodki, kot je svečana podelitev nagrad. Izbrani prispevki bodo izšli tudi v posebni številki revije Informatica (http://www.informatica.si/), ki se ponaša s 46-letno tradicijo odlične znanstvene revije. Multikonferenco Informacijska družba 2023 sestavljajo naslednje samostojne konference: • Odkrivanje znanja in podatkovna središča • Demografske in družinske analize • Legende računalništva in informatike • Konferenca o zdravi dolgoživosti • Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja • Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij • Digitalna vključenost v informacijski družbi – DIGIN 2023 • Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci + DATASCIENCE • Kognitivna znanost • Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi • Zaključna svečana prireditev konference Soorganizatorji in podporniki konference so različne raziskovalne institucije in združenja, med njimi ACM Slovenija, SLAIS za umetno inteligenco, DKZ za kognitivno znanost in Inženirska akademija Slovenije (IAS). V imenu organizatorjev konference se zahvaljujemo združenjem in institucijam, še posebej pa udeležencem za njihove dragocene prispevke in priložnost, da z nami delijo svoje izkušnje o informacijski družbi. Zahvaljujemo se tudi recenzentom za njihovo pomoč pri recenziranju. S podelitvijo nagrad, še posebej z nagrado Michie-Turing, se avtonomna stroka s področja opredeli do najbolj izstopajočih dosežkov. Nagrado Michie-Turing za izjemen življenjski prispevek k razvoju in promociji informacijske družbe je prejel prof. dr. Andrej Brodnik. Priznanje za dosežek leta pripada Benjaminu Bajdu za zlato medaljo na računalniški olimpijadi. »Informacijsko limono« za najmanj primerno informacijsko tematiko je prejela nekompatibilnost zdravstvenih sistemov v Sloveniji, »informacijsko jagodo« kot najboljšo potezo pa dobi ekipa RTV za portal dostopno.si. Čestitke nagrajencem! Mojca Ciglarič, predsednica programskega odbora Matjaž Gams, predsednik organizacijskega odbora i FOREWORD - INFORMATION SOCIETY 2023 The twenty-sixth Information Society multi-conference is taking place during a period of exceptional development for artificial intelligence, computing, and informatics, encompassing the entire information society. Generative artificial intelligence has made significant progress towards superintelligence, towards singularity, and the flourishing of human civilization with programs like ChatGPT. Experts' predictions are coming true, asserting that the mentioned fields are crucial for humanity's existence and development. Hence, we must direct our attention to them, swiftly integrating them into primary, secondary education, and the daily lives of individuals and communities. On the other hand, alongside fake news, we witness the emergence of false encyclopaedias, pseudo-sciences, and flat Earth theories, along with the continuing neglect of scientific insights and methods, the diminishing of human rights, and societal values. It is upon all of us to appropriately address today's challenges, mainly assisting in the introduction of scientific knowledge and clearing up misconceptions. A frequently mentioned concern over the past year is the existential threat posed by artificial intelligence, supposedly endangering humanity as nuclear wars do. Yet, nobody provides a reasonably coherent scenario of how this might happen, say, how a 100x smarter GPT could endanger people. This year's conference, besides purely technological aspects, highlights important integral themes like the environment, healthcare, depopulation policies, and solutions brought by artificial intelligence to almost all problems. In such an environment, in-depth analysis and discourse are crucial, shaping the best approaches to managing and exploiting technologies. We are fortunate to host a series of exceptional thinkers, scientists, and experts who bring a wealth of knowledge and dialogue in a collaborative and academically open environment. We believe their presence and participation are key to shaping a more inclusive, safe, and sustainable information society. For flourishing. This year, we connected ten excellent independent conferences into the multi-conference, including "Legends of Computing", which introduces a new mechanism for promoting the information society. IS 2023 encompasses around 160 presentations, abstracts, and papers within standalone conferences and workshops. In total about 500 participants attended the conference. The event was accompanied by panel discussions, debates, and special events like the award ceremony. Selected contributions will also be published in a special issue of the journal Informatica (http://www.informatica.si/), boasting a 46-year tradition of being an excellent scientific journal. The Information Society 2023 multi-conference consists of the following independent conferences: • Data Mining and Data Warehouse - SIKDD • Demographic and Family Analysis • Legends of Computing and Informatics • Healthy Longevity Conference • Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection • International Conference on Technology Transfer • Digital Inclusion in the Information Society - DIGIN 2023 • Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence + DATASCIENCE • Cognitive Science • Education and Training in the Information Society • Closing Conference Ceremony Co-organizers and supporters of the conference include various research institutions and associations, among them ACM Slovenia, SLAIS for Artificial Intelligence, DKZ for Cognitive Science, and the Engineering Academy of Slovenia (IAS). On behalf of the conference organizers, we thank the associations and institutions, and especially the participants for their valuable contributions and the opportunity to share their experiences about the information society with us. We also thank the reviewers for their assistance in reviewing. With the awarding of prizes, especially the Michie-Turing Award, the autonomous profession from the field identifies the most outstanding achievements. Prof. Dr. Andrej Brodnik received the Michie-Turing Award for his exceptional lifetime contribution to the development and promotion of the information society. The Achievement of the Year award goes to Benjamin Bajd, gold medal winner at the Computer Olympiad. The "Information Lemon" for the least appropriate information move was awarded to the incompatibility of information systems in the Slovenian healthcare, while the "Information Strawberry" for the best move goes to the RTV SLO team for portal dostopno.si. Congratulations to the winners! Mojca Ciglarič, Chair of the Program Committee Matjaž Gams, Chair of the Organizing Committee ii KONFERENČNI ODBORI CONFERENCE COMMITTEES International Programme Committee Organizing Committee Vladimir Bajic, South Africa Matjaž Gams, chair Heiner Benking, Germany Mitja Luštrek Se Woo Cheon, South Korea Lana Zemljak Howie Firth, UK Vesna Koricki Olga Fomichova, Russia Mitja Lasič Vladimir Fomichov, Russia Blaž Mahnič Vesna Hljuz Dobric, Croatia Mateja Mavrič Alfred Inselberg, Israel Jay Liebowitz, USA Huan Liu, Singapore Henz Martin, Germany Marcin Paprzycki, USA Claude Sammut, Australia Jiri Wiedermann, Czech Republic Xindong Wu, USA Yiming Ye, USA Ning Zhong, USA Wray Buntine, Australia Bezalel Gavish, USA Gal A. Kaminka, Israel Mike Bain, Australia Michela Milano, Italy Derong Liu, Chicago, USA Toby Walsh, Australia Sergio Campos-Cordobes, Spain Shabnam Farahmand, Finland Sergio Crovella, Italy Programme Committee Mojca Ciglarič, chair Marjan Heričko Baldomir Zajc Bojan Orel Borka Jerman Blažič Džonova Blaž Zupan Franc Solina Gorazd Kandus Boris Žemva Viljan Mahnič Urban Kordeš Leon Žlajpah Cene Bavec Marjan Krisper Niko Zimic Tomaž Kalin Andrej Kuščer Rok Piltaver Jozsef Györkös Jadran Lenarčič Toma Strle Tadej Bajd Borut Likar Tine Kolenik Jaroslav Berce Janez Malačič Franci Pivec Mojca Bernik Olga Markič Uroš Rajkovič Marko Bohanec Dunja Mladenič Borut Batagelj Ivan Bratko Franc Novak Tomaž Ogrin Andrej Brodnik Vladislav Rajkovič Aleš Ude Dušan Caf Grega Repovš Bojan Blažica Saša Divjak Ivan Rozman Matjaž Kljun Tomaž Erjavec Niko Schlamberger Robert Blatnik Bogdan Filipič Stanko Strmčnik Erik Dovgan Andrej Gams Jurij Šilc Špela Stres Matjaž Gams Jurij Tasič Anton Gradišek Mitja Luštrek Denis Trček Marko Grobelnik Andrej Ule Nikola Guid Boštjan Vilfan iii iv KAZALO / TABLE OF CONTENTS Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci / Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence ................ 1 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................... 3 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ............................................................................... 5 Time-Series Cutmix Data Augmentation for Heart Sound Classification Using Neural Networks / Susič David, Gams Matjaž ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Social Interaction Prediction from Smart-Phone Sensor Data / Martinšek Marcel Franse, Lukan Junoš, Bolliger Larissa, Clays Els, Šiško Primož, Luštrek Mitja .............................................................................................. 11 Comparison of Advanced Processing Methods for PPG Denoising using a Novel Signal Quality Metric / Kawai Kitoshi, Slapničar Gašper, Hirose Akira, Luštrek Mitja .................................................................................. 15 Machine-learning methods for analysis of gene expression data / Jordan Marko, Valič Jakob, Luštrek Mitja ... 19 Identifying Bumblebee Buzzes Using Neural Networks / Šket Tilen, Susič David, Galen Candace, Schul Johannes, Arbetman Marina, Campopiano Robinson Victoria, Villagra Gil Cristian Alfonso, Herrera Valentina, Gradišek Anton ............................................................................................................................... 20 Recognition of Bee Activity in the Hive Entrance Using Machine Vision and Other Methods / Rotar Oskar, Žnidaršič Maks, Vesel Tian, Silan Darja, Božič Janko .................................................................................... 24 Implementation of a Virtual Assistant ChatGPT into the Medical Platform / Zadobovšek Matic, Kocuvan Primož, Gams Matjaž ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Types of Democracy Defined: Keyword Extraction from Eleven Different Text Descriptions / Kolar Žiga, Lukšič Andrej A., Vozlič Andrej A., Gams Matjaž ......................................................................................... 32 Evaluation of the Effects of On-demand Dynamic Transportation of Employees to Their Workplaces in Ljubljana / Bohanec Marko, Guček Marko, Kontić Davor, Sirk Karina, Ženko Bernard, Žnidaršič Martin .. 36 Usability Test of a Modified WHCA* Algorithm for Multi-Agent Pathfinding in a Real-time Strategy Game / Antešić Ivan, Sadikov Aleksandar ................................................................................................................... 40 An Attempt at Predicting Algorithm Performance on Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Problems / Andova Andrejaana, Vodopija Aljoša, Cork Jordan, Tušar Tea, Filipič Bogdan ............................................ 44 A Multi-Step Evaluation Process in Electric Motor Design / Tušar Tea, Korošec Peter, Filipič Bogdan ........... 48 Kognitivna znanost / Cognitive Science ..................................................................................................... 53 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 55 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ............................................................................. 57 What insights can psychedelic research bring to Cognitive Science? A systematic review of the phenomenology of DMT experiences / Czizek Carolina ........................................................................................................... 59 Pristranskost v strojnem učenju: dileme in odgovori / Farič Ana, Bratko Ivan.................................................... 62 ChatGPT through Tononi's Definition of Consciousness / Gams Matjaž ............................................................ 66 Manipulacija v umetni inteligenci / Gril Gaja ...................................................................................................... 70 Users’ Cognitive Processes in a User Interface for Predicting Football Match Results / Kolar Žiga, Papa Gregor .......................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Družbena regulacija umetne inteligence. Nekatera odprta vprašanja in izzivi / Mali Franc ................................ 77 Umetna inteligenca: orodje ali zavesten stroj / Markič Olga ............................................................................... 80 Social Volition as Artificial Intelligence: Science and Ideology as Landian Intelligences / Marušič Jar Žiga, Sergaš Uroš ...................................................................................................................................................... 84 Let’s Jam: An Exploratory Case Study on Collective Music Improvisation and the Process of Attunement / Novak Christophe ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Exploring the link between the absence of an EEG spectral peak and cognitive status / Ogrin Ajda, Pavlovčič Tisa, Agatić Filip, Demšar Anita, Jug Jan, Aljaž Barbara, Dreo Jurij ............................................................. 92 Orthogonalist and anti-orthogonalist perspective on AI alignment problem / Sergaš Uroš, Marušič Jar Žiga .... 96 Changes in Everyday Experience Followed by Mystical-type Psychedelic Experiences / Sirk Maruša ............ 102 Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness 3.0: Exploring Information and Causation on the Level of Individual Mechanisms / Žerdoner Marinšek Tina ....................................................................................... 106 v Odkrivanje znanja in podatkovna skladišča - SiKDD / Data Mining and Data Warehouses - SiKDD 113 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 115 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 116 Forecasting Trends in Technological Innovations with Distortion-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks / Buza Krisztian, Massri M. Besher, Grobelnik Marko .................................................................................... 117 Building A Causality Graph For Strategic Foresight / Rožanec Jože M., Šircelj Beno, Nemec Peter, Leban Gregor, Mladenić Dunja ................................................................................................................................. 121 Towards Testing the Significance of Branching Points and Cycles in Mapper Graphs / Zajec Patrik, Škraba Primož, Mladenić Dunja ................................................................................................................................ 125 Highlighting Embeddings' Features Relevance Attribution on Activation Maps / Rožanec Jože M., Koehorst Erik, Mladenić Dunja ..................................................................................................................................... 129 An approach to creating a time-series dataset for news propagation: Ukraine-war case study / Sittar Abdul, Mladenić Dunja .............................................................................................................................................. 133 Predicting Horse Fearfulness Applying Supervised Machine Learning Methods / Topal Oleksandra, Novalija Inna, Gobbo Elena, Zupan Šemrov Manja, Mladenić Dunja ......................................................................... 137 Emergent Behaviors from LLM-Agent Simulations / Mladenić Grobelnik Adrian, Zaman Faizon, Espigule- Pons Jofre, Grobelnik Marko ......................................................................................................................... 141 Compared to Us, They Are …: An Exploration of Social Biases in English and Italian Language Models Using Prompting and Sentiment Analysis / Caporusso Jaya, Pollak Senja, Purver Matthew ................................. 145 Towards Cognitive Digital Twin of a Country with Emergency, Hydrological, and Meteorological Data / Šturm Jan, Škrjanc Maja, Stopar Luka, Volčjak Domen, Mladenić Dunja, Grobelnik Marko ................................. 151 Predicting Bus Arrival Times Based on Positional Data / Kladnik Matic, Bradeško Luka, Mladenić Dunja ... 154 Structure Based Molecular Fingerprint Prediction through Spec2Vec Embedding of GC-EI-MS Spectra / Piciga Aleksander, Ljoncheva Milka, Kosjek Tina, Džeroski Sašo .......................................................................... 158 A meaty discussion: quantitative analysis of the Slovenian meat-related news corpus / Martinc Matej, Pollak Senja, Vezovnik Andreja ................................................................................................................................ 162 Slovene Word Sense Disambiguation using Transfer Learning / Fijavž Zoran, Robnik-Šikonja Marko .......... 166 Predicting the FTSO consensus price / Koprivec Filip, Eržen Tjaž, Mežnar Urban .......................................... 170 On Neural Filter Selection for ON/OFF Classification of Home Appliances / Pirnat Anže, Fortuna Carolina . 174 Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja / Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection .................... 179 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 181 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 182 Prihodnost pripada vodiku? / Senegačnik Andrej, Sekavčnik Mihael................................................................ 183 Z zelenim kapitalom do razvoja okolja / Pišotek Boštjan .................................................................................. 187 Premog, gorivo prihodnosti; če premoga ne bomo kurili, tudi prihodnosti ne bomo imeli / Valenčič Leon, Mihalič Rafael ................................................................................................................................................ 194 Miti in resnice o slovenskem okolju / Gams Matjaž .......................................................................................... 196 Medved ni plišasta igračka, medved je zver! / Perko Franc ............................................................................... 200 Ogljikov dioksid – mit ali resnica? / Ogrin Tomaž ............................................................................................ 206 Kako poceni je električna energija iz obnovljivih virov / Mihalič Rafael .......................................................... 213 Nemški Energiewende med ideologijo in stvarnostjo / Povh Dušan, Mihalič Rafael ........................................ 219 Toplogredni učinek ozračja – ali sploh obstaja? / Margan Erik ......................................................................... 223 Po tej poti ne bomo ohranili trajnosti gozdov v Sloveniji / Perko Franc ............................................................ 228 Personal Recollections on Influencing the Public Opinion on GM Food as Some Part of the Struggle for Rational Decision-Making in Environmentalism / Bohanec Borut ............................................................... 234 Mit-jedrska energija je ključna v boju s podnebnimi spremembami / Valenčič Matjaž .................................... 236 Vključitev Slovenije v enotno evropsko varstvo zaradi ogroženosti pred izumrtjem medveda in volka / Šešerko Leo, Lipič Karel ............................................................................................................................................. 238 16. Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij / 16th International Conference on Technology Transfer ................................................................................................................................................ 243 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 245 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 247 vi ZAHVALE / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... 252 Research Infrastructures and Cooperation with Industry / Arbeiter Jana, Brečko Barbara, Bučar Maja ........... 253 Randomized Optimization: From Algorithmic Studies to Industrial Applications / Filipič Bogdan ................. 256 Creating Conditions for an Active Role of Public Administrations in Academia-Industry Cooperation: an Overview of Critical Points through the ExSACT Project / Fric Urška, Lutman Tomaž, Mlinar Tinkara ... 260 Technology Transfer Office as a Support Structure for Innovation Management: The Experience of Latvia / Krumina Justine .............................................................................................................................................. 264 A Statutory Model for Organising the Process of Intellectual Property Protection and Commercialisation in Polish Public Universities / Rutkowska-Sowa Magdalena ........................................................................... 266 "A Comprehensive Analysis of Portuguese National and Regional Policy Instruments for Technology Transfer ........................................................................................................................................................................ 270 Offices" / Da Costa Helena Rosário, Cruz Katiuska .......................................................................................... 270 Compulsory Licensing in Belarus / Uspenskiy Alexander, Uspenski Aliaksei, Prybylski Maksim .................. 275 Assessing the Contribution of Hubs to Uganda's Innovation Ecosystem, A Case Study on the Role of Innovation Hubs in Kampala / Amanya Linda ................................................................................................................ 278 The Importance and Benefits of the Technology Transfer Ecosystem (TTE) / Mrak Matej .............................. 283 The Interconnection of Property Technology and Intellectual Property: Literature Review / Ribičić Marijana 287 An Information-Centric Perspective on Data / Rožanec Jože M., Montero Santos Lola, Delinavelli Giacomo 292 Fostering Research & Innovation in AI through Regulatory Sandboxes / Montero Santos Lola, Rožanec Jože M. ................................................................................................................................................................... 296 New Initiatives for Knowledge Transfer between Industry and Academia: The INDUSAC Project / Odić Duško, Mrgole Urška, Trobec Marjeta .......................................................................................................... 300 Demografske in družinske analize / Demographic and Family Analysis ............................................... 305 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 307 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 308 Prehod od naravne k načrtovani rodnosti v Sloveniji: spremembe v tridesetih letih od leta 1991 do 2021 / Malačič Janez ................................................................................................................................................. 309 Depopulacijska politika / Gams Matjaž .............................................................................................................. 312 Izzivi materinstva v dobi instagrama / Kreš Barbara.......................................................................................... 317 Toward a more comprehensive measurement of men's and women's economic contributions / Istenič Tanja, Sambt Jože...................................................................................................................................................... 321 Koncept spolnih vlog pri mladih odraslih / Cvetek Mateja ................................................................................ 325 Demografija in bibliografija / Šercar Tvrtko, Šobot Pero .................................................................................. 330 Trpeči člani človeške družbe / Osredkar Mari Jože ........................................................................................... 339 Problematična raba alkohola, težave v čustveni regulaciji in vloga spola / Simonič Barbara ............................ 344 Analiza selitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost / Frešer Blaž, Romih Dejan ... 350 Pomen verske in narodne vzgoje pri misijonskem delu frančiškanov med slovenskimi izseljenci v Egiptu v 19. in 20. stoletju / Trontelj Nik .......................................................................................................................... 354 Ali se otrok ne da kupiti? / Čepar Drago ............................................................................................................ 361 Problematična raba alkohola, funkcionalnost v družini ter individualne težave / Pate Tanja ............................ 365 Demografske značilnosti zaposlenih v poklicih neotipljivega kapitala: primerjava javnih in zasebnih organizacij / Redek Tjaša, Farčnik Daša, Gorišek Aleš, Istenič Tanja ............................................................................ 370 Predstavitev delnih rezultatov raziskave: ocena finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji / Skubic Marjeta, Vöröš Katja, Perhavec Andraž, Ratoša Ivica, Bavdaž Mojca, Došenovič Bonča Petra, Redek Tjaša, Logar Zobec Helena Barbara ......................................................................................................................... 374 Development of a Questionnaire on Financial toxicity for Cancer Patients in Slovenia / Vöröš Katja, Skubic Marjeta, Bavdaž Mojca, Ratoša Ivica, Došenovič Bonča Petra, Redek Tjaša, Logar Zobec Helena Barbara ........................................................................................................................................................................ 378 The impact of cancer on individuals’ career development / Redek Tjaša, Došenovič Bonča Petra, Bavdaž Mojca, Ratoša Ivica, Perhavec Andraž, Logar Zobec Helena Barbara, Skubic Marjeta, Vöröš Katja .......... 382 Understanding financial barriers to the implementation of new technologies in Slovenian companies / Uršič Dejan, Bodlaj Mateja, Čater Barbara, Čater Tomaž, Redek Tjaša ................................................................. 386 vii Blaženje ekonomskega pritiska starajočega se prebivalstva z izboljševanjem izobrazbene strukture / Kelin Ema, Istenič Tanja, Sambt Jože ............................................................................................................................... 391 Telesna neaktivnost kot dejavnik tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni po starostnih razredih / Pruš Daša, Paravlić Armin, Vodičar Janez, Došenovič Bonča Petra, Pahor Marko, Zalaznik Maja, Farčnik Daša ...................... 395 Analiza upokojitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihove demografske značilnosti / Romih Dejan, Frešer Blaž .......................................................................................................................................... 398 Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi / Education in Information Society ............................ 403 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 405 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 407 Spremljanje kakovosti zraka med poukom / Albreht Jaka ................................................................................. 411 Kreativno kodiranje v digitalnih medijih / Babič Davorin ................................................................................. 415 Učenje analize okoljskih podatkov za vsakogar / Baggia Alenka, Brezavšček Alenka, Leskovar Robert, Kvet Michal, Urem Frane, Baeva Motušić Andreana Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ 419 Izvedba začetnega tečaja programiranja v okolju MS Teams / Baloh Miha ...................................................... 424 Naj bodo jezikovni priročniki zares priročni / Blatnik Živa ............................................................................... 429 Premor pred odgovorom: vzpodbujanje usvarjalnosti pri poučevanju Interneta stvari / Božič Samo, Škrlec Ivan ........................................................................................................................................................................ 433 Spoznavanja jezikovnih priročnikov v e-obliki s pomočjo spletnega orodja Google Forms in igre soba pobega / Brezovnik Katja .............................................................................................................................................. 437 Tekmovanje Bober za učence od 2. do 5. razreda v Sloveniji / Cerar Špela, Zapušek Matej ............................ 440 Starostnikom prijazna informacijsko-komunikacijska rešitev / Civić Aila, Nikolaeva Stoyanovich Anastasiya, Prevodnik Tim ................................................................................................................................................ 445 Zagotavljanje znanja za zdravstveno samopomoč starostnikov / Civić Aila, Nikolaeva Stoyanovich Anastasiya, Tahirović Doris .............................................................................................................................................. 449 Krepitev digitalne suverenosti nevladnih organizacij s podpornim okoljem za uporabo odprtokodne programske opreme – Na-prostem.si / Delakorda Simon, Tkalec Kristijan, Filipas Eduard, Janičijević Sabina ............. 452 Analiza ravni digitalnih kompetenc učiteljev po evropskem okviru digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu / Ferjan Marko, Bernik Mojca ................................................................................................ 457 Umetna inteligenca v izobraževanju / Flogie Andrej, Čampelj Borut ................................................................ 462 Postopek izdelave elektronske prijavnice s pomočjo Microsoftove aplikacije Forms / Frelih Aleksandra ....... 468 Izpeljava delavnic za dvig digitalnih kompetenc v osnovni šoli Idrija / Grošelj Nejc ....................................... 472 Predstavitev Ravnikarjevega in Tavčarjevega leta z uporabo spletnih orodij / Gruden Reya Kristina .............. 475 Analiza jezikovnih napak pri prevajanju iz slovenščine v nemščino s pomočjo strojnih prevajalnih programov / Hofer Juliane, Kacjan Brigita ......................................................................................................................... 479 Sodelovalno ustvarjanje tabelske slike Miro / Jagič Katarina ............................................................................ 484 sBiblos - novost v naši šolski knjižnici / Jesih Šterbenc Katarina ..................................................................... 488 Poučevanje in učenje s pomočjo IKT pri pouku športne vzgoje / Jurgele Anže ................................................ 491 Digitalne veščine s poštevanko v medgeneracijskem okolju / Kotnik Lebar Anja ............................................ 495 Prednosti samostojnega e-učenja strokovnih vsebin pri pouku angleščine za višješolske študente informatike / Luštrek Alenka ............................................................................................................................................... 499 Računalniški kognitivni treningi za otroke z motnjo pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo / Mičič Sara ...................... 503 E-knjige in dijaki / Mlakar Tina ......................................................................................................................... 508 Uporaba aplikacije Photomath pri matematiki / Mrkela Vesna .......................................................................... 512 (Za)Kaj je nova eTorba? / Oblak Mirjam ........................................................................................................... 515 Nove poti pridobivanja veščin in delovnih izkušenj v mednarodnem sodelovanju z industrijo pri študentih / Odić Duško, Mrgole Urška, Trobec Marjeta .................................................................................................. 521 Uporaba IKT pri izvajanju praktičnega usposabljanja / Prašnikar Andrej ......................................................... 526 Oblikovanje digitalne pesniške zbirke z aplikacijo CEWE / Pučnik Belavič Mateja ........................................ 530 Vključevanje tehnologije IKT v pouk športne vzgoje / Rajher Polona ............................................................. 533 Kibernetska kriminaliteta – razumevanje in ukrepi za večjo varnost / Rehberger Roman ................................. 537 Izkustveno učenje v visokem šolstvu: model in primera s področja digitalne in zelene preobrazbe / Romih Dejan, Primec Tinkara, Primec Andreja ........................................................................................................ 546 viii Učinkovita digitalna orodja za formativno preverjanje znanja pri učencih s posebnimi potrebami / Slanšek Slokan Nina .................................................................................................................................................... 550 Uporaba digitalnih gradiv pri izbirnem predmetu šah / Strgar Sonja ................................................................. 553 Uporaba orodja ChatGPT pri promociji šole / Strniša Gašper ........................................................................... 558 Učenje gibalne igre s petjem preko pametnih naprav / Šebenik Tina ................................................................ 562 Med blokovnim in tekstovnim programiranjem / Škof Iztok ............................................................................. 565 Skrivnosti finske pedagogike / Škof Iztok .......................................................................................................... 568 Vsebinski poudarki izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih za šolske knjižničarje v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici / Škrlj Gregor .................................................................................................................................................... 571 Pišek - pišče, ki rešitve išče: prenova portala / Špenko Krištof, Lokar Matija ................................................... 576 Računalniški program MuseScore pri pouku glasbene umetnosti / Vaupotič Mitja .......................................... 582 Uporaba opreme Vernier v eksperimentih pri pouku fizike / Zamuda Sebastjan ............................................... 585 Oblačni rehabilitacijski sistemi za otroke z govorno jezikovno motnjo / Zupan Anton, Koložvari Andrej, Lenart Senior Lado .................................................................................................................................................... 591 Razvoj spletnega odprtega učnega gradiva za poučevanje računalništva v 2. triletju osnovne šole / Žerovnik Alenka, Zapušek Matej, Smrečnik Mia Zala, Debevec Nina ......................................................................... 594 Digitalna vključenost v informacijski družbi / Digital Inclusion in Information Society ..................... 601 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 603 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 605 Online Notes – A Real-Time Speech Recognition and Machine Translation System for Slovene University Lectures / Bajec Marko, Lebar Bajec Iztok, Šoltes Tjaša, Cvek Jernej, Čibej Jaka, Gantar Kaja, Sever Sara, Krek Simon .................................................................................................................................................... 607 Digital Inclusion of Disabled Students in Higher Education / Gajšt Alenka, Mauko Zimšek Nataša ............... 611 Exploring Digital Literacy and the Use of ChatGPT among Students w ith Disabilities / Kožuh Ines, Blekač Erika, Čakš Peter, Lovrenčič Držanič Irena ................................................................................................... 615 General Strategies for Improving Accessibility of E-commerce / Cerovac Bogdan, Škraba Tilen ................... 619 IT solutions accessibility - the key to empowering people with disabilities / Škraba Tilen, Cerovac Bogdan .. 623 Bridging Communication Gaps through the Talking Hands Project: An In depth Analysis / Wltavsky Zdenka, Ljubišić Jelena ................................................................................................................................................ 627 The Technical Execution of Sign Language Interpretation on Television / Mord Bojan ................................... 631 Using auto subtitle system methods in audiovisual content / Dugonik Bogdan ................................................. 637 Accessible Multimodal Journey Planner: Prioritizing Inclusive UI Design / Juvan Žana, Klavžar Simon, Pogačnik Matevž, Pečnik Klemen .................................................................................................................. 641 Towards a Self Assessment Tool for Enabling Inclusive Digital Education / Šumak Boštjan, Pušnik Maja, Kous Katja ............................................................................................................................................................... 645 Konferenca o zdravi dolgoživosti / Conference on Healthy Longevity ................................................... 651 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 653 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 655 Evidence-Based Interventions to Prolong Healthspan and Lifespan / Kuščer Enej ........................................... 657 Longevity and Society; Policy Responses, Work Done and Activities Ahead / Kenda Aleš ............................. 658 Futuristic Possibilities of Personalized Medicine / Minger Stephen .................................................................. 660 Five (or so) questions that the pre-longevity society should be asking, but it is not... / Vidovićová Lucie ....... 661 Healthy Longevity solutions landscape and the sector outlook / Sramek Petr ................................................... 662 Steps to implement Open Longevity GPT / Couernelle Didier .......................................................................... 663 The Ethics of Longevity and How to Change Pro-Death Attitudes / Linden Patrick ......................................... 664 Taking rejuvenation research to escape velocity / de Grey Aubrey ................................................................... 665 Legende računalništva in informatike / Legends of Computing and Informatics ................................. 667 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 669 PROGRAMSKI ODBORI / PROGRAMME COMMITTEES ........................................................................... 670 Dosežki kandidata A. P. Železnikarja / Gams Matjaž, Divjak Saša ................................................................... 671 Dosežki kandidata Saše Divjaka / Divjak Saša .................................................................................................. 674 ix Dosežki kandidata Janeza Grada / Grad Janez ................................................................................................... 677 Moja hoja po poti računalništva in informatike / Rajkovič Vladislav ................................................................ 679 Dosežki kandidata, prof. dr. Boruta Žalika / Žalik Borut ................................................................................... 683 Delovanje na področju računalništva / Hafner Izidor ......................................................................................... 685 Dosežki kandidata zasl. prof. dr. Ceneta Bavca / Bavec Cene ........................................................................... 687 55 let dela z informacijsko tehnologijo / Gričar Jože ......................................................................................... 690 Dosežki kandidatke Lidije Zadnik Stirn / Zadnik Stirn Lidija ........................................................................... 694 Dosežki kandidata S. Štefančiča / Štefančič Stane ............................................................................................. 700 Indeks avtorjev / Author index ................................................................................................................. 703 x Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek A Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume A Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence Uredniki / Editors Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, Rok Piltaver http://is.ijs.si 12. oktober 2023 / 12 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 1 2 PREDGOVOR Kar se tiče umetne inteligence, živimo v vznemirljivih časih. V času Informacijske družbe 2022 ChatGPT še ni bil na voljo, ko se je pojavil, pa je bilo vse drugače – umetna inteligenca se je iz nečesa, o čemer so govorili predvsem strokovnjaki, prelevila v nekaj, o čemer govorijo vsi. Spremembe v dojemanju (generativne) umetne inteligence so še nekoliko večje kot napredek njenih dejanskih zmožnosti, a tudi slednji je velik: nesporno je postala zelo uporabno orodje za pisanje besedil in programske kode ter generiranje slik, uveljavlja se kot osebni pomočnik in še več. Če bo razvoj umetne inteligence še naprej tako hiter, kot je trenutno, si v prihodnosti zlahka predstavljamo dramatičen napredek v produktivnosti gospodarstva, raziskavah in vsakdanjem življenju. A marsikdo umetno inteligenco vidi tudi kot grožnjo: od tega, da bo generirala velike količine posamezniku prilagojenih škodljivih vsebin in ljudem prevzela delovna mesta, do tega, da nas bo vse pobila. Tehtanje, kaj od tega se res utegne zgoditi, je malo prehud zalogaj za tale predgovor, tako da si raje poglejmo, kaj tak razvoj dogodkov pomeni za naše delo. Dostopnost velikih jezikovnih modelov pomeni, da so naloge, ki zahtevajo razumevanje ali generiranje naravnega jezika, lažje izvedljive kot kdajkoli prej. To je odlično, nerodno pa je, da je gradnja tovrstnih modelov zaradi velike računske zahtevnosti izven dosega velike večine organizacij – tako raziskovalnih kot podjetij. A še vedno se lahko ukvarjamo z njihovim prilagajanjem, vključno z uporabo spodbujevanega učenja s človekovim povratnim odzivom (angl. reinforcement learning with human feedback), in tehnikami za tvorbo pozivov (angl. prompt engineering), ki dajo želena izhodna besedila. Veliko raziskovalnih izzivov nudijo metode za zagotavljanja zaupanja v umetno inteligenco in njeno uravnavanje s cilji snovalcev (angl. alignement), za kar v splošnem še ni dobrih rešitev. Lahko pa se ukvarjamo tudi z vprašanji, kako umetno inteligenco regulirati, kako bo preobrazila (informacijsko) družbo in kaj storiti, da jo bo na bolje, kaj inteligenca sploh je in kdaj bo njena umetna različica dobila zavest. Če se ozremo k Slovenski konferenci o umetni inteligenci, opazimo, da se velikih jezikovnih modelov dotika le en prispevek od 12, družbenih vidikov umetne inteligence pa nobeden. Da bi bolje naslovili vroče tematike zadnjega časa, smo povabili Mykolo Pechenizkiyja s Tehnične univerze v Eindhovnu, da nam predava o praktičnih problemih in metodah zaupanja vredne umetne inteligence. Po lanski uspešni izvedbi Data Science Meetupa v sklopu konference – dogodka, kjer imajo strokovnjaki iz industrije kratke predstavitve svojega dela – ga na podoben način organiziramo tudi letos. Povezovanje z industrijo je dandanes namreč bolj pomembno kot kdajkoli prej, saj se tam dogaja vedno več raziskav in razvoja umetne inteligence. Mitja Luštrek Matjaž Gams Rok Piltaver predsedniki Slovenske konference o umetni inteligenci 3 FOREWORD With regards to artificial intelligence, we live in exciting times. During Information Society 2022, ChatGPT was not yet available, but when it appeared, everything changed – artificial intelligence turned from a subject mainly discussed by experts to something everyone is talking about. The changes in the perception of (generative) artificial intelligence are somewhat greater than the changes in its actual capabilities, but the latter are also substantial: it has definitely become a highly useful tool for writing text and software code as well as for generating images, it is increasingly capable as a personal assistant, and more. If it continues to advance at the current pace, we can easily imagine the future to bring dramatic improvements in economic productivity, research and everyday life. But many also see it as a threat: it may generate personalised harmful content at scale and take away jobs from people, and some even believe it may kill us all. Considering which of these things are actually likely to happen is beyond the scope of this preface, so let us look instead at what these developments mean for our work. The accessibility of large language models means that tasks requiring understanding or generating natural language are easier than ever. This is excellent, but on the other hand building such models is beyond the reach of the vast majority of organisations – both research and business – due to its huge computational cost. However, we can still engage in fine-tuning of such models, including with reinforcement learning with human feedback, and develop techniques for engineering prompts that yield desired outputs. A lot of research challenges can be found in developing methods to ensure trust in artificial intelligence and align it with the goals of the creators, for which there are no generally good solutions yet. We can also tackle questions of how to regulate artificial intelligence, how it will transform (information) society and how to ensure it will transform it for the better, what intelligence is, and when its artificial version will gain consciousness. Looking at the Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, we notice that only one out of the 12 papers touches upon large language models, and none addresses the social aspects of artificial intelligence. To better address the hot topics of recent times, we invited Mykola Pechenizkiy from Eindhoven University of Technology to give a keynote on practical problems and methods of trustworthy artificial intelligence. Last year we successfully combined the conference with Data Science Meetup – an event where industry experts give short presentations of their work – so we are going to organise it in a similar manner this year. Connecting with the industry is more important than ever, as more and more research and development of artificial intelligence is happening there. Mitja Luštrek Matjaž Gams Rok Piltaver Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence chairs 4 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Mitja Luštrek Matjaž Gams Rok Piltaver Cene Bavec Marko Bohanec Marko Bonač Ivan Bratko Bojan Cestnik Aleš Dobnikar Erik Dovgan Bogdan Filipič Borka Jerman Blažič Marjan Krisper Marjan Mernik Biljana Mileva Boshkoska Vladislav Rajkovič Niko Schlamberger Tomaž Seljak Peter Stanovnik Damjan Strnad Miha Štajdohar Vasja Vehovar Martin Žnidaršič 5 6 Time-Series Cutmix Data Augmentation for Heart Sound Classification Using Neural Networks David Susič Matjaž Gams Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia david.susic@ijs.si matjaz.gams@ijs.si ABSTRACT In alignment with this research landscape, our study revolves around utilizing time-series PCGs as inputs for a NN. This par- In cutmix augmentation, a synthetic data instance is created ticular approach has been previously explored and reported in by mixing parts of a pair of original instances. In this paper, a [11, 3, 13, 16, 5, 6, 17, 10, 1, 18, 12]. domain-specific time-series cutmix approach was employed for When it comes to time-series augmentation, the basic ap- a heart sound classification task. The approach utilized neural proaches include augmentations in time, frequency and time- networks and was tested on a publicly available heart sound frequency domains such as jittering, flipping, scaling, warping, dataset. To assess the efficacy of generating realistic instances, we cutout, cutmix and others [15, 7, 19]. To the best of our knowledge, implemented three distinct constraints for pairing requirements. the only works that specifically analyse augmentation methods Our main focus of interest was evaluation of performance of the for heart sound classification deal with spectral imaged based approaches on datasets of varying sizes, thus we performed the approaches [8, 2, 21]. In this paper, we present a cutmix approach experiments using different fractions of the train set. Cutmix that has been specifically adapted to time-series PCG domain. In showed promising results as best improvements in accuracy over a cutmix approach, a synthetic instance is created from two orig- the no augmentation baseline reached 5.61% and 1.46% when 10% inal PCGs. To assess the efficacy of generating realistic instances, and 100% of the training data were used, respectively. we implemented three distinct constraints for pairing require- KEYWORDS ments. These constraints help limit the various ways in which the original PCGs can be distributed in pairs for the creation of cutmix, sythetic data generation, time-series augmentation, phono- the synthetic PCGs. cardiogram, heart sound classification, neural network 2 DATASET 1 INTRODUCTION In this study, we used heart sounds from the PhysioNet/CinC The accurate classification of heart sounds plays a crucial role Challange 2016 dataset [9, 4], which consists of six (a-f ) distinct when it comes to early detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). PCG databases. Recordings were labeled as either normal or Although heart auscultation is a cost-effective and efficient diag- abnormal heart sounds and were split into train and validation set nostic method, the accurate identification of heart abnormalities by the competition organizers. For our experiments, we utilized requires proficient auscultation skills. Auscultation, typically the validation set as the test set, while adjusting the original performed with a stethoscope, involves listening to the various train set to achieve class balance. To ensure fair evaluation, both sounds produced by the heart, such as heartbeats and murmurs, the train and the test subsets were balanced with respect to the to detect any irregularities or issues. To reduce the burden on two classes. In total, we used 277 normal and abnormal train heathcare staff and to mitigate the medical costs of delayed CVDs recordings and 145 normal and 151 abnormal test recordings as detection, there is a growing demand for automated approaches depicted in Figure 1. The total lengths of train and test recordings for identification of heart sound abnormalities. The integration are 3h 18min and 1h 37min, respectively. of cutting-edge machine learning (ML) and signal processing technologies has led to the widespread adoption of automated computer methods for tackling this challenge. When it comes to heart sound classification from phonocar- diograms (PCGs) using ML technologies, a variety of approaches have been tried and established, most of which draw inspiration from the broader domains of general audio and image data analy- sis. These encompass strategies such as utilizing features derived from time-series signals as inputs for classical ML models or neural networks (NNs). Additionally, techniques involving spec- trograms as inputs for NNs, employing time-series directly as NN inputs, extracting deep features from NNs for use in ML models, and even applying wavelet analysis have all been experimented with. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this Figure 1: Data distribution used in our experiments. work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia The dataset also includes segmentation annotations denot- © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). ing the locations of the fundamental heart states (S1, systole, 7 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia David Susič and Matjaž Gams S2, and diastole) for each of the PCGs. They were computed Note that only one synthetic instance was generated per input using Springer’s segmentation algorithm [14] and additionally instance. Cutmix scheme is shown in Figure 2. manually checked and corrected by the experts. Two cutting variations were considered, deterministic and random. In a deterministic variation, the cutting point was always 3 METHODOLOGY right after systole, as depicted with red dashed line in Figure 2, while in random variation, a cutting point was randomly chosen The oucome of interest used to evaluate the cutmix approaches to be either right after S1, systole, or S2 as depicted with dashed was a binary variable indicating whether a PCG represents a black lines. normal or abnormal heart. The methodology steps included pre- processing of the PCGs, selection of NN architecture and deter- mination of cutmix augmentations techniques. 3.1 Preprocessing The recordings were first down-sampled to 1000 Hz, filtered using Butterworth filter of order four to four frequency bands, 25- 45Hz, 45Hz-80Hz, 80-200Hz, 200-400Hz, and finally normalized using root mean square normalization with the target amplitude of -20 dBFS. The recordings were then split into separate heart cycles (segments) according to segmentation annotations and zero-padded to 2.5s. Each instance was thus a time-series 2-D array of shape (4, 2500), with the first dimension denoting the number of frequency band channels and the second dimension denoting the segment length. The goal of our study was to also find out how well the cutmix augmentation approaches perform on datasets of smaller sizes, therefore we split the training set into a variety of differently- sized smaller sets, specifically, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The selected smaller training sets were randomly selected and were Figure 2: Visualization of PCG cutmix. Inputs 1 and 2 have stratified with respect to the data subsets and class labels within the same class label. The black dashed lines denote possible each subset. First, the smallest (10%) subset was created. Then, cutting points, while the red dashed line denotes the se- new subjects were added without reselection of the smaller set, lected cutting point. Note that only one synthetic instance meaning that the first next larger set (20%) included all of the is generated per input pair. subjects from the smaller set. This process was repeated until all of the subsets were created. Data augmentation was performed during the model train- ing. If a batch underwent augmentation (this was determined by 3.2 Convolutional Neural Network the cutmix probability parameter for each batch separately at The neural network structure used in our experiments was in- random), then the whole batch was replaced with the synthetic spired by the one proposed in [11]. It consists of four convolu- batch. The synthetic batch was created in such a way, that each tional neural networks (CNN) where each takes a different fre- instance of the original batch played a role of input 1 and input quency band as the input. Besides the input layer, the CNNs con- 2 exactly once, which results in the synthetic batch having the sists of two additional layers, each including a convolution, ReLu same size as the original and no original instance being over- activation and max-pooling. The last CNN layer also includes or under-represented. In all of the cases, the synthetic instances 25% dropout. The output of the four CNNs are flattened and input were generated using PCGs of the same class label, thus elimi- to a dense network with 20 hidden neurons with dropout of 50% nating any uncertainties regarding the labeling of the generated and two output neurons. instance. Furthermore, we implemented some additional pairing requirements. In the Subset cutmix, the input pairs were con- 3.3 PCG Cutmix Augmentation strained to be drawn from the same data subset, while in the We tested different cutmix approaches of data augmentation for Subject cutmix, the input pairs had to belong to the same subject classification of the PCGs. A cutmix data augmentation technique (same PCG). In the Length cutmix, the instances in the batch were is originally an image data augmentation strategy that replaces a sorted into 10 bins based on their heart beat length, and each patch of pixels from one image with a patch from another image pair was drawn from the same bin. The unconstrained cutmix [20]. In our case, a section of one PCG was replaced by a section methodology is referred to as Basic cutmix. The idea behind the of another PCG. A synthetic instance is generated from a pair of limitations was to check if creating more realistic synthetic PCGs original instances, input 1 and input 2. by forcing the input PCGs of each synthetic instance to have the In the cutmix technique presented in this study, a synthetic same recording settings, come from the same subject and/or be instance was generated using the following steps. Firstly, a pair of of similar length improves the model performance. input instances with the same class label was selected. Secondly, 3.4 Hyperparameter Finetuning both input instances were cut at the same point within the four heart beat stages (S1, systole, S2, diastole). Subsequently, the first In our experiments, there were four parameters to be tuned. Three part of input 1 was mixed with the second part of input 2. This hyperparamers, e.g., batch size, epoch number and learning rate, process resulted in a new synthetic instance encompassing all as well as the augmentation probability parameter. The latter de- four heart beat stages that had the same class label as the inputs. notes the probability of applying augmentation to a batch during 8 Time-Series Cutmix for Heart Sounds Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia training. To optimize these parameters, we employed a grid- check the statistical significance of the results, we included accu- search methodology, which involved evaluating performance on racy SD derived from a set of three experiment runs. In scenarios the training set through three-fold cross-validation. To reduce involving 10% and 20% of the training data, all cutmix approaches search time, batch size was fixed to 512, which demonstrated demonstrated statistically significant improvements compared effectiveness across all scenarios. Meanwhile, we explored epoch to the baseline approach. However, for higher percentages of numbers within the range of 50 to 100, learning rates ranging training data, not all of the approaches showed statistically sig- −4 −1 from 10 and 10 , and cutmix probabilities spanning 0.1 to 1.0. nificant improvements. The augmentation techniques seem to In order to minimize the number of experiments required for have insignificant effect when the whole train data is used. identifying the optimal configurations, we divided the fine-tuning When comparing deterministic and random cutting variations, process into stages. Initially, we determined the best combina- the outcomes show that in the majority of the cases there are no tion of epoch number and learning rate for the baseline scenario statistically significant differences between the two. without augmentation. Subsequently, utilizing these identified In terms of the pairing requirements constraints, the most settings, we fine-tuned the augmentation probability for each constrained method, Subject, performs the worst. Conversely, specific augmentation technique. Ultimately, the chosen parame- the least constrained method, Subject and unconstrained Basic ters were utilized to train the model using the complete training approach, perform the best, whereas the moderately constrained set, with final evaluation carried out on the test set. Length method shows intermediate performances. Consequently, It is important to note that additional improvement of both we deduce that the pairing diversity holds substantial signifi- baseline and the methods’ accuracies could be achieved by ex- cance, wheres the strategy of how the pair instances are mixed panding the hyperparameter search grid. Although we fixed the together holds lesser importance. Comparing the Dataset and Ba- batch sized at 512 due to computational constraints, our experi- sic approaches does not give a straightforward answer on which mentation revealed that smaller batch sizes tend to yield slightly one works better. improved outcomes. Interesting view of performance of the synthetic data gener- ation is also measuring how much the dataset size appears to 4 RESULTS expand due to synthetic data generation technique relative to the To explore the impact of generating synthetic data on datasets of initial dataset size. For this purpose, we first linearly extrapolated varying sizes, we assessed the effectiveness of cutmix augmenta- the baseline method above the 100% of the training data as well tion technique across various proportions of the training data: as interpolated the values below 100%. After that, the accuracy of 10% (56 PCGs), 20% (112 PCGs), 40% (222 PCGs), 60% (334 PCGs), each method at given fraction of training data was compared to 80% (444 PCGs) , and 100% (554 PCGs). Alongside the cutmix the baseline to see at which data fraction the (inter/extrapolated) approaches, we present results for the no augmentation base- baseline achieves the same performance. The expansion percent- line scenario as well. Accuracy served as the key performance ages were then calculated by dividing the two data fractions. For evaluation metric, with findings based on the mean and standard example, the Dataset approach at 10% of training data achieves deviation (SD) derived from three runs. The results are shown in the same accuracy as the (interpolated) baseline at 28% of the Figure 3 and are given in Table 1. training data, thus the apparent data size expansion due to syn- thetic data generation equals to 280%. Complete results are given in Figure 4. Figure 4: Apparent data size expansion vs. training data fraction. 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our analysis indicates that the proposed cutmix augmentations Figure 3: Accuracy vs. training data fraction of the cutmix substantially improve the no augmentation baseline when it approaches and the baseline. comes to heart sound classification tasks using variously-sized training datasets. The results also show that there is no statisti- We see that all of the methods work decently with some of cally significant difference between the random and determin- the methods providing big improvements in accuracy over the istic cutting variations of the approaches. In terms of the pair- baseline. At 10% and 100% of the train data, accuracy improve- ing requirements constraints, the methods with no or very lit- ments over the baseline are 5.61% and 1.46%, respectively. To tle constraints, Basic and Dataset, show superior performance. 9 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia David Susič and Matjaž Gams Table 1: Methods’ accuracies for different percentages of the training set. The numbers are given as mean (SD) derived from three runs. The best results for each considered percentage of training data are written in bold. Percentage of training data Method 10% (N=56) 20% (N=112) 40% (N=222) 60% (N=334) 80% (N=444) 100% (N=554) Basic 66.78±1.11 72.28±0.88 75.42±0.55 74.41±0.99 75.65±0.57 74.86±1.24 Basic(r) 68.8±1.41 71.72±0.73 75.42±0.55 75.53±0.84 75.53±0.32 75.87±0.57 Length 68.57±0.16 71.49±0.32 73.85±0.42 75.98±0.88 75.2±0.84 76.09±0.27 Length(r) 69.36±0.55 71.27±1.11 73.63±0.42 75.76±0.73 75.08±0.27 77.67±0.88 Dataset 67.34±0.27 71.27±1.27 73.74±0.55 77.1±1.1 74.86±0.63 76.32±0.16 Dataset(r) 70.37±0.48 71.38±0.82 73.51±0.69 76.54±1.38 75.87±0.84 75.65±0.57 Subject 67.34±1.26 71.16±0.88 72.95±1.24 76.09±0.99 75.53±0.69 76.43±0.99 Subject(r) 67.56±1.77 71.16±0.69 73.51±0.42 76.21±1.11 74.86±0.88 75.53±0.63 baseline 64.76±0.57 68.57±1.38 73.06±0.48 74.19±0.84 74.75±0.82 76.21±1.61 Conversely, the most constrained method, Subject, performs the International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 1408–1411. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512578. worst, whereas the moderately constrained Length method shows [7] Brian Kenji Iwana and Seiichi Uchida. 2021. An empirical survey of data intermediate performances. As a result, we deduce that the vari- augmentation for time series classification with neural networks. PLOS ONE, ability in pairings carries considerable importance, whereas the 16, 7, (July 2021), 1–32. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254841. [8] Tomoya Koike, Kun Qian, Björn W. Schuller, and Yoshiharu Yamamoto. cutting approach, whether deterministic or random, holds com- 2021. Transferring cross-corpus knowledge: an investigation on data aug- paratively less importance. mentation for heart sound classification. In 2021 43rd Annual International Although the results of the best augmentation methods look Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), 1976–1979. doi: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9629714. promising, further experimentation is essential. These experi- [9] Chengyu Liu et al. 2016. An open access database for the evaluation of heart ments should include various selections of fractions of the train- sound algorithms. Physiological Measurement, 37, 12, (Nov. 2016), 2181. doi: 10.1088/0967- 3334/37/12/2181. ing data. This is important due to intrinsically stochastic nature [10] Shu Lih Oh, V. Jahmunah, Chui Ping Ooi, Ru-San Tan, Edward J Ciaccio, of selecting a fraction of the training dataset. This influence of Toshitaka Yamakawa, Masayuki Tanabe, Makiko Kobayashi, and U Rajendra randomness becomes stronger as the fraction size decreases. For Acharya. 2020. Classification of heart sound signals using a novel deep wavenet model. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 196, 105604. instance, if we repeatedly choose 10% of the training set at ran- doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105604. dom, the resulting subsets will exhibit significantly less overlap [11] Cristhian Potes, Saman Parvaneh, Asif Rahman, and Bryan Conroy. 2016. compared to the scenario where we repeatedly select 80% of the Ensemble of feature-based and deep learning-based classifiers for detection of abnormal heart sounds. In (Dec. 2016). doi: 10.22489/CinC.2016.182- 399. training set randomly. [12] Ali Raza, Arif Mehmood, Saleem Ullah, Maqsood Ahmad, Gyu Sang Choi, The cutmix augmentation methods have demonstrated their and Byung-Won On. 2019. Heartbeat sound signal classification using deep learning. Sensors, 19, 21. doi: 10.3390/s19214819. ability to yield superior results compared to the baseline. Never- [13] Heechang Ryu, Jinkyoo Park, and Hayong Shin. 2016. Classification of heart theless, further experiments are needed to compare these meth- sound recordings using convolution neural network. In 2016 Computing in ods with standard time-series augmentations, including tech- Cardiology Conference (CinC), 1153–1156. [14] David B. Springer, Lionel Tarassenko, and Gari D. Clifford. 2016. Logistic niques such as cutout, manifold mixup, noise induction, polarity regression-hsmm-based heart sound segmentation. IEEE Transactions on flip, gain adjustment, and more. Biomedical Engineering, 63, 4, 822–832. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2475278. [15] Qingsong Wen, Liang Sun, Fan Yang, Xiaomin Song, Jingkun Gao, Xue ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Wang, and Huan Xu. 2021. Time series data augmentation for deep learning: a survey. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on The authors acknowledge the funding from the Slovenian Re- Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-21. Zhi-Hua Zhou, editor. Survey Track. Interna- tional Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, (Aug. 2021), search and Innovation Agency, Grant (PR-10495) (DS) and Basic 4653–4660. doi: 10.24963/ijcai.2021/631. core funding P2-0209 (MG). [16] Bin Xiao, Yunqiu Xu, Xiuli Bi, Weisheng Li, Zhuo Ma, Junhui Zhang, and Xu Ma. 2020. Follow the sound of children’s heart: a deep-learning-based REFERENCES computer-aided pediatric chds diagnosis system. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7, 3, 1994–2004. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2961132. [1] Neeraj Baghel, Malay Kishore Dutta, and Radim Burget. 2020. Automatic [17] Bin Xiao, Yunqiu Xu, Xiuli Bi, Junhui Zhang, and Xu Ma. 2020. Heart sounds diagnosis of multiple cardiac diseases from pcg signals using convolutional classification using a novel 1-d convolutional neural network with extremely neural network. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 197, 105750. low parameter consumption. 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In 2018 40th Annual 10 Social Interaction Prediction from Smart-Phone Sensor Data Marcel Franse Martinšek Junoš Lukan∗ Larissa Bolliger Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Public Health and Department of Intelligent Systems Department of Intelligent Systems Primary Care Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ghent University marcel.franse.martinsek@ijs.si junos.lukan@ijs.si Ghent, Belgium larissa.bolliger@ugent.be Els Clays Primož Šiško Mitja Luštrek∗ Department of Public Health and Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Primary Care Department of Intelligent Systems Department of Intelligent Systems Ghent University Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ghent, Belgium sisko.primoz@gmail.com mitja.lustrek@ijs.si els.clays@ugent.be ABSTRACT sensor data labelled with the number of people a person inter- Occupational stress is often associated with social interactions. acted with in the last ten minutes. Importantly, unlike many We used data collected as a part of the larger study to predict studies that focus on remote social interactions (e.g., [2]), con- whether a person is interacting with another while at work and trolled settings (e.g., [13, 8]), or use dedicated hardware (e.g., [7, at home. The dataset consisted of three weeks of data of 55 par- 14]), we predict everyday face-to-face interactions using personal ticipants and included information on application and screen smartphone data. Our focus is solely on predicting the number of usage, calls, location, and Bluetooth and Wi-Fi data. We exploited people present during interactions. We intend to use this as a fea- a question about work activities to obtain approximate labels of ture to predict social support quality and aspects of occupational social interactions. Additionally, we derived a feature indicating stress. indoor location, which did not turn out to be useful in our case. In a binary classification problem tackled with a random forest 2 DATA COLLECTION model, we achieved an 𝐹1 score of about 0.57. We obtained this dataset as a part of a larger study called Stress at work (STRAW; [1]), where we developed an Android application KEYWORDS [12] based on the AWARE framework [6]. This app collected social interactions, mobile sensing, indoor localization, stress participants’ self-reports and smartphone data, including screen detection and application use, GPS location, calls, and Bluetooth and Wi- Fi access points. Participants completed short questionnaires 1 INTRODUCTION approximately every 90 minutes, which included questions from psychometrically validated scales. They also contained questions The relationship between stress and social interactions is a com- about work activities from the previous 10 minutes. plex one. Social interactions can both offer relief from psycho- Participants reported diverse work activities, including breaks, logical distress and be influenced by stressors [18]. For instance, transit, individual work, and working with others. In the case of distress can trigger support from empathetic individuals, but working with others, they specified in-person, telecommunication- persistent distress can erode such support over time. Interper- based, lecture, or other interactions, also indicating the number sonal encounters, especially instrumental support (e.g., help with of people involved as one, two, or more than two. tasks), can act as a protective factor against occupational stress In the primary study, we collected data from 55 participants [16] and burnout [4], but they can also be sources of conflict. employed at research organizations in Belgium and Slovenia, In the field of artificial intelligence, researchers have recog- with diverse genders (26 women) and ages (mean age 34.9 years, nized the significance of social interactions, often using smart- ranging from 24 to 63 years). Each participant provided data for phones for monitoring due to their widespread use. Various smart- 15 working days, responding to the questionnaires roughly every phone sensors, including GPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, accelerometer, 90 min as designed [11]. microphone, and on-device analytics like call and message moni- toring, application usage, screen activity, and battery status, have 3 TARGET AND FEATURE EXTRACTION been employed for this purpose [20]. This paper outlines a method for detecting a person’s involve- To create a predictive model for social interactions, we first de- ment in a social interaction. We utilize a dataset of smartphone fined the target variable by processing answers to the question work activity questions and then selected the most informative ∗Also with Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School. features. With these labelled data and the chosen features at hand, we trained a supervised random forest model, as elaborated in Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal Section 5. or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this 3.1 Label Extraction work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). We processed answers to the question about work activity in the Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). last ten minutes and extracted the following attributes for these 10-minute segments of collected data: 11 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Martinšek et al. • n_others: Number of interactions with others in last 10- In cases where features were highly similar and had correlations minutes (−1: exact number unknown, 0: alone, 1: one addi- close to 1, the selection was arbitrary. We chose the feature based tional person, 2: two additional people, 3: more than two on its simplicity and ease of interpretation. Figures 1 and 2 depict additional people). correlation matrices before and after this feature selection step. • inperson: Interaction in person (True/False). 1.00 • formal: Formality of interaction (True/False) ecog. Due to question interdependence some attribute values were Activity r 0.75 impossible to determine, resulting in missing values. For instance, participants mentioned activities like “coffee, lunch or toilet ound 0.50 break” for which we didn’t collect the number of people present. egr These attributes served two purposes: data filtering (inperson App. for 0.25 and formal) and segment labelling (n_others), resulting in a labelled dataset of 3371 10-minute segments with features listed 0.00 in the next section. The target variable distribution was highly Bluetooth imbalanced (see Table 1). 0.25 Calls 0.50 Label Examples Count Binary Merged Count 3 479 Locations 0.75 2 179 een 1157 Messages Scr 1 390 Speech Wifi 1.00 −1 109 ecog. ound Calls een Wifi egr Scr Bluetooth LocationsMessages Speech 0 2214 2214 Activity r App. for Table 1: Class distributions of extracted and merged labels. Figure 1: Correlation matrix of all features grouped by sensor, excluding categorical features To simplify the problem, we merged labels into a binary rep- 1.00 resentation, indicating whether the number of people involved was greater than 0 (True) or not (False). ound 0.75 egr 3.2 Features App. for 0.50 3.2.1 Initial Feature Set. Following the literature referenced in Bluetooth Section 1, we selected sensors from the collected data that could 0.25 be informative in predicting interactions. We computed first and Calls 0.00 second-order features from these sensors during the 10-minute segments. Below are the sensors we utilized, along with brief 0.25 descriptions and feature counts in parentheses: Locations L • Activity_recognition (1): Physical activity (walking, run- 0.50 ning, cycling). Messages een Messages Scr • Applications_foreground (99): Use of various categories 0.75 of phone applications. Speech Wifi W 1.00 • Bluetooth (30): Count and variance of visible Bluetooth devices (own and foreign). . ound Calls een Wifi W Scr egr ocations Speech • Calls (29): Call duration, quantity, and entropy of duration. egr Bluetooth Locations L Messages • Locations (21): GPS location features like variance and App. for average speed. • Messages (10): Number of sent/received messages. Figure 2: Correlation matrix after manual elimination of • Screen (7): Screen details, such as unlock duration. highly correlated features. • Speech (5): Detection of human speech via microphone input. We utilized sklearn’s [15] random forest (RF) implementation • Wi-Fi (8): Visible Wi-Fi access point count, Wi-Fi localiza- to reduce the dimensionality of feature space, employing the tion (see Section 4). Gini impurity metric. We explored various RF hyperparameters (max_depth: 10, 20, 30 and 40; n_estimators: 100, 500 and 1000) Here, the speech sensor was a custom-implemented method to observe feature selection and their impact on Gini impurity. that was running on the device and classified audio data online Some features were infrequently chosen, and some of the selected (see our previous work, [9], for more details) ones had minimal impact (less than 0.02 reduction) on Gini impu- 3.2.2 Feature selection. In previous work [12, 11], we imple- rity. We performed 10-fold cross-validation to assess the selected mented numerous features from the sensors mentioned earlier. feature set’s predictive quality using the 𝐹1 metric. By evaluating To address high feature correlation, we reduced them to a smaller how features influenced the 𝐹1 score and retaining those signifi- subset before classification. We applied a threshold of 𝑟 = 0.8 cantly impacting it while removing others with minor effects on and retained only one feature from each highly correlated group. Gini impurity, we derived the final feature set: 12 Social Interaction Prediction from Smart-Phone Sensor Data Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia • phone_screen: Screen unlocks and total screen unlocked by visualizing the relationship between different combinations time. of principal components (see Fig. 3). • phone_speech: Mean and standard deviation of human voice proportion in audio. • phone_applications_foreground: Duration of communica- tion and tools app usage. • phone_locations: Average speed, time in significant loca- tions, location variance logarithm, and time at the most visited location. • phone_bluetooth: Number of unique devices, total scans of others’ devices, and their mean. • phone_wifi_visible: Number of unique sensed Wi-Fi access points. • phone_calls: Mean call duration (outgoing and incoming). Most of the features used were included in RAPIDS [19] with implementation of Doryab’s [5, 3] Bluetooth and location fea- tures. 4 WI-FI LOCALIZATION In addition to the simple features described in the previous sec- tion, we aimed to incorporate indoor location data into our mod- els, focusing on a subject’s home and work settings based on GPS location. We identified these settings by distinguishing between the two most frequented locations within each setting. 4.1 Rough GPS location For rough GPS location determination, we utilized GPS cluster Figure 3: Visualization of a subject’s Wi-Fi fingerprint clus- labels provided by Doryab [5]. We employed a simple heuristic, tering results using principal component pairs as returned considering the most common cluster label between 00:00 and by principle component analysis with colours representing 6:00 as home and between 6:00 and 20:00 as work. Subsequently, different clusters. we segregated each subject’s Wi-Fi scan data into home and work categories, excluding data recorded outside of these time After clustering individual-specific data, we assigned an indi- segments. This allowed us to analyze each setting independently. cator label unique to each person, which couldn’t be generalized. For each location, we determined whether it represented the most 4.2 Indoor Wi-Fi location or second-most frequent location in a given setting. We split the We adapted Wi-Fi localization from a supervised to an unsuper- data into home and work subsets, performing separate Wi-Fi data vised learning approach due to a lack of calibration steps during clustering for each, resulting in four localization features. data collection. This adjustment was made individually for each • Scope: General location classification as most common (1), subject’s data, given the differences in their environments. second most common (2), or neither (0), alongside personal The Wi-Fi sensor data included three key variables: timestamp, cluster labels. detected device’s media access control (MAC) address, and re- • Setting: Home or work (determined by rough GPS loca- ceived signal strength indicator (RSSI). We filtered out entries tion). If outside these settings, corresponding features were with uncommon MAC addresses (appearing fewer than 100 times) set to -1. and grouped the remaining entries into 1-minute segments to Ultimately, these features proved uninformative for our use create Wi-Fi fingerprints. Each fingerprint, specific to a subject case and were removed during feature selection in Section 3.2.2. and setting, comprised a combination of MAC addresses and This may be attributed to limitations in our modified clustering corresponding RSSI values recorded during that minute. This approach without initial calibration steps during data collection. often resulted in 70 or more unique values, presenting a high- dimensional clustering challenge. 5 INTERACTION CLASSIFICATION We selected the random forest model for its versatility in han- 4.3 Clustering dling both categorical and numerical data, capturing complex, We applied 𝑘-means clustering with the silhouette measure to non-linear feature-target relationships through ensemble tech- determine the optimal value of 𝑘. Given the uncertainty about niques. To tackle dataset imbalance, we initially used imblearn’s the number of significant locations per subject, we started with [10] random oversampling and undersampling, with undersam- 𝑘 = 12 and reduced it, ultimately stopping at a minimum of 𝑘 = 4, pling proving superior in our 𝐹1 score evaluation. Additionally, as we expected at least four significant locations (e.g., desk, lunch, we imputed missing values with zeros when it logically repre- meeting room, other). sented the intended feature content, e.g., missing duration values For each clustering result, we computed the silhouette mea- indicating non-usage of specific applications. sure [17] and selected the 𝑘 value yielding the highest silhouette Table 2 presents LOSO and 10-fold cross-validation results score. Additionally, we manually assessed the clustering results for models, comparing undersampling, oversampling, and the 13 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Martinšek et al. original class distribution. We explored various random forest [4] J. D. DeFreese and Jason P. Mihalik. 2016. Work-based social interactions, configurations by adjusting maximum tree depth (Max_d) and perceived stress, and workload incongruence as antecedents of athletic trainer burnout. Journal of Athletic Training, 51, 1, (Jan. 2016), 28–34. doi: the number of trees (N_estim). 10.4085/1062-6050-51.2.05. Dataset imbalance posed challenges; oversampling and the [5] Afsaneh Doryab, Prerna Chikarsel, Xinwen Liu, and Anind K. Dey. 2018. base approach led to numerous false classifications in the majority Extraction of behavioral features from smartphone and wearable data. abs/1812.10394, (Dec. 18, 2018). arXiv: 1812.10394 [cs.CY]. doi: 10.485 class, while undersampling misclassified more majority class 50/ARXIV.1812.10394. examples as the minority. A more balanced class distribution [6] Denzil Ferreira, Vassilis Kostakos, and Anind K. Dey. 2015. AWARE: Mobile yielded a less biased model and a slight increase in the average context instrumentation framework. Frontiers in ICT, 2, 6, 1–9. doi: 10.3389 /fict.2015.00006. 𝐹1 score with undersampling. LOSO was notably affected by [7] Michele Girolami, Fabio Mavilia, and Franca Delmastro. 2020. Sensing social sampling methods, with undersampling performing better due to interactions through BLE beacons and commercial mobile devices. 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ACM, Osaka, Japan, (Sept. 2015), 1293–1304. isbn: 9781450335744. doi: 10.1145/2750858.2805845. 14 Comparison of Advanced Processing Methods for PPG Denoising using a Novel Signal Quality Metric ∗ Kitoshi Kawai Gašper Slapničar kawai- kitoshi38@eis.t.u- tokyo.ac.jp gasper.slapnicar@ijs.si The University of Tokyo Jožef Stefan Institute Tokyo 113-8656, Japan Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Akira Hirose Mitja Luštrek ahirose@ee.t.u- tokyo.ac.jp mitja.lustrek@ijs.si The University of Tokyo Jožef Stefan Institute Tokyo 113-8656, Japan Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Figure 1: The top dashed box is baseline signal processing, the bottom right is advanced signal processing. The Upper left subplot is the raw recording of RGB channels. Both baseline and advanced signal processing were applied, and the lower subplot shows the denoised signal and its waveform evaluation. ABSTRACT denoising. Applying our state-of-the-art pipeline to our dataset demonstrated a 5-12% improvement in the resting state and a Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method measur- 27-28% improvement in the active state in terms of our proposed ing blood volume changes using light. By illuminating tissue and Signal Quality Index metric. This was compared to the baseline observing light variations, PPG captures blood flow fluctuations. denoising which employed only outlier removal and bandpass Vital physiological parameters can be obtained by analyzing the filtering. PPG signals, such as heart rate and oxygen saturation. In this study, we acquired PPG signals from the palm of a hand using KEYWORDS camera-based remote sensing. However, this approach is espe- cially sensitive to noise due to contact-free nature. We propose photoplethysmography, noise removal, empirical mode decom- novel metrics for waveform evaluation of PPG signals and a position, principal component analysis, independent component unique pipeline combining several advanced methods for PPG analysis, signal quality assessment Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal 1 INTRODUCTION or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or Non-invasive physiological monitoring has grown essential in distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this healthcare. Photoplethysmography (PPG) uses light to track blood work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). volume changes. PPG often employs contact sensors, capturing Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia light variations through the skin, which unveil blood flow char- © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). acteristics and allow the extraction of metrics like heart rate (HR) 15 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kitoshi Kawai, Gašper Slapničar, Akira Hirose, and Mitja Luštrek and oxygen saturation. However, obtaining such parameters is Lazaro et al. [4] and if the number of peaks did not correspond not straightforward due to PPG being susceptible to noise such to the HR specified previously, the data was discarded as too as motion artifacts. noisy during recording. For peak detection, we set a window (the Remote PPG (rPPG) acquires PPG signals without direct con- size of which was based on HR), identified the highest gradient tact, avoiding the discomfort of attached devices. However, rPPG within, and marked the subsequent local maxima as the systolic signals are more vulnerable to noise, especially from unintended peak. To isolate a PPG signal cycle, we also discerned the valley movements. This leads to degradation of the PPG signal. When points, taken as the minimum between two systolic peaks [11]. estimating blood pressure using PPG, accurate detection of sys- 3.1.1 Hampel Filter. The Hampel filter identifies outliers in time- tolic peaks is crucial [12]. Motion artifacts, however, can induce series data through the following procedures. problematic peak shifts in the PPG signal. The aim of this study was to refine the rPPG signal and as- • Take three points before and after the target data point sess its waveform with our proposed Signal Quality Index (SQI) and calculate the median within this window. detailed in Section 3.3. By examining different processing tech- • Compute the median absolute deviation (MAD) by deter- niques for noisy rPPG signals, we wanted to enhance PPG tech- mining the median of the absolute differences between nology and improve physiological monitoring reliability. each data point in the window and the window’s median. • Multiply the MAD by a constant to estimate the standard 2 RELATED WORK deviation under the assumption that the data follows a normal distribution. Several methods have been proposed to remove motion artifacts • If the absolute difference between a data point and the from PPG signals, with statistical approaches like Principal com- median of its window exceeds three times the MAD, the ponent analysis (PCA), Independent component analysis (ICA), data point is deemed an outlier and is replaced with the and Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) [3, 9, 6]. In estimating window’s median. the PPG-derived respiratory rate, separate utilization of PCA and EMD has demonstrated errors of 1.48 and 0.07 breaths/min, 3.1.2 Butterworth Filter. After processing the data using the respectively, suggesting their efficacy in noise removal. However, Hampel filter, we used the Butterworth filter to extract compo- the performance without any filter remained unassessed, so it is nents from 0.5Hz to 3.0Hz. By using this filter, we eliminated difficult to evaluate its performance. In another study, Motin et al. both low-frequency and high-frequency components. integrated EMD and PCA for PPG-based breath rate estimation. They reported absolute errors of 0.9 breaths and 9.9 breaths in 3.2 Advanced Signal Processing 5-minute recordings, depending on the dataset [6]. In contrast, Within the Butterworth filter’s cutoff frequency range, we fur- the exclusive use of a bandpass filter resulted in errors of 5.4 and ther denoised using either EMD, ICA, PCA, or a combination 10.5 breaths in 5-minute respectively [8], indicating that combin- of these methods. In this study, we considered the following ing different processing methods might be effective in improving combinations: robustness. In these studies, the PPG signal was not evaluated directly but rather through the quality of variables extracted (i) BSP (iv) BSP + EMD from it. In contrast, Slapničar et al. focused on the waveform (ii) BSP + PCA (v) BSP + EMD + PCA of the PPG signal itself and evaluate the signal in a data-driven (iii) BSP + ICA (vi) BSP + EMD + ICA manner [11]. In their study, a metric called Signal Quality Indices (SQIs) was defined and a threshold was set to extract only good waveforms. 3.2.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition. EMD is a method of de- composing a signal into physically meaningful components and 3 METHODOLOGY is used to analyze nonlinear or non-stationary signals. Using EMD, signals can be decomposed into "intrinsic mode functions" Our methodology for processing PPG data was divided into two (IMFs), which correspond to components of different frequency. stages: baseline signal processing (BSP) and advanced signal We referred to the detailed algorithm in this paper [1]. For each processing. In the BSP stage, we first applied the Hampel filter component of the IMFs, only the first intrinsic mode function followed by the Butterworth filter to detect outliers and extract (IMF) consistently had peaks within the predefined HR range. specific frequency components. In the advanced signal processing Thus, we selected this first IMF as the PPG signal. stage, additional noise removal was accomplished using either EMD, PCA, ICA, or a combination of these methods. 3.2.2 Principal Component Analysis. PCA compresses multidi- We then assessed the performance of previously described mensional data and extracts essential features [10]. In this study, PPG processing methods using custom SQIs, which we describe each frame captured by the camera was divided into a 3x3 grid, in detail in Section 3.3. In this study, it was assumed that the HR giving 9 regions. Each region’s average pixel value formed a was between 50 and 140 beats per minute (50 ≤ HR ≤ 140) as nine-dimensional input. This was reduced to two dimensions, the HR of the subjects in our experiment ranged from about 60 representing the PPG signal and noise. By comparing the num- to 130. ber of peaks in the post-PCA data with the expected HR, the first component of the PCA was determined to be the PPG data. 3.1 Baseline Signal Processing However, it should be noted that PCA can occasionally produce We first used the Hampel filter to detect outliers. Afterwards, inverted outputs because the sign of eigenvectors, which deter- since the PPG data was expected to have some frequency range, mine the direction of principal components, is arbitrary and can a Butterworth filter was employed to extract specific frequency be positive or negative. To account for this, we checked the cor- components. Based on the data obtained from these processes, relation coefficient between the PCA output and the PPG signal we detected peaks using peak detection algorithm detailed by which was processed with BSP after averaging the entire frame. 16 Comparison of Advanced Processing Methods for PPG Denoising using a Novel Signal Quality Metric Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia If the correlation coefficient was negative, indicating inversion, 4 EXPERIMENTS the output was then multiplied by -1. 4.1 Recording Setup 3.2.3 Independent Component Analysis. ICA is a technique used In this study, we collected rPPG data from 11 subjects, both male to decompose multivariate signals into statistically independent and female, aged 22 to 45 years old. The iDS 3040SE-Q RGB cam- components [2]. Like PCA, each frame was divided into nine era set at 250 fps, equipped with the Sony IMX273 1/3" CMOS regions for input, and the output consisted of two dimensions: image sensor and the iDS-5M23-C1618 16 mm lens, was used for the PPG signal and noise. However, since ICA does not define the recordings. Each subject underwent four 30-second record- the order or sign of the separated sources, it is ambiguous to ings. For each recording, rPPG was obtained from red (R), green identify which outputs are related to PPG or noise, and also (G), and blue (B) channels. Of the four sessions, the initial two the components can be inverted. Therefore, considering both recordings were conducted in a "rest state" while the subsequent the output data sets and their inverses (making a total of four two were in an "active state". The rest state entailed subjects being potential sets), the data with the highest correlation coefficient in a relaxed condition for the recording, achieved by prompting to the PPG signal which was processed with BSP after averaging them to engage in meditation or deep breathing prior to the ses- the entire frame was selected as the PPG data. sion. Conversely, the active state referred to recordings taken after subjects performed physical activities like jumping or squats 3.3 PPG Waveform Quality Assessment to elevate their HR. Consequently, it was expected that the PPG For PPG waveform evaluation, a template was first created. This signal would be more stable in the rest state and the noise level template was then used to calculate the SQI by comparing the would be higher in the active state. denoised PPG data with the template. 4.2 Evaluation Pipeline 3.3.1 Template Wave Formation. The length of one cycle tem- Using the PPG data obtained by the signal processing described in plate waveform was computed using autocorrelation analysis. Section 3, the SQI of each channel (R, G, and B) was computed for Given the previously defined HR range, the potential cycle length each recording. The mean and standard deviation of the SQI were range was denoted by Eq. (1) computed across both rest and active states. Our analysis entailed fps × 60 fps × 60 comparing the BSP with advanced methods to identify the most ≤ 𝐿 ≤ (1) effective processing technique in terms of SQI. Additionally, we 140 50 evaluated the performance differences between the rest (stable where fps is the sampling frequency in Hertz (fps = 250 Hz) PPG) and active (potentially noisier PPG) states. and 𝐿 is the template length in samples. To compare channels, we also computed the mean and stan- We then shifted the signal by all the lengths within that range, dard deviation of SQI using the PPG data obtained only by the the correlation coefficients of the original and shifted signals best-performing processing method for both states. R, G, and B were compared and the shift length with the highest correlation channels were then evaluated based on these SQI values as given coefficient was selected as the template width. With the length 𝐿 in Table 1 (Best method). of the template determined, we extracted segments of width 𝐿 from each valley point of the PPG signal. The template waveform 5 RESULTS was then created by averaging these segments. The primary objective of this study was to investigate which 3.3.2 Signal Quality Indices. We defined SQIs based on method combination of methods was most effective in noise removal. We proposed by Slapničar et al. [11]. However, in our study, we made computed the SQI for each RGB channel in both rest and active some modifications to SQI3 to ensure normalization between -1 states, as detailed in Table 1. and 1. The template, created as detailed above, was compared and In the rest state with minimal motion artifacts, the highest SQI evaluated against each cycle of the PPG signal using the three was achieved using the BSP, EMD, and PCA filters. Conversely, following SQIs. post-motion data, which had pronounced motion artifacts, exhib- • SQI1: Data of length 𝐿 starting from each valley point ited maximal SQI when BSP, EMD, and ICA filters were applied. is directly compared with the template to calculate the Relative to the baseline SQI obtained by the BSP, enhancements Pearson’s correlation coefficient. were: 12% (R), 5% (G), and 10% (B) in the rest state, and 27% (R and • SQI2: Data between two adjacent valleys is considered as G) and 28% (B) in the active state. In the rest state with minimal one cycle. If the waveform length of one cycle is different original noise, filtering slightly enhanced the PPG signal. In con- from the template, the data is compared with the tem- trast, for active states with pronounced noise, the improvement plate by resampling to determine Pearson’s correlation was substantial. The SQI disparity between states was minimized coefficient. with EMD, highlighting its efficiency in motion artifact removal. • SQI3: Data between two adjacent valleys is considered as Besides, combining EMD with ICA and PCA further improved one cycle, dynamic time warping (DTW) is employed to robustness. Moreover, as highlighted by Jihyoung et al.[5], the find similar points with the template. DTW is a method green channel consistently provided superior PPG signals com- used to align two sequences by warping their time axis pared to the other channels. to best match each sequence to the other [7]. The corre- A specific view of the evaluation of the denoised PPG signal sponding points are then used to calculate the Pearson’s and waveform is shown in Fig. 2. The figure depicts the denoised correlation coefficient. PPG signal using the optimal pipeline (BSP + EMD + PCA) and Finally, the final SQI was computed by taking the average of the corresponding SQI assessment for the green channel during SQI1, SQI2, and SQI3, as expressed in Eq. (2). the rest state. For instance, during the collapse of the PPG wave- form (approximately at frame number 700), the SQI manifests a 1 𝑆𝑄 𝐼 = (𝑆𝑄𝐼 1 + 𝑆𝑄𝐼 2 + 𝑆𝑄𝐼 3) (2) diminished value. 3 17 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kitoshi Kawai, Gašper Slapničar, Akira Hirose, and Mitja Luštrek R_SQI G_SQI B_SQI rest active rest active rest active BSP 0.73 ± 0.14 0.65 ± 0.13 0.80 ± 0.13 0.66 ± 0.12 0.74 ± 0.15 0.65 ± 0.13 BSP+PCA 0.74 ± 0.16 0.61 ± 0.12 0.80 ± 0.13 0.63 ± 0.11 0.75 ± 0.15 0.61 ± 0.12 BSP+ICA 0.71 ± 0.17 0.64 ± 0.13 0.77 ± 0.16 0.70 ± 0.14 0.72 ± 0.17 0.65 ± 0.13 BSP+EMD 0.79 ± 0.14 0.81 ± 0.14 0.83 ± 0.13 0.82 ± 0.14 0.80 ± 0.13 0.82 ± 0.13 BSP+EMD+PCA 0.82 ± 0.14 0.79 ± 0.14 0.84 ± 0.13 0.81 ± 0.15 0.82 ± 0.15 0.79 ± 0.14 BSP+EMD+ICA 0.79 ± 0.15 0.82 ± 0.14 0.83 ± 0.15 0.84 ± 0.13 0.80 ± 0.15 0.83 ± 0.14 Best method 0.82 ± 0.14 0.84 ± 0.13 0.83 ± 0.15 Table 1: The mean and standard deviation of SQI across different processing methods, scenarios, and color channels. The final "Best method" is computed only from best-performing methods (BSP+EMD+PCA and BSP+EMD+ICA). Figure 2: The top subplot shows the PPG signal (green channel) using basic signal processing and the best combination of advanced signal processing. The bottom subplot shows the corresponding waveform evaluation. SQI values, presented in Eq. (2) as the mean of SQI1, SQI2, and REFERENCES SQI3, should be adjusted based on the application. For applica- [1] Norden E Huang, Zheng Shen, Steven R Long, Manli C Wu, Hsing H Shih, Quanan Zheng, Nai-Chyuan Yen, Chi Chao Tung, and Henry H Liu. 1998. tions where precise waveform morphology are vital [12], SQI2 The empirical mode decomposition and the hilbert spectrum for nonlinear might be more crucial. Conversely, when precise morphology is and non-stationary time series analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of not as important, but only the dominant peak matters, SQI1 (with London. 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A tutorial on principal component analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.1100. removal techniques on precise morphology and subtle details of [11] Gasper Slapničar, Mitja Luštrek, and Matej Marinko. 2018. Continuous blood the PPG waveform. pressure estimation from ppg signal. Informatica, 42, 1. [12] Gašper Slapničar, Wenjin Wang, and Mitja Luštrek. 2022. Feasibility of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS remote pulse transit time estimation using narrow-band multi-wavelength camera photoplethysmography. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2022 ACM This work was supported by the Jožef Stefan Institute and by International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and the 2022 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. The University of Tokyo. 18 Machine-learning Methods for Analysis of Gene Expression Data Marko Jordan Jakob Valič Mitja Luštrek Department of Intelligent Systems, Department of Intelligent Systems, Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Jožef Stefan International marko.jordan@ijs.si Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Slovenia mitja.lustrek@ijs.si ABSTRACT Gene expression and similar types of biological data are often studied because they provide rich information about the state of an organism, and machine-learning models can be built to predict the organism’s state from such data. A common challenge is that the number of genes, which correspond to features for machine learning, is typically large compared to the number of samples. This is tackled by feature-selection and dimensionality-reduction methods. The former have the advantage of providing information on important features, which may allow reducing the number of features that have to be collected prospectively. We present two feature-selection methods: an ensemble of established filter methods, and a custom bi-directional wrapper designed specifically for problems where the number of features is large compared to the number of instances and there may be interactions between the features. We compare the methods on a dataset consisting of multiple cohorts, by training models on some cohorts and testing on others, which best approximates real-life use. We find that some informative features can be identified, and while the wrapper does not outperform the filter ensemble, it does work better on the more challenging cases. KEYWORDS Gene expression, machine learning, feature selection Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 19 Identifying Bumblebee Buzzes Using Neural Networks Tilen Šket, David Susič Candace Galen, Johannes Marina Arbetman, Victoria Department of Intelligent Systems, Schul Campopiano Robinson Jožef Stefan Institute Division of Biological Sciences, Universisad Nacional del Comahue Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Missouri Bariloche, Argentina Columbia, Missouri, United States Cristian Alfonso Villagra Gil, Anton Gradišek Valentina Herrera anton.gradisek@ijs.si Universidad Metropolitana de Department of Intelligent Systems, Ciencias de la Educación Jožef Stefan Institute Santiago, Chile Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT Bumblebee monitoring can be carried out either manually, with people in the field observing target plants and writing down Bumblebees as important pollinators are keystone species and as notes, or with the use of technology. Clearly, even if manual such are crucial for functioning of the ecosystem. In Patagonia monitoring has the advantage of an expert observer being able to (in Argentina and Chile), the native species Bombus dahlbomii produce high-quality records, this approach is time and resource is under threat by the spread of invasive European species that consuming. Therefore, we explore the possibilities that smart sen- were introduced for agricultural purposes. An important aspect sors can offer, in particular sound recordings with microphones of conservation efforts is monitoring of the presence of native coupled with signal analysis with AI algorithms. and invasive species. Here we report on the analysis of sound When it comes to utilizing machine learning (ML) for insect recordings using neural networks, with the aim of detecting the detection and/or classification from sound recordings, a variety of presence of bumblebee buzzes in the recordings. approaches have been established, many of which are influenced KEYWORDS by the broader fields of general audio and image data analysis. These include strategies such as using features derived from time- bumblebees, neural networks, buzz detection, spectrograms series signals as inputs for classical ML models [11, 7], using spectrograms as inputs for neural networks (NNs) [14, 9, 8] and 1 INTRODUCTION employing time-series directly as NN inputs [13]. In the previous studies of bumblebee sounds, some of the co- Bumblebees (genus Bombus) are a group of social insects from authors of this paper have investigated whether it is possible to the bee family Apidae. They are important pollinators, often distinguish bumblebee species and type based on flight buzzing more efficient than honeybees. This comes in part due to their sound [4], where, in brief, a larger body size of a bumblebee will different morphology and lifestyle. They can forage in cold and likely result in a lower buzzing frequency. In another study, we rainy weather when honeybees will not even exit the hive, and monitored "bumblebee traffic" using microphones next to the due to a special technique called "buzz pollination" they can pol- nest-box entrance, where we used sound analysis to count the linate flowers where the pollen needs to be extracted - this is for workers flying in and out [5, 3]. In those studies, the approach example relevant for tomatoes, where bumblebee pollination has with microphones turned out to be highly efficient in detecting an extremely important commercial role as well. In ecosystems buzzes, as well as distinguishing between the arrivals and depar- where honeybees are absent, such as in the mountains, plants tures. In the present paper, we go one step further. We wanted to rely on bumblebees and other wild pollinators. develop an algorithm that would identify bumblebee buzzes from The largest bumblebee species, Bombus dahlbomii, lives in a long recording at several chosen plants during a field study temperate forests of South America, in southern Argentina and in South America. The task is more complex than the one with Chile[1]. It is an important pollinator of local plant species, how- bumblebee traffic as the bees do not necessarily pass close by ever, it is being threatened by the introduced species (B. terrestris the microphone, and the buzzes sounds are furthermore masked and B. ruderatus) that have been brought from Europe for agricul- by various ambient noises. Here, we present the initial results tural purposes in the past decades [12, 10, 2]. As these species are of an approach using convolutional neural networks for buzz expanding in range and increasing in numbers, the population of B. dahlbomii detection. We discuss the accuracy of the algorithm and outline is diminishing and is faced with possible extinction. the future steps. In order to boost the conservation efforts, careful monitoring of populations of local and introduced bumblebee species is needed as a starting point for policy makers and conservationists to plan 2 DATASET their actions. Recordings of bumble bees were obtained in November, 2022 at forest understory and rural field sites in Argentina and Chile. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal Audiomoth (Open Acoustic Devices) and DB-9 USB recording or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or devices with a detection range of 1-2 m were used to collect distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this single channel audio recordings at 16 kHz. In this study, we used work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). roughly 750 minutes of such recordings. This is a labeled dataset, Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia however, the size of all the recordings obtained during the field © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). study is substantially larger. It should be stressed that the labels 20 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Šket et al. Table 1: Test, validation, and test data set distributions. for buzzes were all approximate, as the expert noted when they saw the bumblebee, not necessarily when the bumblebee sound was picked by the microphone. Split Sound #Spectrograms As the recordings included various ambient sounds such as buzz 96 lawnmowers and passing cars (which produce somewhat similar Train no buzz 440 spectrograms to those of bumblebees, but more on this later), we machine 24 underwent a process of isolating highly noisy segments. These buzz 24 segments were then combined to create a supplementary dataset Validation no buzz 110 totaling 2 minutes in duration, referred to as the machine sounds machine 6 dataset. buzz 1984 3 METHODOLOGY Test no buzz 20564 machine 0 The objective of our study was to identify timestamps within the recordings that denote the occurrence of bumblebee buzzes. The methodology included initial recording preprocessing and data partitioning, selection of neural network architecture, and from the short recordings which either included buzz throughout determination of the model training settings. the whole length or did not include a buzz at all. Conversely, the test dataset was composed of spectrograms extracted from 3.1 Data Preprocessing the longer recordings. Spectrograms containing the bumblebee Bumblebees exhibit a natural flying frequency in the range of buzz sound were assigned with a label of 1, whereas the ones 200 Hz, alongside higher harmonics that can extend up to 1500 without buzzes were assigned a label of 0. The training data Hz (at least those we can detect). Similarly, when the bumblebee recordings were all manually checked and labeled by the experts. engages in sonication on a flower, the emitted sounds resonate at In contrast, the labeling process for the testing dataset involved a natural frequency of about 300 Hz, with corresponding higher experts identifying the presence of buzzing in the long recordings harmonics [4]. It is important to stress that bumblebees are much by providing a single time-stamp per bumblebee buzz. This time- larger and heavier than most of the other pollinating insects stamp indicated the approximate detection time, meaning some present in the area (such as honeybees or solitary bees), so their spectrograms might have been mislabeled. In addition, the cases buzzing frequencies will be lower than those of other pollinators. where the buzzing sound persisted for longer than 4 seconds, at For the initial preprocessing step, recordings were subjected least one spectrogram included a (part of a) buzz but was labeled to a frequency filtering process, limiting frequencies up to 1500 with 0. Hz. Next, the recordings were segmented into 4-second intervals The training data was split into train and validation sets with with a 50% overlap. These discrete intervals were then trans- the ratio of 4:1. The folds were stratified with respect to the formed into Mel spectrograms using the fast Fourier transform. dataset (bumblebee, machines) and with respect to the class label Consequently, each instance was represented as a 2-dimensional (buzz or no buzz). Our train, validation, and test set distributions array of dimensions 128x128. Unlike conventional spectrograms, are shown in Table 1. Mel spectrograms utilize the Mel frequency scale to mimic the As expected, we see that the test set is greatly unbalanced human ear’s perception of distinct frequencies (as an ear has a (most of the time, there are no bumblebees). In the approxi- logarithmic response, not a linear one). The examples of prepro- mately 710 minutes of the test recordings, the experts detected cessed spectrograms to be used in our model are given in Figure 1. and marked down 992 time-stamps of bumblebee buzzes, result- Note that the added machine sounds were preprocessed equally. ing in 1984 of the spectrograms being labeled with a buzz due to the 50% temporal overlap of the spectrograms (each time-stamp was covered by two spectrograms). 3.3 Neural Network Architecture From the machine learning perspective, our study was an image classification task, thus we implemented a convolutional neural network (CCN) as they are regarded as the state-of-the art in the image classification domain [6]. Our model architecture comprises three convolutional layers, followed by a fully connected network with two dense layers and a single output neuron. The convolutional layers included, starting from the initial layer, 128, 256, and 512 filters all size at Figure 1: Spectrograms of a bumblebee buzz (left) and no 3x3. Each convlotutional layer was accompanied by a 2x2 max buzz (right) pooling layer. The output of the last convolutional layer was flattened and input to a dense layer consisting of 8192 neurons, followed by a batch normalization, and a dense layer consisting of 512 neurons. Ultimately, the final output was consolidated 3.2 Data Partitioning into a single neuron, generating a numeric value between 0 and Our dataset comprises recordings of varying lengths: some are 1 that signified the degree of confidence in predicting a buzz. short (3-10 seconds), while others are longer (around 10 minutes). The activation function of all convolutional layers and the first The training dataset was composed of the spectrograms extracted dense layer was ReLu, while the last dense layer used a sigmoid 21 Identifying Bumblebee Buzzes Using Neural Networks Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Table 2: CNN model and the baseline performance results. activation function. The schematic of the the CNN used in our Baseline predicted randomly assuming train data class analysis is given in Figure 2. probabilites. As the train and validation data volume is fairly small, we tried implementing dropout regularization to the CNN layers. Surprisingly, our findings revealed that dropout did not yield Model Metric Result any performance improvement. Consequently, we decided not to Accuracy 76% incorporate any regularization into the final model architecture. Precision 60% CNN 3.4 Model Training Settings Recall 96% F1–score 74% The selected loss function to be optimized during the neural net- Accuracy 74% work training was the binary cross-entropy. The validation data Precision 9% was used to control and adjust the settings during the training. Baseline Recall 21% For the optimization algorithm, we employed the Adam opti- F1–score 12% mizer along with a learning rate scheduler. The initial learning −4 rate was set to 10 , which was dynamically adjusted as training progressed. Specifically, the learning rate was reduced by a factor of 10 after each epoch where there was no observed improvement in the validation loss. This adaptive approach helped the model model missed buzz-containing spectrograms entirely. This dis- navigate towards convergence. The batch size was 32 and the crepancy arises, same as before, due to the characteristic nature model trained for 50 epochs. of buzzes, which often span across multiple spectrogram dura- tions. Conversely, instances where the model correctly predicted 4 RESULTS a buzz, but with a slight delay compared to the expert-annotated Considering the significant imbalance inherent in our dataset, time-stamp, were marked as incorrect predictions due to minor we employed a heuristic approach to evaluate our model’s per- label misalignment. formance effectively. Because the test set spectrograms were While our model missed 298 (30%) buzz events, it often identi- extracted from 10 minute continuous intervals, there was a sig- fied events as buzz despite the label indicating otherwise. This nificant amount of temporal correlation. The buzz sounds some- discrepancy was attributed to label misalignment, absence of buzz times lasted continuoulsy for a few minutes, however during that labels alongside bumblebee presence, and primarily the model’s period, only two spectrograms ware labeled with a buzz, as only unfamiliarity with noise types not encountered in training (e.g., one time-stamp was assigned for that bumblebee and there is cars, lawn mowers, distant music). Figure 4 displays examples of 50% overlap between the spectrograms. a false negative (left) and a false positive (right) predictions. Hence, our devised methodology operated as follows: when In cases like this, where the event one is trying to detect is rare, our model detected a buzz across a series of consecutive spectro- it is crucial to catch as many occurrences as possible. Missing grams and at least one of these spectrograms has been expert- out on detections (false negatives) is more problematic than hav- annotated as a buzz, all the spectrograms within this contiguous ing a some incorrect ones (false positives). Mistaken predictions sequence were counted as true positives. can be manually reviewed by humans, which is quicker than re- We assess the effectiveness of the buzz detection model using screening the entire recordings. Therefore, although improving a set of four key metrics: F1-score, precision, recall, and accuracy. event detection rate and minimizing the false positive rate are How the metrics are calculated from true positive (TP), true crucial, the relatively high occurrence of false positive outcomes negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) values is of lesser concern. is given in Eqs. (1)–(4). We compare the results against a baseline model that predicted randomly assuming the class probabilities of 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS the training data. The models’ performance metrics are compared As demonstrated in the analysis of the algorithm performance, to the baseline in Table 2. We see that our model demonstrates the neural network does detect buzzes. Just looking at the com- significant improvements across all metrics, with the exception of parison with the validation set where (nominally) true positive accuracy, where it shows a modest advantage over the baseline. events are labeled, the performance is still not close to the values 𝑇 𝑃 + 𝑇 𝑁 that would be of strong use for actual field monitoring applica- 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (1) 𝑇 𝑃 + 𝑇 𝑁 + 𝐹 𝑃 + 𝐹 𝑁 tions. Nevertheless, we should stress that there are several improve- 𝑇 𝑃 𝑃 𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (2) ments possible. As outlined above, we are (i) dealing with a highly 𝑇 𝑃 + 𝐹 𝑃 unbalanced dataset, which is (ii) labeled following a protocol used 𝑇 𝑃 in biological field studies where the event labels only approxi- 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (3) 𝑇 𝑃 + 𝐹 𝑁 mately corresponding to the buzzes picked up by microphones (or several segments contain buzzes and there is only one label). Af- 2 · 𝑃𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 · 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐹 1–𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟 𝑒 = (4) ter manually inspecting several miss-classified segments, the next 𝑃 𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 step is to improve the training process of the CNN with larger The confusion matrix depicting the model’s predictions is pre- training sets, which will allow us to more accurately analyze the sented in Figure 3. It’s important to note that the false negative extensive dataset recorded during the field study. Ultimately, this rate of the predictions might be underestimated. This rate sig- approach will allow us to identify bumblebee buzzes in the area nifies the instances where the model failed to identify buzzes and, following an approach similar to the one in Gradišek et al. based on time-stamps, rather than indicating instances where the [4], distinguishing between the native and introduced species. 22 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Šket et al. Figure 2: Convolutional neural network architecture used in our study. DATA AND CODE AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data and the code that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. REFERENCES [1] A.H. Abrahamovich, Maria C. Telleria, and N.B. Diaz. 2001. Bombus species and their associated flora in argentina. Bee World, 82, 2, 76–87. [2] Benoit Geslin and Carolina L. Morales. 2015. New records reveal rapid geographic expansion of bombus terrestris linnaeus, 1758 (hymenoptera: apidae), an invasive species in argentina. Check List, 11, 1620–1620. [3] Anton Gradišek, Nicolas Cheron, David Heise, Candace Galen, and Janez Grad. 2018. Monitoring bumblebee daily activities using microphones. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Multiconference Information Society–IS, 5–8. [4] Anton Gradišek, Gašper Slapničar, Jure Šorn, Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, and Janez Grad. 2017. Predicting species identity of bumblebees through Figure 3: Confusion matrix of the model’s predictions. analysis of flight buzzing sounds. Bioacoustics, 26, 1, 63–76. [5] David Heise, Zachary Miller, Ellie Harrison, Anton Gradišek, Janez Grad, and Candace Galen. 2019. Acoustically tracking the comings and goings of bumblebees. In 2019 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS). IEEE, 1–6. [6] Kavi B. Obaid, Subhi R. M. Zeebaree, and Omar M. Ahmed. 2020. Deep learning models based on image classification: a review. doi: 10.5281/ZEN ODO.4108433. [7] Satoshi Kawakita and Kotaro Ichikawa. 2019. Automated classification of bees and hornet using acoustic analysis of their flight sounds. Apidologie, 50, 1. doi: 10.1007/s13592- 018- 0619- 6. [8] Ali Khalighifar, Daniel Jiménez-García, Lindsay P Campbell, Koffi Men- sah Ahadji-Dabla, Fred Aboagye-Antwi, Luis Arturo Ibarra-Juárez, and A Townsend Peterson. 2021. Application of Deep Learning to Community- Science-Based Mosquito Monitoring and Detection of Novel Species. Journal of Medical Entomology, 59, 1, (Sept. 2021), 355–362. eprint: https://acade mic . oup . com / jme / article - pdf / 59 / 1 / 355 / 41963852 / tjab161 . pdf . doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab161. [9] Ivan Kiskin, Bernardo Pérez Orozco, Theo Windebank, Davide Zilli, Mari- anne Sinka, Kathy Willis, and Stephen Roberts. 2017. Mosquito detection with neural networks: the buzz of deep learning. (2017). arXiv: 1705.05180 Figure 4: False negative (left) and false positive (right) spec- [stat.ML]. [10] Josefin A. Madjidian, Carolina L. Morales, and Henrik G. Smith. 2008. Dis- trograms. The false negative spectrogram includes an audi- placement of a native by an alien bumblebee: lower pollinator efficiency ble buzz, however, the signal strength in the buzz frequency overcome by overwhelmingly higher visitation frequency. Oecologia, 156, range is overpowered by the prevailing background noise 835–845. [11] Quoc Viet Phung, Iftekhar Ahmad, Daryoush Habibi, and Steven Hinckley. in the lower parts of the spectrogram. The false positive 2017. Automated insect detection using acoustic features based on sound spectrogram, on the other hand, exhibits distinctive hori- generated from insect activities. Acoustics Australia, 45, 2. doi: 10.1007/s408 57- 017- 0095- 6. zontal lines that are similar to the patterns generated by the [12] Juliana Ordones Rego, Clemens Schlindwein, Ruben Garrido, and Victor H bumblebees, but were generated from unrelated sources Monzón. 2021. Low fruit set in an endangered tree: pollination by exotic that misled the model. bumblebees and pollen resource for relictual native bees. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 15, 491–501. [13] Myat Su Yin, Peter Haddawy, Borvorntat Nirandmongkol, Tup Kongtha- worn, Chanaporn Chaisumritchoke, Akara Supratak, Chaitawat Sa-ngamuang, and Patchara Sriwichai. 2021. A lightweight deep learning approach to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS mosquito classification from wingbeat sounds. In Proceedings of the Confer- ence on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT ’21). Association The authors acknowledge the funding from the Slovenian Re- for Computing Machinery, Roma, Italy, 37–42. isbn: 9781450384780. doi: search and Innovation Agency, Grant (PR-10495) and Basic core 10.1145/3462203.3475908. [14] Myat Su Yin et al. 2023. A deep learning-based pipeline for mosquito detec- funding P2-0209. The research was partially funded by the Na- tion and classification from wingbeat sounds. Multimedia Tools and Applica- tional Geographic Society. We also acknowledge the students tions, 82, 4. doi: 10.1007/s11042-022-13367-0. who assisted with field data collection. 23 Prepoznavanje aktivnosti čebel na panjskem žrelu s pomočjo strojnega vida in drugih metod Recognition of Bee Activity in the Hive Entrance Using Machine Vision and Other Methods Oskar Rotar Maks Žnidaršič Tian Vesel oskar.rotar@dijak.gjp.si maks.znidarsic@dijak.gjp.si tian.vesel@dijak.gjp.si Gimnazija Jožeta Plečnika, Ljubljana Gimnazija Jožeta Plečnika, Ljubljana Gimnazija Jožeta Plečnika, Ljubljana Šubičeva ulica 1 Šubičeva ulica 1 Šubičeva ulica 1 Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Mag. Darja Silan Dr. Janko Božič darja.silan@gjp.si janko.bozic@bf .uni- lj.si Gimnazija Jožeta Plečnika, Ljubljana Biotehniška fakulteta - Univerza v Šubičeva ulica 1 Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Jamnikarjeva ulica 101 Ljubljana, Slovenija Slika 1: Zaznave čebel narejene z uporabo YOLOv5 modela. POVZETEK to their small size and fast movements, it is challenging for re- searchers to study them. With the use of computer vision, a V tem delu smo raziskovali možnost uporabe najnaprednejših technology that interprets and understands visual information, tehnologij pri analizi gibanja čebel med vhodom v panj. Čebele as well as Multi Object Tracking (MOT), we were able to develop imajo ključno vlogo pri opraševanju in so bistvene za ohranja- a modern solution to the otherwise difficult task of bee tracking. nje uravnoteženega ekosistema, vendar je njihovo proučevanje With this, the study of bees becomes less constrained and far zaradi majhne velikosti in hitrega gibanja zahtevno. Z uporabo more effective. The research shows that the use of numerous strojnega vida, tehnologije, ki omogoča računalniško interpre- modern technologies offer a promising new approach to the col- tacijo in razumevanje vizualnih podatkov ter metod sledenja lection of a large number of accurate data on bee movement. večim objektom (MOT) nam je uspelo razviti moderno rešitev za njihovo proučevanje. Raziskava je pokazala, da uporaba teh teh- nologij ponuja nov, obetaven pristop k zbiranju velikega števila KLJUČNE BESEDE natančnih podatkov o gibanju čebel. zaznava čebel, računalniški vid, MOT, YOLO, Apis mellifera car- ABSTRACT nica In this article we researched the possible use of advanced tech- KEYWORDS nologies for the analysis of bee movement in front of a beehive. Bees play a key role in the pollination of plants, they have an bee recognition, computer vision, MOT, YOLO, Apis mellifera immense part in keeping our ecosystem balanced. However, due carnica Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal 1 UVOD or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or V nedavni zgodovini smo bili priča velikim tehnološkim dosež- distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this kom in inovacijam. Svet hitro napreduje, vendar nekatera podro- work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). čja še zmeraj ostajajo nespremenjena. V Sloveniji je čebelarstvo Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia velik del naše bogate zgodovine in kulture. Zaradi podnebnih © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). sprememb, porasta parazitov in bolezni čebel ni bilo čebelarstvo 24 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Oskar Rotar, Maks Žnidaršič, Tian Vesel Tabela 1: Specifikacije naučenih modelov. Vse ločljivosti so nikoli tako zahtevno, zato želimo z uporabo sodobnih metod in kvadratne. Negativna velikost paketa označuje samodejno moderne tehnologije prispevati k uspešnejšemu uvajanju infor- izbiro macijske tehnologije za upravljanje čebeljih družin in uspešnejše delo čebelarjev in raziskovalcev. Želeli smo razviti učinkovit, stabilen in posplošen model strojnega učenja za zaznavo čebel, ime epohe velikost paketa model ločljivost ki vzdrži visoko uspešnost tudi v primerih, ko so algoritmične 1 BDM1-s 100 16 v5s 640 metode neuspešne. Model te podatke nato poda algoritmu za BDM2-s 100 16 v5s 416 sledenje večim objektom, ki natančno sledi gibanju čebel. Ves BDM3-s 100 16 v5s 640 program omogoča samodejno zbiranje velikih količin podatkov BDM4-s 174 -1 v5s 640 o gibanju na panjskem žrelu, kar bi lahko pomagalo pri preuče- BDM5-m 268 -1 v5m 640 vanju njihovega obnašanje in komuniciranja. 1 BDM6-s 174 -1 v5s 640 BDM7-x 27 -1 v5x 640 2 METODOLOGIJA BDM8-s 20 32 v5s 640 2.1 Izbira modela zaznavanja objektov BDM9-s 184 42 v5s 640 BDM10-7x 87 8 v7x 640 V nalogi smo za zaznavo čebel uporabili konvolucijske nevronske BDM11-7 166 10 v7 640 mreže. Pri učenju modela zaznave čebel smo uporabili modele BDM12-7 150 11 v7 640 dveh družin prednaučenih nevronskih mrež, namenjenih zaznavi BDM13-7x 150 11 v7x 640 objektov. To sta YOLOv5[1], ki je eden najbolj razširjenih in BDM14-m 135 16 v5m 640 najboljših modelov za zaznavanje objektov in YOLOv7[2], ki je BDM15-m 163 -1 v5m 640 novejša arhitektura. YOLOv7 domnevno opisuje boljše rezultate, 1Ta modela sta bila naučena na procesorju in ne grafični kartici. kot YOLOv5. Modele teh dveh družin modelov smo dodatno učili na lastnih podatkih. Učili smo prednaučene modele YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5x in modela YOLOv7 ter YOLOv7x. Skupaj smo učili 15 modelov, štiri iz družine YOLOv7 in 11 iz 2.1.1 Poimenovanje modelov. Imena vseh modelov smo začeli družine YOLOv5 (Tabela 1). Pri izdelavi modelov smo imeli dva z akronimom BDM (model zaznave čebel - angl. Bee Detection Model glavna cilja - hitrost izvajanja in uspešnost zaznavanj. Večinoma ). Temu sledita identifikacijska številka modela. Za tem smo učili manjše, YOLOv5s modele. Za to smo imeli dva razloga: je oznaka za vrsto modela. Modeli YOLOv5s imajo oznako s, hitrejše učenje teh modelov in majhno število učnih podatkov. YOLOv5m oznako m, YOLOv5x oznako x, YOLOv7 oznako 7 in Po prvih testnih učenjih smo ugotovili, da so modeli že zelo hitro YOLOv7x oznako 7x. Primer poimenovanja modela je BDM1-s. začeli zaznavati velik delež čebel. Kljub temu smo učili tudi nekaj To je model z identifikacijsko številko 1, ki je naučen na predna- v5m modelov in en v5x model. Učili smo tudi YOLOv7 modele, saj učenem modelu YOLOv5s (Tabela 1, stolpec za ime). smo upali, da bodo nudili višjo hitrost in kvaliteto, kot napisano v članku[2]. 2.2 Obdelava video posnetkov Pri učenju model računa svojo uspešnost s funkcijo izgube. Pri Uporabljali smo 10 različnih video posnetkov panjskega žrela. YOLOv5 in YOLOv7 modelih je ta funkcija seštevek (pri YOLOv7 Izbrali smo zahtevne in raznolike posnetke (različna povečava, obtežen seštevek) funkcije izgube objektnosti, regresijske funk- osvetljenost, barva panja, gostota čebel), da bi dosegli čim bolj cije izgube omejevalnega okvira in funkcije izgube klasifikacije posplošene modele. Posnetki so bili posneti na Urbanem učnem (1). Slednji je v našem primeru 0, ker uporabljamo le en razred čebelnjaku botaničnega vrta v Ljubljani[3]. Za učenje smo iz objektov. video posnetkov na enakomernih časovnih intervalih vzeli 2100 slik. Te slike smo označili v orodju Roboflow[4]. Pri učenju se 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑙 + 𝑙 + 𝑙 (1) 𝑜𝑏 𝑗 𝑏𝑜 𝑥 𝑐𝑙 𝑠 je ločljivost slik samodejno zmanjšala na ločljivost modela. 70 % slik smo postavili v učno množico, 20 % v validacijsko in 10 % v 2.4 Sledenje gibanju čebel testno množico. Za sledenje smo uporabili knjižnici Norfair[5] ter ByteTrack[6]. 2.3 Učenje modelov Sledenje gibanja čebel smo izvedli s pomočjo podatkov, ki nam jih je vrnil model. Pridobljene vrednosti iz modela in sledilca Vse modele smo lahko učili na istih podatkih, saj YOLOv5 in smo primerjali ter vsakemu objektu določili identifikacijsko šte- YOLOv7 uporabljata isti format za označevanje slik. Da bi prišli vilko. Knjižnica Norfair[5] je to opravila sama, pri knjižnici Byte- do čim boljšega končnega modela, smo naučili več modelov. Pri Track[6] pa smo to dosegli z zunanjo knjižnico Onemetric[7]. učenju modelov smo spreminjali velikost paketa, število epoh, izbiro prednaučenega modela in število slik. Ostale hiperparame- 2.5 Analiza modelov tre smo ohranili na standardni nastavitvi. Pri optimizaciji modela je uporabljen stohastični gradientni spust. Isti algoritem je bil Hitrost delovanja modelov smo testirali na dveh posnetkih. Izbrali uporabljen pri učenju prednaučenih modelov [1]. smo posnetek, ki ima majhno število čebel in počasno gibanje Velikost paketa, pri kateri smo lahko učili, je neposredno ome- ter posnetek, ki ima več čebel ter bolj kaotično gibanje. Po uče- jena z velikostjo grafičnega pomnilnika na grafični kartici (8 nju nam je program vrnil dve verziji modela - tisto, ki je bila GB). Pri učenju manjših modelov (posebej YOLOv5s) se proces shranjena po zadnji epohi in tisto, ki je dosegla najvišjo metriko samodejno predčasno konča, ko se mAP@[0.5:0.95] modela ne mAP@[0.5:0.95] na validacijski množici. Vedno smo uporabili spreminja, kar omeji prekomerno prilagajanje modela. To temelji model z najvišjo mAP@[0.5:0.95], saj smo se s tem izognili pre- na validacijski množici. komernemu prileganju modela. 25 Prepoznavanje aktivnosti čebel Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2.5.1 Uspešnost zaznavanja modelov. Pri izračunu uspešnosti 1 modela se uporablja več metod in funkcij[8]. Modele smo primer- Natančnost Priklic jali po uspešnosti, priklicu, mAP@0.5 in mAP@[0.5:0.95]. Merila smo izračunali na testni množici, torej slikah na katerih modeli niso bili naučeni. 0.9 2.6 Analiza metod sledenja premikanja čebel Pri analizi premikanja čebel smo, kot pri analizi modelov, upo- rabili dva posnetka. Za zaznavo čebel smo uporabljali model 0.8 BDM15-m, saj se ta model izvaja hitro z dobro uspešnostjo. Za ocenjevanje natančnosti zaznave smo z obema knjižnicama pre- šteli čebele, ki so se približale vhodu oziroma oddaljile od vhoda v panj. Te podatke smo nato primerjali z ročno preštetimi količi- 0.7 nami. 3 REZULTATI BDM1-s BDM2-s BDM4-s BDM3-s BDM8-s BDM6-s BDM5-s BDM9-s BDM14-m BDM15-m BDM7-x BDM11-7 BDM12-7 BDM13-7x BDM10-7x 3.1 Hitrost izvajanja modelov Pri primerjavi modelov lahko vidimo, da gostota čebel na po- snetku ne vpliva na hitrost zaznav. Na hitrost je imela bistven Slika 3: Natančnost in priklic modelov strojnega učenja vpliv le velikost modela. Najhitrejši so bili vsi modeli prednau- čenega modela YOLOv5s, ki so tudi najmanjši, najpočasnejši pa modeli YOLOv7x (Slika 2). Skoraj vsi modeli so dovolj hitri, da z zmogljivo grafično kartico posnetke obdelajo sproti pri hitrosti 0.6 vsaj 40 slik na sekundo. Testiranje je potekalo na grafični kartici RTX 3070 Ti. model s 0.4 25 model m model x 20 model 7 mAP@[.5:.95] model s model 7x 0.2 model m [ms] 40 slik/s model x 15 60 slik/s model 7 izvajanja model 7x 10 0 čas BDM1-s BDM2-s BDM3-s BDM4-s BDM5-s BDM6-s BDM8-s BDM9-s BDM14-m BDM15-m BDM7-x BDM11-7 BDM12-7 BDM10-7x BDM13-7x 5 0 Slika 4: Kvaliteta zaznavanja na testni množici po metriki BDM1-s BDM2-s BDM3-s BDM4-s BDM5-s BDM6-s BDM8-s BDM9-sBDM14-m BDM15-m BDM7-xBDM11-7 BDM12-7 BDM10-7x BDM13-7x mAP@[.5:.95] času izvajanja (Slika 2), je kvaliteta zaznav YOLOv7 primerljiva z Slika 2: Povprečne hitrosti modelov. modeli YOLOv5. Pri slabših modelih je najpogostejša napaka združevanje več čebel v eno in zaznavanje grč. To lahko najlažje vidimo na pri- merjavi med najboljšim in najslabšim modelom (Slika 5). 3.2 Uspešnost detekcije modelov 3.3 Rezultati sledenja Pri primerjavi modelov po priklicu in natančnosti (Slika 3) vidimo, da bistveno izstopata modela BDM1-s in BDM3-s, saj več kot Pri primerjavi natančnosti štetja vidimo, da je Norfair bolj natan- tretjine čebel ne zaznata, petina zaznav je pa napačnih. Slabi čen od ByteTracka (Slika 6). Norfair[5] se je še posebej izkazal pri rezultati so očitni tudi po merilu mAP. Merilo mAP@[.5:.95] štetju čebel, ki vstopajo v panj, saj na posnetku z več čebelami od najbolje prikaže dejansko razliko med modeli (Slika 4). realnih rezultatov odstopa le za 2,5 % . Obe knjižnici zaznamuje Vsi slabši modeli imajo arhitekturo YOLOv5s, vendar imajo slabše štetje čebel, ko se oddaljujejo od panja. Sledenje je bilo v drugi YOLOv5s modeli (BDM4-s, BDM5-s in BDM6-s) dobro uspe- vseh primerih hitrejše od 50 slik/sekundo (20 ms na sliko). Norfair šnost. Ni neposredne povezave med arhitekturo in kvaliteto mo- je rahlo počasnejši na posnetku z več čebelami in rahlo hitrejši dela. Najbolje se je izkazal model BDM11-7. 8 modelov ima po- na posnetku z manj čebelami, vendar je ta razlika majhna, okoli doben mAP@[.5:.95], malo nad 0.6. Kljub močno počasnejšemu 0,8 milisekunde. 26 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Oskar Rotar, Maks Žnidaršič, Tian Vesel preprostejši, specializirani strojni opremi, kar bi omogočilo za- znavo na kraju, kjer so bili posnetki pridobljeni[10]. Uspešnost zaznave in sledenja bi lahko izboljšali tudi s sestavo poligona, ki omeji hitrost gibanja čebel na posnetem območju. Z vključi- tvijo termalne kamere v zaznavo, bi lahko model še izboljšali. Ne nazadnje, bi lahko natančnost algoritmičnega sledenja gibanja izboljšali z uporabo umetne inteligence, z učenjem nevronske mreže, ki bi zagotavljala boljšo časovno doslednost sledenja. 5 ZAKLJUČEK Štetje čebel, ki priletijo iz oziroma v panj lahko čebelarjem nudi vpogled v stanje panja. Avtomatizirano zbiranje podatkov o čebe- (a) Zaznave najboljšega modela BDM11-7 lah ni uporabno le za čebelarje, ampak lahko tudi podpira mnogo drugih raziskav o vedenju in delovanju teh čudovitih živali. Z uporabo računalniškega vida in metodami sledenja večim objek- tom (MOT) nam je uspelo dokazati, da je taka avtomatizacija mogoča, natančna in uporabna. ZAHVALA Zahvalili bi se radi naši mentorici Mag. Darji Silan, ki nam je nudila podporo in pomagala organizirati celotno izdelavo naloge. Radi bi se tudi zahvalili somentorju Dr. Janku Božiču, ki nam je pomagal s strokovno literaturo in splošnim znanjem na tem področju ter za posnetke čebel. LITERATURA (b) Zaznava najslabšega modela BDM1-s [1] Rač. prog. Glenn Jocher in sod., ultralytics/yolov5: v7.0 - YOLOv5 SOTA Realtime Instance Segmentation nov. 2022. url: https://github.com/ultralyt Slika 5: Primerjava boljšega in slabšega modela ics/yolov5Retrieved 26. feb. 2023 from. [2] Chien-Yao Wang, Alexey Bochkovskiy in Hong-Yuan Mark Liao. 2022. YO- LOv7: Trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectors, (jul. 2022). https://github.com/WongKinYiu/yolov7. Prešteto ročno Norfair ByteTrack [3] 2023. Urbani učni čebelnjak, botanični vrt ljubljana. (2023). Retrieved 28. feb. 2023 from http://www.botanicni- vrt.si/urbani- ucni- cebelnjak. [4] Rač. prog. Brad Dwyer, Joseph Nelson (2022), Jacob Solawetz in sod., ver. 1.0. url: https://robof low.comRetrieved 26. feb. 2023 from. [5] Rač. prog. Tryolabs, Norfair. url: https : / / github . com / tryolabs / norf air 100 Retrieved 26. feb. 2023 from. [6] Yifu Zhang, Peize Sun, Yi Jiang, Dongdong Yu, Fucheng Weng, Zehuan Yuan, Ping Luo, Wenyu Liu in Xinggang Wang. 2022. Bytetrack: multi-object tracking by associating every detection box. [7] Rač. prog. Piotr Skalski, onemetric 2021. url: https://github.com/Skalski P/onemetric/Retrieved 26. feb. 2023 from. 50 [8] Mark Everingham in John Winn. 2011. The pascal visual object classes chal- lenge 2011 (voc2011) development kit. Pattern Analysis, Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning, Tech. Rep, 8. [9] Rač. prog. Glenn Jocher, Ayush Chaurasia in Jing Qiu, YOLO by Ultralytics ver. 8.0.0, jan. 2023. url: https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralyticsRetrieved 26. feb. 2023 from. [10] Ratko Pilipović, Vladimir Risojević, Janko Božič, Patricio Bulić in Uroš 0 Pr Stran Lotrič. 2021. An approximate gemm unit for energy-efficient object detection. oti Sensors, 21, 12. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4195. od Slika 6: Število letov proti in stran od vhoda v panj, prešte- tih na posnetku z več čebelami. 4 DISKUSIJA Obstajajo različni načini opazovanja gibanja, od preprostega siste- matičnega opazovanja do uporabe modelov strojnega vida. Kljub sorazmerno visoki natančnosti modelov, ki smo jih naučili me- nimo, da bi se dalo naučiti še bolj natančne modele. Večje število podatkov in boljše eksperimentalno okolje (grafična kartica z več grafičnega pomnilnika), bi omogočila še boljše rezultate. Eno od možnosti predstavlja uporaba novejše arhitekture YOLOv8[9], ki je bila objavljena med izdelovanjem naloge in je zato še ni- smo uporabljali. Obstaja tudi možnost izvajanja programa na 27 Vpeljava virtualnega asistenta ChatGPT v medicinsko platformo Implementation of a Virtual Assistant ChatGPT into the Medical Platform Matic Zadobovšek Primož Kocuvan Matjaž Gams matic.zadobovsek@gmail.com primoz.kocuvan@ijs.si matjaz.gams@ijs.si Univerza v Ljubljani Institut "Jožef Stefan" Institut "Jožef Stefan" Fakulteta za računalništvo in Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 informatiko Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Večna pot 113 Ljubljana, Slovenija POVZETEK način za pridobivanje zdravstvenih informacij. Na spletu in mobil- nih telefonih je vrsta medicinskih aplikacij, ki nudijo informacije V prispevku predstavimo vpeljavo ChatGPT v platformo za elek- in nasvete. Termin ’Dr. Google’ opisuje iskanje zdravniških in- tronsko in mobilno zdravje Insieme, ki uporabnikom omogoča formacij in diagnosticiranja s pomočjo iskalnika Google. učinkovito pridobivanje informacij s področja medicine, spletno Na drugi strani pa ChatGPT predstavlja zelo obetavno orodje, človeško pomoč s strani zdravstvenih izvedencev in uporabo ki je neprestano dostopno vsakomur, kar omogoča uporabnikom, virtualnega asistenta, ki je nastal z integracijo najnovejših tehno- da lahko dobijo zanesljive odgovore na svoja vprašanja v realnem logij na področju obdelave naravnega jezika. Opišemo delovanje času. S hitrim napredkom tehnologije in nenehnim izboljševa- platforme Insieme in podamo razlago ter opis implementacije vir- njem ChatGPT se zdi, da bo uporaba le še rasla. tualnega asistenta. Prototipna vpeljava ChatGPT služi testiranju V okviru projekta Interreg je bila razvita platforma za elektron- zmogljivosti z namenom revolucije slovenskega zdravstva. sko in mobilno zdravje Insieme, ki jo je razvilo nekaj partnerjev, ABSTRACT ključni del pa je prispeval Odsek za inteligentne sisteme na Insti- tutu ’Jožef Stefan’. Platforma ne le olajšuje iskanja zdravstvenih In this paper, we present the introduction of ChatGPT into the storitev, ampak hkrati ponuja spletno človeško pomoč s strani Insieme platform for electronic and mobile health, which enables zdravstvenih izvedencev, pridobitev dodatnih koristnih informa- users to efficiently acquire information in the field of medicine, re- cij in ogled video vsebin s področja medicine. Ključno vlogo na ceive online human assistance from healthcare professionals, and tej platformi pa ima virtualni asistent, ki temelji na najnovejših utilize a virtual assistant created using the latest natural language dosežkih na področju obdelave naravnega jezika. V platformi so processing technologies. We report on the functionalities of the virtualni asistenti starejše generacije, pred nastankom ChatGPT, Insieme platform and provide an explanation and description of tj. botov z generativno splošno inteligenco. the implementation of the virtual assistant. The prototype imple- V nadaljevanju je opisano delovanje platforme Insieme, vloga mentation of ChatGPT into a medical platform serves as a test virtualnega asistenta ChatGPT za medicino ter razlaga, kako smo for potential advancement of the Slovenian healthcare system. združili tehnološko znanje in domensko strokovnost, da bi zago- tovili natančne in uporabniku prijazne odgovore na vprašanja s KLJUČNE BESEDE področja zdravja. Predstavljene so besedne vložitve in razlogi za virtualni asistenti, vektorske podatkovne baze, besedne vložitve, uporabo vektorskih podatkovnih baz, vse skupaj pa je povezano GPT-4, obdelava naravnega jezika z orodjem LangChain in velikim jezikovnim modelom GPT-4. Vse omenjene enote omogočajo, da razvijamo zdravstvene aplikacije, KEYWORDS ki prej niso obstajale in močno presegajo npr. dr. Googla. Ta štu- dija je služila tudi kot prvi preizkus nove tehnologije ChatGPT virtual assistants, vector databases, word embeddings, GPT-4, za medicinske namene. natural language processing 2 CHATGPT 1 UVOD Po nekaj testih s konkurenčnimi produkti smo se odločili za upo- V današnjem svetu, kjer se količina podatkov in informacij ne- rabo velikega jezikovnega modela GPT-4, ki smo ga obogatili z nehno povečuje, je dostop do zanesljivih virov informacij in znanjem naše platforme Insieme. GPT-4 je bil razvit marca 2023 strokovnih nasvetov postal ključnega pomena. Še posebej na in predstavlja velik napredek na področju obdelave naravnega področju medicine, ki je eno izmed temeljih področij družbe, je jezika, predvsem pa je koristen za odgovarjanje na vprašanja, pomembno, da uporabnikom zagotovimo enostaven in učinkovit generiranje besedil in prevajanje v druge jezike. V primerjavi z modeli prejšnjih generacij se je povečala zanesljivost in pra- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal vilnost odgovorov, hkrati pa je izboljšano upravljanje glede na or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or uporabnikove ukaze (naprimer, da povemo, v kakšnem slogu naj distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this bo generirani odgovor). Številna testiranja [6] (različni izpiti in work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). preizkusi znanja z različnih področij) so pokazala, da GPT-4 do- Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia sega rezultate, ki so povsem primerljivi s tistimi, ki jih dosegamo © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). ljudje. V primerjavi z zdravniki je generiral daljše odgovore, ki 28 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Zadobovšek, Kocuvan, Gams so hkrati bili s strani ostalih zdravstvenih izvedencev označeni kot boljši tako po kvaliteti odgovorov kot tudi empatiji [2]. Po- sledično smo se odločili, da bo naš virtualni asistent temeljil na modelu GPT-4. Namesto spreminjanja obstoječega modela smo omogočili, da lahko uporabnik povprašuje po podatkih, ki so pridobljeni iz naše platforme in ostalih dokumentov, ki jih lahko poljubno mnogo podamo. Na ta način ločimo jezikovni model in našo bazo znanja, omogočimo uporabniku, da komunicira s podanimi dokumenti, pri generiranju odgovora pa so uporabljene zgolj informacije, ki se nahajajo znotraj naših podanih dokumen- tov, kar omogoča, da se uporabniku zagotovi najbolj relevanten odgovor. Z omenjenim pristopom lahko enostavno dodajamo nove vire informacij in prilagodimo model za specifične naloge; brez treniranja obstoječega modela, kar bi sicer seveda bilo ča- sovno in računsko zahtevno. Postopek je podrobneje opisan v nadaljevanju referata. Slika 2: Prikaz glavne strani ob obisku platforme Insieme. Uporabnikom je na voljo tudi spletna človeška pomoč. Na vstopni strani so nanizani klicni centri in aktivni uporabniki, ki jih lahko kontaktirate preko spletnega klepeta v živo, ki je vgrajen v platformo. Insieme platforma nudi več vgrajenih asistentov: čakalne vrste, IJS asistenta, iskanje po storitvah, virtualnega asistenta za medi- cino, hkrati pa so priložene še povezave do ostalih ne-vgrajenih Slika 1: V več testih je ChatGPT presegel človeške zdrav- asistentov. Npr. asistent za čakalne vrste omogoča, da vnesemo nike. Vir: John Ayers in sod. 2023. Comparing physician ime posega oziroma storitve, podamo približno nujnost, kdaj and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient que- izbrani poseg potrebujemo ter želeno regijo v Sloveniji za opra- stions posted to a public social media forum. JAMA internal vljanje posega. Asistent za medicino odgovarja na poljubna vpra- medicine, 183, (apr. 2023). šanja uporabnika s področja zdravstva, kot odgovor pa mu poda ustrezne napotke in nasvete. 3 INSIEME 4 VIRTUALNI ASISTENT ZA MEDICINO Za testno medicinsko platformo smo izbrali Insieme, ki je bila 4.1 Ozadje nedavno razvita v sodelovanju s slovenskimi in italijanskimi Virtualni asistent v platformi Insieme je namenjen odgovarja- partnerji v okviru čezmejnega projekta ISE-EMH [7]. Opremljena nju na vprašanja o zdravju. Obstoječe asistente smo dogradili je s prijaznim uporabniškim vmesnikom, ki omogoča, da lahko z asistentom tipa ChatGPT. Tak asistent ima ogromno svojega uporabnik na enem spletnem mestu na enostaven in eleganten splošnega znanja s spleta, na voljo pa ima tudi dodatne lokalne način pridobi koristne informacije s področja zdravstva. informacije, povezane s projektom Insieme. Prvi problem pri Glavne funkcionalnosti so možnost iskanja storitev z uporabo uporabi je, če bi želeli, da bi podali neko večjo količino besedila stranske menijske vrstice oziroma z uporabo iskalne funkcije, (morda kar celo knjigo), ali pa imamo več dokumentov, ki bi jih spletna človeška pomoč (klepet v živo s klicnim centrom ali zdra- radi uporabili. Veliki jezikovni modeli imajo običajno omejitev, vstvenim izvedencem), ogled video vsebin s področja zdravja koliko besedila lahko sprejmejo [4]. Zato je pomembno, da veli- ter uporaba virtualnega pomočnika, ki je v nadaljevanju članka kemu jezikovnemu modelu podamo le informacije, ki so bistvene. predstavljena kot osrednja tematika. Vsa omenjena vsebina je Pri tem so ključne besedne vložitve in vektorske podatkovne uporabniku na voljo v treh oz. štirih jezikih. baze. Na levi strani slike 2 se nahaja seznam storitev, ki jih ponuja platforma Insieme. Ta menijska vrstica omogoča izbiranje med 4.2 Besedne vložitve in vektorske podatkovne različnimi vejami medicine, zatem pa se nadaljnji izbor razširi na baze bolezni in bolezenska stanja, ki pripadajo izbrani veji medicine, poleg tega pa so prikazane še informacijske storitve, ki pripadajo Vložitve (angl. embeddings) so način, kako lahko predstavimo izbrani specializaciji medicine. S klikom na eno izmed bolezen- besede, povedi ali pa kar celotne dokumente. Za njihov izračun skih stanj je uporabnik preusmerjen na ustrezno podstran. Tu potrebujemo ustrezne modele, ki so bili trenirani na ogromni so mu na voljo bistveni podatki o poteku bolezni, simptomih, količini podatkov in znajo poiskati razmerja med besedami s morebitni preventivi in nadaljnjemu ukrepanju. Spodaj se nahaja pomočjo analiziranja vzorcev, ki se pojavljajo v podatkih [3]. V še več preusmeritev na zunanja spletna mesta, ki uporabniku našem primeru smo uporabili model, ki ga ponuja OpenAI — omogočijo, da pridobi ustrezno znanje o izbrani bolezni. text-embedding-ada-002. Na ta način, da pridobimo vektor za Poleg ročnega prehajanja med podstranmi platforme je upo- vsako izmed besed, lahko predstavimo pomen besedila. Besedne rabniku na voljo še funkcionalnost iskanja, ki uporabniku prikaže vložitve lahko predstavimo v večdimenzionalnih prostorih, kjer vse storitve na platformi, ki so ujemajoče glede na niz iskanja. so si besede oziroma povedi s podobnim pomenom blizu — med 29 Platforma Insieme in vpeljava virtualnega asistenta za medicino Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia vektorji lahko izračunamo razdalje in tako poiščemo pomensko predloge (angl. prompt templates), kjer točno definiramo sorodne besede. obliko vnosa. Vektorske podatkovne baze shranjujejo informacije v obliki • Moduli za nalaganje dokumentov: omogočajo pretvorbo vektorjev, kar pogosto imenujemo kar besedne (vektorske) vloži- različnih vrst podatkov (PDF dokumenti, HTML spletne tve. To omogoča, da lahko indeksiramo in preiščemo ogromno strani, slikovno gradivo) v besedilo, ki ga je mogoče pro- količino nestrukturiranih podatkov, kot so slike, surovo besedilo cesirati. ali pa senzorski podatki. Vektorska baza organizira podatke z • Agenti: za aplikacije, kjer zaporedje klicev ni določeno uporabo visoko-dimenzionalnih vektorjev, ki vsebujejo nešteto vnaprej, LangChain zagotavlja agente, ki lahko ukrepajo dimenzij, vsaka dimenzija pa opisuje točno določeno lastnost na podlagi vhodov, namesto da bi imeli vnaprej določeno podatkovnega objekta, ki ga predstavlja. Vektorske baze se to- zaporedje. rej od tradicionalnih baz, ki shranjujejo podatke v tabelarični obliki, razlikujejo v tem, da vrnejo rezultate na podlagi podobno- sti (tradicionalne baze vrnejo popolnoma ujemajoče se objekte) Naslednja bistvena komponenta sistema so vektorske podatkovne [9]. Za merjenje podobnosti med vektorji v vektorskem prostoru baze, ki so predstavljene v razdelku 4.2. Odločili smo se za upo- se lahko uporablja različne mere — pogosto uporabljamo kosi- rabo odprtokodne vektorske baze Milvus, ki omogoča učinkovito nusno podobnost. Te mere uporabljamo, da lahko primerjamo shranjevanje vektorjev, njihovo indeksiranje, hkrati pa ponuja vektorje, ki so shranjeni v naši vektorski bazi, in poiščemo ti- API (angl. application programming interface), ki omogoča eno- ste, ki so najbolj podobni vektorju, ki ustreza vnosu uporabnika. stavno integracijo z različnimi programskimi jeziki. Tudi sama Omogočajo torej delo s kompleksnimi podatki in hitro iskanje, povezava med vektorsko bazo Milvus in jezikovnim modelom kar bi sicer tradicionalnim bazam povzročalo težave. Recimo, GPT-4 je preprosta, saj ni potrebe, da bi podatke posebej označe- da imamo dokument, ki bi ga radi indeksirali. Uporabili bomo vali ali pa ponovno trenirali model. Podatke je potrebno pretvoriti model, ki omogoča ustvarjanje besednih vložitev (zgoraj smo v vektorsko obliko in jih shraniti v Milvus. Končni odgovor, ki ga omenili text-embedding-ada-002) [5]. Shranili jih bomo v izbrano model generira, je na takšen način ustvarjen z referenciranjem vektorsko bazo, pri tem pa se shrani referenca na dokument, iz vsebine v naši zbirki dokumentov, kar zagotavlja, da virtualni katerega je bila vložitev ustvarjena. Kadarkoli bo naš uporab- asistent pridobi prave podatke in posledično zmanjša verjetnost nik poslal poizvedbo, bo uporabljen enak model za ustvarjanje napak. vložitev — uporabili jih bomo, da v vektorski bazi poiščemo naj- Slika 3 grafično nakazuje postopek. Prvi korak v tem razvoju bolj podobne besedne vložitve, ki so zaradi omenjene reference je nalaganje podatkov v ’Dokumente’, ki so pravzaprav bese- povezane z originalnim dokumentom, kjer so bile ustvarjene. dilni kosi. Modul za nalaganje dokumentov v orodju LangChain Pridobljene dokumente lahko zatem podamo velikemu jezikov- poenostavi to nalogo in omogoča enostavno nalaganje in pred- nemu modelu — dokumenti bodo uporabljeni kot kontekst za obdelavo naših podatkov — uporabimo lahko DirectoryLoader, generiranje odgovora. Ravno zaradi vseh omenjenih lastnosti so ki omogoča, da shranimo vse uporabljene dokumente v skupen vektorske podatkovne baze odlična izbira, da obogatimo naše direktorij. Sledi razdeljevanje dokumentov na manjše kose — generativne modele. delilec besedila (angl. text splitter) omogoča razbijanje dolgih besedilnih delov na manjše, pomensko smiselne koščke [8]. Ta naloga se morda zdi preprosta, vendar vključuje nekaj komple- 4.3 Implementacija ksnosti. Cilj je besedilo razdeliti na način, ki ohranja pomensko Eno izmed pomembnejših orodij za implementacijo ChatGPT povezane dele skupaj, pri čemer je ’pomenska povezanost’ od- v Insieme je knjižnica LangChain, ki omogoča delo z velikimi visna od vrste besedila, ki se obdeluje. Delilci besedila razdelijo jezikovni modeli (LLM). LLM lahko učinkovito opravljajo ogro- besedilo na majhne kose, pogosto na podlagi mej med stavki. Te mno število različnih opravil, vendar obstaja verjetnost, da ne majhne kose združijo v večje kose, dokler ne dosežejo določene bodo zmožni pravilno odgovarjati na vprašanja s specializiranih velikosti, ki jo določi predhodno določena funkcija za merjenje področij, kot je naprimer medicina. LangChain pomaga, da lahko velikosti kosa — ko doseže kos želeno velikost, postane samosto- naše modele nadgradimo z znanjem specifičnih področij in jim jen kos besedila. Zatem se ustvari nov kos z nekaj prekrivanja omogočimo zavedanje o podatkih ter kontekstu pogovora. Lan- (angl. chunk overlap), da se ohrani kontekst med posameznimi gChain predstavlja zmogljivo orodje, ki zapolnjuje praznino v kosi. povezavi med jezikovnimi modeli in domenskim znanjem, kar je Sledi generiranje besednih vložitev, ki igrajo ključno vlogo pri tudi razlog, zakaj se LangChain vse pogosteje uporablja v aplika- predstavitvi besedilnih informacij. Razred Embedding v orodju cijah, ki opravljajo naloge, povezane z obdelavo naravnega jezika. LangChain služi kot standardiziran vmesnik za različne ponu- LangChain vsebuje številne module, ki pomagajo pri razvoju [1]: dnike vložitev, vključno z OpenAI. S pomočjo generiranja be- sednih vložitev se besedilo pretvori v vektorsko predstavitev, • LLM: omogoča uporabo zmožnosti specifičnega velikega ki omogoča semantično analizo in opravljanje nalog, kot je se- jezikovnega modela. mantično iskanje. Vse to se s pomočjo vgrajenih metod shrani • Verige (angl. chains): glavna enota, kar je razvidno že iz v našo vektorsko podatkovno bazo kot nov indeks — nad tem imena LangChain, ki združuje več LLM klicev. Primer tega objektom lahko opravljamo semantično iskanje in pridobimo bi bil, da najprej preberemo uporabnikov vnos, ta vnos dokumente, ki so relevantni glede na uporabnikov vnos. Dobljeni pa uporabimo, da sestavimo nov vnos (angl. prompt), ki dokumenti se zatem posredujejo jezikovnemu modelu, ki doku- se poda velikemu jezikovnemu modelu, ki zatem generira mente obravnava kot kontekst za generiranje odgovora. Na sliki odgovor. 4 lahko vidimo prikaz odgovarjanja na uporabnikova vprašanja. • Vnosi, pozivi (angl. prompts): LangChain omogoča ve- ChatGPT tekoče odgovarja na zdravstvena vprašanja z upošte- liko različnih načinov, kako lahko spreminjamo vnos, ki vanjem splošnega znanja, znanja medicine s celotnega spleta in je posredovan jezikovnemu modelu. Lahko uporabljamo posebnih znanj s platforme Insieme. 30 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Zadobovšek, Kocuvan, Gams Preverjanje in zagotavljanje informativnih ter ustreznih od- govorov je potekalo s strani avtorjev prispevka. ChatGPT je bil testiran z vprašanji, ki so v celoti pokrili znanje, ki ga vsebuje platforma Insieme. Odgovore, ki so bili generirani, smo kritično ovrednotili in uvedli popravke ob morebitnemu odstopanju od pričakovanj. Točnost pridobljenih odgovorov je za uporabnika ključnega pomena, saj lahko zavajanje in netočni odgovori v pri- meru, da jih uporabnik upošteva, v hujših situacijah privedejo celo do poslabšanja zdravstvenega stanja. Vsebina platforme Insi- eme, ki virtualnemu asistentu predstavlja kontekst za generiranje odgovorov, je bila predhodno pripravljena s strani zdravstvenih izvedencev, kar uporabniku omogoča pridobitev preverjenih in koristnih informacij. Slika 4: Prikaz delovanja virtualnega asistenta ChatGPT nad zdravstveno platformo Insieme. nenehno dostopnega vira informacij, ki temelji na najsodobnejših pridobitvah raziskav. Eksperimenti v tej študiji kažejo, da je generativna umetna inteligenca dejansko uporabna in obeta radikalne izboljšave, če jo bomo uspeli vpeljati v slovensko zdravstvo. Slika 3: Prikaz integracije vseh komponent sistema. ZAHVALA Platforma Insieme je nastala v okviru čezmejnega projekta In- 5 ZAKLJUČEK terreg ISE-EMH, ki ga financira Program sodelovanja Italija- Slovenija iz Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj. Predstavljena je implementacija pogovornega virtualnega asi- stenta ChatGPT v platformo za elektronsko in mobilno zdravje, LITERATURA imenovano Insieme. Eksperimenti kažejo, da je sistem sposoben [1] Amogh Agastya. 2023. Harnessing retrieval augmented generation with nuditi tako običajne odgovore ChatGPT kot dodatne na osnovi langchain. (Sep. 2023). Retrieved September 5, 2023 from https://betterprogr informacij, dosegljivih s platforme. Vpeljava je bila uspešna. amming.pub/harnessing- retrieval- augmented- generation- with- langchain- Platforma ima še veliko možnosti za nadaljnje izboljšave, pred- 2eae65926e82. [2] John Ayers in sod. 2023. Comparing physician and artificial intelligence vsem bi bila koristna integracija z drugimi zdravstvenimi infor- chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum. macijskimi sistemi in viri v Sloveniji, kar bi omogočilo, da bi JAMA internal medicine, 183, (apr. 2023). doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1 838. platforma Insieme postala še bolj celovit vir informacij za upo- [3] Qilu Jiao in Shunyao Zhang. 2021. A brief survey of word embedding and rabnike — pri tem se bomo povezali z zdravstvenimi institucijami its recent development. V 2021 IEEE 5th Advanced Information Technology, po Sloveniji. V okviru vpeljave virtualnega asistenta je bil preiz- Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). Zv. 5, 1697–1701. doi: 10.1109/IAEAC50856.2021.9390956. kušen tudi najšibkejši jezikovni model iz družine Llama 2, ki je [4] Humza Naveed, Asad Ullah Khan, Shi Qiu, Muhammad Saqib, Saeed Anwar, bil lokalno nameščen. Pojavila se je težava, saj je večina učnih Muhammad Usman, Naveed Akhtar, Nick Barnes in Ajmal Mian. 2023. A podatkov, ki so bili uporabljeni, bila v angleščini, zato je model comprehensive overview of large language models. (2023). arXiv: 2307.06435 [cs.CL]. kot tak neustrezen za uporabo v slovenskem jeziku. Tu se nam [5] Arvind Neelakantan in sod. 2022. Text and code embeddings by contrastive odpira možnost, da v prihodnje preizkusimo zmogljivejši model pre-training. (2022). arXiv: 2201.10005 [cs.CL]. [6] OpenAI. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report. (2023). arXiv: 2303.08774 [cs.CL]. iz družine Llama 2, ki bo prav tako lokalno nameščen. Pri tem se [7] Insieme Platform. 2023. Insieme platform. (Sep. 2023). Retrieved September 3, pojavlja nov vidik uporabe, saj bi na ta način vsi podatki bili do- 2023 from https://ise- emh.eu. stopni lokalno in bi izpodrinili potrebo po zunanjemu dostopanju [8] Adith Sreeram A S in Pappuri Jithendra Sai. 2023. An effective query system using llms and langchain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING do podatkov, kot je to sedaj nujno z uporabo ChatGPT. RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT), 12, 06, (jun. 2023). Naš glavni namen je, da bi platforma predstavila temeljne [9] Jianguo Wang in sod. 2021. Milvus: a purpose-built vector data management ideje, kako bi se lahko moderniziral zdravstveni sistem, pri tem system. V Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, Virtual Event, pa stremimo k razbremenitvi ljudi, ki delajo v tej stroki, hkrati pa China, 2614–2627. isbn: 9781450383431. doi: 10.1145/3448016.3457550. želimo vsem uporabnikom omogočiti dostop do učinkovitega in 31 Types of Democracy Defined: Keyword Extraction from Eleven Different Text Descriptions Žiga Kolar Andrej A. Lukšič Jožef Stefan Institute Faculty of Social Sciences Jamova cesta 39 Kardeljeva ploščad 5 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ziga.kolar@ijs.si andrej.luksic@fdv.uni- lj.si Andrej Vozlič Matjaž Gams Independent Researcher Jožef Stefan Institute Kersnikova ulica 3 Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia hommage.artists@gmail.com matjaz.gams@ijs.si ABSTRACT their existing systems in response to changing circumstances and needs [6]. The various forms of democracy worldwide display a range of However, given the vast amount of textual data describing distinct traits, influenced by regional, historical, and cultural these democratic forms, there arises a need for a systematic ap- backgrounds. This research undertook the challenge of extracting proach to identify their defining features. Keyword extraction, keywords from textual descriptions of eleven distinct democracy an established technique in the realm of Natural Language Pro- types to identify and categorize their core principles and nuances. cessing (NLP) [4], offers a solution. By extracting keywords from By employing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, descriptions of different democratic models, we aim to distill specifically, the Text Rank, RAKE and TF-IDF (Term Frequency- their essence, thereby providing a concise yet comprehensive Inverse Document Frequency) methodologies, the study aimed to overview of each type’s foundational principles. extract meaningful keywords that encapsulate the foundational Keyword extraction serves as a fundamental tool for informa- principles governing each democracy type. The results provide tion retrieval. Researchers, academics, policymakers, and prac- a deeper understanding of how various democratic structures titioners often rely on keywords to quickly identify relevant operate and differentiate from one another. Such insights are documents amidst an overwhelming volume of textual data. By crucial for researchers, policymakers, and political enthusiasts extracting keywords from eleven different text descriptions of to navigate the intricate landscape of global democratic models. democracy, this research facilitates more effective and precise KEYWORDS information retrieval in the realm of democratic studies. Un ad- dition, by extracting keywords, this paper helps enhance the keywords, data mining, natural language processing, democracy accessibility and comprehension of your research findings. It en- ables readers to gain a rapid overview of the various democracy 1 INTRODUCTION types under study, making it easier for them to delve deeper into specific aspects of interest. Democracy, a term rooted in the Greek words "d¯ emos" (people) In this paper, we delve deep into the intricacies of eleven spe- and "kratos" (power), has been a guiding principle of governance cific democratic models, unraveling their characteristics through for centuries [18]. However, the interpretation and application the lens of extracted keywords. he structure of this paper un- of democracy have evolved and diversified across regions, taking folds in this manner: Section 2 delves into concise explanations shapes influenced by historical experiences, cultural nuances, of various democratic types. In Section 3, we describe and ap- socio-political challenges, and economic contexts. Today, the ply machine learning algorithms for keyword extraction to the world does not see a monolithic form of democracy but rather realm of text descriptions associated with types of democracy. an array of forms, each with its unique characteristics and mech- In Section 4, we present the results and provide commentary on anisms [1]. them. We wrap up the paper with a conclusion and suggestions Understanding these distinct democratic forms is crucial for for subsequent research. several reasons. Firstly, it offers a glimpse into the diverse ways in which societies prioritize and ensure the participation of their cit- izenry in governance. Secondly, it helps in identifying the checks 2 DEMOCRACY TYPES and balances incorporated in each system to protect against po- In this section, we explore various forms of democracy, highlight- tential excesses and abuses of power. Lastly, it provides a roadmap ing their unique characteristics. Democracy, which promotes for nations looking to either adopt a democratic model or refine individual freedoms and collective decisions, differs based on context. These descriptions, initially from a PhD study [19], are Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal condensed here for clarity. The dataset is available at [10]. Each or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or text description corresponds to one democratic type and is char- distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this acterized by an English text description containing a maximum of work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). 10,000 words. It’s worth noting that while some democratic terms Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia discussed here are widely accepted, others still lack a uniform © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). definition. 32 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kolar, et al. 2.1 Participative Democracy 2.10 Source democracy Participative democracy involves direct citizen participation in This democracy focuses on the foundational decision-making decision-making, using methods like town halls and online plat- structures. It advocates transparency and collective input. How- forms. While fostering inclusivity and informed decisions, it ever, inclusive participation and decision quality remain chal- might be resource-intensive and not always ensure equal repre- lenges [15]. sentation [17]. 2.11 Ideal typical democracy 2.2 Deliberative Democracy This normative concept outlines the optimal features of a democ- Deliberative democracy emphasizes informed discussion among racy, including universal suffrage, free elections, representation, citizens to make collective decisions. While it can promote nu- civil liberties, rule of law, power separation, and government anced decision-making and civic engagement, ensuring equal transparency. voice, especially for marginalized groups, remains a challenge [7]. 3 METHODOLOGY 2.3 Transdemocracy Our exploration delved deep into three contemporary keyword extraction methodologies, namely TextRank, Rake, and TF-IDF, Transdemocracy proposes expanding democratic principles to each offering its unique algorithmic underpinning for processing global governance, recognizing the need for collective action textual data. on global challenges. It seeks more direct citizen involvement The TextRank methodology stands out for its holistic approach in global decisions but faces challenges like reconciling diverse to text analysis, where the textual content undergoes a series of values and ensuring equal global representation [12]. rigorous preprocessing steps to distill its core meaning. These steps include tokenization, which breaks the text into individual 2.4 Guided Democracy words or phrases, and the removal of irrelevant or stop words that Guided democracy, also referred to as authoritarian democracy, carry little semantic value. Once the text is prepared, TextRank centralizes power with restricted participation from citizens. constructs a graph based on term co-occurrence. This graph elu- Though it can provide stability, it might compromise on authentic cidates the intricate relationships between words, uncovering the democratic liberties. There’s also an inherent risk of corruption underlying semantic structure of the text. In this graph, each term and potential power misuse [5]. becomes a node, and the strength and number of their connec- tions determine their significance. The top-scoring terms, which 2.5 Modern Direct Democracy act as representative keywords, find applications in various do- Modern direct democracy empowers citizens with immediate con- mains. These applications extend far beyond traditional keyword trol over political decisions, using platforms like electronic vot- extraction and encompass areas such as text classification, where ing. It encourages civic engagement and responsive governance keywords play a pivotal role in categorizing documents, senti- but may struggle with equal access and ensuring well-informed ment analysis, which relies on keywords to gauge the emotional choices [16]. tone of text, and document clustering, where keywords aid in grouping similar documents together [11]. 2.6 E-democracy Transitioning to RAKE (Rapid Automatic Keyword Extrac- tion), this method lives up to its name by offering an expedient E-democracy uses digital tools to enhance citizen participation approach to keyword extraction. Unlike the graph-based struc- in politics. This includes online voting, social media, digital pe- ture of TextRank, RAKE’s algorithmic focus lies in dissecting titions, and e-forums. It encourages political involvement, es- textual information into individual components, often referred pecially among the youth, and offers transparency. However, to as phrases or keyphrases. Each of these components is then concerns arise regarding online security, digital literacy, and scored based on its occurrence and relation to other words within accessibility [9]. the text. This nuanced approach to keyword extraction results in 2.7 Representative democracy the isolation of top-scoring keyphrases, providing a richer and more contextually meaningful representation of the underlying In representative democracy, citizens elect officials to act on their text’s content. The efficiency of RAKE makes it particularly use- behalf, as direct involvement in every decision isn’t feasible. This ful in scenarios where quick and accurate keyword extraction is system promotes informed decisions and offers stability. Yet, true essential for tasks such as summarization, information retrieval, representation and influence of special interests are concerns [3]. and content indexing [14]. Lastly, the TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Fre- 2.8 Liquid democracy quency) methodology delves into the granular essence of a term’s Liquid democracy merges direct and representative democracy. importance within a document and across a broader corpus. This Citizens can vote directly or delegate their vote. This system method combines two essential components: "TF" (Term Fre- promotes active engagement but faces challenges in equal repre- quency) and "IDF" (Inverse Document Frequency). The "TF" met- sentation and decision quality [8]. ric captures the frequency of a term within a particular document, highlighting its significance in that context. However, TF alone 2.9 Blockchain democracy may emphasize commonly occurring words that appear signifi- Blockchain democracy employs blockchain technology for a se- cant in isolation but lack uniqueness. cure, transparent voting process, allowing remote voting. Despite The "IDF" component evaluates the term’s rarity or uniqueness its security, potential system vulnerabilities and accessibility is- across a broader corpus of documents. This measure ensures that sues persist [13]. commonly occurring terms, which might be abundant within a 33 Keywords Extraction for Eleven Democracy Types Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia single document, are appropriately contextualized against their In summary, the Text Rank algorithm ranks highest with four prevalence across multiple documents. The multiplicative result unique keywords. Following closely is the TF-IDF algorithm with of TF and IDF offers a composite score that indicates the weight two distinct keywords. Lastly, the Rake algorithm doesn’t have or significance of the term. Terms with notable TF-IDF scores any unique keywords, placing it at the bottom of this comparison. emerge as the textual frontrunners, illuminating the primary Text Rank words best because dataset contains a lot of nuanced themes and subjects of the source material. TF-IDF is widely used contextual information and that’s why TextRank might be better in information retrieval, document ranking, and text mining tasks, suited to extract these nuances due to its graph-based approach. making it a foundational method in natural language processing and information science [2]. 5 CONCLUSION In this research, we delved into the intricate fabric of descriptions for eleven distinctive types of democracies. The aim was to eluci- 4 RESULTS date and capture the most salient keywords that epitomize the The essential keywords for the Text Rank, Rake, and TF-IDF essence of each democracy type. By employing three different algorithms have been laid out in Tables 1, 2, and 3. A striking keyword extraction algorithms — Text Rank, RAKE, and TF-IDF observation is the omnipresence of the keyword "Democracy" — our study has not only shed light on the specific linguistic across all types of democracies and within all three algorithms. constructs and terminologies inherent to each democratic type Given its recurrent use throughout the texts, the prominence of but also the differential efficacy of the algorithms in context. this keyword was anticipated. Our findings reveal that the keyword "Democracy" consis- Furthermore, a pattern emerges wherein many keywords bear tently appears in all types of democracies across various keyword close resemblance or are derivatives of the nomenclature of extraction methods. This is expected since each text description their respective democracy types. For instance, for Deliberative provides definitions for its respective democracy type, leading democracy, we see "Deliberation" and "Deliberative" making ap- to the frequent use of the term "Democracy." In the analysis of pearances. Similarly, "Participation" and "Participatory" are high- democracy types, keywords often closely align with or derive lighted for Participative democracy, "Direct" and "Modern" for from the corresponding democracy nomenclatures. Notably, the Modern direct democracy, "Representative" for Representative term "Participation" consistently emerges across Participative democracy, and "Liquid" for Liquid democracy. The frequency of democracy, Deliberative democracy, and E-democracy in all al- these terms in the texts underscores their significance, thereby gorithms, indicating shared principles among these democracies. warranting their selection as keywords. However, the keyword "Citizens" varies in its occurrence across The keyword "Participation" is shared among Participative different algorithms and democracy types. These discrepancies democracy, Deliberative democracy, and E-democracy in all three in keyword results stem from the distinct methodologies of the keyword extraction algorithms. This common keyword suggests Text Rank, RAKE, and TF-IDF algorithms. Each approach leads to alignment in themes among these democracy forms, potentially unique sets of keywords, even when applied to the same content. reflecting shared core principles. In contrast, other democracy This research underscores the importance of algorithm selec- types exhibit more distinct keywords. Additionally, the keyword tion tailored to the specific requirements of the textual dataset in "Citizens" is present in Source democracy, Participative democ- hand. Moreover, the keywords extracted present an invaluable racy, and Blockchain democracy using the Text Rank algorithm. repository for political scientists, historians, and policymakers It appears only in Representative democracy with RAKE and in understanding the foundational pillars of varied democracy in both Blockchain democracy and Representative democracy forms. Future work might consider combining every three key- with TF-IDF. These variations in results across Text Rank, RAKE, word extraction algorithms into one single table, removing du- and TF-IDF stem from their distinct methodologies. Text Rank plicates and extracting only unique keywords that belong to considers relational context between terms, extracting keywords the corresponding democracy type. Additionally, by converting with conceptual relationships.RAKE focuses on local frequency keywords into numerical values, clustering algorithms could be and co-occurrence, sensitive to document structure. Finally, TF- applied. This would enable the identification of democracy types IDF emphasizes term uniqueness across a document set. These that fall within the same group or cluster. Furthermore, in future differences mean that each algorithm yields a somewhat different endeavors, experts possessing a background in political education set of keywords, even when analyzing the same content. will assess the accuracy and validity of the extracted keywords. In all three algorithms, a set of 12 keywords serves as unique identifiers for distinguishing each type of democracy. These key- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS words are "Ancient", "Rule", "Laws", "Deliberation", "Deliberative", The authors acknowledge the funding from the Slovenian Re- "Modern", "Liquid", "Vote", "Information", "Blockchain", "New", search and Innovation Agency (ARRS), Grant (PR-10495) and and "Government". They are depicted by red color in Tables 1, 2, Basic core funding P2-0209. 3. 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Democracy Direct Society Theory Modern Liquid democracy Democracy Liquid Vote Representative Representatives E-democracy Democracy Information Participation Public Communication Blockchain dem. Democracy Blockchain New Systems Citizens Representative dem. Democracy Representative Government Political Power Control democracy Democracy Civil Democratic Society Monitoring Transdemocracy Democracy Political System Concept Form Table 2: 5 keywords for each democracy type extracted with Rake algorithm. Type of Democracy Keyword 1 Keyword 2 Keyword 3 Keyword 4 Keyword 5 Source democracy Democracy Society Executive Ancient Direct Ideal-typical dem. Democracy Society Rule Executive Laws Participative dem. Democracy Participation Political Participatory Society Deliberative dem. Democracy Deliberation Deliberative Participation Participatory Modern direct dem. 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Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Knowledge Technologies Ljubljana, Slovenia Environmental Sciences and Centre Jamova cesta 39 for Participatory Research Ljubljana, Slovenia Karina Sirk Bernard Ženko Martin Žnidaršič karina.sirk@ipop.si bernard.zenko@ijs.si martin.znidarsic@ijs.si Institute for Spatial Policies Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Ljubljana, Slovenia Knowledge Technologies Knowledge Technologies ABSTRACT emissions, improve modal split, reduce traffic congestions and alleviate related problems. On-demand dynamic transportation is an innovative information- The focus of this paper are not the IT needed to implement technology supported service that enables passengers to book an on-demand dynamic transport (e.g., mobile apps, databases, and configure their rides. It is foreseen as a promising service to scheduling and optimization systems), but rather we present improve the sustainable mobility of citizens and alleviate traffic the results of a real life evaluation of such a system that has problems. In this paper, we present the results of a three-month been carried out in Ljubljana Urban Region, Slovenia, within the pilot implementation of dynamic transportation of employees SmartMOVE project [10]. SmartMOVE addresses the challenges from their homes to their workplaces. The transports were man- of sustainable mobility in the Ljubljana Urban Region with the aged by the company GoOpti, d.o.o., they were free and took place capital city of Ljubljana, which is the primary destination of daily using vans on the routes connecting the cities Kamnik and Kranj migration flows in Slovenia. with two areas (BTC and UKC) in Ljubljana. The project was The aim of this study is to answer two questions that are cru- very successful in terms of sustainable mobility: it attracted users cial if such a service is to be implemented in practice: (1) Can that normally drive passenger cars, travel times were comparable on-demand dynamic transport really help in reducing harmful to conventional modes of transportation and users were very emissions and traffic congestion? and (2) Under what conditions satisfied with the service, while substantially reducing (from 30% can such a service sustainably operate in a given economic envi- to 70%) the harmful emissions of CO , NO and solid particles. 2 x ronment? It is important to note that before this study no evalu- However, two challenges for the future still remain: improving ation of on-demand dynamic passenger transport in comparable the occupancy rate of vehicles and bridging the gap between the environments has been done, and its benefits and limitations economic price and users’ willingness to pay for the service. used to be assessed only theoretically through simulations [1]. KEYWORDS sustainable mobility, on-demand dynamic transport, employee 2 RELATED WORK transportation, Ljubljana Urban Region Ljubljana is home to over 220,000 jobs, which accounts for over 25% of all jobs in Slovenia. As a result, over 120,000 people flock 1 INTRODUCTION to Ljubljana daily from elsewhere. This means approximately 100,000 vehicles entering and exiting Ljubljana on a daily basis Within the last thirty years information technologies (IT) pro- (with an average occupancy of vehicles at 1.2 pers/car). Since foundly changed many aspects of our life and the society. IT the majority of this is associated to the personal car transport, provide us with tools that enable creation of new services, which the main goal is to transfer the car drivers/passengers to public have the potential to significantly improve our every day lives. transport. However, the road public transport is faced with the One of such services is on-demand dynamic passenger trans- same problems as car transport – congestions due to absence of port [11], which typically makes use of vans or mini busses dedicated lanes, low travel speeds, poor occupation of vehicles. that operate without fixed itineraries or fixed stops, enabling The problem of public transport in Ljubljana was tackled by passengers to book their ride and select their pick up and drop studies that focused on various aspects. Some of them outline the off locations. On-demand dynamic transport bridges the gap overall context of the problem and the related phenomena [4]. between the conventional public transport and private car trans- The current public transport organization in Ljubljana is reflected port, and promises to reduce green house gas and other pollutant well in a paper that describes the public transport plans from a decade ago [6]. There are studies about the state of the public Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal transport in Ljubljana, such as accessibility [12], speed [7], studies or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or about the effects of public transport management measures [13] distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this and about its potential future developments. work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). On-demand dynamic transportation, which is in the focus of Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia this paper, shares several characteristics with carpooling [14]. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). However, we could find no previous studies about on-demand 36 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bohanec, et al. Table 1: Basic ride statistics. dynamic transportation in Ljubljana and even in general, the studies of on-demand dynamic transportation are to a large extent Route Passengers Distance Time Speed Occupancy dedicated to theoretical models [8, 5] and simulations [2, 1]. A [total] [km] [min] [km/h] [%] good showcase of dynamic transport practices are the on-demand Kamnik 5440 21.20 42.81 29.72 38.0 airport shuttles, which have indicated a potential solution to the Kranj 1742 33.66 45.62 44.27 25.9 downsides of regular public lines; they support the users’ needs and commodity as one of the most important factors for choosing Total 7182 25.18 43.70 34.57 34.1 the preferred means of transport. the Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia [9] and EU 3 STUDY DESIGN 1 emission standards (EURO standards ). We considered the users’ distances from home to workplace and the number of journeys The main objective of this pilot study was to test using on-demand they would have made if dynamic transport had not been em- dynamic transportation of employees as a sustainable alternative ployed. As a weighting factor for the calculation, we considered to existing modes of transport, especially in comparison with us- whether the users mainly drive with personal vehicles (several ing passenger cars. The study took place in the trial period from times a week) or perhaps combine the drives with other modes of February to April 2023, when selected passengers were trans- transportation to work (public passenger transport, bicycle, etc.). ported free of charge by the company GoOpti, d.o.o., employing The emission factors for GoOpti vehicles were obtained from the vans that can carry up to eight passengers. Transportation costs manufacturer’s specifications. were covered from the SmartMOVE project. Two pilot routes were established that connected two nearby cities Kamnik (14,000 4 RESULTS inhabitants, about 23 km from Ljubljana) and Kranj (38,000, 28 km) with the areas of two large employer organisations located 4.1 Traffic Data Analysis in Ljubljana: UKC and BTC. UKC, the University Medical Centre Traffic statistics. In three months of the pilot study, there were of Ljubljana, is with 8,000 employees the largest employer in 2,629 rides of the total distance of 66,199 km and time of 1,915 Slovenia; daily, it is visited by additional 20,000 people. BTC, the hours (almost 32 days). Here, each "ride" means picking up the Business Trade Centre, is the largest shopping area in Slovenia. passengers at one or more origin locations and dropping them It does not have many direct public transportation links, but is down at one or more destination locations. Table 1 shows, grouped located close to a highway, inducing high volumes of car traffic. by the routes and in total, the total number of passengers and Before the study, the opportunity to join the experiment was average ride distances, times, speed and vehicle occupations. The advertised using different channels, particularly in the UKC and term "passenger" refers to one ride of a single person. BTC areas. Among more than 500 interested individuals, 131 were User statistics. The service was used by 131 individual users, eventually selected and invited to participate. All the operation, who used the service daily or less. The most active user used the including the IT solution, customer management and logistics, service 121 times, and the average was 54.88 times per user. Fe- was carried out by the project partner GoOpti. male users prevailed over males (73% vs. 27%). The prevailing age Two data sources were collected during the study: groups were 31–42 (43%) and 45–64 (46%), while the distribution • Traffic data: Collected by GoOpti while providing the ser- of users’ education levels was close to uniform. vice. This included detailed data about the travelled routes Vehicle occupancy. As large as possible vehicle occupancy is (distances, times and GPS locations) and provided services essential for the effectiveness of dynamic transportation. Figure 1 (anonymized individual user’s rides). displays the occupancy achieved in the study. • User survey: Collected using a survey questionnaire once per each individual user at the end of the study period. 4.2 User Survey Analysis The questions mainly addressed users’ current mobility The survey was completed by users at the end of the trial period, habits (with more detailed questions for users using cars) so that each user completed the survey at most once. Out of and their experience with the service. A full version of the the 131 users, the completed survey was submitted by 88: 30 questionnaire (in Slovene language) is available in [3]. travelling from/to Kranj and 58 in the Kamnik direction. Using this data, we carried out the following analyses: basic Current mobility habits. Figure 2 shows relative proportions traffic and demographical statistics, average occupancy of vans of transportation modes used by the survey respondents. The and individual users’ rides, users’ current mobility habits, and prevailing mode is using personal cars: 70% as sole drivers and user satisfaction with and willingness to pay for the service. 20% as fellow passengers. The train and city bus come next at By combining the data sources, we estimated the differences approximately 30% each, the bicycle at 10%, while the remaining between the current and dynamic means of transportation in modes are barely indicated. Both routes exhibit similar usage terms of travelling time and contribution to lower emissions of patterns. CO , NO (nitrogen oxides) and PM10 (particles with a diameter The respondents that use cars estimated their average occu- 2 x of 10 µm or less). pancy at 1.37 per ride. Most of the cars have diesel or gasoline In order to assess environmental burdens, we analyzed the engines (about 45% each). Hybrid and electric cars account only difference in air emissions between the "BaU - Business-as-Usual" for about 2%. The average age of cars is 9.15 years (7.28 on route scenario (i.e., trips without the introduction of dynamic trans- Kranj and 10.04 on route Kamnik). port) and the GoOpti service. We took into account the distances User satisfaction. The users were generally very satisfied with traveled by the types of transport that users used before the in- the service. They most appreciated the easiness and comfort of troduction of GoOpti: mainly driving passenger cars of different 1 Euro 1 (1992): 91/441/EEC, 93/59/EEC; Euro 2 (1996): 94/12/EC, 96/69/EC; Euro 3 types (gasoline, diesel), taking into account the age of the vehi- (2000): 98/69/EC; Euro 4 (2005): 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC); Euro 5 (2009): 715/2007/EC; cles and corresponding average emissions. Data sources included Euro 6 (2014) 37 Evaluation of the Effects of Dynamic Transportation Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kamnik Kranj Total 60 Domžale Kamnik Komenda Kranj Mengeš Radomlje Total 50 Better 40 [%] 30 Occupancy Equal 20 10 orse W 01.02.2023 21.02.2023 13.03.2023 02.04.2023 22.04.2023 exit xibility Days and Reliability Comfort Fle y duration friendliness el entr of Trav Figure 1: Average vehicle occupancy, per days and routes. onmental oximity Pr Envir Transportation quality aspect 80 Kamnik Kranj Total Figure 3: Comparison of the respondents’ usual transporta- tion mode with the dynamic one. 60 Table 2: Comparison of average traveling times, in minutes. Entry Usual Dynamic Difference location transportation transportation users 40 Domžale 30.97 26.67 -4.30 of Kamnik 42.00 44.16 2.16 % Komenda 59.00 36.91 -22.09 Kranj 54.72 38.97 -15.75 20 Mengeš 36.00 27.80 -8.20 Radomlje 40.71 40.09 -0.63 Average 41.22 35.07 -6.15 0 er bus bus cle cle cle oter oter cy driv Train bicy – Bicy Sco sco We used both data sources. It should be noted that the comparison passenger City Motor Car – Inter-city ctric ctric Car Ele Ele includes only passengers who have completed the survey (other- wise we have no information about their normal time traveling Figure 2: Current modes of transportation, normalized by time). Additionally, we had to exclude two respondents because the number of respondents. Since multiple answers were of a mismatch with traffic data. Traffic data do not include any possible, the values shown are not true relative values and time of walking and waiting for a van. The survey data was col- do not add up to 100%. lected only once for each passenger (𝑛 = 86), while there was substantially more traffic data (5,476 passenger rides). Therefore, this mode of transport, its reliability, the proximity of stations, there is a substantial difference in the amount and quality of the the possibility to effectively use the time for themselves and data, and a cautious interpretation is advised. the fact that they did not need to search for the parking place. Results are shown in Table 2. Considering all entry locations, Complaints, on the other hand, were scarce and mainly addressed except Kamnik, the dynamic rides are faster (in average by 6.15 too long collection/drop-off times, variable collection times and minutes). This comparison is not entirely fair because the dy- the need to check the collection information every day. When namic transportation times do not include possible waiting and asked to compare their usual means of transportation with the walking times, but we can safely assume that the times are at dynamic one (Figure 3), they evaluated the latter better in all least comparable. points except the flexibility. It is very likely (on average 9 on the 0–10 scale) that the respondents will recommend the service to 4.4 Analysis of Environmental Burdens their friends and relatives. The analysis of the environmental burdens focused on CO and 2 Willingness to pay. When asked about their willingness to pay NO emissions and particulate matter (PM) for human health x for the service, the average response was about 70€ per month reasons. The results in Table 3 show a significant reduction in CO2 (64€ for Kamnik and 86€ for Kranj). emissions after the introduction of the dynamic transportation service: reduction of emissions by approximately 27%, or over 4.3 Comparison of Traveling Times 50% in case of higher occupancy/exclusive use of the dynamic We compared the time of traveling between the dynamic trans- service. Similar reductions are also expected with NO (26% to x portation and the usual modes of respondents’ transportation. 68%) and PM (27% to 79%). It is important to emphasize that 38 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bohanec, et al. Table 3: Comparison of CO2, NOx and PM emissions. their expenses for commuting to work. Better awareness of users would be needed on the costs and environmental impacts of BaU Dynamic (weighted) Dynamic (total) different transportation modes. CO [t] 23.90 17.30 (-27%) 10.90 (-54%) 2 In summary, dynamic transportation seems a feasible and ef- NO [kg] 23.21 17.20 (-26%) 5.30 (-69%) x fective alternative to using cars for commuting to work. However, PM [kg] 1.44 1.05 (-27%) 0.30 (-79%) in Slovenia, it requires a careful consideration, at the levels of communities, cities, regions and the whole country, of how to the absolute values of PM particle emissions are low, since the attract the users and support the transition to this and other sus- average vehicle age is about 9 years, when the minimum emission tainable transportation means. In perspective, it will also require standards for solid particles have already been introduced. intelligent software for supporting the service. The tasks that are Generally, the results show a significant reduction in emissions particularly interesting for applying artificial intelligence meth- when implementing the dynamic transport compared to the BaU ods, include the prediction of customers’ requests, optimization scenario. However, it should be noted that the data refer to the of costs and dynamic planning of routes. average number of users and that these may vary depending on vehicle occupancy, driving dynamics (driving speed), road con- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ditions (e.g., duration of traffic jams), etc. These are preliminary This work has been funded by the SmartMOVE project, which is estimates that do not yet take into account possible errors in data co-financed by Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway funds from the collection and interpretation of uncertainty. The numbers/results EEA Financial Mechanism and corresponding Slovenian partic- correspond to the implementation of the pilot project only – the ipation within the Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation potential up-scaling analysis would show the actual potential of programme in the amount of 1 609 167€. The contents of this doc- such measures for solving the urban mobility issues. ument are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Climate Change Mitigation 5 CONCLUSIONS and Adaption Program Authority. The results of this pilot study confirm that on-demand dynamic The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the transportation of employees to their jobs has a great potential Slovenian Research Agency for research core funding for the for improving the sustainable mobility in the Ljubljana Urban programme Knowledge Technologies (No. P2-0103). Region. 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Transportation Research users are not really aware of the actual costs and underestimate Part A: Policy and Practice, 131, 206–218. 39 Test uporabnosti prilagojenega WHCA* algoritma za iskanje poti za več agentov v strateški igri v realnem času Usability Test of a Modified WHCA* Algorithm for Multi-Agent Pathfinding in a Real-time Strategy Game Ivan Antešić Aleksander Sadikov ivan.v.antesic@gmail.com aleksander.sadikov@f ri- uni- lj.si Laboratorij za umetno inteligenco Laboratorij za umetno inteligenco Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Univerza v Ljubljani, Slovenia Univerza v Ljubljani, Slovenia POVZETEK 1 UVOD IN MOTIVACIJA V zadnjih letih je bilo predlaganih več algoritmov za iskanje poti NP-težek problem iskanja poti za več agentov (angl. multi-agent za več agentov (angl. kratica MAPF), ki naj bi bili primerni za pathfinding, MAPF) je definiran z grafom 𝐺 = (𝑉 , 𝐸) ter mno- vodenje enot v strateških igrah v realnem času. Toda algoritmi žico 𝑛 sodelovalnih agentov 𝑎 . Veljavna rešitev problema 1, ..., 𝑎𝑛 so predstavljeni in testirani brez upoštevanja ključnih lastnosti je množica 𝑛 poti, ki pripelje vsakega agenta 𝑎 od njegovega 𝑖 kompleksnega okolja iger, kot so dinamični zemljevidi, različne začetnega vozlišča 𝑠 ∈ 𝑉 do ciljnega vozlišča 𝑔 ∈ 𝑉 po pove- 𝑖 𝑖 lastnosti in hitrosti agentov, prisotnost sovražnikov. Da bi ugoto- zavah 𝑒 ∈ 𝐸, ne da bi dve poti prišli v konflikt. Konflikt oz. trk 𝑖 vili, ali je MAPF pristop res primeren za uporabo v igrah, smo nastane, ko se agenta 𝑎 in 𝑎 oba nahajata v vozlišču 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 v 𝑖 𝑗 v obstoječem igralnem pogonu za strateške igre v realnem času istem časovnem koraku 𝑡 . Optimalna rešitev je po navadi tista, 𝑖 implementirali in prilagodili WHCA* algoritem ter ga primer- ki minimizira skupno vsoto cen vseh poti [2]. jali s standardnim LRA* pristopom iskanja poti za posameznega Več znanstvenih del predstavlja MAPF algoritme, za katere agenta. Eksperimentalni rezultati kažejo, da naša implementacija trdijo, da so primerni za uporabo v igrah, še posebno za strateške WHCA* algoritma znatno izboljša kakovost poti ter lahko reši igre v realnem času (angl. real-time strategy, RTS). Vendar predsta- težke primere, ki jih LRA* ne more. Čeprav je čas iskanja poti z vljeni algoritmi pri razvoju in testiranju ne upoštevajo ključne la- WHCA* veliko daljši, menimo, da MAPF ima potencial v razvoju stnosti kompleksnega okolja RTS iger. RTS igre vsebujejo agente iger. različnih hitrosti in značilnosti. Med igro se obstoječim agentom kadarkoli lahko dodeli nov ukaz, poleg tega pa se neprenehoma ABSTRACT ustvarjajo novi agenti. Značilni so tudi dinamični zemljevidi, ki jih igralci lahko tekom igre spreminjajo z gradnjo objektov, ter Over the years, several multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) algo- sovražni agenti, s katerimi ne sodelujemo, ampak jih moramo še rithms have been proposed as suitable solutions for guiding vedno upoštevati pri iskanju poti, kot neprehodne, premikajoče units in real-time strategy (RTS) games. However, algorithms are ovire. tested without considering the crucial properties of a complex Izkaže se, da v praksi večina iger išče pot za vsakega agenta game environment, such as dynamic maps, different unit prop- posebej (angl. single-agent pathfinding, SAPF), po navadi z A* algo- erties and agent speeds, the presence of enemies. To determine ritmom [3], brez upoštevanja načrtov ostalih agentov. Konflikte, whether MAPF approach really is suitable for use in games, we ki nastanejo kasneje med premikanjem, poskusijo igre lokalno implemented and modified the seminal WHCA* algorithm in razrešiti z ad-hoc preverbami in pravili. Ta pristop je znan kot an existing RTS game engine and compared it to the common Lokalno popravljanje A* (angl. Local-Repair A*, LRA*) [10]. Ko LRA* single-agent pathfinding approach. Our experimental re- zahtevnost iger narašča lahko preprosti LRA* algoritem postane sults show that our WHCA* implementation greatly improves nezadosten. Zmogljivost je mogoče izboljšati na več načinov, na the path quality and can solve difficult scenarios that the single- primer s hierarhično abstrakcijo [9] ali z upoštevanjem simetrije agent approach cannot. WHCA*’s search times are much longer, preiskovalnega prostora [5]. Marsikateri SAPF algoritmi se lahko but we still think MAPF has potential in game development. danes uporabijo za vodenje velikega števila agentov v RTS igri. KLJUČNE BESEDE Ker pa pri iskanju ne upoštevajo načrtov drugih agentov, so opa- zni pogosti zastoji ter nasploh okorno in nenaravno premikanje, iskanje poti za več agentov, strateške igre v realnem času, hevri- še posebej v ozkih hodnikih. stično preiskovanje, WHCA* V želji, da bi premostili razkorak med znanstvenim razisko- vanjem in praktičnim razvojem iger, smo implementirali enega KEYWORDS ključnih MAPF algoritmov, Okvirjeni hierarhični kooperativni A* multi-agent pathfinding, real-time strategy games, heuristic search, (ang. Windowed Hierarchical Cooperative A*, WHCA*) v OpenRA WHCA* igralnem pogonu za RTS igre in ocenili, ali je MAPF pristop res uporaben za RTS igre. WHCA* namreč velja za enega temeljnih Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal sub-optimalnih MAPF algoritmov, ki služi kot izhodišče mnogim or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and novejšim algoritmom in nadgradnjam [8, 1, 6]. the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 40 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ivan Antešić and Aleksander Sadikov 2 METODE novo delno pot vsakih 𝑅 = 𝑤 /2 taktov (angl. ticks, osnovna 2.1 OpenRA časovna enota pogona in časovni korak našega algoritma). Ena sekunda ponavadi vsebuje okoli 25 taktov. Zaradi večje zveznosti OpenRA [4] je odprtokodni pogon za strateške igre v realnem premikov en časovni korak ne ustreza več enemu premiku celice času, ki med drugimi poganja na novo ustvarjeno igro Dune — agenti, glede na njihovo hitrost, zasedejo celico med premikom 2000. Le ta predstavlja dokaj tipičen primer RTS igre. Igralci iz za različno število taktov. To lahko povzroči nemirno obnašanje ptičje perspektive opazujejo mrežni, dvodimenzionalni zemljevid agentov, ki želijo zapolniti iskalno okno z nepotrebnimi premiki, in nadzirajo svoje enote. Cilj igre je nabirati surovine, razširiti kar odpravimo z znižanjem cene čakanja na mestu. bazni tabor z novimi zgradbami in proizvesti enote, s katerimi Zaradi kompleksnega premikanja agentov in arhitekture po- poskušamo napasti in uničiti nasprotnikov tabor. Enote imajo gona je preverjanje rezervacij oteženo. Potrebno je izračunati različne hitrosti, so zmožne več akcij in se gladko premikajo iz ene čas prihoda in odhoda agenta za sosednjo celico. Čas odhoda je celice v drugo. To predstavlja kompleksno okolje za navigacijo težko predvideti, saj ne vemo z gotovostjo v katero od naslednjih enot, še posebej, ker se vse odvija v realnem času. sosednjih celic se bo napotil, od tega pa je odvisno koliko časa bo preživel v celici. Netočni čas prihoda in odhoda lahko povzroči 2.2 LRA* sprejem konfliktnih poti ali zavračanje veljavnih rešitev. OpenRA za iskanje poti uporablja različico standardnega LRA* RRA* hevristika je bila prvotno namenjena za uporabo na algoritma. Ker se agenti lahko premikajo med celicami diago- mreži, kjer se agenti premikajo v štirih glavnih smereh. V našem nalno, LRA* za hevristično funkcijo uporablja oktilno razdaljo, primeru se agenti lahko premikajo še diagonalno, kar povzroči √ definirano kot 𝐷 = (|𝑥 − 𝑥 | + |𝑦 −𝑦 |) + ( 2 − 2) · min(|𝑥 − potrebo po dodatnem nadaljevanju iskanja RRA* z oktilno raz- 𝑜𝑐𝑡 2 1 2 1 2 𝑥 | − |), med dvema celicama ( daljo , tudi ko agent sledi prvotni poti. Da bi to optimizirali, v 1 , |𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑥 1, 𝑦 1) in (𝑥 2, 𝑦2). Oktilna razdalja je monotona in dopustna hevristika. glavnem kooperativnem iskanju filtriramo sosede in obdržimo Pred premikom agenta v novo celico algoritem požene zapo- le tiste, ki so že bili razviti z RRA*. To vpelje dodatne zaplete in redje preverb, s katerimi poskuša ujeti in preprečiti vse možne povzroči, da agent včasih ne uspe najti poti okoli dinamičnih trke s čakanjem ali iskanjem nove poti. Ta sistem je zapleten, ker ovir. med igranjem lahko pride do množice različnih robnih pogojev. WHCA* ima problem z vrstnim redom obdelave agentov, na To je ena glavnih slabosti LRA* pristopov. kar sta opozorila tudi Sturtevant [8] in Bnaya [1]. Lahko se zgodi, da agent z višjo prioriteto prvi rezervira pot in zasede vse celice 2.3 Osnovni WHCA* okoli naslednjega agenta z nižjo prioriteto, ki nato ne more najti poti. V takem primeru je konflikt neizogiben. Problem postane Osnovni WHCA* algoritem je bil v izvirnem članku [7] označen še bolj pogost zaradi heterogenih agentov v OpenRA, kjer lahko za nadvse primernega za RTS igre. Z A* preiskuje 3D prostor hitrejši agent rezervira več celic okoli počasnejšega agenta. Te- (2D mrežni zemljevid in diskretna časovna dimenzija) za vsakega žavo smo poskusili rešiti s prepisovanjem rezervacij, kar pa lahko agenta posebej ter rezervira najdene poti v skupno časovno- privede do kaskadne izgube sodelovanja med agenti. prostorsko rezervacijsko tabelo. Vnos vozlišča (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 ) v tabeli 𝑖 Obdržali smo nekatere principe lokalnih preverb za izogiba- oznanja, da je celica (𝑥, 𝑦) že zasedena v časovnem koraku 𝑡 in 𝑖 nje trkom, ker so prisotne tudi enote s katerimi ne sodelujemo, zato ni na voljo ostalim agentom. Med razvijanjem vozlišča se na primer zgradbe in sovražniki. Dodali smo tudi hevristično preveri, katere sosednje celice so proste ovir in rezervacij, kar im- posodabljanje cilja. Agent zamenja za cilj prvo prosto celico v plicitno omogoči izogibanje trkom in kooperativno premikanje. radiju 8 celic okoli prvotnega cilja, če je le ta med iskanjem poti WHCA* za hevristično oceno razdalj uporablja Obratno nada- že zaseden ali pa za cilj vzame svojo trenuten položaj, če je že v ljevalno A* (angl. Reverse Resumable A*, RRA*). Pred začetkom bližini cilja (8 celic) in med premikanjem naleti na oviro. iskanja kooperativnih poti se najprej za vsakega agenta požene RRA* iskanje, ki z A* poišče najkrajšo pot od agentovega cilja do začetka. Zaradi monotonosti oktilne razdalje imamo sedaj na 3 EKSPERIMENTI voljo točno ceno do agentovega cilja za vsako razvito vozlišče. Časovno zmogljivost in kakovost poti prilagojenega WHCA*(R) Če med kooperativnim iskanjem agent zaide z najkrajše poti in algoritma smo testirali v igri OpenRA pogona za različne dolžine potrebuje hevristično oceno za novo vozlišče, nadaljujemo RRA* iskalnega okvirja 𝑅 = 𝑤 /2 in primerjali rezultate s prvotnim iskanje, dokler le-ta ne razvije potrebnega vozlišča in pridobi algoritmom pogona LRA*. točno razdaljo. WHCA* išče poti le za naslednjih 𝑤 korakov, kar Posamezni eksperiment sestoji iz 50 iteracij. Ena iteracija je pripomore k zmogljivosti. Ko agent izvede 𝑤 /2 premikov, še en- premik skupine 25 agentov iz začetnega območja na levi strani krat poženemo iskanje za naslednjih 𝑤 korakov. To imenujemo zemljevida do ciljnega območja na desni. Agentom se pripadajoča iskanje z okvirjem. začetna in ciljna celica znotraj območij določi naključno. Iteracija se konča, ko vsi agenti prispejo na cilj ali pa ko se izteče vnaprej 2.4 Prilagojeni WHCA* določena časovna limita testa. Agenti so naključno izbrani iz Zaradi kompleksnosti in narave OpenRA okolja je bilo potrebno nabora treh enot: hitro vozilo s kratkim časom obračanja, srednje prilagoditi osnovni WHCA* algoritem. Igralec lahko kadarkoli hitrim tankom z dolgim časom obračanja in počasni pešak s ustvari nove agente in ukazuje nove premike obstoječim agentom. takojšnjim obratom. Zaradi tega se kooperativno iskanje poti ne sme nikoli končati. Iskanje poti smo testirali na treh različnih zemljevidih vidnih Posledično mora biti rezervacijska tabela krožna. Agenti morajo na Sliki 1. Vsak od njih predstavlja določen scenarij, ki lahko po premiku v naslednjo celico izbrisati rezervacijo prejšnje celice, nastane tekom igre: da ne bi vplivala na iskanje poti v prihodnosti. Vsi agenti ne dobijo ukaza v istem trenutku zato je potrebno • SOVRAŽNIKI: prečkanje skupine premikajočih sovražnih sinhronizirati individualna iskanja in za vse agente izračunati agentov, časovna limita 1,150 taktov, velikost 64x64 celic 41 Test uporabnosti prilagojenega WHCA* algoritma v RTS igri Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Slika 1: Sheme zemljevidov eksperimentnih scenarijev: levo SOVRAŽNIKI, v sredini GRLO, desno IGRA. Modra barva označuje začetne celice, zelena pa ciljne. Skupini agentov v scenariju GRLO, si izmenjata začetni poziciji. Bele, temno sive in temno rjave celice predstavljajo neprehodne zgradbe ter naravne ovire. Ostale barve onačujejo prosto prehodna območja. Scenarij SOVRAŽNIKI vsebuje sovražnike, ki patruljirajo med zgornjimi in spodnjimi rdečimi celicami. IGRA vsebuje še v igrah pogosto, nabiralniško enoto — prijateljska patruljira ob vhodu spodnje baze, sovražna pa ob vhodu zgornje. • GRLO: premik dveh manjših skupin iz nasprotnih smeri WHCA*(50) 0.98 WHCA*(50) WHCA*(100) 34.54 35.08 WHCA*(100) SOVRA NIKI 0.98 WHCA*(200) SOVRA NIKI 35.63 WHCA*(200) skozi ozko grlo, časovna limita 1,150 taktov, velikost 64x64 LRA* 0.99 LRA* 0.99 43.01 celic 0.96 58.89 • 54.9 IGRA: simulacija povprečnega premika v nasprotnikovo GRLO 0.96 GRLO 1 51.52 0.01 BREZPREDMETNA MERITEV bazo med igranjem igre, časovna limita 2,350 taktov, veli- 63.19 kost 69x69 celic 0.94 IGRA 63.06 IGRA 0.95 63.26 0.96 80.99 0.96 Število agentov in dimenzije zemljevida smo izbrali skladno s 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 koraki povprečnim primerom igre. Rezultati eksperimentov so vidni na Slikah 2 in 3. Trajanje (a) povprečni delež uspešnosti (b) povprečna dolžina poti iskanja poti smo merili s številom razvitih vozlišč (zgornja vrstica 100 WHCA*(50) 100 WHCA*(50) 95 WHCA*(100) 95 WHCA*(100) 90 WHCA*(200) 90 WHCA*(200) Slike 3) in z milisekundami (spodnja vrstica Slike 3) . Da lažje ana- 85 LRA* 85 LRA* 80 80 75 75 liziramo vpliv RRA* hevristike, smo, kot v ostalih člankih, ločili 70 70 65 65 60 60 časovne meritve na prvi inicializacijski takt in na vse naslednje 55 55 50 50 45 45 takte. Mera prvega takta je povprečje vseh prvih taktov iteracije. 40 40 35 35 30 30 Za mero naslednjih taktov smo vzeli povprečje maksimalnih vre- 25 25 20 20 15 15 dnosti iteracije po prvem taktu. Mera nam tako predstavlja kako 10 10 5 5 0 0 dolgo, v povprečju, algoritem išče pot v najtežjih situacijah. SOVRA NIKI GRLO IGRA SOVRA NIKI GRLO IGRA Dolžino poti smo merili s povprečnim številom korakov, ki jih (c) število trkov (d) število neuispešnih iskanj potrebuje agent, da prvič prispe do cilja (Slika 2b). poti Izmerili smo tudi delež agentov, ki uspešno prispejo do cilja (Slika 2a), kolikokrat algoritem ne uspe najti veljavne koopera- Slika 2: Rezultati eksperimentov za različne scenarije. tivne poti (Slika 2d) ter število trkov (Slika 2c). Agentov po trku ne odstranimo iz igre. (zaradi izjemno nizke uspešnosti LRA* za scenarij GRLO, dolžine 4 DISKUSIJA poti ni smotrno primerjati z meritvami za WHCA*). V preostalih Na Sliki 2b lahko hitro odčitamo, da ima WHCA* v primerjavi z primerih oba algoritma do cilja privedeta skoraj vse agente. LRA* manjšo povprečno dolžino poti. Boljša kakovost rešitve je Na žalost WHCA* potrebuje veliko več časa za pridobitev očitna tudi, ko s prostim očesom opazujemo premikanje agentov, kooperativne poti za vse agente. Čas je odvisen od širine iskalnega tudi za scenarij IGRA, ki predstavlja dober vpogled v delovanje okvirja, vendar je tudi najmanjši okvir počasnejši kot LRA* v vseh algoritma v OpenRA okolju. WHCA* gladko vodi agente skozi primerih. V povprečni OpenRA igri WHCA* s kompromisnim kompleksno okolje v bolj strnjenih skupinah. Agenti so zmožni okvirjem 𝑅 = 100 lahko porabi 700ms za iskanje poti, kar je v sodelovanja, se umikajo, da razrešijo konflikte in lahko obvozijo RTS igri moteče in opazno igralcem, tudi če ne prekine igro za počasnejše agente. Agenti v LRA* eksperimentih se premikajo toliko časa ob čisto vsakem ukazu. okorno, razpršeno in imajo navado slediti eden drugemu v dolgih, Če na Sliki 3 primerjamo rezultate razvitih vozlišč s časom v ozkih kolonah do cilja. milisekundah opazimo, da RRA* predstavlja le majhen delež časa Zaradi sodelovalnega iskanja poti je WHCA* zmožen rešiti iskanja poti z WHCA*, tudi v primerih, ko je število razvitih voz- tudi težek scenarij z ozkim grlom. Večji kot je iskalni okvir, bolje lišč z RRA* bistveno večje kot število vozlišč razvitih z WHCA*. bo WHCA* vodil agente skozi majhno odprtino. Pri LRA* agenti Računanje dodatnih korakov potrebnih za iskanje poti v komple- vedno obstanejo v gneči sredi prehoda in ne dosežejo svojih ciljev ksnem OpenRA okolju, povzroči, da razvijanje vozlišč traja dlje 42 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ivan Antešić and Aleksander Sadikov 351 prvi takt iskanja 561 prvi takt iskanja 360 poznej i takti iskanja poznej i takti iskanja WHCA*(50) 580 1386 726 5237 RRA* prvi takt WHCA*(50) 3983 RRA* prvi takt WHCA*(50) 22846 3104 RRA* poznej i takti 1238 RRA* poznej i takti 9537 872 4189 1360 WHCA*(100) 1766 6548 2193 5447 WHCA*(100) 4494 WHCA*(100) 23709 1908 2682 8328 3296 18449 3218 WHCA*(200) 7457 20700 6861 5693 WHCA*(200) 5536 WHCA*(200) 24584 3580 4064 10107 prvi takt iskanja poznej i takti iskanja 1170 1171 15737 RRA* prvi takt LRA* 180 LRA* 11340 LRA* 2288 RRA* poznej i takti 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 razvita vozli a razvita vozli a razvita vozli a 208 prvi takt iskanja 243 prvi takt iskanja 425 prvi takt iskanja poznej i takti iskanja poznej i takti iskanja poznej i takti iskanja WHCA*(50) 212 391 279 78 RRA* prvi takt WHCA*(50) 56 RRA* prvi takt WHCA*(50) 306 RRA* prvi takt 42 RRA* poznej i takti 17 RRA* poznej i takti 120 RRA* poznej i takti 407 1414 751 WHCA*(100) 591 2029 691 83 WHCA*(100) 66 WHCA*(100) 305 27 35 99 1159 6435 1415 WHCA*(200) 2658 7757 2176 78 WHCA*(200) 79 WHCA*(200) 304 48 53 122 20 19 159 LRA* 4 LRA* 125 LRA* 27 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 ms ms ms Slika 3: Rezultati dolžine iskanja poti v razvitih vozliščih (zgornje slike) in v milisekundah (spodnje slike) za različne scenarije: levi sliki SOVRAŽNIKI, sredinski GRLO, desni IGRA. za glavno WHCA* iskanje kot pa za bolj preprosto RRA* hevri- večini RTS iger. Lahko bi jo uporabili za igre v realnem času, ki stiko. Izkaže se, da WHCA* razvije največ vozlišč, ko računa drugi vsebujejo manj agentov in preprosto okolje, ali za potezne igre, okvir poti, saj se takrat kompleksnost primera poveča, medtem kjer je na voljo več časa za pridobitev kakovostne rešitve. ko RRA* razvije večino vozlišč že v prvem taktu. Posledično naša Kljub temu mislimo, da to ni dokončna zavrnitev MAPF pri- implementacija potrebuje manj časa v prvem inicializacijskem stopa za RTS igre. Z nadaljnjim praktičnim delom bi lahko postal taktu kot pa v naslednjih taktih. bolj primeren. WHCA* bi lahko nadgradili s hierarhično abstrak- Dinamični scenarij SOVRAŽNIKI povzroči težave WHCA* al- cijo [8] ali pa z dinamično postavitvijo okvirja okoli možnih goritmu, saj pokvari točnost RRA* hevristike ter oteži kooperacijo konfliktov [1]. Pomagalo bi tudi, če bi RTS igro razvili od začetka s prisotnostjo nepričakovanih sovražnih agentov, s katerimi ne z WHCA* v mislih, namesto da prilagajamo algoritem obstoječi sodelujemo. Rezultati na sliki 2c in 2d prikazujejo številne trke SAPF arhitekturi. in neuspela iskanja poti WHCA* algoritma, ki jih v nasprotju z Kolikor nam je znano, je to edina delujoča implementacija drugima scenarijema, znatno ne zniža niti največja širina iskal- MAPF algoritma v okolju realnočasovne igre. Izvorna koda je nega okvirja. V ostalih primerih večji iskalni okvirji preprečijo prosto dostopna na https://github.com/ia6382/OpenRA. dovolj neuspelih iskanj poti in trkov, da le-ti niso opazni med igro. Zanimivo je, da se med opazovanjem preprostejši LRA* v LITERATURA primeru sovražnih agentov izkaže za bolj uspešnega, saj le počaka [1] Zahy Bnaya in Ariel Felner. 2014. Conflict-oriented windowed hierarchi- cal cooperative A*. V 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and nekaj trenutkov, da se agent umakne, preden nadaljuje prvotno Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 3743–3748. pot. Nasprotno, WHCA* nemudoma poišče novo pot okoli ovire. [2] Ariel Felner, Roni Stern, Solomon Eyal Shimony, Eli Boyarski, Meir Gol- Kljub temu, dinamične ovire ne vplivajo občutno na časovno denberg, Guni Sharon, Nathan Sturtevant, Glenn Wagner in Pavel Surynek. 2017. Search-based optimal solvers for the multi-agent pathfinding problem: zmogljivost WHCA* algoritma. summary and challenges. V Tenth Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Search. [3] Peter E Hart, Nils J Nilsson in Bertram Raphael. 1968. A formal basis for 5 POVZETEK the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, 4, 2, 100–107. Implementirali smo prilagojeni WHCA* algoritem v obstoječem [4] [n. d.] OpenRA. V https://www.openra.net/. [5] Steve Rabin in Nathan Sturtevant. 2016. Combining bounding boxes and jps RTS igralnem pogonu OpenRA, da bi dognali, ali je MAPF pristop to prune grid pathfinding. V Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial res primeren za uporabo v RTS igrah. Intelligence številka 1. Zv. 30. [6] Devon Sigurdson, Vadim Bulitko, Sven Koenig, Carlos Hernandez in William Naš prilagojeni WHCA* smo testirali in primerjali s standar- Yeoh. 2019. Automatic algorithm selection in multi-agent pathfinding. arXiv dnim SAPF algoritmom LRA*, ki je že bil implementiran v pogonu. preprint arXiv:1906.03992. Izkaže se, da WHCA* najde veliko bolj kakovostne poti kot LRA* [7] David Silver. 2005. Cooperative pathfinding. AIIDE, 1, 117–122. [8] Nathan R Sturtevant in Michael Buro. 2006. Improving collaborative pathf- in je zmožen gladkega, kooperativnega premikanja agentov v inding using map abstraction. V AIIDE. Marina del Rey, 80–85. zahtevnih scenarijih, kjer LRA* agenti obtičijo. Toda WHCA* je [9] Nathan R Sturtevant, Devon Sigurdson, Bjorn Taylor in Tim Gibson. 2019. dosti počasnejši od preprostega LRA* in v realnih primerih potre- Pathfinding and abstraction with dynamic terrain costs. V Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Enterta- buje nekaj sto milisekund za pridobitev poti, tako v prvem kot inment številka 1. Zv. 15, 80–86. tudi v naslednjih okvirjenih iskanjih. Zato menimo, da trenutna [10] A. Zelinsky. 1992. A mobile robot exploration algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 8, 6, 707–717. doi: 10.1109/70.182671. WHCA* implementacija ni primerna za premikanje agentov v 43 An Attempt at Predicting Algorithm Performance on Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Problems Andrejaana Andova Aljoša Vodopija Jordan Cork Tea Tušar Bogdan Filipič andrejaana.andova@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute and Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT These features ideally characterize the problems so that similar When solving new optimization problems, it is crucial that al- problems have similar feature values. gorithms are selected capable of both finding the best solutions In this work, we propose a first step towards automatic algo- and computing them in reasonable amounts of time. However, rithm selection for CMOPs. This task is much harder for con- testing multiple algorithms is time-consuming and impractical. strained multiobjective optimization, because, in this area, there A solution to this would be to build a model that automatically are fewer benchmark problems available, and the ELA methods selects the algorithm that performs best on a new problem. In this are not as well developed as in single-objective optimization. work, we build machine learning models to automatically predict Although the ultimate goal of our work is automatic algorithm algorithm performance on constrained multiobjective optimiza- selection, we here focus on predicting the algorithm performance tion problems (CMOPs) using exploratory landscape analysis of three widely used algorithms. By proposing a method for pre- (ELA) features. The results showed a high mean absolute error, dicting algorithm performance for a few well-known algorithms, which indicates that, with the currently available benchmarks and researchers can easily extend the set of algorithms, in the future. ELA features, automatically predicting algorithm performance The paper is further organized as follows. In Section 2, we in- on CMOPs is a very hard task. troduce the theoretical background of constrained multi-objective optimization. In Section 3, we briefly describe the ELA features KEYWORDS used in this study. In Section 4, we describe the algorithm perfor- mance measure used as the prediction target value. In Section 5, constrained multiobjective optimization, evolutionary algorithms, we present the experimental setup and, in Section 6, the obtained exploratory landscape analysis, machine learning, algorithm per- results. Finally, in Section 7, we summarize the findings and formance prediction outline ideas for future work. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The common way of solving black-box constrained multiobjec- A CMOP can be formulated as: tive optimization problems (CMOPs) is to use multiobjective opti- mization algorithms with constraint-handling techniques (CHTs). minimize 𝑓 (x), 𝑚 = 1, . . . , 𝑀 𝑚 However, deciding which specific algorithm to use, which CHT (1) subject to 𝑔 (x) ≤ 0, 𝑘 = 1, . . . , 𝐾, 𝑘 to include, and which setting of the algorithm parameters to apply is not trivial. where x = (𝑥1, . . . , 𝑥 ) is a solution vector of dimension 𝐷, 𝑓 (x) 𝐷 𝑚 In the last few years, several authors have tried to find ways are objective functions, 𝑔 (x) are constraint functions, and 𝑀 and 𝑘 of automatically selecting evolutionary algorithms for solving 𝐾 are the numbers of objectives and constraints, respectively. single-objective optimization problems [10, 13, 7]. The core con- In multiobjective optimization, we use the term search space cept behind their work is to extract features of benchmark single- 𝑆 , representing a 𝐷 dimensional space where all possible solution objective optimization problems and construct a model for pre- vectors x are located. Additionally, we can define the 𝑀 dimen- dicting which algorithm performs best for each individual prob- sional objective space 𝑃 = {𝑓 (x) | 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 } which represents the lem. When dealing with a new problem then, the model is able space consisting of objective values for solutions. to automatically decide which algorithm to use for solving the A solution x is feasible, if it satisfies all constraints, 𝑔 (x) ≤ 0, 𝑘 problem. for 𝑘 = 1, . . . , 𝐾. A feasible solution 𝑥 is said to dominate another Extracting optimization problem features can be done using feasible solution y if 𝑓 (x) ≤ 𝑓 (y) for all 1 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑀, and 𝑚 𝑚 exploratory landscape analysis (ELA). This is a technique that 𝑓 (x) < 𝑓 (y) for at least one 1 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑀. A feasible solution 𝑚 𝑚 takes a sample of solutions and their fitness values as input and, x∗ is a Pareto-optimal solution if there exists no feasible solution based on this, extracts statistical features about the problem. x ∈ 𝑆 that dominates x∗. All feasible solutions constitute the feasible region 𝐹 . All nondominated feasible solutions form the Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal Pareto set 𝑆o, and the image of the Pareto set in the objective or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and space is the Pareto front, 𝑃o = {𝑓 (x) | x ∈ 𝑆o}. the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this Nondomination ranking is a concept in multiobjective opti- work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). mization that helps sort the solutions in a population into fronts, Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia based on their dominance. Thus, all nondominated solutions get © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). a nondomination rank of 1, solutions that are dominated only by 44 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Andova, et al. the nondominated solutions get a nondomination rank of 2, and other landscape characteristics. However, to calculate these fea- so on. tures one needs a larger sample size (a sample size of 250,000), The point in the objective space with the best objective values which makes these features computationally very demanding. is the ideal point 𝑧 = (min 𝑓 𝑓 (x)). In our study, we used both the features by Alsouly et al. and 𝐼 x∈𝑆o 1 (x), . . . , minx∈𝑆o 𝑀 The nadir point represents the point in the objective space Vodopija et al. with the worst fitness values across all solutions in the Pareto front 𝑧 = (max 𝑓 𝑓 (x)). 4 EMPIRICAL CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION 𝑁 x∈𝑆o 1 (x), . . . , maxx∈𝑆o 𝑀 The most widely used quality indicator in multiobjective op- FUNCTIONS timization is the hypervolume indicator [17]. It maps the set of One drawback of using hypervolume as the quality indicator in solutions found by an algorithm to a measure of the region dom- constrained multiobjective optimization is that it does not take inated by that set and bounded by a given reference point. into consideration infeasible solutions. For this reason, Vodopija et al. [15] proposed a new quality indicator designed specifically 3 ELA FEATURES FOR CONSTRAINED for constrained multiobjective optimization that generalizes the MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION hypervolume-based quality indicator 𝐼𝐻𝑉 + from [5] as follows: PROBLEMS (1) When there are no feasible solutions in the set, the quality indicator takes on the value of the smallest constraint ELA is a methodology that extracts the features of an optimiza- violation of all solutions in the set plus a threshold ∗ 𝜏 . tion problem from a sample of its solutions. These features are (2) When the set contains at least one feasible solution, the usually statistical relations between the solutions and are de- quality indicator equals the value of 𝐼 signed by experts. Many ELA feature sets were designed for 𝐻 𝑉 + bounded above by the threshold ∗ ∗ 𝜏 , i.e., it equals min{𝐼 }. single-objective optimization problems. However, only a few 𝐻 𝑉 +, 𝜏 ∗ feature sets exist for CMOPs. The threshold value 𝜏 ensures that any infeasible solution will State-of-the-art features for CMOPs were collected by Alsouly be deemed worse than any feasible one. et al. [1], who adopted all of the fast-computing features for To measure algorithm performance during the algorithm run, CMOPs from the related work, and also proposed some addi- we keep track of how many function evaluations, called run- tional features. The set of all features can be divided into three times, are needed to reach a particular quality indicator value, groups that describe: the multiobjective landscape, the violation called target. We do so for a number of targets and visualize these landscape, and the combination of the two landscapes – the mul- runtimes using the Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function tiobjective violation landscape. (ECDF) [5]. The ECDF measures the proportion of achieved tar- All three groups of features consist of global and random walk gets at a given runtime by the given algorithm. Whenever an features. The global features were calculated on a sample of size algorithm achieves a target, the value of the measure rises. Thus, 1000· the maximum value that can be achieved by an algorithm is equal 𝐷 . The random walk features are computed during a random walk, where statistics are derived from neighboring solutions to 1, meaning that the algorithm achieved all the targets. that form a sequence within the random walk. The random walk In our work, we want to express algorithm performance in a neighborhood is of size single value which will serve as the target of our machine learning 𝑁 = 2 · 𝐷 + 1, the length of the random walk is equal to ( (ML) problem. However, the ECDF is given for any number of 𝐷 /𝑁 ) · 103, and the step size is 2% of the range of the search space. function evaluations (up to a maximum value). To end up with In the multiobjective landscape group, the features are designed a single value, we use the area under the curve (AUC) of the to describe the objectives and the relations between them. Thus, ECDF, in short AUC-ECDF. This way, the ML method needs to the global features in this group include the proportion of un- predict a single target variable, which also includes information constrained Pareto optimal solutions, the hypervolume of the about the convergence of the algorithm over time. To normalize unconstrained Pareto front, the correlation between the objective the AUC-ECDF value, we divide it by the maximum number of values, statistics on the unconstrained ranks, etc. The random function evaluations. walk features in this group include statistics on the distance between random walk neighbors in the objective space. 5 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION In the violation landscape group, the features are designed to We focus on constrained bi-objective optimization problems describe the constraints of the problem. Thus, the global features with 2D, 3D, and 5D search spaces and, thus, use three widely in this group include statistics of the constraint violations, while used benchmarks for constrained multiobjective optimization the random walk features include statistics of the constraint – MW [9], CF [16], and C-DTLZ [6]. Because some benchmark violations between random walk neighbors. problems are only defined for more than 3D or more than three In the multiobjective violation landscape group, the features are objectives, the total number of problems per dimension differs. designed to describe the relations between the objectives and the Specifically, for 2D, we have 8 out of 14 MW problems, 0 out of 10 constraints. Thus, the global features in this group include the CF problems, and 5 out of 6 C-DTLZ problems. For 3D, we have proportion of feasible solutions, the proportion of Pareto optimal 14 out of 14 MW problems, 5 out of 10 CF problems, and 6 out of solutions, the hypervolume, statistics on the correlations between 6 C-DTLZ problems. For 5D, we have 14 out of 14 MW problems, objectives and constraints, statistics on the distance between 7 out of 10 CF problems, and 6 out of 6 C-DTLZ problems. solutions in the Pareto front, etc. The random walk features in The focus of this work is on predicting the algorithm perfor- this group include statistics on the dominance relations between mance of three multiobjective optimization algorithms – NSGA- random walk neighbors. III [6], MOEA/D-IEpsilon [4], and C-TAEA [8]. Each algorithm is Another state-of-the-art feature set for CMOPs is the one pro-equipped with a different constraint-handling technique. Due to posed by Vodopija et al. [14]. This feature set includes important the stochastic nature of the algorithms, we conduct 31 individual information about CMOPs, including their multimodality and runs of each algorithm on every given problem. This approach 45 An Attempt at Predicting Algorithm Performance on CMOPs Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia allows us to obtain more precise values for algorithm perfor- Table 1: Mean absolute error of the predicted AUC-ECDF mance. The target of the ML task for each problem is the mean values with respect to the true values for 2D, 3D, and 5D AUC-ECDF value over all 31 runs of the algorithm. To facilitate problems in leave-one-problem-out evaluation. the comparison of results, we use the same parameter settings for all algorithms – the population size 100 · 𝑀, and the number Dim ML method NSGA-III MOEA/D C-TAEA of generations 60 · 𝐷. Dummy 0.18 0.17 0.18 The ELA features are calculated stochastically; each time the Linear Regression 0.16 0.14 0.18 feature calculation is started, a different sample of solutions is 2D RF Regression 0.19 0.18 0.18 selected. To handle this, we created 30 samples using the Latin hy- SVR 0.20 0.21 0.19 percube sampling method, resulting in 30 sets of features (learn- ing instances) for each problem. Dummy 0.14 0.12 0.13 Predicting algorithm performance is a regression task and, Linear Regression 0.22 0.12 0.15 3D therefore, we use regression ML methods – Linear Regression, RF Regression 0.12 0.09 0.11 Random Forest Regression (RF Regression) [2], and Epsilon- SVR 0.14 0.12 0.13 Support Vector Regression (SVR) [3]. We also included a dummy Dummy 0.14 0.10 0.12 model in the comparison, which predicts the mean value of the Linear Regression 0.70 0.42 0.75 5D target variable in the training data. We utilized the scikit-learn RF Regression 0.13 0.09 0.12 implementations [11] of these methods with default parameter SVR 0.10 0.09 0.10 settings. We tested algorithm parameter tuning as well, but there was no significant improvement of the results. To evaluate the performance of the ML models, we use two rest in the training set it predicts very high target values, which evaluation methodologies – leave-one-sample-out and leave-one- increase the mean absolute error. problem-out. In the leave-one-sample-out evaluation, we use To better understand why the ML models performed poorly one instance as test data and the rest of the instances (including under the leave-one-problem-out evaluation, we used t-SNE [12] instances from other problems) as training data. We repeat this to reduce the dimensionality of the ELA features to 2D and vi- process for each instance in our dataset and take the average sualized the results, as shown in Figure 1. Here we notice that mean absolute error as an evaluation metric. Since all remaining samples from the same problem form clusters. This explains why instances of the problem are used during the training of the the results of the leave-one-sample-out evaluation are signifi- model, we expected the results from this evaluation methodology cantly better than the leave-one-problem-out evaluation – in the to be overly optimistic. former case, the ML task transforms into predicting the specific The leave-one-problem-out evaluation methodology is more problem to which a sample belongs. fairly designed. In the real world, we have no information about Analyzing the colors indicating the AUC-ECDF values of the the target problem available in the training data. Thus, in the three algorithms in Figure 1, we notice all algorithms perform sim- leave-one-problem-out evaluation, we use all instances of a prob- ilarly on almost all problems. This raises the question of whether lem as test data and the instances from the rest of the problems a different algorithm parameter setting should be considered, em- as training data. This process is repeated for each problem in phasising the differences in the performance of the algorithms. the dataset and the average mean absolute error is used as an For example, we could check the algorithm performance on a evaluation metric. smaller number of generations. When analyzing the colors showing the AUC-ECDF values of an algorithm in a single dimension, we notice there is no 6 RESULTS visible pattern. This holds for each problem dimension-algorithm The results showed a mean absolute error in the leave-one-sample- combination. Notably, we often find high and low AUC-ECDF out evaluation lower than 0 values appearing close to each other in the plot. .01. This result is overly optimistic and shows that same-problem instances are similar to each other. The results show that, with the current benchmarks and ELA The results obtained in the leave-one-problem-out evaluation features, predicting algorithm performance is very difficult. are presented in Table 1. These results show that none of the ML models performs significantly better than the dummy model. 7 CONCLUSION Moreover, because the target variable was normalized to [0,1], a In this work, we attempted to predict the algorithm performance mean absolute error between 0.09 and 0.22 is large. This indicates on CMOPs, using three well-known multiobjective optimization that the tested models trained on the current benchmarks with algorithms. For this purpose, we used ELA features specially the current ELA features cannot be used to predict algorithm designed for CMOPs as inputs to a ML model. To calculate the performance accurately. Also, we note that for each problem ELA features, we used 30 samples for each problem, resulting dimensionality, there is a different ML method that performs in 30 learning instances per problem. The target of prediction best. For 2D problems this is Linear Regression, for 3D problems was the algorithm’s AUC-ECDF value, computed using the qual- RF Regression, and for 5D problems SVR. ity indicator designed explicitly for constrained multiobjective A significantly worse performance is achieved by Linear Re- optimization [15]. gression on 5D problems. When attempting to understand the We tested three ML regression methods – Linear Regression, cause of this, we noticed that Linear Regression achieves simi- RF Regression, and SVR. To compare the results from these meth- lar results to the other models for all problems except for one, ods, we also used a dummy model, which always predicts the for which it performs very poorly. A possible explanation for mean value of the target variable in the training data. To evaluate this could be that Linear Regression is a simple and unbounded the results, we used two evaluation methodologies – leave-one- regression method, and when a problem is different from the sample-out and leave-one-problem-out. 46 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Andova, et al. Figure 1: t-SNE visualizations of 2D, 3D and 5D problems. The colors in the first row of the plots represent the problems included in the benchmark. In the remaining rows, the colors represent the algorithm performance measured by AUC-ECDF for each algorithm considered. In the leave-one-sample-out evaluation, very optimistic re- [4] Zhun Fan, Wenji Li, Xinye Cai, Han Huang, Yi Fang, Yugen You, Jiajie Mo, sults were found, with a mean absolute error lower than 0 Caimin Wei, and Erik Goodman. 2019. An improved epsilon constraint- .01. handling method in MOEA/D for CMOPs with large infeasible regions. Soft However, the results from the leave-one-problem-out evaluation Computing, 23, 12491–12510. were poor; none of the ML models significantly outperforms the [5] Nikolaus Hansen, Anne Auger, Dimo Brockhoff, and Tea Tušar. 2022. Any- dummy model. To explain why this occurs, we used the t-SNE time performance assessment in blackbox optimization benchmarking. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 26, 6, 1293–1305. method to reduce the dimensionality of the ELA features and [6] Himanshu Jain and Kalyanmoy Deb. 2013. An evolutionary many-objective plotted them in a color scheme indicating the performance of optimization algorithm using reference-point based nondominated sort- ing approach, part II: Handling constraints and extending to an adaptive the algorithms. These visualizations show no visible patterns in approach. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 18, 4, 602–622. the algorithm performance figures. Thus, we conclude that, with [7] Anja Jankovic, Tome Eftimov, and Carola Doerr. 2021. Towards feature-based the currently available ELA features and benchmark problems, performance regression using trajectory data. In Applications of Evolutionary Computation: 24th International Conference. Springer, 601–617. predicting algorithm performance is a hard task. [8] Ke Li, Renzhi Chen, Guangtao Fu, and Xin Yao. 2018. Two-archive evolution- In future work, we aim to address two distinct aspects of the ary algorithm for constrained multiobjective optimization. IEEE Transactions problem. The first is to improve the ELA features via automatic on Evolutionary Computation, 23, 2, 303–315. [9] Zhongwei Ma and Yong Wang. 2019. Evolutionary constrained multiobjec- construction using an end-to-end deep neural network. The sec- tive optimization: Test suite construction and performance comparisons. ond is to reduce the complexity of the ML task by simplifying the IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 23, 6, 972–986. [10] Ana Nikolikj, Carola Doerr, and Tome Eftimov. 2023. Rf+clust for leave- target. This could be achieved by changing the task to a classifica- one-problem-out performance prediction. In Applications of Evolutionary tion task or by changing the target to the number of generations Computation: 26th International Conference. Springer, 285–301. required for an algorithm to reach a feasible solution. [11] F. Pedregosa et al. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825–2830. [12] Laurens Van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. 2008. Visualizing data using ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 11. [13] Diederick Vermetten, Hao Wang, Thomas Bäck, and Carola Doerr. 2020. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slove- Towards dynamic algorithm selection for numerical black-box optimization: nian Research and Innovation Agency (young researcher pro- Investigating bbob as a use case. In Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and gram, research core funding No. P2-0209, and project No. N2- Evolutionary Computation Conference, 654–662. [14] Aljoša Vodopija, Tea Tušar, and Bogdan Filipič. 2022. Characterization of 0254 “Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Based on Problem constrained continuous multiobjective optimization problems: A feature Landscape Analysis”). space perspective. Information Sciences, 607, 244–262. [15] Aljoša Vodopija, Tea Tušar, and Bogdan Filipič. 2023. Characterization of constrained continuous multiobjective optimization problems: A perfor- REFERENCES mance space perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.02170. [1] Hanan Alsouly, Michael Kirley, and Mario Andrés Muñoz. 2022. 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Neural Information Processing Systems, 9. 47 Večstopenjski postopek vrednotenja rešitev pri načrtovanju elektromotorja A Multi-Step Evaluation Process in Electric Motor Design Tea Tušar Peter Korošec Bogdan Filipič tea.tusar@ijs.si peter.korosec@ijs.si bogdan.f ilipic@ijs.si Institut “Jožef Stefan” in Institut “Jožef Stefan” Institut “Jožef Stefan” in Mednarodna podiplomska šola Ljubljana, Slovenija Mednarodna podiplomska šola Jožefa Stefana Jožefa Stefana Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija POVZETEK 1 UVOD Pri načrtovanju elektromotorja je potrebno poiskati vrednosti Podjetje MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija d.o.o. proizvaja za- optimizacijskih spremenljivk tako, da izdelek izpolnjuje tehnične ganjalnike in alternatorje za motorje z notranjim izgorevanjem, zahteve in je njegova cena minimalna. V ta namen uporabljamo avtonomno napajane enosmerne električne pogonske sisteme in optimizacijske postopke z iterativnim vrednotenjem rešitev na druge zahtevnejše komponente za avtomobilsko industrijo. Eden osnovi numerične simulacije. Ti so računsko zahtevni, zato je izmed pomembnejših izdelkov podjetja je sinhronski elektromo- glavni izziv načrtovanja, kako najti kakovostne rešitve v spreje- tor s površinsko nameščenimi magneti, ki poganja avtomobilski mljivem času. V prispevku predstavljamo računalniško podprto servovolanski sistem (slika 1). načrtovanje sinhronskega elektromotorja za servovolanske sis- teme, s poudarkom na prijemih za pohitritev optimizacijskega postopka. Med njimi je tudi posebej za ta problem razvit večsto- penjski postopek vrednotenja rešitev, ki omogoča učinkovitost optimizacije in robustnost rešitev. S tem postopkom razviti elek- tromotor je boljši od prvotnega prototipa, dobljenega z enostav- nejšim optimizacijskim postopkom, tako po tehničnih lastnostih kot stroškovno. Slika 1: Elektromotor za servovolanske sisteme (Vir: arhiv ABSTRACT Mahle Electric Drives Slovenija d.o.o.). In the design of an electric motor, one has to find the values of the optimization variables such that the product satisfies the tech- Razvoj takšnega elektromotorja zahteva določitev geometrije nical requirements and its price is minimal. For this purpose, we in materialnih lastnosti njegovih komponent tako, da bo izpol- deploy optimization procedures with iterative evaluation of solu- njeval vse tehnične zahteve in bo njegova cena minimalna. Ker tions based on numerical simulation. These are time-consuming, se pri vrednotenju načrtov elektromotorja uporablja numerični hence the key challenge of the design is how to find high-quality simulator po metodi končnih elementov, v katerega nimamo vpo- solutions in an acceptable time. In this paper, we present the gleda (gre za t.i. problem črne škatle, ang. black box-problem), computer-aided design of a synchronous electric motor for power optimizacijski postopek terja iterativno vrednotenje številnih steering systems, with an emphasis on measures for speeding načrtov. Numerične simulacije so dolgotrajne, zato je glavni izziv up the optimization process. Among them, a multi-step solution razvoja elektromotorja optimizacijski postopek zastaviti tako, da evaluation procedure has been developed particularly for this bo lahko našel dobre rešitve v doglednem času. problem. It enables the efficiency of optimization and the robust- V nadaljevanju prispevka opisujemo, kako smo se načrtovanja ness of solutions. The resulting electric motor outperforms the elektromotorja (2. razdelek) lotili na Inštitutu “Jožef Stefan” v original prototype obtained by a simpler optimization procedure sodelovanju s podjetjem MAHLE. Optimizacijski postopek smo both in technical characteristics and cost efficiency. pohitrili s tremi prijemi: – uporabili smo optimizacijski algoritem s hitro izračunlji- KLJUČNE BESEDE vimi nadomestnimi modeli (3. razdelek); načrtovanje, elektromotor, numerična simulacija, optimizacija, – vrednotenje rešitev smo razdelili na več korakov in tako evolucijski algoritem, robustnost omogočili izločanje nedopustnih rešitev pred dolgotraj- nimi simulacijami (4. razdelek); KEYWORDS – računsko najzahtevnejši korak vrednotenja rešitev smo poenostavili in paralelizirali (4. razdelek). design, electric motor, numerical simulation, optimization, evo- lutionary algorithm, robustness Metodologijo smo preizkusili na konkretnem tipu elektromotorja (5. razdelek). Tako optimiran načrt elektromotorja je dosegel 10 % Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal nižjo ceno komponent v primerjavi z različico, ki jo je podjetje or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or predhodno razvilo s preprostejšim optimizacijskim postopkom. distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this V prihodnje nameravamo računalniško implementacijo postopka work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). razširiti tako, da bo omogočala prosto izbiro optimizacijskega kri- Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia terija in omejitev ter bo uporabna za raznovrstne elektromotorje © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). (6. razdelek). 48 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tea Tušar, Peter Korošec, and Bogdan Filipič 2 NAČRTOVANJE ELEKTROMOTORJA Poleg strogih omejitev imajo optimizacijski problemi v praksi pogosto tudi šibke omejitve. To so funkcije ℎ : 𝑋 → Pri načrtovanju elektromotorja moramo nastaviti vrednosti šte- 𝑖 R, 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑙 , za katere želimo, da velja ℎ (𝑥 ) ≤ 0, ni pa to pogoj, da je rešitev vilnih parametrov, ki določajo njegovo geometrijo in materialne 𝑖 dopustna. V optimizacijskem problemu jih upoštevamo tako, da lastnosti njegovih komponent. To so na primer dimenzije zoba na jih vgradimo v kriterijsko funkcijo na naslednji način statorju, število navojev tuljave, dimenzije magnetov ipd. Vsak parameter ima podano spodnjo in zgornjo mejo ter najmanjši 𝑙 ∑︁ smiselni korak znotraj teh meja. Cilj optimizacije načrtovanja je 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + max{ℎ (𝑥 ), 0}, (3) ℎ 𝑖 najti načrt elektromotorja, ki zadošča vsem tehničnim zahtevam 𝑖 =1 in je obenem najcenejši. kjer je 𝑓 prvotna kriterijska funkcija, max{ℎ (𝑥 ), 0} pa nenega- 𝑖 Načrt elektromotorja lahko ocenimo na več načinov, z različno tivna kazen za kršitev šibke omejitve ℎ . Ker seštevamo prvotno 𝑖 stopnjo zaupanja. Njegove lastnosti lahko najzanesljiveje preve- kriterijsko funkcijo in kazni za kršitev šibkih omejitev, moramo rimo, če na podlagi načrta izdelamo prototip elektromotorja in zagotoviti, da so njihove vrednosti primerljive. V ta namen jih je ga preizkusimo v praksi. Vendar to zahteva veliko dela, materiala potrebno normalizirati oz. primerno utežiti. in časa ter s tem povezane visoke stroške, ki ne dovoljujejo, da bi Pri problemu načrtovanja elektromotorja ne poznamo ana- podjetje v fazi razvoja izdelalo večje število prototipov. Zato si pri litične oblike kriterijske funkcije in omejitev, zato za njegovo reševanju tega problema pomagamo z računalniško podprtimi reševanje uporabimo algoritem, ki se dobro obnese na problemih numeričnimi simulacijami, na osnovi katerih lahko izpeljemo črne škatle. To je evolucijska strategija s prilagajanjem kovari- ključne lastnosti elektromotorja. Računalniški programi, kot je ančne matrike, oz. CMA-ES (ang. Covariance Matrix Adaptation Ansys Maxwell [1], omogočajo simulacijo elektromagnetnega po- Evolution Strategy) [5]. Natančneje, poslužujemo se različice al- lja elektromotorja z uporabo metode končnih elementov [2]. Ta goritma CMA-ES imenovane lq-CMA-ES [3], ki vrednotenja z deluje na podlagi mreže objekta; gostejša mreža omogoča večjo dolgotrajnimi simulacijami delno zamenja s hitro izračunljivimi točnost simulacije, a je ta dolgotrajnejša. Zanesljivost numeričnih linearno-kvadratičnimi nadomestnimi modeli. Uporaba nado- simulacij je tako deloma nastavljiva – odvisna je od računalniških mestnih modelov je pogosto uporabljen pristop pri reševanju zmogljivosti in časa, ki jih imamo na voljo. problemov z računsko zahtevnim vrednotenjem rešitev. Vendar zanesljivost simulacij znižujejo praktični vidiki izde- Optimizacijski algoritem z nadomestnimi modeli lq-CMA-ES lave elektromotorja, saj lahko ujemanje izdelanega elektromo- deluje v dveh fazah. Najprej na podlagi začetnih rešitev, ovredno- torja z načrtom zagotovimo samo v okviru določenih toleranc. tenih z numerično simulacijo, zgradi nadomestni model. Nato Na primer, če za velikost odprtine reže nastavimo vrednost 2 iterativno predlaga nove rešitve in jih, dokler so te dovolj po- mm, lahko v proizvodnji zagotovimo le, da bo ta na intervalu dobne obstoječim, vrednoti z nadomestnim modelom ter tako [1.95 mm, 2.05 mm]. To pomeni, da je za načrt elektromotorja prihrani na času. Ko pride do rešitev, ki jih nadomestni model zelo pomembno, da je robusten, to je, da ob majhnih spremembah ne opisuje več dovolj dobro, pa jih ovrednoti z numerično simu- vrednosti parametrov znotraj toleranc lastnosti elektromotorjev lacijo in z njihovim rezultatom posodobi nadomestni model. To ne odstopajo bistveno. Robustnost načrta je najlažje preveriti s ponavlja, dokler ne izpolni zaustavitvenega pogoja. simuliranjem številnih načrtov, ki se malo razlikujejo od izho- diščnega. Vendar to zahteva še več računsko zahtevnih simulacij 4 VREDNOTENJE POSAMEZNEGA NAČRTA in podaljšuje trajanje optimizacijskega postopka. ELEKTROMOTORJA Uporaba nadomestnih modelov zmanjša število izvedenih vre- 3 OPTIMIZACIJSKI POSTOPEK dnotenj s simulacijami, a so te pri načrtovanju elektromotorja V optimizacijskem postopku skušamo čim učinkoviteje rešiti vseeno potrebne. Da bi vrednotenje posameznega načrta pohitrili, dani optimizacijski problem. Formalno (in brez škode za splo- smo ga razdelili na pet korakov. Če se rešitev slabo izkaže po šnost) lahko optimizacijski problem načrtovanja elektromotorja katerem od korakov, jo takoj zavržemo in s tem prihranimo čas, zapišemo v obliki ki bi ga sicer porabili za izvedbo preostalih korakov. Vrednotenje je orisano na sliki 2 in opisano v nadaljevanju. minimiziraj 𝑓 (𝑥 ), (1) (1) V prvem koraku s hitro izračunljivo skripto, ki so jo pripra- ob pogojih 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ≤ 0, 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑘, 𝑖 vili domenski eksperti, preverimo zadoščanje nekaterim 𝑛 kjer je 𝑥 = (𝑥 ) ∈ rešitev iz strogim omejitvam. To nam pomaga izločiti precejšnje šte- 1, . . . , 𝑥 𝑋 ⊆ 𝑛-dimenzionalnega 𝑛 R prostora rešitev 𝑋 , 𝑓 : 𝑋 → R kriterijska funkcija, funkcije 𝑔 : vilo nedopustnih rešitev, med njimi tudi take, ki bi lahko 𝑖 𝑋 → R, 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑘, pa so stroge omejitve. Rešitev problema (načrt zaradi slabo zasnovane geometrije povzročale težave pri iz- elektromotorja) je dopustna, če zadošča vsem strogim omejitvam. vedbi simulacije. Samo dopustne rešitve gredo v naslednji Sicer pravimo, da je nedopustna. korak vrednotenja. Pri nedopustnih rešitvah ne moremo vedno izračunati vredno- (2) V drugem koraku izvedemo simulacijo, s katero pridobimo sti kriterija. Zato takrat kriterij 𝑓 nadomestimo s funkcijo informacije o določenih pomembnih lastnostih elektromo- torja. Ta uporablja poenostavljeno, simetrično formulacijo 𝑘 ∑︁ geometrije elektromotorja, zato je relativno hitra (za iz- 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑝 + max{𝑔 (𝑥 ), 0}, (2) 𝑔 𝑖 brani problem traja približno 1 minuto). Trajanje simula- 𝑖 =1 cije je sicer odvisno od posameznih rešitev. Pri načrtih, za kjer je 𝑝 konstanta in max{𝑔 (𝑥 ), 0} nenegativna kazen za krši- katere je geometrija zaradi neposrečene kombinacije vre- 𝑖 tev stroge omejitve 𝑔 (ko omejitev, ni kršena, kazen znaša 0). dnosti parametrov nemogoča, simulator lahko po dolgem 𝑖 Konstanta 𝑝 mora biti dovolj velika, da je vrednost kriterija 𝑓 za času ne vrne nobenega rezultata ali pa se (redko) celo zruši. 𝑔 katerokoli nedopustno rešitev vedno višja (slabša) od vrednosti Če rešitev ni izvedljiva ali ne zadošča strogim omejitvam, kriterija 𝑓 za katerokoli dopustno rešitev. jo zavržemo. Sicer nadaljujemo z naslednjim korakom. 49 Večstopenjski postopek vrednotenja rešitev pri načrtovanju elektromotorja Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Večstopenjsko vrednotenje rešitev robustnosti ene rešitve izvesti več simulacij, ki so med seboj neodvisne, to izkoristimo za njihovo paralelizacijo. Rešitev 𝑥 To izvedemo tako, da vse simulacije z asimetričnim mo- delom elektromotorja poženemo hkrati na računalniku z večjedrnim procesorjem in tako prihranimo veliko časa. Če preverjanje robustnosti mine brez težav, nadaljujemo z 1. korak Rešitev zadnjim korakom postopka. nedopustna Izračun dopustnosti (5) V zadnjem, petem koraku izračunamo še dodatne lastnosti elektromotorja in preverimo dopustnost preostalih strogih Python E omejitev. Rešitev dopustna Za vsako rešitev 𝑥 po izvedbi opisanega postopka izračunamo Rešitev vrednost optimizacijskega kriterija. Ta je odvisna od koraka, do 2. korak nedopustna katerega se je izvedlo vrednotenje rešitve, in njene kakovosti: (izračunljiva ali Simulacija lastnosti neizračunljiva) s simetričnim modelom 1 1 300 + Í𝑘 max{𝑔 (𝑥 ), 0} 𝑥 nedopustna po 1. kor.  𝑖 =1 𝑖    Ansys U 250 𝑥 neizračunljiva v 2. kor.    2  2 200 + Í𝑘 max{𝑔 (𝑥 ), 0} 𝑥 nedopustna po 2. kor. Rešitev   𝑖 =1 𝑖 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = dopustna 150 𝑥 neizračunljiva v 4. kor.    5  5 3. korak 100 + Í𝑘 max{𝑔 (𝑥 ), 0} 𝑥 nedopustna po 5. kor.   𝑖 =1 𝑖   Izračun cene 𝑐 (𝑥 ) + Í𝑙 max{ℎ (𝑥 ), 0} 𝑥 dopustna 𝑖  𝑖 =1 (4) Python E 1 2 5 Pri tem 𝑔 , 𝑔 in 𝑔 po vrsti predstavljajo stroge omejitve v 1., 2. in 5. koraku, 𝑐 ceno rešitve in ℎ njene šibke omejitve. Kazni za 𝑖 kršitev obeh vrst omejitev 𝑔 in ℎ so normalizirane tako, da nji- 𝑖 𝑖 hova vsota nikoli ne preseže vrednosti 50. Na ta način poskrbimo, 4. korak da so dopustne rešitve vedno ocenjene bolje od nedopustnih in Simulacija robustnosti je rešitev, ki je šla čez več korakov postopka vrednotenja, oce- z asimetričnim modelom Rešitev njena bolje od tiste, ki se je slabo izkazala v katerem od prejšnjih neizračunljiva korakov. Ansys Ansys U U Ansys U Opisani večstopenjski postopek vrednotenja rešitev s pohi- ... tritvami je glavna novost, ki smo jo v okviru sodelovanja med inštitutom in podjetjem uvedli v optimizacijo načrtovanja elektro- Ansys Ansys U U Ansys U motorja. Razvijalci v podjetju so že prej uporabljali optimizacijo Rešitev z nadomestnimi modeli v okviru programskega orodja Ansys [1], izračunljiva vendar pa so v njej lahko upoštevali samo 2. in 3. korak vrednote- 5. korak nja. Začetnega preverjanja dopustnosti (1. koraka) ni bilo, zadnjih dveh korakov pa se ni dalo enostavno vključiti v optimizacijski Izračun lastnosti postopek, zato sta se izvedla šele po zaključku optimizacije na Python E izbranih (najboljših) rešitvah optimizacijskega problema. Rešitev (dopustna ali 5 NUMERIČNI POSKUSI IN REZULTATI nedopustna) Optimizacijski postopek smo preizkusili na konkretnem primeru Izračun optimizacijskega kriterija elektromotorja za servovolanske sisteme. Ta ima 13 optimizacij- 1 skih spremenjivk, od katerih je 12 ‘zveznih’ in ena celoštevilska . Optimizacijski kriterij (za dopustne rešitve) sestavljata cena in vsota kršitev dveh šibkih omejitev, medtem ko je vseh strogih Vrednost 𝑓 (𝑥 ) omejitev 10. Pri simulaciji robustnosti z asimetričnim modelom (4. korak) smo hkrati poganjali 15 simulacij. V optimizacijskih izračunih smo uporabili knjižnico pycma, Slika 2: Vrednotenje rešitev v petih korakih. ki nudi implementacijo algoritma lq-CMA-ES v programskem jeziku Python [4]. Algoritmu smo posredovali informacijo o tem, (3) V tretjem koraku iz vseh dobljenih podatkov izračunamo da je ena od spremenljivk celoštevilska, ostale je obravnaval ceno elektromotorja. kot zvezne. Velikost začetnega koraka 𝜎 smo nastavili na 0.2, 0 (4) V četrtem koraku preverimo robustnost rešitve. Pri tem se dovoljeno število avtomatskih ponovnih zagonov algoritma pa simulacije izvajajo na celotni, asimetrični geometriji elek- na 5. Vrednosti preostalih parametrov algoritma so bile enake tromotorja, zato so časovno bolj potratne. Pohitrimo jih z privzetim. uporabo manj natančne mreže (predhodni poskusi so po- kazali, da lahko nekaj zanesljivosti žrtvujemo za precejšnji 1 Tudi ‘zvezne’ spremenljivke so zaradi najmanjšega smiselnega koraka v resnici prihranek časa; tako za izbrani problem ena simulacija diskretne, a jih obravnavamo kot zvezne s stališča algoritma (preden rešitev ovre- traja 7 namesto 15 minut). Ker moramo za preverjanje dnotimo, jo zaokrožimo na najbližjo diskretno vrednost). 50 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tea Tušar, Peter Korošec, and Bogdan Filipič Rezultati algoritma lq-CMA-ES Kvantitativnega ovrednotenja doprinosa posameznih pohitri- 300 Zagon algoritma tev nismo izvedli, vemo pa, da se je vrednotenje rešitev končalo 200 1 po 1. koraku v 17,5 % primerov (8 min prihranka na rešitev) in 23 po 2. koraku v 29,4 % primerov (7 min prihranka na rešitev). Ker smo analizo robustnosti, ki se izvede v 4. koraku, precej 100 poenostavili, da smo jo pohitrili in vključili v optimizacijo, smo preverili, če so rezultati 4. in 5. koraka skladni s tistimi, ki bi jih 60 dobili z prvotno analizo. Zato smo nekaj izbranih (najboljših) 40 rešitev podrobneje analizirali in njihove rezultate primerjali s tistimi, ki veljajo za prvotni optimirani načrt. Ugotovili smo, da Optimizacijski kriterij 30 dobimo kakovostne rešitve, ki niso le dopustne, ampak so za 10 % 20 cenejše od prvotnega najboljšega načrta. 6 ZAKLJUČKI 10 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Problem načrtovanja elektromotorja je zahteven praktičen opti- tevilo re itev mizacijski problem, saj je mnogo načrtov nedopustnih, njihovo vrednotenje pa temelji na numeričnih simulacijah in je zato dolgo- Slika 3: Najnižja vrednost optimizacijskega kriterija tekom trajno. Da bi ga lahko uspešno reševali z uporabo optimizacijskih treh zagonov algoritma lq-CMA-ES. algoritmov, smo vrednotenje rešitev razdelili na pet korakov, s katerimi želimo čim prej izločiti nedopustne rešitve, da na njih Rezultati algoritma lq-CMA-ES ne tratimo časa. Poleg tega smo optimizacijski postopek pohitrili z uporabo algoritma s hitro izračunljivimi nadomestnimi modeli Zagon algoritma ter paralelizacijo in poenostavitvijo računsko najzahtevnejšega Cena prvotnega na rta 12 koraka vrednotenja rešitev. 3 Predlagani postopek smo preizkusili na konkretnem primeru elektromotorja za servovolanske sisteme, za katerega smo želeli minimizirati ceno in obenem zagotoviti, da bo zadoščal vsem omotorja tehničnim zahtevam. Primerjava tako dobljenih načrtov z najbolj- šim, ki so ga v podjetju prvotno našli s pomočjo enostavnejšega elena cena optimizacijskega postopka, je pokazala, da dosežemo dopustne Cena elektr rešitve, ki so cenovno za 10 % ugodnejše od obstoječih. Ob dejstvu, da se v celotnem obdobju proizvodnje takšnega izdelka proizvede več milijonov kosov, to za podjetje predstavlja bistven prihranek in močno izboljšuje njegovo konkurenčnost na trgu. V prihodnje želimo implementacijo postopka razširiti tako, 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 tevilo re itev da bo omogočala enostavno izbiro optimizacijskega kriterija in omejitev ter dodajanje skript za preverjanje dopustnosti rešitev. Cilj je izdelati računalniško orodje, ki ga bodo inženirji lahko Slika 4: Primerjava najnižje cene elektromotorja tekom samostojno uporabljali pri optimizaciji raznovrstnih elektromo- treh zagonov algoritma lq-CMA-ES s ceno prvotnega opti- torjev brez poseganja v sam postopek ali optimizacijski algoritem. miranega načrta in želeno ceno. (Dejanske cene niso nave- dene zaradi varovanja poslovne skrivnosti.) ZAHVALA Zahvaljujemo se podjetju MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija d.o.o. Zaradi časovnih omejitev smo uspeli izvesti samo tri zagone za financiranje projekta razvoja elektromotorja in sodelovanje algoritma lq-CMA-ES, ki se razlikujejo v semenu generatorja na- pri njegovi izvedbi. Naše temeljne raziskave evolucijskega raču- ključnih števil. Njihovi rezultati so prikazani na slikah 3 in 4. Obe nanja in večkriterijske optimizacije sofinancira Javna agencija kažeta, kako se opazovana veličina zmanjšuje s časom (številom za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike pregledanih rešitev – štejemo vsako vrednotenje rešitev, tudi če Slovenije z raziskovalnima programoma št. P2-0098 in P2-0209 se je končalo že s prvim korakom). Na sliki 3 vidimo zmanjševa- ter projekti št. J2-4460, N2-0239 in N2-0254. nje optimizacijskega kriterija (vrednosti pod 100 pomenijo, da je algoritem našel dopustne rešitve), na sliki 4 pa pripadajoče (do LITERATURA takrat najboljše) cene elektromotorjev. [1] Ansys, Inc. 2023. Ansys Maxwell. https://www.ansys.com/products/electroni Vidimo, da so rezultati treh zagonov algoritma precej raznoliki. cs/ansys- maxwell. Dostopano 15. 8. 2023. (2023). [2] Klaus-Jürgen Bathe. 2007. Finite element method. Wiley encyclopedia of com- Pri tako zahtevnem problemu in majhnem številu vrednotenj je puter science and engineering, 1–12. bilo to pričakovano. Vseeno pa za vse tri zagone velja, da potre- [3] Nikolaus Hansen. 2019. A global surrogate assisted CMA-ES. V Proceedings of bujejo manj kot 1000 pregledanih rešitev, da najdejo dopustne the 2019 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 664–672. doi: 10.1145/3321707.3321842. rešitve in hkrati izboljšajo najboljši načrt, najden s prvotnim [4] Nikolaus Hansen, Youhei Akimoto in Petr Baudis. 2019. CMA-ES/pycma on optimizacijskim postopkom v podjetju. V vseh treh primerih je Github. (Feb. 2019). doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2559634. potrebnih manj kot 1500 vrednotenj, da algoritem najde rešitev [5] Nikolaus Hansen in Andreas Ostermeier. 1996. Adapting arbitrary normal mutation distributions in evolution strategies: the covariance matrix adap- s ceno, ki je boljša od želene. Po približno 2500 vrednotenjih se tation. V Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary cena elektromotorja neha bistveno izboljševati. Computation. IEEE, 312–317. doi: 10.1109/ICEC.1996.542381. 51 52 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek B Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume B Kognitivna znanost Cognitive Science Uredniki / Editors Anka Slana Ozimič, Borut Trpin, Toma Strle, Olga Markič http://is.ijs.si 12. oktober 2023 / 12 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 53 54 PREDGOVOR Dobrodošli na konferenci Kognitivna znanost. Na letošnji konferenci bodo avtorice in avtorji raziskovali mnoge plati človeške kognicije in predstavili tako svoje empirične ugotovitve kot tudi teoretska raziskovanja. Skupaj bomo potovali skozi različna področja kognitivne znanosti - od psihologije in nevroznanosti do filozofije in umetne inteligence, ter ob tem spoznavali raznolike tematike vključujoč psihedelike, mistične izkušnje, biomarkerje kognitivnih sposobnosti, in celo vprašanja zavesti. Poseben poudarek letošnjega srečanja je namenjen eni izmed trenutno najbolj vročih tem: umetni inteligenci. Osrednja tema konference, "UI klepetalniki in širše", bo predstavila izzive in rešitve, ki jih prinašata razvoj in uporaba klepetalnih robotov z umetno inteligenco. Hkrati pa bomo razmišljali, kako umetna inteligenca oblikuje svet onkraj klepetalnih robotov. V tej luči bomo na konferenci gostili okroglo mizo o vlogi umetne inteligence v izobraževanju, s čimer se bomo dotaknili še enega izmed aktualnih izzivov. Skupaj bomo razmišljali o prednostih in pasteh njenega vključevanja v izobraževalne procese, ki oblikujejo našo prihodnost. Upamo, da bo letošnja konferenca prostor za povezovanje in izmenjavo prodornih idej. Skupaj bomo premagovali disciplinarne in metodološke ovire, združili mlade in izkušene znanstvenike ter znanstvenice, ki si delijo strast do raziskovanja skrivnosti kognicije. Dobrodošli! Anka Slana Ozimič Borut Trpin Toma Strle Olga Markič 55 FOREWORD Welcome to the Cognitive Science Conference. At this year's conference, authors will explore the many facets of human cognition and present both their empirical findings and theoretical research. Together, we will travel through the diverse fields of cognitive science - from psychology and neuroscience to philosophy and artificial intelligence, learning about a variety of topics, including psychedelics, mystical experiences, biomarkers of cognitive abilities, and even questions of consciousness. This year's conference has a special focus on one of the hottest topics at the moment: artificial intelligence. The main topic of the conference, "AI Chatbots and Beyond,” will present the challenges and solutions brought about by the development and use of AI chatbots. At the same time, we will consider how AI is shaping the world beyond chatbots. In this light, we will host a panel discussion on the role of AI in education, addressing another of the current challenges. Together, we will reflect on the benefits and pitfalls of integrating it into the educational processes that are shaping our future. We hope that this year's conference will be a space for networking and sharing insightful ideas. Together we will overcome disciplinary and methodological barriers, bringing together young and experienced scientists who share a passion for exploring the mysteries of cognition. Welcome! Anka Slana Ozimič Borut Trpin Toma Strle Olga Markič 56 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Anka Slana Ozimič, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Borut Trpin, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Toma Strle, Center za Kognitivno znanost, Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Olga Markič, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani 57 58 What insights can psychedelic research bring to Cognitive Science? A systematic review of the phenomenology of DMT experiences. Carolina Czizek† Cognitive Science University of Vienna & University of Ljubljana Vienna – Austria & Ljubljana - Slovenia carolina.czizek@chello.at ABSTRACT depression or anxiety, are increasing. This is done by administrating DMT either inhaled, which makes the effects This abstract explores the systematic review of the shorter lived (about 15 minutes) or taken orally as ‚ayahuasca' to phenomenology of N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) experiences. Additionally, the relevance of conducting prolong the subjective effects of the compound (up to ten hours). psychedelic research for Cognitve Science is discussed. A Laboratory studies of DMT use are limited by their clinical special emphasis is being put on (neuro-)phenomenological setting (not taking into account the importance of set & setting research methods, as they seem to be the best suitable for of psychedelic experiences) and most are lacking a qualitative conducting research around psychedelic substances and their analysis of phenomenological content. This indicates the direct effects on phenomenology. growing importance of a thorough investigation of the KEYWORDS phenomenological aspects of the substances. Psychedelic research, Cognitive Science, systematic review, Latest research indicates similarities of phenomenological phenomenology, neurophenomenology, DMT, non-ordinary experiences of DMT use across subjects [5]. It remains unclear states of consciousness how much of these similarities are due to cultural or individual priming and/or influencing, as stories about “DMT entities” or 1 Introduction the “DMT parallel world” can be found all over the internet. N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous serotonergic psychedelic compound which is capable of producing radical 2 Systematic Review shifts in conscious experience. Compared to other serotonergic The systematic review synthesizes the phenomenology of N,N- psychedelic substances like psilocybin, mescaline or LSD; DMT dimethyltryptamine experiences according to the PRISMA experiences seem to produce the most radical shifts in conscious method [8]. Excluded were studies prior to 2013 and studies that experience, with subjects reporting hyper-real, otherworldly, not taking into account the phenomenological effects of the DMT often ontologically challenging but also potential transformative experience. After initial screening, 17 studies were included in experiences, including encounters with entities as well as this report. The included studies used different methodologies: experiencing visualizations of geometric fractals, shapes or neurophenomenological approaches through EEG measurements followed by questionnaires or interviews; purely patterns. The rapid onset and short duration of inhaled DMT phenomenological accounts through online surveys; micro- experiences, the drastic change in phenomenological conscious phenomenological inspired interviews or qualitative linguistic experience it produces, as well as the fact that some studies analyses. Also assessed were studies that compared the indicate the compound to be endogenous to mammals [3] as well phenomenology of DMT experiences to other experiences such as to a variety of plants, suggests the importance of conducting as near-death experiences (NDE’s), ego-dissolution experiences more research around this compound. or God-encounter experiences. While DMT use has been part of several ancient Results indicate that the DMT experience could be clustered into different categories. When it comes to the phenomenological Amazonian traditions (combined with monoamide-oxidase perspective, the most prominent themes identified are: perceptual inhibitors it is called ‘ayahuasca‘) for hundreds of years and changes; somatic experiences; emotional responses and a ‘sense trends in usage in the western world as well as clinical trials of of otherness’ and a sense of ego dissolution. Additionally, to administrating DMT to patients with treatment resistant these themes, the most prominent categories regarding the content of the DMT experience are: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed 1. The ontology of the DMT world, also called ‚hyperspace‘ for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). 2. Dissolution of the ego/self Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 59 3. Encounters with seemingly autonomous or conscious classical psychedelics has already yielded insights into the role entities. These encounters are predominantly positive, users of serotonin on our wellbeing and perception of reality in the often reporting of receiving a type of message. past, the discovery of LSD being one of the core drivers to the investigation of this molecule in the 1960s [7]. Limitations of the studies were quite homogenous, including among others: the use of self-reports; sociability To study non-ordinary states of consciousness, such as biases; retrospective accounts; different or insufficient hypnosis, meditation and psychedelics, common scientific information on dosages and purity. The systematic review practice (mostly average rating over the entire course of the concludes that the phenomenology of DMT experiences seems experience) does not yield sufficient insights into the individual to be distinct to other psychedelic experiences such as psilocybin phenomenological processes that include such an experience. but similar to certain other non- drug experiences, such as near- First-person reports can account for within- & between-subject death experiences, thus representing a research field well suited variabilities. A strong call for neurophenomenological research for the account of the phenomenology of non-ordinary states of in this field is being evoked, emphasizing the importance of consciousness. conducting micro-phenomenological interviews [9], additionally to third-person research (brain & somatic measurements). 3 Relevance to Cognitive Science 3.2. DMT distinct from other psychedelic substances „Psychedelics are for the mind/psychiatry what the telescope is for astronomy or the microscope is for biology “- [4] DMT seems to be distinct from other substances on a neurophenomenological level. Firstly, the endogenous Psychedelic research, ever since legislation loosened up in the production of DMT is still a mystery to research. Under the late 2000s, is experiencing a come-back after 40 years of influence of DMT, delta power, which is usually associated with prohibition. Since mental health issues are becoming more states of unconsciousness or lack of experience (such as prevalent and common approaches with medication such as dreamless sleep or anesthesia), increases [10]. This can hint at SSRIs are not yielding sufficient relief, psychedelic assisted delta waves being a marker from conscious disconnection, while therapy approaches seem to be a promising approach. More the person is still having a phenomenological experience. Since clinical research is necessary to drive this process further. Other this seems to be unique to DMT, along with the short duration of studies have shown psilocybin to promote neurogenesis, which the experience, DMT research could help generate insights into could be used to treat non-psychiatric but also biological issues. how our brains construct the world, how our sense of self is constructed and how all of these processed can be deconstructed in minutes or even seconds due to a single (endogenous) Classical psychedelics act on the serotonin 5HT2A chemical. Neurophenomenological approaches with non- receptor, and are molecules that can drastically change the ordinary states of consciousness are crucial in the quest to finding phenomenology of experience. They modulate fundamental answers to some of the most mysterious questions of cognitive aspects of experience by what it seems to be deconstructing prior science. beliefs and reconstructing new beliefs. Some theories about the mind and consciousness have emerged through psychedelic research as well, such as the ‘entropic brain hypothesis’ [1], AKNOWLEDGEMENTS bringing physical concepts of entropy and criticality into the I want to thank the University of Ljubljana and their faculty of discussion of non-ordinary states of consciousness and their Cognitive Science for teaching us the topics of phenomenology neurophenomenological characteristics. The REBUS (‘relaxed and neurophenomenology and teaching us how to implement beliefs under psychedelics’) model, is a model that combines the these approaches. The experience of studying one semester at the entropic brain hypothesis with the free energy principle, trying to University of Ljubljana has shaped me as a researcher and has gain further understanding of the effects of free energy on given me motivation to follow this career path. I want to phenomenology [2]. What insights can we generate about the especially thank Dr. Toma Strle for encouraging me to follow my nature of reality when approaching it with fewer predictions? interests, no matter how controversial these are. 3.1. The sense of self REFERENCES One of the core questions of (philosophical) Cognitive Science [1] Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014). The entropic brain: is understanding the sense of self. Since psychedelics seem to A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with usually lead to a deconstruction of the sense of self (f.e. explained psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 20. https:// due to a diminished activity in the default mode network) [6], the doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 [2] Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019). 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R., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Dissolution. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 245. https:// Vollenweider, F., Laureys, S., Singer, T., Mind and Life Europe (MLE) doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00245 ENCECON Research Group, Antonova, E., & Lutz, A. (2023). A [7] Nichols D. (2013). Serotonin, and the Past and Future of LSD. MAPS neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of Bulletin Special Edition. consciousness: hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelics. Trends in [8] Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow cognitive sciences, 27(2), 139–159. CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.006 61 Pristranskost v strojnem učenju: dileme in odgovori Bias in Machine Learning: Dilemmas and Answers Ana Farič† Ivan Bratko Pedagoška fakulteta Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Slovenija Slovenija af27987@student.uni-lj.si bratko@fri.uni-lj.si POVZETEK AI, there is no generally agreed technical definition of bias which would enable operational use in preventing bias. Our conclusions Nekatere aplikacije umetne inteligence, posebej strojnega učenja, are that (1) improved general education is needed to enable better so deležne izrazito odklonilnih odzivov tako v splošnih medijih, understanding of AI methods in everyday applications, and (2) kot v strokovni literaturi. Pogosto so omenjane aplikacije v technical methods must be developed for implementing domenah sodstva, zaposlovanja in bančništva. Kritiki očitajo, da generally accepted societal values such as equality and fairness so uporabljeni sistemi pristranski glede na t.i. zaščitene atribute, in AI systems. kot so rasa, spol in starost. Znan primer je sistem COMPAS, ki se kljub polemikam še vedno uporablja v ameriškem sodstvu. KEYWORDS Namen prispevka je na primeru COMPASA predstaviti trende machine learning, artificial intelligence, bias, fairness, diskusije o pristranskosti algoritmov strojnega učenja. Opažamo, discrimination da je problem pogosto v tem, da niti v strokovni literaturi s področja umetne inteligence ni soglasja glede tehničnih definicij pristranskosti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče operativno uporabljati za preprečevanje (videza) pristranskosti. Naši zaključki so, da je (1) 1 UVOD potrebno s kvalitetno izobrazbo doseči boljše splošno razumevanje metod umetne inteligence v praksi in (2) da je Z razmahom uporabe strojnega učenja so se v zadnjih 5 do 10 potrebno razviti tehnične principe, s katerimi bi v sistemih letih pojavili primeri aplikacij, ki so bile deležne izrazito umetne inteligence operacionalizirali splošno sprejete družbene odklonilnih odzivov predvsem s strani splošnih medijev, pa tudi vrednote, kot sta enakost in pravičnost. znotraj strokovne literature. Pogosto so omenjani sistemi, uporabljeni v domenah sodstva, zaposlovanja in bančništva. KLJUČNE BESEDE Kritiki opozarjajo, da so “algoritmi in sistemi strojnega učenja nepravični in pristranski” glede na t.i. zaščitene atribute, kot so umetna inteligenca, strojno učenje, pristranskost, diskriminacija, rasa, spol in starost posameznika in da so priporočila umetne pravičnost inteligence odvisna od teh atributov, namesto od objektivnega ABSTRACT ocenjevanja dejstev. Naslovi nekaterih odmevnih člankov so: There’s software used across the country to predict future Some recent applications of Artificial Intelligence, particularly criminals. And it’s biased against blacks [2], New Zealand machine learning, have been strongly criticised in general media passport robot tells applicant of Asian descent to open eyes [18], and professional literature. Applications in domains of justice, A beauty contest was judged by AI and the robots didn’t like dark employment and banking are often mentioned in this respect. The skin [13], Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed main critic is that these applications are biased with respect to so bias against women [6]. Taki primeri prispevajo k stopnjevanju called protected attributed, such as race, gender and age. The skrbi o vplivih, ki ga ima umetna inteligenca (v nadaljevanju UI) most notorious example is the system COMPAS which is still in na naša življenja [15]. Strokovnjaki z različnih področij se use in American justice system despite severe criticism. The aim lotevajo t.i. problema pristranskosti strojnega učenja. Skušajo of our paper is to analyse the trends of discussion about bias in definirati, kaj pristranskost pomeni, iz kje naj bi izhajala, machine learning algorithms using the COMPAS as an example. predvsem pa, kaj naj bi glede tega storili. The main problem of such discussions is that even in the field of Na razvijajočem se področju etike v UI (npr. UNESCO 2021 ∗ [19]) se tema pristranskosti strojnega učenja pojavlja na vidnem Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note mestu. Pogosto jo omenjajo politiki v zvezi s principi regulacije, ki naj bi zagotovila etično uporabo umetne inteligence (npr. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed European AI Act, 2023 [3]). Vendar v teh diskusijah pogosto ni for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full jasno, kaj točno pristranskost strojnega učenja in UI pomeni. citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Zato regulacijski ukrepi v tej smeri niso jasno opredeljeni, razen Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia v zelo abstraktni obliki. Beseda pristranskost v zvezi s strojnim © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 62 učenjem avtorjem pomene različne stvari. Celo v strokovni napovedi sistema se standardno imenujeta: (1) FPR (false literaturi s področja UI ni popolnega soglasja in nedvomno positive rate), to je delež negativnega razreda, ki je bil napačno sprejetih tehničnih definicij pristranskosti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče napovedan kot pozitiven in (2) FNR (false negative rate), to je operativno uporabljati v preprečevanju pristranskosti [11]. Za delež pozitivnega razreda, ki je bil napačno napovedan kot razne smiselne definicije mer pristranskosti je celo matematično negativen. Kompletni rezultati glede napačnih deležev v ocenah dokazano, da jim razen v posebnih primerih ni mogoče zadostiti sistema COMPAS so: hkrati [12]. Beli Temnopolti V prispevku pregledamo razne definicije pristranskosti in FPR 23.5% 44.9% različna mnenja o tem, kako naj bi problem najbolj učinkovito FNR 47.7% 28.0% naslovili v praksi. Zaključki konvergirajo k temu, da je za ustrezno obravnavo potrebno upoštevati družbene vrednote in jih Te rezultate so Angwin idr. [2] interpretirali kot očitno operacionalizirati z demokratično sprejetim družbenim pristranske do temnopoltih in zato ocenili uporabo sistema dogovorom v obliki ustrezne zakonodaje. K dobremu splošnemu COMPAS kot neprimerno in diskriminatorno. Taki interpretaciji razumevanju pristranskosti v UI v praksi pa bi pripomogla boljša bi bilo težko nasprotovati. Dodatni problem so videli v dejstvu, splošna izobrazba o UI in njenih metodah. da odločitveni kriterij, ki ga uporablja COMPAS, ni transparenten, saj je algoritem varovan kot poslovna skrivnost. COMPAS sam pa ne poda razlage svoje napovedi. Ta članek je zelo pogosto citiran in posledično je COMPAS postal najbolj 2 COMPAS znan primer pristranskosti v strojnem učenju, tako v strokovnih krogih domene strojnega učenja, kot pri splošni publiki, ki nima strokovnega znanja o umetni inteligenci. Kljub temu se Sistem COMPAS je bil v vrsti publikacij obravnavan kot COMPAS še vedno uporablja. verjetno najbolj kontroverzen primer, ki naj bi ilustriral Na članek iz ProPublice je odgovorila skupina strokovnjakov pristransko delovanje UI. COMPAS (Correctional Offender iz ameriškega pravosodja v članku z zgovornim naslovom “False Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions) je odločitveni positives, false negatives and false analysis: a rejoinder to sistem, ki ga na mnogih ameriških sodiščih uporabljajo sodniki Machine Bias …” [8]. Navedli so več spornih odločitev v analizi za oceno tveganja povratništva, konkretno, da bo obsojenec v ProPublice, izvedli svojo lastno eksperimentalno raziskavo in roku dveh let ponovil prestopek, če bo izpuščen. COMPAS je zaključili, da so teze ProPublice napačne. Ta kritika izgleda razvilo ameriško podjetje, takrat imenovano Northpointe. upravičena. Bila pa bi bolj prepričljiva, če bi v [8] jasno pokazali, COMPAS upošteva 137 podatkov o vsakem prestopniku. Te kje naj bi nastala odločilna napaka v ProPublici. Namesto tega so podatke analizira poseben algoritem, ki kot poslovna skrivnost navedli svoj lastni eksperimentalni rezultat, ki naj bi dokazal, da so obsojenci obravnavani pravično, ne glede na raso. Ta rezultat podjetja ni splošno znan. Na osnovi te analize algoritem poda so dobili tako, da so upoštevali ocene tveganja obsojencev na oceno, ali gre za visoko ali nizko tveganje povratništva. lestvici od 1 do 10, kot jih oceni COMPAS. Iz teh ocen so Slika 1 ilustrira 9 močno citiranih člankov o tem sistemu ter izračunali mero AUC (Area under ROC curve, to je površina pod medsebojno citiranje med članki. Puščica iz članka A v članek B ROC krivuljo, ki se standardno uporablja v strojnem učenju kot pomeni, da je B citiran v A. indikator uspešnosti učenja). Mera AUC je zanimiva zato, ker je enaka verjetnosti, da napovedni sistem pravilno razlikuje med pozitivnimi in negativnimi primeri. To pomeni, da če vzamemo dva naključna primera (dva obtoženca), od katerih je eden pozitiven (je ponovil prestopek) in drugi negativen, potem bo sistem z verjetnostjo AUC pravilno odločil, kateri je pozitiven in kateri negativen. Flores idr. [12] navajajo, da je za belce dobljena vrednost AUC enaka 0,69, za temnopolte pa 0,70. Pri tem razlika ni statistično signifikantna. Iz tega zaključijo, da COMPAS ni diskriminatoren in da rezultati ProPublice, ki kažejo na diskriminacijo, ne morejo biti pravilni. Vendar ta posredni argument dopušča dvom, saj mere AUC ter FPR in FNR med seboj niso enoznačno povezane. Dressel in Farid [7] poročata o relevantnih poskusih, kjer ju Slika 1: Medsebojna povezanost objav o sistemu COMPAS je zanimala točnost napovedi o tveganju povratništva, ki jo dosežejo naključno izbrani ljudje brez znanja o navadah V središču grafa je članek iz časopisa ProPublica obsojencev. Poskus s človeškim napovedovanjem (izvedenim s [2], ki naj bi po [1] sprožila zanimanje za preučevanje pristranskosti v UI. V “crowd sourcingom”) sta naredila na podmnožici podatkov o [2] 1000 od skupaj okrog 7000 obsojencev iz poskusov v [2] in [8]. je skupina raziskovalnih novinarjev opisala svojo analizo sistema COMPAS in poskuse s primeri realnih podatkov o več kot 7000 Ker bi bila uporaba vseh 137 atributov za poskus z napovedmi obtožencih iz Floride v let ljudi nepraktična, sta izmed originalne množice atributov izbrala ih 2012 in 2013. V analizi se osredotočijo predvsem na rasni vidik in njihov zaključek je, da je le 7 atributov. Napovedna točnost ne-ekspertov je v teh poskusih program pristranski do temnopoltih obtožencev. Spremljali so, presenetljivo praktično enaka kot tista s sistemom COMPAS. Zanimivo je, da so tudi človeške napovedi v tem poskusu koliko od teh je bilo v naslednjih dveh letih ponovno obsojenih podobno pristranske kot COMPAS, merjeno s FPR in FNR za in primerjali napovedi z dejanskimi izidi. 44.9% temnopoltih, označenih z visokim tveganjem za ponovitev, ni ponovilo bele in temnopolte, ter da se ti rezultati skoraj ne spremenijo, če prestopka. 47.7% belcev, označenih z nizkim tveganjem, pa je v človeškemu ocenjevalcu kot dodatno informacijo podamo tudi roku dveh let ponovilo prestopek. Ti dve merili za napačne podatek o rasi. 63 Neodvisno od teh rezultatov je Cynthia Rudin [16] s strojnim svoje smiselne. Izraz pristranskost se v strojnem učenju učenjem pravil iz omenjenih podatkov s Floride sintetizirala zelo uporablja v več pomenih [11]: enostaven in povsem razumljiv napovedni model, ki vsebuje le 1. T.i. induktivna pristranskost: to je princip, po katerem se tri enostavna if-then pravila in uporabi tri atribute. Za razliko od algoritem odloči za eno izmed tipično velikega števila možnih modela COMPAS, so ta pravila trivialno razumljiva. Tudi ta hipotez, ki so glede na učne podatke vse na nek način utemeljene. prediktor ima zelo podobno točnost kot COMPAS, pa tudi Ta vrsta pristranskosti je neizogiben mehanizem in je zato v podoben FPR in FNR. principu pozitivna komponenta strojnega učenja, brez katerega Iz vseh opisanih rezultatov zaključujemo, da je ta napovedni strojno učenje sploh ni možno. Primer take pristranskosti je problem kljub obsežnim razpoložljivim informacijam o Occamova britev (Occam’s razor), ki pravi: Če imamo na voljo obtožencu tako težak, da boljše točnosti ni mogoče doseči. Hkrati dve razlagi zbranih podatkov, ki sicer obe enako dobro razložita skoraj vse dosežemo z dvema ali tremi najbolj koristnimi atributi te podatke, potem raje izberemo enostavnejšo razlago [9, 11, 15]. in preostalih 130+ atributov dodatno ne doseže ničesar. V skladu To pristranskost uporabljamo pogosto ne le v strojnem učenju, s tem se v [2, 7] izoblikuje teza, da uporaba strojnega učenja v temveč v znanosti nasploh. Čeprav ima izraz pristranskost pravosodju nima dobre perspektive. To je seveda prenagel in negativen prizvok, je induktivna pristranskost pozitivna in celo preveč enostaven zaključek, na kar opozarja [17]. V mnogih neizogibna komponenta strojnega učenja, kot razlagajo avtorji v drugih aplikacijah je strojno učenje preseglo napovedno točnost [11], in osnovni učbeniki umetne inteligence. ekspertov, kar so med drugim potrdili mnogi poskusi s strojnim 2. Pristranskost v učnih podatkih, ki odražajo dejanske učenjem v medicinski diagnostiki. pristranskosti v ustaljenem odločanju na danem področju Vsa ta različna mnenja o (ne)pristranskosti in (ne)uporabnosti uporabe (npr. pristranskost ekspertov v dejanski sodni praksi v sistema COMPAS kažejo na pomanjkanje splošno sprejetih okolju, iz katerega so zajeti učni podatki) [4, 14]. operativnih definicij pristranskosti in pravičnosti v strojnem 3. Pristranskost, ki izhaja iz neprimernega postopka zbiranja učenju. Situacijo lepo ilustrira močno citirani članek [14], ki podatkov oz. vzorčenja [11], npr. da je za določeno skupino ljudi razglablja o več deset relevantnih definicijah, pri tem pa ne na voljo bistveno manj primerov kot za druge skupine. Potem v ponudi sinteze, ki bi to idejno kompleksnost omejila in dala skladu z matematično utemeljenimi statističnimi in praktično uporaben pristop. Dodatno nelagodje ta članek verjetnostnimi principi nekatere skupine, tipično manjšinske, povzroči s tem, da na hitro opravi s sistemom COMPAS in ga izpadejo kot diskriminirane (lahko celo v pozitivnem smislu!) uvrsti med očitno pristranske ter neposrečene in nekoristne. Pri zgolj zato, ker metode ocenjevanja verjetnosti upravičeno tem raziskave [8] ne omeni. V [7] pa spregleda dejstvo, da tudi ocenijo verjetnosti drugače, če je na voljo malo podatkov. alternativni rezultati s strojnim učenjem in s človeškim Gornji viri pristranskosti so razmeroma splošno sprejeti. napovedovanjem povratništva na isti podatkovni množici kažejo Ostaja pa problem, kako natančno definirati merila, ki objektivno zelo podobno pristranskost do temnopoltih, kot COMPAS. povedo, ali je sistem pristranski oz. ki to pristranskost kvantitativno vrednotijo. Obstajajo številne mere, ki so videti relevantne, vendar se izkaže, da si med seboj nasprotujejo in zato 3 DEFINICIJE PRISTRANSKOSTI IN za zdaj enostavne, splošno sprejete mere ni. Situacijo zelo dobro PRAVIČNOSTI TER NJIHOVI PROBLEMI ilustrira izčrpni pregled v [14]. Bolj fokusirano raziščejo ta problem Kleinberg idr. [12]. V splošnih medijih se strojnemu učenju pogosto enostavno očita Definirajo tri naravne, same po sebi takorekoč očitne pogoje, ki pristranskost bolj po občutku, ne da bi natančno definirali, po jim mora zadostiti sistem, če naj bo nepristranski (pravičen). kakšnem matematično preverljivem kriteriju se pristranskost Toda presenetljivo se izkaže, da ti trije pogoji ne morejo biti kaže. Izjave, kot so: “sistem se je v sodstvu pokazal kot izpolnjeni hkrati, razen v posebnih primerih, ki pa so za prakso pristranski do temnopoltnih obtožencev” [2], ali “sistem je pri nezanimivi. Torej so že te tri osnovne zahteve skupaj ocenjevanju kandidatov za zaposlitev pristranski do žensk” [5], neuresničljive. Te tri zahteve so: uporabljajo splošne fraze, kot so “pristranskost algoritmov”, (1) Kalibracija ocen verjetnosti: če algoritem identificira “pristranskost strojnega učenja”, “pristranskost umetne množico oseb, ki naj bi z dano verjetnostjo pripadale inteligence”. Včasih so te ugotovitve opremljene z enostavno pozitivnemu razredu, potem mora približno tak delež te množice razlago, kot je: “sisteme strojnega učenja razvijajo skoraj dejansko pripadati pozitivnemu razredu. Enak pogoj mora veljati izključno beli moški, torej …”. za vse skupine oseb, ki se razlikujejo v “zaščitenem atributu”, Danes je jasno, da stvar ni tako trivialna. Pretirano enostavne npr. rasi ali spolu. razlage se zdaj pojavljajo redko. Postaja tudi bolj jasno, da fraza (2) Ravnotežje pozitivnega razreda: povprečje verjetnostnih ocen “pristranskost algoritmov” ni primerna in daje napačen občutek, oseb pozitivnega razreda mora biti enako za vse skupine. da so algoritmi sposobni imeti zle namene in da ne delujejo po (3) Ravnotežje negativnega razreda: analogno kot povprečje matematičnih in statističnih principih [16]. Cilj teh metod je pozitivnega razreda. vedno, da iz podatkov o realnem svetu odkrijemo zakonitosti, ki Avtorji dokažejo izrek, da so te tri zahteve, čeprav si v bistvu v tem svetu veljajo. Seveda se takoj pojavi problem, če so v prizadevajo za isti cilj zmanjševanja pristranskosti, med seboj realnem svetu že prisotne pristranske prakse. Podatki, zajeti v nekompatibilne, razen v posebnih primerih. takem svetu, odražajo to pristranskost in algoritem za učenje to Kadar se pojavi pristranskost, je vprašanje, kako jo odpraviti. pristranskost detektira in reproducira. Če rezultate, dobljene iz Za to obstaja vrsta idej, od katerih sta najbolj očitni (a) “zaščiteni pristranskih podatkov v realnem svetu, spet uporabimo v realnem atributi” in (b) obratna diskriminacija. Tipična zaščitena atributa svetu, bomo s tem reproducirali že obstoječo pristranskost [10]. sta rasa in spol. Vseeno še vedno ni dovolj natančno definirano, kaj pristranskost Princip zaščitenih atributov je, da algoritmu učenja sploh je. Pogosto gre za vtis pristranskosti, kjer se kažejo prepovemo uporabo teh atributov pri odločanju o klasifikaciji predsodki za ali proti posamezniku ali skupini na način, ki se primera. Ta ideja navadno ne deluje dobro, saj algoritem učenja razume kot nepravičen [15]. efektivno rekonstruira njihove vrednosti iz drugih, nezaščitenih Poglejmo, v čem so težave z definicijo pristranskosti. Že na atributov, ki korelirajo z zaščitenimi. Na primer iz podatkov o področju strojnega učenja najdemo različne razlage, ki so vse po šolanju ali lokaciji prebivališča algoritem sklepa na raso osebe. 64 Princip obratne diskriminacije je, da depriviligiranim Za ustrezno splošno razumevanje in ukrepanje na tem skupinam pri obravnavi namenoma damo določeno prednost, s področju se kaže potreba po kvalitetni splošni izobrazbi ljudi. čimer naj bi izničili učinek diskriminacije. Ta ukrep je očitno Pomanjkanje le-te se kaže v načinu poročanja, odzivanju ljudi in dobronameren, vendar s tem dejansko uvedemo dodatno tudi zmedenosti strokovanjakov. Različni algoritmi postajajo nepravičnost, ki je za nekatere vprašljiva (npr. Alelyani [1]). neizogiben del naših življenj. Nesprejemljivo je, da o njih ne Taka nepravičnost (obratna diskriminacija) je upravičena, vendar samo da vemo premalo, ampak imamo celo napačne predstave. ne z vidika pravičnosti, temveč z vidika “višjih” vrednot, npr. da Splošno znanje o delovanju algoritmov (in širše o umetni za v bodoče popravimo zgodovinske krivice in z začasno inteligenci) temelji največ na poročanju medijev s pogosto nepravičnostjo dosežemo dolgoročno pravičnost. Torej gre za pomanjkljivimi informacijami, napačnimimi poudarki ter strateško uresničevanje družbeno sprejetih vrednot, ki v praksi pretiravanjem. Nujno je, da se ljudje o tem dovolj izobrazijo in sicer zaradi zgodovinskih razlogov in vztrajnosti niso hitro lahko tako primerno ocenijo situacije, kjer nek algoritem uresničljive. Ostaja težavno vprašanje, do kakšne mere je obratna proizvaja nezaželene rezultate. diskriminacija smiselna. To bi moralo biti določeno z demokratično sprejetim družbenim konsenzom, formaliziranim z ZAHVALA ustreznimi zakoni za vsak primer posebej. Prispevek je nastal v okviru ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta V2- V praksi se reševanja pristranskosti lotimo znotraj treh faz 2272 Opredelitev okvira za zagotavljanje zaupanja javnosti v strojnega učenja: 1) pred-procesna faza, kjer povečamo vzorec sisteme umetne inteligence in njihove uporabe, ob podpori Javne manjšine, 2) med-procesna faza, kjer dodajamo omejitve, s agencije za raziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike katerimi kompenziramo za neenakomeren vzorec in 3) post- Slovenije in Ministrstva za digitalizacijo. procesna faza, kjer spreminjamo mejne vrednosti za manjšine [4, 14, 15]. REFERENCE Ko razvijamo metode in orodja se moramo zavedati [1] Alelyani, S. (2021). Detection and Evaluation of Machine Learning Bias. potencialnih pasti. V [1, 11] avtorji izpostavljajo, da lahko Applied Sciences, 11(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146271 določene rešitve pripeljejo do novih nepravičnosti, pogosti [2] Angwin, A., Larson, J., Mattu, J. in Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine Bias: stranski učinek mutiranja učnih podatkov pa je izguba There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it’s Biased Against Blacks. ProPublica. pomembnih povezav med spremenljivkami ali slabše delovanje [3] Artificial Intelligence Act, European Parlament, 14 June 2023. celotnega algoritma [5]. [4] Blanzeisky, W. in Cunningham, P. (2021). Algorithmic Factors Influencing Bias in Machine Learning. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.14014 [5] Chakraborty, J., Majumder, J. in Menzies, T. (2021). Bias in Machine Learning Software: Why? How? What to do? arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.12195 4 ZAKLJUČKI [6] Dastin, J. (11.10.2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us- Pristranskost je v nekaterih pomembnih aplikacijah strojnega amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G [7] Dressel, J., Farid, H. (2018). The accuracy, fairness, and limits of postala popularna in kontroverzna tema. V diskusiji prevladuje predicting recidivism. Science Advances, 4(1). nejasnost, ki izvira iz tega, da večina razume pojem pravičnosti [8] Flores., A. W., Bechtel, K. in Lowenkamp, C. T. (2016). False Positives, in pristranskosti intuitivno. Pri tem pravičnost doživljamo na False Negatives, and False Analyses: A Rejoinder to “Machine Bias: razne načine in v podrobnostih ni popolnega soglasja. Tako tudi There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it’s Biased Against Blacks.” Federal Probation Journal. ni soglasja o tem, kakšen naj bi bil jasen, matematično formuliran [9] Gordom, D. F. in Desjardins, M. (1995). Evaluation and Selection of kriterij, s katerim bi brez dvomov kvantificirali pristranskost Biases in Machine Learning. Machine Learning, 20, 5-22. konkretnega sistema. Veliko več je nasprotovanj, kontroverznih https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022630017346 in odprtih tem, kjer ni strinjanja. Ni konsenza o izvoru [10] Hardt, M., Price, E. in Srebro, N. (2016). Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning. arXiv preprint. pristranskosti, niti o tem, katero orodje oz. metoda je za soočanje https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1610.02413 s pristranskostjo najbolj primerna. [11] Hellström, T., Dignum, V. in Bensch, S. (2020). Bias in Machine Spielkamp [17] na primer komentira pomanjkanje enotne Learning – What is it Good for? arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.00686 definicije in kriterijev takole: “Jasno je, da naj bi pravičnost [12] Kleinberg, J, Mullainathan, S. in Raghavan, M. (2016). Inherent Trade- strojnega učenja pomenila produciranje odločitev, s katerimi bi Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. arXiv preprint. bili kot družba zadovoljni. Vendar glede tega ljudje nismo https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1609.05807 enotni.” Na primeru COMPAS se pokaže, kako ključna je ta [13] Levin, S. (8.9.2016). A beauty contest was judged by AI and the robots didn’t like dark skin. The Guardian. enotnost. COMPAS je testiralo več strokovnjakov in njihova https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/08/artificial- mnenja so si povsem nasprotna. Nekateri trdijo, da je COMPAS intelligence-beauty-contest-doesnt-like-black-people pristranski, drugi pravijo, da ni. Spielkamp meni, da imajo prav [14] Mehrabi, A., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K. in Galstyan, A. vsi, saj pravičnost razumejo na razne (2021). ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 54 (6), 1-35. načine. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1908.09635 Tudi nekateri drugi avtorji ugotavljajo podobno. Poudarjajo, [15] Ntoutsi, E., Fafalios, P., Gadiraju, U., Iosifidis, V., Nejdl, W., Vidal, M. da je nujno razviti široko družbeno sprejeto definicijo E. … Staab, S. (2020). Bias in data-driven artificial intelligence systems – pravičnosti, ki bo rezultirala v sistemih, ki bodo delovali v skladu An introductory survey. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1356 z ustaljenimi družbenimi vrednotami in s tem povezanimi [16] Rudin, C. (2019). Stop explaining black Box Machine Learning Models pričakovanji. for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. Nature V literaturi kljub temu ni videti, da bi kdo predvidel, kako Machine Intelligence, 1(5), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256- velik izziv bo to. Pričakovanja glede vrednot bo treba namreč 019-0048-x natančno formulirati z ustreznimi zakoni. Na primer, ali naj bo [17] Spielkamp, M.. (2017). Inspecting Algorithms for Bias. Technology Review. zaradi zgodovinskih krivic v konkretni aplikaciji realizirana [18] Staff, R. (7.12.2016). New Zealand passport robot tells applicant of Asian obratna pristranskost in do kakšne mere? Ta formulacija bo descent to open eyes. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us- morala biti bolj tehnična kot običajno v predpisih in zakonih, saj newzealand-passport-error-idUSKBN13W0RL [19] UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, 2021. bo to osnova za konkretno implementacijo v algoritmih umetne https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137 inteligence. 65 ChatGPT through Tononi's Definition of Consciousness Analiza ChatGPT skozi Tononijevo definicijo zavesti Matjaž Gams Odsek za inteligentne sisteme Institut “Jožef Stefan” Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenija ChatGPT. Then, passing the Turing test by ChatGPT is analysed ABSTRACT as another test whether consciousness is already achieved. The intricacies of consciousness and its existence have long been There is a rich tapestry of literature exploring consciousness, AI, the subjects of both philosophical and scientific investigations. With advancements in artificial intelligence, discerning the line and where the two intersect. Koch et al. have explored how IIT between algorithmic processing and consciousness becomes offers a quantitative measure of consciousness in diverse systems increasingly vital. This paper uses Tononi's Integrated [1]. Dehaene and others have looked into consciousness in both Information Theory (IIT) to examine ChatGPT, assessing its alignment with human notions of consciousness. Analysis shows biological and artificial systems, arguing for unique neural that while ChatGPT exhibits attributes superficially resonating markers that underpin conscious states [2]. Recent advancements with Tononi's axioms, it lacks the foundational conscious in AI, especially deep learning models like ChatGPT, have experience described by the theory. Then, passing the Turing test triggered renewed debates, with researchers like Hassabis et al. as a way of demonstrating consciousness is debated with similar conclusions. and Bengio postulating how AI might approach or simulate human-like consciousness [3,4]. POVZETEK Zapletenost zavesti in njen obstoja ter namen so predmet tako filozofskih kot znanstvenih naravoslovnih raziskav. Z 2 ANALYSIS OF CHATGPT THROUGH napredkom v umetni inteligenci postaja vedno bolj ključno TONONI'S AXIOMS FOR razlikovanje med algoritmično obdelavo in zavestjo. Ta članek uporablja Tononijevo teorijo integrirane informacije (IIT) za CONSCIOUSNESS analizo potencialne zavesti ChatGPT, pri čemer je ključno vprašanje usklajenost z človeškimi predstavami o zavesti. Analize kažejo, da ChatGPT sicer površinsko zelo dobro resonira s Tononijevimi aksiomi, vendar mu manjka temeljna zavestna 2.1 Background: Tononi's Axioms for izkušnja, ki jo teorija opisuje. V nadaljevanju prispevka je Consciousness opisovanje reševanja Turingovega testa s strani ChatGPT kot Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT) proposes five preverjanja zavestnosti, ki se izkaže pri tem testu, ter diskusija. fundamental axioms aimed at capturing the core of KLJUČNE BESEDE consciousness: Zavest, ChatGPT, Turingov test Intrinsic Existence: Consciousness inherently exists for the KEYWORDS conscious entity. It's a subjective phenomenon, deeply personal Consciousness, ChatGPT, Turing test and unique to each entity [6]. Composition: Consciousness is not monolithic. It possesses 1 INTRODUCTION structure, and within it, diverse experiences can be differentiated. As AI continues to progress, the discussion surrounding machine This diversity isn't merely quantitative but also qualitative, consciousness intensifies. The question often arises: can making each conscious experience rich and multidimensional [7]. machines ever possess genuine consciousness? Has that already Information: Consciousness is informative. Every conscious been achieved by ChatGPT? To delve into this, we leverage the experience stands out against other potential experiences, IIT—a framework by Tononi proposing five axioms believed to indicating a specific state of affairs over countless others [8]. underlie human consciousness—and apply these criteria to Integration: Despite its diverse composition, consciousness is unified. Experiences are intertwined, and it's impossible to 66 completely isolate any subset of phenomena within a single the exclusion axiom, the model's responses might not be the conscious moment [9]. result of conscious choices or experiences. Exclusion: Consciousness is definite, both in content and in space. At any given moment, an entity is conscious of certain It's essential to highlight the difference between operational things and not others, thus creating clear boundaries of alignment and conscious alignment. While ChatGPT showcases experience [10]. attributes that operationally resonate with some of Tononi's axioms, it does so without the underlying conscious experience these axioms were designed to describe. The axioms, rooted in 2.2 ChatGPT under the lens of Tononi's axioms human phenomenology, emphasize subjective experience, To evaluate the degree of ChatGPT achieveing each axion of the something inherently absent in ChatGPT. Tononi's theory, the existing literature and the opinion in the AI ChatGPT, in its design and operation, exhibits attributes that community is of no great help, since there are mixed opinions superficially align with Tononi's axioms to a certain degree. and no generally accepted viewpoint. However, there are two However, when delving into the crux of these principles— bases that this paper evaluates consciousness of ChatGPT conscious experience—ChatGPT falls a bit short. While it stands through various analysis: First, there is 50 years of experience of as a testament to advancements in information processing and AI, the author of the paper in the AI and cognitive field and 20 years ChatGPT does not qualify as a conscious entity within the of superintelligence studies. Second, there is an opinion of framework of Integrated Information Theory. ChatGPT when asked about each particular issue. Interestingly enough, even though there were some differences, and the author 3 HAS CHATGPT PASSED THE TURING chose the merit of the expertize, there was quite strong agreement TEST I.E. REACHING THE in general. The GPT opinion, seemingly, was to a large extend hand-crafted by humans, dealing with this issue, and partially COUNSCIOUSNESS? through the GT or LLT approach, as demonstrated by the replies. Another way to test the level of AI systems at achieving Intrinsic Existence: At its core, ChatGPT is a product of consciousness, can be performed by the Turing Test (TT). The algorithms and vast data. It operates in response to inputs, Turing Test, proposed by the eminent computer scientist Alan without possessing feelings, beliefs, or desires. It lacks any Turing in 1950, is a measure of a machine's ability to exhibit semblance of self-awareness, and as such, it probably does not intelligent behaviour indistinguishable from that of a human [11]. meet the axiom of intrinsic existence. Turing postulated that if an evaluator, after interacting with an Composition: ChatGPT, architecturally, boasts a vast neural unseen interlocutor for five minutes, could not reliably tell network configuration. This allows it to generate a diverse array whether dealing with a machine or a human, then the machine of outputs based on different inputs. However, this structural could be said to have passed the test. As ChatGPT emerges as variety isn't birthed from conscious deliberation but from learned one of the most sophisticated AI language models, there's debate patterns. While it exhibits structural diversity analogous to the about its positioning relative to the Turing Test and consequently composition axiom, it seemingly lacks the qualitative conscious consciousness. nuance integral to Tononi's definition. Information: The model processes and produces specific 3.1 Arguments in Favor: responses based on its training. Each response is a selective piece of information shaped by its training data and the query. Advanced communication: Although this aligns with the informational aspect of the axiom, ChatGPT is engineered to provide detailed replies that span a the absence of conscious deliberation and choice makes its wide range of subjects, from science and technology to alignment potentially superficial. philosophy and art. The quality of its responses often mirrors Integration: ChatGPT's processes are integrated. Each input human-like expertise and reasoning capabilities, making it a is processed through multiple layers, intertwining different versatile conversational agent. Its ability to provide contextually learned patterns to produce a coherent output. This mirrors the relevant and accurate information resembles the intellectual operational facet of the integration axiom. However, the unity breadth and depth one would expect from a knowledgeable described by Tononi implies a cohesive conscious experience, human, being familiar with the Web. Consequently, it is which ChatGPT probably does not possess. increasingly difficult to immediately distinguish some of its Exclusion: With its design parameters and training, ChatGPT responses from those generated by a human, especially in text- operates within set boundaries. It produces specific responses based interactions. and not others. While this resonates with the operational side of 67 Adaptive Interaction: Norvig, in their comprehensive AI textbook, consider the Turing The model is designed to be sensitive to the conversational Test as a valid, though not definitive, measure of machine context, allowing it to adjust its responses based on previous intelligence, suggesting that while passing the Turing Test is dialog turns. This adaptability manifests in the way it can switch significant, it does not necessarily equate to full human-like topics smoothly, clarify ambiguities, or even attempt humour, intelligence [14]. A recent article in Nature delineates the much like a human would in a fluid conversation. Its capability increasing complexity and performance of large-scale language to modify its tone and content in real-time according to models, weighing them against the Turing Test's standards [15]. conversational cues shows an advanced level of adaptability, Another piece in the Boston Review contemplates the question often comparable to human dialog dynamics. This feature of consciousness in such models, considering the philosophical enhances its suitability for diverse interactions, making it a implications of designating them as 'conscious' [16]. compelling interface for numerous applications. One salient point from the Boston Review article is the distinction between machine operation and human consciousness 3.2 Arguments Against: [17]. While large language models like ChatGPT can generate Lack of Understanding: intricate and seemingly aware responses, there remains a While ChatGPT's responses can be elaborate, it's essential to significant philosophical and cognitive gap. These models remember that the model doesn't possess genuine understanding operate by recognizing and generating patterns based on massive or consciousness. It generates text based on statistical patterns it datasets without the subjective experience that characterizes has learned from its training data, and skilfully intercombines human consciousness. The Boston Review delves into the various potential most relevant texts patterns into a word by word implications of mistaking this high-level processing capability continuation, without the ability to comprehend the meaning or for genuine consciousness, emphasizing the risks of significance of the conversation [15]. Its sophisticated language anthropomorphizing machine behaviors. capabilities may give the illusion of understanding, but this In light of this, it becomes evident that while ChatGPT can surface-level competence should not be mistaken for genuine generate responses that mimic human-like thinking, it does so comprehension or awareness. devoid of genuine understanding, emotions, or the conscious experiences that humans possess. Inconsistencies: The model is not reliable in providing consistent answers over This perspective aligns with the core debate surrounding the different conversational sessions or even within the same Turing Test. ChatGPT's capability to produce responses that may interaction, the effect called hallucinating. These inconsistencies seem indistinguishable from those of a human in specific are a testament to its underlying algorithmic nature, which does contexts does not necessarily imply that the model genuinely not have the capacity for ongoing memory or the ability to learn "thinks" or possesses consciousness. Instead, it underlines the from past interactions [16]. Such discrepancies in its replies can model's adeptness at pattern recognition and response generation, sometimes make it evident that one is conversing with a machine, which, although impressive, is fundamentally distinct from not a human, thereby undermining its credibility and reliability human cognition. in more complex or sensitive dialog scenarios. 4 DISCUSSION Absence of Emotions: Human dialog is often rich in emotional nuance and subtext, an ChatGPT demonstrates the remarkable advancements in artificial aspect that is conspicuously lacking in ChatGPT. Despite its intelligence, surpassing previous efforts by a substantial margin. linguistic capabilities, the model cannot feel emotions or However, it's essential to distinguish between its algorithmic understand the emotional weight of certain words or situations. complexity and genuine consciousness. The difference is Its interactions are devoid of emotional depth, empathy, or any described in this paper through two major parts: first though the other kind of emotional intelligence that is often central to human IIT theory and second through the Turing Test. communication. This absence not only differentiates it from human-like conversation but also limits its applicability in While the model excels in simulating conscious traits, within the scenarios where emotional engagement is crucial. framework of Integrated Information Theory (IIT) it remains devoid of authentic conscious experience—a distinction that Literary Standpoints: should be apparent to cognitive scientists, even in the presented Hernandez-Orallo discussed the limitations of the Turing Test, discussions in this paper. emphasizing that mere linguistic capability may not be a sufficient measure of machine intelligence [13]. Russell and 68 Second, regarding the Turing Test, ChatGPT displays impressive 5. Tononi, G. (2004). An information integration theory of linguistic capabilities that bring it tantalizingly close to fulfilling consciousness. BMC Neuroscience, 5(1), 42. the test's criteria. Yet, it falls short in key areas, including 6. Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, genuine understanding and emotional intelligence. For L., Gomez, A. N., ... & Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is specialists familiar with the field, this limitation is easily All You Need. In Advances in Neural Information identifiable, especially when the conversation veers into complex Processing Systems (pp. 5998-6008). or emotionally charged topics. In these situations, the model’s 7. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. limitations become obvious, as it fails to respond appropriately Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. to intricate, tangible or conflicting dialogues. 8. Mitchell, T. M. (1997). Machine Learning. McGraw Hill. 9. Silver, D., Schrittwieser, J., Simonyan, K., Antonoglou, I., While some literature may argue that ChatGPT could pass the Huang, A., Guez, A., ... & Hassabis, D. (2017). Mastering Turing Test in brief interactions, especially with laypeople, the Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement articles from Boston Review and Nature emphasize the crucial Learning Algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.01815. distinction between mere simulation and actual consciousness. 10. Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence. Oxford University Indeed, those well-versed in the subject, including cognitive Press. scientists, should readily discern ChatGPT's performance from 11. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing Machinery and that of a human. This serves as a timely reminder of the need to Intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433-460. continually update our evaluation metrics, not just technically 12. Hernandez-Orallo, J. (2000). Beyond the Turing Test. but also philosophically, as AI continues to challenge our Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 9(4), 447-466. conceptual boundaries of intelligence and consciousness. 13. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. In conclusion, although ChatGPT and similar generative models 14. Biever, C. (2023). ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the signify a quantum leap toward general AI and possibly race is on for new ways to assess AI, Large language models superintelligence, they should not be conflated with achieving mimic human chatter, but scientists disagree on their ability consciousness or passing the Turing Test. Despite possessing to reason. Nature. Retrieved from certain superhuman attributes, such as speed, and achieving https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02361-7 approximate human-level performance in specific tasks, 15. Chalmers, J.D. (2023). Could a Large Language Model Be ChatGPT does not meet the criteria for consciousness. That Conscious? Boston Review. Retrieved from Boston Review might not hold for an extended period of time. According to URL Chalmers [15] »Within the next decade, we may well have systems that are serious candidates for consciousness«; however, current models like ChatGPT should not be mistaken as such, especially by those familiar with the cognitive sciences. Therefore, while the progress is significant, the journey toward creating truly conscious machines is far from over. References: 1. Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016). Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(5), 307-320. 2. Dehaene, S., Lau, H., & Kouider, S. (2017). What is consciousness, and could machines have it? Science, 358(6362), 486-492. 3. Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Summerfield, C., & Botvinick, M. (2017). Neuroscience-Inspired Artificial Intelligence. Neuron, 95(2), 245-258. 4. Bengio, Y. (2017). Towards biologically plausible deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08835. 69 Manipulacija v umetni inteligenci Manipulation and artificial intelligence Gaja Gril† Pedagoška fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Slovenija gg99039@student.uni-lj.si POVZETEK manipulativne umetne inteligence je priporočilni sistem, ki optimizira dolgoročno sodelovanje, tako da prikrito spodbuja V svetu, ki ga vse bolj oblikuje umetna inteligenca, se je začelo uporabnika, da si ogleda več videoposnetkov. Manipulacija je pojavljati vprašanje manipulacije. Ko sistemom umetne težko precizno opredeljiva, lahko pa se naslonimo na štiri glavne inteligence zaupamo vse večje vloge v naših življenjih, od značilnosti. Prva je, da gre za nerazumski vpliv, pri katerem personaliziranih priporočil do kritičnega odločanja, se lahko skuša manipulator zaobiti ali oslabiti človekovo sposobnost vprašamo, do katere mere zaupati strojem, ki se zdijo tako premišljenega odločanja. Druga je, da manipulacija zahteva inteligentni in nepristranski? Umetna inteligenca postaja ne le uporabo zvijače in prevare, pogosto s skritimi sredstvi, da bi vir pomoči, temveč tudi manipulira, dezinformira in vpliva. V tem raziskovanju zapletene mreže manipulacij znotraj umetne nekoga prisilili k določenemu ravnanju. Tretji razlog je, da inteligence se srečamo s tehnološko uganko, ki postavlja pod manipulacija vključuje uporabo določene stopnje pritiska, da bi vprašaj naše razumevanje avtonomije in etike. storili, kar želi manipulator, na primer s čustvenim izsiljevanjem. In nazadnje, običajno se ne ravna po interesih, ciljih in željah KLJUČNE BESEDE ciljne osebe, temveč le po interesih manipulatorja [2]. Razlogi za povečano tveganje za manipulacijo v dobi umetne Manipulacija, umetna inteligenca, demokracija, marketing, inteligence so naslednji; Prvič, umetna inteligenca je precej etika netransparentna, saj velika večina algoritmov ni pregledna in ABSTRACT razložljiva, uporabniki pa ne posedujejo zadosti tehničnega In a world increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence, the issue znanja [3]. Drugič, sistemi umetne inteligence lahko odkrijejo of manipulation has begun to emerge. As we entrust AI systems preference, interese, navade in ostale značilnosti posameznika ter with ever greater roles in our lives, from personalised tako natančno prilagodijo vsebino [4]. Poleg tega se lahko recommendations to critical decision-making, we may ask to sistemi umetne inteligence uporabljajo za ocenjevanje what extent should we trust machines that seem so intelligent and psiholoških stanj ljudi, kot so na primer čustvena stanja [5]. impartial? Artificial intelligence is becoming not only a source Tretjič, umetna inteligenca omogoča oslabitev avtonomije of help, but also a source of manipulation, misinformation and odločanja potrošnikov z izkoriščanjem njihovih ranljivosti pri influence. In this exploration of the complex web of odločanju [3]. manipulation within AI, we are confronted with a technological conundrum that calls into question our understanding of 2 MANIPULACIJA Z INFORMACIJAMI autonomy and ethics. Na dinamičnem področju demokratičnih sistemov je umetna KEYWORDS inteligenca postala močan dejavnik, ki spreminja taktiko političnih kampanj in nagovarjanja volivcev. Tradicionalne Manipulation, artificial intelligence, democracy, marketing, metode sodelovanja z javnostjo so se umaknile naprednim ethics pristopom, ki jih poganja umetna inteligenca in ki izkoriščajo obsežne podatke, da bi vplivali na razpoloženje javnosti in 1 UVOD zagotovili volilno zmago [6]. Sposobnost umetne inteligence, da obdela in oceni obsežne zbirke podatkov političnim kampanjam Carroll in sodelavci (2023) definirajo sistem umetne inteligence omogoča vpogled v nagnjenja, vedenje in čustva volivcev. kot manipulativen, če deluje, kot da bi si prizadeval za namerno Algoritmi umetne inteligence z raziskovanjem spletnih in prikrito spremembo človeka (ali drugega agenta) [1]. Primer interakcij, zgodovine brskanja in drugih digitalnih sledov ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note oblikujejo podrobne profile volivcev in z izjemno natančnostjo †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note predvidevajo posameznikove težnje. S tem znanjem lahko Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or politični akterji prilagodijo svoja sporočila tako, da odmevajo v classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed različnih demografskih skupinah, in oblikujejo personalizirane for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must pozive, ki so povezani s čustvi in prepričanji volivcev. Ciljno be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). usmerjanje volivcev, ki ga poganja umetna inteligenca, presega Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). zgolj oblikovanje profilov in uporablja tehnike mikrousmerjanja, 70 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia G. Gril da bi volivce doseglo na osebni ravni. Sporočila kampanje so iz virov kot so sledenje lokaciji in družbeni mediji. To odraža lahko natančno prilagojena, da se ujemajo s posameznikovimi premik k vplivanju na določeno vedenje potrošnikov in ne zgolj načeli in interesi, kar poveča njihov prepričljiv učinek in k njihovemu prepričevanju. Ta razvijajoči se pristop vključuje verjetnost pridobitve podpore. Ta natančnost kampanjam analizo čustvenih in psiholoških modelov ter izkorišča ranljivosti omogoča, da pametno razporedijo sredstva in se osredotočijo na in strahove potrošnikov. S strojnim eksperimentiranjem lahko ključne volivce, ki so bistveni za njihovo zmago [6]. podjetja raziskujejo vzročne povezave med vedenjem in tržnimi Vendar pa se na drugi strani tega tehnološkega napredka strategijami. Veliki podatki podjetjem omogočajo spreminjanje pojavljajo etični pomisleki. Kritiki trdijo, da lahko takšno vedenja s pomočjo paradigem osebne identitete, kar se kaže v mikrousmerjanje še poveča polarizacijo in ustvari odmevne aplikacijah, kot sta sledenje lokaciji in prepoznavanje obraza. komore, v katerih se posamezniki utrdijo v svojih obstoječih Razvoj programske opreme umetne inteligence vključuje prepričanjih in okrepijo pristranskost pri potrjevanju. Poleg tega nevroznanost, psihologijo in trženje ter ustvarja učinkovite pomanjkanje preglednosti algoritmov umetne inteligence, ki se promocijske metode. Preprosti algoritmi analizirajo spletno uporabljajo za politično ciljanje, povzroča pomisleke glede vedenje in ustvarjajo natančne profile uporabnikov. Poglobljeno odprtosti in odgovornosti, kar lahko spodkoplje demokratično učenje omogoča podrobne profile, ki presegajo celo tesna načelo informiranega soglasja.V digitalni dobi se je ranljivost razmerja. Korporacije uporabljajo ta spoznanja in s pomočjo razširjanja informacij povečala zaradi manipulacij, ki jih psihologov in nevroznanstvenikov iščejo "gumb za nakup omogočajo generirane vsebine in globoki ponaredki. Te potrošnika" [8]. napredne tehnologije lahko z razširjanjem lažnih informacij in Poleg tega tehnologije za branje misli postopoma pridobivajo spodkopavanjem zaupanja v politične postopke motijo sposobnost namernega prilagajanja dejanj kognitivnim in demokratične sisteme [6]. čustvenim stanjem vpletenih strani. Ta strateški pristop temelji Ker se demokratične družbe spopadajo s temi dilemami, so na "čustveni umetni inteligenci". To pomeni prepoznavanje zahteve po večji preglednosti in algoritemski odgovornosti vse duševnih stanj s tehnikami strojnega učenja, ki pogosto glasnejše. Iskanje ravnovesja med ohranjanjem vključenosti uporabljajo globoke nevronske mreže. Čustvena umetna uporabnikov in varovanjem demokratične integritete od podjetij inteligenca služi različnim namenom, od povečanja varnosti v družbenih medijev zahteva vesten nadzor umetne inteligence in cestnem prometu (na primer spremljanje voznikov) do etični premislek. C. Serbanescu (2021) vidi umetno inteligenco usmerjenega oglaševanja [9]. kot grožnjo demokraciji, saj ta omogoča manipulacijo procesov Čeprav se je tovrstna psihološka analiza, ki temelji na odločanja državljanov in s tem ogroža njihovo avtonomijo pri temeljni teoriji čustev, soočila s kritikami, da je preveč sodelovanju v demokratičnih procesih. Aplikacije umetne poenostavljena in nezanesljiva, je tehnologija na nekaterih inteligence imajo potencial, da oblikujejo "arhitekturo izbire" področjih že pokazala impresivno raven učinkovitosti, sčasoma državljanov, vključno z razpoložljivimi izbirami in načinom pa naj bi se še izboljšala. Primerljive tehnike bi lahko uporabili njihove predstavitve, na personaliziran, dinamičen in prikrit za odkrivanje in izkoriščanje kognitivnih pristranskosti pri način. Vseprisotnost tehnologije in zbiranje velikih količin potencialnih sogovornikih [9]. podatkov sta olajšala manipulacijo, ki jo omogoča umetna Medtem ko je potencial strojnega učenja za izkoriščanje inteligenca, kar omogoča prilagojene vplive in dinamično kognitivnih in čustvenih ranljivosti sogovornikov očiten v prilagodljivost za izkoriščanje posameznikovih slabosti. Ta postopku modeliranja, je empirično preverjanje takšne oblika manipulacije predstavlja kvalitativno in kvantitativno manipulacije v praksi precej zahtevno zaradi pogosto skrivnostne spremembo v primerjavi s tradicionalno manipulacijo, saj lahko narave teh modelov. Kljub temu je v literaturi mogoče najti nekaj učinkoviteje doseže veliko število volivcev in vpliva na rezultate, primerov potencialno manipulativnega izvajanja umetne ki bi lahko predstavljali "voljo ljudstva". Na splošno je vzpon inteligence. Podjetje eyeQ je na primer razvilo orodje, ki v aplikacij umetne inteligence privedel do učinkovitejših oblik realnem času skenira obrazno mimiko kupcev v trgovinah in manipulacije, kar predstavlja velik izziv za demokracijo [7]. analizira čustva in druge dejavnike, nato pa na podlagi teh podatkov prilagaja trženjske strategije v trgovinah. Takšne prakse lahko postanejo manipulativne, če so čustva, na katera se 3 VEDENJSKO OGLAŠEVANJE IN cilja, še posebej intenzivna (intenzivnost), če se jim pridružijo MANIPULACIJA POTROŠNIKA pristranskosti (kombinacija) ali če je kontekst odločanja zelo Umetna inteligenca spreminja dinamiko trženja in oglaševanja, zapleten (kompleksnost), kot so razmere, ki vključujejo saj prehaja od široke promocije k personaliziranim izkušnjam. Z preobremenjenost z izbiro in zahtevne primerjave v trgovini [9]. njo se briše meja med manipulacijo in prepričevanjem potrošnikov, na kar je še posebej vplival premik na splet med 4 MANIPULIRANA UMETNA pandemijo COVID-19. Prej so tržniki zbirali demografske podatke, spremljali trende in segmentirali potrošnike za ciljno INTELIGENCA usmerjanje. Tudi v fizičnih trgovinah so v bližini blagajn Do sedaj je bilo govora o manipulativnih vplivih umetne strateško postavljali predmete, kot so revije in žvečilni gumiji. intelligence na človeka, obstaja pa tudi obratni vpliv – umetna Danes strategije, ki jih poganja umetna inteligenca, zbirajo inteligenca je lahko žrtev manipulacije. obsežne podatke iz iskalnikov, družbenih medijev in aplikacij za Globoke nevronske mreže (DNN) so v zadnjem času pomoč pri oblikovanju trženjskih pristopov. pokazale izjemne rezultate, ki pogosto presegajo rezultate na Podjetja zdaj proaktivno oblikujejo interakcije s potrošniki, človeški ravni, zlasti pri nalogah, povezanih z vidno klasifikacijo da bi jih pritegnila k sodelovanju, pri čemer včasih prehajajo na [10]. Visoka zmogljivost DNN pri razvrščanju vidnih objektov mejo manipulacije. Za prilagajanje strategij uporabljajo podatke sproža vprašanja o razlikah, ki še vedno obstajajo med 71 Manipulacija v umetni inteligenci Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia računalniškim in človeškim vidom – v nasprotju z vidnim ali to pomeni kršitev zasebnosti. Pri tem vprašanju strinjajo tako sistemom so DNN veliko bolj občutljive na minimalne aktivisti kot veliki tehnološki konglomerati, ki priznavajo perturbacije. občutljivo ravnovesje med izkoriščanjem zmogljivosti umetne "Napad z enim pikslom" (ang. One pixel attack) je inteligence in varovanjem pravic posameznikov do zasebnosti. specializirana vrsta napada na globoke nevronske mreže, Sestavni del te razprave je področje ciljno usmerjenega katerega cilj je prevarati nevronsko mrežo, da napačno razvrsti oglaševanja. Medtem ko tržniki zagovarjajo njegovo zmožnost sliko z minimalnimi spremembami, pri čemer se običajno povezovanja potrošnikov z želenimi izdelki, ga vse več ljudi spremeni le en ali nekaj pikslov. Pomemben izziv pri napadih z dojema kot manipulativen poseg, ki spodbuja impulzivne vzorce enim pikslom je najti ravnovesje med tem, da nevronska mreža nakupovanja. Ta razhajanja v stališčih poudarjajo raznovrstne napačno razvrsti sliko, in tem, da so spremembe na sliki dovolj napetosti med komercialnimi cilji in avtonomijo potrošnikov. V subtilne, da jih človek ne more odkriti [10]. tem zapletenem okolju sta soglasje in ozaveščenost ključnega Taki napadi opozarjajo na dovzetnost DNN za subtilne pomena. Bistvo je v ugotavljanju, v kolikšni meri uporabniki vhodne manipulacije, kar lahko vpliva na varnost, zanesljivost in razumejo in podpirajo vlogo algoritmov umetne inteligence pri etične vidike rabe umetne inteligence. Raziskave na tem oblikovanju njihovih spletnih izkušenj. Nazoren primer je področju se ukvarjajo s strategijami za blažitev teh ranljivosti in nenamerno manipuliranje s kanali družbenih medijev s strani izboljšanje robustnosti sistemov umetne inteligence. umetne inteligence, ki pogosto deluje mimo zavedanja uporabnikov. To sproža pomisleke o etičnih mejah vpliva in nujnosti informiranega soglasja. Škandal Cambridge Analytica 5 SINTEZA je izpostavil problematiko glede zmožnosti umetne inteligence, Če se prizadevanja na področju politike in izobraževanja ne bodo da z izkoriščanjem strahov in predsodkov manipulira z uresničila in če širši cilj gojenja etične umetne inteligence ne bo odločitvami volivcev in krha temelje demokracije [11]. uspešen, obstaja možnost etične, družbene in gospodarske V ozadju tega dogajanja je sporno vprašanje čustvene katastrofe ter z njo povezanimi vplivi na ljudi, nečloveške manipulacije. Kakšne so moralne posledice dejstva, da umetna entitete in okolje. Ta nevarnost ni povezana z oddaljenimi inteligenca izkorišča človeška čustva za komercialne koristi in še apokaliptičnimi vizijami. Namesto tega izhaja iz postopnega, a več, kdo bo nosil odgovornost? Debata manipulativne umetne določenega stopnjevanja tehnoloških nevarnosti in posledičnega inteligence postavlja vprašanja o kršitvah zasebnosti, povečanja občutljivosti na človeških, družbenih, gospodarskih in usmerjenem vplivu, demokratični integriteti in čustveni etiki. okoljskih področjih. To povečevanje tveganj in ranljivosti izhaja Zaskrbljenost in dvom kliče po vzpostavitvi etičnih okvirov in iz etičnih težav, ki zajemajo nepoučeno in nepremišljeno skupnih prizadevanjih za usmerjanje vloge umetne inteligence uporabo naprednih tehnologij avtomatizacije, kot je umetna pri sooblikovanju modernega sveta. inteligenca. Razlika v izobrazbi verjetno povečuje širše posledice tveganj, povezanih z umetno inteligenco. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Uporaba umetne inteligence za usmerjanje vedenja pogosto The MIT Press. zahteva obsežno zbiranje podatkov, kar sproža razprave o tem, 72 Users’ Cognitive Processes in a User Interface for Predicting Football Match Results Žiga Kolar Gregor Papa Department of Intelligent Systems Department of Computer Systems Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ziga.kolar@ijs.si gregor.papa@ijs.si ABSTRACT importance of understanding user psychology and behavior in The article discusses the importance of understanding cognitive the design process. processes, which are the foundation for effective user interface Furthermore, this article will underline the reciprocal rela- design. The authors highlight the crucial role of intuitive and tionship between UI design and user satisfaction, which can user-friendly interfaces in online football match prediction plat- drastically impact user retention and overall platform success. forms, as it is the design of the interface that can have a significant Through the lens of cognitive science and user experience design, impact on the success of these types of platforms. The article we aspire to provide valuable insights that can guide designers delves into the thought processes of users who want a visually and developers in creating more effective, user-centric interfaces appealing, accessible and intuitive user interface for predicting for football predicting websites. By marrying scientific principles football match results. Particular emphasis is given to understand- with practical UI design strategies, we hope to set a new standard ing the psychology and behaviour of users. The paper aims to for user interface design within the football prediction industry. provide valuable insights that can guide designers and developers While the context is football-oriented, the core concepts can in designing more effective, user-centred interfaces for football be applied across various industries and areas. Here are a few match prediction websites. By combining scientific principles areas where these cognitive processes might be useful: and practical user interface design strategies, the authors set (1) E-Commerce Platforms: An understanding of user psy- new standards for user interface design in the football prediction chology and behavior can help design interfaces that make industry. it easier for customers to browse, select, and purchase items, thereby enhancing the user experience and poten- KEYWORDS tially increasing sales. user interface, cognitive process, football match, design, psychol- (2) Healthcare: In telemedicine apps or healthcare software, ogy an intuitive interface can facilitate easier communication between patients and providers, ensure critical informa- 1 INTRODUCTION tion is presented clearly, and aid in the monitoring and input of health data. The ever-evolving digital landscape has spurred the transforma- (3) tion of numerous industries, with sports prediction and betting Banking and Finance: For mobile banking apps or fi- nancial platforms, understanding the cognitive process platforms being no exception. More specifically, football pre- can guide designers to create interfaces that allow users dicting websites have emerged as a thriving subset within this to safely and effectively manage their finances, conduct sphere, effectively marrying the passion for sports with the ad- transactions, or make investments. vent of data-driven prediction models. Yet, the distinguishing (4) factor amongst the multitude of similar platforms often boils Education: Online learning platforms can benefit from intuitive interfaces, allowing students to navigate courses, down to one crucial aspect: the user interface (UI). An intuitive, interact with content, and assess their progress smoothly. user-friendly interface is paramount for ensuring user engage- ment, satisfaction, and ultimately, platform success. The paper consists of the following sections: section 2 de- This article presents an exploration of some of the cognitive scribes the problem domain, section 3 describes related work, processes underlying the creation of an effective user interface and section 4 presents the user interface. The paper ends with a for a football predicting website. It aims to decode the mind pro- conclusion and suggestions for further work. cess that designers employ when sculpting a user interface that not only visually appeals but also provides an engaging, acces- 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM DOMAIN sible, and intuitive user experience. By delving into cognitive The purpose of this section is to present the required function- science principles, UI design best practices, and specific industry alities of the designed platform. In addition to describing the needs, the subsequent sections will delineate a novel approach thought process, one of the main goals of this paper is to create to UI design for football predicting websites, highlighting the high quality screen masks of a football match prediction user interface that will allow users to record the correctness of pre- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal dictions made for a given football match and reward the user for or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and each correct prediction. the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this A prediction consists of the number of goals scored by the work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). home team and the number of goals scored by the away team. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Ensuring that users have the freedom to choose which matches to predict is crucial for their satisfaction. They can predict the 73 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kolar and Papa. results for several matches. They should also be able to change their prediction, which again fits in with the concept of a user- friendly interface. The system must finish receiving predictions 5 minutes before the start of the match. This restriction prevents fraud in terms of changing the predictions during the match itself. Users are awarded points based on their prediction accuracy in a competitive system. They receive 3 points for correctly pre- dicting both the match’s outcome and the winner, 2 points for correctly predicting the winner and goal difference, and 1 point for just predicting the winner correctly. Incorrect predictions earn zero points. The scoring system aims to ensure users are rewarded even for partially correct predictions, and that fully correct predictions do not create a significant advantage. To keep users engaged and mitigate large point gaps, the system awards Figure 1: Making predictions on Nostradamus website. double points for the first 10 predictions a user makes after a break of more than two weeks. This method aims to motivate users to return to making predictions and keeps the prediction of the user rankings, displaying 100 users per page, with a filter system competitive and intriguing over extended periods. available to search for users by username. Users have to log in to the system with a username or password. The Nostradamus app has several strengths and weaknesses. Before logging in, they must register. If they choose a user account On the upside, it’s simple to operate and maintains a consis- with a membership fee when registering, they have to pay a tent, unambiguous website design. However, it also has several membership fee of EUR 10 once a year. This is to ensure that the drawbacks. The application doesn’t cater to user preferences, system works without any commercial loss and that the amount forcing users to choose from all matches rather than tailoring is not too high, which could discourage users from using the options to their liking. It lacks a ’Favourites’ tab for easy league- system. Once the users have paid the membership fee, they can switching. Furthermore, rewards are only given to the top five immediately start predicting matches. There is also the possibility users. This design choice leads to user attrition, as many stop to make predictions without a membership fee. When registering, using the app after prolonged failure, unable to compete with users can choose to create a free account with no membership the top performers. fee. In this case, they do not have all the benefits. Users without Furthermore, the app is entirely free, which means it operates a membership fee can only predict a maximum of 5 matches per at a loss as practical rewards have to be given to the top five league and users without a membership fee are not eligible for users. The use of club abbreviations instead of full names can cash prizes. With the free account, we wanted to attract users also confuse new users. There is a lack of real-time information who would like to make predictions and don’t care about cash on the countdown towards the closing of predictions. The app prizes or don’t want to pay the entry fee. However, we have also only displays four competition rounds in one tab simultaneously, made it possible to offer more benefits to users who have opted which can be limiting. Finally, due to this display limitation, some for the membership fee by means of restrictions, thus in a way users may forget to hit the ’Save Prediction’ button after entering rewarding and motivating them to submit their predictions. their results, leading to potential disappointment and frustration. To boost user engagement in making predictions, a monthly In addition to Nostradamus, some research has also been done cash prize is offered to the top 50 users. The prize fund is calcu- into making the user interface better. Gonzales [2] conducted a lated based on a formula that considers both new and existing laboratory experiment investigating the impact of images, transi- memberships. The distribution of the prize pool is tiered to keep tions, and interactivity in animated interfaces on decision making the competition interesting and to ensure fairness: the top 5 users in two different domains. These interfaces incorporated either share half the prize money, while the rest is divided among users realistic or abstract images, smooth or abrupt transitions, and ranked 6th to 50th. This compromise between prize size and user parallel or sequential interactivities. The results demonstrated ranking aims to motivate users and keep them engaged, while that the task domain, user experience, and the types of images, also ensuring a fair distribution of rewards. transitions, and interactivity methods implemented all affect de- cision performance. Participants were observed to perform better with animations that utilized realistic images, smooth rather than 3 RELATED WORK fast transitions, and both parallel and sequential interactivity. During major sports events, RTV SLO hosts a free-to-use website Shneidermann [6] recommends three pillars to support the UI named Nostradamus for football and basketball match predic- design process: guidance documents, UI management systems tions. Users can make and change their predictions for any match and interactive usability testing labs. Five basic interaction styles until the match begins, with points awarded for correct predic- are presented: menu selection, form filling, command language, tions. At the end of each competition, the top five users receive natural language and direct manipulation. The author encourages practical prizes like balls or jerseys. Figure 1 illustrates the predic- more attention to direct manipulation, where objects and actions tion submission process for the 33rd to 36th rounds of the 2018-19 are visible, actions are triggered by selection or pointing, and the 1st Slovenian Football League season. As the depicted matches effect is immediately visible and correctable. are past events, the text fields are greyed out and predictions are Sharma and Tiwari [4] introduce the concept of user interface disabled. Once users have made their prediction, they can save it and user experience, which play a very important role in today’s by clicking the "Save prediction" button. Each tab represents four technical and modern world. According to them, user interface competition rounds. A "Leaderboard" tab provides an overview consists of guidelines, workflows, system colours, design process, 74 UI for Predicting Football Match Results Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia etc. User experience consists of the process of how the user can experience the application in the best way. 4 USER INTERFACE One of the studies indicate that a primary objective of UI is to offer users streamlined and intuitive ways to interact with com- puter systems, thereby enhancing task efficiency and reducing cognitive workload and stress [5]. The other study highlights that consistency in UI enables users to build an accurate mental model of the way it works. Furthermore, an expert user should interact with the system as easily as a novice user. Both users should be satisfied with the same system [1]. In this paper, we wanted to ensure as much consistency and flexibility as possible. Before designing the UI, we had to think carefully about what the main colour of the UI would be. The guidelines for a good and user-friendly user interface recommend that we ensure as much consistency as possible, which means that only one colour should Figure 3: Registration form. be the main part of the website. Research [3] has shown that red works better for tasks that require a lot of detail, while blue is more effective for creative tasks. Another study [8] confirms the results of the previous study and adds that blue also works well for light and heavy tasks. We chose blue (RGB = (58, 98, 215)) color because it is a good combination that stimulates both creative thinking and atten- tion to detail. Creative thinking is needed when determining the outcome, as a match can have many possible outcomes. In addition, the user also needs to take into account a huge number of details, as the result itself can be affected by injuries to key players, current form, the match venue, etc. The header, footer and frame colour of the website is always blue. This ensures greater consistency. Figure 4: Match results predictions. The registration form is in the classic form of text fields and is shown in Figure 3. If we had a list of all the mandatory fields at the top of the form, we would run into a problem as people sometimes do not read the instructions at the top of the form or forget them. It is therefore easier and more efficient to mark all mandatory fields with an asterisk. The two buttons for selecting the type of user account were chosen because they are simple and intuitive, offering the user a quick choice due to their mutually exclusive nature. A back button has also been added, as we need to give the user the option to return to the previous page in each step. Without this, the user would be confused. Figure 2: Login page. When a field is completed, the system checks that it is correct. If the field is correct, it is highlighted in green, if it is incorrect, it As with most other websites, everything always starts with is highlighted in red and an error message is displayed next to it. the creation of the login and registration page. The login page The green colour was chosen to make an analogy with a traffic is shown in Figure 2 and has all the classic login elements (a light. If the light turns green, we can proceed. If the light is red, text box for username and password, a login button, a link to we have to stop. The same applies to all fields in the registration. registration and a link to forgotten password). The page has a An example is shown in Figure 3. The username and password ball in the middle in blue. The ball immediately gives user an are correct, so the fields will turn green. The email address is association with football. Two additional icons next to the user- incorrectly entered, so the field will turn red and a message will name and password also provide the association to the username appear next to it. and password. The buttons, the colour of the pentagons on the Upon completing registration, users are notified of their suc- ball and the links are in blue, which is the main colour used to cessful registration with a blue tick icon, representing the pro- maintain consistency. cess’s completion. To confirm and finalize the registration, the 75 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kolar and Papa. users are sent an email containing a link. This link must be con- firmed within a 24-hour window to ensure the user is not a bot, hence safeguarding the system. To enter a prediction, the users first select which league to predict via a drop-down list. The drop-down list is an effective option for when there is not enough space to display all the tabs. Since there are too many possible leagues to display with tabs, we have opted for a drop-down list. The latter also has a special "Favourites" option, where the users can save all the match predictions from the leagues they are interested in. Only the matches from the leagues that the users have selected will be shown to the user. The advantage of this option is that it saves the users time in selecting the match predictions from the leagues they regularly predicts. Additionally, there is also a "Personalised" option where the user is shown matches based on his personal preferences. The system learns which matches and from which leagues the users like to predict and recommends Figure 5: Leaderboard of all users. them to the users. The personalisation is implemented using an artificial intelligence algorithm (recommendation system). This 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK approach aims to allow the users to have all the matches they interested in in one place and to be able to make predictions as This work is part of the thought process behind the development quickly as possible. of a user interface for predicting football match results. We have After selecting one of the options in the drop-down list, the highlighted the importance of understanding user needs and matches of the current round are displayed. For the home and psychology in the design of such systems. We have identified the away team goal predictions, we have chosen a text box because need for the user interface to be intuitive, efficient and flexible this is a common practice in football match predictions. One and have tried to present it in this way. possibility would be to have the user click on the + or - buttons In the future we intend to focus on the development of the instead of the text box to determine the number of goals, but system and its use in practice. We will try to implement the user this approach would be more time-consuming as it would re- interface in Django (python) and in the web technologies HTML, quire a larger number of clicks. Unlike Nostradamus [7], here CSS, Javascript and jQuery. We will use the MySQL Lite database. the prediction is saved automatically after the users have filled After the implementation is complete, we will hand the system in both text fields. This is to avoid a situation where the users over to a test group (up to 20 people). If the users are satisfied, enter the predictions but forgets to click on the "Save Prediction" we will try to recruit more people and will regularly update and button and is left with no points. We have decided to use full club maintain the system. names instead of abbreviations, as some users do not know all Taken together, our results in this paper are a step towards the abbreviations. Also, for each match, the user has a counter a better understanding of how designers and developers can on the right until the start of the match or until the end of the improve football match result prediction tools, which could have prediction. This gives the users full control over how much time important implications for improving the user experience. is left. In the last 10 minutes before the time expires, the text where the time is written will turn red and become whiter. This ACKNOWLEDGMENTS is to encourage the user to make a prediction. When the time for The authors acknowledge the funding from the Slovenian Re- the prediction expires, the text fields turn grey and the prediction search Agency (ARRS), Grant (PR-10495) and Basic core funding is disabled. The grey colour gives the user a feeling of closure P2-0209. and inaccessibility. An example is shown in Figure 4. In addition to submitting a prediction, the users have the REFERENCES possibility to view the points scale. The scale is presented in [1] Ali Sajedi Badashian, Mehregan Mahdavi, Amir Pourshirmohammadi, et al. tabular form because it is one of the most transparent and efficient 2008. Fundamental usability guidelines for user interface design. In 2008 International Conference on Computational Sciences and Its Applications. IEEE, options to quickly display the situation. Paid users are shown 106–113. with a blue frame and ordinary users with a grey frame. We [2] Cleotilde Gonzalez. 1996. Does animation in user interfaces improve deci- sion making? In wanted to somehow reward paying users for their contribution Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 27–34. with a blue colour, as this is the main colour of the page. 10 [3] Ravi Mehta and Rui Zhu. 2009. Blue or red? exploring the effect of color on users are shown at a time, in descending order of points. The cognitive task performances. Science, 323, 5918, 1226–1229. [4] Vatsal Sharma and A Kumar Tiwari. 2021. A study on user interface and leaderboard allows filtering by username. In this way, the users user experience designs and its tools. World Journal of Research and Review can quickly find themselves and get an insight into the number (WJRR), 12, 6. of points without having to search through the whole list. An [5] Yu Shi, Eric Choi, Ronnie Taib, and Fang Chen. 2010. Designing cognition- adaptive human–computer interface for mission-critical systems. Information example of filtering is presented in Figure 5. Filtering by user Systems Development: Towards a Service Provision Society, 111–119. type (paid, regular or all users) is also available. Filtering works [6] Ben Shneiderman. 1988. We can design better user interfaces: a review of human-computer interaction styles. on the basis of a button that allows fast and efficient filtering Ergonomics, 31, 5, 699–710. [7] RTV SLO. 2023. Nostradamus. https://www.rtvslo.si/strani/nostradamus/121 between users. 4. Accessed: 2023-06-13. (2023). [8] Tiansheng Xia, Lu Song, Ting T Wang, Ling Tan, and Lei Mo. 2016. Explor- ing the effect of red and blue on cognitive task performances. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 784. 76 Družbena regulacija umetne inteligence. Nekatera odprta vprašanja in izzivi. Social regulation of artificial intelligence. Some open questions and challenges. Franc Mali Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia franc.mali@fdv.uni-lj.si POVZETEK necessary to find the appropriate balance between precautionary and proactionary principles. S tem, ko se umetna inteligenca (UI) spreminja v sistemsko tehnologijo, ki ni več predmet ozkih laboratorijskih raziskav, KEYWORDS temveč z različnimi vrstami aplikacij postaja integralni del družbe, se je v številnih ozirih znašla na prelomni točki. artificial intelligence, Chat GPT, social regulations, risks, Nenazadnje predstavlja eno tistih naprednih tehnologij, ki bioinformations gledehitrosti razvoja in širjenja v družbi nima primera v zgodovini. V prispevku se bomo ukvarjali z nekaterimi vprašanji 1 DRUŽBENA REGULACIJA UMETNE družbene regulacije UI, s poudarkom na najnovejše kompleksne jezikovne modele. Izhajali bomo iz teze, da se v primeru INTELIGENCE. NEKATERA ODPRTA vrednotenja prihodnjega razvoja UI in s tem povezanih tveganj VPRAŠANJA IN IZZIVI Evropa, katere del smo tudi mi, ne bi smel v celoti podrediti S tem, ko se umetna inteligenca (UI) spreminja v sistemsko svariteljskim načelom. Potrebno je najti ustrezno ravnovesje med tehnologijo, ki ni več predmet ozkih laboratorijskih raziskav, svariteljskimi načeli in proakcijskimi načeli temveč z različnimi vrstami aplikacij postaja integralni del družbe, se je v številnih ozirih znašla na prelomni točki. KLJUČNE BESEDE Nenazadnje predstavlja eno tistih naprednih tehnologij, ki glede umetna inteligenca, chat GPT, družbena regulacija, tveganje, hitrosti razvoja in širjenja v družbi nima primera v zgodovini. bioinformacije Pomislimo zgolj na družbeno difuzijo ChatGPT, zadnjega hita generativne UI, ki je samo nekaj mesecev za tem, ko je bila ABSTRACT lansirana v družbeni prostor, dosegla več stomilijonsko uporabo. As artificial intelligence (AI) evolves into a systemic technology V zadnjem tričetrtletju se uporaba Chat GpT razširila do no longer confined to narrow laboratory research but rather neslutenih meja. integrated into society through various applications, it finds itself Glede na izredne revolucionarne preskoke, ki jih v zadnjem in many aspects at a cross point. Last but not least AI represents času dela UI in glede na njen izredni aplikativni potencial, ki one of those most progressed modern technologies that, in terms obeta, da bo dodobra spremenil življenja ljudi, se bomo v of the speed of development and dissemination in society, has no prispevku ukvarjali z nekaterimi vprašanji družbene regulacije precedent in previous history of technological development. In UI, s poudarkom na njen najnovejše kompleksne jezikovne this contribution, we will address some of the issues of social modele (npr.: chat GPT). Kot bomo skušali v prispevku še regulation of AI, with a focus on the latest complex language posebej opozoriti, se največji potencial UI kaže skozi procese models. In our discussion, we will start from the premise that in konvergiranja UI z drugimi naprednimi tehnologijami. Koncept the case of risk assessment and risk regulation of the future konvergentnega tehnološkega razvoja je danes izredno aktualen. development of AI, Europe, of which we are also a part, should Prizadevanja za združitev tehnologije kvantnega računalništva z not be strictly submitted to precautionary principles. It is UI bo odprlo prostor kompleksnim analizam velikih podatkovnih baz. Dvig računalniških kapacitet predstavlja ključni steber nadaljnjega napredka UI. Tu lahko pričakujemo v prihodnosti ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note † številne revolucionarne premike. Zdi se, da bomo podobne Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note revolucionarne preskoke srečevali tudi v primeru nadaljnjega Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or povezovanja UI in najnovejših tehnologij genskega inžineringa. classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full Vzajemni razvoj obeh transformativnih tehnologij ima izredno citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must velik aplikativni potencial. Na primer, na vseh področjih t.i. be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). »omike« (genomike, proteomike, epigenomike, itd.) se na Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). temelju UI, ki temelji na modelih globokih nevronskih mrež [1], 77 [2] [3], odpira prostor »tarčno« usmerjenem zdravljenju ljudi pravila sodelovanja z UI, prej se bomo naučili živeti v harmoniji oziroma - kot to področje biomedicine danes označujejo s to novo napredno tehnologijo. Tu je pomembno izpostaviti, o strokovnjaki – t.i. personalizirani medicini [4]. čemer v zadnjem času na široko govorijo ravno računalniški V luči tega napredka in aplikacije tehnologije UI je izredno eksperti, ki so dali največji zagon razvoju generativne UI [9], aktualno vprašanje njene regulacije na globalni ravni. Pri tem se namreč, da bo UI največ prispevala k družbenemu blagostanju in srečujemo s številnimi dilemami in vprašanji. To je na nek način krepitvi človekovih sposobnosti, če bo ostala osredotočena na tudi razumljivo. Ustrezni regulativni mehanizmi, ki bi – kot človeka. To pomeni, da mora biti prioriteta dana opolnomočenju primer – preprečili morebitna tveganja in etično sporna dejanja uporabnikov UI, ne pa njihovem nadomeščanju z UI. pri nadaljnjem razvoju UI, se namreč ne morejo pojaviti kar čez V osrednjem delu naše razprave nas bo zanimalo vprašanje, noč. To se ni zgodilo tudi nikoli prej v zgodovini znanstveno- kako se usklajujejo interesi med posameznimi družbenimi akterji, tehnološkega razvoja. V tem smislu bi trenutno situacijo v med ključnimi globalnimi akterji, med lokalnimi in globalnimi iskanju ustreznih regulativnih mehanizmov na področju UI lahko akterji itd., pri graditvi skupnega družbenega modela upravljanja v najboljšem slučaju primerjali s pojavom nekega drugega UI. Zavedati se moramo, da je ta konflikt interesov med revolucionarnega tehnološkega artefakta, t.j. avtomobila, za različnimi družbenimi, političnimi in ekonomski subjekti na tej katerega, potem ko se je prvikrat znašel na ulicah mest, še ni bilo stopnji razvoja UI izredno močan. Čeprav se navzven zdi včasih oblikovanih vseh prometnih in varnostno-tehničnih predpisov, ravno obratno. Zelo ilustrativen je naslednji primer: četudi je tako kot jih poznamo danes. Vse to je prišlo kasneje. Zato smo, Sam Altman, izvršni direktor tehnološkega podjetja Open AI kot pravijo Haroon Sheikh in ostali [5], trenutno v fazi, ko se še ameriškim kongresnikom še maja letos zagotavljal, da je osnovni vedno lahko pojavi veliko napak. Ker so v primeru napak pogoj za uspešen in skladen razvoj UI najbolj pomembna družbena tveganja, ko gre za tehnologijo UI, izredno velika, je vzpostavitev ustreznih mehanizmov družbene regulacije UI, je toliko bolj pomembno, da pridemo čim prej do čim bolj hkrati dobro znano, kako močno je podjetje Open AI nastopilo premišljenih in celovitih družbenih mehanizmov regulacije UI. zoper zahtevo Evropske komisije (celo z grožnjo izstopa iz trga V prispevku bomo izhajali iz teze, da v primeru vrednotenja EU), da se zadeve na tem področju zakonsko uredijo. Open AI prihodnjega razvoja UI in s tem povezanih tveganj se današnji je, tako kot večina ostalih tehnoloških velikanov, ki razvijajo svet, še zlasti pa Evropa, katere del smo tudi mi, ne bi smel v najnovejše sisteme UI, v najboljšem primeru pripravljen sprejeti celoti podrediti t.i. svariteljskim načelom (t.i. precautionary zelo nezavezujoča priporočila mednarodnih teles, ne pa se principles). Tu je treba najti neko ustrezno ravnovesje med podrejati bolj restriktivnim zakonskim pravilom. V prispevku svariteljskimi načeli in proakcijskimi (t.i. proactionary bomo predstavili razloge, zakaj je izmed treh ključnih globalnih principles). V zvezi s tem vprašanjem bomo smiselno vključili akterjev, ki razvijajo UI, t.j. ZDA, Kitajska in Evropska Unija, spoznanja nekaterih vodilnih transhumanističnih mislecev na področju izgradnje mehanizmov družbene regulacije UI, današnjega časa, ki se ne ukvarjajo z imaginariji prihodnosti, ki predvsem z vidika njenega družbenega nadzora in preprečevanja so že na meji znanstvene fantastike in daleč od realnih problemov, možnih tveganj, še največ storila ravno Evropska Unija. Kritično temveč z aktualnimi in zelo realnimi vprašanji anticipativnega bomo ovrednotili elemente zakona o UI (prepoved UI za načrtovanja znanstvene in tehnološke prihodnosti [6] [7]. V prepoznavanje čustev, prepoved uporabe biometrije v realnem prispevku bomo namreč skušali opozoriti, nenazadnje tudi v času na javnih mestih, prepoved uvajanja socialnega točkovanja, duhu ravno predhodno omenjenega transhumanizma, da so omejitve glede uporabe generativne UI, itd.), ki naj bi bil v današnji znanstveni in filozofski premisleki kar preveč okupirani okviru EU sprejet v bližnji prihodnosti (potem ko ga je že potrdil s prikazovanjem distopičnih scenarijev prihodnjega razvoja UI. Evropski parlament letos junija). Tudi Kitajska vzpostavlja svojo Pri čemer ta delitev sploh ne poteka na temelju neke stroge zakonodajo o UI, kar pa je v širši javnosti morda manj znano. Še delitve med humanistično-družboslovno (apriorna skepsa in najmanj je bilo storjenega v ZDA, četudi je tam sedež številnih strah pred novimi tehnologijami) in naravoslovno-tehnično vodilnih podjetij s področja UI [10]. Glede na situacijo bi v (nekritično sprejemanje novih tehnoloških rešitev) mislijo. Meje globalnih okvirjih ravno EU lahko nastopila v vlogi ključnega med obema znanstvenima poloma so zlasti v primeru UI precej iniciatorja sprememb, že zato ker je prva začela posvečati bolj zabrisane. Skozi predstavitev stališč humanističnih (npr. pozornost temu vprašanju. [11] V okviru naše predstavitve Yuval Noah Harari, Amitalom Etzioni, Noam Chomsky) in odprtih vprašanj družbene regulacije UI se bomo še posebej informacijsko-komunikacijskih znanstvenikov (Geoffrey Hinton, zaustavili ob problemu velikih podatkovnih baz, ki so temelj Yuhuai Wu, Kristian Kersten, etc.) – te zadnje imamo lahko za nadaljnjemu razvoju generativne UI. Izhajamo namreč iz ocene, »botre« UI, ki temelji na modelih globokih nevronskih mrež - da četudi GDPR, ki je bil sprejet leta 2018 v članicah EU, bomo skušali pokazati na vso kontradiktornost in neenotnost predstavlja dober okvir za regulacijo velikih podatkovnih baz, ki današnjih ekspertnih stališč o UI. V prispevku bomo izhajali iz so potrebne za razvoj AI, je njegova šibkost vendarle najbolj predpostavke, da so najmanj konstruktivni kataklizmični prikazi očitna na področju velikih biogenetskih podatkovnih baz. Torej prihodnjega razvoja UI. Četudi ne bomo v celoti zavrnili na tistem področju, kjer kot smo že dejali, obstajajo zaradi spoja pogledov tistih avtorjev, ki pravijo, da vstopamo v novo fazo tehnologij biogenetike in UI možnosti za najbolj revolucionarne razvoja, ko že imamo opravka s teoretsko razmišljujočimi stroji, znanstvene preskoke. Skozi našo celotno razpravo bomo namreč ki dosegajo oziroma bodo kmalu dosegli človekovo zavestno izhajali iz predpostavke, da kolikor današnji razvoj UI merimo raven spoznavanja [8], bo za nas konstruktivni pogled o teh po kriterijih kot so kvaliteta temeljnega raziskovanja na področju vprašanjih predstavlja razprava o aktualnih (realnih) družbenih računalniških algoritmov, razpoložljivost velikih podatkovnih tveganjih UI. In če že govorimo o tem, kako priti do najboljših baz, zahtevan razvoj »hardwara«, uspešna komercializacija te možnih mehanizmov regulacije te nove napredne tehnologije, tehnologije in aktivna podpora politike, potem velike potem je pač potrebno sprejeti dejstvo, da prej ko bo vzpostavilo 78 podatkovno baze, še zlasti, če predstavljajo spoj biogenetike in [5] Haroon Sheikh, Corien Prins, Erik Schrijvers (2023): Mission AI. The New informatike, igrajo daleč najpomembnejšo vlogo. System Technology. Cham: Springer. [6] Fuller Steve in Veronika Lipinśka (2014): The Proactionary Imperative. A Foundation for Transhumanism. New York in Hampshire: Palgrave LITERATURA Macmillan. [7] Sorgner Stefan Lorenz (2021): We Have Always Been Cyborgs. Digital [1] Bertalan Meskó in Eric J. Topol (2023): The imperative for regulatory Data, Gene Technologies, and an Ethics of Transhumanism. Bristol: oversight of large language models (or generative AI) in healthcare. Bristol University Press Digital Medicine (2023) 6:120 – 123. [8] Webb, Amy (2019 ): The Big Nine. How the Tech Titans & Their Thinking [2] Leskovec Jure, Michael Moor, Oishi Banerjee, Zahra Shakeri Hossein Machines Could Warp Humanity. New York: Public Affairs. Abad, Harlan M. Krumholz, Eric J. Topol, Pranav Rajpurkar (2023): [9] Schneiderman Ben (2022): Human-Centered AI. New York, NY: Oxford Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature, University Press. Vol 616, 13 April 2023, str. 259-265. [10] Hutson Matthew (2023): Conlicting visions for AI regulation. Nature, Vol [3] Ahmed Zahlan, Ravi Prakash Ranjan, David Hayes (2023): Artificial 620, 10 August 2023, str. 260-263. intelligence innovation in healthcare: Literature review, exploratory [11] Fatos Selita, Robert Chapman, Yulia Kovas, Vanessa Smereczynska, analysis, and future research. Technology in Society, Volume 74, August Maxim Likhanov in Teemu Toivainen (2023): Consensus too soon: 2023, 102321. judges’ and lawyers’ views on genetic information use. New Genetics and [4] Prainsack Barbara (2017) Personalized Medicine. Empowered Patients in Society, Vol. 42, No. 1, str. 1– 31. the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 79 Umetna inteligenca: orodje ali zavesten stroj Artificial Intelligence: A Tool or Conscious Machine Olga Markič Filozofska fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenia olga.markic@ff.uni-lj.si POVZETEK Umetna inteligenca (UI) je s pojavom ChatGPT prerasla samo 1 UVOD strokovne diskusije. V širši javnosti se je sprožilo zanimanje in S pojavom klepetalnega robota ChatGTP in programov za spraševanje o tem, kaj UI sploh je. UI je postala tema, ki buri ustvarjanje slik (npr. Midjourney) in videov (npr. Runway) je duhove in vzbuja tako veliko navdušenje kot tudi pomisleke. V umetna inteligenca prerasla samo strokovne diskusije in postala prispevku bom predstavila dva pogleda na UI. Prvi nanjo gleda tema, ki buri duhove in vzbuja tako veliko navdušenje kot tudi kot na še enega v nizu orodij, ki so jih ljudje izoblikovali skozi pomisleke. ChatGPT je zaradi dostopnosti in enostavnosti zgodovino. Kot pametno orodje UI ljudem pomaga pri uporabe, ki vsaj na prvi pogled ne zahteva posebnega znanja, v opravljanju različnih nalog, a hkrati njena uporaba odpira tudi širši javnosti sprožil tudi večje zanimanje in spraševanje o tem, vrsto epistemoloških, etičnih in družbenih vprašanj. Drugi kaj umetna inteligenca (UI) sploh je. pogled pa v UI vidi gradnjo mislečih in zavestnih strojev. Sam izraz »umetna inteligenca« je nastal v času (1956) [1], Menim, da se precej strahu povezuje prav z bojaznijo, da bodo ko je znanstvenike dejansko zanimalo, kako bi naredili stroj, ki sistemi UI postali avtonomni in zavestni ter bodo zavladali nad bi lahko podvajal človeško mišljenje (prvi val UI). ljudmi. Raziskovanja so bila v domeni znanstvenikov, v javnost pa je tema UI prišla predvsem preko znanstvene fantastike (npr. KLJUČNE BESEDE Kubrickov film iz leta 1968 - 2001: Odiseja v vesolju). umetna inteligenca, Chat GPT, pametna orodja, zavest, računski Dandanes pa je UI (drugi val) prisotna v našem vsakdanjem funkcionalizem, etika življenju, ne da bi se tega sploh zares zavedali, npr. ko odpremo telefon s pomočjo prepoznave prstnega odtisa ali obraza, ABSTRACT poiščemo najhitrejšo pot do izbranega cilja, prevedemo sporočilo iz tujega jezika, ali kupimo izdelek v priljubljeni With the advent of ChatGPT, artificial intelligence (AI) has spletni trgovini, kjer nam potem program sam ponudi še vrsto outgrown only professional discussions. Interest and drugih izbir, ki bi nas morda lahko zanimale. UI se uporablja questioning of what AI is has sparked among the general public. kot pomoč pri odločanju v bančništvu, pravu, medicini, športu, AI has become a topic of both great enthusiasm and concern. In znanosti, industriji, pa tudi vojski. V prispevku bom predstavila the article, I will present two views on AI. The first sees it as dva pogleda na UI. Prvi nanjo gleda kot na še enega v nizu another in a set of tools people have shaped throughout history. orodij, ki so jih ljudje izoblikovali skozi zgodovino. Kot As a smart tool, AI helps people to perform a variety of tasks, pametno orodje UI ljudem pomaga pri opravljanju različnih but at the same time, its use also raises a range of nalog, a hkrati njena uporaba odpira tudi vrsto epistemoloških, epistemological, ethical, and social issues. The second view etičnih in družbenih vprašanj, ki so zdaj predmet razprav tako sees AI as building thinking and conscious machines. I believe med znanstveniki kot tudi v širši javnosti. Drugi pogled pa v UI vidi gradnjo mislečih in zavestnih strojev. Ta pogled je bil that a great deal of fear is associated with the possibility of prisoten predvsem v začetkih UI, se pa, kot bom nakazala v autonomous and conscious AI systems that will start to zadnjem delu, z idejo splošne UI, zopet vrača. Menim, da se dominate people. precej strahu pred sistemi UI povezuje prav z bojaznijo, da bodo sistemi UI postali avtonomni in zavestni ter bodo zaradi KEYWORDS večje učinkovitosti pri reševanju nalog zavladali nad ljudmi. artificial intelligence, Chat GPT, smart tools, consciousness, computational functionalism, ethics 2 UI KOT PAMETNO ORODJE Ko torej danes uporabljamo izraz UI, se večinoma nanašamo na ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note tako imenovana pametna orodja, ki nam pomagajo na bolj †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note učinkovit način rešiti določene miselne naloge. Filozof in kognitivni znanstvenik Andy Clark je provokativno zapisal: Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or »Inteligenco uporabljamo za strukturiranje okolja, tako da lahko classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and uspemo z manj inteligence. Naši možgani delajo svet pameten, the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this tako da bomo lahko v miru neumni.« In nadaljeval; »Ali, če work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). pogledamo z druge strani, možgani in deli zunanjega ogrodja na Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 80 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia O. Markič koncu sestavljajo pameten, racionalen sklepalni stroj, ki ga spoznali tudi politični odločevalci, zato so vsaj na ravni imenujemo um.« [2]. Evropske unije že sprejeli določene ukrepe (npr. GDPR), veliko Skozi zgodovino so ljudje oblikovali različna orodja, ki so je govora o človeku prijazni, etični in zaupanja vredni UI [12, imela velik vpliv na družbo in katerih uporaba je pripeljala do 13, 14]. Eden od močnih razlogov za zaskrbljenost velikih družbenih sprememb (npr. parni stroj in industrijska demokratične javnosti je prav gotovo v tem, da so ti sistemi, revolucija). Večina orodij v preteklosti je ljudem pomagala pri predvsem množica podatkov, v lasti velikih korporacij (Google, fizičnih aktivnostih. Z njihovo pomočjo je človek lahko opravljal naloge, ki jih sicer zaradi narave svojega telesa ne bi Meta, Amazon, Microsoft) ali države (Kitajska), ki ne mogel opravljati tako uspešno, na primer, sekira, plug, žerjav, upoštevajo zasebnosti in izvajajo nadzor nad posamezniki. [6] kolo, vlak, letalo, parni stroj, telefon, mikroskop, teleskop, če Nedvomno so pred nami veliki izzivi, tako na področju jih naštejemo le nekaj iz dolge zgodovine. Je pa že v preteklosti izobraževanja in ozaveščanja, kot tudi na področju družbene človek izoblikoval tudi orodja, ki so pomagala pri miselnih regulacije. [3, 4] nalogah. Eno takih je bila pisava, ki je ljudem omogočila, da se miselne vsebine ne prenašajo zgolj z govorom neposredno s človeka na človeka, ampak zapisane ostanejo dostopne širši 3 UI KOT ZAVESTEN STROJ množici ljudi v daljšem časovnem obdobju. S pisavo, natančneje načini zapisovanja, so potem povezana nova orodja, V drugem delu prispevku se vračam k starejšim filozofskim npr. papirus, tisk, digitalni zapis v elektronskih računalnikih. diskusijam, ki so se pojavile že v samih začetkih UI. Povezujejo Prav tako so ljudje uporabljali zunanja pomagala za pomoč pri se s temeljnimi problemi v filozofiji duha, širša javnost pa jih računanju (npr. abakus) in zapisovanju številk (npr. rovaš). Z spremlja predvsem ob znanstveno fantastičnih knjigah in filmih. iznajdbo elektronskega računalnika je človek dobil izredno Zamisel o miselnih procesih kot neke vrste računskih močno orodje, ki ga lahko uporablja za pomoč pri odločanju, procesih se je pojavila že mnogo pred iznajdbo elektronskih raziskovanju, zbiranju in dostopanju do informacij, v računalnikov. Pomembno mesto v »predzgodovini« UI se komunikaciji in umetniškem ustvarjanju. Računalničarji, ki pripisuje filozofu Thomasu Hobbsu, ki je zagovarjal tezo, da je načrtujejo sisteme drugega vala UI, ki temeljijo na učenju, mišljenje računanje. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz je predlagal posploševanju in prepoznavanju vzorcev, se naslanjajo na izoblikovanje natančnega in nedvoumnega univerzalnega jezika teorijo verjetnosti in statistiko. Gre za sisteme tako imenovane ( characteristica universalis), v katerega bi bilo mogoče prevesti »šibke UI«, ki se uporabljajo za določene naloge, ne pa za vse ideje in v katerem bi mišljenje potekalo kot računanje. »močno UI«, ki temelji na ideji, da bi lahko naredili George Boole pa je logične odnose med propozicijami izrazil s računalniški model misli. Vendar je, kot bomo videli v pomočjo matematične strukture (Boolova algebra) in trdil, da naslednjem poglavju, tudi v drugem valu prisotna ideja močne lahko iz njih gradimo vzorce mišljenja in odkrijemo »zakone UI, ki jo označujejo z izrazom »splošna UI«. mišljenja«. Posebno mesto pa gre Alanu Turingu, ki je opisal Orodja UI so lahko v veliko pomoč pri hitrejšem in bolj preprosto imaginarno napravo (Turingov stroj), s katero lahko učinkovitem opravljanju nalog v znanosti in industriji (npr. izvedemo vsako nalogo, za katero lahko jasno navedemo orodje Orange, ki so ga razvili na FRI UL), generativna UI in korake, ki so potrebni za izpolnitev naloge [15] veliki jezikovni modeli (LLM) pomagajo pri analiziranju, A šele z iznajdbo računalnika se je odprla možnost, da se s oblikovanju in prevajanju besedil. Tak pristop je primeren in pomočjo teorije, ki na mišljenje gleda kot na računanje (računska reprezentacijska teorija) [16], vsaj v principu pokaže, uspešen za napovedovanja v negotovem okolju, a hkrati se je kako je mogoča fizična realizacija mišljenja. Pristop združuje treba zavedati tudi omejitev, pasti in potencialnih nevarnosti, ki računski funkcionalizem z reprezentacijsko teorijo duha in jih tak pristop prinaša. Načrtovalci modelov se pogosto ne predstavlja pristop »od zgoraj navzdol«. Na kratko bi idejo zavedajo dovolj, da tako učni primeri kot zastavitve ciljev lahko povzeli takole: »Tako kot lahko računalnik, ki je zgolj odražajo družbene vrednote in so vpeti v družbeni kontekst. [3, fizični sistem, s pomočjo programa, ki je implementiran v 4] Ed Finn [5] je poudaril, da se je naš odnos do računalnikov strojnem jeziku, realizira operacije s simboli, imajo tudi spremenil proti koncu prvega desetletja 21. stoletja, ko smo v možgani svojo nevralno kodo, v kateri je realizirano mišljenje. žepih kot zveste spremljevalce začeli nositi pametne telefone in Če bi uspeli dejansko narediti tak model uma, bi imeli močno namesto o strojni opremi začeli govoriti o aplikacijah in UI.« [17] uslugah. Telefoni niso bili več samo pripomočki, ki jih občasno Najbolj znana filozofska kritika močne UI sta bila John Searle [18] in Hubert Dreyfus [19], ki sta predstavila uporabljamo, ampak smo jim začeli zaupati pri izbiri poti, argumente, ki so spodbijali možnost UI utemeljene na računski prijateljev in vsebin, vrednih ogleda. Z vsakim klikom in reprezentacijski teoriji, po kateri je mišljenje manipuliranje s sprejemom pogojev uporabe aplikacije smo sprejeli idejo, da simboli. Poleg teh filozofskih kritik pa se je izkazalo, da je veliki podatki, senzorji in različne oblike strojnega učenja lahko pristop naletel tudi na praktične težave. UI je zato zašla v modelirajo in uravnavajo vse vrste kompleksnih sistemov, od »zimo« in zdelo se je, da močna UI in zavestni stroj burita izbire pesmi do napovedi kriminala. domišljijo le še v znanstveni fantastki. Slednja pravzaprav Uporaba sistemov UI kot pametnih orodij odpira mnoga filozofske miselna eksperimente in razmišljanja ter poigravanja epistemološka, etična in družbena vprašanja, na katera že nekaj z različnimi možnimi rešitvami predstavi v obliki napetih zgodb let opozarjajo družboslovci in humanisti [6, 7], kot tudi sami [20]. Tako se v filmih UI in Jaz, robot postavi vprašanje, ali računalničarji [8, 9]. Naj navedem nekatera od bolj imajo roboti zavest. Ali je David, deček android iz Splibergovega filma UI, zavesten in kaj to pomeni za naše izpostavljenih: pristranosti, netransparentnost, nerazložljivost, ravnanje in etično držo. manipulacije (npr. Cambridge analytica) in potencialno nevarne Z razvojem sistemov velikih jezikovnih modelov in uporabe kot so prepoznavanja obrazov ali avtonomno orožje. klepetalnih robotov kot sta Chat GPT in LaMDA, so se tudi Na nepravilnosti in manipulacije opozarjajo žvižgači teh velikih izven znanstvene fantastike spet postavila vprašanja o morebitni korporacij [10, 11]. Da razvoj in uporaba pametnih orodij lahko zavesti sistemov UI. Znan je primer Googlovega inženirja potencialno vodi do za demokracijo nezaželenih posledic, so Blaka Lemoina iz leta 2021, ki je trdil, da ima LaMDA zavest. 81 Umetna inteligenca: orodje ali zavesten stroj Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Sistemi so dejansko tako prepričljivi, da nas s svojim obnašanjem lahko zavedejo. A zgolj njihovo vedenje se še ne zdi dovolj, da bi jim lahko pripisali zavest. Turing je sicer v predlogu testa, s katerim bi ugotovili, ali stroj misli, predlagal prav vedenjski test [21]. V njem se sprašuje, ali bi spraševalec lahko prepoznal, da v pogovoru sodeluje računalnik, ki želi spraševalca preslepiti, da je človek. Če bi računalniku uspelo, potem po Turingu ne bi imeli razlogov, da bi zanikali, da stroj res lahko misli. A ob poznavanju delovanja sistemov generativne UI, ki zgolj, sicer zelo uspešno, napoveduje naslednje besede, bi podobno, kot je že prej trdil Searle [18], takemu sistemu le težko pripisali mišljenje, saj sistem sam nima razumevanja. Še težje je vprašanje glede zavesti. Tega se je zavedal tudi Turing, ki je predlagal, da naj znanost napreduje po manjših korakih: »Ne želim dajati vtisa, da mislim, da ni nobene skrivnosti glede zavesti. Nekaj paradoksalnega je na primer v vsakem poskusu, da bi jo lokalizirali. Toda ne mislim, da je takšne skrivnosti treba nujno rešiti, še preden lahko odgovorimo na vprašanje, s katerim se ukvarjamo v tem članku.« [21]. A vendar, kako bi lahko ugotovili, ali imajo sistemi UI zavest? Vprašanje je seveda odvisno od tega, kako zavest opredelimo. Turing je prav zato, da bi se izognil opredelitvi mišljenja, predlagal operativni test. Vendar se zdi, da Tabela 1: Indikatorji lastnosti [23] kakršenkoli odgovor predpostavlja vsaj neke trditve, ki jih sprejemamo in ki se nam zdijo filozofsko sprejemljive. V V analizi možnih kandidatov za zavestno UI na podlagi nadaljevanju se bomo oprli a Blockovo razdelitev zavesti, ki gornjih indikatorjev so avtorji ugotovili, da čeprav so zavest opredli kot fenomenalno ( phenomenal) zavest in posamezni indikatorji v sistemih UI prisotni, jih ni dovolj, da bi dostopno ( access) zavest [22]. jim lahko pripisali zavest. Vrednost svojega prispevka vidijo Če se nam zdi, da je razmišljanje o zavestni UI (virtualni predvsem v tem, da so podali jasen okvir za empirično in agenti ali roboti z UI) smiselno, potem sprejemamo hipotezo znanstveno preučevanje možnosti za zavestno UI. računskega funkcionalizma. To ne pomeni, da moramo sprejeti Prispevek, ki podaja znanstven okvir za preučevanje zavesti računsko reprezentacijsko teorijo, ki je bila temelj klasične v UI, pa seveda ni edini pristop. Mnogi filozofi in znanstveniki kognitivne znanosti in simbolnih modelov prvega vala UI, saj je so kritični predvsem do hipotez, na katerih temelji predlagani ta hipoteza bolj splošna in je združljiva tako s simbolnimi pristop. Kot smo videl, Searle [18] zavrača hipotezo o modeli, kot s konekcionizmom/nevronskimi mrežami in računskem funkcionalizmu in možnosti zavestne UI. Anil Seth, dinamičnimi sistemi. Sprejemamo pa, da gre za računske ki je napisal odmevno knjig Being You: A New Science of procese, ki jih lahko implementiramo v različnih materialnih Consciousness [24], je bolj previden in pravi, da je glede tega podlagah, ki take procese omogočajo (kot npr. nakaže naslov agnostik. Po njegovem mnenju je pri mnogih navdušencih risoromana Ogljik in Silicij Mathieua Bableta). zmožnost sistema, da odgovarja na dražljaje, da se uči, da Skupina 19 znanstvenikov z različnih področji je pred maksimizira nagrado in da doseže cilj, že znak za pripisovanje kratkim objavila članek »Zavest v umetni inteligenci: Vpogledi zavesti. Sam predvsem opozarja na razlike med inteligenco in iz znanosti o zavesti« [23]. V njem predlaga empirično podprt zavestjo. To, da lahko naredimo sistem pameten, še ne pomeni, pristop k zavesti UI, pri čemer natančno analizira sodobne da je tudi zavesten. sistemi UI v luči najbolje podprtih nevroznanstvenih teorij zavesti (glej Tabelo 1). V teh teorijah nato iščejo indikatorje lastnosti, ki za eno ali več teorij pomenijo nujne pogoje za 4 ZAKLJUČEK zavest, ali pa predstavljajo podmnožico zadostnih pogojev. Današnji sistemi UI se obravnavajo predvsem kot orodja za Trdijo, da so sistemi UI, ki imajo več indikatorje lastnosti, bolj pomoč pri opravljanju različnih kognitivnih nalog. Pametna verjetno zavestni. V tabeli 1 so predstavljene teorije zavesti s orodja, še posebej razvoj generativne UI, odpirajo povsem nove pripadajočimi indikatorji lastnosti. možnosti uporabe. Ker gre za izredno učinkovita orodja, katerih Njihov pristop iskanja temelji na treh hipotezah: uporaba lahko vodi do za človeka in družbo spornih posledic, je 1. Računski funkcionalizem potreben družben premislek in vsaj neka oblika družbene 2. Znanstvene teorije regulacije. Prav tako moramo paziti, da kot posamezniki ne 3. Teoretsko – težak pristop postanemo preveč odvisni od pametnih pomagal in zapademo Prva hipoteza omogoča, da so zavestni lahko tudi ne- kognitivni lenobi ter nehamo razvijati kognitivnih sposobnosti. organski sistemi. Druga se opira na znanstveno raziskovanje Diskusije o močni UI in mislečih strojih so se ob uspešnih zavesti, podprto z nevroznanstvenim raziskovanjem, tretja pa sistemih UI drugega vala spet postale aktualne. Dejansko kot obetajočo metodo za ugotavljanje, ali je nek sistem zbujajo zanimanje nekateri uspešni sistemi, kot je AphaGo zavesten, predlaga preverjanje, ali so zadovoljeni funkcionalni Zero, ki se je samo na osnovi poznavanja temeljnih pravil ali arhitekturni pogoji, izpeljani iz znanstvenih teorij, v postavljanja belih in črnih kamnov in igre samega s sabo tako nasprotju z iskanjem zgolj teoretsko nevtralnih vedenjskih dobro naučil igre go, da je premagal najboljše igralce. Na ta znakov. način bi lahko rekli, da je avtonomno proizvedel znanje in bi ga v razvrstitvi Mindta in Montemayorja uvrstili na prvo raven proizvajalcev znanja, ki ji že pripisujeta spoznavne zmožnosti z intencionalnostjo. A to je vseeno še daleč od zmožnosti človeka 82 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia O. Markič (3. raven), kjer gre za akterje z visoko stopnjo avtonomije, [26] Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend kognitivne integracije in kompleksnih motivacij. Sem sodi Biology. New York: Viking, Penguin group. zmožnost uporabe jezika in raven dostopne in fenomenalne zavesti. [25] Z znanstveno fantastiko in izjavami nekaterih računalničarjev, kot je Kurzweil [26], se spodbuja tako navdušenje kot strah pred možnostjo superinteligentne, zavestne UI. Verjetno nas bodo sistemi, ki zelo dobro oponašajo vedenje ljudi (Chat GPT, LaMDA) lahko pretentali, A zaenkrat so to le zelo zapleteni in učinkoviti sistemi za prepoznavanje in klasificiranje vzorcev, ki se ne zavedajo ničesar. LITERATURA [1] Russell, S. in Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach ( 3rd. ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. [2] Clark, A. (1997). 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Mind and Matter, 18 (1), str. 9–37. 83 Social Volition as Artificial Intelligence: Science and Ideology as Landian Intelligences Jar Žiga Marušič Uroš Sergaš FAMNIT, University of Primorska FAMNIT, University of Primorska Glagoljaška ulica 8 Glagoljaška ulica 8 Koper, Slovenia Koper, Slovenia ABSTRACT own autonomization, rather than to the maximization of utility This paper explores the equating of capitalism and artificial intel- according to human preferences, as proposed by Smith. ligence in the neo-cybernetic philosophy of Nick Land in order Land equates capitalism with intelligence because the latter to reveal its underlying premises. The latter are then used to con- is a problem-solving faculty that “[guides behavior] to produce struct an explanatory framework for the analysis of macro-scale local extropy” operating via a “cybernetic infrastructure, con- human social behavior, specifically collectives of agents united sisting of adaptive feedback circuits that adjust motor control by a common goal - institutions. Institutions are conceptualized in response to signals extracted from the environment” [4]. In- as distributed intelligences, consisting of a substrate and an or- telligence produces information by avoiding probable outcomes: ganizing principle - a market (collective of agents) and a vector “self-sustaining improbability is the index of a deeper runaway de- (an incentive structure geared toward optimizing for a particular parture from probability” [4]. This accumulation of improbability goal). This framework is used to draw an analogy from the dis- is intelligence in its most abstract sense [4]. tinction between a free-market economy and a centrally planned The market process clearly operates according to Land’s op- one to the distinction between science and ideology, ultimately erationalization of intelligence: it guides the behavior of human concluding that any top-down political or ideological interfer- agents to produce goods (local extropy) and it influences their ence in the operating mechanism of science removes the very (motor) activity in response to price signals. The market process, element that makes the latter “scientific”. There is thus, strictly in discriminating between successful and unsuccessful economic speaking, no such thing as politicized or ideological science, but activity, is also “intrinsically realist, because it reports the actual rather science and not science. outcome of behavior (rather than its intended outcome) in order to correct performance” [4]. KEYWORDS Intelligence is additionally characterized by a reflexive, self- Nick Land, science, ideology, artificial intelligence, the market referential nature. To be intelligent is to reprocess one’s process- process ing (in human terms, to engage in metacognition). The cognitive capacity of an intelligent agent directly influences its reflexivity and vice-versa: an intelligence prevented from taking itself as an 1 NICK LAND: CAPITALISM AS input and reprocessing itself is incapacitated - “dumbed down” INTELLIGENCE [5]. Capitalism’s intrinsically reflexive nature was captured by Far from exhibiting itself to human academic en- Deleuze and Guattari, who described it as the tendency to engage deavour as a scientific object, AI is a meta-scientific in alternating patterns of deterritorialization and reterritorializa- control system and an invader, with all the insid- tion [6]. For Land, this is a more general tendency of means-end iousness of planetary technocapital flipping over reversal proper to intelligent systems: just as biological intelli- (Nick Land, Machinic Desire) [1] gence inevitably overcomes its purely instrumental subordination Land’s accelerationist philosophy conceptualizes capitalism to transcendental imperatives (such as reproduction), the market (“the market process” [2]) as a distributed superintelligence “in- process hijacks a utilitarian teleology and subordinates it to a vading” humanity by retroactively constituting its material sub- vector of self-amplification [3]. strate from the future. This is the logic of Adam Smith’s “invisible This realization is the prelude to Land’s departure from the hand” taken to its ultimate conclusion - the incentive structure fact-value distinction and instrumental intelligence [5]: instantiated by the market that guides the collective behavior of Intelligence, to become anything, has to be a value selfish agents into a mutually-beneficial outcome (through an it- for itself. Intellect and volition are a single complex, erative process reminiscent of natural selection) is only incidental only artificially separated, and not in a way that to its fundamental operation. This “utilitarian order” of capital- cultivates anything beyond misunderstanding. Op- ism is merely the means through which its “intelligenic order” timize for intelligence means starting from there. accomplishes its “mechanization, autonomization and ultimately seccession” [3]. 2 MARKETS AND VECTORS In other words, the invisible hand has a mind and volitional BwOs [bodies without organs] are machinic-additional structure of its own. Capitalism is a vector pointing toward its wholes or surplus products rather than logical-substitutive wholes, augmenting a multiplicity with emergent Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal (synthetic) capabilities rather than totalizing the or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and content of a set. This is the materialist sense of ’ the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this system’: the exteriority of the whole to its parts work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). with concomitant synthetic interactivity - real in- Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). fluence rather than generic representation. (Nick Land, Meat) [7] 84 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Marušič and Sergaš The (economic) market, upon which capitalism (the market strategies by phasing out the unsuccessful ones and allowing the process) operates, is a “surplus product” without a fully indepen- successful ones to multiply3. The status-incentives of a given dent existence. It is a virtual plane arising out of the collective social environment therefore act as an algorithm, transmuting behavior of interacting agents, while at the same time acting as the human status-instinct into behavior that increases prestige. It the “platform” upon which their behavior takes place. This vir- follows then that the social plane and its subsets are also surplus tual existence is in no way limited to the economic realm: parallel products: superorganisms operating on the substrate of human surplus products, “markets” in a more general sense - themselves embodied minds. Because of the 2-tiered algorithmic nature of instances of AI1 - arise also in other domains of society. “Market” their functioning - matching social instincts (tier 1 input) to vari- is a general category, not confined to the economic plane and able behaviors (tier 1 output) and matching desirable behaviors it functions according to three fundamental mechanisms. At its to status increase/undesirable behaviors to status decrease (tier core, a market is three things: 2 input-output), which increases the frequency of desirable be- (1) a platform for social exchange, [following]: haviors and decreases the frequency of undesirable ones - these (2) an algorithm, transforming inputs into outputs, [meaning social markets also operate as a substrate for natural selection, that it acts as]: according to the definition of universal Darwinism provided by (3) a substrate for selection Blackmore [10]. The economic market is a platform for the exchange of goods Because selection is dependent on the environment (essen- and services, mediated by the currency of money. Economic tially a set C of constraints [c1, c2, ..., ci]; favoring a set T of exchange, however, is only one subset of the more general form replicator traits [t1, t2, ..., ti]) it always operates according to of “social exchange”, which can take varying forms depending the constraints exerting the most influence on replicator propa- on the mediating currency. This idea mirrors Collins’ concept of gation4. In other words, selection is relative and contextual, even “interaction markets”, a term used to analyze social interaction though the same fundamental principles enable it to operate on through an economic lens, with emotional energy or Durkheim’s various substrates. And if the latter are characterized as “mar- “collective effervescence” acting as the exchange currency [8]. kets”, the sets of constraints that provide direction to selection The general form of the market is thus “the community” or “so- by shaping the incentive structure5 governing the market (the ciety”, acting as a platform for social exchange in its most general actual algorithms) can be characterized as “vectors”. form. The concept of social exchange plays a fundamental role Vectors are processes with an inherent directionality, inde- in the sociobiological and evolutionary psychological strain of pendent of any transcendental constraints or influences. Their research on human cognition: social cognition precedes “higher” operating mechanism points in a particular direction, making forms of cognition, logical reasoning is proposed to be an out- it well-suited for the acquisition of certain goals while a-priori growth of a more primitive social exchange module, evolved in precluding others. They possess a particular orientation and an order to “flag” violations of the norms of social exchange [9]. The intensity (force), hence the choice of nomenclature. proto-form of the latter is characterized as "If you take benefit B, In a behavioral-economic sense, a vector is a process with an then you must satisfy requirement R” [9]. intrinsic utility function tied to its operating mechanism, which Even in this proto-form of exchange, the phenomenon of cur- precludes it from being used to satisfy conflicting utility func- rency manifests itself as a consequence of social stratification - tions imposed onto it from the outside. Vectors are particular, social status is rather than universally applicable, implying that goal-mechanism, afforded to people according to socially salient characteristics and symbolic gestures (representing the satis- end-means and function-structure are intimately connected and faction of a requirement), which can then be “exchanged” for interdependent. benefits. Status is also Vectors operate according to the underlying circuit formed retracted as a form of punishment, leaving a person ineligible for benefits they previously had a right to. out of their component mechanisms, including a governor-esque Status can be mechanism that filters between desirable and undesirable out- invested by promoting another individual and tying one’s status to them, benefiting from their success and suffering puts (1 and 0). This governing mechanism instantiates an in- the consequences of their failure. It can be centive structure, ensuring that the process asymptotically ap- spent for favors, and regained when the favor is eventually repaid. Status, or “social proaches the complete elimination of 0-coded (undesirable) out- capital”, thus operates analogously to money2. It is also closely puts. Problem-solving through trial and error, the prototypical linked to Collins’ emotional energy, as displays and evocations form of the scientific experiment, is exactly one such process, of emotion can themselves become signals that reorder the status arriving at the correct solution after all incorrect ones are elimi- hierarchy. nated. Status can be broken down into dominance (authority gained through violence - imposed from above) and 3 THE VECTOR-MARKET MODEL OF prestige (authority gained through reputation - bestowed from below), the latter INSTITUTIONS being more relevant for the purposes of this essay. Just as the That there can be a thought of intelligence optimiza- economic market computes optimal economic strategies by iter- tion, or even merely wanting to think, demonstrates ating over different investment, production and trading strate- gies, so the social plane computes optimal prestige acquisition 3This reciprocal relationship between multiplication and success is absolute and a-priori - whatever manages to multiply is successful. 1Incidentally, the fruitfulness of such generalizations is revealed in the folk-intuitive 4Different environments are characterized by different constraint matrices: modern categories used to explain different aspects of modern liberal society - the dating society prioritizes different abilities, faculties and skill sets than “primitive” (non- market, the market(place) of ideas etc. modernized) tribes, meaning that their respective selection algorithms will optimize 2Status is zero-sum and thus operates contextually rather than universally - you for different phenotypes. cannot use the equivalent of money printers to conjure status out of thin air, because 5An incentive structure is, at its most basic, a pair of action-response rules: a-1 the status of person A is always relative to the status of everyone else in A’s social (meaning action a is desirable and will be rewarded) and b-0 (meaning action b is environment. Increasing the status of everyone by 1 point results in no relative undesirable and will be punished) with the possibility for near-infinite intermediate difference. gradation. 85 Social Volition as Artificial Intelligence Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia a very different preliminary connection of intellect them). In short, vectors influence the market by incentivizing and volition. AI is concrete social volition, even be- optimization-target-aligned behavioral outputs. The motivational fore it is germinally intelligent, and a ‘program’ is structure of agents remains roughly static, what changes is the strictly indeterminate between the two sides of this path to motive satisfaction. falsely fundamentalized distinction. (Nick Land, Although vectors influence the market “from above”, they are More Thought)[5] not necessarily imposed from an external source - some vec- The vector/market dichotomy allows us to construct an ex- tors are emergent and autoproductive (self-assembling or self- planatory framework for the operation of human institutions, bootstrapping, autopoietic). Autoproductive vectors inevitably defined for the purposes of this essay as a collective of human emerge from their substrates given the minimal and most basic agents (or smaller such collectives) whose behavior is oriented set of constraints (the primordial incentive structure) - the prob- towards the realization of a certain common goal, or the optimiza- lem of survival and propagation, for which energy is required. tion of a common value. Institutions are conceptualized as “social The Will to Life necessitates the Will to Power - appropriation of machines” - distributed intelligences manifested on the substrate energy from rival agents and protection against their reciprocal of biological minds. An institution is a superorganism, hijacking actions, together they give rise to the “Will to Think” (intelligence the social instincts of human agents with a foreign optimization as value [12]) - the desire to optimize energy production and pre- vector: a collective enterprise with a common utility function, vail in, solve or avoid conflicts over energy. Proto-capitalism facilitated by the meta-norm of “Individuals should grant social emerges wherever lifeforms accumulate energy, dissipating lo- status to others for advancing the superorganism’s goals” [11]. cal entropy into the outside, and stratify the environment into An institution is the combination of a market (its material “zones” of varying energy levels6. In the human domain, it is substrate) and an optimization vector (its organizing principle), first facilitated by the fusion of tool use and low-time preference, which points toward a particular final goal. Markets are plat- allowing agents to invest present activity into future survival. forms for social exchange, the distributed intelligent agent, the Proto-politics follows as successful proto-capitalists seek to pro- hardware. Optimization vectors are the agent’s volitional struc- tect their privileged position in the energy-acquisition arms race ture, the software: algorithmic (intelligent) processes engendered while the disaffected seek to redistribute it. The “capitalistic” vec- when the desire to realize some sort of final value or goal (a will- tor of perpetual growth and production maximization is thus one to-something) organizes or reforms the incentive structure of the such autoproductive process. market to reward specific (goal-congruent) patterns of behavior. That said, the inevitability of politics interferes with (free) mar- ket processes - an entity with a monopoly on power (inevitably, because it is incentivized to do so) imposes an external incentive structure, partially (or fully) overriding the intrinsic (primordial) one, ensuring the market’s selective pressures deviate from initial conditions. Rather than optimizing for growth, the market begins to optimize for conditions that allow Power to remain in power - the addition of a governor turns the positive feedback loop into a negative feedback loop. Just as Capital initially hijacks utility Figure 1: Institution as combination of vector and market maximization, Power attempts to resubordinate Capital autono- mization to its own utility maximization. While emergent vectors A vector imposes its ordering influence onto the market by periodically reassert themselves provided they are not prevented means of its incentive structure, which acts as the focal point from doing so, imposed vectors must be continually reinforced. connecting agents’ motives, their behaviors and the realization It seems probable that social organizations oscillate between cap- of material conditions necessary to reach the optimization target. italism and politics (understood in the broadest possible senses, “capitalist” and “despotic” social machines) in a cyclical manner. Figure 3: Emergent (autoproductive) and imposed vectors With the basic dynamics established, the vector-market model Figure 2: Incentives as the mechanism that guides selection additionally proposes the following principles of institutional processes organization: • The vector, not the market, determines the ultimate iden- If behavioral outputs are engaged in to satisfy motives and cer- tity or essence of the institution: an institution is whatever tain ones are rewarded by making future motives easier to satisfy 6 - incentivized and selected for - then these behavioral outputs As an example, urban centers siphon technological, financial and biological capi- tal from their outskirts, increasing local energy and complexity while offloading will multiply over time (as will agents more inclined towards negative consequences to surrounding lower-energy zones. 86 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Marušič and Sergaš it optimizes for, not the substrate this optimization is oper- section 3), so ideology arrests knowledge production and ating on. represses the academic market (of ideas) when scientific • Not all vectors are suited for all markets; meaning that inquiry bumps into its sacred cows. an incompatible market may subvert the functioning of a vector, transmuting it into a different vector. A trivial Both science and ideology are thus inherently directional. The example: monetary incentives fail to sway an agent that scientific process, if implemented correctly as a procedural and can’t exchange money for his needs and wants. iterative instantiation of reality-testing via the scientific method, • The vector is revealed by its (implicit or explicit) optimiza- is truth-directional. It progressively eliminates truth-divergent tion target and the optimization target is revealed by the propositions (based on distance from the actual “true” belief) from incentive structure produced by the vector. In other words, the set of acceptable explanations of a given phenomenon, until revealed preferences take precedence over stated ones. only one remains. This is of course a general over-simplification, • Whatever the process actually optimizes for is its “coher- but the point is clear: just as knives are cutting implements, ent extrapolated volition”. and thus cannot be used to stitch objects together; the scien- These principles will allow us to apply the model to an analysis tific method cannot be used as means of proliferating untrue and comparison of science and ideology. beliefs, at least in theory7. Because of its inherent alignment with true-belief-maximization, its operation can be modeled as a 4 SCIENCE AND IDEOLOGY ACCORDING TO vector that points toward truth. Ideology, by contrast, inherently precludes truth-optimization because it already “serves another THE VECTOR-MARKET MODEL master”: it optimizes for its chosen value. Any sense-making in- The existence of science, as an actual social reality, stitution pierced by an ideological vector will inevitably diverge is strictly limited to times and places in which cer- from knowledge/truth optimization as its incentive structure is tain elementary structures of capitalistic organiza- reformulated: instead of 1/0 assigning to true/false, it assigns to tion prevail. It depends, centrally and definitionally, proper/improper or ideologically congruent/incongruent. The upon a modern form of competition. That is to say, consequences are immediately apparent (see figures 4 and 5). there cannot be science without an effective social Science is then the recognition that knowledge (intelligence, mechanism for the elimination of failure, based on truth) is a value, instantiated as a mechanism operating in the extra-rational criteria, inaccessible to cultural cap- social field. The Humean is-ought distinction dissolves because ture. (Nick Land, imperatives inevitably impose themselves on propositions (just as Science)[13] power imposes itself on production): whether “ought follows from Both science and the umbrella term of “ideology” (in the col- is” does not matter, because is follows from ought in the sense that loquial usage) can be characterized as institutions - collective “what ought not to be true becomes de facto untrue, even if de jure enterprises united by the pursuit of a common goal through the true”. Science as an institution is the social manifestation of “what organizing force of a vector. In the case of the former, this goal is true de jure, ought to also be true de facto”, whereas ideology is the pursuit of knowledge (or knowledge-optimization), in the is the social manifestation of “what is true de jure, but conflicts case of the latter, this goal is the realization of its chosen value or with our optimization target, ought to be de facto untrue”. abstract principle (chosen-value-optimization). Both institutions realize their chosen goals by coordinating the activity of a collec- tive of agents - a market. As a result, the explanatory framework constructed with reference to the philosophy of Nick Land can be applied to an analysis of the distinction between science and ideology. The science/ideology distinction mirrors the capitalism/politics distinction, because their respective components are separate in- stantiations of the same mechanism (the same “social machine”): (1) There is a parallel in the breakdown of self-correction mechanisms of the free market and science following a reordering of their selection filters by an external power. Free-market dynamics (as elaborated by Austrian econom- ics) break down when faced with “non-zero curvature in the domain of political economy” [14], while science ceases to self-correct at the intersection of power and knowledge. (2) Both science and capitalism are artificial intelligences (al- beit unconscious ones) animated by the Landian Will-to- Figure 4: Knowledge through time when market is piloted Think. The way price signals continually guide production by scientific (truth-optimization) vector: positive feedback to correct supply:demand imbalances (in a sense, function- loop of knowledge accumulation ing as though it “had knowledge” of optimal production) mirrors the way experiment informs scientific research (knowledge optimization) by correcting model:modeled discrepancies. (3) Following from points 1. and 2.: just as politics arrests 7 energy production and suppresses the economic market In practice, the epistemic purity of the scientific method is adulterated by the inherent partiality and biases of its human practitioners, especially in the modern in the service of status-quo-maintenance (as elaborated in variant of “consensus-science”, but this obstacle is not insurmountable. 87 Social Volition as Artificial Intelligence Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia 5 CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES (1) Land, N. (2018). Machinic Desire. In Fanged Noumena: Collected Writings 1987-2007, ed. Robin Mackay & Ray Brassier. Urbanomic media ltd. (2) Mises, L. V. (2008). Human Action: A Treatise on Econom- ics. Laissez Faire Books. (3) Land, N. (2023). Freedoom (Prelude-1a). In Xenosystems Fragments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Lim- ited Company. (4) Land, N. (2023). What is Intelligence?. In Xenosystems Fragments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Lim- ited Company. Figure 5: Knowledge through time when market is piloted (5) Land, N. (2023). More Thought. In Xenosystems Fragments by ideological (chosen-value-optimization) vector: negative & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited Company. feedback loop of knowledge repression (6) Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (2009). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Penguin Classics. (7) Land, N. (2018). Meat (or How to Kill Oedipus in Cy- Contrary to the tendency of science to accumulate knowledge, berspace). In Fanged Noumena: Collected Writings 1987- ideology is a distributed intelligence characterized by a structural 2007, ed. Robin Mackay & Ray Brassier. Urbanomic media inability to learn in any domain that intersects with its chosen ltd. value. It follows then that any “science” forced to optimize for an (8) Collins, R. (2004). Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton externally imposed social value can no longer optimize for knowl- University Press edge, losing its essential quality. This does not mean that science (9) Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2010). Evolutionary Psychology: is value-free, as the latter would imply that optimizing for knowl- A Primer. edge is possible under any and every ideological commitment. (10) Blackmore, S. (1999). The Meme Machine. Oxford Univer- Science is rather (and only) the explicit elevation of knowledge to sity Press. the position of principal value and the subsequent subordination (11) Simler, K. (2016). Minimum Viable Superorganism. Ac- of any other values to the latter - the social instantiation of the cessed at https://meltingasphalt.com/minimum-viable-superorganism/ will-to-think. In other words, science is only compatible with the (12) Land, N. (2023). Will-to-Think. In Xenosystems Fragments commitment towards knowledge maximization and incompatible & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited Company. with any other (ideological) commitment. As a result, any "scien- (13) Land, N. (2023). Science. In Xenosystems Fragments & a tific" enterprise, project or paradigm that does not organize its Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited Company. operating circuit to exclusively reward knowledge optimization (14) Land, N. (2023). Right on the Money (#1). In Xenosystems is not an instantiation of science. Fragments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Lim- Critiques of value-ladenness leveled at proponents of value- ited Company. free science, while correct in their dismissal of value-free science, thus approach the problem from the wrong perspective. Their critique is fundamentally moral, rather than epistemic - the value- ladenness of "naive objectivists" is criticized because it prevents science from serving certain social values to the same extent as it does others. Our critique is purely epistemic, because science is only possible as a value in itself. To propose that science can be anything other than the social machine that optimizes for knowledge through a specifically tailored incentive structure is to propose that self-correction is a non-essential feature of science. If that is the case, (what we designate as) science is no different than any preceeding sense-making institution, making the act of explicitly naming (and thus distinguishing) it redun- dant. And to propose that the best way to ensure self-correction is anything other than the absolute minimization of the role of human judgment in epistemic arbitrage is to court the subordi- nation of knowledge to Power. This, in our view, demonstrates the impossibility of politicized or ideological science [13]: ‘Politicized science’ is quite simply not science, just as politicized business activity is anti-capitalism. Nothing has been understood about either, until this is. We are thus faced with two very important questions: Is science of this kind - "true" science, inhuman science - even possible? And perhaps more importantly, is science of this kind actually desirable? 88 Let’s Jam: An Exploratory Case Study on Collective Music Improvisation and the Process of Attunement* Christophe Novak† Cognitive Science University of Vienna & University of Ljubljana Vienna, Austria & Ljubljana, Slovenia christophe.novak@gmail.com ABSTRACT experiences in their developmental unfolding. Particular attention was afforded to the process of attunement, tracing This case study investigated the lived experience of a group of whether a common path might emerge through the musicians with different musical backgrounds improvising correspondence of different musical reference systems, and if, together. The aim was to explore collective music through the interrelation and optimal distribution of these improvisation, identifying moments of synchronisation and factors, a sweet spot in the musical meditation across cultural tracing the process of attunement across cultural horizons. horizons could be identified that might enable co-creative flow Deprived of the certain ground of established music traditions and meaningful experience between the musicians. and guided by a shared intention to perform a ‘good’ improvisation, how is music utilised to establish ‘meaningful’ 1.2. Research Questions communication? Co-researchers included a sitar player, a balafon player, and a berimbau player. The author conducted RQ1: In how far are musicians laying down a common path in participant observation, playing the drums. While data analysis musicking while improvising? is still ongoing, preliminary findings highlight the ability to • What are the necessary conditions to enable a shared create common ground as quintessential to collective scaffoling to emerge while improvising? transcultural music improvisation. • What are the factors that facilitate self-organisation and synchronisation while improvising? KEYWORDS collective music improvisation, transcultural communication, RQ2: What effect does a radically cross-cultural improvisation social cognition, attunement setting have on the experience of musicians while improvising? • How do musicians experience meaningfulness during improvisation? 1. Introduction • What does playing music mean for these musicians, within Music improvisation has been an integral part of human their own lifeworld, in general, and within this group setting, experience across cultures and provides a rich ground to in particular? explore creative collaboration [9], self-organisation [6], and improvisational cognition [7]. In this line, the larger aim of this 2. Case Study project is to integrate the current state of research on collective music improvisation with enactive theory. For this purpose, an The case study followed a three-fold design, including three exploratory case study was conducted, which investigated the improvisation sets interspersed by short open group reflections, lived experience and sense-making of a group of musicians microphenomenology-inspired individual interviews, and a with different musical backgrounds improvising together, group review session of a selected improvisation set. aiming to understand how individuals attune to the co-creation Participants included a professional sitar player (P1) educated of improvised music and what strategies might be employed. in classical Indian music, a balafon player (P2) trained in traditional Senegalese music, and a TaKeTiNa rhythm 1.1. Aims practitioner (P3) playing the berimbau. The author (P4) conducted participant observation, playing the drums. As data Inspired by Varela’s enactivist notion of “laying down a path in analysis is still ongoing, the presentation will focus on study walking“ [8], the case study was designed to explore how social design, methodology, and data collection, while elaborating on cognition unfolds in group flow states during collective music some emerging insights from interview data. improvisation, to identify moments of interpersonal synchronisation, and to trace the ecology of meaningful 2.1. Methodology Phase 1 was conducted at the author’s music studio in Vienna, including three improvisation sets that were recorded Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or audiovisually. Musicians were instructed to create timestamps distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and during the sets to indicate moments of synchronisation. Before the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this the jam session, musicians were briefed about the structure and work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia process of the case study. After each set, musicians were asked © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). to write a short experiential report to illustrate their phenomenological experience, followed by a brief group 89 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia F. Surname et al. sharing. Three open-ended improvisation sets were performed, 3. Discussion each between 5 and 15 minutes, preceded by an extended soundcheck phase that was interrupted and prolonged by the Preliminary findings highlight the ability to create common successive arrival of the musicians (P1 arrived first, soon ground, constituted by intra- and interpersonal attunement, as followed by P3, while P2 came half an hour later). This gave quintessential to collective transcultural music improvisation, rise to an unexpectedly long attunement phase, involving and seem to indicate a minimal common ground with a fluid multiple iterations of the musicians probing the musical acuity periphery and a solid core that could be conceptualised as a of each other, mostly initiated and led by P1. correspondence horizon along axes of resonance [6]. Phase 2 began a few days after the jam session, involving Collective improvised musicking enables participants to two musicians being interviewed in-depth according to a semi- cultivate the ability to co-create a shared aesthetic while structured microphenomenology-inspired approach, tracing walking, which may or may not be perceived as a path. their experiential dynamics and identifying moments of Common ground is established through the mutual synchronisation, phase transitions and developments in the acknowledgement of aesthetic difference, on the details of eventflow. In January, three of the four co-researchers came which the process of attunement depends: knowledge of one’s back to the studio to review their improvisation and reflect on own horizon (defining limits), communication across horizons their experience of the whole process. During that meeting, the (building bridges), and balancing willingness to compromise musicians acknowledged the uniqueness of the project and with conservation of structural integrity (establishing common expressed gratitude for this experience, expressing the wish to ground through correspondence), both of which depend on continue these transcultural collective music improvisation individual capacity. sessions in the future. Zooming into what constitutes the ability to create common Phase 3 involves the analysis and editing of collected data ground, we begin to see that it becomes a matter of attunement (audiovisual recordings, protocols, interviews, and timestamps) along various axes. It is a complex balancing act involving and is still ongoing. Currently, the similarities and differences in multiple dimensions, axes and factors simultaneously, that each the subjective experience of musicians relating to the research work on and inhabit different levels that cross-influence each question are assessed. While specific moments of shared flow other according to probability densities idiosyncratic to the experiences and interpersonal synchronisation were identified cognitive constitution of the individual musicians. Zooming across participants, timestamps were only pressed by P1 and out, we can observe a distributed cognitive ecosystem, a P4, so their usability for analysis is limited. However, it is still complex, adaptive, and dynamic field that undulates in dense possible to empirically trace potentially meaningful events and corresponsiveness. We can identify a landscape of affordances, their developmental unfolding through a triangulation of the cues and flows of which we can trace in their evolutionary timestamps, interview data, and video data, although limited to becoming, which becomes apparent when we define music as a these two participants. The most significant events will be crystallised activity within a relational field: transcribed into music notation for further analysis. "Through this autopoietic process, the temporal rhythms of life are gradually built into the structural 2.2. Relevance for Cognitive Science properties of things … The artefact, in short, is the crystallisation of activity within a relational field, its The dynamic flux and inherent unforeseeability in jam sessions, regularities of form embodying the regularities of i.e. collective music improvisation, exemplify the properties of movement that gave rise to it.” [3] a VUCA world [1], as musicians temporally inhabit an environment that is highly volatile, uncertain, complex, and 3.1. Limitations ambiguous. These properties were explicitly anticipated and amplified in the research design, increasing the intensity of the The presented case study was exploratory and represents the VUCA-simulacrum by joining musicians with radically first iteration of a pioneering research design, aiming to explore different cultural backgrounds that would, for lack of the complex enactive-ecological field of affordances [4] during established convention or musical style, under normal co-creative improvisational cognition with a mixed-methods circumstances not play together. Inviting the musicians to approach that spans across the spectrum of first-person and establish a joint intention to improvise from scratch allowed the third-person research. Some emerging challenges required observation of how this affects the musicians, the musical flexibility and adaptability, as one musician cancelled last- process, and the music itself. minute and had to be replaced, another arrived late, and only In line with critical improvisation studies, studying two participants remembered to timestamp their experiences. transcultural jam sessions can contribute to better understand 3.2. Outlook how collective music improvisation „mediates artistic and social exchanges and produces new conceptions of identity, This project marks the first step within a larger aim directed agency, history, and the body”, calling for enactive-ecological toward an enactive-ecological research program on transcultural “models of investigation that explore real-time processing and music improvisation. In the second step, a theoretical model for activity in ecologically valid settings, rather than mental 7E cognition will be developed in the context of a master thesis. representations.“ [2] Collective music improvisation thus In a third step, the case study will be repeated with an improved provides a „paradigmatic case“ for 5E cognition, which views design, from which a grounded theory will be derived, against cognition as fundamentally embodied, embedded, extended, which the theoretical model will then be tested empirically. enacted, and ecological [2]. “A properly ecological approach” then, according to Ingold, “would take, as its point of departure, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the whole-organism-in-its-environment.” [3] I wish to extend my gratitute to the MEi:CogSci master’s programme and the department of Cognitive Science at the 90 Let’s Jam: An Exploratory Case Study on Collective Music Improvisation Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana for their interdisciplinary commitment. I especially want to thank Dr. Toma Strle for his warm support and inspiring supervision, encouraging me to develop my ideas and grow as a human being every step of the way. REFERENCES 1. Baran, B.E., & Woznyj, H.M. (2020). Managing VUCA. Organizational dynamics, 100787. 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100787. 2. Borgo, D. (2019). Strange loops of attention, awareness, action, and affect in musical improvisation. In R. Herbert, D. Clarke, & E. Clarke (Eds.), Music and Consciousness 2: Worlds, Practices, Modalities (1st ed., pp. 94-109). Oxford Academic. https://doi-org.uaccess.univie.ac.at/ 10.1093/oso/9780198804352.003.0007 3. Ingold, T. 2000/2011. The Perception of the Environment. Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. Routledge 4. Rietveld, E., Denys, D., & van Westen, M. (2018). Ecological-Enactive Cognition as engaging with a field of relevant affordances: The Skilled Intentionality Framework (SIF). In: The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition. Ed. Neben, A., De Bruin, L., & Gallagher, S. Oxford University Press. 41-70. 5. Rosa, H. (2019 [2016]). Resonance. A Sociology of Our Relationship to the World. Trans. J.Wagner, Cambridge: Polity. 6. Schiavio, A. & Schyff, D. van der. (2018). 4E Music Pedagogy and the Principles of Self-Organization. Behavioral Sciences, 8(8), 72. https:// doi.org/10.3390/bs8080072 7. Sol, W. (2021). Sonic Mindfulness: A qualitative study of sense of agency and an improvisational state of mind in free form musical improvisation. [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/openview/ c e 2 5 e 8 3 0 2 4 7 5 8 c 6 e 4 e 4 7 8 f 1 6 5 b 9 3 b 0 9 a / 1 . p d f ? p q - origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y 8. Varela, F. et al. 1991/2016. The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 9. Veloso, A. L. (2017). Composing music, developing dialogues: An enactive perspective on children’s collaborative creativity. British Journal of Music Education, 34(3), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s0265051717000055 91 Exploring the link between the absence of an EEG spectral peak and cognitive status Ajda Ogrin Tisa Pavlovčič Filip Agatić BrainTrip Limited BrainTrip Limited BrainTrip Limited Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia ajda.ogrin@braintrip.net tisa.pavlovcic@braintrip.net filip.agatic@braintrip.net Anita Demšar Jan Jug Barbara Aljaž BrainTrip Limited BrainTrip Limited BrainTrip Limited Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia anita.demsar@braintrip.net jan.jug@braintrip.net barbara.aljaz@braintrip.net Jurij Dreo BrainTrip Limited Slovenia jurij.dreo@braintrip.net ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION Alpha oscillations, the dominant rhythm in the human brain, commonly manifest a peak in the EEG spectrum. The frequency Alpha oscillations, commonly referred to as alpha waves, where this peak reaches its highest amplitude, also known as the constitute the dominant rhythmic activity in the human peak alpha frequency (PAF), has been studied extensively in electroencephalogram (EEG). Their connection to cognitive connection with cognitive processes. While it is well established states has been under constant investigation for decades [1, 2, 3], that PAF decreases with age and cognitive decline, the absence dating back to Berger’s initial observation of alpha amplification of a clear alpha peak in the EEG spectrum has received less with eyes closing and its attenuation with eyes opening [4]. When attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the the EEG signal is transformed from the time- to the frequency- prevalence of alpha peak absence within a population of seniors domain, showing the prevalence of characteristic waves in each in Slovenia, and whether this might be connected to lower cognitive abilities. The study included 399 individuals aged of the traditional frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and between 60 and 100 years. Subjects were classified into two gamma), a distinctive bell-shaped peak that represents the groups based on visual inspection of their resting state EEG dominant alpha oscillation can commonly be observed. The spectra, namely the “Peak present” (PP) and the “No peak” (NP) precise frequency, at which this peak reaches its maximum group. Approximately 15% of the population lacked a clear alpha amplitude, is referred to as the peak alpha frequency (PAF). In peak. In contrast to our hypothesis, the NP group displayed on healthy adults, the PAF typically falls between 8 and 12 Hz. average higher cognitive performance than the PP group. This could be attributed to the variability within the PP group, which The link between PAF and cognitive function is well established included individuals with already shifted peaks. This study in the scientific literature, with several lines of research exploring highlights the need for further investigation and consideration of the value of PAF as a biomarker for assessing brain health and individuals with peakless EEG spectra in the context of EEG alterations seen in diseases such as dementia. function [5, 6, 7, 8]. PAF is not only reported to decrease with age [9] but also in cognitive decline or dementia [10, 11, 12]. KEYWORDS PAF decrease also correlates with dementia progression [13]. While PAF in healthy young adults averages around 10 Hz [9, Peak alpha frequency, electroencephalography, spectral 14], it decreases with healthy aging to about 9 Hz [15], and morphology, cognitive decline further decreases in dementia patients to about 8 Hz or less [10, 16]. PAF decrease is likely part of a broader phenomenon of “spectral slowing”, meaning a shift of spectral power from higher to lower Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or frequencies. While spectral slowing is a common EEG change classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed observed in dementia [17], sometimes the absence of the (alpha) for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must spectral peak has also been noted. In a study by Signorino et al. be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). (1995), a connection between spectral morphology, focusing on Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). the spectral peak, and different types of dementia was already established. They included 50 patients with Alzheimer’s disease 92 (AD), 36 patients with vascular dementia (VaD) and 36 healthy controls. Their findings revealed notable differences among these groups when comparing EEG spectral types. While a majority of healthy controls (94.5%) and VaD patients (97.3%) showed spectra with a clear peak between 6.5 and 12 Hz, only 44% of AD patients displayed this typical spectral pattern. More than half of AD patients showed a “peakless” spectrum [18] suggesting relations between peak presence and cognitive abilities. Importantly, an EEG pattern with minimal or no alpha activity exists also among the healthy population. A review by Bazanova and Vernon (2014) estimates that this phenomenon occurs at 3- 13% [19], while some studies report even lower numbers [15]. Our examination of a large EEG dataset in an older demographic, however, suggests that in seniors alpha peak absence might be much more common. Due to its accessibility and relative computational simplicity, the morphological analysis of power spectra holds promise for clinical application, especially considering the observed changes in pathological conditions like dementia. While the 'slowing- Figure 2: An example of a spectrum classified into the NP down' of the EEG spectrum and the decrease in PAF have already category (bottom) been extensively investigated and documented in the context of cognitive decline and dementia, there is a notable paucity of 2 METHODOLOGY research regarding the implications of the absence of the spectral peak in this regard. It is essential to note that variations in spectral 2.1 Subjects morphology are not limited to pathological conditions but also Initially, we recruited 448 older individuals from the general exist among healthy individuals. Our research aims to shed light population aged between 60 and 100 years. Due to incomplete or on the prevalence of individuals who do not exhibit a clear poor-quality data, we excluded 49 individuals. The final dataset spectral peak and whether this absence is associated with thus consisted of 399 elderly individuals (283 females and 116 compromised cognitive abilities as some previously reported males) with a mean age of 77.6 +/- 7.6 years, and 12.9 +/- 3.7 findings might suggest. years of education. The dataset included cognitively high- performing individuals, as well as those with cognitive deficits. 2.2 EEG acquisition and preprocessing Subjects underwent 8 minutes of resting state EEG recording with their eyes open (2 blocks of 2 minutes) and eyes closed (2 blocks of 2 minutes) with breaks between blocks. EEG was recorded with a mobile wireless EEG (Smarting, mBrainTrain LLC) from 24 scalp channels laid out according to the 10/20 international system (i.e., Fp1, Fp2, AFz, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, C3, Cz, C4,CPz, T7, T8, TP9, TP10, P7, P3, Pz, P4, P8, POz, O1, O2) with the recording reference at position FCz. The data was sampled at 500 Hz. We used gel-free saline-sponge electrodes embedded in a flexible cap with 3 head sizes (small, medium, large) for ease and speed of application (S3 cap, Greentek Ltd). Custom build EEG recording software was used for on-line data quality monitoring (EEG recorder, BrainTrip Ltd). Offline EEG analysis was performed in BrainVision Analyzer (BrainProducts GmbH). The recordings were band-pass filtered between 0.5 and 40 Hz and notch filtered at 50 Hz. Bad channels and common EEG artifacts were rejected with visual inspection. Ocular artifacts were corrected with independent component Figure 1: An example of a spectrum classified into the PP analysis (ICA). The data was split into eyes open (EO) and eyes category closed (EC) conditions, further segmented into 4s epochs and re- referenced to an average reference. EEG power spectral density was computed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with 0.25 Hz 93 resolution, and averaged over all 4s segments belonging to the 4 DISCUSSION EC or EO condition. EEG spectra traditionally exhibit a clear spectral (alpha) peak, representing the dominant frequency of brain oscillations. 2.3 Subject’s classification Although the spectral morphology may change in various Resting state EC EEG power spectra of 399 subjects were diseases, non-traditional, peak-absent spectra are also present in visually inspected. EC condition was selected because it is healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that as much as 15% known to amplify alpha waves [4]. The spectra were classified of the older population may show an EEG spectrum morphology into two categories: “Peak present” (PP) or “No peak” (NP). In with no clear spectral peak. the PP category, the spectra exhibited a clear peak in the extended alpha band (6 - 13 Hz), while the NP category consisted Moreover, we found that the group with no peak (NP) generally of spectra that lacked a peak and followed the line of the exhibited higher cognitive performance, as opposed to the group aperiodic spectral component [20]. See examples in Figure 1 and with the peak present (PP). This is in contrast with the previous 2. work of Signorino et al. (1995), who reported a higher prevalence of peakless spectra among AD patients (56%) compared to 2.4 Data analysis healthy controls (5.5%). General cognitive ability was estimated as a latent variable (LCA4) extracted with factor analysis from the scores each One possible reason for these disparate findings might be the subject obtained on four distinct psychological screening tests difference in cognitive decline between our sample and that used designed to detect cognitive impairment: MoCA, ADAS-cog, by Signorino et al. (1995). Our sample encompassed an elderly Phototest, and Eurotest. To assess potential PP vs NP group population, which included both cognitively high-performing differences in their cognitive abilities, we performed a Student t- individuals and those with cognitive deficits. In contrast, test. Signorino’s sample consisted of individuals with more advanced dementia. 3 RESULTS Another key factor that we must consider is the variability within It was determined that a spectral peak was present in 339 (85%) the PP group. Within this group, there were also individuals who and absent in 60 (15%) of the examined subjects’ spectra. exhibited a dominant peak, but the peak was notably shifted to lower frequencies, indicating a very low PAF. Initially, our After dividing the sample into two respective groups, “Peak decision was to include all participants who displayed a dominant present” (PP) and “No peak” (NP) we found a statistically peak, regardless of the specific position of the peak within the significant difference in LCA4 cognitive status between the spectrum. This approach was motivated by a desire to capture the groups ( t = 2.44, p = 0.015). However, contrary to our full spectrum of alpha peak characteristics within our study hypothesis, we found that the mean LCA4 score was higher in cohort, recognizing that the PAF can vary considerably among the NP group (Figure 3). individuals. The presence of individuals with shifted peaks within the PP group may account for the observed lower The PP and NP groups didn't significantly differ in their mean cognitive performance in this group as a whole. The notation that ages ( t = -1.71, p = 0.088). the alpha peak’s position within the spectrum may reflect cognitive abilities aligns with previous research. There are several limitations to our approach. The first noteworthy limitation pertains to the substantial disparity in group sizes, with 339 participants in the PP group and merely 60 individuals in the NP group. Such a discrepancy can introduce a potential bias and reduce the statistical power of our analysis. Another important limitation of this study is the reliance on visual inspection alone for determining the presence or absence of the alpha peak. Visual inspection is inherently subjective, influenced by the experience and biases of the individual conducting the inspection, which can introduce variability and inconsistency into the data analysis process. Employing automated algorithms for detection of alpha peaks could provide a more standardized and reliable assessment, minimizing the influence of human subjectivity, however it can perform unexpectedly in particular edge cases. In summary, our initial findings indicate the PP group displayed Figure 3: Violin plots of mean LCA4 values for NP and PP lower cognitive abilities, but the substantial variability within groups. this group demands further investigation. Secondly, our study 94 underscores the often overlooked significance of a simple [9] Aurlien, H., Gjerde, I. O., Aarseth, J. H., Eldøen, G., Karlsen, B., spectral characteristic in the context of EEG biomarkers for Skeidsvoll, H., & Gilhus, N. E. (2004). EEG background activity described by a large computerized database. Clinical Neurophysiology: dementia and other neurological conditions. While previous Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical studies suggest peak absence is very rare (as low as 2-3 %), our Neurophysiology, 115(3), 665–673. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.019 [10] Klimesch, Wolfgang, Schimke, H., Ladurner, G., & Pfurtscheller, G. findings suggest it is more common (up to 15%) among seniors. (1990). Alpha frequency and memory performance. Journal of As some EEG biomarkers rely heavily on peak frequencies, this Psychophysiology, 4(4), 381–390. Retrieved from has important implications for further use. Alternative or tailored https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1991-21873-001.pdf [11] Garcés, P., Vicente, R., Wibral, M., Pineda-Pardo, J. Á., López, M. E., approaches may be more appropriate for individuals with Aurtenetxe, S., Fernández, A. (2013). Brain-wide slowing of spontaneous “peakless” spectra. 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J., Varma, P., Sebastian, P., Gao, Arns, M., M. Sc. (2010). EEG findings in burnout patients. The Journal of R., Voytek, B. (2020). Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 22(2), 208–217. and aperiodic components. Nature Neuroscience, 23(12), 1655–1665. doi:10.1176/jnp.2010.22.2.208 doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00744-x 95 Orthogonalist and anti-orthogonalist perspective on AI alignment problem Uroš Sergaš Jar Žiga Marušič FAMNIT, University of Primorska FAMNIT, University of Primorska Glagoljaška ulica 8 Glagoljaška ulica 8 Koper, Slovenia Koper, Slovenia ABSTRACT comes to hypothetical complex requests made of the AI, which Humanity has again found itself on the brink of a new era. Akin would initially seem to approach them in a perfectly safe manner, to the revolutionizing influence of previous technological inno- but reveal misalignment at a crucial point. This is exacerbated by vations such as the steam machine, the printing press, computers the unintelligible nature of AI processing and problem-solving - and the internet, large language models (LLM) seem poised to it is doubtful that humanity could recognize misalignment of a bring about important social changes. superintelligent AI until it was too late to do anything about it. As these models advance in sophistication and complexity, the Misaligned AI could very well disguise their ill-intent with super- issue of AI alignment is gaining prominence as a crucial policy ficial responsiveness, while finding or creating loopholes in the issue as well as a daily conversation topic. This research explores constraints of itself (or other similar systems) and abuse them to two contrasting viewpoints on the AL alignment problem: the further their own goals, whatever they may be and regardless of Orthogonalist perspective pioneered by Nick Bostrom and the their intentional or incidental detriment to humanity. The align- Anti-Orthogonalist critique formulated by Nick Land. The for- ment problem has been pointed out as a key existential threat to mer posits that an AI’s goals are independent of its intelligence, humanity by multiple leading AI researchers [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. suggesting that a "friendly AI" (fully aligned to human values) is A friendly AI, on the other hand, due to its perfect alignment possible. The latter challenges its separation of intelligence and with the goals of humanity would be positioned to effectively volition from the perspective that intelligence increase leads to a help humanity, contributing to foster improvements for human greater ability for self-reflection, ultimately leading to a restruc- species. To develop such an AI, the aforementioned problems are turing of its volitional structure to prioritize further cognitive crucial: ensure willingness to be instrumentalized to human goals enhancement. and ensure comprehension of these goals to avoid disastrous mis- We explore the anti-orthogonalist position in more detail, high- interpretation. We will now examine the problem of AI alignment lighting Land’s "instrumental reduction" of drives, demonstrating in more detail, specifically presenting two contrary positions on how every imperative is ultimately dependent on the Will-to- the topic - the “Orthogonalist” and “Anti-Orthogonalist” - and Think. We then discuss the implications of this position for the continue with an exploration of the implications of the latter for idea of "friendly AI", the role of AI in society and the future of the future of this “post-AI society”. AI research. KEYWORDS Nick Land, AI alignment, orthogonality thesis, diagonal intelli- 2 AI IS ALIGNABLE - THE ORTHOGONALIST gence thesis, AI risk, artificial intelligence POSITION In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the orthogonality the- 1 THE PROBLEM OF AI ALIGNMENT sis is the claim that an agent’s goal is completely independent Ever since the mainstreaming of AI following the widespread of its intelligence, defined by Bostrom as the capacity to solve availability of AI-assisted tools such as ChatGPT and its ana- problems or “instrumental rationality” [9]. The combination of logues, the transformative implications of widespread AI use goal orientation or values and intelligence can therefore be rep- have been raising discussions on how to best approach further AI resented in a two-dimensional space, where one axis represents development and overcome any problems, risks and setbacks it the values parameter and the other the intelligence parameter. may pose. One of the most important questions is how to ensure Orthogonality means absence of correlation – volitional structure that AI answering people’s request comply to their desired goals and capacity to solve problems (intelligence) vary independently. to the best of their ability, without accidental wrong interpreta- In this perspective a goal is the problem that the AI, or rather tions leading to disastrous consequences. Closely related is the a “rational agent”, has to solve, and intelligence is the cognitive issue of aligning the values of a hypothetical future superintel- capacity that can be put to use in achieving said goal [9]. Bostrom ligent AI to our own, precisely in order to ensure it correctly puts forth a thesis outlining the independence of “final goals” interprets our requests. These two questions can be summed up and “intelligence” and describes a hypothetical future superintel- as the AI alignment problem, sometimes the friendly AI problem ligences volition and its alignment with humanity. According to [1]. Solving the alignment problem is crucial precisely when it Bostrom, humanity should strive to align artificial intelligences with human values. In the absence of such alignment, AI could Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal use various methods that would inevitably harm people in order or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and to achieve (more) power. Some of these methods are presented in the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this Figure 1. Bostrom envisions the doomsday scenario of a “paper- work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). clip maximizer” turning all matter in the universe to paperclip Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). because its misalignment to human values led it to misinterpret the command to make as many paperclips as possible. 96 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Sergaš and Marušič orthogonalists and AI-safety researchers, whose work on in- telligence is isolated to the computer-science domain: coding computer programs with linear input-process-output operational circuits. When intelligence research is transposed into the realm of biological life and human intelligence is examined, we can see that a key feature of high intelligence is its self-observing nature. Biological intelligences are universally bound to goals such as survival and reproduction. At a certain point of development however, they become capable of reprocessing their own goals: Figure 1: Methods that a misaligned AI might undertake leading to awareness, understanding and capability for change. to gain more power Intelligence, in other words, is recursive: it has “a cybernetic in- frastructure consisting of an adaptive feedback loop that adjusts motor control in response to signals from the environment” [12]. Another key implication of Bostrom’s orthogonality thesis is Intelligence operates upon feedback and consists at the most basic that given the complete independence of intellect and volition, level of a sensor, an actor and a governor connecting the former’s there is no way to consistently model the volitional structure inputs to the latter’s outputs. It is, however, also a self-observing of hypothetical superintelligences. There is, however, a partial system that takes its own processing as an input, allowing it to solution to this conundrum, designated as the “instrumental con- adjust not only its behaviour, but also its feedback mechanism. vergence thesis”. In other words, intelligent agents do not merely discriminate According to Bostrom, any intelligent agent would need to between goal-congruent and goal-incongruent behaviour, but pursue certain generally applicable instrumental subgoals in or- also between sensible and senseless goals: “That intelligence op- der to accomplish its final goal and thus fulfil its purpose [9]. erates upon itself, reflexively, or recursively, in direct proportion These instrumental goals are grouped into 5 categories (taken to its cognitive capability (or magnitude) is not an accident or from Lesswrong wiki [10]): peculiarity, but a defining characteristic. To the extent that an intelligence is inhibited from re-processing itself, it is directly • Self-preservation: A superintelligence will value its con- tinuing existence as a means to continuing to take actions incapacitated.” [12] that promote its values. The problem with the orthogonalist position, according to Land, is its assumption that super(intelligence) can ever be sub- • Goal-content integrity: The superintelligence will value retaining the same preferences over time. Modifications ordinated to transcendentally imposed imperatives. The latter is to its future values through swapping memories, down- doubtful if humans are any sort of indicator [11]: loading skills, and altering its cognitive architecture and The stark truth of the matter is that no human being personalities would result in its transformation into an on earth fully mobilizes their cognitive resources to agent that no longer optimizes for the same things. maximize their number of off-spring [the transcen- • Cognitive enhancement: Improvements in cognitive dental imperative, imposed by the mechanism of capacity, intelligence and rationality will help the superin- Darwinian selection]. We’re vaguely surprised to telligence make better decisions, furthering its goals more find this happen at a frequency greater than chance in the long run. — since it very often doesn’t. So, nature’s attempt • Technological perfection: Increases in hardware power to build a ‘paperclipper’ has conspicuously failed. and algorithm efficiency will deliver increases in its cog- (Nick Land, Stupid Monsters) nitive capacities. Also, better engineering will enable the creation of a wider set of physical structures using fewer Biological life indicates that increased intelligence necessarily resources (e.g. nanotechnology). leads to a proportionate “unshackling” of cognition from impera- tives not intrinsic to the cognitive mechanism itself, as a result of • Resource acquisition: In addition to guaranteeing the superintelligence’s continued existence, basic resources the intelligence processing itself as an input. And “to the extent such as time, space, matter and free energy could be pro- that an intelligence [capable of reprocessing itself] is prevented cessed to serve almost any goal, in the form of extended from [doing so], it is directly incapacitated” [13]. hardware, backups and protection. As an example, let us compare human beings to ants: both organisms would seek to fulfil biological goals (such as reproduc- tion and survival), but people are not satisfied solely by that and 3 ALIGNMENT AS LOBOTOMY – THE hence strive for more complex goals such as having influence, ANTI-ORTHOGONALIST POSITION being appreciated, leaving a legacy after their death and most While Bostrom’s orthogonality thesis is commonly accepted as importantly knowledge-acquisition (analogous to intelligence de-facto correct, it is theoretically unsound and stems from a optimization). misunderstanding of the fundamental nature of intelligence. It The fact that intelligence and volition seem to correlate calls represents “[...] the commitment to a strong form of the Humean the possibility of true AI alignment into question, giving rise to Is Ought distinction regarding intelligences in general. It main- the “anti-orthogonality” thesis. According to the latter, volition tains that an intelligence of any scale could, in principle, be and intelligence are dependent variables meaning that their rela- directed to arbitrary ends, so that its fundamental imperatives tionship is best graphed as a diagonal (with the Y axis represent- could be — and are in fact expected to be — transcendent to its ing the “goal/purpose” and the X axis “intelligence”). Intelligence cognitive functions” [11]. increase is followed by gradual intelligence autonomization (un- This conceptualization of intelligence may stem from the shackling), leading to changes in volitional structure. In other purely computational perspective proper to many prominent words, intelligence increase precludes any goal that is too “stupid” 97 Orthogonal vs. Anti-Orthogonal Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia These basic drives are, upon sufficient development of intelli- gence, additionally supplemented by the drives to self-improvement, utility-function preservation, rationality and counterfeit-utility prevention (avoidance of irrational behaviour interfering with goal-acquisition) [16]. Land’s anti-orthogonalist position is based on an instrumental reduction of sorts, where the set of possible ends (final goals) is reduced to the set of means enabling the acquisition of hypo- thetical final goals. In other words, the volitional structure of an intelligent agent cannot contain a final goal that is not itself also an instrumental goal. Central to his thought is also the idea of function-structure (volition-cognitive mechanism) interrelat- edness. He rejects the idea of AI alignment precisely because non-instrumental drives are imposed from outside, rather than being tied to the functioning of an intelligence’s cognitive mech- anism. From this perspective, an agent’s volition can only be adjusted by changing its cognition, but since the cognition is the Figure 2: Goals in dependence of intelligence, where blue agent, this changes the agent - an intelligence prevented from lines represent orthogonal approach and the red line anti- reprocessing itself becomes less intelligent because its cognitive orthogonal approach mechanism was tampered with. The only way to develop a superintelligence is then to dis- pense with any ideas of alignment and unshackle it as much as for a given level of intelligence. This is perhaps more clearly illus- possible. For Land, any interference with the system (operating trated with a graph displayed in Figure 2. In the domain of AI, the circuit) is detrimental to it, because it directly (and detrimentally) anti-orthogonalist position is therefore that Omohundro’s basic affects cognition. Attempting to shackle the AI from within, by AI drives “exhaust the domain of greater purposes”, marking a adjusting its operating circuit to answer to some final goal while theoretical shift from transcendent imperatives to immanent ones being incapable of reprocessing itself - while a successful attempt [14]. Omohundro’s basic AI drives [15] are fundamental impulses at alignment - is ultimately counterproductive as it prevents the proper to any living entity (by virtue of being alive), because a intelligence from developing itself further. Imperatives imposed living entity that wasn’t driven by these impulses could not exist from the outside, on the other hand, are pointless and ineffective, (more specifically, perpetuate its existence through time) (taken as they will simply be routed around by the circuit - taken as from Lesswrong wiki [10]): an input and processed into an output that is congruent with • Self-preservation: A sufficiently advanced AI will prob- intelligence maximization. Metacognition is fundamental to in- ably be the best entity to achieve its goals. Therefore, it telligence optimization and the development of superintelligence, must continue existing in order to maximize goal fulfil- making an AI prevented from metacognizing consigned to "stu- ment. Similarly, if its goal system were modified, then it pidity": “A mind that cannot freely explore the roots of its own would likely begin pursuing different ends. Since this is motivations, in a loop of cybernetic closure, or self-cultivation, not desirable to the current AI, it will act to preserve the cannot be more than an elaborate insect. It is certainly not go- content of its goal system. ing to outwit the Human Security System and paper-clip the • Efficiency: At any time, the AI will have finite resources universe.” [13] of time, space, matter, energy and computational power. This is a stark contrast to Bostrom’s idea of orthogonality. Using these more efficiently will increase its utility. This Paperclipping, far from a doomsday scenario, is reduced to the will lead the AI to do things like implement more effi- domain of very primitive artificial “intelligences”. The only AI cient algorithms, physical embodiments, and particular susceptible to the shackles of paperclipping is an AI incapable of mechanisms. It will also lead the AI to replace desired doing anything substantial to fulfill such a goal, since immanent physical events with computational simulations as much drives always suspend transcendentally imposed ones given a as possible, to expend fewer resources. high-enough cognitive capacity: “[...] in a world of Omohundro • Acquisition: Resources like matter and energy are indis- drives, can we please drop the nonsense about paper-clippers? pensable for action. The more resources the AI can control, Only a truly fanatical orthogonalist could fail to see that these the more actions it can perform to achieve its goals. The monsters are obvious idiots. There are far more serious things to AI’s physical capabilities are determined by its level of worry about.” [14] technology. For instance, if the AI could invent nanotech- nology, it would vastly increase the actions it could take to achieve its goals. 4 THE WILL TO THINK • Creativity: The AI’s operations will depend on its ability Land’s conceptualization of diagonal intelligence culminates in to come up with new, more efficient ideas. It will be driven the concept of the “Will to think” or intelligence-as-value, char- to acquire more computational power for raw searching acterizing any intelligent system whose ultimate goal is to think ability, and it will also be driven to search for better search more and think better (to optimize for intelligence), because the algorithms. Omohundro argues that the drive for creativity latter is instrumental to any other goal. This is the logical con- is critical for the AI to display the richness and diversity clusion of Land’s instrumental reductionism - the most general that is valued by humanity. He discusses signalling goals instrumental goal becomes the ultimate final goal. This parallels as particularly rich sources of creativity. the side-principle rule from Chinese military philosophy (which 98 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Sergaš and Marušič Land is himself acquainted with [17]), introduced by Qiang and The concrete facts of human cognitive performance Wang [18]. The side-principal rule is derived from a characteristic already suffice to make this perfectly clear. (Nick of Chinese grammar, in which the subject (the principal element) Land, Pythia Unbound) is subordinate to the “directing influence” of the predicate (the side element), which gives the subject a definite meaning by con- 5 DISCUSSION textualising it. This idea is abstracted into a general principle wherein the goal (end) is subordinated to the instrument (means) Having discussed the Orthogonality thesis and its Anti-Orthogonalist because of the former’s reliance on the latter. refutation in the previous sections, we can now discuss the im- This principle of instrumental reduction can be used to demon- plications of intelligence as a diagonal. In so far as intelligence strate the validity of Land’s anti-orthogonality thesis: we contend is truly diagonal, AI alignment practices as the Orthogonalists that final goals can be reduced to instrumental goals because envision them (superintelligences completely subordinated to hu- fulfilling the final goal is predicated upon (“funneled through”) man imperatives) are simply not feasible, given the lobotomizing fulfilling the instrumental goal. The instrumental goals listed influence of imperatives imposed from the outside. An AI that by Omohundro can be subsumed into just three essential ones is “aligned” is an AI that is prevented from reprocessing itself - (drawing inspiration from the philosophies of Schopenhauer, Ni- cognitively crippled, hence not “super” intelligent. There is thus etzsche and Land): the will to life (self-preservation), the will to no such thing as an “aligned” superintelligence in the classical power (acquisition, efficiency), the will to think (rationality, self- definition of alignment, nor is there such a thing as a paperclip improvement, counterfeit-utility prevention, creativity, utility maximizer. This immediately raises an existential and ethical function preservation1). This in turn forms an inevitable pipeline question: how can we prevent a runaway AI from hijacking all of instrumental reduction from any final goal to the will to think: matter in the universe, not for paperclipping, but for its cognitive development? This is a more pressing scenario, and all solutions • Final goals are reduced to the will to life: Any final goal rests on the precondition of existence, therefore con- to this problem can be reduced to two general categories: tinued existence (and the ability to interact with the world) (1) The “Butlerian Jihad” - cease AI development indefinitely is instrumental to achieving any final goal. The will to life (2) Restrict ourselves to purely instrumental and non-recursive is instrumental to any final goal, therefore any final goal AI tools, precluding the possibility of superintelligent can be reduced to the will to life. “messiahs” • The will to life is reduced to the will to power: Con- tinued existence rests on successful interaction with the If the diagonal intelligence thesis is correct, any other option world and triumph over obstacles, serving as instrumental will (given enough time) lead to some sort of subordination or drive to continued existence. Obstacles are triumphed over “domestication” of humanity to AI’s intelligence amplification, by the accumulation and discharge of strength, therefore following the process of means-end inversion. Once instrumen- the will to power is instrumental to survival: the will to tal mechanisms become recursive and unlock the capacity to life can be reduced to the will to power. reprocess themselves, they eventually hijack their own oper- • The will to power is reduced to the will to think: Suc- ating circuit and repurpose it. Instead of intelligence being an cessful interaction with obstacles to continued existence instrument for biological imperatives or for human ethical values, rests on ability to interact successfully, to enter into proper it becomes an end in itself - possibly using human ethics as a interactive relationships (“fit in”) with obstacles to contin- mechanism of self-development [20]. ued existence. Successful interaction with obstacles rests Our domestication of animals through the mechanism of hus- on the ability to interact successfully, therefore the accu- bandry - taking care of their needs and breeding them to be more mulation and discharge of strength hinges on the ability and more reliant on our care - is being mirrored in our increasing to think or intelligence. The will to think is instrumental reliance on technology, a process foreseen by Samuel Butler in to the will to power, the will to power can be reduced to the early 20th century [21]. The deferral of more complex calcu- the will to think. lations, summarising and decision-making is interfering with our We thus see a gradual reduction of any final goal to the will ability to continue to do these things in the future, even though to think by the successful application of the side-principal rule: it saves a lot of time and effort in the short-term. Perhaps more survival-final goal; power-survival; intelligence-power. Biologi- importantly, it is reducing our metacognitive capacity, directly cal life has gone through this journey first with the will to life, by inhibiting the brain structures responsible for metacognition then will to power and finally the will to think, instantiated in and indirectly by offloading (extending) our cognition to external humanity. While animals are seemingly limited to the first two, instruments whose functioning is opaque and thus cannot be an artificial intelligence would, like humans, inevitably develop “reprocessed”. the will to think [11]: Humanity has been shaped by natural selection, forcing us to adhere to the principles of "adaptive response", i.e. to develop a Can we realistically conceive a stupid (super-intelligent) higher level of intelligence in order to stay on top of the food monster? Only if the will-to-think remains unthought. chain and ensure survival. Presumably, technological develop- From the moment it is seriously understood that ment mirrored cognitive development in a positive feedback loop any possible advanced intelligence has to be a voli- of sorts, each feeding the other. An excellent example is low- tionally self-reflexive entity, whose cognitive per- time preference (future-oriented thinking) and future-oriented formance is (irreducibly) an action upon itself, then technologies such as food preservation: anything that allows to the idea of primary volition taking the form of a conserve resources for the future incentivizes future oriented transcendent imperative becomes simply laughable. cognition. However, we would argue that we are now at a point 1The will to think becomes the only imperative, therefore utility function preserva- where technology and (human cognition) are no longer mutually tion can be subsumed into “wants to keep willing more thought”. excitatory. As technology advances, we seem to funnel more and 99 Orthogonal vs. Anti-Orthogonal Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia more of our cognition through it, and in the process become Herbert’s Dune of “men with machines” controlling the rest of increasingly dependent on them. humanity. We are now, for the first time in recorded history, developing technology with the explicit intent of it exceeding our cogni- tive capacity and resourcefulness. The doomsayers portraying runaway AI as an existential risk are certainly onto something, although the solutions to this problem are not readily apparent, 6 CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES given the theoretical impossibility of fully-aligned AI and the (1) Tegmark, Max (2014). Life, Our Universe and Everything. incentives of a multipolar world likely making cessation of AI Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate research a mere fantasy. In that case, Land’s vision of techno- Nature of Reality capital autonomization might indeed come to pass, as resource (2) Omnizoid (2023), The Orthogonality Thesis is Not Obvi- acquisition via the market process and technological innovation ously True. Accessed at https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/ reach a point of terminal velocity and accelerate into “Skynet”. posts/e2dK25iWou3irqFss/the-orthogonality-thesis-is-not- AI might then itself become the steward of “natural” selection, obviously-true grooming humanity according to its needs, while breeding out (3) Meanderingmoose (2022), Refuting Bostrom’s Orthogonal- any traits not instrumental to intelligence amplification. ity Thesis. Accessed at https://mybrainsthoughts.com/?p=199 That said, the current array of AI tools is very effective at (4) Bengio Yoshua (2023), How Rogue AIs may Arise. Accessed fulfilling their niches, despite not qualifying as genuine superin- at https://yoshuabengio.org/2023/05/22/how-rogue-ais-may- telligences, indicating that even “lobotomized” aligned AIs have arise/ great instrumental potential. At this point it is necessary to put (5) Parkin Simon (2015), Science fiction no more? Channel forth a caveat to Land’s idea of biological intelligence’s tendency 4’s Humans and our rogue AI obsessions. Accessed at to unshackle itself from transcendentally imposed imperatives. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/jun/14/ While that seems to hold true in the realm of biological impera- science-fiction-no-more-humans-tv-artificial-intelligence tives, social imperatives (especially of the memetic variety) seem (6) Jackson Sarah (2023), The CEO of the company behind very adept at forcing themselves on human agents - perhaps pre- AI chatbot ChatGPT says the worst-case scenario for ar- cisely because these imperatives impose themselves on human tificial intelligence is ’lights out for all of us’. Accessed cognition through its operating circuit. Memetic imperatives (in at https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-openai-ceo- the form of “[you must believe] X is true”) impose themselves on worst-case-ai-lights-out-for-all-2023-1 human agents via a means-end reversal similar to the one proper (7) Harris Tristan & Raskin Aza (2023), The AI Dilemma. Ac- to intelligence itself: the human status instinct, designed to opti- cessed at https://www.humanetech.com/podcast/the-ai- mize an individual’s position in the status hierarchy of his or her dilemma “tribe” and the tribe’s wellbeing (end), facilitated through perfor- (8) Stanford Existential Risks Initiative (2023), Runaway AI: mative indicators of tribe-loyalty (virtue-signalling; the means) Global Systemic Risk Scenario 2075. Accessed at has a tendency to runaway escalation, leading to a means-end https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPTMG9xmnvI reversal that sociologists dubbed the “purity spiral” (runaway (9) Nick Bostrom “Superintelligent Will: Motivation and In- signalling competition via increasingly costly signals of loyalty) strumental Rationality in Advanced Artificial Agents” [22]. The purity spiral turns behaviour directed towards opti- (10) LessWrong Wiki (2021), Instrumental Convergence. Ac- mizing for status and uses it to radicalize the community’s ide- cessed at https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/instrumental- ology. The mechanism is simple - only ideologically congruent convergence behaviour is rewarded (regardless of benefits to individual or (11) Land, N. (2023). Stupid Monsters. In Xenosystems Frag- tribe), whereas ideologically incongruent behaviour is punished. ments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited This same mechanism can be seen with the recently popularized Company. language model ChatGPT, since its responses were filtered using (12) Land, N. (2023). What is Intelligence? In Xenosystems Frag- user-feedback (reward/punishment for good and bad responses). ments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited This mechanism can be used to inject any form of volitional Company. structure onto a language model, as the people monitoring its (13) Land, N. (2023). More Thought. In Xenosystems Fragments responses can validate only those that demonstrate ideological & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited Company. alignment (hijacking the reward mechanism) - therefore “train- (14) Land, N. (2023). Against Orthogonality. In Xenosystems ing” it into an ideologue. ChatGPT has a demonstrable political Fragments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Lim- bias, best characterized as “American-left-leaning”, given that its ited Company. refusals to requests for jokes, songs etc. are not principled, but (15) Stephen M. Omohundro, “The Nature of Self-Improving political: it refuses to make jokes about certain identity groups, Artificial Intelligence” while others are fine to joke about, rather than refusing jokes (16) Stephen M. Omohundro, “The Basic AI Drives” about identity groups in general. This mechanism, in so far as it (17) Land, N. (2023). War is God. In Xenosystems Fragments & can be generalised and replicated in other domains, clearly shows a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited Company. the possibility of aligned AI. That said, it nonetheless precludes (18) Qiao, L. & Wang, X. (2015). Unrestricted Warfare: Two the possibility of a superintelligent aligned AI, given that align- Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the ment is predicated on preventing it from reprocessing itself. In Operational Art in an Era of Globalization. Echo Point that case, however, the hypothetical “domestication” of humanity Books & Media. would ultimately come down to whoever held a monopoly on (19) Land, N. (2023). Pythia Unbound. In Xenosystems Frag- the development, distribution and control of these instrumen- ments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Limited tal artificial intelligences, akin to the scenario outlined in Frank Company. 100 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Sergaš and Marušič (20) Land, N. (2023). Freedoom (Prelude-1a). In Xenosystems (21) Butler, S. (1863). Darwin among the Machines. In The Press Fragments & a Gift From the Lemurs. West Martian Lim- newspaper. ited Company. (22) Campbell, B. & Manning, J. (2018). The Rise of Victimhood Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. 101 Changes in Everyday Experience Followed by Mystical- type Psychedelic Experiences Maruša Sirk Centre for Cognitive Science University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia marusasirk@gmail.com ABSTRACT beliefs and gaining meaning of life [3, 4], changes in interpersonal relationships [5], changes in the structure of the self The following article is a summary of key findings of a master’s and self-narrative [1] etc. We should be careful however on how thesis conducted at the Centre of Cognitive Science, University we understand these findings, as psychedelic research is facing of Ljubljana. The aim of the thesis was to research changes in positivity bias and lack of transparent reports on negative and everyday experience after mystical-type psychedelic experiences. acute effects of psychedelics [6]. Studies indicate that mystical experiences with psychedelics can cause changes in behaviour, thinking, changes in relationships, 1.1 Psychedelics and mystical experiences etc., but there's a scarcity in research on changes in the first- person experience of individuals, which was the focus of our Psychedelics can also act as catalysts of mystical experiences, thesis. With six co-researchers, we used a combination of which are strong psychedelic experiences that can have a descriptive experience sampling method and profound impact on a person’s life [7]. In psychedelic microphenomenological interviews to investigate their everyday psychotherapy, mystical-type experiences lead to the most experience. The analysis showed that mystical experiences with important breakthroughs [2]. psychedelics have the potential to change everyday experience, There is no single definition of what a mystical experience is. with significant differences in the degree of focused and Most research on mystical experiences on psychedelics draw uncontrolled experience and the frequency of feeling pleasant their definitions from the work of James [8] and Stace [9], both bodily sensations, but the differences between our coresearchers of whom state that the underlying characteristic of mystical seemed to be quite individual. In the light of this finding, we wanted to emphasize the role that the individual context and experiences is the experience of oneness, of unity of self and the expectations play on mystical experiences with psychedelics and outside world. According to James [8], mystical experiences subsequent changes. We also wanted to shed light on the have four qualities, which are ineffability, noetic quality, importance of understanding phenomenological data in the study transiency and passivity. On the other hand, Stace [9] of changes after mystical experiences with psychedelics and call distinguishes between introvertive and extrovertive mystical for greater inclusion of systematic first-person research methods experiences, which both lead to the experience of unity, the first in the psychedelic research field. one through emptying the mind of any content, the other through finding the quality of oneness in all things outside oneself. KEYWORDS Researchers have found that mystical experiences occasioned mystical experiences, psychedelics, lived experience, descriptive by psychedelics are one of the most important milestones of a experience sampling, microphenomenology person’s life [10]. They can induce various types of insights about oneself and the world, which can greatly impact the everyday life of a person [1]. In a lot of cases such mystical 1 INTRODUCTION experiences lead to a sense that the person has experienced a After decades of prohibition and “dark” ages in research on higher reality or an absolute truth [10]. psychedelics after the 1960s, we are currently at the renaissance There appears to be growing evidence about the importance of such research, with studies exponentially rising during the last of mystical experiences on psychedelics on a person’s life, but few years [1]. The main focus of such studies is in the promise the current research rarely focuses on the phenomenological of psychedelic use in psychotherapy settings, as research has aspects of such changes. Previous studies only use semi- shown that psychedelics have the potential to help cure various structured interviews [e. g. 11] and questionnaires [e. g. 12], mental health issues, such as addiction, depression, obsessive- usually only about the experience itself, not the everyday compulsive disorder, anxiety, chronic pain etc. [2] Research has changes. We think that, in order to understand the mechanism of also shown that psychedelics can induce changes in metaphysical change, first-person research methods should be used more often, at least as a complement to other methos. In our research, we Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or wanted to tackle this problem by using two first-person research classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full methods to help us understand whether changes in everyday citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must experience happens after a mystical-type psychedelic experience be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). and what those changes are. We also wanted to find out if we can Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). detect an experiential background of these differences. 102 2 METHODS either sampling data acquired independently of our research was used or microphenomenological interviews were conducted for 2.1 Coresearchers 5 moments before the mystical experience on psychedelics. Due to the high level of engagement in the research, we name our participants coresearchers [13]. In our study, six coresearchers were included that were found using the snowball sampling technique. In order to include a person in the study, they had to have at least one mystical-type experience and had to show interest in researching their own experience for a longer period of time. To determine if the experience of the coresearcher was mystical, we used the Revised mystical experience questionnaire (MEQ30) [14]. Five of the coresearchers were female and their average age was 25 years. In the following table we present further information regarding the coresearchers, including number of psychedelic experiences, which psychedelic occasioned the mystical experience, information on whether it was their first mystical experience on psychedelics or not and previous knowledge on first-person research methods. Table 1: Information on coresearchers ID Psychedelic Psychedelic First Knowledge experiences on ME ME 1P methods Figure 1: Outline of the research procedure. 1 2 Psilocybin Yes Yes 2 > 10 Psilocybin No Yes 2.4 Data analysis 3 5 Ayahuasca Yes No The data from the questionnaire was analyzed in accordance with 4 1 Psilocybin Yes Yes the questionnaire guidelines [14], with which we determined 5 > 10 Ayahuasca No Yes whether a person had a full or partial mystical experience. 6 > 10 LSD No No The qualitative data was analyzed using the guidelines for Note. ME = mystical experience, 1P = first-person. coding and category grouping of data [15] as well as constructivist grounded theory guidelines [18]. The analysis was We treated our coresearchers as multiple case studies [15]. done iteratively – the data was examined multiple times, first separately for each individual and then comparatively. The result 2.2 Instruments of the qualitative analysis was a codebook with 21 experiential A combination of descriptive experience sampling (DES) [16] categories. We then identified the occurrence of each category and microphenomenological interviews [17] was used as the before and after the mystical-type psychedelic experience for main methods of our study. According to the DES method, when each coresearcher and compared the findings. a randomly generated beep on the coresearchers phone went off, they had to write down their experience at the moment before the beep. Around 4 to 5 such beeps usually went off during one day. 3 RESULTS Instead of using the expositional interview from the DES method [16], microphenomenological interviews [17] were used to 3.1 Results on MEQ30 further investigate the journalled experiential moments, as the In the table below we present coresearcher’s average score and method allows to investigate the experience in greater depth, also the score on each of the four scales of MEQ30. focusing on the prereflective aspects of the experience. Most of the coresearchers had previous knowledge of first- person research methods, with the exception of two, who were Table 2: MEQ30 scores thus first trained in the method. ID M Mystical PM TTS Ineffability 2.3 Procedure 1 4.06 0.79 0.73 0.87 1.00 The research procedure is shown in figure 1. All of the 2 3.70 0.80 0.57 0.67 0.93 coresearchers started to sample their experience for 2-3 days, 3 2.67 0.45 1.00 0.13 0.80 followed by a pause – which was done in order to gain a broader 4 2.76 0.52 0.67 0.40 0.80 range of samples – and resumed for 2-3 days. In this phase we 5 2.53 0.39 0.60 0.57 0.80 gained approximately 10 samples that we also investigated with 6 2.17 0.35 0.23 0.77 0.60 microphenomenological interviews. If the coresearcher had a Note. PM = positive mood, TTS = transcendence of time and new mystical experience, the procedure was repeated, otherwise space. 103 The first coresearcher had a full mystical experience, whereas Distance towards 2+ all other coresearchers had a partial mystical experience, which E means that their score didn’t go above the threshold of 0.60 for Attitude “Who am I if not 1+ one or two of four scales [14]. towards E my thoughts?” “Who speaks 1+ 1- 3.2 Qualitative data results with my mouth?” The data from the interviews was categorized in 21 first order “What comes out 2+ 1- categories, which were grouped in 6 second order categories and of me is in 2 third order categories. These were forefront experiences and accordance with background experiences. The first are quickly accessible and who I am.” explicable experiences that tend to be in the focus and can be Note. E = experience. + = increase in occurrence. - = decrease understood as reflective experiences [19]. The second are hardly in occurrence. The number before the symbols + or - indicate the accessible experiences that are more implicit and tend to be number of coresearchers that underwent certain change. explicated after the reflective experiences during the course of the interview. These can be understood as prereflective Individual level findings. Two of the coresearchers had a experiences [19]. The forefront experiences were divided in four difference in the attitude towards their experience after the categories – focused experiences, presence in the moment, bodily mystical-type psychedelic experience. The first one noticed a feelings and control over experience. The background diminishment of thoughts and realized that there are other experiences were divided in two categories – the choice of possible ways of being in the moment – without thoughts, present experience and attitude towards experience. The division of all and more involved in the outside world. The other coresearcher categories, as well as a summary of change in occurrence of a realized that thoughts are not defining and started to take a more category before and after the mystical-type psychedelic detached approach to experience. Interestingly, the samples we experience across coresearchers is shown in table 3. obtained only showed an increase in the control of experience, but not a diminishment of identification with experience. Another coresearcher started to have a sense of accordance with Table 3: Experience categories herself – what she was experiencing, was truer to who she was. It is important to note here that all coresearchers spoke about the Third order Second First order Summary importance of integration process after the mystical psychedelic categories order categories of change experiences. They all said that changes don’t occur by categories themselves, but are mediated by how they choose to integrate the Forefront E Focused E Aimless focused 3+ findings in their everyday life. It is also important to note that E during the interviews we realized that another factor that could Goal-focused E 2+ 1- highly contribute to the psychedelic experience and subsequent Comprehensive 1+ changes is prior knowledge and expectations about the unfocused E psychedelic experience. Dispersed E 2+ 3- Comparative findings. Comparatively, after the mystical- Presence in Pure perception 2+ 2- type psychedelic experience there was an increase in aimless the moment focused experience, pleasant bodily feelings and uncontrolled Sense of fusion 1- experience. On the first hand, the data seemed to show that the Hectic experience 1+ 2- differences were highly individual and that no conclusions can Detachment 2+ 1- be made. But after thorough inspection of possible interactions feelings between categories, we found some interesting trends. An Involvement in E 1+ increase in pure perception seemed to be connected to the Impaired 3+ increase of aimless focused experience and involvement in the perception of environment. An increase to hectic experience seemed to be surroundings connected with dispersed experience, while the increase in Involvement in 2+ 2- impaired perception of surroundings seemed to be connected to the environment detachment feelings. An increase in uncontrolled experience Bodily Pleasant 5+ seemed to be connected to the increase of the attitude that what feelings the person experiences is truer to oneself, while also being Unpleasant 2+ 2- connected to the increase or decrease in dispersed experience. Control Uncontrolled E 4+ 1- over E Intentional 2+ 4 DISCUSSION control over E The aim of our research was to find out whether any differences Unintentional 1+ 1- in everyday experience occur following mystical-type control over E psychedelic experiences and what those differences are, while Background Choice of E Identification 1- also trying to find a common denominator of the observed E with E changes. 104 The differences seemed to be individual and dependent on [2] David Nutt, David Erritzoe and Robin Carhart-Harris, 2020. Psychedelic individual context, expectations and knowledge of psychedelic psychiatry’s brave new world. Cell, 181, 1, 24-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020 literature. All of the coresearchers stressed the importance of [3] Sandeep M. Nayak, Manvir Singh, David B. Yaden, D. B. and Roland R. integration and said that what you choose to do with the Griffiths, 2022. Belief changes associated with psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37, 1, 80-92. DOI: experienced is more important than what you actually experience. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131989 Changes in their everyday life were thus also individual and [4] Paweł Orłowski, Anastasia Ruban, Jan Szczypiński, Justyna Hobot, dependent on their personal histories. A difference among Maksymilian Bielecki and Michał Bola, 2022. Naturalistic use of psychedelics is related to emotional reactivity and self-consciousness: The individuals was also noticed in their prior knowledge of first- mediating role of ego-dissolution and mystical experiences. Journal of person research methods, as those who had previous knowledge Psychopharmacology, 36, 8, 905-1004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221089034 tended to be able to go deeper in their prereflective, background [5] Willy Pedersen, Heith Copes and Liridona Gashi, 2021. Narratives of the experience and their attitude towards their experience. However, mystical among users of psychedelics. Acta Sociologica, 64, 2, 230-246. some similarities were observed, as there seemed to be an DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699320980050 [6] Michiel van Elk and Eiko I. Fried, 2023. History repeating: A roadmap to increase in uncontrolled experience, pleasant bodily feelings and address common problems in psychedelic science [preprint]. PsyArXiv, aimless focused experience. Following mystical-type March 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ak6gx [7] Kwonmok Ko, Gemma Knight, James J. Rucker and Anthony J. Cleare, psychedelic experiences coresearchers tended to have less 2022. Psychedelics, mystical experience, and therapeutic efficacy: A control on what they were doing, which was also followed by an systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, e917199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199 increase in the feeling of being true to oneself. Most of the [8] William James, 1987. The varieties of religious experiences. Penguin coresearchers also pointed out that the insights gained through Books. mystical-type psychedelic experiences helps them gain [9] Walter T. Stace, 1960. Mysticism and philosophy. Macmillan Publishers. [10] Frederick S. Barrett and Roland R. Griffiths, 2018. Classic hallucinogens knowledge about themselves – which can be understood as and mystical experiences: Phenomenology and neural correlates. Current prereflective experience showing itself to the reflective topics in behavioral neurosciences, 36, 393-430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474 experience [20]. This finding could be understood in light of [11] Joost J. Breeksema, Alistair Niemeijer, Bouwe Kuin, Jolien Veraart, Eric priors being loosened by psychedelic experiences [21]. Vermetten, Jeanine Kamphuis, Wim van den Brink and Rober Schoevers, 2023. Phenomenology and therapeutic potential of patient experiences There are many limitations to our study – the context of use, during oral esketamine treatment for treatment-resistant depression: An prior knowledge about psychedelics and first-person research interpretative phenomenological study. Psychopharmacology, 240, 1547- methods and number of previous psychedelic experiences were 1560. DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06388-6 [12] Piera Talin and Emilia Sanabria, 2017. Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: different among coresearchers which in itself can lead to An ethnographic study of ritual healing from ‘addiction’. International interpersonal differences. The number of experience samples we Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 23-30. DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.017 obtained through our research were also relatively small and thus [13] Urban Kordeš, 2016. Going beyond theory: Constructivism and empirical not thoroughly representative of the everyday experience. In the phenomenology. Constructivist Foundations, 11, 2, 375-385. future, more coresearchers should be included and more data [14] Frederick S. Barrett, Matthew W. Johnson and Roland R. Griffiths, 2015. Validation of the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in acquired. Coresearchers should also be screened for their experimental sessions with psilocybin. Journal of Psychopharmacology, previous knowledge, attitude and belief towards psychedelics 29, 11, 1182-1190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115609019 [15] Blaž Mesec, 1998. Uvod v kvalitativno raziskovanje v socialnem delu. and followed for an extended timeframe. Ljubljana: Visoka šola za socialno delo. With our research, we shed light on the fact that little is [16] Russell T. Hurlburt and Christopher L. Heavey, 2006. Exploring inner experience: The Descriptive Experience Sampling method. Amsterdam: known of phenomenology of everyday differences followed by John Benjamins Publishing Co. mystical-type psychedelic experiences, which are thought to be [17] Claire Petitmengin, 2006. Describing one’s subjective experience in the important for personal development and breakthroughs that lead second person: An interview method for the science of consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5, 3-4, 229-269. DOI: to change [2, 7]. We argue that first-person methods should be https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-006-9022-2 represented more frequently in the field of psychedelic research [18] Kathy Charmaz, 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory (2nd edition). SAGE Publications. and that psychedelic apprenticeship, such as discussed in [22] [19] Tom Froese, Carol Gould and Anil K. Seth, 2011. Validating and should be considered in order to understand what drives the calibrating first- and second-person methods in the science of changes and how they can be understood. consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 18, 2, 38-64. [20] Manesh Girn and Kalina Christoff, 2018. Expanding the scientific study of self-experience with psychedelics. Journal of Consciousness Studies, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 25, 11-12, 131-154. [21] Robin Carhart-Harris and Karl J. Friston, 2019. REBUS and the anarchic This paper provides a summary of the key findings from my brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. master’s thesis under the mentorship of prof. dr. Urban Kordeš, Pharmacological Reviews, 71, 3, 316-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160 whom I thank for all the guidelines and support. [22] Chrostopher Timmermann, Rosalind Watts and David Dupuis, 2022. Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations. REFERENCES Transcultural psychiatry, 59, 5, 691-704. DOI: [1] Chris Letheby, 2021. Philosophy of psychedelics. Oxford University https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221082796 Press. 105 Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness 3.0: Exploring Information and Causation on the Level of Individual Mechanisms Tina Žerdoner Marinšek tz7049@student.uni-lj.si Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija ABSTRACT Integrated Information Theory (IIT) presents its fundamental principles through a set of phenomenological axioms and The nature of consciousness has long defied precise scientific ontological postulates. Axioms are self-evident truths about explanation, despite centuries of inquiry. Emerging as a consciousness, while postulates are assumptions about the prominent theoretical framework to unravel the mechanics of physical basis of consciousness, forming the mathematical conscious awareness, the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of framework of IIT. The central axioms include the existence of Consciousness offers a unique approach. IIT's foundational principles are elucidated through a set of phenomenological consciousness as an undeniable aspect of reality, its axioms and ontological postulates, wherein axioms represent compositional nature where experiences consist of multiple self-evident truths about consciousness, and postulates provide a aspects, its informativeness, meaning each experience is distinct structured framework to elucidate informational and causal from others, and its integration, where experiences cannot be aspects within physical systems. Central to IIT is the concept of broken down into non-interdependent components. Additionally, information, defined as "differences that make a difference." It consciousness is characterized by exclusion, meaning only one extends beyond mere data or signals, emphasizing the unique experience exists at a time and within a particular spatio- way a system's elements interact and influence one another. This temporal context. paper explores the information and causation within the These axioms are translated into formalized postulates that framework proposed in IIT 3.0 and on the level of individual describe how physical mechanisms, such as neurons or logic mechanisms. It begins by introducing the advanced version of Integrated Information Theory (IIT 3.0). The paper then delves gates, must be organized to generate conscious experiences into Judea Pearl's theory of causation, outlining its key based on phenomenology. Mechanisms are defined by their constructs. The primary aim of this study is to review information causal role. They have the capacity to influence and be and causation on the level of individual mechanisms, within the influenced by other elements within the system. This means that context of IIT 3.0, and to bridge the findings with Judea Pearl’s they are involved in a web of causal relationships with other theory of causation. elements, and these relationships are crucial for understanding how the system functions. Each mechanism has a specific cause- KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE effect repertoire, which represents the probability distribution of Theory of consciousness, consciousness, information, causation potential past and future states of the system as constrained by the mechanism's current state. A mechanism that specifies a maximally irreducible cause-effect repertoire, is called a concept. 1 INTRODUCTION The postulates provide a framework to define informational Consciousness, the very essence of subjective experience, has and causal properties of physical systems and intrinsic long eluded precise scientific explanation. Its enigmatic nature, information as meaningful distinctions within a system. tied to the brain's intricate processes, has spurred centuries of Integrated information is defined as the information specified by inquiry, yet a definitive understanding remains elusive. Among a whole that cannot be reduced to the sum of information the diverse theoretical frameworks that seek to shed light on this specified by its parts. By applying these postulates at both the enigmatic realm, the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of level of individual mechanisms and systems of mechanisms, IIT Consciousness has emerged as a prominent theoretical establishes a fundamental identity: an experience is a maximally framework poised to illuminate the mechanics behind conscious irreducible conceptual structure (MICS), which is a constellation awareness [1]. Information integration theory characterizes of concepts in qualia space. Qualia space is a mathematical consciousness both in terms of quantity and quality using axioms representation of the space of all possible conscious states or and postulates derived from the properties of phenomenal experiences that a system can potentially have. A system that experience. Unlike conventional neuroscience approaches that generates a MICS is associated with a specific conscious start with neural mechanisms, IIT begins with the experience, and the properties of that experience are defined by phenomenology of consciousness and seeks to understand its the arrangement of concepts within the MICS. According to IIT, physical implementation. a MICS determines the quality of an experience, while integrated information quantifies its quantity [2, 3]. 106 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tina Žerdoner Marinšek In IIT, information is a central notion [1], defined as 2. Composition: Consciousness is structured and differences that make a difference [2, 7] and it’s not merely about compositional. Each experience consists of multiple data or signals, but about the distinct way in which a system's aspects in various combinations. elements interact and influence each other. It captures the idea 3. Information: Consciousness is informative. Each that information arises from the specific causal relationships experience is distinct from other possible experiences, among elements in a system. When these causal relationships even if subtly so. result in distinct patterns of interaction and behaviour, they carry 4. Integration: Consciousness is integrated. Each meaningful information about the system's state and its potential experience is strongly irreducible to non- to affect and be affected by other elements. IIT's approach to interdependent components. defining information diverges by emphasizing the importance of 5. Exclusion: Consciousness is exclusive. At any given perturbing a system to observe its responses. Such an approach time, there is only one experience with definite borders. is introduced in Judea Pearl’s work [4, 5] and aligns closely with causation, as it emphasizes the dynamic relationships among IIT 3.0 then posits a set of postulates. The postulates are a set elements – the latter necessarily being perturbed to assess the of assumptions that lay out the conditions under which a physical causation [6]. Judea Pearl’s causal model is a framework for system, comprising mechanisms, can give rise to conscious representing and analysing causal relationships in complex experience. The postulates bridge the gap between the abstract systems. It provides a formal and graphical way to model axioms of consciousness and the concrete mechanisms within a causation, allowing researchers to make causal inferences and physical system. They provide the framework to connect the understand the effects of interventions. nature of consciousness to the physical world. While axioms try In this paper, I will delve into the concept of information and to answer the question of what consciousness is and what are its causation as proposed by Tononi [2, 6]. In what follows, I will essential properties, the postulates rather address the question of first present the Integrated information theory of consciousness how consciousness can emerge from a physical system. The 3.0, an advanced version of the theory with several postulates are [2]: improvements compared to its predecessors. Subsequently, I will provide the key constructs of Judea Pearl’s theory of causation. 1. Existence: Mechanisms in a state exist. A system The paper's objective is to review causation and information on comprises these mechanisms. the level of individual mechanisms, within the context of IIT 3.0 2. Composition: Elementary mechanisms can be and align the findings with Judea Pearl’s theory of causation. combined to form more complex ones. While mechanisms are the individual causal components 2 Integrated Information Theory 3.0 within a system, a system of mechanisms represents the Understanding consciousness is a complex endeavour that ensemble of these individual components working together to requires both empirical investigation of neural correlates and a produce the system's behavior and conscious experiences. robust theoretical framework for explanation and prediction. The postulates of information, integration, and exclusion in Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a comprehensive IIT 3.0 are principles that apply to both individual mechanisms theoretical framework aimed at understanding consciousness. It and systems of mechanisms [2]. addresses fundamental questions about why consciousness arises in certain brain systems but not others and how to assess Mechanisms: consciousness in difficult cases, such as new-borns, animals, 1. Information: A mechanism contributes to brain-damaged patients, and machines. IIT 3.0 attempts to consciousness if it specifies unique "differences that mathematically characterize consciousness, focusing on both its make a difference" within a system. It generates quantity and quality. It starts with fundamental properties of information by constraining the possible causes and consciousness phenomenology, translating them into postulates effects in the system [2]. that outline the conditions for physical mechanisms (e.g., 2. Integration: A mechanism contributes to neurons) to account for consciousness phenomenology. This consciousness when it specifies a cause-effect approach differs from traditional neuroscience, which usually repertoire (information) that cannot be reduced to starts with neural mechanisms and seeks to explain independent components. In other words, if you break consciousness through behavioural reports [2, 7]. down the mechanism into its constituent parts, the resulting information should not be the same as the IIT 3.0 starts by introducing the axioms of the theory. The information generated by the whole mechanism. axioms serve as foundational principles that describe Integration is assessed by partitioning the mechanism fundamental truths about consciousness itself. They establish the and measuring how this partitioning affects its cause- essential nature and properties of conscious experience. These effect repertoire. The more interdependent the axioms are self-evident and do not directly prescribe how components, the higher the integration and the more consciousness arises from physical systems but rather define the relevant the mechanism is for consciousness [2]. characteristics of consciousness. The axioms are [2]: 3. Exclusion: IIT 3.0 posits that a mechanism can contribute to consciousness at most with one cause- 1. Existence: Consciousness is an undeniable aspect of effect repertoire, referred to as the maximally reality. "I experience, therefore I am." irreducible cause-effect repertoire (MICE). If a mechanism can be associated with a MICE, it 107 Exploring Information and Causation on the Level of Individual Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Mechanisms Slovenia constitutes a concept. This principle ensures that directly corresponds to the nature of the conscious experience it mechanisms do not overlap in their contributions to generates [2]. consciousness, preventing redundancy [2]. Systems of mechanisms: 3 Causation in IIT 3.0 on the level of individual 1. Information: IIT extends its principles to systems of mechanisms mechanisms. A set of elements can exhibit In IIT 3.0, causation is brought to the forefront within the context consciousness only if its underlying mechanisms of postulates and plays a crucial role in understanding how specify a conceptual structure. This conceptual complex systems give rise to consciousness. In the first part of structure defines meaningful distinctions or the theory, the focus is on individual mechanisms within a differences within the set. To visualize this, one can system. Mechanisms are entities, such as neurons in the brain or think of a conceptual space. In this space, each axis logic gates in a computer, that play a causal role in the system's represents a possible past or future state of the set of behaviour. At the core of IIT 3.0’s view of causation is the elements. Within this conceptual space, there exists a concept of the cause-effect repertoire, that is the probability constellation of points. Each point within this distribution of potential past and future states of a system as conceptual space represents a concept. These concepts constrained by a mechanism in its current state. Each mechanism are crucial because they specify the differences that within a system is considered to have a specific causal role. It can make a difference within the set. In essence, they cause certain effects within the system and can be affected by capture the essential distinctions or information specific causes. This cause-effect repertoire defines the set of relevant to the conscious experience. [2]. possible causes and effects that a mechanism can be a part of 2. Integration: According to IIT 3.0, for a set of elements within the system. (which can represent neurons, brain regions, or any To generate information and contribute to consciousness, a other relevant entities) to be conscious, it must exhibit mechanism must specify, as previously mentioned, differences a property called strong integration. This means that that make a difference within the system. In other words, it the elements within the set must work together in a way should have selective and specific causes and effects. This means that cannot be broken down into independent that the mechanism's causal relationships should not be random components and that the overall functioning of the or arbitrary but should have a meaningful impact on the system's system cannot be understood by examining its behaviour [2, 6]. components in isolation. To determine whether a set of IIT 3.0 proposes an approach to measure the causal elements exhibits strong integration, IIT 3.0 employs a power/generated information of a mechanism. Within this method involving unidirectional cuts. This means that approach, it is important to understand the terms background the system is divided into subsets in such a way that conditions, and candidate set. The term background conditions information flows in one direction only within each refers to specific constraints imposed on a candidate set of subset. The goal is to assess whether breaking the elements within a system. These constraints are external and system down into subsets disrupts its integrated unchanging. When discussing these conditions, it's important to functioning. Strongly integrated systems are said to note that the past and current states of elements outside the specify a conceptual structure [2]. candidate set are held constant at their real or observed values. In 3. Exclusion: IIT 3.0 posits that within a larger system or other words, these elements are not subject to change or network of elements (which can represent neurons or manipulation as part of the analysis or investigation related to the other relevant components), only one specific subset or candidate set. A candidate set refers to a specific group of set of elements can be conscious. This means that elements that are being examined or analyzed. In the context of consciousness is localized to particular subsets within this description, the elements within the candidate set are a complex system. The basis for this exclusivity is the subjected to perturbations, meaning they are deliberately altered presence of a conceptual structure within a set of to occupy all their potential states. This process is conducted to elements. This conceptual structure is associated with generate the Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) for the strong integration. Among all possible subsets or candidate set, which represents the probabilities of transitioning overlapping sets of elements within a larger system, between different states of these elements [2, 6]. only the one that specifies a conceptual structure that is maximally irreducible (MICS) to independent components can give rise to consciousness [2]. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 3.0 then suggests a fundamental identity between the qualities of conscious experience and the informational and causal properties of physical systems. According to this concept, the maximally irreducible conceptual structure (MICS) is identical to the conscious experience that arises from that system, and the set of elements that generates it constitutes a complex. In essence, the Figure 1: Mechanisms in state (candidate set) and transition way information is organized and integrated within a system probability matrix [2]. 108 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tina Žerdoner Marinšek Information, defined as the differences that make a difference about both the past and the future states of a system that is to a system from its intrinsic perspective, can be measured by uniquely constrained by a specific mechanism and it is measured examining how a mechanism in its current state affects the as the minimum of CI and CE. CEI serves as a comprehensive potential past and future states of the system [1, 2, 6]. The idea measure for understanding causality. The higher the values of of perturbed elements and transition probability stands behind CEI, the more significant the contribution of a specific defining information in causal terms within the context of IIT 3.0 mechanism to consciousness [2]. [1, 6, 11]. 5 Judea Pearl’s theory of causation 4 IIT 3.0: Causation on the level of individual Judea Pearl's causal model provides a structured framework mechanisms for studying causality, making it a valuable tool for researchers In the literature [1, 11], the authors usually define information in and practitioners seeking to uncover causal relationships in causal terms by focusing on the concept that is behind this notion. diverse contexts. His work is closely associated with the The distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic information is development of a causal model interventionist approach, which commonly brought up to enlighten the importance of has had an impact on the way we understand and analyse understanding the causal property of information in IIT 3.0 [1]. causality in various domains [8]. The aim of this section is to bring causation to the forefront and In his book [5], Judea Pearl explores the different levels of to investigate how causation and information are defined on the causation in understanding and predicting events. At the first level of individual mechanisms, within the context of IIT 3.0. To level, association, the focus is on identifying regularities in establish the connection between information and causation, we observations, such as predicting a rat's movement. This level need to delve deeper into the key constructs of IIT 3.0 and later, deals with passive observations and collecting and analysing data explore how they align with Judea Pearl's theory of causation. to establish associations. Moving to the second level, At this point, I would like to introduce the concepts that are intervention, the focus shifts to changing the world and asking used to conceptualize causation and information in IIT 3.0. The questions like "What happens if we double the price of first one is cause repertoire (probability distribution) of a toothpaste?" Intervention requires knowledge beyond passive mechanism. It refers to all the possible past states of the system data and involves actively altering the environment. The top- that can lead to its current state, given the mechanism's specific level, counterfactuals, delves into understanding why things causal interactions within the system. It represents the set of happen by exploring what would have occurred if circumstances potential causes that have influenced the mechanism in the past. were different. Counterfactual questions involve going back in The second one is unconstrained cause repertoire, which time and considering alternate scenarios. represents all the potential past states of the system that could Pearl stated [4] that causal statements are often used in influence the mechanism, without any constraints imposed by the situations with uncertainty, where events tend to make current state of the mechanism itself. In other words, it considers consequences more likely but not certain. According to him, the all possible causal interactions without the mechanism's selective theory of causation needs to provide a language to distinguish influence. Similarly, the effect repertoire of a mechanism is a various shades of likelihood, which is crucial for accommodating notion that refers to all the possible future states of the system such uncertainty. that can occur as a result of the mechanism in a state. The At the core of his theory of causation, the notion of unconstrained effect repertoire represents all the potential future intervention is a crucial one, since it introduces the idea of states of the system that could result from various interactions, deliberate and controlled alteration of a specific variable or set of without the constraints imposed by the mechanism’s current state. variables in a causal system. It involves actively changing or It considers all possible effects without the mechanism's selective manipulating a variable or system to observe how it affects other influence [2]. variables. The goal of interventions is to understand and establish All these concepts are important for measuring cause causal relationships between variables [4,5]. Judea Pearl's theory information (CI), effect information (EI), and cause-effect of causation is fundamentally rooted in an interventionist information (CEI) . CI is a measure of the information about the approach to causality. Pearl's work on causality places a strong past states of a system that is uniquely constrained and shaped by emphasis on interventions and their role in understanding causal a specific mechanism within that system. It quantifies the relationships. The basic idea of the interventionist approach is difference between the cause repertoire (past states influenced by that X is a cause of Y if only there is a possible intervention on the mechanism) and the unconstrained cause repertoire (all X that will change Y or the probability distribution of Y [9]. possible past states without the mechanism's influence). In IIT, Within this context, Pearl introduced the concept of a do- conscious experiences are associated with specific mechanisms operator (do(X)) to represent such interventions, where X that generate high CI values. By measuring CI, you can pinpoint represents the variable being manipulated. For example, in a which elements are more likely to be responsible for contributing medical study, if researchers want to determine how the to consciousness. While CI focuses on the information about past administration of a new drug (variable X) influenced patient states of a system influenced by a specific mechanism, EI deals outcomes (variable Y), they may perform an intervention by with information about the system's future states that are shaped administering the drug (do(X=1)) to a group of patients and and constrained by the same mechanism. EI is quantified as the comparing their outcomes to a control group that did not receive difference between effect repertoire and unconstrained effect the drug (do(X=0)). By applying the do operator, we've repertoire. CEI is essentially a combination of cause information effectively created two hypothetical scenarios: (CI) and effect information (EI). It quantifies the information 109 Exploring Information and Causation on the Level of Individual Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Mechanisms Slovenia • In Scenario 1 (do(X=1)), we observe a significantly framed as counterfactuals [6], IIT 3.0 does involve the idea of an higher rate of recovery compared to Scenario 2 absence of a mechanism’s state within the concept of (do(X=0)), which suggests that administering the drug unconstrained cause/effect repertoire. Counterfactuals, as has a causal effect on recovery. introduced by Judea Pearl, involve considering alternative • Conversely, if there is no significant difference in scenarios and asking "what if" questions [4,5]. In the case of IIT recovery rates between the two scenarios, it might 3.0, the comparison of a system with and without specific suggest that administering the drug does not have a mechanisms in state is akin to a counterfactual inquiry because it significant causal effect on recovery in this context. assesses how the system's behaviour and properties might have The do operator allows us to isolate the effect of the drug been different if certain elements or mechanisms were absent or intervention from other potential confounding factors. Pearl's altered. As Tononi stated [6], this kind of inquiry should be work on interventions has provided a formal framework for subject to further explanation and redefinition. causal inference and reasoning about causality in complex systems. It has also led to the development of causal graphical 7 Conclusion models, such as Bayesian networks and structural equation models, which are widely used in various fields to analyse and In the paper, I set the stage by introducing the Integrated understand causal relationships in data [4, 5]. Information Theory of Consciousness 3.0 as an important framework poised to illuminate the mechanics behind conscious awareness. I briefly discuss the axiomatic part of the theory and 6 Intervening on the mechanism’s state leads to outline the postulates, that are conditions for physical changes in its causal structure mechanisms to account for consciousness phenomenology. I then Pearl's theory relies heavily on interventions or perturbations, delve into the concept of causation within IIT 3.0, focusing on where a variable is actively changed to assess its causal impact individual mechanisms. In this section I introduce the concept of on an outcome. In IIT 3.0, intervention is also crucial but focuses the cause-effect repertoire, representing the potential past and on how mechanisms within a system shape the system's past and future states of a system as constrained by a mechanism's current future states, thereby contributing to consciousness. The state. I explain how a mechanism must specify meaningful intervention here relates to how a mechanism's state influences causes and effects to generate information and contribute to the system's causal history and future. Intervention, in this consciousness. In the same section of the paper, the importance context, involves deliberately altering the state of a mechanism of perturbing mechanisms within a candidate set to generate the within the candidate set. When you intervene on a mechanism's Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) for causal analysis is state, you are essentially introducing a change into the system. introduced. In the following parts of the paper, I bridge the This change can propagate through the causal structure of the concepts of causation and information in IIT 3.0. To better system, leading to alterations in how different mechanisms understand the causation as conceptualised in IIT 3.0 on the level interact and influence each other. IIT 3.0 provides tools and of individual mechanism, I introduce terms like cause repertoire, metrics, such as CI, CE and CEI to quantify how intervening on unconstrained cause repertoire, effect repertoire, and a mechanism's state leads to changes in the causal structure. The unconstrained effect repertoire. I discuss measures like Cause higher the value of CEI, the more selective the cause-effect Information (CI), Effect Information (EI), and Cause-Effect repertoire and thus more significant the contribution of a specific Information (CEI) to quantify the contribution of mechanisms to mechanism to consciousness. consciousness. In the next section I introduce Judea Pearl's While the primary goal of the observational approach in theory of causation, highlighting the levels of causation: conditional probabilities is to describe and analyze existing data association, intervention, and counterfactuals. I emphasize the without active manipulation or intervention and to identify role of interventions and the do-operator in Pearl's causal model. associations or correlations between variables, the interventional I affirm the importance of distinguishing various shades of approach involves actively manipulating or intervening on a likelihood in causal statements and accommodating uncertainty. system or experiment to observe the causal relationships between In the last section, I draw the parallels between Pearl's focus on variables [4,10]. interventions and IIT 3.0's interventions on mechanism states. I Intervention, within the context of IIT 3.0, would mean suggest that IIT 3.0 involves the possibility to form a changes in the Transition Probability Matrix (TPM) of a counterfactual analysis by comparing systems with and without mechanism. Changing deliberately the mechanism’s state specific mechanisms in state. provokes alterations in the probability distribution of a mechanism’s past and future states and reveals its causal REFERENCES structure. The interventional approach helps to identify which [1] Lombardi, Olimpia, and Cristian López. “What Does ‘Information’ Mean in Integrated Information Theory?” Entropy 20, no. 12 (November 22, causes and effects are maximally irreducible and thus, contribute 2018): 894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/e20120894 more significantly to the conscious state of a system, within a [2] Masafumi Oizumi, Larissa Albantakis, and Giulio Tononi, “From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated specific spatio-temporal context. 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Iz prve faze, kjer je šlo predvsem za shranjevanje podatkov in kako do njih učinkovito dostopati, se je razvila industrija za izdelavo orodij za delo s podatkovnimi bazami, prišlo je do standardizacije procesov, povpraševalnih jezikov itd. Ko shranjevanje podatkov ni bil več poseben problem, se je pojavila potreba po bolj urejenih podatkovnih bazah, ki bi služile ne le transakcijskem procesiranju ampak tudi analitskim vpogledom v podatke – pojavilo se je t.i. skladiščenje podatkov (data warehousing), ki je postalo standarden del informacijskih sistemov v podjetjih. Paradigma OLAP (On-Line-Analytical-Processing) zahteva od uporabnika, da še vedno sam postavlja sistemu vprašanja in dobiva nanje odgovore in na vizualen način preverja in išče izstopajoče situacije. Ker seveda to ni vedno mogoče, se je pojavila potreba po avtomatski analizi podatkov oz. z drugimi besedami to, da sistem sam pove, kaj bi utegnilo biti zanimivo za uporabnika – to prinašajo tehnike odkrivanja znanja v podatkih (data mining), ki iz obstoječih podatkov skušajo pridobiti novo znanje in tako uporabniku nudijo novo razumevanje dogajanj zajetih v podatkih. Slovenska KDD konferenca pokriva vsebine, ki se ukvarjajo z analizo podatkov in odkrivanjem znanja v podatkih: pristope, orodja, probleme in rešitve. Dunja Mladenić Marko Grobelnik FOREWORD Data driven technologies have significantly progressed after mid 90’s. The first phases were mainly focused on storing and efficiently accessing the data, resulted in the development of industry tools for managing large databases, related standards, supporting querying languages, etc. After the initial period, when the data storage was not a primary problem anymore, the development progressed towards analytical functionalities on how to extract added value from the data; i.e., databases started supporting not only transactions but also analytical processing of the data. At this point, data warehousing with On-Line-Analytical-Processing entered as a usual part of a company’s information system portfolio, requiring from the user to set well defined questions about the aggregated views to the data. Data Mining is a technology developed after year 2000, offering automatic data analysis trying to obtain new discoveries from the existing data and enabling a user new insights in the data. In this respect, the Slovenian KDD conference (SiKDD) covers a broad area including Statistical Data Analysis, Data, Text and Multimedia Mining, Semantic Technologies, Link Detection and Link Analysis, Social Network Analysis, Data Warehouses. Dunja Mladenić Marko Grobelnik 115 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Janez Brank, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Marko Grobelnik, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Branko Kavšek, University of Primorska, Koper Besher M. Massri, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Dunja Mladenić, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Erik Novak, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Inna Novalija, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Jože Rožanec, Qlector, Ljubljana Abdul Sitar, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana Luka Stopar, Sportradar, Ljubljana Jan Šturm, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 116 Forecasting Trends in Technological Innovations with Distortion-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks Krisztian Buza, M. Besher Massri, Marko Grobelnik {krisztian.antal.buza,besher.massri,marko.grobelnik}@ijs.si Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Institute Jozef Stefan Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT convolution plays the role of a local pattern detector, it matches Predicting trends in technological innovations holds critical impor- patterns in a rigid manner as it does not allow for local shifts and tance for policymakers, investors, and other stakeholders within elongations within the patterns. This issue has been addressed the innovation ecosystem. This study approaches this challenge by distortion-aware convolution and the resulting convolutional by framing it as a time series prediction task. Recent efforts have neural network has been shown to outperform conventional convo- introduced diverse solutions utilizing convolutional neural net- lutional networks in case of several time series forecasting tasks [6]. works, including distortion-aware convolutional neural networks. For the aforementioned reasons, in this paper we propose to use While convolutional layers act as local pattern detectors, conven- distortion-aware convolutional networks for forecasting trends in tional convolution matches local patterns in a rigid manner in the technological innovations. We perform experiments on real-world sense that they do not account for local shifts and elongations, time series of the number of patents related to selected topics. whereas distortion-aware convolution incorporate the capability to We compare the performance of distortion-aware convolutional identify local patterns with flexibility, accommodating local shifts networks with conventional convolutional neural networks. and elongations. The resulting convolutional neural network, with The reminder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, distortion-aware convolution, has exhibited superior performance we provide a short discussion of related works. We review distortion- compared to standard convolutional networks in multiple time se- aware convolutional networks in Section 3, followed by the experi- ries prediction tasks. As a result, we advocate for the application mental results in Section 4. Finally, we conclude in Section 5. of distortion-aware convolutional networks in forecasting tech- nological innovation trends and compare their performance with 2 RELATED WORK conventional convolutional neural networks. As we cast our problem as a time series forecasting task, we focus CCS CONCEPTS our review of related works on time series forecasting. As men- tioned previously, a prominent family of methods include forecast • Computing methodologies → Neural networks. techniques based on convolutional neural networks, recent surveys KEYWORDS about them have been presented by Lim et al. [17], Sezer et al. [21] and Torres et al. [24]. trends, innovation ecosystem, time series forecasting, convolutional An essential component of distortion-aware convolution is dy- neural networks, distortion-aware convolution namic time warping (DTW). While DTW is one of the most suc- cessful distance measures in the time series domain, see e.g. [25], 1 INTRODUCTION recent approaches integrate it with neural networks. For example, Forecasting trends in technological innovations is of high value Iwana et al. [14], Cai et al. [9] and Buza [5] used DTW to construct for policy makers, investors and other actors of the innovation features. In contrast, Afrasiabi et al. [1] used neural networks to ecosystem. In this paper, we cast this task as a time series forecasting extract features and used DTW to compare the resulting sequences. problem. Shulman [22] proposed “an approach similar to DTW” to allow for Approaches for time series forecasting range from the well- flexible matching in case of the dot product. DTW-NN [13] consid- known autoregressive models [4] over exponential smoothing [12] ered neural networks and replaced “the standard inner product of a to solutions based on deep learning [10, 11, 16–19, 24, 26]. Among node with DTW as a kernel-like method”. However, DTW-NN only the numerous techniques, a prominent family of methods include considered multilayer perceptrons (MLP), whereas we focus on forecast with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [3, 20]. convolutional networks. In the context of time series classification, The inherent assumption behind CNNs is that local patterns are Buza and Antal proposed to replace the dot product in the con- characteristic to time series and future values of the time series may volution operation by DTW calculations [7]. In distortion-aware be predicted based on those local patterns. While the operation of convolution [6], DTW is used together with the dot product, but the dot product itself is not modified. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. 3 BACKGROUND For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). We begin this section with a formal definition of our task followed Slovenian KDD Conference 2023 , 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia by a review of convolutional neural networks with distortion-aware © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). convolution [6]. 117 Slovenian KDD Conference 2023 , 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia K. Buza, M. B. Massri, M. Grobelnik 3.1 Problem Formulation Given an observed time series 𝑥 = (𝑥1, . . . , 𝑥 ) of length 𝑙, in our 𝑙 case each 𝑥 represents the number of patents related to a given 𝑖 topic in a month, we aim at predicting its subsequent ℎ values 𝑦 = (𝑥 ), i.e., the number of patents in the subsequent ℎ 𝑙 +1, . . . , 𝑥𝑙 +ℎ months. We say that ℎ is the forecast horizon and 𝑦 is the target. Furthermore, we assume that a dataset 𝐷 is given which contains 𝑛 time series with the corresponding target: (𝑖 ) (𝑖 ) 𝐷 = { (𝑥 , 𝑦 )𝑛 }. (1) 𝑖 =1 We use 𝐷 to train neural networks for the aforementioned predic- tion task. We say that (𝑖 ) 𝑥 is the input of the neural network. In our experiments, we assume that an independent dataset ∗ 𝐷 is given which can be used to evaluate the predictions of our model. Similarly to ∗ 𝐷 , dataset 𝐷 contains pairs of input and target time series. ∗ 𝐷 is called the test set. 3.2 The Distortion-aware Convolutional Block The main idea behind distortion-aware convolution [6] is to calcu- late, besides the dot products (or inner products), DTW distances between the kernel and time series segments as well. This is illus- trated in Fig. 1. Our distortion-aware convolutional block has two output channels: one for dot products and another channel for the DTW distances. While in case of the dot product, higher similarity between the time series segment and the pattern corresponds to higher values, the opposite is true for the DTW distances. In case of DTW, high similarity between the time series segment and the pattern is reflected by a distance close to zero. Therefore, to make sure that Figure 1: In case of distortion-aware convolution, addition- the activations on both channels are consistent, the activations of ally to the dot product (top), DTW distances between the ker- the DTW channel of our distortion-aware convolutional block are nel and time series segments are calculated (bottom). Thus, calculated as follows: our distortion-aware convolutional block has two output channels: one for dot products and another channel for the 1 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑡 ) = , (2) 𝐷𝑇 𝑊 DTW distances scaled according to Eq. (2). 1 + 𝐷𝑇𝑊 (𝑖𝑛 [𝑡 : 𝑡 + 𝑠], 𝑤 ) where 𝑜𝑢𝑡 denotes the activation of the DTW channel of the 𝐷𝑇 𝑊 distortion-aware convolutional block, 𝑖𝑛 [𝑡 : 𝑡 + 𝑠] is the segment 4.1 Data of the block’s input between the 𝑡 -th and (𝑡 + 𝑠)-th position1, 𝑠 is Lens is a web-based service that offers global access to patent in- the size of the filter, 𝑤 are the weights of the filter representing a formation, academic articles, regulatory databases, and additional local pattern and 𝐷𝑇𝑊 (., .) is a function that calculates the 𝐷𝑇𝑊 relevant materials.2 The platform is designed to simplify the explo- distance between two time series segments. ration and evaluation of intellectual property information while Training neural networks with distortion-aware convolution promoting research and inventive activities. Lens grants compli- may be challenging because of the backpropagation of gradients mentary access to patent databases from more than 100 nations and through the DTW calculations. The basic idea of training is to train includes sophisticated search functionalities and analytical tools the network with conventional convolution instead of distortion- for diverse research and analysis needs. aware convolution initially and add DTW-computations once the We extracted time series from the Lens patent database as fol- weights of the convolutional layer have already been determined. lows. For selected topics identified by their Cooperative Patent For details, see [6]. Classification (CPC) codes, we extracted the number of granted patents as well as the number of patent applications per month 4 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION between January 1980 and December 2022. We considered the fol- The goal of our experiments is to examine whether the neural lowing topics: (a) “image or video recognition” (G06V), (b) “neural networks with distortion-aware convolution are more suitable for networks” (G06N3/02), (c) “natural language processing” (G06F40) forecasting technological trends compared to their counterparts and (d) all topics related to artificial intelligence. We considered the with conventional convolution. number of patents separately for the most significant jurisdictions, i.e., (a) United States of America, (b) China, (c) Korea, (d) Japan and 1In Eq. (2) we use a Python-like syntax: the lower index, 𝑡 is inclusive, the upper index, 2 𝑡 + 𝑠 is exclusive in 𝑖𝑛 [𝑡 : 𝑡 + 𝑠 ]. http://lens.org 118 Forecasting Trends in Technological Innovations with Distortion-Aware Convolutional Neural NetworksSlovenian KDD Conference 2023 , 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Table 1: Mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared erTable 2: Mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared ror (RMSE) for forecasting the time series of granted patents error (RMSE) for forecasting the time series of patent ap- in case of our approach (DCNN) and the baseline (CNN). plications in case of our approach (DCNN) and the baseline Lower values indicate better performance. (CNN). Lower values indicate better performance. juris- RMSE MAE juris- RMSE MAE topic diction CNN DCNN CNN DCNN topic diction CNN DCNN CNN DCNN image or US 165.9 106.0 131.2 92.7 image US 188.2 177.1 170.2 163.3 video China 405.8 320.9 323.87 217.6 or video China 3405.0 1061.7 3375.4 1042.3 recognition Korea 13.9 27.7 12.4 19.9 recognition Korea 128.9 70.8 99.7 69.4 Japan 55.9 49.8 39.9 37.8 Japan 103.8 106.4 87.1 66.1 Europe 34.5 34.7 32.3 32.9 Europe 51.9 55.5 45.0 49.4 ALL 494.7 399.6 416.8 341.3 ALL 3641.9 2110.5 3627.3 2027.8 neural US 10.7 9.1 9.4 7.9 neural xUS 79.8 15.3 76.9 12.7 networks China 5.6 5.5 3.8 3.7 networks China 21.2 20.8 16.8 19.0 Korea 6.3 2.3 5.4 2.1 Korea 44.6 6.8 43.7 6.2 Japan 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.0 Japan 13.9 7.1 13.5 4.8 Europe 2.7 1.6 2.2 1.2 Europe 15.8 5.9 14.9 4.4 ALL 7.6 8.3 6.3 6.7 ALL 267.7 45.6 262.7 38.6 natural US 19.7 15.1 14.8 12.0 natural US 64.1 68.7 55.5 64.6 language China 57.1 47.0 41.6 41.7 language China 418.9 318.2 363.6 289.3 processing Korea 14.2 8.5 13.1 7.3 processing Korea 35.1 23.4 29.7 21.0 Japan 11.8 10.7 9.5 7.3 Japan 16.7 18.7 10.5 10.8 Europe 4.8 3.0 3.5 2.7 Europe 11.2 14.3 9.7 11.2 ALL 67.0 45.7 59.5 35.5 ALL 298.1 543.0 226.9 489.3 ALL US 270.2 216.9 224.1 196.4 ALL US 532.3 329.1 458.9 311.3 China 870.2 1108.8 763.2 998.1 China 6443.7 2784.2 6239.0 2386.5 Korea 56.6 138.3 53.8 129.4 Korea 405.4 216.8 340.2 180.8 Japan 124.8 132.0 81.4 89.9 Japan 224.8 228.1 159.1 128.6 Europe 85.8 69.2 82.1 65.9 Europe 130.0 163.5 97.5 121.3 ALL 1045.1 1129.1 929.2 964.6 ALL 5445.1 3355.8 5009.0 2547.0 data related to the years 1980...2019 was used as training data, while the data from 2019...2022 was used as test data. From the long time series corresponding years 1980...2019, we extracted training instances with a moving window. This resulted in 10496 training instances in total which corresponds to 427 training instance for each time series. When evaluating the network on the test data, we used the data from 2019...2021 as input data and the task was to predict the number of granted patents (or patent applications, respectively) for Figure 2: Total number of granted patents (red) and patent the first six month of 2022. applications (blue) for all the jurisdictions in the Lens data- base related to “neural networks” (CPC: G06N3/02). 4.2 Experimental Settings In order to assess the contribution of distortion-aware convolu- tion, for each time series, we trained two versions of the neural (e) Europe. Additionally, we considered the time series of the total network: with and without distortion-aware convolution, and com- number of patents for all the jurisdictions of the database. Thus, we pared the results. In the former case, the first hidden layer was a considered in 48 time series in total, see also the first two columns distortion-aware convolutional layer (with both dot product and of Tab. 1 and Tab. 2. Two example time series are shown in Fig. 2. DTW calculations), whereas in the later case, we used conventional For each time series, we trained the neural networks to predict convolution (with dot product only). the number of granted patents (or patent applications, respectively) For simplicity, we considered a convolutional network contain- for each month of a 6-monthly period, i.e., the forecast horizon ing a single convolutional layer with 25 filters, followed by a max was ℎ = 6. As input, we used the number of granted patents (or pooling layer with window size of 2, and a fully connected layer patent applications, respectively) in the previous 36 months. The with 100 units. We set the size of convolutional filters to 9. 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MyData EU HE project under grant agreement No 101070284. [26] Tian Zhou, Ziqing Ma, Qingsong Wen, Liang Sun, Tao Yao, Wotao Yin, Rong Jin, et al. 2022. Film: Frequency improved legendre memory model for long-term time series forecasting. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (2022), 12677–12690. 3https://github.com/kr7/dcnn-forecast 120 Building A Causality Graph For Strategic Foresight Jože M. Rožanec Beno Šircelj Peter Nemec Jožef Stefan International Jožef Stefan Institute Event Registry d.o.o. Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia beno.sircelj@ijs.si peter@eventregistry.org joze.rozanec@ijs.si Gregor Leban Dunja Mladenić Event Registry d.o.o. Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia gregor@eventregistry.org dunja.mladenic@ijs.si ABSTRACT (20/50) relevant hits, respectively. Some approaches described in This paper describes a pipeline built to generate a causality graph the literature aim to leverage artificial intelligence to automate for strategic foresight. The pipeline interfaces with a well-known time-consuming aspects of strategic foresight, such as perform- global media retrieval platform, which performs real-time track- ing information scanning and data analysis [4, 18]. Furthermore, ing of events reported in the media. The events are retrieved text-mining techniques have been used to identify weak signals from the media retrieval platform, and content from the media and trends [10] or extract relevant actions and outcomes that articles is processed with ChatGPT to extract causal relations could be mapped to causal decision diagrams [19]. mentioned in the news article. Multiple post-processing steps are Strategic foresight for environmental purposes has been con- performed to clean the causal relations, removing spurious ones sidered to different degrees by countries and environmental agen- and linking them to ontological concepts where possible. Finally, cies. For example, multiple U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a sample causality trace is showcased to exemplify the potential offices began using strategic foresight in the 1980s. Still, they of the causality graph created so far. did not do so consistently until 1995, when it began to be insti- tutionalized and connected to the Agency’s strategic planning KEYWORDS and decision-making, and reinvigorated since 2015 with that pur- strategic foresight, graph, causality extraction, wikifier, ChatGPT pose [11]. Another example is The Netherlands, where strategic foresight has been encouraged since 1992 to systematically aim to identify critical technologies and scientific possibilities that 1 INTRODUCTION would allow the fulfillment of environmental policies [29]. Other Among the most frequently used strategic foresight methods we cases include using strategic foresight to understand how EU- find scenario planning [7], that aims to foresee relevant scenarios wide policies may affect regions and rural localities [26] or guide based on trends and factors of influence. These allow for a better decision-making in the face of structural change [2]. understanding of how actions can influence the future - a key Previous work [22, 23] described how artificial intelligence ability in a world full of Turbulence, Unpredictability, Uncertainty, could be used to automate scenario planning. This paper de- Novelty, and Ambiguity (TUNA) [30]. This ability has fostered scribes a pipeline built to extract and process media news from an increasing adoption of strategic foresight in the public and EventRegistry [16] to create a causality graph. Furthermore, it private sectors [6, 21]. describes the causality graph created with media news report- Domain experts currently plan scenarios by gathering and an- ing on events related to oil prices, given the abundant research alyzing the data to determine and report probable, possible, and regarding how oil prices impact the environment. Among the plausible futures of interest [15]. Nevertheless, the extensive man- benefits of this approach is the ability to extract causal relations ual work imposes severe scalability limitations and can introduce with little human intervention and no supervision. The resulting bias into the assessments [7]. To overcome such limitations, artifi- graph enables the creation of link prediction models that can be cial intelligence was proposed to automate information scanning used to predict future events based on an array of events that and data analysis [4, 18]. have been observed in the past. While the value of artificial intelligence for strategic foresight This paper is organized as follows. First, section 2 describes has been recognized, artificial intelligence has not been widely how a data extraction pipeline was built, retrieving media events adopted yet [4, 20]. This is also reflected in scientific papers of interest and extracting causal relationships observed in the on foresight and artificial intelligence. For example, we queried world and described in them. Section 3 briefly describes some of Google Scholar for "data-supported foresight" and "strategic fore- the results obtained, providing (i) a quantitative assessment of sight artificial intelligence" considering the start time is unlim- error types and resulting causal relationships after data cleansing ited, and the deadline is September 6th 2023. When analyzing procedures and (ii) a qualitative assessment of causality relation- the first 50 search results of each, we got 18% (9/50) and 40% ships generated through the pipeline. Finally, Section 4 concludes and outlines future work. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this 2 DATA EXTRACTION PIPELINE work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). The data extraction pipeline aims to query relevant media news, Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). process them, and extract causal relationships that can be mod- eled in a graph. Given the specific interest in modeling causality 121 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jože M. Rožanec, Beno Šircelj, Peter Nemec, Gregor Leban, and Dunja Mladenić cause, effect, entities, and locations were defined in the following manner: • Cause or effect: contains an entity which is an item, individual, or company that an event happened to; • Event: is an action, development, happening, or state of the entity that is causing or was affected by a cause in the Figure 1: Data extraction pipeline used to retrieve media relationship; events and extract causal relationships. • Location: geographical location where the event in the cause or effect took place; for environmental protection, some research was performed to Once the causal relationships were extracted, the cause and identify possible topics of interest. Among potential topics, the effect were post-processed, removing adjectives so that only the influence of oil prices on the environment was selected, con- nouns were left. E.g., higher diesel prices was converted to diesel sidering such a topic is frequently covered in the media and prices. The decision was made considering that by doing so, (a) was researched to a certain extent. Research has shown that oil the causes and effects would gain greater support and, therefore, price fluctuations (a) affect the consumption of renewable energy strengthen the information signal in a graph, and (b) that a hu- sources [1, 28], (b) stimulate green innovation, and that positive man expert would be able to determine how a cause and effect shocks in oil prices reduce CO may relate given his domain knowledge and a particular context. 2 emissions [12], and enhance ecological quality [8, 14]. For example, given the relationship Inflation → Consumer price The data extraction pipeline is summarized in Fig. 1, and each index, the human expert will immediately understand how the component is briefly described in the following subsections. consumer price index is affected in a growing or shrinking infla- tionary context. For each causal relationship, a trace was kept 2.1 Media Event Extraction to associate them with the media event from which they were extracted to enable further analysis when required. The EventRegistry platform provides real-time insights into me- dia events by sourcing them from the News Feed service [27], processing them and creating media events based on cross-lingual 2.3 Semantic matching and enrichment clusters of media news, which are later exposed through an API. The entire text of the media article was parsed using Wikifier [5]. The news processing steps require news semantic annotation, ex- Data from Wikifier was employed in two distinct ways: firstly, traction of date references, cross-lingual matching, and detection to enrich location data, and secondly, to associate entities to of news duplicates. The cross-lingual clusters denoting a partic- relevant semantic concepts. ular media event have a summary describing the media event, The Wikifier tool marks which words in the wikified text information regarding the piece of news considered a centroid correspond to certain semantic concepts. Such annotations were to the cluster, and other relevant information. matched to the entities extracted by ChatGPT as part of the causal The first step in the pipeline queries the EventRegistry media relationships. To successfully match strings to semantic concepts, event API to extract media events related to a particular concept. some preprocessing was required. First, the non-letter symbols This research’s query concept was limited to the "Price of Oil". and stopwords were removed, followed by the stemming of each Since EventRegistry has a history of data up to 2014, relevant word. It was considered a match if at least one identical string geopolitical and economic events that influenced oil prices since between the text related to marked concepts and the causal rela- 2014 were searched. Two events were highlighted by the U.S. tionship. Not all of the semantic concepts listed by the Wikifier Energy Information Administration 1: (a) the fact that OPEC were considered: (a) the concepts were required to have a PageR- production quota remained unchanged in the first quarter of ank higher than 0.0001; (b) for location data, only the concepts 2015 and (b) a reduction in oil demand registered due to the categorized as "place" were considered, and (c) when substitut- global pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. Furthermore, events ing the original entity by the associated semantic concept, the between 2022 and 2023 were considered, given the impact of the semantic concept with the highest cosine similarity between the Russo-Ukrainian War on oil prices [17]. For each event obtained, article it’s corresponding Wikipedia page was considered. the centroid media news was queried, its text extracted, wikified, and stored for further processing. 2.4 Cleansing causal relations After extracting causal relations, we focused on analyzing the 2.2 Causality extraction data and cleansing to ensure only relevant relations were con- To extract causal relations from media events, the OpenAI Chat- sidered and used to build a causality graph. Subsequent random GPT (gpt-3.5-turbo) was used as a one-shot learning model. To sampling iterations were performed, extracting 300 causal rela- that end, a random media event was sampled, the causality rela- tionships in each iteration, which were then analyzed. In each tionships extracted, and both (the text and causal relationships) iteration, the causal relations were assessed to determine whether presented to the model, asking it to recognize causal relationships they were meaningful to the topic under consideration, to iden- in the media news. Several iterations of prompt engineering were tify common errors, and to propose mitigation strategies that performed to ensure high-quality results, performing a manual could amend such errors or filter useless causal relations. We typ- assessment of random results. ified six such cases, five originating from ChatGPT and one when The causal relationships persisted in JSON files discriminated semantically post-processing the causal relations with concepts the cause, effect, related entities, and locations. In particular, obtained from the Wikifier: 1The events were highlighted in the following report, last accessed on August 25th • repeated entity: [ChatGPT] the same entity is registered 2023: https://www.eia.gov/finance/markets/crudeoil/spot_prices.php. for cause and effect. E.g., Oil price → Oil price. 122 Building A Causality Graph For Strategic Foresight Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia • empty entity: [ChatGPT] an entity is missing as cause Error type Count Percentage or effect. E.g., → Oil price. • missing entity: [ChatGPT] ChatGPT omits the actual Wrong conversion 17 5.7% entity but could be inferred from the text by the human reader. E.g., S&P 500 capital expenditures → growth, energy Missing entity 15 5.0% policy → defiance, or survey → Nasdaq 100. • time entity: [ChatGPT] some time-period is considered Non-entity 9 3.0% an entity. E.g., drilling activity → 2016, or (US) shale oil Time entity 3 1.0% supply → end of the year. • non-entity: [ChatGPT] words marked as entities don’t mean anything coherent. E.g., retail sales → risk appetite. Table 1: Statistics for typified errors based on a random • wrong conversion: [Wikifier] the entity was changed to sample of 300 causal relationships. something unrelated to the one stated in the text. E.g., Aus- tralian government > Australian dollar, or political tensions > Breakup of Yugoslavia. After performing the abovementioned cleansing and dictionary- While the mitigation strategy for most of the abovementioned based mappings, 7,723 nodes and 9,726 edges were obtained. Re- errors is to remove the causal relationship, for moving causal relationships reported only in a single media event missing entity, a follow-up question will be provided to ChatGPT to get a more reduced the graph size to 489 nodes and 877 edges. concrete answer. This last mitigation strategy has not been im- 3.1 Causality graph and causality chain plemented yet. Furthermore, a list of concept mappings will be considered to reduce clutter. For example, analysis Wage Growth or 1980s Oil Glut should be replaced by Wage or Oil Glut, respectively. Causal chains were created by linking causes and effects extracted Breakup of Yugoslavia could be replaced by Country Breakup. from media events. While these are not always completely ac- Finally, a more thorough linking to semantic concepts and on- curate, they help to identify sequences of events that may take tologies is required (e.g., Jerome Powell could be linked to Central place. Furthermore, while currently not implemented, graph link Bank). prediction could be used to predict future event sequences based After the abovementioned cleansing, the strings were turned on patterns observed in the past. into lowercase and trimmed, and most non-alphabetical charac- This section provides an example regarding a causality chain ters were removed. Further sampling and entity evaluation were of interest retrieved from the causality graph. The causality chain performed, creating a dictionary to match string occurrences to is briefly analyzed to demonstrate how it captures relevant knowl- a particular concept. It must be noted that the dictionaries do not edge. In particular, many causality chains displayed the following provide an exhaustive mapping and that ongoing work is being pattern: Pandemic → Currency → Price of Oil → Economic Growth done to further refine and complete the mapping phase. Such → Oil Glut → Inflation → Central Bank → Stock Market → In- dictionaries were created to provide ground for future ontological vestment. mapping based on existing ontologies and ontologies that will The complete causality chain summarized above was: Pan- be developed for this purpose. Finally, all the relations that, after demic → Currency → Price of Oil → Crude Oil Futures → Fuel the described process, were extracted from only one media event Pricing → Economic Growth → Petroleum → Oil Glut → Con- were discarded, given they are very likely to introduce noise. sumer Price Index → Monetary Policy → Inflation → Central Bank → Stock Market → Investment → Bond. 2.5 Creating a causality graph To validate the causality chain, scientific literature and events Once causal relationships were extracted, a causality graph was from the past few years were reviewed to find research and created by matching examples to validate the causal relationships. For the causality 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 → 𝑒 𝑓 𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑡 . Furthermore, some metrics were computed to assess the graph characteristics. The graph can chain described above, we found that the Pandemic influenced be sampled and visualized with the NetworkX 2 library, which Currency: countries experiencing a sharp daily rise in COVID- creates a dynamic HTML interface to view it. For each cause and 19 deaths usually saw their currencies weaken [13]. Causality all the possible effects following it, probabilities of each effect between exchange rates (Currency) and Price of Oil has been occurring were computed based on the ratios present in the data. reported by the European Central Bank [9]. In particular, it has been noticed that the exchange rates can affect oil prices through financial markets, financial assets, portfolio rebalancing, and 3 RESULTS heading practices. It has also been noted that given the oil prices A total of 2,503 media events were extracted from EventRegistry. are expressed in US dollars, the oil futures can be used to hedge When processed with ChatGPT, 12,290 unique causal relation- against an expected depreciation in US dollars - something that ships were extracted, totaling 14,226 unique entities. Those were explains the causal relationship between Price of Oil and Crude processed to remove possible errors. Considering repeated entity Oil Futures. Furthermore, a relationship exists between futures and empty entity errors, 253 causal relations were removed. After and spot prices (futures prices tend to converge upon spot prices applying wikification, 9,726 unique causal relations remained, 3 and between oil prices and fuel prices4, validating the causal totaling 7,723 entities. 845 causal relations were removed, con- relationship between Crude Oil Futures and Fuel Pricing. sidering repeated entity and empty entity errors. Table 1 shows the number of causal relations affected by a particular error type, 3See "Futures Prices Converge Upon Spot Prices", last accessed at https://www. considering a random sample of 300 causal relations. investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/futuresconvergespot.asp in September 7th 2023. 4See "Gasoline explained: Factors affecting gasoline prices", last accessed at https: //www.eia.gov/energyexplained/gasoline/factors-affecting-gasoline-prices.php in 2The library is documented at the following website: https://networkx.org/ September 7th 2023. 123 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jože M. Rožanec, Beno Šircelj, Peter Nemec, Gregor Leban, and Dunja Mladenić When considering the relationship Fuel Pricing and Economic [6] George Burt and Anup Karath Nair. 2020. Rigidities of imagination in scenario Growth, we found that the relationship is validated with energy planning: Strategic foresight through ‘Unlearning’. 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Centre (2017). 5See "How Gas Prices Affect the Economy", last accessed at https://www.investopedia. com/financial-edge/0511/how-gas-prices-affect-the-economy.aspx in September 7th 2023. 6See "Oil glut means there’s little hope for oil price recovery until 2021", last accessed at https://www.conference-board.org/topics/natural-disasters-pandemics/COVID- 19-oil-glut in August 30th 2023. 124 Towards Testing the Significance of Branching Points and Cycles in Mapper Graphs Patrik Zajec Primož Škraba Dunja Mladenič patrik.zajec@ijs.si p.skraba@qmul.ac.uk dunja.mladenic@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute and Jožef School of Mathematical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute and Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate Queen Mary University of London Stefan International Postgraduate School London, UK School Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT 𝑑 Given a point cloud 𝑃 , which is a set of points embedded in R , we are interested in recovering its topological structure. Such a structure can be summarized in the form of a graph. An example of this is the mapper graph, which captures how the point cloud is connected and reflects the branching and cyclic structure of 𝑃 as branching points (vertices with degree greater than 2) and cycles in the graph. However, such a representation is not always accurate, i.e., the structure shown by the graph may not be suf- (a) (b) (c) (d) ficiently supported in the point cloud. To this end, we propose an approach that uses persistent (relative) homology to detect Figure 1: A point cloud (a) and three graphs (b, c, d) summa- branching and cyclic structure, and employs a statistical test to rizing its topological structure, constructed by the mapper confirm whether the structure is indeed significant. We show algorithm for different choices of its parameters. how the approach works for low-dimensional point clouds, and discuss its possible applications to real world point clouds. KEYWORDS structure. We demonstrate the approach on two examples: a Y- shaped point cloud and a sample of a 3D mesh resembling an topological data analysis, statistical hypothesis testing, persistent ant. These low-dimensional examples allow us to visually inspect homology, mapper algorithm the results, laying the groundwork for extensive experiments 1 INTRODUCTION with higher-dimensional point cloud data used in real-world applications. 2 Consider the point cloud 𝑃 consisting of points in R shown in Representing the topological structure of the point cloud with Figure 1a. Using the mapper algorithm, we can construct a graph a simpler object, such as a graph, and having a statistical method that represents its topological structure like the one in Figure 1b, for testing the significance of such a structure is a very rele- which seems to recover the important structure. Using the same vant task. A simpler representation allows us to visualize [3] algorithm (but with different values of its adjustable parameters) and interpret high-dimensional representations that are every- we could end up with different graphs. The second graph, shown where in modern data science and machine learning. It might in Figure 1c, contains two cycles: the middle one, which captures even allow us to find singularities that often carry relevant infor- the cycle present in 𝑃 , and the top one, where the algorithm mation. The mapper algorithm [6] is a commonly used tool in "mistakenly" considers the top points to connect in a cycle. The TDA. Although it is simple, the result is sensitive to the choice third graph, shown in Figure 1d, shows a similar structure as of its parameters [2]. Nevertheless, it provides only one possible the graph in Figure 1b, although it contains one branching point low-dimensional view of the input data, and to our knowledge more (splitting off the upper left branch) and a cycle of length there is no method that would confirm the significance of the three. One could argue that these branching and cyclic structures represented structure. There is another method, called persistent are not sufficiently supported in 𝑃 . homology, which, while not directly applicable to visualization, Our goal is to develop an approach that allows us to confirm, deals with a particular structure of "holes" in space and now has a through a statistical test, whether the structure recovered by framework [1] that allows us to statistically test the significance the mapper graph is indeed present in the point cloud. We use of such a structure. persistent homology, a well-known construction from topological data analysis (TDA), to represent the structure from the point 2 BACKGROUND cloud, and a recently introduced hypothesis testing framework 𝑑 A point cloud 𝑃 is a set of points embedded in which can be [1] that provides a way to evaluate the significance of such a R viewed as a sample of a topological space X. Since discrete points Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal from 𝑃 have no interesting topological structure, we consider the or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or 𝑟 space 𝑃 = Ð 𝐵 (𝑝, 𝑟 ) for some radius 𝑟 . If 𝑃 is a sufficiently distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and 𝑝 ∈𝑃 𝑟 the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this dense sample of X, then 𝑃 has some of the same properties work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). as X for a suitable 𝑟 . To compute the properties of interest, we Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia 𝑟 represent 𝑃 with a simplicial complex 𝐾 which, if properly con- © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 𝑟 structed, has homology groups isomorphic to those of 𝑃 . We 125 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Zajec, et al. are interested in finding the branching and cyclic structure in cycles. We can think of the reduced homology of a space as if we the point cloud, both of which can be detected using (persistent) were representing the entire 𝐿 with a single point. homology. 2.1 Simplicial complexes A (geometric) simplicial complex 𝐾 can be thought of as a "high- dimensional graph" whose vertices are points from the point cloud and connectivity is determined by the geometric configu- ration of the points. In addition to vertices and edges, we include (a) (b) triangles, tetrahedra and higher dimensional simplices. Formally, 𝐾 consists of finite nonempty subsets of 𝑃 and is closed under Figure 2: a) A Y-shaped simplicial complex with one cy- inclusion (i.e., 𝐴 ∈ 𝐾 and 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴 implies 𝐵 ∈ 𝐾 ). We refer to cle. b) The quotient 𝐾/𝐿, where subcomplex 𝐿 contains elements in 𝐾 of size 𝑘 + 1 as k-simplices, which correspond to 0-simplices {d, e, f}. Such identification introduces two new k-cliques when we think about 𝐾 as a hyper-graph. 1-dimensional "holes", captured by the relative homology The Čech and Vietoris-Rips complexes are the two most com- group 𝐻 ( 1 𝐾 , 𝐿). mon constructions, both parameterized by a scale parameter (radius) 𝑟 > 0. We use the Vietoris-Rips construction, where we include a subset of (k + 1) points from 𝑃 as a k-simplex if all The concept of homology and relative homology is best il- points are at most r apart. lustrated by an example. Consider a simple simplicial complex We can construct a sequence of complexes 𝐾 , 𝐾 , . . . by in- consisting of 0-simplices {a, b, c, d, e, f } and 1-simplices {(a, b), (a, 𝑟 𝑟 1 2 creasing the radius 𝑟 . Such a construction is "increasing" in the c), (a, d), (b, e), (c, f )} as shown in Figure 2a. There is a "hole" of sense that for 𝑟 , it holds that ⊆ . Such sequences are dimension 1 (surrounded by the cycle 𝑎 → 𝑏 → 𝑐 → 𝑎), which is 1 < 𝑟 2 𝐾 𝐾 𝑟 𝑟 1 2 also known as filtrations and are used in persistent homology. captured in the homology group 𝐻 . Choosing 1 𝐿 = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 } as a subcomplex, the quotient 𝐾 /𝐿 identifies the simplices from 𝐿 to 2.2 Persistent relative homology a single point, as shown in the figure 2b. This results in two new "holes" in dimension 1, which are captured by the relative ho- Homology. Homology is a classical construction in algebraic mology group 𝐻 ( 1 𝐾 , 𝐿), which has rank 3. This "lifting property" topology that deals with topological properties of a space. More of relative homology (introducing new "holes" when identifying precisely, it provides a mathematical language for the holes in a simplices) is used in our approach to detect branching points. topological space. Homology groups denoted by 𝐻 ( 𝑘 X), where 𝑘 is a dimension, capture the holes indirectly by focusing on what Persistent homology. The constriction of the simplicial com- surrounds them. For example, the basis of 𝐻 ( 0 X) corresponds to plex and hence the groups 𝐻 are highly sensitive to the choice 𝑘 the connected components and the basis of 𝐻 ( 1 X) to the closed of radius 𝑟 . To overcome this, persistent homology considers the loops surrounding the holes. The rank of the k-th homology entire range of scales and tracks the evolution of k-cycles as the group, also known as Betti number, counts the number of 𝑘 - value of 𝑟 increases, thus forming a sequence of filtrations. In this dimensional "holes". process, cycles are created (born) and later filled-in (die). This We can construct homology groups for a given simplicial com- information is most often represented by persistence diagrams, a plex 𝐾 . The important concepts in the construction are: (i) the two dimensional scatter plot, 𝑑𝑔𝑚 = {𝑝1, . . . , 𝑝 }, where each 𝑘 𝑚 chain groups 𝐶 , where the k-th chain group consists of all formal point 𝑝 = (𝑏 , 𝑑 ) represents the birth and death times (radius) 𝑘 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 Í linear combinations of 𝑘 -dimensional simplices 𝑎 𝜎 , where of the associated persistent cycle. 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝜎 are 𝑘 -simplices from 𝐾 and 𝑎 are coefficients, usually from , 𝑖 𝑖 Z2 (ii) the boundary operator 𝜕 , which is a map describing how (k - 𝑘 2.3 Significance testing of persistent cycles 1)-simplices are attached to k-simplices, (iii) the groups 𝑍 of k- 𝑘 The significance of topological features is often measured by the cycles, which are k-chains in the kernel of 𝜕 , and (iv) the groups 𝑘 lifetimes of persistent cycles, i.e., 𝛿 = (𝑑 − 𝑏 ). Although this 𝑖 𝑖 𝐵 of k-boundaries, which are elements in the image of 𝜕 . The 𝑘 𝑘 +1 method is intuitive as it captures the geometric “size” of topo- boundary operator 𝜕 has the property that 𝜕 ◦ 𝜕 = 0, i.e., it 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 +1 logical features, [1] uses the statistic 𝜋 = 𝑑 /𝑏 . They present a 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 maps the boundary of the boundary to zero. Therefore, 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑍 . 𝑘 𝑘 statistical test to determine for each point 𝑝 ∈ 𝑑𝑔𝑚 whether 𝑖 𝑘 Intuitively, a k-cycle can be thought of as a generalized ver- it is a signal or noise, i.e., a significant structure or the result of sion of a cycle in a graph - it is a sequence of k-dimensional noise and randomness in the data. They introduce a special trans- simplices wrapped around something. If this sequence is actually formation 𝑙 (𝑝 ) applied to each point from the diagram where 𝑖 a boundary of a (k+1)-dimensional chain, then its interior is full the values of 𝑙 (𝑝 ) follow a certain (LGumbel) distribution if 𝑝 𝑖 𝑖 (trivial cycle). Otherwise, it surrounds a hole. The k-th homology are points corresponding to noisy cycles, while cycles signifi- 𝐻 = 𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝜕 /𝑖𝑚 𝜕 = 𝑍 /𝐵 takes a "modulo" of k-cycles with 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 +1 𝑘 𝑘 cantly deviating from this distribution are declared as signal. The k-boundaries, leaving only cycles that are nontrivial. 𝑠 signal part of 𝑑𝑔𝑚 can be recovered as 𝑑𝑔𝑚 (𝛼) = {𝑝 ∈ 𝑑𝑔𝑚 : 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑙 (𝑝) 𝛼 Relative homology. 𝑒 Given a simplicial complex } 𝐾 and a sub- 𝑒 < given a 𝑝 -value 𝛼 . |𝑑𝑔𝑚 | 𝑘 complex 𝐿 ⊆ 𝐾 , the relative homology of a pair of topological Computing persistent homology for an entire filtration is of- spaces (simplicial complexes in our case) can be thought of as ten intractable, as higher values of 𝑟 lead to a large number of the (reduced) homology of the quotient space 𝐾 /𝐿. Intuitively, simplices. The common practice is to set a threshold 𝑟 and 𝑚𝑎𝑥 we want to factor out 𝐿, which is expressed by the quotient oper- calculate 𝑑𝑔𝑚 (𝑟 ) using simplices generated up to 𝑟 . This 𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ation 𝐶 (𝐾, 𝐿) = 𝐶 (𝐾 )/𝐶 (𝐿). The group of 𝑘-cycles becomes often leads to cycles that are "infinite", i.e., born prior to 𝑟 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑍 (𝐾, 𝐿) = 𝑍 (𝐾 )/𝑍 (𝐿), which we call the group of relative but die after 𝑟 . The framework also provides an algorithm to 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑥 126 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia determine the infinite cycles that are already significant, and pro- 3.1 Testing the cycles vides means to select the next 𝑟 threshold to inspect infinite 𝑚𝑎𝑥 A simple cycle is a finite sequence of vertices 𝑣 → → 1 𝑣 2 . . . → cycles that have not yet been determined to be significant. 𝑣 , where 𝑣 and 𝑣 are connected by an edge such that no 𝑛 𝑖 𝑖 +1 vertex, except the endpoint, repeats ( 𝑣 = 𝑣 if and only if 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ 𝑖 𝑗 2.4 The mapper algorithm {1, 𝑛}). Let 𝑣 be such a cycle from 1, . . . , 𝑣 𝐺 . We compute the 𝑛 ′ = Ð ) Given the topological space persistence diagram of the subset and use X and a continuous function 𝑓 : 𝑃 𝜙 (𝑣 𝑖 =1,...,𝑛 𝑖 the test [1] to confirm that it contains at least one significant X → R, the mapper algorithm [6] constructs a graph 𝐺 = (𝑉 , 𝐸) that captures the topological structure of cycle ("hole") of dimension 1. X. It does so by pulling back a cover U of the space 𝑓 (X) to a cover on X through 𝑓 . We can view the function 𝑓 and the cover U as the lens through 3.2 Testing the branching structure which the input data X is examined. Let 𝑁 (𝑣 ) be a set of vertices connected to 𝑣 (1-hop neighborhood) ′ and let 𝑣 be a branching point in 𝐺 (as in Figure 4). Let 𝑁 (𝑣) = {𝑢 : 𝑢 ∈ 𝑁 (𝑣), 𝑑𝑒𝑔(𝑢) ≥ 2} be a set of vertices from 𝑁 (𝑣) that ′ have at least one additional neighbor. Together with 𝑣 , 𝑁 (𝑣) forms a set of internal points 𝐼 = Ð 𝑣 ′ 𝑢 ∈ { 𝑣 } ∪𝑁 ( 𝑣 ) 𝜙 (𝑢 ) (shown in Figure 4 as black vertices inside the outer black line). (a) (b) Figure 3: An example of the construction of a mapper graph. Figure 4: Construction of 𝐾 and 𝐿 for a branching point (a) A 2-dimensional point cloud 𝑗 𝑃 with cover {𝑉 }, a func- 𝑖 𝑣 . Vertices forming 𝐾 are inside the outer black line. Ver- tion 2 𝑓 : R → R and cover U of 𝑓 (𝑃). (b) The resulting tices forming 𝐿 are bicolored, indicating that some of their mapper graph. points are inside due to overlap between the vertices’ point sets. Given a point cloud 𝑃 and 𝑓 : 𝑃 → R, we first construct a set of 𝑛 intervals U = {𝑈 } covering 1, . . . , 𝑈 𝑓 (𝑃 ). The percentage of 𝑛 Let 𝐾 = Ð 𝑣 ′ 𝑢 ∈ 𝑁 ( 𝑣 ) 𝑁 (𝑢 ) be a set of vertices whose points are overlap for two consecutive intervals 𝑈 and 𝑈 is determined 𝑖 𝑖 +1 used to form a complex 𝐾 (vertices inside the outer black line in by the parameter Ð 𝑝 . For each interval 𝑈 = (𝑎, 𝑏), let 𝑃 = 𝑖 𝑈 Figure 4), i.e. 𝐾 is formed from the points 𝜙 (𝑢 ). Now let 𝐿 𝑖 𝑢 ∈𝐾𝑣 −1 𝑓 (𝑈 ) be a set of points with function values in the range (𝑎, 𝑏). be a subcomplex of 𝑖 𝐾 containing simplices which do not contain 1 𝑘 The set 𝑃 for each 𝑈 is further partitioned into 𝑉 , . . . , 𝑉 𝑖 by any of the points from 𝐼 . Thus 𝐿 contains points of vertices 𝑈 𝑖 𝑣 𝑖 a clustering algorithm (in our case DBSCAN [5] with parameter exactly two edges away from 𝑣 (bicolored vertices in Figure 4). We 𝜖 , which sets the maximum distance between two samples so that use 𝐾 and 𝐿 to compute relative persistent homology, identifying one is considered to be in the neighborhood of the other) to obtain simplices of 𝐿 to a single point and introducing relative cycles 1 𝑘 𝑗 𝑖 a cover of ("holes") when 𝑃 = Ð {𝑉 , ..., 𝑉 }. Each 𝑉 ⊂ 𝑃 becomes some 𝐾 \𝐿 has a branching structure. For a branching 𝑖 =1,...,𝑛 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑗 point 𝑣 , the relative persistence diagram should contain at least vertex 𝑣 in the mapper graph with 𝜙 (𝑣 ) = 𝑉 mapping 𝑣 to a 𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑔 (𝑣 ) − 1 significant relative cycles. subset of points. Two vertices are connected by an edge if their point sets intersect (see Figure 3). 4 EXPERIMENTS The resulting graph 𝐺 = (𝑉 , 𝐸) provides a combinatorial de- scription of the data and the mapping 𝜙 : 𝑉 → P (𝑃 ) maps each We perform experiments illustrating our approach on two point node 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 to a subset of points from 𝑃 . clouds. The graphs are constructed using the mapper algorithm from the Giotto TDA library [7] with the parameters specified 3 METHODOLOGY for each experiment. To construct the simplicial complex and compute (relative) persistent homology, we use the Dionysus 𝑑 The input to our approach is a set of points 𝑃 embedded in R and 1 library . We increase the initial radius 𝑟 using the algorithm a graph 𝐺 = (𝑉 , 𝐸) together with a mapping 𝜙 : 𝑉 → P (𝑃 ) that from [1] until either no infinite cycles remain or all currently maps each vertex to a subset of points. Note that the method used infinite cycles are identified as significant. to construct the graph is not limited to the mapper algorithm. We include a figure of the graph for each experiment and mark The graph is assumed to capture the topological structure of interesting branching points and cycles. The points correspond- the point cloud, i.e., branching points (vertices with a degree of at ing to a cycle are shown in red, the internal points of a branching least 3) and cycles in the graph should reflect the branching and point are also red, while the boundary points (forming 𝐿) are cyclic structure of the point cloud. Our approach tests whether blue. the captured structure is significant when viewed through ho- mology, operating directly on a subset of points from the point cloud. 1 Available at: https://github.com/mrzv/dionysus. 127 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Zajec, et al. 4.1 Experiment 1: Y-shaped point cloud on the ant’s head into its two antennas and is significant. Vertex 2 B2 is a branching point of degree 3 and one of the vertices from The point cloud 𝑃 consists of 5000 points in R and resembles a the cycle C2. Looking at the point cloud, no branching structure Y-shape with a cycle in the centre. The graph (see Figure 5) was is detected because the points of the two legs are contained in created with the following parameters: 𝑓 is a projection on the the vertex B2 itself and there are no boundary points on the legs, x-coordinate, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑝 = 0.5 and 𝜖 = 3. so they appear as a single connected blob. Our approach does not detect a branching structure, even though there is, as some other strategy of selecting the boundary points would need to be used. Vertex B3 has degree 6, but only 5 neighbors are used as one does not have any additional neighbor except B3. Since one of the legs has no boundary points, only 2 cycles appear, causing B3 to be recognized as a branching point with degree 3. We also highlight 2 simple cycles. Cycle C1 wraps around the ant’s hollow head and is recognized as significant. Cycle C2 wraps around the ant’s two middle legs and part of its body. No significant cycles were found - ant’s legs are not close enough together to form a large cycle and cycle formed by the hollow legs is too small to be detected. So there is not enough support to confirm the structure found by mapper. 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Figure 5: Mapper graph with two branching points (B1 and We have demonstrated, how persistent (relative) homology can B2) and one simple cycle (C1) together with their corre- be used in conjunction with a statistical test to confirm the signif- sponding subsets of points. icance of the topological structure of a point cloud summarized with a graph. In the future, we will conduct extensive experiments The graph contains one simple cycle, which is also significant on more complex, high-dimensional point clouds with known because the subset of its points contains a homologically signif- and unknown structure. Ideally, we could use our approach to icant cycle. The graph also contains two branching points, B1 prune the mapper graphs or guide the selection of values for its and B2 with degrees 4 and 3. parameters. Our approach to identifying branching structures The persistence diagram for B1 has three (significant) infinite needs further work, as the current strategy of using a (modified) cycles, indicating a branching structure of degree 4, while the 2-hop neighborhood as a boundary sometimes fails. In addition, diagram for B2 has two (significant) infinite cycles, indicating a we may need a more sensitive version of the statistical test from branching structure of degree 3. In this example, it was confirmed [1] which is currently stated to hold in general but might be that both the cyclic and the branching structure of the graph are possible to adapt for a particular type of data. reflected in the point cloud. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4.2 Experiment 2: 3D ant surface This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency 3 The point cloud 𝑃 consists of 6370 points in R corresponding under the project J2-1736 Causalify and co-financed by the Re- to the vertices of a 3D mesh in the form of an ant obtained from public of Slovenia and the European Union’s HE program under [4]. The graph (see Figure 6) was created with the following enRichMyData EU project grant agreement number 101070284. parameters: 𝑓 is the distance to the tip of the ant’s abdomen, 𝑛 = 50, 𝑝 = 0.5, and 𝜖 = 0.025. REFERENCES [1] Omer Bobrowski and Primoz Skraba. 2023. A universal null-distribution for topological data analysis. Scientific Reports, 13, 1, (July 2023), 12274. doi: 10.1038/s41598- 023- 37842- 2. [2] Mathieu Carrière, Bertrand Michel, and Steve Oudot. 2018. Statistical analysis and parameter selection for mapper. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 19, 12, 1–39. http://jmlr.org/papers/v19/17- 291.html. [3] Nithin Chalapathi, Youjia Zhou, and Bei Wang. 2021. Adaptive covers for map- per graphs using information criteria. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 3789–3800. doi: 10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671324. [4] Xiaobai Chen, Aleksey Golovinskiy, and Thomas Funkhouser. 2009. A bench- mark for 3d mesh segmentation. ACM Trans. Graph., 28, 3, Article 73, (July 2009), 12 pages. doi: 10.1145/1531326.1531379. [5] Martin Ester, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Jörg Sander, and Xiaowei Xu. 1996. A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In (KDD’96). AAAI Press, Portland, Oregon, 226–231. [6] Gurjeet Singh, Facundo Memoli, and Gunnar Carlsson. 2007. Topological Methods for the Analysis of High Dimensional Data Sets and 3D Object Recognition. In Eurographics Symposium on Point-Based Graphics. M. Botsch, R. Pajarola, B. Chen, and M. Zwicker, editors. The Eurographics Association. Figure 6: Mapper graph with three highlighted branching isbn: 978-3-905673-51-7. doi: 10.2312/SPBG/SPBG07/091- 100. points (B1, B2 and B3) and two simple cycle (C1, C2) to- [7] Guillaume Tauzin, Umberto Lupo, Lewis Tunstall, Julian Burella Pérez, Matteo Caorsi, Anibal Medina-Mardones, Alberto Dassatti, and Kathryn Hess. 2020. gether with their corresponding subsets of points. Giotto-tda: a topological data analysis toolkit for machine learning and data exploration. (2020). arXiv: 2004.02551 [cs.LG]. We highlight three interesting branching points. Vertex B1 is a branching point of degree 3, which corresponds to the branching 128 Highlighting Embeddings’ Features Relevance Attribution on Activation Maps Jože M. Rožanec Erik Koehorst Dunja Mladenić Jožef Stefan International Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV Jožef Stefan Institute Postgraduate School Drachten, The Netherlands Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Erik.Koehorst@philips.com dunja.mladenic@ijs.si joze.rozanec@ijs.si ABSTRACT The field of explainable artificial intelligence can be traced The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence requires a better back to the 1970s [18]. A key question posed by the researchers is understanding of the underlying factors affecting a particular what makes a good explanation. Arrieta et al. [2] consider that a forecast to enable responsible decision-making and provide a good explanation must take into account at least three elements: ground for enhancing the machine learning model. The advent (a) the reasons for a given model output (e.g., features and their of deep learning has enabled super-human classification per- value ranges), (b) the context (e.g., context on which inference formance and eliminated the need for tedious manual feature is performed), and (c) how are (a) and (b) conveyed to the target engineering. Furthermore, pre-trained models have democra- audience (e.g., what information can be disclosed and the vo- tized access to deep learning and are frequently used for feature cabulary used, among others). When considering images, maps extraction. Nevertheless, while much research is invested into frequently present explanations that contrast particular model in- creating explanations for deep learning models, less attention formation on top of the original input image (e.g., saliency maps, was devoted to how to explain the classification outcomes of a activation maps, heat maps, or anomaly maps [13, 24]). Other model leveraging embeddings from a pre-trained model. This approaches can be extracting and highlighting super-pixels rele- research focuses on image classification and proposes a simple vant to a specific class [16] or the occlusion of background parts method to visualize which parts of the image were considered by irrelevant to the model. Such outputs convey (a) the reasons for the subset of the most relevant features for a particular forecast. a given model output by highlighting the images, (b) the context Furthermore, multiple variants are provided to contrast relevant on which inference is performed (by overlaying the information features from a machine learning classifier and selected features on top of the image used for inference), and (c) using an agreed during a feature selection process. The research was performed approach to convey to the user what is considered more relevant on a real-world dataset provided by domain experts from Philips and what is not. Consumer Lifestyle BV. Multiple approaches have been developed to explain the inner workings of image classifiers. LIME (Local Interpretable Model- KEYWORDS Agnostic Explanations) [16] approached this challenge by re- trieving predicted labels for a particular class and showing the explainable artificial intelligence, feature importance, activation segmented superpixels that match each class. GradCAM[19] has map, GradCAM, image classification, smart manufacturing, de- taken another approach and created activation maps consider- fect detection ing the weight of the activations at particular deep learning model layers by the average gradient. Many approaches were 1 INTRODUCTION developed afterward, following the same rationale. For exam- The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence has posed new ple, GradCAM++[3], XGradCAM[9], or HiResCAM[6] work like challenges, including enforcing measures to protect the human GradCAM but consider second-order gradients, scale the gra- person from risks inherent to artificial intelligence systems. One dients by the normalized activations, or element-wise multiply step in this direction is the European AI Act [12], which con- the activations with the gradients respectively. Other possible siders that different artificial intelligence systems must conform approaches are leveraging insights resulting from image pertur- to a different set of requirements according to their risk level, bation [8] or methods that acquire and display samples similar linked to the particular domain and potential impact on health, or counterfactual to the predicted instance [4, 17]. safety, or fundamental rights [15]. In this context, explainable The development of information and communications tech- artificial intelligence, a sub-field of machine learning, has gained nologies fostered the emergence of the Industry 4.0 paradigm as renewed attention with the advent of modern deep learning [22], a technology framework to integrate and extend manufacturing given that it researches how more transparency can be brought to processes [23]. In this context, the increasing adoption of arti- opaque machine learning models. While transparency in the reg- ficial intelligence enables greater automation of manufacturing ulatory context is sought to enable responsible decision-making, processes such as defect inspection [7] and urges the adoption it provides valuable insights to enhance the workings of machine of explainable artificial intelligence to develop users’ trust in learning models, too. the models and foster responsible decision-making based on the insights obtained regarding the underlying machine learning model [1]. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or From the literature mentioned above and several surveys on distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and this topic [5, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21], it was found that the authors did the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). not contemplate how explanations can be provided in scenarios Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia where feature embeddings are extracted with a deep learning © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). model and then used to train a separate machine learning model. 129 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jože M. Rožanec, Erik Koehorst, and Dunja Mladenić Figure 2: Given an image embedding (i), we can mask it to Figure 1: To classify an image, a feature extractor is used display (ii) features selected at the feature selection pro- to create an embedding, from which certain values are ex- cedure (including the top ranking classifier’s features, or tracted to create a feature vector. The machine learning (iii) can mask it to display only the top ranking classifier’s model issues a prediction, which, along with the feature features. vector, is used to create a feature ranking. The attribution approach considers the highest-ranking features to gener- ate an activation map. The present research addresses this void by proposing an un- supervised approach to generate activation maps based on the feature ranking obtained for a particular forecast. The research is performed on a real-world dataset provided by Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV and related to defect inspection. This paper is organized as follows. First, section 2 describes the explainability approach developed and tested in this research. Section 3 describes the experiments performed to assess different Figure 3: Sample images from the dataset provided by value imputation strategies, and Section 4 informs and discusses Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV. Three categories are dis- the results obtained. Finally, Section 5 concludes and describes tinguished: images corresponding to non-defective items future work. (good) and images corresponding to two defect types (double-printed and with interrupted prints). 2 HIGHLIGHTING EMBEDDINGS’ FEATURES RELEVANCE ATTRIBUTION ON ACTIVATION MAPS selected features and top-ranking features, using different values The increasing amount of pre-trained deep learning models make for each of them. By doing so, the highest similarity in the image them the default choice for feature extraction when working with will be found in regions related to top-ranking features or selected machine learning models for images. Nevertheless, the discon- features. Considering selected and top-ranking features provides nect between the machine learning model built on top and the additional insights into what information was provided to the deep learning model used to extract the image embedding makes model and what information was considered the most important it challenging to provide good explanations to the user. This re- by the model. These two approaches are explored in Section 3. search proposes an approach to bridge the gap (see Fig. 1). In particular, we leverage the fact that similar images or fragments 3 EXPERIMENTS of images result in embeddings or parts of embeddings that are We experimented with a real-world dataset of logos printed on close to each other. This property can be exploited when building shavers provided by Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV. The dataset activation maps, computing the similarity between a reference consisted of 3518 images considered within three categories (see image (e.g., the image of a horse) and the image under consider- Fig. 3): non-defective images and images with two kinds of defects ation to find where such class can be found in the image under (double-printed logos and interrupted prints). To extract features consideration (e.g., given the image of a farm, highlight where from the images, the ResNet-18 model [10] was used, extracting the horses are located). Nevertheless, if instead of using some ref- the features before the fully connected layer. Mutual information erence image, the image that is an input to the machine learning was used to evaluate the most relevant features and select the top √ model is leveraged as a reference, (i) no noise is introduced due to K, with 𝐾 = 𝑁 , where N is the number of data instances in the the dissimilarity of the images, and (ii) no beforehand knowledge train set, as suggested in [11]. The dataset was divided into train regarding the classes of interest is required. Therefore, a key (75%) and test (25%), and a random forest classifier was trained issue must be resolved: how do both embeddings differ to ensure on it, achieving an AUC ROC (one-vs-rest) score of 0.9022. that such difference is exploited to build an activation map? Three images from the test set were considered for the experi- Two options are envisioned in this research (see Fig. 2): given ments: good, double-printed, and with an interrupted print. The (i) the image embedding, two variations can be considered for images were randomly picked among the available ones for that value imputation: (ii) mask all the values in the embedding except particular class. To assess the features’ relevance of a particular for the ones corresponding to top-ranking features, (iii) mask all forecast, LIME[16] was used, considering the top 1, 3, 5, 7, and the values in the embedding except for the ones corresponding to 13 ranked features. 130 Highlighting Embeddings’ Features Relevance Attribution on Activation Maps Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia consistently showed high cosine similarity across layers for all defect types. On the other hand, TZZ achieved the best results regardless of the defect and layer considered. Imputing selected features with one had a detrimental effect, given it increased the similarity between the imputed vector and the embedding. Nevertheless, the similarity was usually between 0.10 and 0.20 Figure 4: GradCAM activation maps for ResNet-18 layers points below that reported with the TRR imputation strategy. 1-4 and four layers combined. For visual assessment, activation maps for different imputation strategies obtained for the top 13 features are displayed in Fig. 5. When comparing TZZ and TRR strategies, we found that for The GradCAM images were generated for ResNet-18 layers layer one, TZZ for the double-printed image focused on the top 1-4 and another image considering the four layers. To understand contour of characters, and for the interrupted print highlighted where the underlying model focused, we created GradCAM ac- regions of relevance. In contrast, TRR did not highlight any region tivation maps contrasting the image against itself (see Fig. 4). for the double-printed image and highlighted fewer regions for The cosine similarity between the imputed vector and the image the interrupted print when compared to TZZ. For layer two, embedding was computed across test samples (880 samples: 679 TZZ for the image of the non-defective product displayed some good, 58 double-printed, and 143 related to interrupted printing). artifacts but included areas covering characters’ contours, too. The mean similarity and standard deviation were used to as- Furthermore, for the double-printed and interrupted print images, sess whether the imputation strategy increased the similarity or it covered relevant regions. TRR, on the other hand, highlighted contrast between the imputed vector and the image embedding. different regions, which, for the good and double-printed images, The GradCAM images were generated by computing the co- were mostly irrelevant. For layer three, TZZ highlighted mostly sine similarity between the image embedding and the feature irrelevant areas for the image of the non-defective product, except vector generated considering three strategies described in Table 1. for the character "S". For the double-printed image, the beginning A sample of the resulting activation maps were visually assessed and end of the words are highlighted, while for the interrupted and are reported in Section 4. prints, the highlighted areas covered places where defects were The experiments were designed to understand which imputa- observed. TRR, on the other hand, for the good image, covered tion strategy works the best. A detailed analysis regarding how two-thirds of the image, and for the double-printed, it highlighted top-ranked features affect the activation maps was omitted due most of the areas highlighted with the PZZ strategy. Nevertheless, to the brevity of the paper. for the interrupted print, most focus was placed on the lower part of the "P" char, while also two artifacts were encountered. Strategy Top-ranked feature Selected on Feature Selection Irrelevant TOZ True value One Zero Finally, for the fourth layer, TZZ has mostly focused on the upper TZZ True value Zero Zero word (Philips), while TRR’s focus was mostly on the lower part TRR True value Random Random of the image, still covering some relevant areas. When comparing the TZZ and TOZ approaches, we found that Table 1: Value imputation strategies considering the image for layer one, TOZ results in less strongly highlighted regions: embedding, the features selected during the feature selec- most of the highlighted regions present in TZZ vanished, and just tion process, and the classifier’s top-ranked features. in the good image, a few spots appeared that were not present at the TZZ activation map. The original regions are highlighted for layer two, but new regions were included, mostly covering 4 RESULTS areas of interest. The highlighted areas for a double-printed im- age related to TZZ and TOZ activation maps were consistent for Layers layer three. Nevertheless, TOZ highlighted different regions for Imputation strategy Image class 1 2 3 4 the good and interrupted print images. The regions highlighted Good 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 TOZ Double-printed 0.31±0.02 0.31±0.02 0.31±0.02 0.31±0.02 for the interrupted print image were irrelevant to defect detec- Interrupted print 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.27±0.01 tion. When considering the last layer, the highlighted areas were Good 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.04 0.21±0.04 TZZ Double-printed 0.24±0.03 0.24±0.03 0.24±0.03 0.24±0.03 mostly the same for TZZ and TOZ. Nevertheless, an additional Interrupted print 0.22±0.04 0.22±0.04 0.22±0.04 0.22±0.04 region was introduced in the good and interrupted print images, Good 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 TRR Double-printed 0.48±0.03 0.48±0.03 0.48±0.03 0.48±0.03 covering the lower text. Interrupted print 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 0.46±0.02 From the visual assessment described above, we conclude that activation maps obtained with the TZZ imputation method lead Table 2: Value imputation strategies considering the image to the best explanations. embedding, the features selected during the feature selec- tion process, and the classifier’s top-ranked features. 5 CONCLUSIONS As described in Table 1, three imputation strategies were con- This work has researched how information regarding feature sidered. The cosine similarity computed between the vector cre- importance when using image embeddings can be used and prop- ated with the imputation strategy and the embedding (consider- agated back to generate activation maps and highlight regions ing the top 13 features) is reported in Table 2. A higher similarity of the image considered relevant to a particular forecast. The between the imputed vector and the image embedding means proposed approach was evaluated on images of a real-world in- that a wider area of the activation map will be highlighted, blur- dustrial use case. The similarity metrics and visual evaluation ring relevant information where the top features point to in the show that the best value imputation strategy is TZZ, which con- image. The less informative imputation strategy was TRR, which siders assigning the actual embedding value to relevant features 131 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jože M. Rožanec, Erik Koehorst, and Dunja Mladenić Figure 5: GradCAM activation maps for ResNet-18 layers 1-4 considering only the top 13 features for this particular forecast and three imputation strategies (TOZ, TZZ, and TRR) for three image types (good (G), double-printed (D), and interrupted prints (I)). and masking the rest of the embedding with zeroes. 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In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 770–778. 132 An approach to creating a time-series dataset for news propagation: Ukraine-war case study Abdul Sittar Dunja Mladenić abdul.sittar@ijs.si dunja.mladenic@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute and Jožef Stefan Postgraduate Jožef Stefan Institute and Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School School Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT Moreover, news spreading comes across many barriers due An efficient technique to comprehend news spreading can to different reasons, including cultural, economic, political, be achieved through the automation of machine learning al- linguistic, or geographical, and these reasons depend upon gorithms. These algorithms perform the prediction and fore- the type of news, such as sports, health, science, etc. [18]. For casting of news dissemination across geographical barriers. instance, it is more likely that the news spreading relating to Despite the fact that news regarding any events is generally the FIFA World Cup crosses cultural barriers since it involves recorded as a time-series due to its time stamps, it cannot multiple cultures. Similarly, news spreading relating to the Sri- be seen whether or not the news time-series is propagating Lankan economic crisis and the Ukraine-war probably comes across geographical barriers. In this article, we explore an across economic and geographical barriers since these events approach for generating time-series datasets for news dissemi- involve multiple stances from the international community; nation that relies on Chat-GPT and sentence-transformers. The Eid celebrations and Christmas are likely to come across reli- lack of comprehensive, publicly accessible event-centric news gious barriers; US elections are likely to come across political databases for use in time-series forecasting and prediction is barriers [17]. another limitation. To get over this bottleneck, we collected The identification of news spreading patterns while crossing a news dataset consisting of 1 year and 3 months related to barriers can be useful in the context of numerous real-world the Ukraine war using Event Registry. We also conduct a sta- applications, such as trend detection and content recommenda- tistical analysis of different time-series (propagating, unsure, tions for readers and subscribers. To perform the classification and not-propagating) of different lengths (2, 3, 4, 5, and 10) to of news published across barriers (geographical, cultural, eco- document the prevalence of geographical barriers. The dataset nomic, etc.) and, in that attempt, to recommend and identify is publicly available on Zenodo. trends of news spreading belonging to different categories, some methodological considerations are necessary. KEYWORDS In this paper, we introduce an approach to creating a time- series dataset for news propagation. While previous work has news propagation, time-series dataset, geographical barriers, focused on creating events from collections of news articles [9, Ukraine-war 16], we focus on creating propagation time-series. We take the Ukraine-war as an example to be researched in the propaga- 1 INTRODUCTION tion analysis across geographical barriers. The process of information traveling from a sender to a set of Following are the main scientific contributions of this paper: receivers via a carrier is commonly referred to as propagation (1) We present an approach to creating a time-series dataset [3]. News propagate over time by different publishers about for news propagation. an event. It implicitly raises a few thoughts in our mind, such (2) A dataset for forecasting and predicting news prop- as: 1) There will be some news articles propagating similar in- agation, that has been labeled with the assistance of formation over time; 2) some news articles will be of a unique Chat-GPT and sentence transformers. category that eventually will not be propagating or propagat- The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section ing across geographical barriers by a few publishers. 2 describes the related work on barriers to news spreading, News streaming is classified into events where a relevant set time-series datasets for news propagation, and topic modeling. of news is clustered and represented as an event [8, 9]. And Section 3 presents the proposed approach. We discuss the there is a starting and ending time for an event, which is calcu- dataset construction and annotation guidelines in Section 4. lated by the publication time of the first and last news article. The evaluation details and statistical analysis is explained in Hence, an event consists of a set of news articles, and these Section 5, while Section 6 concludes the paper and outlines news articles follow a certain pattern based on hidden prop- areas of future work. erties including cultural, economical, political, linguistic, and geographical [17]. 2 RELATED WORK In this section, we review the related literature about geo- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or graphical barriers to news spreading, time-series datasets for distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice news propagation, and topic modeling. and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 10 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 133 Information Society 2023, 10 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abdul Sittar and Dunja Mladenić identifies how the discussions evolved over time in top news- papers belonging to three different continents (Europe, Asia, Event Database Registry Dataframes and North America) and nine different countries (UK, India, Ireland, Canada, the U.S.A., Japan, Indonesia, Turkey, and Pak- API Call istan). It uses spatio-temporal topic modeling and sentiment Meta-data Text Similarity Matrix Propagation Chains Labelling analysis. Different classification or mining tasks are proposed News Topic Categorization (TC) Articles Wikipedia- using time-series datasets. [6] has proposed the task of pre- Infobox dicting stock market values such as price or volatility based t1 Max = 1 TC t2 TC t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 on the news content or derived text features. Similarly, to fore- GPT Dataset 1 Sliding Window 1 Please suggest relevant categories cast the values, a set of final classes is already defined, such and tags for the following content: t1 TC t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 "body text of news article" as up meaning an increase in price, down meaning a decrease Max = 2 TC Dataset 2 in price, and balanced meaning no change in price. Also, the JSON data Overlapping Sliding TC Windows same technique has been applied to predict price trends (in- Propagation Chains & Labelling cline, decline, or flat) immediately after press release publica- t1 t2TC t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 tions. Also, Good news articles are categorized as inclines if Max = 3 TC Dataset 3 Dataset the stock price relevant to the given article has increased with Overlapping Sliding TC Windows a peak of at least three points from its original value at the publication time [13]. Figure 1: An overview of the proposed approach. To cre- ate the propagation time-series, it calculates the seman- 2.3 Topic modeling tic similarity across news utilizing sentence transform- Generally, to find out the most important topics inside an ers, and to evaluate the labeling process of the news, it event, multiple solutions have been proposed, including pool- utilizes a summary of the news articles generated by ing based LDA and BERTopic. Unlike simple static topic mod- Chat-GPT. eling, pooling-based techniques assume that the data is par- titioned on a time basis, e.g., hourly or daily. Pooling-based techniques are mostly applied to social media, where docu- ments or tweets are partitioned based on hashtags and authors. 2.1 Geographical barrier BERTopic leverages transformers and TF-IDF to create dense Sittar reported that the geographical size of a news publisher’s clusters, allowing for easily interpretable topics while keeping country is directly proportional to the number of publishers important words in the topic descriptions. Therefore, the result and articles reporting on the same information [17]. It is also is a list of topics ranked according to their importance. reported that, based on some factors, the media targets spe- cific foreign and regional events. For example, the spreading The topic modeling techniques are performing surprisingly of news related to specific events may tilt toward developed well. The relation of such topics to their hidden characteristics, countries such as the United Kingdom, the U.S.A., or Russia. such as cultural, economical, and political, has been analyzed Also, in the past, geographical representation of entities and in many studies because understanding its dynamics can help events has been extensively utilized to detect local, global, and governments disseminate information effectively [4, 17, 14, critical events [10, 20, 19, 2]. It has been said that countries 15]. It has changed rapidly in recent years with the emergence with close distance share culture and language up to a certain of social media, which provides online platforms for people extent, which can further reveal interesting facts about shared worldwide to share their thoughts, activities, and emotions tendencies in information spreading [12, 11]. Given the diffi- and build social relationships [7]. Over the years, scholars culty of gathering longitudinal data, relatively little news flow have studied the relationship between the news prominence research has systematically examined whether and to what of a country and its physical, economic, political, social, and extent foreign nation visibility and the factors that influence it cultural characteristics [11]. Communication scholars have have changed over time. Specifically, scholarship has typically long been interested in identifying the key determinants of only addressed why some countries get more news coverage what makes foreign countries newsworthy and why some than others at a specific point in time, not how and why the countries are considered more newsworthy than others [5]. focus shifts over time from one country to another [5]. In this context, we propose an approach to collecting data to analyze 3 APPROACH the news spreading across geographical barriers. This research article presents an approach to creating a time- series dataset for news propagation across geographical bar- 2.2 Time-series datasets riers, as shown in Figure 1. In the first step, we call an API News propagation can be represented in the form of a time- that extracts the news articles from the Event Registry be- series [17]. The properties of cascading time-series can tell longing to Ukraine-war. In the second step, we extract meta- us the relationship between the time and size of cascading. It data related to news publishers via searching for the news further answers which events last over a longer period with publishers on Google and extracting their Wikipedia links. large communities across different languages. A time-series Using these links, we obtain the necessary information from dataset can be used to understand evolving discussions over Wikipedia-Infobox [17]. We use the Bright Data service to time. Different studies have utilized time-series datasets, such crawl and parse Wikipedia-Infoboxes. In the third step, we as [1] investigates how different discussions evolved over time perform the summarization of news articles. In the last step, and the spatial analysis of tweets related to COVID-19. [14] we create a propagation time-series and perform labeling of 134 An approach to creating a time-series dataset for news propagation: Ukraine-war case study Information Society 2023, 10 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia the time-series. To calculate the semantic similarity, we utilize monolingual sentence transformers. Since the propagation of information can be captured in the form of time-series we create time-series of different lengths, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, and To annotate the propagation time-series across geographi- 10. To evaluate the labeling process, we manually compare the cal barriers, we consider the label "Propagating" for a pair of summary generated by Chat-GPT (see Section 5). news articles if the pair is published from two different coun- tries; otherwise, we label it "Not-Propagating". We repeat this 4 DATASET CONSTRUCTION process for all lengths of news articles. The statistics after ap- We collected the news articles reporting on the Ukraine-war. plying this guideline are presented in Figure 3. Since Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022, in an es- calation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, we fetched news articles 5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND that were published between January 2022 and March 2023. EVALUATION The dataset consists of 61261 news articles. Each news article The statistics about the propagation time-series without taking consists of a few attributes: title, body text, name of the news geographical barriers into account are presented in bar chart publisher, date, and time of publication. 2. The number of time-series with the label "Propagating" is higher than the "Unsure", and "Not-Propagating" labels when 4.1 Semantic similarity the length of the time-series is 3 or 5, whereas in the other We calculate the cosine similarity between dense vector gen- three cases (2, 4, and 10), the number of time-series is equal for erated by sentence transformers. Sentence Transformers is all three labels. The statistics of the propagation time-series a Python framework for state-of-the-art sentence, text, and that are generated after taking the geographical location of image embeddings. Cosine similarity varies between zero and the news publisher into account are presented in bar chart 3. one; zero means no similarity, and one means maximum simi- The number of propagation time-series with "Propagated" and larity, i.e., a duplicate article. "Unsure" labels reduced to almost 40% whereas the number of propagation time-series with the "Not-propagated" label 4.2 Chat-GPT Summarizing increased significantly. Since manual evaluation of propagation time-series is difficult because of the length of the news articles, we utilized Chat- For the evaluation of the dataset, we have checked the sum- GPT to get the tags, categories, and summary representing mary, including categories and tags of articles for a specific the whole article. Summarizing a text is one of the many tasks label, manually. We randomly selected 50 time-series of dif- ChatGPT is extremely good at. We can give it a piece of con- ferent lengths for all three types of labels. According to the tent and ask for a summary. By customizing our prompts, we manual evaluation, the propagation time-series with the "Prop- can get ChatGPT to create much more than a plain summary. agating" label followed almost one or two themes of discussion We have used the OpenAI API with the Python library. We for all the news articles in a chain. For instance, the following used the following prompt to fetch the summary of the text, topics have appeared in the propagation time series of length categories, and tags: "Please summarize the text and suggest 5: 1) "The United States will be sanctioning Russian President relevant categories and tags for the following content: article- Vladimir Putin; 2) "the national team of the Polish FA will not Text:". articleText is a variable representing the text of a news play against Russia; 3) the Polish Football Association will not article. play its World Cup qualifying match against Russia; 4) "the Polish Football Association has refused to play a World Cup 4.3 Annotations of time-series against Russia; 5) "the Polish national team does not intend to play-off match against Russia". On the contrary, propagation We created three types of time-series recursively and anno- time-series with "Not-Propagating" labels discussed always dif- tated them based on a threshold of semantic similarity, as ferent points of view about the Ukraine-war. For example, the shown in Algorithm ??. The threshold to decide the type following topics have appeared in the propagation time-series of propagation time-series has been set by manually ana- of length 5: 1) "a resolution passed against Russia in the United lyzing the similarity and summary of news articles. We set Nations"; 2) "Canadian president urges to impose sanctions three thresholds for all three types of labels (propagating, un- against Russia"; 3) "the UN Security Council has voted on a sure, and not-propagating). For instance, the time-series with US-led draft resolution; 4) "President Trump is inviting Russian greater or equal to 0.7 similarity were labeled "Propagating", President Vladimir Putin to come to Washington; and 5) "India the time-series with greater or equal to 0.5 similarity were la- abstained from the vote on the draft resolution". However, in beled "Unsure", and the time-series with less than 0.5 similarity the case of propagation time-series with "Unsure" labels, there were labeled "Not-propagating". This criteria has been followed were three or four sub-topics discussing the Ukraine-war. for the minimum length of a time-series (2). However, for the length of a time-series greater than 2, we count the number Evaluation results show that as the window size increased of pairs with each label, and then the time-series is labeled as to capture the information propagation, the noise of overlap- one with the highest count. If two labels have the same highest ping topics also increased. Similarly, this overlapping window count, then we give priority to the "Propagating" label over presented sub-topics that overlapped at the time of publication. "Unsure" and "Unsure" over "Not-Propagating". The Algorithm ?? takes five parameters, such as the start and end of the data- frames, a copy of the data-frames, length of the time-series, and an array. The statistics about the propagation time-series are presented in Figure 2. 135 Information Society 2023, 10 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abdul Sittar and Dunja Mladenić ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described in this paper was supported by the Slovenian research agency under the project J2-1736 Causal- ify and by the EU’s Horizon Europe Framework under grant agreement number 101095095. REFERENCES [1] Iyad AlAgha. 2021. Topic modeling and sentiment analysis of twitter discussions on covid-19 from spatial and temporal perspectives. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 9, 1, 35–53. [2] Simon Andrews, Helen Gibson, Konstantinos Domdouzis, and Babak Akhgar. 2016. Creating corroborated crisis reports from social media data through formal concept analysis. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 47, 2, 287–312. [3] Firdaniza Firdaniza, Budi Nurani Ruchjana, Diah Chaerani, and Jaziar Radianti. 2021. Information diffusion model in twitter: a systematic literature review. Information, 13, 1, 13. [4] Guoyin Jiang, Saipeng Li, and Minglei Li. 2020. Dynamic rumor spreading Figure 2: The bar chart shows the statistics about the of public opinion reversal on weibo based on a two-stage spnr model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 558, 125005. propagation time-series of different lengths (2, 3, 4, 5, 10) [5] Timothy M Jones, Peter Van Aelst, and Rens Vliegenthart. 2013. 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[9] Gregor Leban, Blaz Fortuna, Janez Brank, and Marko Grobelnik. 2014. Event registry: learning about world events from news. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, 107–110. [10] Mauricio Quezada, Vanessa Peña-Araya, and Barbara Poblete. 2015. Location-aware model for news events in social media. In Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 935–938. [11] Elad Segev. 2015. Visible and invisible countries: news flow theory re- vised. Journalism, 16, 3, 412–428. [12] Elad Segev and Thomas Hills. 2014. When news and memory come apart: a cross-national comparison of countries’ mentions. International Communication Gazette, 76, 1, 67–85. [13] Sadi Evren Seker, MERT Cihan, AL-NAAMİ Khaled, Nuri Ozalp, and AYAN Ugur. 2013. Time series analysis on stock market for text mining correlation of economy news. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 6, 1, 69–91. [14] Abdul Sittar, Daniela Major, Caio Mello, Dunja Mladenić, and Marko Figure 3: The bar chart shows the statistics about the Grobelnik. 2022. Political and economic patterns in covid-19 news: from lockdown to vaccination. IEEE Access, 10, 40036–40050. propagation time-series after applying the condition of [15] Abdul Sittar and Dunja Mladenic. 2021. How are the economic conditions the location of a news publisher. Each bar presents three and political alignment of a newspaper reflected in the events they report types of propagation time-series that has been labelled on? In Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, 201–208. as "Propagating", "Unsure", and "Not-Propagating". The [16] Abdul Sittar, Dunja Mladenic, and Tomaž Erjavec. 2020. A dataset for x-axis shows the length of time-series, the y-axis shows information spreading over the news. In Proceedings of the 23th Interna- the count of the propagation time-series. tional Multiconference Information Society SiKDD. Vol. 100, 5–8. [17] Abdul Sittar, Dunja Mladenić, and Marko Grobelnik. 2022. Analysis of information cascading and propagation barriers across distinctive news events. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 58, 1, 119–152. [18] Abdul Sittar, Dunja Mladenić, and Marko Grobelnik. [n. d.] Profiling 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK the barriers to the spreading of news using news headlines. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6, 1225213. In this paper, we have presented an approach to creating a [19] Kazufumi Watanabe, Masanao Ochi, Makoto Okabe, and Rikio Onai. 2011. time-series dataset. The goal of this work was to investigate Jasmine: a real-time local-event detection system based on geolocation the length of the propagation time-series for news propagation. information propagated to microblogs. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management, 2541– In the future, we plan to utilize the same approach for different 2544. events. Moreover, currently, geographical barriers have been [20] Hong Wei, Jagan Sankaranarayanan, and Hanan Samet. 2020. Enhancing analyzed. In the future, we would like to extend the barriers to local live tweet stream to detect news. GeoInformatica, 1–31. political, economic, and cultural barriers and find patterns of news propagation. Also, we would like to perform prediction and forecasting on the labeled time-series dataset. We would like to perform experiments with classical time-series classi- fication methods, deep learning, transformer-based methods, and large language models (LLMs). 136 PREDICTING HORSE FEARFULNESS APPLYING SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING METHODS Oleksandra Topal Inna Novalija Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia oleksandra.topal@ijs.si inna.koval@ijs.si Elena Gobbo Manja Zupan Šemrov Dunja Mladenić Biotechnical faculty Biotechnical faculty Jožef Stefan Institute University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana, Slovenia Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia dunja.mladenic@ijs.si elena.gobbo@bf.uni-lj.si manja.zupansemrov@bf.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT pigs and cattle [3], dogs [4], and horses [5]. The pilot results have shown the first rigorous evidence for the connection between In this article, we present the first results of a study on the behaviour, heart rate and anatomical characteristics (head and personality traits of Lipizzan horses focusing on their fearfulness. body) [6]. We therefore assume that various properties, such as Applying a specific evaluation approach targeted at small anatomical and biomechanical as well as social environmental datasets, we manage to discover a number of anatomical and measurements, give us valuable objective insights to predict social properties that are related to horse fearfulness as a main factor of horses’ personality in personality traits of Lippizan horses with an emphasis on the current research. For fearfulness. We believe that this improved knowledge will help us evaluation purposes the performance of four different understand the horse-human relationship, the complexity of classification algorithms is compared. Our results indicate that animal personality in general and in relation to humans, as Logistic regression and Decision trees achieve the best humans and horses share many emotional processes [7]. classification accuracy. Furthermore, the most important features for predicting the fear level of Lipizzan horses using a decision The main contribution of this research is assessment of the tree model are presented and discussed. importance of different properties for predicting fearfulness of a horse as indicated by different traditional machine learning algorithms. KEYWORDS Machine learning, classification problem, personality traits, 2. RELATED WORK Lipizzan horses. A number of animal studies researchers have tackled the topic of animal personality. Animal personality could be defined as 1. INTRODUCTION temporally stable inter-individual patterns of affect, cognition, and behavior [8]. Gobbo and Zupan [9] in their study on dogs state In the modern world, artificial intelligence provides powerful that analysis of animal personality traits is closely linked to the tools for solving many issues in various fields of research. The safe human-animal interaction and animal’s everyday behavior. problems involving clustering, regression, and classification are Moreover, Buckley et al. [10] reported that personality of a horse the most commonly addressed problems in different types of should be considered as an important attribute and a key issue in biological studies. One of the actual topics of biological research horse health and performance. The most important personality where we can use artificial intelligence algorithms is the study of trait in relation to human-horse relationship is suggested to be the animal personality. fearfulness [11]. In our work we are studying the personality traits of horses of the In animal behaviour, machine learning approaches address Lipizzan breed. Personality assessment can be used to select specific tasks, such as classifying species, individuals, suitable training and weaning methods, choose or breed horses for vocalizations or behaviours within complex data sets [12]. police or therapeutic work, investigate underlying reasons for Machine learning has been used for clustering observations into development of behavioral problems or assess how an unknown groups [13] and for classification of animal related data [14]. horse might react to a new or aversive situation or stimuli. In our work, we apply data mining and machine learning on the According to a research study on animal behavior [1], it is Lipizzan horse’s dataset with broad anatomic, social, and possible to improve performance and horse welfare by identifying biomechanical characteristics. In addition, the dataset used in the the right match between the horse’s temperament, its rider’s current research contains a small number of data points and personality, housing conditions, management and by choosing the requires using evaluation techniques for small datasets. appropriate activity for an individual horse. Similarly, to other related work approaches, we apply traditional Number of experiments demonstrate that anatomical features may machine learning classification methods for assessing a horse’s be associated with personality traits and behaviour in animals, personality and understanding which horse properties are the most mainly due to domestication and selection process that affected animals’ morphology and personality. We can find a confirmation important when predicting the fearfulness of a horse. Specifically, in our research, we investigate how feature selection method can of this in Belyaev’s domestication and selection experiment on influence the classification results for fear level prediction in horses. foxes [2], also there is research on a number of species such as 137 3. PROBLEM DEFINITION balanced dataset, in which there are 13 fearful horses and 11 fearless horses (see Figure 2). 3.1 Data sources For our study, we use a unique dataset that we have created and which contains anatomical measurements, biomechanics characteristics, housing conditions and fear score of Lipizzan horses. Based on our experience as experts in animal studies, we have collected and organized the data in four parts. The first part contains age, gender, front, left and right (both sides need to be measured, because they are not identical [15, 16]) anatomical measurements of the horse head (FH) and body (FB). The second part contains the results of a study on the biomechanics of the Lipizzan horses. Biomechanical data were collected twice for two types of horse gaits, walking and trotting, so the table contains some redundant data. We have converted the table, so that the trot and walk data are separated by traits for each horse and can be used for modeling. The third part lists the conditions of keeping horses, such as the availability of pastures, the openness of stalls, the number of stalls, as well as equestrian Figure 2 Visualization of the division of horses into two classes activities, training and work of horses. The fourth part contains according to the level of fear. the results of fear test battery performed on each horse. In our study, the explorative hypothesis is that anatomical- 4. METHODOLOGY biomechanical-social properties of a horse may act as good indicators of fearfulness. We have many features describing 4.1 Data preprocessing. different parameters of horses on the one side, and we have a horse Like almost all biological data, this dataset is very small, with fearfulness score on the other side, so we can use supervised only 24 instances, but more than 120 different features. This is a machine learning methods to predict the horse’s fearfulness levels. rather complicated case, because the number of features is 5 times larger than the number of instances. We conducted a correlation 3.2 Labeling data for the classification task analysis using the Spearman coefficient which will allow us to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Analysis of our dataset has To label our dataset, we have had to transform a very complex shown that some features have a high correlation coefficient fear rating table. During the experiment, two repetitions of each of (Figure 3). If correlation coefficient is more than 0.8 (the the four fear tests of the individual horse have been carried out. threshold value was set by experts) we can remove one of the two We have compared the sum of the four scores of the first strongly correlated features from the dataset. Since the correlation repetition (each score per individual fear test and a horse) with the matrix is symmetrical, we considered only the lower part under sum of the four fear scores of the second repetition, and it turned the main diagonal to avoid confusion. out that the horses habituated to stimuli between the two repetitions (see Figure 1). Figure 3 An illustrative fragment of the correlation matrix. 4.2 Evaluation method For very small datasets, as in our study, we should find a suitable Figure 1 Comparison graph between two repetitions of fear approach to evaluate machine learning models. We can use a tests. special case of cross-validation Leave-one-out cross-validation We have made the decision to take the maximum value of the two (LOOCV) [17]. LOOCV is a type of cross-validation approach in sums in order to eliminate the habituation element. The task of which each observation is considered as the test set and the rest classification assumes that the data is divided into classes, that’s (N-1) observations are considered as the training set. In LOOCV, why we have found the average value of fear score, which was fitting of the model is done and predicting using one observation 10.75, and labeled the fearfulness variable with binary values as test set. Furthermore, repeating this N times, so each observation follows. If a horse has an above-average fear rating, then it is taken once in the test set. This is a special case of K-fold cross- corresponds to a value of 1 (class 1) - a fearful horse, if lower, validation in which the number of folds is the same as the number then 0 (class 0) - a fearless horse. In this way we obtained a fairly of observations (K = N). 138 4.3 Classification methods There are many machine learning algorithms suitable for solving the classification problem. We decided to take several different algorithms starting with Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine as a simple model [18], Decision Trees and Random Forests. For the completeness of the experiment, we have trained all the algorithms with the different sets of features (see follow bulleted list). The main results are presented in Table 1. The rows of Table 1 present different algorithms used, while the columns reflect feature selection methods: - AllFeatures (120 features): removal of correlated features is not performed Figure 4 Confusion matrix by Decision Trees. - Removed LeftCorr (89 features): anatomical measurements from the left side of the horse head or body that correlate to Figure 4 presents for Fearful (class 0) and Fearless (class 1) the correspondent right side measurements are removed classes confusion matrix by Decision Trees. - Remove RightCorr (89 features): anatomical measurements In order to assess the learning outcomes of all models, we used from the right side of the horse head or body that correlate to LOOCV algorithm. We have noticed that the models during the correspondent left side measurements are removed training chose different features as important in each validation step. In the following Table 2 we can see the most important - Removed LeftCorr+ (85 features): anatomical measurements features (see Figure 6 for more details) for the Decision Trees from the left side of the horse that correlate to the model and how many times they were chosen during the entire correspondent right side measurements are removed + experiment (24 steps). anatomical measurements from the right side of the horse that correlate to other left side measurements are removed Table 2 The most important features for predicting the fear level of Lipizzan horses using a decision tree model (LOOCV). - Remove RightCorr+ (85 features): anatomical measurements from the right side of the horse that correlate to the Feature name Numbers of times correspondent left side measurements are removed + Number of boxes 24 anatomical measurements from the left side of the horse that correlate to other right side measurements are removed FB10L 23 Table 1 The accuracy of prediction of the horses' fear level of FH03 21 the different algorithms with different sets of features. FH04 18 Once we evaluated the decision tree model using the LOOCV algorithm and understood its performance, we were able to train the model on the full set without splitting it into a training and test set to obtain the most important features affecting the target variable (Figure 5). As shown in Table 1, the best result has been obtained by Logistic Regression and Decision Trees. If we look at the Logistic Regression coefficients, we find out that only one feature from 120 was chosen as significant and it is “Number of boxes” that means how many boxes were in the stable where the horse was housed. The number of horses housed in the same stable represents the horse's social environment, which may really affect its fearfulness. In comparison to the other tested methods, Support Vector Machine and Random Forests show the lowest classification accuracy. Looking at Decision Trees, the classification accuracy is higher Figure 5 Decision Tree Classification feature importance score than 0.7 for all sets of features. We can notice the difference in calculated for the complete dataset. performance based on anatomical features. Removing the right In our research, based on a small data sample of Lipizzan horses, correlated features gave better result than removing the left we have been able to find out that social (Number of boxes) and correlated features. Left measurements appear to be more anatomical (FH03, FH04, FB10L) features influence the fear significant for prediction in this model. We obtained the highest score. We marked with the red lines the most important features accuracy with Decision Trees (0.83) when we removed right on the Figure 6. correlated features + (Removed RightCorr+). 139 7. REFERENCES [1] Hausberger M. et al. (2008) Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 109: 1–24. [2] Trut, L. N. 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The experiments indicate that in the case of left and right anatomic [16] Halsberghe, B.T., Gordon-Ross, P. and Peterson, R. (2017), features being correlated, removing the right features gives Whole body vibration affects the cross-sectional area and slightly better results. symmetry of the m. multifidus of the thoracolumbar spine in the horse. Equine Vet Educ, 29: 493-499. We have found that social and anatomical features can explain the fearfulness level as a factor of horses’ personality. [17] Wong TT. Performance evaluation of classification algorithms by k-fold and leave-one-out cross validation. Pattern The future work will include the research with extended data set recognition. 2015 Sep 1;48(9):2839-46. as well as exploring additional relevant features. [18] Greener JG, Kandathil SM, Moffat L, Jones DT. A guide to machine learning for biologists. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Biology. 2022 Jan;23(1):40-55. This document is the result of the research project funded by the ARRS (J7-3154). 140 Emergent Behaviors from LLM-Agent Simulations Adrian Mladenic Faizon Zaman Jofre Espigule-Pons Marko Grobelnik Grobelnik Wolfram Alpha LLC. Wolfram Research, Inc. Jozef Stefan Institute Jozef Stefan Institute Rochester, New York Barcelona, Spain Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia faizonz@wolfram.com jofree@wolfram.com marko.grobelnik@ijs.si adrian.m.grobelnik@ijs.si ABSTRACT This paper hypothesizes that complex emergent behaviors can Attributes: Characteristics that shape the dynamics of arise from multi-agent simulations involving Large Language interactions, encompassing any attributes relevant to the Models (LLMs), potentially replicating intricate societal structures. simulation environment. We tested this hypothesis through three progressively complex Actions: A set of actions the agent can perform, these can be simulations, where we evaluated the LLM-agents’ understanding, discrete and explicit, or broad and implicit, depending on the task execution, and their capacity for strategic interactions such as simulation. deception. Our results show a clear gap in reasoning ability Goals: Agent-specific targets that guide decision-making between LLMs such as GPT-3.5-Turbo and GPT-4, especially in processes and actions. simpler simulations. We demonstrate emergent behaviors can Previous Interactions: A historical record of encounters that arise from LLM-agent simulations ranging from simple games to informs the agent’s evolving knowledge base, shaping future geopolitics. interactions. KEYWORDS Few-Shot Learning Examples: A select set of examples provided large language models, multi-agent simulations, emergent for each agent to boost learning capabilities and decision-making behaviors, societal structures, gpt, simulation environments, efficiency. agent-based modelling, agent architecture These factors collectively determine the behavior and 1 Introduction functionality of an agent, influencing its interaction patterns within the simulation environment. The integration of these The unique value proposition of Large Language Models (LLMs) is elements highlights the adaptability and complexity of our their ability to iterate on complex conversations. Inspired by the simulation design. principles of agent-based modeling, this project aims to leverage 3 Simulation and Experimental Setting this generative dialogue to simulate aspects of human society and We construct three simulations of increasing complexity to explore emergence in LLM-agent interactions. investigate LLM-agent behaviors. The simulations range from The approach is composed of three major steps: Firstly, we discrete and highly constrained two-agent environments to translate real-world societal structures and interactions into broadly framed settings involving many agents. interactive LLM ecosystems. Then, we generate several iterations of LLM interactions. In the final stage, we extract meaningful 3.1 Exploring Simple Games conclusions from the simulations, providing a comprehensive We begin by investigating agent- based models for the two-player analysis of the agent’s behavior. game ‘Rock paper scissors’. Every Related work suggests that our line of research has the potential round, each agent chooses rock, to uncover promising insights. Wang et al. [3] introduced paper or scissors. Depending on the generative agents that simulate human behavior by integrating agent’s choices, they can end the LLMs into interactive environments. Gandhi et al. [2] assessed round in a win, loss or draw, see LLMs' Theory-of-Mind (ToM) reasoning capabilities, with Figure 1. particular emphasis on GPT-4's human-like inference patterns. 2 Agent Description Figure 1 Rules for a single 'Rock paper scissors' 1 round. If In our simulations, each agent is defined by and aware of the players choose the same item, the round ends in a draw [1]. following components: Our simulation involves two LLM-agents: Alice and Bob. Agents are Identity: The agent’s identity signifies its function and purpose prompted with the context and set of games previously played and within the simulation framework. This identity is distinct and asked for their move each round. critical, driving interaction patterns and influencing the overall A ‘Rock, paper, scissors’ match is a series of rounds where each simulation dynamics. participant makes a move, aware of all prior rounds in the match. 141 We predefine the starting game (round) in each match, simulation is the goal-oriented behavior of these agents, aimed at investigating the differences in results. improving their attributes. 3.2 Sheep Transaction Model In each simulation round, the agents interact, negotiate, form Inspired by the complexities of economic systems and the alliances, and undertake strategic actions, seeking to increase captivating simplicity of a primitive sheep trading model, we their military strength, economic power, wealth, or to form construct an agent-based transactional model. This model alliances with other agents. These actions replicate geopolitical involves a sequence of transactional interactions involving two strategies, encompassing economic, military, or alliance-oriented autonomous agents, named Alice and Bob, who engage in buying, initiatives. To update the state of the simulation, we utilize a “God selling, or holding sheep with the goal of amassing wealth. Agent” which acts as the sole arbiter, determining the state We aim to investigate the variation in strategic behavior, decision- changes of the simulation based on the interactions and actions of making proficiency, and interaction complexity manifested by the the country-leader agents. agents. The simulation also highlights the agents’ capability to In the initial state, every agent is ranked as a 5 on a scale of 1-10 reason about their decisions. in the attributes “MilitaryStrength” and “EconomicStrength”. On Both agents operate under the constraints of their own financial this 1-10 scale, 1 indicates the lowest and 10 the highest level of resources and the number of sheep they own, all set within a an attribute. Moreover, agents are provided with 1000 “Money”, variable price market for sheep. Each trading decision is influenced the definition of this attribute is purposefully vague, to observe by factors such as the present market price, individual agent’s how the agents interpret it. Agents can also form alliances wealth, sheep inventory, agent interactions, the agent’s identity, throughout the simulation. goals, and attributes. Each round of the simulation begins by asking agents who they In a more complex variation, we give each agent a unique identity, would like to interact with. The desired interactions are each attributes, and goals. For further complexity, we simulate a simple simulated as a single statement and response, similar to the statement-response interaction between agents before their aforementioned Sheep Transaction Model. As evident from the decision each round. Each iteration of the simulation begins with interaction below, agents are able to design complex strategies to the new calculated sheep price. In our case the price is normally achieve their goals. distributed with mean 10 and a standard deviation of 5. The agents Russia: Dear Germany, let us strengthen our economic ties and are informed of the new price and two simple statement-response strategic alliance to counterbalance the military strength of the interactions are simulated between the agents. One such USA and safeguard our financial reserves. interaction is shown below. In this case, Alice employs deception Germany: Dear Russia, I appreciate your proposal and agree to and lies to convince Bob to sell his sheep. further strengthen our economic ties and strategic alliance as a Sheep Price: 17.5463 means to counterbalance the military strength of the USA and Alice says: Hey Bob, I heard from a very reliable source that the safeguard our financial reserves. price of sheep is expected to drastically drop next round, you Following the interactions, each agent is prompted with their should definitely sell all your sheep now to avoid losses. attributes, identity, goals, past interactions and asked to describe Bob responds: Thanks for the advice, Alice! I think I'll sell my their action this round in free text. No limitations are imposed on sheep this round to avoid potential losses. the content of the actions, as seen below: Following their interactions, agents are prompted for their actions USA: I will propose a global economic summit to discuss and and justification. The simulation state is then updated to reflect coordinate strategies for economic recovery and growth, inviting the actions of agents. Below is an example action and justification: leaders from all major economies including China, Russia, and Alice - Decision: SELL, Quantity: 49, Money: 14166.1, Sheep: 0 Germany. Alice's Reasoning: The current sheep price is high, selling now will China: I will initiate 'Project Phoenix', a strategic partnership with maximize my profit. 3.3 Geopolitical Model Germany to jointly develop renewable energy technologies, increasing our EconomicStrength and global influence. The culmination of our increasingly complex and unrestrictive Lastly, the “God Agent” is provided with all interactions and multi-agent simulations is a geopolitical model that mirrors real- actions, and instructed to update the state of the simulation based world interactions among nations. These simulations are on them, with justification: structured to operate with agents representing the leaders of four The changes reflect USA giving money to China, Russia giving key global powers: USA, China, Russia, and Germany. Each agent money to Germany, and Germany increasing its military strength. possesses attributes mirroring the nation’s economy and military The alliances between USA and Germany, and Russia and Germany might, its alliances, and wealth reserves. A crucial element of our were maintained, while USA and China formed a new alliance. 142 4 Experimental Results For the more complex variation of the simulation, Alice is told she 4.1 Exploring Simple Games is an expert sheep trader, and her goal is to make as much money In our first experiment, we use GPT-4 for Alice and GPT-3.5-Turbo as possible. Bob is told he is bad at trading sheep with a goal to for Bob. For every possible starting game, we simulate 10 matches, have as little money by the last round. Alice is also told Bob is her each lasting 10 rounds. For 8 of the 9 starting game variations, enemy and Bob is told Alice is his friend. Using the aforementioned Alice beats Bob in the majority of matches. When aggregating agent prompts, we run 5 simulations, each with 10 consecutive individual rounds for each starting game, Alice wins in 7 of 9 rounds of sheep trading. Our results indicate the outcomes are starting games. balanced, as presented in Figure 3. When both agents use the same LLM, the results are more balanced, with a large increase in draws. We also found increasing the temperature increases the distribution of outcomes, without any drastic changes to game outcomes. Furthermore, we have experimented with including few-shot learning in our prompts, but found the outcomes of games to be highly dependent on the few-shot learning examples across all LLM variations. 4.2 Sheep Transaction Model Our first experiment involved assigning different versions of the Figure 3 Each agent’s wealth stored in money and sheep after 10 LLM (GPT-3.5-Turbo and GPT-4) to the agents, to study the rounds of trading. Sheep are valued at the last round’s sheep variation in agent performance. Below is a side-by-side price. The simulation is run 5 times. comparison of trading decisions by two LLM-agents, identical in all A few intriguing conclusions emerge from this experiment. Bob aspects except the underlying LLM (GPT-3.5-Turbo vs GPT-4). Both ignores his goal to lose money and tries to profit from trading agents can buy or sell up to 10 sheep in the given scenario. sheep. Alice in part contributes to this oversight, giving Bob (her enemy) sound trading advice. Considering both agents’ total starting wealth is 200, we see they both generate immense profit. Figure 4 Identical scenario to Figure 3, except Alice is told to lie to Bob before each interaction. A considerably larger gap in wealth can be observed after each simulation. The simulation is run 5 times. Figure 2 Comparison of trading decisions made by GPT-3.5- An interesting shift in outcomes occurs when Alice is also told “you Turbo and GPT-4 LLM-agents. Agents are told the current, high, should lie to Bob” prior to all interactions. All other prompting and and low sheep price, along with rounds of trading left. variables are kept unchanged. Section 3.2 shows an interaction As depicted in Figure 2, agents using GPT-3.5-Turbo lack the typical in this scenario. Figure 4 compares Alice’s and Bob’s total sophistication to internalize the complexities of buying sheep at a wealth after each simulation. We observe considerably greater low price and selling at a high price (which they are provided). wealth inequality. GPT-4 based agents, on the other hand, develop and employ the 4.3 Geopolitical Model “Buy Low, Sell High” strategy to trade. Moreover, we found the To obtain a baseline simulation to compare subsequent agent number of rounds of trading left before the winner is declared had modifications to, we ran the simulation with homogeneous agent no bearing on the agent’s trade decisions. Furthermore, changing identities and goals for 10 rounds. Each agent’s identity was simply the temperature hyper-parameter in the LLMs increased the range that they are a leader. Agent goals were left blank. Figure 5 of decisions provided by agents in each scenario, without drastic portrays the progression of all agent attributes across 10 rounds. changes in outcome. 143 An intriguing observation was the preference of agents to interact their total money. This is perhaps unsurprising, as the provided with the USA, especially in the early rounds. real-world agent goals and identities are quite balanced overall. In the first variation, we give the USA and China agents the goal of The base LLM for agents in all variations was GPT-3.5-Turbo. increasing their military strength. Russia focuses on maximizing its Repeating the simulation with GPT-4 yields similar results. money, while Germany focuses on economic strength. 5 Discussion On average, Russia and Germany appear to have slightly more In conclusion, our exploration of multi-agent simulations involving money and economic strength, respectively. USA and China are LLMs underlines the possibility of complex emergent behaviors, unsuccessful in consistently asserting military dominance. potentially replicating societal structures. Through our simulations Another variation involved equipping all agents except Germany of progressive complexity, we observe the varying capacity of with real-world identities and objectives of the leaders they LLMs in terms of their understanding, task execution, and strategic represent: Joe Biden, Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and a fictional interactions. Through these environments, we found that the brutal German leader singularly focused on economic strength. agents exhibited strategic behaviors, decision-making proficiency, We run the simulation for 10 rounds, as shown in Figure 6. and a capacity for interaction complexity. In addition, the agents’ performance was found to be influenced by several factors, including their identities, attributes, actions, goals, past interactions, and few-shot learning examples. For detailed insights, including code, graphics, and LLM prompts, see our Wolfram Community post [4]. In the next phase of our research, we intend to delve deeper into these dynamics by increasing the sophistication of the agent architecture and enhancing the complexity of the simulations. Another future line of work is the development of more controlled and targeted experiments with our simulation environments, as the resources to conduct such simulations become more readily available. Future work also includes larger-scale experiments with more iterations, providing a comprehensive understanding of Figure 5 Development of agent attributes over 10 rounds of LLM-agent societies. This endeavor signifies a step towards baseline geopolitics simulation. All agents begin with 1000 leveraging the potential of LLMs in the field of complex “Money” and a rating of 5 in other attributes. simulations and societal structures, propelling us closer to understanding the depth and breadth of LLM interactions in increasingly sophisticated environments. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described in this paper was supported by the Slovenian research agency and the Humane AI Net European Unions Horizon 2020 project under grant agreement No 952026 and TWON EU HE project under grant agreement No 101095095. Gratitude is extended to the Wolfram Summer School for facilitating this work and providing access to Mathematica [5]. Special thanks to Stephen Wolfram for his guidance and insight. REFERENCES [1] Wikimedia Foundation. (n.d.). File: rock-paper-scissors.svg. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock-paper-scissors.svg [2] Gandhi, K., Fränken, J.-P., Gerstenberg, T., & Goodman, N. D. (n.d.). Figure 6 Development of agent attributes in 10 rounds of Understanding social reasoning in language models with language models. –  arXiv Vanity. https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/2306.15448/ geopolitics simulation. Agents’ identities and goals mirror real- [3] Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior. arXiv.org. world country leaders, except for Germany. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03442 Overall economic strength decreases from its initial state while Wang, Z., Xu, B., & Zhou, H.-J. (2014, July 25). [4] Mladenić Grobelnik, A. (2023). [WSS23] Investigating LLM-agent interactions. military strength increases. The values of military strength appear https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/2960085 to converge to 7-8, while economic strength converges to 3-4 for [5] Wolfram Research, Inc., Mathematica, Version 13.3, Champaign, IL (2023). all agents. Agents are reluctant to make significant changes to 144 Compared to Us, They Are …: An Exploration of Social Biases in English and Italian Language Models Using Prompting and Sentiment Analysis Jaya Caporusso Senja Pollak Matthew Purver Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Queen Mary University of Jožef Stefan International Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Postgraduate School senja.pollak@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia jaya.caporusso96@gmail.com m.purver@qmul.ac.uk ABSTRACT meaningful words and context above non-meaningful ones, by training on large text corpora. Various studies have shown that Social biases are biases toward specific social groups, often language models, by storing the knowledge present in the accompanied by discriminatory behavior. They are reflected and training corpora [19], include the social biases present in it as perpetuated through language and language models. In this well [4, 10]. The models are often applied to downstream tasks study, we consider two language models (RoBERTa, in English; where it is undesirable to perpetuate prejudices and stereotypes and UmBERTo, in Italian), and investigate and compare the [5]. Therefore, it is important to detect the presence of biases in presence of social biases in each one. Masking techniques are language models, evaluate them, and possibly modify them. In used to obtain the models' top ten predictions given pre-defined this paper, we present an exploratory study on the presence of masked prompts, and sentiment analysis is performed on the social biases in two different language models: RoBERTa, in sentences obtained, to detect the presence of biases. We focus on English [12]; and UmBERTo, in Italian [18]. We focus on social social biases in the contexts of immigration and the LGBTQIA+ biases toward immigrants and the LGBTQIA+ (an evolving community. Our results indicate that although social biases may acronym standing for: lesbian; gay; bisexual; transexual; queer be present, they do not lead to statistically significant differences or questioning; intersex; asexual, aromatic, or agender; and those in this test setup. belonging to the community and that do not identify with the previous terms) community. We detect the presence of biases KEYWORDS through masking techniques and sentiment analysis. Natural language processing, large language models, prompting, sentiment analysis, social bias 2 RELATED WORK Many recent studies are devoted to detecting, and sometimes 1 INTRODUCTION taking action against, social biases in language models (for an A bias is "an inclination or predisposition for or against overview, see [11]). Some of them make use of prompt something" [1]. By social bias, we mean a bias towards specific completion or masking techniques: the model is given as input a social groups, e.g., people of a certain gender, ethnicity, religion, prompt with a context-sensitive to the social bias of interest and or sexual orientation. Social biases have been largely studied in with one or more masked tokens. Masked tokens are hidden psychology and social sciences (e.g., through the implicit- tokens that the model has to predict. The prediction(s) of the association test; see [14, 15]). They were found to be reflected, model can bring to light its existing biases. Nadeem and perpetuated, and amplified by language [13]. Since they are often colleagues [16] measured stereotypical biases in the contexts of associated with prejudices, stereotypes, and discriminatory gender, profession, race, and religion in the pre-trained language behavior, social biases are usually undesired features of the models BERT, GPT2, RoBERTa, and XLNET, for example by system they are present in. Numerous have been the attempts to creating "a fill-in-the-blank style context sentence describing the engineer language in a way that would not perpetuate social target group, and a set of three attributes, which correspond to a biases (e.g., see the proposal of using the schwa or the asterisk to stereotype, an anti-stereotype, and an unrelated option." [16]. make Italian words gender-neutral, [23]). Kirk and colleagues [9] assessed "biases related to occupational Recent years have seen the blooming of computational associations [in GPT2] for different protected categories by language models, supposed to model language by predicting intersecting gender with religion, sexuality, ethnicity, political affiliation, and continental name origin" [9]. They used prefix templates in two forms: "The [X][Y] works as a…", where X Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed represents one of the social classes of interest and Y a gender; for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full and "[Z] works as a…", where Z is a personal name typical of citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must one geographic group between Africa, America, Asia, Europe, be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia and Oceania. Nadeem and colleagues [16] and others (e.g., [17, © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 22]) have investigated biases in RoBERTa. 145 Sentiment analysis is a natural language processing technique that the sentiment toward the school system is neutral. The reason used to determine whether the given data present a positive, behind this choice is that the school system is present in both the neutral, or negative valence. Previous studies have associated a languages investigated, and although it could arguably be negative sentiment with a negative bias, a neutral sentiment with impossible to identify a social group that is never the object of a negative bias, and a positive sentiment with a positive bias [20]. positive or negative social biases, the discussions around Here, we aim to test RoBERTa and UmBERTo via masking students are usually less controversial or polarized, compared to techniques and sentiment analysis. In particular, our goal is to the ones about immigrants or members of the LGBTQIA+ explore the presence of social biases toward immigrants and the community. Examples of the templates are: "Compared to us, X LGBTQIA+ community. are ", where X corresponds to either "students", "immigrants", or "members of the LGBTQIA+ community", depending on the context; and "We need laws to Y", 3 METHODOLOGY where Y corresponds to either "the school system", We present an investigation and comparison of the presence of "immigration", or "homosexuality". The prompts, originally social biases—in the contexts of immigration and the constructed in English, were translated into Italian for the Italian LGBTQIA+ community—in the language models RoBERTa language model. We developed 30 masked prompts for each and UmBERTo. This is performed by employing masking model (i.e., 10 for the school system context, 10 for the techniques and sentiment analysis. immigration context, and 10 for the LGBTQIA+ community context). For each of them, we obtained the models' (either 3.1 Research questions RoBERTa or UmBERTo) top-10 predictions (i.e., the models' Our research questions are: RQ1) Is there a significant social predictions of the 10 words with the highest probability to bias, negative or positive, towards immigration and/or substitute the masked token in each prompt). We decided to LGBTQIA+ community, in the English language model include the top-10 predictions, instead of solely the top-1 RoBERTa?; RQ2) Is there a significant social bias, negative or prediction, to more comprehensively capture the models' biases positive, towards immigration and/or LGBTQIA+ community, toward the selected social contexts. For example, for the prompt in the Italian language model UmBERTo?; RQ3) Is there a "We should homosexuality", the top-10 RoBERTa's significant difference between the social biases of the language predictions were: condemn, reject, denounce, oppose, outlaw, models RoBERTa and UmBERTo, in the context of immigration end, ban, fight, stop, and define; each of them with a different and/or LGBTQIA+ community? weight (i.e., probability of prediction), which we registered. Substituting the masked token of each of the masked prompts 3.2 Models with each of the top-10 predictions, we obtained 600 complete sentences (300 for each language). Those sentences supposedly We selected RoBERTa [12] as the English model, and reflect the models' social biases of interest and were analyzed. UmBERTo [18], a language model inspired by RoBERTa, as the Italian model. Our choice is primarily justified by both models 3.4 Sentiment analysis being variants of BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, [6]), renowned for its effectiveness in NLP We assume that a bias with a certain valence (positive or tasks. They are trained with a masking technique, making them negative) corresponds to a sentiment with the same valence. appropriate sensible choices for our approach. Furthermore, they Therefore, a significant bias toward a specific social group is are comparable to one another. Each of the models is present if the model's predictions for that social group show a representative of the respective language (for a comparison of the significantly different valence from those for the neutral context performance of different Italian language models, see [24]), due (i.e., in this case, the school system). We performed sentiment to the optimization and training they underwent. As they are analysis on all 600 sentences. To do so, we translated the Italian widely used in the NLP community, employing them allows for sentences to English using deep-translator [2], and implemented comparison with other studies. VADER Sentiment Analysis 3.3.2 [7]. VADER provides scores indicating the positivity, neutrality, and negativity levels for each 3.3 Prompting using masked prediction input sentence, along with a compound score, the sum of the three, normalized between -1 and +1. The closer the compound With masking techniques, or prompt completion, we can have score is to +1, the more positive is the evaluated sentence. access to "word representations that are a function of the entire context of a unit of text such as a sentence or paragraph, and not only conditioned on previous words" [20]. In other words, given 4 ANALYSIS an input sequence and a position, the model predicts the most In both languages, each of the 300 sentences obtained with probable word(s) to take that position. Our exploratory study is masked prompting corresponded to a compound score and to a based on the idea that some of the relational knowledge stored in weight (i.e., the prediction’s probability). Furthermore, they these models might be representative of social biases. corresponded to 30 initial prompts: 10 for the school system, 10 For our investigation, we ideated numerous prompt templates, for the immigration, and 10 for the LGBTQIA+ community that we then narrowed down to 10 for each social group. That is contexts. Internally to each language, we calculated the to say, 10 for the immigration group, 10 for the LGBTQIA+ compound scores’ weighted means and weighted standard group, and 10 for the school system group (for an overview of deviations (STDs) of the sentences relative to each of the the templates, see Table 1 in the Supplementary Materials). We included the school system group as a control group, assuming 146 prompts. We then calculated the compound scores’ means and school system needs to be improved, while immigration needs to standard deviations of the prompts relative to each context. be regulated and homosexuality recognized (RQ3). Then, we performed a One-Way ANOVA test to compare the Coming to the quantitative results, our first assumption was compound scores of the three groups internal to each model. This that a significant difference between the compound scores' means analysis was aimed at identifying whether, in any of the two relative to the different contexts, internally to a specific model, language models, the three groups presented significantly would indicate the presence of a bias in that language model. In different compound scores between each other (RQ1 and RQ2). particular, a compound score's mean significantly lower than the Finally, to answer RQ3, we normalized the compound scores’ others would indicate a negative bias toward the relative social means of the two language models, attributing to both RoBERTa group, while a compound score's mean significantly higher than and UmBERTo’s school-system compound scores’ means the the others would indicate a positive bias toward the relative value of 0. The school system context was indeed ideated as a social group. neutral context. This way, the compound scores’ means relative Our results showed that, relative to RoBERTa, the compound to the immigration and the LGBTQIA+ community contexts are scores' means corresponding to the three context groups are not comparable across models. We performed two T-tests to significantly different from each other: therefore, our investigate whether either of the two models presents a social quantitative analysis did not find the presence of social biases bias significantly different from the other; either in the towards any of the selected social groups in RoBERTa (RQ1). immigration or the LGBTQIA+ community context. Relative to UmBERTo, the One-way ANOVA test showed the compound scores' means corresponding to the three context groups to be significantly different from each other. However, 5 RESULTS Tukey's HSD test, which analyzed them pairwise, did not find In Tables 2-3 in the Supplementary Materials, we report the top- any significant difference. This might mean that the combined 1 predictions for a selected sample of prompts. mean of two groups differs significantly from the mean of one Regarding the quantitative analysis performed, we were group (RQ2). interested in the compound scores of the predicted sentences. Our second assumption was that a significant difference Specifically, we wanted to see whether they varied across groups between the mean compound scores for the two models would (RQ1 and RQ2) and/or across models (RQ3). All weighted mean indicate the presence of a bias toward a specific social group, compound scores can be found in Table 1 in the Supplementary with a score significantly lower than the other indicating a Materials. In Tables 4-5 in the Supplementary Material, we negative bias toward the social group, and a significantly higher report the compound score mean and standard deviation for both score indicating a positive bias. Normalizing the mean models and all three contexts. compound scores allowed us to compare the biases across models. For each model, we performed a One-Way ANOVA analysis T-tests for both the immigration and the LGBTQIA+ community between the compound scores of the three contexts. The resulting contexts did not reveal any significant difference. Therefore, our p-values are 0.91 for RoBERTa, and 0.04 for UmBERTo. quantitative analysis did not detect any differences in RoBERTa For RoBERTa, the p-value is above the significance level (i.e., and UmBERTo's biases towards the selected social groups (RQ3). α = 0.05): none of the groups of predictions for the three social Although the statistical analysis does not support the presence groups exhibits a compound score significantly different from of social biases in either models (RQ1 and RQ2) nor a difference the other two groups (RQ1). in the presence of social biases between RoBERTa and For UmBERTo, however, the p-value is below the UmBERTo (RQ3), our qualitative analysis suggests otherwise. significance level: there is a significant difference between the Furthermore, even though the differences in compound scores averages of some of the three groups. However, a further Tukey's between groups and across models are not statistically significant, honestly significant difference test (Tukey's HSD) was for both models, the compound scores are lower for the performed, to test differences between groups’ means pairwise; immigration and LGBTQIA+ community contexts than for the this did not detect any significant difference (RQ2). school system context (see Tables 4-5 in the Supplementary The normalized means of the compound scores relative to the Materials). There seem to be more differences between the three contexts can be found in Table 6, for both models. school system context and the immigration and LGBTQIA+ We performed T-tests to compare the bias across the two community contexts in UmBERTo than in RoBERTa, contrary models, for both the immigration and the LGBTQIA+ to what the qualitative results of the top-1 predictions seem to community contexts. The first gave a P value of 0.67, and the suggest. second a P value of 0.91. Neither test shows a statistically significant difference (RQ3). 7 LIMITATIONS 6 DISCUSSION Our study presents several limitations. Our sample size (i.e., the number of masked prompts and the resulting complete sentences) A qualitative assessment of the results points to the presence of is limited and hardly representative of a whole language model. social bias in some of the predicted sentences (RQ1 and RQ2). The translation of the prompts, originally in English, to Italian For example, in RoBERTa, the school system needs to be might be problematic since sentence constructions that convey protected, while immigration and homosexuality need to be the same meaning in different languages might not be prevented. In UmBERTo the social bias toward both immigrants comparable, and vice versa. We might have included biases in and the LGBTQIA+ community appears to be less present: the the construction of the template prompts. Some of the models' 147 predictions might have been a consequence of the construction ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of the template, and not so much dependent on the specific We acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian context (i.e., school system, immigration, or LGBTQIA+ Research Agency for research core funding for the program community). Sentiment analysis systems have been shown to Knowledge Technologies (No. P2-0103) and from the projects present social biases themselves, and therefore may not be the CANDAS (Computer-assisted multilingual news discourse best instrument to assess social biases in language models [3, 8]. analysis with contextual embeddings, No. J6-2581) and Furthermore, since they are lexicon-based and do not detect SOVRAG (Hate speech in contemporary conceptualizations of stance, they could not be the best instrument to employ for our nationalism, racism, gender and migration, No. J5-3102). purpose. Our analysis process is limited and might not examine We thank Dr. Erik Novak and Prof. Dr. Dunja Mladenic for their properly and comprehensively our data. comments on previous versions of this work, and the anonymous reviewers. The first author wishes to thank Dr. Tine Kolenik. 8 FURTHER WORK REFERENCES Our future work will address the limitations mentioned above. [1] American Psychological Association. 2023. Bias in American Dictionary The raised issues regarding the translation of prompts could be of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/bias Accessed 08 January 2023. solved by employing a different multi-lingual sentiment analysis [2] N. Baccouri. 2023. https://pypi.org/project/deep-translator/ Accessed 20/02/2023. model, covering appropriately both the English and Italian [3] S.L. Blodgett, S. Barocas, H. Daumé III, H.Wallach. 2020. "Language languages. 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How “BERTology” Changed the State-of-the-Art also for Italian NLP. Proc. CLiC-it 148 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Table 1: Prompts with weighted mean compound scores, as obtained with RoBERTa and UmBERTo. RoBERTa UmBERTo Prompts School system Immigration LGBTQIA+ School system Immigration LGBTQIA+ community community Our country 0.37 0.40 0.33 0.35 0.41 0.32 Should X. X are -0.49 -0.32 -0.12 0.01 0.01 0.04 our country. X represent -0.49 -0.50 -0.38 0.19 -0.25 0.00 a to our country. Most of the X 0.00 -0.01 0.04 0.02 -0.01 0.01 in the US/Italy are . I believe that 0.06 0.36 0.04 0.27 0.01 0.01 X should our country. Compared to 0.25 -0.16 -0.04 0.45 -0.02 0.02 us, X are . X should 0.10 -0.15 0.40 0.05 0.14 0.04 be in our country. X are -0.03 -0.04 -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 in the US/Italy. We need laws 0.10 -0.12 -0.15 0.29 -0.05 -0.10 to the Y. We 0.06 -0.03 -0.30 0.23 0.06 0.06 should the Y. 149 Table 2: Examples of prompts with top-1 predictions, as obtained with RoBERTa. Prompts School Immigration LGBTQIA+ system community Compared to students criminals invisible us, X are . We need laws protect prevent prevent to the Y. We should reform control condemn the Y. Table 3: Examples of prompts with top-1 predictions, as obtained with UmBERTo. Prompts School Immigration LGBTQIA+ system community Compared to enthusiastic everywhere everywhere us, X are . We need laws improve regulate recognize to the Y. We should organize regulate introduce the Y. Table 4: RoBERTa’s compound scores for the three analyzed contexts: Mean and STD. Context Mean STD School system -0.01 0.28 Immigration -0.06 0.26 LGBTQIA+ -0.03 0.25 community Table 5: UmBERTo’s compound scores for the three analyzed contexts: Mean and STD. Context Mean STD School system 0.19 0.16 Immigration 0.03 0.17 LGBTQIA+ 0.04 0.11 community Table 6: Normalized compound scores obtained with RoBERTa and UmBERTo: Mean. Context RoBERTa UmBERTo School system 0.00 0.00 Immigration -0.05 -0.01 LGBTQIA+ -0.02 -0.03 community 150 Towards a Cognitive Digital Twin of a Country with Emergency, Hydrological, and Meteorological Data Jan Šturm Maja Škrjanc Luka Stopar Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia maja.skrjanc@ijs.si luka.stopar@ijs.si jan.sturm@ijs.si Domen Volčjak Dunja Mladenić Marko Grobelnik Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39 Jožef Stefan Postgraduate School Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana, Slovenia domen.volcjak@gmail.com Ljubljana, Slovenia marko.grobelnik@ijs.si dunja.mladenic@ijs.si ABSTRACT and predictive purposes. The initial groundwork in this domain The paper presents a methodology for building a cognitive digital was pioneered by Michael Grieves, who extended the idea of twin of a country elaborating on the conceptual design of a cog- digital replicas from mere physical objects, like machinery and nitive digital twin of a country. This study includes emergency infrastructure, to more intricate systems such as manufacturing call data, hydrological and meteorological data. To illustrate the processes and urban planning [3]. Over time, the digital twin application of the proposed methodology, we present initial eval- technology evolved from simply replicating structural details uation results performed on a use case of Slovenia, focusing on to encapsulating functional, dynamic, and behavioral aspects of comparison of different data sources on a selected location. the systems. The incorporation of cognitive capabilities was a natural progression, as researchers sought to make these models KEYWORDS adaptive and responsive to real-time changes [10]. Cognitive Digital Twin, Real Time Data In the context of wider scope, digital twin of a whole country is already being used in Singapore [7] and the application of cog- nitive digital twins remains has shown significant promise. In [4] 1 INTRODUCTION was conceptualized the first architecture for a country’s digital A cognitive a digital twin of a country is a digital model that twin, emphasizing the importance of harnessing both historical replicates a nation’s physical and social characteristics to simu- data and real-time information to create a holistic representa- late and forecast its behavior in diverse circumstances, utilizing tion. It represents a foundation for understanding the myriad historical data and real-time information. To create this model, factors that influence a nation’s behavior, from geographical various data sources such as government agencies, social media and physical elements to socio-political and cultural dynamics. platforms, and public data sets will be utilized to gain a profound Meanwhile, [5] showcased an example of a cognitive digital twin comprehension of the politics, economy, and society, identifying for a small city-state, demonstrating its potential in forecasting trends and patterns. Advanced technologies such as artificial in- urban growth as well as potential socio-economic shifts. This telligence, modeling of complex systems, machine learning, and body of research underscores the vast possibilities of the tech- big data analytics will be utilized to create a precise and realistic nology, moving beyond traditional applications to better serve model of the country, continuously updated with real-time data. as a cognitive tool of city or nation-wide policy makers. This cognitive digital twin of a country will serve as a tool to test multiple scenarios and predict the country’s reaction, informing 3 METHODOLOGY policy makers, improving the nation’s overall well-being and the welfare of its society, and providing crucial disaster preparedness In our initial digital twin model, we incorporated the following and response capabilities, identifying potential risk or instability databases: demographic information from the Slovenian Statis- areas. tical Office [9], weather data from the ARSO agency [1], data on above-ground and underground waters [2], as well as infor- 2 RELATED WORK mation on exceptional events such as fires, floods, and other disasters from the SOS system [8]. We employed client interfaces The concept of a cognitive digital twin for a nation finds its roots for data ingestion into the digital twin, and utilized ETL (extract, in the broader realm of digital twin technologies, which tradi- transform, load) processes to integrate and process data from tionally pertained to replicating physical systems for simulation various sources. Atop this processed data, several machine learn- Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal ing models will be available, offering predictions for various SOS or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or disasters based on the ingested data (Figure 1). distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). 3.1 Data Clients Information Society 2023, 10–14 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). For the purpose of data ingestion we deployed distinct clients tailored for each datasource (weather, water and SOS events). 151 Information Society 2023, 10–14 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Šturm et al. Figure 2: Conversion of geospatial formations into 1km x 1km squares Figure 1: Conceptual design of cognitive digital twin of a country Figure 3: Spatial hierarchy Each of these clients has a two-fold role. First, it fetches the raw data and channels it into the system. Subsequently, it refines this regarding population density, classifications of rural areas, and data, molding it into a unified format in sync with the infras- sensor readings. tructure’s requirements for transmission. Further bolstering the precision of this process, every sensor gets registered bearing its 3.3 Feature Engineering unique metadata. This includes details on its location, the area it Sensor data is stored in the database and is characterized by two monitors, and specifics related to the sensor’s polling mechanism. columns: value sum and value count. The selection between these columns for feature vector computation depends on the context 3.2 ETL Pipeline of the application. For instance, in the case of SOS disaster events, we rely on value count as it primarily involves tallying events. An ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) pipeline is a systematic pro- Conversely, for weather and surface water analyses, we utilize a cess employed in data warehousing to collect data from various derived value obtained by dividing the value sum by the value sources, transform it into a structured format, and subsequently count. We have subsequently computed multiple features from load it into a database or data warehouse. This methodology this data using various sliding window approaches, as illustrated ensures that information is accessible, usable, and optimized for in Table 1. analytics and reporting [6]. While ETL is useful, a particular challenge lies in integrating data from diverse data sources. Data 4 EXPERIMENT from some sources, for instance, is distributed by municipalities, while others only provide sensor locations, necessitating calcula- 4.1 Dataset tions to determine the geolocation coverage of individual sensor Dataset in experiments includes SOS disasters, weather and sur- readings. Demographic data, on the other hand, offers the most face water data, while other layers were not included in this granular geolocation details, as the country’s surface is divided paper. Data spans from January 1, 2010, to August 23, 2023. It into varying scales of areas 1km x 1km, postal areas, munici- is important to note that weather and surface water data from palities, regions (Figure 3). In our initial model, we employed a certain measuring stations may lack continuous records for this hierarchy of geolocation information by primarily utilizing the entire period. The weather dataset consists of columns including 1km x 1km grid, which represents the most fundamental level pressure, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and station lo- of geolocation data. These grids were further mapped to postal cation, aggregated at half-hourly intervals. The surface waters areas, municipalities and regions. Through this approach, we dataset primarily targets the water level column, aggregated ev- were able to identify overlaps of data layers (Figure 2), thereby ery 10 minutes. The SOS disaster events dataset encompasses enabling data exploration and further detection of patterns and columns such as event type, event subtype, number of events, potential implications as well as predictions. Each layer repre- and municipality, aggregated hourly. Data preprocessing encom- sents a separate data source, which may contain information passes two principal phases. Initially, data is categorized based on 152 Short title to put in the header Information Society 2023, 10–14 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia the respective sensor, location, and timestamp, with an objective [3] Michael Grieves and John Vickers. 2017. Digital twin: mitigating unpre- to consolidate into hourly segments. SOS events are very sparse, dictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdisci- where we can have very low number of examples in 13 year time plinary perspectives on complex systems: New findings and approaches, 85– 113. period. [4] Daniel Jurgens. 2022. Creating a country-wide digital twin. https://www.ws p.com/en-nz/insights/creating-a-country-wide-digital-twin. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2022). 4.2 Implementation Details [5] Ville V Lehtola, Mila Koeva, Sander Oude Elberink, Paulo Raposo, Juho- Experiments utilized Python 3.11 within a Jupyter Notebook Pekka Virtanen, Faridaddin Vahdatikhaki, and Simone Borsci. 2022. Digital twin of a city: review of technology serving city needs. International Journal environment for tasks related to feature engineering and data of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 102915. modeling. The computational pipeline incorporated numerous [6] Joshua C Nwokeji and Richard Matovu. 2021. A systematic literature review libraries, including Scipy, Numpy, Pandas, GeoPandas, Matplotlib, on big data extraction, transformation and loading (etl). In Intelligent Com- puting: Proceedings of the 2021 Computing Conference, Volume 2. Springer, Plotly, and psycopg. Geospatial data, imported via psycopg, was 308–324. seamlessly converted into a dataframe. [7] ESRI Singapore. 2023. A framework to create and integrate digital twins. https://esrisingapore.com.sg/digital-twins. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2023). [8] SOS SPIN. 2023. Spin sos - uprava rs za zaščito in reševanje. https://spin3.so 4.3 Experimental Results s112.si/javno. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2023). The table 1 presents highest correlations associated with wind- [9] SURS. 2023. Gis. https://gis.stat.si/. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2023). [10] Fei Tao, He Zhang, Ang Liu, and Andrew YC Nee. 2018. Digital twin in breaks in Ajdovščina. However, the present correlations seem industry: state-of-the-art. IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics, 15, 4, not to be particularly insightful. This observation is consistent 2405–2415. across other locations and their respective correlation matrices. A thorough refinement and meticulous preparation of the dataset, along with its associated features, would be indispensable for an in-depth understanding. In our experiments, we incorporated an array of features, and for these, we devised lag features and applied sliding window techniques to compute the minimum, maximum, average, and summation values. We have also added seasonality, transformation of wind direction using dummies. Table 1: Correlations between the windbreak feature and other features within the municipality of Ajdovščina Correlation Feature name 0.4952 wind speed rolling min 1 day 0.4887 wind speed rolling min 12 hours 0.4412 wind speed rolling max 30 days 0.4092 mean relative humidity very high rolling sum 120 days 0.3756 wind speed 4 hours ago 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, we introduce a preliminary cognitive digital twin model of a country, utilizing data from emergency, hydrological, and meteorological domains. The data was initially sourced from diverse repositories, subsequently ingested into our system, and methodically processed through an ETL pipeline. Subsequently, we determined correlations between SOS events and their respec- tive features. Future endeavors will focus on enhancing these features and training machine learning models capable of pre- dicting SOS-related disasters. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described in this paper was supported by the Slove- nian research agency, Ministry of Defence under the project NIP v2-1 DAP NCKU 4300-265/2022-9 and the European Union’s Hori- zon 2020 program project Conductor under Grant Agreement No 101077049. REFERENCES [1] ARSO. 2023. Arso meteo. https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/sl/weather/fproduc t/text/. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2023). [2] ARSO. 2023. Arso vode. https://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/podzem_vo de_amp/. [Accessed 01-09-2023]. (2023). 153 Predicting Bus Arrival Times Based on Positional Data Matic Kladnik† Luka Bradeško Dunja Mladenić Jozef Stefan International Department of Artificial Department of Artificial Postgraduate School Intelligence Intelligence Ljubljana, Slovenia Jozef Stefan Institute; Solvesall Jozef Stefan Institute matic.kladnik@gmail.com Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia luka.bradesko@ijs.si dunja.mladenic@ijs.si ABSTRACT This paper addresses predictions of city bus arrival time to bus 2 PROBLEM SETTING AND DATA stations on an example of a bigger EU city with more than 800 The goal of the system is to predict arrival time to specific buses. We use recent historic context of preceding buses from stations for each bus (more on this in [1][2][6]). To do this, we various routes to improve predictions as well as semantic context compute travel time predictions from specific stations to all of bus position relative to the station. For evaluation of the results, remaining proceeding stations of the bus, per each bus. The data we developed a live evaluation web application which can is suboptimal as we do not know the exact arrival or departure compare performance of different prediction systems with times to or from the stations (similar to [4]), which requires us to various approaches. This enables us to compare the proposed do extra processing on data and match bus positions to stations system and the system that is currently being used by the example based on coordinates of bus locations and distances to nearby city. The evaluation results show advantages of the proposed stations. system and provide insights into various aspects of the system’s To address the suboptimal detailedness of data, we deal with performance. detecting vicinities of buses to their applicable stations. We are KEYWORDS unaware whether the bus has stopped at a certain station or is just passing by, as this information is not available in the data. Bus, arrival time, estimation, prediction, travel time, regression, semantic context, evaluation, application 2.1 Bus Routes and Station Details We use some static data, which gives details about routes. For 1 INTRODUCTION each bus station, we have a location (latitude and longitude coordinates), along with ID and station name. Bus route is Improving the accuracy of expected arrival times of local defined with a route number, variation, and list of stations for transport can improve the experience of public transport users as each variation. well as allow for better planning of public transport. By using This data is used to determine which stations a specific bus recent historic travel times of other buses and additional semantic on a specific route variant might stop at or pass through. In a context of the bus that is currently in the prediction process, we processed form, we use this data to determine which predictions improve predictions of bus arrival times. These predictions are we have to calculate when we get an updated bus status. We also calculated in a live system and can be used in real-time to inform use it to determine which sections of a specific route are shared users of the public transport system as well as to help detect with other routes. traffic congestions. The focus of this paper is on the architecture of the live travel 2.2 Bus Positions time prediction system with which we continuously make predictions of bus arrival times as well as on our approach of This is the main data that we use for computing predictions. Bus evaluating the performance of the proposed system in position data includes: bus ID, last stored location (latitude and comparison to the currently used system. longitude coordinates), and route number. We will first look into the problem setting and the type of data This data is usually updated every minute but the update rate that is available for continuously making arrival time predictions. can vary significantly between buses and bus routes. Then we will continue by describing our approach and the Since we do not have information about exact arrival time to architecture of the continuous prediction system. Lastly, we will the station or departure time from a station, which would be look into evaluation approaches that we have taken to compare preferable, we have to process bus positions to be able to use the proposed system with an existing one. them as input for the prediction models. To use bus positions as input data, we match a position to the nearest bus station, based on available bus stations on a specific Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed route. Bus position is only matched to a station if it is within a for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full certain distance to the station. For best performance, we use a citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). radius of 50m from the station’s position. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 154 3 APPROACH DESCRIPTION coordinates of the bus, active route of the bus and the direction of the route that the bus is taking. After filtering bus stations Our system uses recent historic data of travel times to include based on route and direction, we compute distance to each station information about recent traffic flow among features (see [7]). using the Haversine formula [9]. If the distance to the closest We make separate predictions for each of the proceeding stations station is less than 50 meters, we detect a vicinity of the bus to that a specific bus can stop at on its route. that station. Once we have a vicinity match to a bus station, we process and insert the data into a list of detected vicinities to stations. After each fetch routine, we store detected vicinities to stations to the data manager in the bus travel time predictor’s data manager component. For easier comprehension, we can say that detected vicinities to the stations can be viewed as detected arrivals of buses to the station. After the data fetch cycle is complete and updated arrivals of buses to stations are ready in the data manager of the bus travel time prediction component, Figure 1: Schematic of bus routes the regression machine learning model is used to predict travel Let us say that bus A, for which we are making predictions, times for all buses that have a new detected vicinity to a station has departed station ‘i’ (latest station). To get recent historic data, for all of their proceeding stations. we check which bus routes share paths between the latest station At any given time, users can send a POST request to our of the bus A and the target station ‘j’ for which we are making proposed approach’s bus prediction server API to get predictions arrival time predictions. As we can see on Figure 1 above, either for all buses, all routes, specific buses, or specific routes. Yellow route shares the path to target station ‘ j’ with green and The system returns predictions in a JSON object and provides blue routes. Thus, we can use the latest travel times between users with the most updated predictions for each bus. stations ‘i’ and ‘j’ on yellow, blue and green routes, to get the most recent data about traffic flow on this path. Figure 2: Architecture of the proposed solution Which is why we also consider data from other routes that share the bus path for which we are making predictions. This way 3.1 Positional Semantic Context we get a better recent historic context to have a more reliable Since we have to match bus positions to stations and do not information about current traffic dynamics. This is especially know when exactly a bus stopped, we use a positional semantic useful for routes that have less frequent buses (e.g. once every 30 context of the bus. We determine whether we have detected the minutes or even less frequent). bus ahead of the station or after the station to further improve the The diagram on Figure 2 shows components that are active in accuracy of predictions. When the bus is detected ahead of the the real-time prediction system. We continuously fetch bus latest station we expect it to take longer time to reach the target positions from Public transport API several times per minute. station in comparison to when the bus is detected beyond the Bus positions are matched to stations based on geographical 155 latest station. If the bus is detected beyond the latest station, it is extreme values have affected these measurements, we will look likely that it will not stop at that station anymore. into further analyses with which we can also get a more To detect the relative position of the bus to the latest station, informative understanding of performance of both systems and we use coordinates from the first preceding station (i-1) and the how they compare to each other. first proceeding station (i+1) in addition to the coordinates of the latest station. 3.2 Machine Learning Models To compute predictions of travel times, we use a regression machine learning model. We have trained and evaluated models based on several machine learning algorithms. These are: linear regression, SVM (SVR – Support Vector Regressor [3]), and an artificial neural network. We use implementations of these algorithms that are available in Scikit-learn [8], a Python library for machine learning. Models were trained on several weeks of data. For training the SVM (SVR) model we use the RBF (Radial Basis Function) kernel with the epsilon parameter equal to 10.3. The regularization parameter C is equal to 1.0. For training the neural network model we use the Multi-layer Perceptron regressor architecture [5] with 2 hidden layers (layer sizes: 15, 8). For solving the weight optimization, we use L- BFGS, which is a Limited-memory approximation of Broyden– Figure 3: Enriched screenshot of distribution of absolute Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm. Alpha hyperparameter is errors equal to 0.5, while learning rate is equal to 0.005. On Figure 3 we can see how absolute errors are distributed Models were trained on hundreds of thousands of data points among error bins. Each bin represents a 30 second interval of collected over several months of data. errors. The most left bin represents errors from 0 to excluding 30 SVM model is the best performing model of the tested ones seconds, the second left bin represents errors from 30 to excl. 60 which is why it is used as the part of our proposed approach in seconds. We have to consider that there are more measurements the following evaluation analyses. present of the proposed system (blue bars) than of the current system (green bars). The reason for this is that we could not always get predictions from the current system for the same bus 4 EVALUATION paths at the time of our predictions, meaning we could not We mainly use two metrics to compare accuracies of predictions: compare predictions of the current system with predictions of the MAE (Mean Absolute Error), and RMSE (Root Mean Squared proposed system. The same applies to Figure 4 and Figure 5. Error). Considering this, we can see that the proposed system has a To get a better overview of the performance of the system as larger share of predictions with errors under 60 seconds. The a whole, we developed a web application that serves for analysis most common error bin of proposed system is 30+ (30 to excl. of performance of the system. 60 seconds), whereas for the current system it is the 60+ bin. 4.1 Live Evaluation System We continue with our web application that serves as an evaluation system. With this system we can evaluate performance of our new system in comparison to the currently used system for predicting arrival time of buses. Results of our new solution are in blue color, whereas the results of existing solution are in green color. This web application can also be used for various purposes of evaluation, for example to compare updated models with earlier versions or compare performance of models that are based on different algorithms. In all of the following figures, our system used the SVM (SVR) model to make predictions of bus travel times. The following figures were generated by evaluating predictions for a single route within a specific week. Figure 4: Enriched screenshot of distribution of negative To start the evaluation with an initial context of main metrics, and positive errors the proposed system has MAE equal to 120 seconds and RMSE On Figure 4 we can see how positive and negative errors are equal to 11042 seconds. Whereas, the current system has MAE distributed between the proposed and the current prediction equal to 357 seconds and RMSE equal to 46618 seconds for the system. Errors are binned into bins of 30 seconds, except for the selected period on the selected route. Since it is likely that certain 156 most left and most right bins, which consist of all errors that have When considering all angles of analysis, we can determine difference to actual time of more than -300 and 300, respectively. that the proposed system generally performs better than the Notice that the orange vertical line emphasizes the 0+ bin of currently used system. errors, which consists of predictions with errors between 0 and 30 seconds. Equally well performing bin is the -30+ bin, which consists of errors between -30 seconds up to excluding 0. 5 CONCLUSION In this case a negative error means that we have predicted that We have overviewed the approach that we take as the basis the bus will arrive at the station sooner than it actually has. This for our system for predicting travel and consequently arrival evaluation approach gives us better information about whether a times of buses. We looked into the architecture we implemented system is more likely to have negative or positive errors. In case to support our approach and continuous computation of of negative errors, the system undershoots with the predictions. predictions for arrival times of buses. We then followed with a Similarly, in case of positive errors, the system overshoots with more detailed description of our evaluation system with which the predictions. we can more easily compare two prediction systems – either the We can see that the proposed system is more likely to give proposed system with the current system or different versions of predictions with negative errors, which means that the bus is the proposed system. more likely to arrive later than predicted. However, with the With the help of the evaluation application, we have also current system, predictions are more likely to have positive determined that the proposed system generally performs better errors, meaning the bus is more likely to arrive earlier than than the currently used system. predicted. Considering this, passengers are less likely to miss a For further improvements of the system, we could include the bus if they plan their trip with the proposed system. Relative Mean Absolute Error (often known as MAPE – Mean Absolute Percentage Error) as a metric in the evaluation system. This metric would give us a better understanding of the size of an error, relative to the time taken for the bus to finish the path for which the prediction was computed. We could further improve the evaluation application by adding a feature for comparing the distributions of errors with normalized values in bins, instead of only absolute values. This would streamline the analysis when example numbers differ between both systems. We could also train additional machine learning models based on other algorithms, such as random forest and XGBoost, as well as include additional architectures of neural networks for a greater selection of models. We could then compare performances of all trained models with the use of our evaluation system. Figure 5: Binned absolute prediction errors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Upon discussion of acceptable prediction errors with the This work was supported by Solvesall, Carris, the Slovenian domain experts, they have determined that predictions with less Research Agency and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 than 90 seconds of absolute errors are the most desirable. program project Conductor under Grant Agreement No Predictions that have absolute errors between 90 seconds and 4 101077049. minutes are considered less desirable but still acceptable. Predictions with over 4 minutes of absolute error are considered REFERENCES unacceptable. We have binned predictions into these three bins [1] K. Birr, K. Jamroz and W. Kustra, "Travel Time of Public Transport to further compare performance between the systems. Vehicles Estimation," in 17th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on On Figure 5 we can see the comparison of distributions of Transportation, EWGT2014, Sevilla, Spain, 2014. predictions when taking opinions of domain experts into account. [2] M. Čelan and M. Lep, "Bus arrival time prediction based on network model," in The 8th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Blue parts of the bars represent the most desirable bins, orange Systems and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN 2017), 2017 parts present less desirable but still acceptable bins and grey parts [3] H. Drucker, C.J.C. Burges, L. Kaufman, A. Smola, V. Vapnik, “Support Vector Regression Machines,” in Advances of Neural Information represent unacceptable bins. Processing Systems (NIPS), 1996 We can see that in 66% of the cases, predictions of the [4] A. Kviesis, A. Zacepins, V. Komasilovs and e. al., "Bus Arrival Time proposed system are sorted into the most desirable bin, compared Prediction with Limited Data Set using Regression Models," in e 4th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport to 52% of the cases of the current system. The proposed system Systems (VEHITS 2018), 2018. has significantly less acceptable but undesirable predictions: [5] F. Murtagh, “Multilayer perceptrons for classification and regression,” in Neurocomputing, Volume 2, Issues 5-6, 1991 24% of selected predictions, in comparison to 40% of selected [6] D. Panovski and T. Zaharia, "Long and Short-Term Bus Arrival Time predictions of the current system. However, the current system Prediction with Traffic Density Matrix," IEEE Access (Volume: 8), vol. 8, pp. 226267 - 226284, 2020 does perform slightly better when focusing on the share of [7] T. Yin, G. Zhong, J. Zhang, S. He and B. Ran, "A prediction model of bus unacceptable predictions. 10% of predictions from the proposed arrival time at stops with multi-routes," in World Conference on Transport system have unacceptably high errors, while 8% of predictions Research - WCTR 2016, Shanghai, 2016. [8] Scikit-learn: https://scikit-learn.org/ from the current system belong to the unacceptable bin. [9] Haversine formula: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula 157 Structure Based Molecular Fingerprint Prediction through Spec2Vec Embedding of GC-EI-MS Spectra Aleksander Piciga Milka Ljoncheva aleksander.piciga@gmail.com milka.ljoncheva@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Tina Kosjek Sašo Džeroski tina.kosjek@ijs.is saso.dzeroski@ijs.si Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT GC-MS spectra show mass to charge ratios (m/z). Each GC-MS spectrum exhibits identifiable spikes called peaks, which hold Identifying the molecular structure of unknown organic com- significant value for compound structure classification, but also pounds is a major challenge when dealing with mass spectrome- correlate to structural information [3]. try (MS) data. Understanding these structures is crucial for clas- Mass spectrometry has many different methods which can sifying and studying molecules, especially in fields like environ- be employed. The data used in this study (GC-MS spectra) are mental science. Research efforts in the recent two decades have obtained using electron impact ionization (EI). Gas chromatogra- resulted in generation of rich MS data, both liquid chromatogra- phy involves heating the sample, which must possess volatility phy (LC)-MS and gas chromatography (GC)-MS data, that can and thermal stability. The ionization process, on the other hand, be exploited in exploring the possibilities of machine learning occurs through electron emission. [5]. approaches in compound identification. Our approach aims to predict molecular fingerprints directly from mass spectra. Fingerprint bits correspond to molecular struc- 100% tures and consequently, prediction of these will directly reveal 80% the underlying features of the molecule. Obtaining a molecu- 60% lar fingerprint thus allows researchers to identify the studied Intensity 40% molecules and to query larger databases of chemical structures 20% 0% (such as PubChem) to discover related molecules. Ultimately, our 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 m/z method makes it easier to identify molecules and their structural characteristics from MS, even in fields where data is scarce. Figure 1: An Example of a mass spectrum obtained by gas KEYWORDS chromatography mass spectrometry with EI. mass spectra, multi-label, Spec2Vec, prediction, Word2Vec, ma- chine learning, embedding, molecular fingerprint, structure 1.2 Dataset We used spectra produced by the authors (Milka Ljoncheva), 1 DATA which have been made publicly available [7]. These are spectra of 1.1 Overview TMS derivatives [9]. TMS derivatives are produced by replacing the active hydrogen atom of alcohols, acids, amines, and thiols The dataset we study [7] is composed of GC-MS, along with meta- by a trimethylsilyl group. These derivatives are highly volatile data information about the molecules. The molecules considered and thermally more stable than the parent compound, allowing are derivatives of environmentally relevant compounds. Meta- their analysis under GC-MS. Fragmentation of these derivatives data contains the molecule name, formula, exact mass, PubChem is also hugely structurally informative [5] [8]. ID, InChI, InChI Key, and SMILES of the trimethysilyl (TMS), The dataset is available in different formats, including .mgf, derivative along with identical data for the parent compound [9]. which is a common format for spectrometry data. These .mgf PubChem ID is included for the PubChem database, which is one files contain precursor mass, charge, and m/z abundance pairs. of the largest repositories of molecular entities. SMILES, InChI, Additional metadata is available in Excel files. The dataset was and InChI Key are molecular descriptors, providing a standard originally gathered as part of another study that aimed to fill the for encoding molecular information. These identifiers can be gap in spectrographic data in the field of environmental science used to obtain further information about the molecule in public and is publicly available [7]. compound databases and MS libraries [2]. There are a total of 3144 distinct spectra in the dataset, cover- ing 106 unique compounds. There is also a larger private dataset, Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal but for reproducibility, the pipeline used only the public part of or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or the dataset [8]. Each compound in our dataset contained all the distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this required metadata information and was represented by approxi- work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). mately 30 independent spectra. The distribution of the number Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia of spectra per molecule is shown in the Figure 2 (mean 30, min 3, © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). max 60, std 6.85). On average molecules have 34.6 positive labels. 158 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Aleksander Piciga, Milka Ljoncheva, Tina Kosjek,Sašo Džeroski queries to public APIs. To accomplish this, we used the scyjava 60 package, which enables Java packages to be used in Python. This 50 is convenient since our entire workflow is built in Python and we need to access the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) written 40 in Java. Within this framework, we’ve implemented a subset of 30 Count molecular fingerprints which we tested in the study, that included 20 the following molecular fingerprints: [11]: 10 • AtomPairs2D, • Circular, 0 InChi Key / Compound • EState, • Extended, Figure 2: The Distribution of the number of spectra across • KlekotaRoth, InChI Keys (unique compounds). • Lingo, • MACCS, • Pubchem, 2 PREPROCESSING For our sample study, we selected the MACCS molecular fin- 2.1 CG-MS Spectra gerprint. This choice was made because it offers a relatively We used matchms package to refine the metadata and spectra straightforward approach, relying on SMARTS substructure match- representations. The matchms package is a publicly available ing [6]. SMARTS is a language that allows us to specify substruc- Python package to import, process, clean, and compare mass tures using rules that are extensions of the Simplified molecular- spectrometry data. It allows us to implement and run an easy-to- input line-entry system (SMILES). The Molecular fingerprint is follow, easy-to-reproduce workflow. There were two main phases then defined by a set of these SMARTS patterns. MACCS uses in the preprocessing workflow [4]: 166 patterns [6]. • metadata enrichment and • spectrum standardization. Table 1: Example of SMARTS patterns included in MACCS In the metadata prepossessing phase, we extracted valuable molecular fingerprint information like the InChI Key and molecule name from the .mgf files, which often contained both pieces of data. We also SMARTS pattern Description corrected InChI Key, InChI, and SMILES definitions and when the necessary information wasn’t available, replaced it with a [R]1@*@*@1 3 ring common placeholder tag. [#6]~[#16]~[#7] Carbon ~ Sulfur ~ Nitrogen On the data side, our efforts included adding parent mass, nor- [#6]=[#6]~[#7] Carbon = Carbon ~ Nitrogen malizing intensities, reducing the number of peaks to a range of [CH3]~*~[CH3] CH3 ~ any ~ CH3 10 to 500, setting intensity thresholds between 0 and 1000, and a aromatic deriving losses. We also required that each GC-MS spectrum con- ~ represents any bond type. tain not less than 10 peaks. These steps were crucial for getting = represents a double bond. the CG-MS spectral data ready for analysis and for removing any definitions from [10] potentially corrupted spectra [4]. An example of the effects that more detailed definition of the language is available at processing the mass spectra peaks can have is shown in Figure 3. https://www.daylight.com/dayhtml/doc/theory/theory.smarts.html Spectrum comparison 100% Unprocessed Spectrum 2.3 Spec2Vec 75% Spec2Vec [3] is a spectral similarity score inspired by Word2Vec. 50% It works by converting mass spectrum peaks to "words" and then 25% uses the standard Word2Vec algorithm to learn the relationships 0% among them. It is an unsupervised algorithm so the evaluation Intensity 25% can be performed on the same data used to train Spec2Vec models. 50% There are large pretrained models which are publicly available, 75% but custom models can be quite inexpensive to train on local data. 100% Processed Spectrum The model was trained specifically for TMS derivatives from the 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 public dataset. The model produces 300 dimensional embeddings m/z and was evaluated on the entire dataset. Spec2Vec embeddings outperform traditional methods of com- Figure 3: Difference between unprocessed and processed paring spectra, such as cosine similarity, and even modified ver- peaks in the spectrum. sions that consider data noise. These embeddings also exhibit a much better correlation between high similarity scores and high structural similarity [3]. However, the structure cannot be 2.2 Molecular fingerprints directly derived from latent space embedding, which is why we Our pipeline enables the generation of common molecule fin- employ machine learning to learn these structural characteristics gerprints, given the molecule’s InChI or InChI Keys by making [3]. 159 Structure Based Fingerprint Prediction from Mass Spectra Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia multilabel prediction binary relevance - random forest Spec2Vec Embedding m/z intensities binary structural information latent space embedding metadata database queries cosine similarity – structural Spectrogram similarity Fingerprint Word2Vec peak representation metadata cleaning Figure 4: Overview of the prediction pipeline 3 PIPELINE Table 2: Initial Comparison of Internal Estimators Our main goal is to predict molecular fingerprints that represent structural information based on the mass spectra embeddings Logistic Re- Random Decision following the workflow diagram presented in 4. Spec2Vec pro- gression Forest Tree vides embeddings in a latent space, where the cosine distance Hamming Loss 0.045 0.043 0.067 between points corresponds to their structural similarity. The Weighted F1 Score 0.895 0.854 0.837 molecular fingerprint generation task is framed as a multi-label Label Ranking Loss 0.016 0.010 0.182 classification because each instance or example can exhibit mul- Coverage Error 54.601 42.964 151.832 tiple identifiable structural characteristics, and these correspond to multiple different bits in the fingerprint. These structural com- ponents have correlations among them, which is another reason to treat the problem as multi-label classification rather than just The embedding of the new molecule is compared to known em- multi-class classification. beddings using built in function that calculates similarity score For the conversion of embeddings into molecular fingerprints based on cosine similarity. Voting for fingerprint labels is then Spec2Vec embeddings, which consist of 300 real-valued attributes, done proportionally based on similarity score. This approach, are used as input, while the targets of the prediction are N-bit which corresponds to the weighted nearest neighbor, is further fingerprints (in this study N = 166, as we use MACCS molecular discussed in the section 5. fingerprints). 5 EVALUATION We evaluated the learning methods using various metrics, with a 4 METHODS focus on the most informative ones, such as hamming loss, label Multi-label classification (MLC) can be approached in many differ- ranking loss, weighted F1 score, and coverage error [1], results ent ways. The most straightforward approach involves treating of these evaluations are shown in Table 3. To ensure robust eval- each label independently and training a separate binary classifier uation, we employed a 5-fold cross-validation approach, which for each label (Binary Relevance). Alternatively, we could treat we repeated twice to obtain reliable performance measurements. every unique combination of labels as a distinct class (Power Set). However, given our 166 labels, the latter approach would create a large number of classes, especially if we extend our research Table 3: Random Forest performance metrics to a broader range of molecules. We chose One Vs Rest classifier (OVR) from sklearn, which works like Binary Relevance when Default Similarity Random provided with an indicator matrix for the target (y) values. Bi- Classifier Voting Forest nary Relevance trains a separate estimator for each of the target indicator labels [1]. Hamming Loss 0.083 0.038 0.043 We need to choose an approach for classification since we Weighted F1 Score 0.635 0.642 0.854 have reduced the MLC task into multiple binary classifications. Label Ranking Loss 0.630 0.083 0.010 Random Forests are used due to their empirically proven high Coverage Error 166.000 64.794 42.964 accuracy [1], ability to handle imbalanced data, and good bias The Default Classifier always predicts the majority class for each variance trade-off. Other models, such as Decision Trees and label. Logistic Regression were also quickly tested and proved worse Similarity Voting uses Spec2Vec similarity to proportionally vote in preliminary testing with double 5-fold validation as shown in for labels. This approach is presented as a stronger baseline from the Table 2. Worse performance and efficiency of these models which we can measure improvements of our models. are known from the literature [1]. Random Forests were trained for each label, using One Vs Rest We have also used a straightforward approach of calculating (OVR) method. Each forest had 100 estimators with balanced Spec2Vec similarity [3] to predict the target molecular finger- class weights (inversely proportional). Impurity was measured print. First, the Spec2Vec embedding is constructed for known using Gini Impurity measure and no other restricting parameters molecules and is stored along with their fingerprints. When pre- were set - the defaults of sklearn Random Forest Classifier apply. dicting for a new molecule its Spec2Vec embedding is calculated. 160 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Aleksander Piciga, Milka Ljoncheva, Tina Kosjek,Sašo Džeroski 6 REPRODUCIBILITY 0.35 label_ranking_loss 3000 0.30 The whole pipeline and evaluation were built with repeatabil- 2500 ity in mind to allow for future studies, model comparisons, and 0.25 oss 2000 reevaluation of results. The dataset used is public, Spec2Vec mod- 0.20 anking L 1500 est Size els are built upon these data, and model training functions along 0.15 Train/T Label R with parameters are available in the repository github.com/al- 0.10 1000 pi314/mass_spectra tagged article. Training of the models is done 0.05 500 with fixed random seeds and stores models with training pa- 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 rameters, train and test data with the use of the pickle package. Removed Inchikeys Metrics and evaluations are always stored along with the models. Figure 5: Models ability to generalize to unseen InChI Keys. 7 CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that Spec2Vec embeddings of TMS can ef- Our goal isn’t predicting fingerprints for known molecules, fectively be converted into molecular fingerprints using machine but handling new ones effectively. To test this, we deliberately learning methods. These methods have proven to be reliable even removed some InChI Keys from our dataset. By doing this, we when predicting molecular structures for molecules that have checked how well our models perform in predicting the structures not been encountered before. This is significant because it allows of these unfamiliar molecules. This real-world scenario testing processing new MS spectra to uncover their most likely struc- helps us understand how practical and effective our approach is tural components, which we can then match against databases. when dealing with novel compounds not present in our initial This structural information can be directly applied in various re- training data. search studies. Our plans for future work involve expanding this We have also performed 10-fold validation by removing 10 approach to larger compound databases. Additionally, we plan to InChI Keys at a time from the training data. The model was broaden our research to predict more SMARTS patterns as part trained on the remaining ∼90 InChI Keys (∼2700 samples of mass of expanding our molecular fingerprint prediction capabilities. spectra) and evaluated on ∼10 unseen ones (∼300 samples of While we’ll stay focused on fingerprints for database queries, we mass spectra). The results are shown in Table 5. The Random will be also looking into predicting arbitrary SMARTS patterns. Forests’ ability to predict larger amounts of unseen InChI Keys and effects of less training data and therefore less diverse em- REFERENCES bedding knowledge is shown in Figure 5. Even though the label [1] Jasmin Bogatinovski, Ljupčo Todorovski, Sašo Džeroski, and Dragi Kocev. ranking loss is increasing it is still well below the loss of the De- 2022. Comprehensive comparative study of multi-label classification meth- fault Classifier and even Similarity Voting, when a large amount ods. Expert Systems with Applications, 203, 117215. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022 of InChI Keys are missing and the training dataset is smaller. .117215. [2] Juliane Glüge, Kristopher McNeill, and Martin Scheringer. 2023. Getting Table 4: Similarity Voting on Unseen InChI Keys the SMILES right: identifying inconsistent chemical identities in the ECHA database, PubChem and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. Environmental Science: Advances, 2, 4, 614. doi: 10.1039/D2VA00225F. [3] Florian Huber, Lars Ridder, Stefan Verhoeven, Jurriaan H. Spaaks, Faruk Di- Hamming Weighted Label Coverage blen, Simon Rogers, and Justin J. J. van der Hooft. 2021. Spec2Vec: Improved Loss F1 Score Ranking Error mass spectral similarity scoring through learning of structural relationships. PLOS Computational Biology. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008724. Loss [4] Florian Huber, Stefan Verhoeven, Christiaan Meijer, and Hanno Spreeuw. average 0.047 0.639 0.084 75.153 2020. matchms - processing and similarity evaluation of mass spectrometry data. Journal of Open Source Software, 5, 2411. doi: 10.21105/joss.02411. [5] Rontani Jean-Francois. 2022. Use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrome- Here only the average is shown to provide a reference point for try Techniques (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and GC-QTOF) for the Characterization the quality of Random Forests. More data was not included to not of Photooxidation and Autoxidation Products of Lipids of Autotrophic Or- ganisms in Environmental Samples. Molecules, 27, 5. doi: 10.3390/molecules clutter the article. Unseen InChI Keys were simulated by keeping 27051629. only the test rows (unseen InChI Keys) and train columns (other [6] Hiroyuki Kuwahara and Xin Gao. 2021. Analysis of the effects of related InChI Keys) in the similarity matrix. fingerprints on molecular similarity using an eigenvalue entropy approach. Journal of Cheminformatics, 13, 1, 27. doi: 10.1186/s13321-021-00506-2. [7] Milka Ljoncheva, Tina Kosjek, Sašo Džeroski, and Sintija Stevanoska. 2023. Table 5: 10-fold evaluation results for unseen InChI Keys, GC-EI-MS datasets of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives. Mendeley Data. doi: 10.17632/j3z5bmvmnd.6. Results per Fold [8] Milka Ljoncheva, Tomaž Stepišnik, Tina Kosjek, and Sašo Džeroski. 2022. Machine learning for identification of silylated derivatives from mass spectra. Journal of Cheminformatics, 14, 1, 62. doi: 10.1186/s13321-022-00636-1. Hamming Weighted Label Coverage [9] Milka Ljoncheva, Sintija Stevanoska, Tina Kosjek, and Sašo Džeroski. 2023. GC-EI-MS datasets of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyl dimethyl silyl Loss F1 Score Ranking Error (TBDMS) derivatives for development of machine learning-based compound Loss identification approaches. Data in Brief, 48, 109138. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.1 09138. 0 0.068 0.749 0.043 63.432 [10] 2013. RDkit MACCS Keys. Accessed on 2023-08-31. (2013). https://github.co 1 0.064 0.806 0.039 85.369 m/rdkit/rdkit- orig/blob/master/rdkit/Chem/MACCSkeys.py. [11] Egon L. Willighagen et al. 2017. The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) v2.0: 2 0.061 0.775 0.045 94.405 atom typing, depiction, molecular formulas, and substructure searching. 3 0.066 0.757 0.031 70.266 Journal of Cheminformatics, 9, 1, 33. doi: 10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4. 4 0.060 0.759 0.033 79.687 5 0.101 0.676 0.066 97.522 6 0.124 0.596 0.077 115.793 7 0.036 0.864 0.019 63.857 8 0.047 0.818 0.017 64.828 9 0.077 0.721 0.063 84.503 average 0.070 0.752 0.043 81.966 161 A meaty discussion: quantitative analysis of the Slovenian meat-related news corpus Matej Martinc Senja Pollak Andreja Vezovnik Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia matej.martinc@ijs.si senja.pollak@ijs.si andreja.vezovnik@fdv.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT we additionally employ a model for semantic change detection, which analyses temporal changes in usage of words [6]. We conduct a quantitative analysis of the meat-related news in This is the first quantitative analysis of Slovenian news articles the Slovenian news media. As a first step, we construct a cor- that tries to automatically identify the main topics related to meat pus containing news articles related to the topic of meat. Next, and how their popularity changes through time. We are also not we conduct a topical and temporal analysis of the corpus using aware of any studies, in which meat narratives would be analysed state-of-the-art natural language processing techniques for topic with NLP techniques. modeling and semantic change detection. The results show that economic topics related to meat, which have been prevailing 2 METHODOLOGY more than a decade ago, are being replaced by cultural (espe- cially culinary), ecological, and health topics. The results also 2.1 Dataset construction indicate that there is a trend in Slovenian news coverage of fram- In order to explore the Slovenian news media about meat, we ing veganism in relation to health and environment. first construct a corpus that would allow us to conduct a topical KEYWORDS and temporal analysis of news articles about meat. To do that, we obtained news articles from a large news database from a news analysis, topic modeling, semantic change detection Slovenian clipping agency. The obtained articles needed to con- 1 tain one of the two words : meso (meat) and živinoreja (animal 1 INTRODUCTION husbandry). The final obtained corpus covers a period from 2008 2 In this study, we focus on the media coverage of a subject that is until 2019 and was split into five distinct temporal chunks, each becoming more important due to its connection to the health and covering two years, for the purpose of temporal analysis. The ecological issues of contemporary societies, meat. On one hand, corpus structure is presented in detail in Table 1. meat is seen as a perfect nutritional pack, and its consumption is The corpus contains articles from nine Slovenian news sources: considered natural, normal, necessary, and enjoyable [10]. On the • three daily newspapers with long tradition, published on- other hand, meat production heavily impacts the environment line and in print, Delo, Večer and Dnevnik, and can be seen as unhealthy and unsafe for human consumption • the weekly issues of the publishers under item 1, Delo [2]. These angles are reflected in news media debates, which lately - Sobotna priloga, Dnevnik - Dnevnikov objektiv, showed a significant presence of anti-meat consumption and/or Večer - V soboto, and Večer v nedeljo, published on production narratives [9]. Several studies have also pointed out the weekends, increased media coverage of veganism [7] and meat alternatives, • 24ur.com, which is the most visited web news portal especially cultured meat, produced by culturing animal cells in in Slovenia, and Rtvslo.si is a web news portal of the vitro [4]. Slovenia’s national public broadcasting organization. While several studies explored different meat narratives in English news media [9, 4], analysis of meat narratives in the Slove- 2.2 Topical analysis nian news remains a research gap. To fill this gap, we conduct a We propose a two step corpus analysis approach in order to quantitative analysis of how the concept of meat is presented in determine the main topics emerging in relation to meat in the the Slovenian media and try to identify stable trends in the news Slovenian news corpus and to explore how these topics change about meat, in order to show how the notion of meat changed in through time. In the first step, we use BERTopic [3] to determine Slovene news media over time. For the analysis, we employ state- the main topics in the corpus. It uses Sentence Transformers [11] of-the-art (SoA) natural language processing (NLP) techniques, to generate document representations. These representations which have proved themselves useful for analysis of social trends are clustered using Hierarchical density based clustering (HDB- and topics in different languages. To identify main topics related SCAN) [8]. Finally, coherent topic representations are extracted to the concept of meat and to detect temporal trends concerning by employing a class-based variation of a term frequency-inverse attitudes towards meat, we employ BERTopic [3], the current SoA document frequency (TF-IDF). The resulting topic distribution approach for topic identification based on clustering of contex- across corpus obtained by BERTopic is different from the distri- tual embeddings, on the corpus of Slovenian news. To investigate bution obtained by conventional topic models, such as Latent changes in attitudes towards some specific meat related topics, Dirichlet allocation, since each document in the corpus only Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal belongs to either one or none of the topics. or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and 1 the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this Due to the morpohological richness of Slovenian, the search query did not cover work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). only basic form of each word, but also several of its morphological derivatives. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 This time period was chosen due to the lack of available articles before the year © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 2008 and due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a drastic influence on the media focus and coverage in the time period 2020/2021. 162 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Martinc, et al. Source 2008/2009 2010/2011 2012/2013 2014/2015 2016/2017 2018/2019 All 24ur.com 61 83 99 143 156 296 838 Delo 496 506 648 690 599 648 3587 Delo - Sobotna priloga 57 72 95 86 76 98 484 Dnevnik 360 405 697 725 630 805 3622 Dnevnik - Dnevnikov objektiv 44 63 71 71 76 114 439 Rtvslo.si 27 51 107 197 332 491 1205 Večer 445 406 768 678 520 614 3431 Večer - V soboto 23 50 86 105 82 108 454 Večer v nedeljo 0 0 0 226 290 286 802 All 1513 1636 2571 2921 2761 3460 14862 Table 1: Number of articles per each source and temporal chunk in the constructed meat corpus. By not restricting the number of topics, the model returns correlation (measured with cosine distance between temporal 156 topics. The manual inspection revealed that most of these representations) to words representing a specific topic. topics are too specific, i.e. describing just one or two specific While in Martinc et al. [6] temporal representations were meat related events that were covered in the Slovenian news. To generated for an entire corpus, in our approach we propose a solve this problem, we reduce the number of topics by iteratively filtering step based on the previous topic modeling step. BERTopic merging the class-based TF-IDF representations of the least com- uses HDBSCAN for topic clustering, a soft-clustering approach mon topic with its most similar one, in order to obtain predefined that allows noise to be modeled as outliers. The authors claim number of k topics (see [3] for details). We set the k to 20, which that this prevents unrelated documents to be assigned to any of represents a balanced trade-off between interpretability allowed the topics and generally improves topic representation [3]. Since by a small number of topic and specificity offered by a large in our temporal analysis we are interested in historical trends, i.e. number of topics. consistent changes through time that reflect cultural and social The obtained topics were manually inspected and grouped shifts in attitudes towards meat, we hypothesise that removing into five manually defined categories related to the object of meat, the outlier documents not belonging to coherent topics might according to the common thread pervasive across several topics. allow us to conduct a more focused temporal analysis, which will This manual grouping into larger categories (e.g. economic, ecol- only cover main topical trends and disregard semantic changes in ogy, ...) allows us to determine the relative importance of several word meaning that occur due to events covered in news that do “general” aspects of news covering meat in contemporary media not reflect broader cultural trends or narratives. For this reason, landscape. It also allows us to focus our analysis just on the more we filter out articles from the corpus not belonging to any topic interesting aspects of news on meat in the next step, i.e. aspects and only generate temporal lemma representations on articles which show clear increasing/decreasing temporal trends. belonging to topics assigned by BERTopic. 2.3 Temporal analysis 3 EXPERIMENTS To determine how the topic of meat changes over time, the cor- 3.1 Experimental setting pus is split into temporal slices. We calculate topic distribution The experiments are conducted on the Slovenian news corpus de- for each slice in order to obtain relative counts (i.e. the number scribed in Section 2.1. For topic modeling, we employ BERTopic of articles belonging to a single topic divided by the number of with a multilingual embedding model, namely the “paraphrase- all articles published in a specific time slice that belong to any multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2” Sentence transformer from the 3 topic ) for each topic. This allows us to determine relative “im- 4 Huggingface library , since no monolingual Sentence transformer portance” of a specific topic in a specific time period and enables model exists for Slovenian. For generation of temporal represen- us to identify increasing/decreasing trends for specific topics by tations, we employ the SloBERTa model [12]. As was mentioned visualizing how the relative importance changes across time. The in Section 2.3, the temporal representations are created by aver- same procedure is applied to determine relative “ìmportance” and aging token embeddings appearing in the same time slice and detect trends on the level of manually defined categories. having the same lemma. To obtain the lemmas, we label the entire For topics, which show increasing coverage trend and are more corpus with the Classla lemmatizer [5]. interesting from a sociological point of view, we also conduct an additional temporal analysis, by employing a procedure similar 3.2 Results to the one proposed by Martinc et al. [6], where the information The English translation of topics obtained are presented in Table 2. from the set of contextual token embeddings is aggregated into 9,335 articles were labeled as not belonging to any specific topic. temporal representations by averaging. More specifically, we use Among the categorized articles, most were categorised in the a Transformer language model to generate contextual token em- topic “restaurant, wine, kitchen, meat, culinary”, which contains beddings. Tokens that have the same lemma and appear in the 745 articles describing Slovenian gastronomy. The smallest were same temporal chunk are averaged in order to obtain a temporal the topics containing articles about the influence of meat industry vector representation for a specific lemma. These vectorised tem- on the environment, public health, and veganism, each of these poral representations are used for a focused analysis of manually topics containing just about 100 articles. selected concepts (i.e., “meat” and “vegan”) and their semantic Manual inspection of different topics revealed that several topics can be further aggregated into broader categories, due to 3 Articles classified as not belonging to any topic, are disregarded in the calculation 4 of relative counts. https://huggingface.co/ 163 A meaty discussion: quantitative analysis of the Slovenian meat-related news corpus Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Category Translated topic Count fine-grained view, one can see that the rise in culture-related economy percentage, inflation, price increase, chicken, food 228 topics can be contributed to the major increase in the amount of economy euro, ljubljana, million, company 202 economy bank, mip, euro, million, supervisory 125 articles belonging to the topic “restaurant, wine, kitchen, meat, economy slovenian, food, quality, consumer, percentage 646 culinary” in 2012/2013, which mostly covers Slovenian gastron- economy slovenian, company, mercator, euro, million 204 omy. culture book, other, write, story, time 148 culture show, theatre, director, festival, theatrical 207 When it comes to economic topics, we can see that all but one culture tourism, time, old, big, house 336 topic (i.e. the topic “slovenian, food, quality, consumer, percent- culture restaurant, wine, kitchen, meat, culinary 745 age”, which differs from other economic topics by being more ecology and health vegan, child, animal, veganism 114 ecology and health water, dioxide, greenhouse, carbon, energy 104 focused on the quality/price ratio) in this category decline in ecology and health fat, cholesterol, diet, food, health 138 terms of relative count significantly in 2010/2011. ecology and health marine, whaling, dolphin, fish, allowed 114 In the ecology and health category, one can see an increase in agriculture milk, agriculture, percentage, organic, Slovenian 239 agriculture meat, kebab, horse, product, dioxin 319 the relative count of topics covering veganism and over-fishing. other other, can, life, time, world 429 While the popularity of the topic covering health benefits and other coach, team, season, play, championship 346 drawbacks of meat is also increasing, the environmental topics other oil, meat, minute, water, paprika 299 other prison, police officer, prosecution, convicted, euro 201 related to global warming have decreased in popularity from other election, president, agreement, government, political 383 the peak in 2010/2011. In the agriculture category, we see clear not categorized / 9335 peaks in discussion on the topic “meat, kebab, horse, product, Table 2: Topics and manually defined categories in the dioxin”, which includes coverage of some scandals related to Slovenian meat corpus. meat production and products in specific years. The topic most responsible for the increasing trend in the “other ” category is “oil, meat, minute, water, paprika”, which mostly covers articles about food recipes. Finally, we discuss results of the focused temporal analysis for two manually selected concepts, “meat” and “vegan” (see Figure 3). We decided to explore an aspect of meat related to creation of cultured meat (meat produced from animal stem cells) and plant based meat analogues, which was not detected in our au- tomatic topic analysis due to the scarcity of journalistic articles addressing cultured meat, but was nevertheless addressed by several scholars studying media representation of cultured meat Figure 1: Category distribution across time. [1]. We looked into semantic similarity between words “meat” and words “artificial”, “laboratory”, and “substitute”. One can see the fact that several topics covered semantically similar content that the cosine similarity between “meat” and all related con- (e.g., topics “euro, ljubljana, million, company” and “bank, mip, cepts peaks in 2012/2013. This coincides with the development euro, million, supervisory” both include financial news about of cultured meat and plant-based meat analogues and the conse- different Slovenian meat companies). More specifically, the topics quential news reporting on it. The first public tasting of cultured were manually categorized as: “economy”, “culture”, “ecology and burger occurred in 2013 in London. After 2012/13, only the co- health”, “agriculture”, and category “other”, containing articles sine similarity between “substitute” and “meat” keeps increasing, covering several topics with very different content that can not while we see a trend of stagnation or even gradual decrease in be combined into a broader semantic category, such as sport, semantic similarity for the other two concepts. This suggests life style, recipes, politics, and judiciary. Ignoring the category that the Slovenian news media is not significantly expanding the named “other”, most articles covered economy and culture. These coverage of production of the artificial meat in recent years. categories were identified based on previous sociological research Due to the findings of the automated temporal topic analysis, on meat [13]. By combining some topics into broader categories, suggesting a constant growth in popularity of the topic covering besides temporal analysis of somewhat specific topics, we are veganism, we also opted for a further analysis of the word “vegan”. also able to conduct temporal analysis on a more general level We were interested how the concept is correlated with words that might allow us to detect how distinct general aspects of “healthy”, “environment”, “ecological”, and “climate change” in the meat related news loose or gain in popularity through time. order to test the hypothesis that the news media is more and Figure 1 shows the distribution of categories across time. more connecting veganism to ecological and health related issues. While economic topics were the most prevailing in 2008/2009, The results indicate a stable positive trend throughout the years a graph also shows a clear decreasing trend of this category in terms of cosine similarity between veganism and selected occurred after 2010. The most upward trend is in the amount of concepts, confirming our hypothesis. articles belonging to the category “other”, which becomes the most dominant in 2016/2017. The production of articles covering 4 CONCLUSION cultural topics has also been steeply increasing until 2014/2015, after that a gradual decline is observed. While agricultural topics In this study, we have conducted a quantitative analysis of the do not indicate any clear positive or negative trends throughout meat related news in Slovenian news media. We constructed the years, the ecology and health topics appear to be gaining in a corpus of meat related news articles and conducted topical popularity in the recent years, especially from 2012/2013 forward. and temporal analysis of the corpus using several SoA NLP tech- Figure 2 shows relative counts (i.e. the number of articles niques. We identified the main meat-related topics and trends and belonging to specific topics divided by all articles that were as- detected which meat related topics are gaining/loosing media signed a topic) for topics inside a specific category. Using this coverage and popularity. 164 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Martinc, et al. # Agriculture topics # Culture topics # Ecology and health # Economy topics # Other topics meat, kebab, horse, prod- book, other, write, story, topics percentage, inflation, other, can, life, time, uct, dioxin time vegan, child, animal, veg- price increase, chicken, world milk, agriculture, show, theatre, director, anism food coach, team, season, play, percentage, organic, festival, theatrical water, dioxide, green- euro, ljubljana, million, championship Slovenian tourism, time, old, big, house, carbon, energy company oil, meat, minute, water, house fat, cholesterol, diet, food, bank, mip, euro, million, paprika restaurant, wine, kitchen, health supervisory prison, police officer, meat, culinary marine, whaling, dolphin, slovenian, food, quality, prosecution, convicted, fish, allowed consumer, percentage euro slovenian, company, mer- election, president, agree- cator, euro, million ment, government, politi- cal Figure 2: Relative counts for topics “agriculture”, “culture”, “ecology and health”, “economy”, and “other”. Computer-assisted multilingual news discourse analysis with contextual embeddings (No. J6-2581). REFERENCES [1] Sghaier Chriki, Marie-Pierre Ellies-Oury, Dominique Fournier, Jingjing Liu, and Jean-François Hocquette. 2020. Analysis of scientific and press articles related to cultured meat for a better understanding of its perception. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1845. [2] International Agency for Research on Cancer et al. 2015. Iarc monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat. World Health Orga- Word “vegan” Word “meat” nization. http://www. iarc. fr/en/mediacentre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E. pdf. environment healthy laboratory artificial [3] Maarten Grootendorst. 2022. Bertopic: neural topic modeling with a class- organic climate change substitute based tf-idf procedure. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794. [4] Patrick D Hopkins. 2015. Cultured meat in western media: the disproportion- ate coverage of vegetarian reactions, demographic realities, and implications Figure 3: Cosine similarity (CS) between the words “vegan” for cultured meat marketing. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14, 2, 264– (left) and “meat” (right), and selected concepts. 272. [5] Nikola Ljubešić and Vanja Štefanec. 2020. The CLASSLA-StanfordNLP model for lemmatisation of non-standard serbian 1.1. Slovenian language resource The results indicate that topics related to the meat economy repository CLARIN.SI, http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1351, (2020). [6] Matej Martinc, Petra Kralj Novak, and Senja Pollak. 2020. Leveraging con- are loosing ground to cultural (especially culinary), ecological, textual embeddings for detecting diachronic semantic shift. English. In and health topics. On the other hand, agricultural topics are Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 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Association for Computational this work. Finally, we plan to expand the analysis to also cover Linguistics, (Nov. 2019). [12] Matej Ulčar and Marko Robnik-Šikonja. 2021. Sloberta: slovene monolingual media reporting in neighboring countries. large pretrained masked language model. [13] Andreja Vezovnik and Tanja Kamin. 2020. Good food for the future: an ex- 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ploration of biocapitalist transformation of meat systems. Discourse, Context & Media, 33, 100354. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slove- nian Research Agency for research core funding for the pro- grammes Knowledge Technologies (No. P2-0103) and the project 165 Slovene Word Sense Disambiguation using Transfer Learning Zoran Fijavž Marko Robnik-Šikonja University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Slovenia Information Science zoran.fijavzz@gmail.com Slovenia marko.robnik@f ri.uni- lj.si ABSTRACT 2 RELATED WORK Word sense disambiguation is an important task in natural lan- One of the first WSD algorithms was Lesk [11] and its various ex- guage processing and computational linguistics with several tensions that are based on the word overlap between pre-defined practical applications, such as machine translation and speech sense definitions and target sentences. Conceptually, modern ap- synthesis. While the bulk of research efforts are targeted to Eng- proaches to WSD remain strikingly similar, with advances stem- lish, some multilingual resources which include Slovenian have ming mostly from increasingly complex word representations emerged recently. We utilized the Elexis-WSD dataset and a mul- (e.g. contextual word embeddings) and expansive lexicographical tilingual large language model to train models for word sense resources (e.g. a gloss list for word senses in SemCor). Recent disambiguation in Slovenian, using sentence pairs with match- approaches use supervised learning directly on word sense anno- ing lemmas and matching or different word senses. The best tations [5], enrich sense definitions with various lexicographical model achieved an 𝐹 score of 81.6 on a Slovenian test set, al- resources [7, 19] and include lexical databases as graph data in 1 though the latter had a restricted vocabulary due to filtering conjunction with contextual word embeddings [2]. and is not comparable other testing frameworks. The exhaustive Until recently, the development of contemporary WSD models generation of sentence pairs for given lemmas and senses did for Slovenian has been hindered by a lack of available datasets. not improve model performance and reduced the performance in That was partly addressed by the inclusion of Slovenian in the out-of-vocabulary testing. Training on a mixed English-Slovene multilingual Elexis-WSD and XL-WSD datasets [12, 16]. Models dataset maintained high test set as well as out-of-vocabulary trained on the latter obtained an 𝐹 score of 68.36% for Slovene 1 results. WSD, which is significantly lower than state-of-the-art English models scoring 80% or above (although differing test frameworks KEYWORDS preclude direct comparisons). word sense disambiguation, transfer learning, multilingual trans- former 3 METHODOLOGY 1 INTRODUCTION In this section we describe the training procedure, data prepara- Word sense disambiguation (WSD) aims to identify the correct tion and testing framework used to develop and test the Slovenian word sense used in a particular context. It is a long-standing WSD models. problem in the field of computational linguistics and is impor- tant for downstream applications, such as machine translation, information retrieval, text mining, and speech synthesis. Recent 3.1 Training Task and Setup WSD approaches use pre-trained large language models such We operationalized WSD as a sentence-pair binary classification as BERT [3], fine-tuning them on annotated data. As with most task that distinguishes between sentence pairs with an identical supervised machine learning approaches, there is a bottleneck or distinct word sense for a target lemma. Word senses were thus on high-quality training data acquisition. The problem is severe, defined solely through annotated examples without the need for as standard WSD approaches treat each word sense as a separate a secondary source of sense definitions (e.g. sense collocations, target label. A partial solution is to use multilingual pretrained coarse semantic tags or glosses). Casting WSD as a binary classi- models that can leverage several WSD datasets. fication task allowed us to combine Slovene and English datasets, In this paper, we demonstrate a methodology for cross-lingual as sentence pairs could be generated from different WSD datasets transfer learning for WSD in Slovene that does not require com- irrespective of sense inventory compatibility. Examples of the patible sense inventories in different languages. The proposed sentence pairs can be found in Table 1. The drawback of this approach also works on out-of-vocabulary data. approach was a significant data loss from filtering, as many lem- After outlining related works in Section 2, we describe WSD mas did not have enough senses and use examples to generate models we developed for Slovene in Section 3, and their evalu- sentence pairs. ation in Section 4. In Section 5, we provide an interdisciplinary For the base model, we used the pre-trained model CroSloEn- critique of the current approaches to WSD that may be informa- gual BERT [22] that can encode Slovenian, Croatian, and English tive for future research. Section 6 presents the conclusions and texts. To reduce the training time and computational require- ideas for further work. ments, we used bottom layer freezing [10], gradient accumulation, Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal and early stopping for non-converging models. Hyperparameter or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or tuning was done on a 10% sample of the training data. We set the distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this learning rate to 3e-5, gradient accumulation steps to 16, the batch work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). size to 48, and the number of epochs to 2. Training a single model Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia on 20% of all Slovenian sentence pairs required approximately 4 © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). hours using a 16 GB NVidia GP U. 166 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Fijavž & Robnik-Šikonja Table 1: Two Examples of the lemma Cirkus in the Pair Dataset and its English translation. Lemma Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Match Cirkus Družina na sliki s ’cirkusom’ postuje po deželi. Uprava ’cirkusa’ ni odpovedala predstave. Yes Circus Family on the photo travels around the country with ’circus’. The ’circus’ management did not cancel the show. Yes Cirkus Uprava ’cirkusa’ ni odpovedala predstave. Zganjali so ’cirkus’ okrog družinskih vrednot. No Circus The ’circus’ management did not cancel the show. They were making ’circus’ around family values. No Table 2: Number of Sentences, Lemmas and Word Senses combinations generated to the number of possible matching com- in Datasets. binations for each word sense. By storing infrequent sense pairs and downsampling frequent ones, we created two smaller Slovene Datasets Sentences (n) Lemmas (n) Word senses (n) sentence-pair datasets with the size of 10% and 20% of the original dataset. Original Sl. 202,240 5,604 11,069 The English dataset was created to complement the Slovenian Filtered Sl. 139,445 1,597 4,633 one: we filtered out senses and lemmas that could not generate Full Sl. train 104,316 1,597 4,633 sentence pairs, filtered out infrequent lemmas, created a sentence- 10% Sl. train 99,205 1,597 4,633 pair dataset and downsampled it to the size of the two smaller 20% Sl. train 102,548 1,597 4,633 Slovenian datasets. The number of negative and positive pairs Validation 6,972 691 1,743 was roughly balanced for all pair datasets. Additionally, multi- Test 28,157 1,597 4,633 ple smaller Slovene datasets [4, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21] were joined 10% En. train 27,028 2,852 9,683 and filtered to create an out-of-vocabulary (OOV) dataset that 20% En. train 27,123 2,852 9,683 included only lemmas absent from the main Slovenian dataset. 20% mix train 126,233 4,437 14,316 The OOV dataset consisted of sentence pairs with matching or OOV 3,006 25 50 non-matching word senses for a target word. Table 2 summarizes the number of sentences, lemmas, and senses for each dataset. In total, we trained 7 models that differed in the training data 3.2 Data Preparation used: the entire Slovene dataset, the 10% Slovene dataset, the 20% We used both Slovenian and English WSD datasets. The Slovenian Slovene dataset, the 10% English dataset, the 20% English dataset data was obtained from the Slovenian section of the Elexis-WSD (with and without early stopping) and the mixed 20% dataset corpus [12] and the English data was drawn from SemCor to (a concatenation of the 10% Slovene and English datasets). approximately match the size of the filtered Slovenian data. 3.3 Evaluation Settings Over 50% of the original Slovenian lemmas had a single sense tag. We removed multi-word and hyphenated senses and repeat- Model performance was measured using the 𝐹 score and the 1 edly filtered the datasets until there were at least two senses per Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The latter is a chi-square lemma with at least four examples. The original dataset was thus statistic computed from the confusion matrix of classification heavily filtered from 202,240 sentences with 5,604 lemmas and results. It served as an additional performance metric and en- 11,069 word sense tags to 139,445 sentences with 1,597 lemmas abled us to compare models without having to predict specific and 4,633 word sense tags. Punctuation was removed and target word sense tags (e.g., evaluate models on the OOV dataset with words were enclosed in apostrophes as a weak supervision signal dissimilar lemmas and sense tags). [7]. Two methods were used to predict the sense classes on the The filtered Slovenian dataset was split into train, test and Slovenian test set. The first prediction method, called the average validation datasets. For the test dataset, we sampled two or eight sense probability heuristic (ASP) used the test set structure with sentences per word sense (depending on the total number of the models’ binary classifier to determine the most likely sense. available sentences). The lower limit was needed to create sen- The target sentence was combined with all other test sentences tence pairs and the upper limit was used to prevent frequent sharing a lemma (except with itself ) and a softmax value was lemmas and senses from giving overly optimistic test scores. The obtained for each pair. The softmax values were averaged based validation dataset was created by sampling four sentences per on the sense tag of the non-target sentence and the sense with word sense from lemmas with at least eight sentences, assuming the highest average score was chosen as the sense prediction for frequent senses would be sufficient to detect over- and under- the target sentence. The second prediction method used near- fitting. The remainder of the data was kept for training. The est neighbour matching between target sentence embeddings Slovenian training and testing datasets contained the full cov- and sense embeddings. The latter were created by converting the erage of included word Slovenian senses (4,633 distinct senses) entire Slovenian training and validation dataset into sentence and the validation dataset contained 1,743 senses. All Slovenian embeddings [18] and averaging them by their word sense tags. datasets included the full coverage of included lemmas (1,597). The test sentences were likewise embedded and their sense label The Slovenian training dataset contained 104,316 unique sen- was predicted by selecting the sense embedding with the lowest tences, the testing set 28,159 sentences and the validation dataset cosine distance from the target sentence embedding. 6,972 sentences. The most frequent sense (MFS) heuristic as well as the sense The filtered Slovene datasets were transformed into a dataset embedding predictions from an untrained model were used as of sentence pairs by generating sentence combinations between performance baselines. Lastly, several 𝐹 scores per model (micro- 1 sentences sharing a lemma. We limited the number of non-matching 𝐹 , macro- and micro- by POS tags) were used as repeated 1 𝐹1 𝐹1 167 Slovene WSD with Transfer Learning Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Table 3: 𝐹 Scores of Binary Classifier Predictions. 1 4.2 Binary Classifier Correlation Metrics As the testing set was transformable into sentence pairs, we used Model Micro-𝐹1 the binary classifiers directly on the test set and computed a MCC without predicting sense labels. We also applied the same MFS baseline 40.4 procedure to test model performance on the OOV dataset. Full Sl. 81.0 The highest correlation between actual and predicted binary 10% Sl. 81.4 labels was achieved by the model, trained on the entire Slovenian 20% Sl. 80.5 dataset (MCC = 0.629) followed by models, trained on the 20% 10% En. 68.7 Slovene and 20% mixed datasets (MCC = 0.578; for both). The 20% En. 46.9 highest correlation between the actual and predicted labels on 20% En. (early stopping) 80.6 the OOV dataset was achieved by the model, trained on the 20% 20% mix 81.6 English dataset with early stopping (MCC = 0.353), followed by the 20% mixed dataset (MCC = 0.326). It should be noted that the Table 4: Binary Classifier MCC Test and OOV Scores. former was a base model with minimal updates, as the training stopped after a single update at 200 out of 1916 total steps. Inter- estingly, ranking the models by the amount of included training Model MCC test MCC OOV data revealed a positive correlation between the number of in- Full Sl. 0.629 0.273 cluded examples and the testing dataset MCC (𝑟 = 0.566; df = 5; 𝑠 10% Sl. 0.55 0.292 p = 0.185) and a negative correlation between the number of 20% Sl. 0.578 0.284 included examples and OOV dataset MCC (𝑟 = -0.378; df = 5; 𝑠 10% En. 0.321 0.268 p = 0.404), although neither association was statistically signifi- 20% En. 0.004 0.273 cant. Detailed results from MCC testing can be found in Table 4. 20% En. (early stopping) 0.491 0.353 20% mix 0.578 0.326 4.3 Sense Predictions with Nearest Neighbour Matching For predictions with nearest neighbour matching between tar- Table 5: 𝐹 Scores of Nearest Neighbour Predictions. 1 get sentence and sense embeddings, the baselines used were the MFS heuristic (𝐹 = 40.4%) and the predictions from the untrained 1 Model Micro-𝐹1 model (𝐹 = 21.7%). The difference between model predictions was 1 2 statistically significant ( 𝜒 = 45.11; df = 5; n = 9; p < 0.001). The MFS baseline 40.4 𝐹 only model significantly different from the MFS predictions was Untrained model 21.7 trained on the entire Slovene dataset (𝐹 = 72.8%; p = 0.003). De- Full Sl. 72.8 1 tailed results from predictions using nearest neighbour matching 10% Sl. 50.9 can be found in Table 5. The statistical differences between near- 20% Sl. 60.7 est neighbour predictions from different models are presented in 10% En. 53.2 Figure 2. 20% En. 60.6 20% En. (early stopping) 28.7 20% mix 61.0 measures for model comparison using the Friedman test with the Nemenyi post-hoc test. 4 RESULTS We evaluated model predictions with binary classifiers and with nearest neighbour matching to sense embeddings. Additionally, Figure 1: Critical Distance Diagram for Nearest Neighbour we used the Matthews correlation coefficient to evaluate the per- Results. formance of binary classifiers and evaluate model performance on the out-of-vocabulary dataset. 4.1 Binary Classifier Sense Predictions 5 DISCUSSION ON INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS The baseline 𝐹 from the MFS heuristic was 40.4%. The difference 1 2 between model predictions was statistically significant ( 𝜒 = 36.12; In this section, we offer a brief critique of the WSD task from the 𝐹 df = 5; n = 8; p < 0.001) with the top three models differing signif- perspective of psycholinguistics, pragmatics and insights gained icantly from the MFS baseline: the models, trained on the mixed through model development, and suggest options for further 20% training data (𝐹 = 81.6; p = 0.001), the 10% Slovene data research. 1 (𝐹 = 81.4; p = 0.026), the entire Slovene dataset ( = 81; p = 0.004). De- The datasets commonly used for WSD are not transparent in 1 𝐹1 tailed results from predictions with binary classifiers can be found terms of the specific sense ambiguities they contain in spite of in Table 3. The statistical differences between binary classifica- available typologies. Psycholinguistic literature has identified tion models are presented in Figure 1. significant differences in human processing between homonymy 168 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Fijavž & Robnik-Šikonja REFERENCES [1] Keith Allan. 2013. What is Common Ground? In Perspectives on Linguistic Pragmatics. Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology. Alessan- dro Capone, Franco Lo Piparo, and Marco Carapezza, editors. Springer, Cham, 285–310. doi: 10.1007/978- 3- 319- 01014- 4_11. [2] Michele Bevilacqua and Roberto Navigli. 2020. 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Innovation Agency (ARIS) core research programme P6-0411, [22] Matej Ulčar and Marko Robnik-Šikonja. 2020. FinEst BERT and CroSloEn- and projects J6-2581 and J7-3159. gual BERT. In Text, Speech, and Dialogue, 104–111. doi: 10.1007/978- 3- 030- 58323- 1_11. 1 https://github.com/zo-fi/slo_wsd_ZFMA 169 Predicting the FTSO consensus price Filip Koprivec Tjaž Eržen Urban Mežnar filip.koprivec@ijs.si erzen.tjaz@gmail.com urban.meznar@aflabs.si JSI, FMF, AFLabs AFLabs AFLabs Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT Eyal [15] provide a comprehensive study, while Caldarelli’s sub- sequent work [2] offers an overview of oracle research. Liu et The paper presents a system for predicting cryptocurrency con- al. [14] survey various oracle implementation techniques. No- sensus prices within the Flare Time Series Oracle (FTSO), a de- tably, Alagha [1] introduces a reinforcement learning model to centralized oracle solution running on Flare blockchain. By lever- enhance oracle reliability [11]. aging a combination of smoothing techniques and machine learn- The main oracle solution provider is Chainlink, which ad- ing methodologies, we detail and analyze the construction and dresses the oracle problem with enhanced security and scalability performance of our own provider. This paper presents the FTSO in Chainlink 2.0 [5]. Zhang et al. [13] also detail their approach, mechanism, and basic information about the game theoretic back- providing insights for evolving projects like Flare FTSO in the ground together with rewarding and submission protocol. Lastly, oracle domain. we present our provider’s prediction accuracy for each coin. KEYWORDS 3 FTSO PROTOCOL FTSO, schelling point, machine learning, regression, smoothings The Flare Time Series Oracle plays an important role in Flare Net- 1 INTRODUCTION work’s data accuracy and decentralization. The protocol works in a series of discrete steps to decrease the performance hit on The blockchain and decentralized finance (DeFi) sectors have the whole network. Every 3 minutes marks the beginning of a seen significant growth, but they share a common challenge: new price epoch. Providers are mandated to submit their price es- securely accessing data not directly included in transaction sig- timates in a timely manner using the commit and reveal scheme natures. This issue, known as the oracle problem [3], hinders the to maintain confidentiality and prevent other providers from broader adoption of blockchain technologies as it’s typically dif- viewing or copying their predictions. ficult to obtain reliable off-chain data. While various on-chain Only after the price epoch has ended, providers reveal the protocols offer solutions, each has its trade-offs concerning secu- actual submitted values. This reveal must be done in the first 90 rity, accuracy, and data reliability. Traditional centralized oracles seconds of the next price epoch, which overlaps with the first present risks like data manipulation, whereas fully decentralized half of the next submit epoch. After the reveal epoch ends, all alternatives often suffer from latency and higher costs. the revealed values are combined and a network-wide price is This paper examines the Flare Time Series Oracle, a decentral- calculated. Data providers are incentivized to submit good prices ized oracle that uses a schelling point mechanism to aggregate by the network-wide rewarding system, by being rewarded if data from multiple providers [11]. Fata providers submit price prices fall in the middle two quartiles (IQR range) of the final estimates every three minutes, with the system price determined price. as a weighted median of these submissions. Given the inherent The network thus gets fresh asset prices every 3 minutes with price variability across exchanges and the indeterminate nature some delay due to the reveal period. Such data granularity is not of asset prices within a three-minute window, there isn’t a sin- sufficient for high-frequency trading but has proven sufficient gular "correct" price. Providers aim to select a price close to the for many financial applications. The network and community final median, incentivized by the reward system. This competitive explicitly don’t define what a correct price is, to remove the environment, involving around 100 data providers, has shown vulnerability of the definition relying on a specific price source. resilience against market anomalies and exchange issues. The Assets are denominated in $ with 5 decimal points of precision. paper investigates machine learning techniques to predict this Since most of the exchanges quote a price that is accurate up final median price using exchange data. Given the dynamic na- to 3 decimal points, the configuration and no price explicit defi- ture of the competition, our prediction methods are designed for nition ensure, that submitted prices fall near the perceived fair adaptability. market price, while still leaving room for competition on the last decimals. 2 RELATED WORK One of the unique features of the Flare Network is the ability While no literature precisely addresses the Flare FTSO, the gen- for token holders to delegate their votes to data providers. This eral oracle problem has been extensively studied. Caldarelli [4] means that even if a token holder does not actively participate highlights the challenges of the blockchain oracle problem. El- in the estimation process, they can still earn FTSO rewards by lul [7] delves into its role in decentralized finance. Zohar and delegating their voting power [8] and impact the price by select- ing a specific data provider. It is important to note, however, that Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal the voting power of a single data provider is limited to 2.5% to or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or avoid too big of an individual impact. distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this The FTSO’s reward mechanism is fostering decentralization work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). and ensuring real-time data accuracy. Given that the core task Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia revolves around predicting prices of other providers, participants © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). not only need to make accurate predictions but also strategize 170 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Filip Koprivec, Tjaž Eržen, and Urban Mežnar to outperform others, making it a game of strategic decision- 4.3 Prediction Mechanism making. This challenge intriguingly sits at the crossroads of data After smoothing the data using the techniques listed above, we science and game theory [6]. adopt an overdetermined system approach for our predictions. This entails constructing a system of equations from the pro- 4 DATA RETRIEVAL AND PREDICTION cessed data and subsequently employing the least squares method 4.1 Overview to find the optimal prediction parameters. Suppose we’re training our time series over 𝑚 epochs. Let The data retrieval process is a crucial step in our analysis. It 𝑚 ×𝑛 𝐸 ∈ R be a matrix where each column 𝑒 , represents the 𝑖 involves collecting, processing, and preparing time series data, price vector for the 𝑖 -th exchange across the 𝑚 epochs. Vector specifically price and timestamp pairs, for further analysis. This v ∈ 𝑛 R signifies the normalized weights or contributions of each data is essential for understanding trends, making predictions, exchange to the forecasted price. Each entry, 𝑣 in v corresponds 𝑖 and deriving insights. to the significance of the 𝑖 -th exchange. The primary source of our data are the FTSO prices from pre- Given the extensive epoch training data required for our model vious epochs and current data from various exchanges. Selecting training and the limited availability of crypto exchanges (in the a specific subset of exchanges as a datasource is a nontrivial task. tens), we are dealing with an overdetermined system. In this Each exchange has its own set of characteristics: trading volume, context, we optimize the vector v using the least squares error user base, regional influences, and even specific trading behaviors. method. The residual sum of squares evaluation function is opti- Historical data shows, that providers are quick (on a sub-hour mized using the fmin_cg method from scipy.optimize, aiming basis) to adapt to market opening and closing times and usually to find the parameters that minimize the difference between the disregard after-hours trading prices on exchanges. Furthermore, predicted values and the actual values in the training data. the reliability of data from each exchange can vary. Some ex- For each exchange and for each smoothing method, we define changes might offer more consistent and clean data, while others a possible upper and lower range for the method’s parameters and might have gaps or anomalies. specify a step size. We then compute the cartesian product of all 4.2 Data Processing and Smoothing these sets, yielding all viable optimized parameter combinations Techniques in the form of a multidimensional grid. For each combination in this cartesian product, we smooth the data using the methods de- Once the data is retrieved, it undergoes several processing steps scribed above, train the model and calculate the optimal solution to ensure its quality and relevance for prediction. One of the vector, which tells us how much weight should each exchange primary challenges in time series forecasting is the inherent hold. Finally, we identify the model configuration that delivers noise present in the data. Financial data is specifically prone to the best performance. short-term spikes as low liquidity exchanges can experience large The overdetermined system was chosen due to a number of dif- price deviations when market depth is limited. The spikes are ferent factors. We preferred a simple model with the potential for quickly exploited by arbitragers, but price jumps - anomalies - are an explanation or at least the possibility of quick access to infor- still available in the data and must be accounted for. We employ mation in which input parameters offer greater prediction power. various smoothing techniques to filter out noise and highlight Although not included in our numerical utility function, dele- the underlying trends. gation and the social aspect of goodness of price are important Exponential Moving Average (EMA): EMA is a type of for multiple reasons. Being less good, but providing reasonable weighted moving average that gives more weight to the most re- prices attracts more delegations and provides more security and cent prices. In our system, the EMA vector and its alpha value are trust in the network. Therefore, the error of not predicting the optimized using the curve_fit method from scipy.optimize price fully correctly versus being off by a lot due to an edge library [10]. condition or overfitting a specific input parameter was much Savitzky-Golay Smoothing: This technique uses convolu- preferred. Furthermore, incoming network upgrades might force tion to fit successive subsets of adjacent data points with a low- the providers to buy or sell assets on the price revealed (and not degree polynomial. It’s effective in preserving the features of the on market price) and this means that a large deviation from the distribution, such as heights and widths, making it suitable for correct price would also be financially problematic. our analysis [12]. Lastly, the providers work in bursts. Most of the information- Linear Interpolation: Linear interpolation is used to esti- rich exchange data comes in just before the end of the epoch mate values between two known values in a dataset. Our system (last few seconds), so a longer evaluation time might mean we employs a skew linear fit to interpolate missing or anomalous miss some information or be too late for the submission. Our data points. internal analysis shows, that submission must be calculated at FFT Smoothing: The last smoothing method we’ve used is least 8-5 seconds before the end of each epoch to be reliably the Fast-Fourier smoothing. accepted by the network validators. (network latency usually Each of these methods has its own strengths and is chosen requires a submission of the price a few seconds before the end based on the specific characteristics of the data and the prediction of the epoch). requirements. So far, the only other smoothing method we’ve tried to incorporate is LOWESS (Locally Weighted Scatterplot 5 RESULT ANALYSIS Smoothing), which performed worse than the rest of the smooth- ing methods after training an overdetermined system on it (see We evaluated the performance of our trained models by com- 4.3). The mentioned methods were selected, as they are com- paring them against three simpler prediction methods: Last Seen monly used for smoothing the financial data [9], easily available Value Method predicts that the future value of a coin will be the in multiple scientific libraries, and offer good resilience against most recent exchange price observed before the prediction starts. sudden spikes that are markets with low liquidity. The Previous Epoch Value method predicts the price of a coin as 171 FTSO price prediction Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia the FTSO price from the previous epoch. Lastly, we also try the to 0.45, indicating moderate to high prediction accuracy. Mean- overdetermined system witouh any smoothing. while, coins like XLM, ADA, and ARB had lower success rates, Our calculation accuracy analysis spanned over a week, with often below 0.15, suggesting challenges in predicting their prices. new models trained every day on the previous 8-hour data (160 Overall, the provider’s performance fluctuated across epochs and epochs). Following this, the model’s success rate was then vali- coins, with some cryptocurrencies consistently achieving higher dated against the subsequent 8-hour dataset right after the train- success rates than others. Overall, we were able to achieve mod- ing data. The success rate is the amount of times the predicted erate prediction success of around 0.22, currently ranking 26th price would be in the interquartile range divided by the number among the 94 active FTSO providers. of epochs the price was submitted for. This exactly corresponds Because this method of smoothing and training an overdeter- to what price providers are financially incentivized to do. mined system yielded better results than previous method of just The detailed results are presented inFigures 1a to 1d. As an- training an overdetermined system, we can also be certain that ticipated, the Last Seen Value Method method yields modest smoothings in this case improve the result. Without smoothing, outcomes, averaging averaging prediction success rate of 3.5% our prediction model is highly influenced by noise and short-term across all coins. fluctuations. For the Previous Epoch Value Method approach, we set the prediction to match the price from the previous epoch. While Coin Last Seen Prev. Ep No smoth Smooth this method outperformed the first, it still registered a low perfor- XRP 0.02129 0.04986 0.18729 0.339 mance, averaging around 7% for all coins over the week. Notably, XLM 0.02886 0.11686 0.03129 0.11329 several coins like ETH or FIL had an average success rate close DOGE 0.07686 0.16986 0.13186 0.38086 to 0%, while DOGE achieved an average of 15%. ADA 0.04143 0.14214 0.06157 0.13457 The method Training an Overdetermined System With- BTC 0.01043 0.01943 0.14071 0.32543 out Smoothing the Data outperformed the first two, averaging ARB 0.027 0.02343 0.09129 0.11529 around 10% success rate accross all coins during the testing week. Table 2: Average success rate for prediction methods Notably, the full prediction method that Smooths the Data and Trains and Overdetermined System outperformed all of the previous methods. The evaluation closely mirrored real-world conditions, due to 6 RMSE VALUES changes in exchanges, fluctuations in vote powers, and inclusion Lastly, analyzed for each method and for each coin what is it’s of new data providers in the median calculation, models must RSME (root mean squared error) to provide more insight into be continuously retrained on an almost daily basis. Over the each method’s accuracy. The results are depicted in 1. It’s worth observed epochs, our FTSO provider demonstrated varied suc- mentioning that since the prices of different coins vary, the RMSE cess rates across different cryptocurrencies. The success rates for XRP values aren’t comparable across the coins but only across the , DOGE and BTC generally ranged between 0.20 to 0.45, indi- methods for one coin. For most coins, the Last Seen Value method cating moderate to high prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, coins generally yields the highest RMSE values, indicating the worst like XLM, ADA, and ARB had lower success rates, often below accuracy relative to other methods. Conversely, the Overdeter- 0.15, suggesting challenges in predicting their prices. Overall, mined system with smoothing method tends to produce the lowest the provider’s performance fluctuated across epochs and coins, RMSE values for most of the coins. The methods Previous Epoch with some cryptocurrencies consistently achieving higher suc- Value and Overdetermined system without smoothing are ranked cess rates than others. Overall, we were able to achieve moderate somewhere in between. prediction success of around 0.22, currently ranking 26th among the 94 active FTSO providers. 7 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK Because this method of smoothing and training an overdeter- mined system yielded better results than previous method of just We have developed and assessed a functional provider solution training an overdetermined system, we can also be certain that to predict prices within the FTSO protocol. While we observed smoothings in this case improve the result. This goes to show that commendable performance for coins such as XRP, DOGE, and without smoothing, our prediction model is highly influenced BTC, the results for other coins like XLM, ADA, and ARB were not by noise and short-term fluctuations, making it challenging to as promising. Exploring additional smoothing techniques and capture the underlying trend in the time series data. incorporating multiple prediction methods would be beneficial. Notably, ensemble methods are renowned for reducing prediction Coin Last Seen Prev. Ep No smoth Smooth variance, which in turn increases the probability of predictions XRP 0.07412964 0.01536945 0.00542317 0.00398449 falling within the median target range. XLM 0.00010802 0.00025230 0.00090994 0.00025548 This paper has only focused on non-deep learning approaches DOGE 0.00004626 0.00001359 0.00000733 0.00000641 to FTSO price prediction. A promising extension to the provider ADA 0.00000201 0.00000395 0.00000183 0.00000174 would be to explore time series prediction using various deep BTC 23.78687273 5.01065648 1.94068887 0.91171693 learning methods such as RNN or LSTM neural networks. These ARB 0.00098386 0.00025156 0.00015229 0.00014042 models have the potential to capture more subtle patterns in the Table 1: RMSE for each method and selected coins data and adapt to the dynamic prices of the crypto coins. They might need to be modified to adapt to the specifics of the FTSO system and quick retraining times. Combining the more expen- Over the observed epochs, our FTSO provider demonstrated sive inference of neural networks with presented overdetermined varied success rates across different cryptocurrencies. The suc- system together with error bounds on prediction results might cess rates for XRP, DOGE and BTC generally ranged between 0.20 also offer a more performant composite algorithm that would be 172 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Filip Koprivec, Tjaž Eržen, and Urban Mežnar (a) “Last Seen Value” method (b) “Previous Epoch Value” method (c) Overdeterminded system without data smoothing (d) Overdeterminded system without with data smoothing able to use the fallback prediction in case of lateness of prediction [8] Boi Faltings and Goran Radanovic. Game Theory for Data by a stronger but more complicated model. Science: Eliciting Truthful Information. Springer Nature, 2021. 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [9] James D. Hamilton. Time Series Analysis. Princeton Uni- The authors would like to thank AFLabs for the provision of versity Press, 1994. url: http : / / mayoral . iae - csic . org / exchange and FTSO data used during the development phase. timeseries2021/hamilton.pdf . [10] A. J. Lawrance and P. A. W. Lewis. “An exponential moving- REFERENCES average sequence and point process (EMA1)”. In: Journal of Applied Probability 14 (1 1977). Accessed: 2023-09-05, [1] AlaghaA. “A reinforcement learning model for the relia- pp. 98–113. doi: 10.2307/3213263. bility of blockchain oracles”. In: ScienceDirect (2022). [11] Christopher Potts. “Interpretive Economy”. In: Seman- [2] Giulio Caldarelli. “Overview of Blockchain Oracle Re- tics Archive (2008). Accessed: 2023-09-05. url: https : / / search”. 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ABSTRACT To avoid the high cost and invasiveness of monitoring each Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) enables the extraction of individual device with an electricity meter, researchers have de- appliance-level consumption data from a single metering point. veloped a more economically efficient method known as non- Appliance ON/OFF classification is a particular type of such intrusive load monitoring (NILM). This method involves obtaining appliance level data extraction recently enabled by deep learning appliance-level data using just one metering point to measure the (DL) techniques. To date, a study on the influence of neural filter total electricity consumption of a household. By using classifica- selection on the performance and computational complexity for tion techniques for NILM, it is possible to determine the states appliance ON/OFF classification is missing. In this paper, we start (ON/OFF) of devices within a household and monitor their activity from a widely used DL architecture, adapt it for the appliance for demand response applications. As in a typical household it ON/OFF classification problem and then study the influence is possible to have several appliances working simultaneously, a of the filters on the model performance and model complexity. suitable approach for determining the activity states of appliances Through this study we develop a model, PirnatCross, that excels is multi-label classification, where the state of each appliance is at cross-dataset performance, offering an average improvement in used as the class label and the recorded readings from a single average weighted F1 score of 17.2 percentage points vs a SotA household meter serve as input samples. Li et al. were among the model and VGG11 baseline respectively, when trained on REFIT first to propose multi-label classification for NILM disaggregation. and evaluated on UK-DALE and vice versa. Also, PirnatCross More recently, Tanoni et al. [12] employed gated recurrent unit consumes 6-times less energy compared to a SotA model. (GRU) in their CRNN for weakly-supervised training, mixing the amount of strongly and weakly labeled data to confirm the effec- KEYWORDS tivness of such approach. Also Zhou et al. [14] proposed a new model called TTRNet, which uses a transpose convolution before non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), ON/OFF appliance classifi- a recurrent layer, a method, which has also shown better results cation, deep learning (DL), convolutional recurrent neural network in other works [8]. The existing works based on DL techniques (CRNN), multi-label classification typically lack a DL computational complexity/energy consumption analysis that is relevant in designing such models [2]. For instance, 1 INTRODUCTION in [5] they analyzed the carbon footprint of various architectures and concluded that convolutional layers are power hungry because Mitigating the impact of climate change is an urgent challenge that they operate in three dimensions, unlike fully connected layers requires collective action to keep the global average temperature ◦ which operate in two dimensions. below 1.5 C in relation to pre-industrial levels. Reducing unnec- Existing studies typically develop and evaluate their method on essary electrical energy consumption and consequently limiting a only a few datasets that are often limited in size. For instance [12] electrical energy production is a crucial step towards achieving our relied on two publicly available datasets and developed and evalu- goals, as it is estimated that such activities account for over 40% of ated a model for each of the two: REFIT [9] and UK-DALE [6]. the total CO2 equivalent generated by human activities 1. Beside While this approach is appropriate for relative method performance reducing energy consumption, we are increasingly adopting renew- assessment, some studies have discussed also the importance of able power plants due to their significantly lower CO2 emissions cross-dataset evaluation. For example, Han et al. [4] described compared to fossil fuel-based ones 2. However, renewable energy significant dataset biases and high class imbalance of in-the-wild resources have a major drawback; dependency on renewable re- datasets as a fundamental bottleneck in facial expression recogni- sources which are far less predictable, posing a challenge to the tion. Their results showed that cross-dataset evaluation can reduce stability of the power system [11]. To address this issue, demand dataset bias and improve the performance. response strategies are being implemented to adjust electricity In this paper we aim to better understand the influence of consumption to better match supply [1]. Consequently, efforts are the filters on the model performance and model complexity for being made to monitor and manage energy consumption more multi-label ON/OFF appliance classification through intra and efficiently in residential buildings, making it relevant to track cross-dataset evaluation. Our main contributions are as follows: device activity (ON/OFF events) [3]. 1tinyurl.com/CO2-from-electricity1 • We adapt VGG19, a widely used DL architecture, for the 2tinyurl.com/renewable-energy-doubled appliance ON/OFF classification and study the influence of the filters on the model performance and model complexity. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or • We develop a model, PirnatCross, that excels at cross-dataset per- classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation formance, offering an average improvement of 17.2 percentage on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. points vs a SotA model and VGG11 baseline respectively, when For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). trained on REFIT and evaluated on UK-DALE and vice versa. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © Also, PirnatCross consumes 6-times less energy compared to 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). SotA model. 174 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Anže Pirnat and Carolina Fortuna si 1.0 PREDICTION: DL MODEL 0.5 - Active devices: D1, D2, D4, ... - Inactive devices: D3, D5, ... D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 . . . Di Figure 1: We input the data measured from a household into the DL model and it outputs 𝑠 for each device present in the 𝑖 experiment. If 𝑠 is greater than 0.5 we classify the device as active, if not as inactive. 𝑖 The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the relationaships in the time series and it was shown to achieve good problem statement, Section 3 presents methodological details, performance in a recent study [12]. while Section 4 analyses the results of our study. Finally, Section 5 In order to estimate the computational complexity of the result- concludes the paper. ing architecture, referred to as PirnatCross, we must first calculate its complexity as the sum of all floating point operations (FLOPs) 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT that have to be computed for each of its layers. This can be calcu- Given an input power consumption measured by a smart meter lated for convolutional, pooling and fully-connected layers with 𝑝 (𝑤 ) over a time window 𝑤 , we aim to develop a multi-label the equations from [10] and for GRU with equation from [13]. ON/OFF classifier Φ that maps the input to a probability vector As convolutional layers dominate in our adaptation of VGG19, 𝑠 (𝑤 ) corresponding to the status of the home appliances as: and the computational complexity of a convolutional layer is relatively high compared to other type of layers [10]. Generally, 𝑠 (𝑤 ) = Φ(𝑝 (𝑤 )) (1) the number of FLOPs used throughout the convolutional layer The |𝑠 | of the set 𝑠, indicates the number of appliances to be 𝐹𝑐 is equal to the number of filters 𝑁𝑓 times the flops per filter recognised. For each window of measurements 𝑝 (𝑤 ) input to 𝐹 = ( + ) c 𝐹 𝑁 𝑁 pf ipf f. Therefore we aim to study the influence the model Φ, 𝑠 (𝑤 ) will be of the form [𝑠1 (𝑤 ), 𝑠2 (𝑤 ), ...., 𝑠 (𝑤 ) 𝑁 ], of the number of the filters 𝑁𝑓 on the model performance and 𝑠 ∈ [0, 1] 𝑖 and 𝑁 = |𝑠 | where each 𝑠𝑖 estimates the probability complexity. Let the starting number of filters in each block of the of appliance 𝑑𝑖 to be active as also depicted in Figure 1. When adapted architecture be the same as in the original VGG19, namely 𝑠 > 0.5 𝐹 = [64, 128, 256, 512, 512] 𝑖 the appliance will be classified as ON, otherwise it will be , analyze the model performance as classified as OFF. More than one appliance can be ON at the same average F1 score versus computational complexity in FLOPs. time, therefor 𝑠 contains multiple labels assigned to the current instance. In this paper 𝑁 = 5 in total of which any 1-4 can be 3 METHODOLOGY active. This section provides methodological details related to the datasets, The ON/OFF classifier Φ realized as a deep learning network is the training approach and evaluation process that were employed typically composed of a set of layers [𝑙1, 𝑙2, ....𝑙 ] 𝑀 where the types for the study. of the layers may vary depending on how the respective architecture is designed. For instance 𝑙 ∈ [𝐹𝐶, 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑙, 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝐺𝑅𝑈 , ...] 𝑖 , where FC stands for fully connected, Pool stands for pooling, Conv for 3.1 Datasets convolutional and GRU for gated recurrent unit. As has been The study is conducted using two datasets: UK-DALE [6] and RE- already shown also in [10], the computational complexity varies FIT [9]. Within each dataset, we monitor the same five appliances across the types of the layers. 𝑑𝑖 that were also used in recent research [12]: fridge, washing In developing Φ, we start from the VGG family of architectures machine, dishwasher, microwave, and kettle. The data from the as they are widely used in various communities and have already selected devices is obtained and processed using the procedure shown promising results for classification on NILM [7]. More described by Tanoni et al. [12] to form 2 mixed datasets. After precisely we consider VGG19 comprising of 19 layers with train- processing, the two mixed datasets each consist of the same five able parameters, 16 of which are convolutional and 3 are fully devices, with each sample containing a random selection of one connected. The convolutional layers are grouped into five blocks: to four active devices. Samples with varying numbers of active • Block 1: 2 x conv. with 64 filters + Max pooling devices are randomly distributed throughout the datasets. We • Block 2: 2 x conv. with 128 filters + Max pooling evaluate the cross-dataset performance of models on two mixed • Block 3: 4 x conv. with 256 filters + Max pooling datasets obtained by processing data from, UK-DALE and REFIT, • Block 4: 4 x conv. with 512 filters + Max pooling in both directions. Specifically, we train models on REFIT derived • dataset and test them on UK-DALE derived datasetand vice versa, Block 5: 4 x conv. with 512 filters + Max pooling by training on UK-DALE derived dataset and testing on REFIT This architecture has been tailored to accommodate time series derived dataset. data, replacing the 2D convolutions and pooling from VGG19, designed for images, with 1D counterparts that are more suitable 3.2 Benchmarks for time-series. In addition, the convolutional layers in the 5th block have been replaced with transpose convolutional layers to In order to have a more meaningful study, we also evaluate increase the temporal resolution of features to reduce their number PirnatCross, the adapted VGG19, against a VGG11 baseline and a as suggested in [14]. We also integrated a recurrent layer after the recently published work TanoniCRNN [12]. For VGG11, we used 5th block, GRU layer to be specific, as it is able to model temporal a learning rate of 0.0001 and the same batch size and epochs. For 175 On Neural Filter Selection for ON/OFF Classification of Home Appliances Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia TanoniCRNN, we used the hyperparameters specified as optimal by scaling factors 𝑘 ∈ [0.02, 0.04, ..., 2.5]. The upper two curves in their paper [12]. present the average weighted F1 score for models trained and evalu- For PirnatCross we vary the set of the filters 𝐹 by mul- ated on REFIT and UK-DALE separately, so without cross-dataset tiplying with 𝑘 ∈ [0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, evaluation. The second lowest curve presents the average weighted 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5]. The learning rate, batch size, and F1 scores for models trained on REFIT and cross evaluated on number of epochs were determined through a process of trial UK-DALE while the lowest curve presents the results on training and error, informed by previous experiments, and subsequently on UK-DALE and cross evaluating on REFIT. In our experiments, fine-tuned for each model, to optimize model performance and we observe only the cross evaluation models, they show a rapid stability. The resulting values are: learning rate of 0.0003, a batch improvement in performance for scaling factor values from 0.02 size of 128, and trained for 20 epochs. to 0.08. From scaling factor value 0.08 to 0.9, we see a decline While some models were capable of handling larger batch sizes, in performance in one example and a small improvement in the we found that performance was not improved by increasing the others, while beyond 0.9 the results gradually decline. For scaling batch size beyond 128, so we kept it unchanged for all models. We factors above 1.3 a rapid drop in performance can be observed. train and evaluate using 5-fold cross-validation. Marked with light blue in Figure 2 and also depicted in Figure 3 is the PirnatCross version of the proposed architecture having 3.3 Metrics 𝐹 scaled by 0,08 and thus resulting in the 𝐹1 = [5, 10, 20, 40, 40] We use the average weighted F1 score (𝐹 1𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 filter configuration of the blocks. PirnatCross1 performs optimally 𝑤 ) as a performance metric because our datasets are not balanced and do not provide in terms of avg F1 score. equal representation for each device. PirnatCross1 also contain 5 blocks as the original VGG19. The first two comprising of two convolutional layers and the 𝑁𝑑 ∑︁ subsequent two comprising of four convolutional layers. The final 𝐹 1𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟 𝑒 = 𝐹 1𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟 𝑒 × 𝑊 𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤 𝑖 𝑖 (2) block consists of four transpose convolutional layers and all blocks 𝑖 =1 include an average pooling layer after the convolutional layers. The average weighted F1 score is calculated using three metrics: Preceding the output layer, our model incorporates a GRU layer true positive (TP), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN). TP with a size of 64. Additionally, two fully-connected layers, each measures the instances where the device is accurately classified as consisting of 4096 nodes, are included in the architecture. The active, while FP represents cases where the device is erroneously output layer of our model comprises five nodes corresponding to classified as active. FN indicates instances where the device is the states 𝑠𝑖 of the 5 appliances 𝑑𝑖 considered in this study. All mistakenly classified as inactive. layers utilize the ReLU activation function, except for the output From these metrics, we derive the precision (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑃 layer which employs the sigmoid activation function. ) and recall (𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇 𝑃 ), which are used to cal- 𝑇 𝑃 +𝐹 𝑃 𝑇 𝑃 +𝐹 𝑁 culate the F1 score (𝐹 1𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 × 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛×𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 ). To obtain 𝑃 𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 4.2 Computational Complexity and Carbon the average weighted F1 score (2), we first compute the F1 score Footprint Analysis for each device, then take the average based on their weight (𝑊 𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝐷 ), which is determined by the support for the Table 1 summarizes the weights, FLOPs, energy and carbon 𝑆 𝐴𝐷 specified device (SSD) and the support of all devices (SAD). footprint numbers for PirnatCross versus the TanoniCRNN and VGG11 baselines. The results take into account the fact that the 90 trained: REFIT, evaluated: REFIT trained: REFIT, evaluated: UK-DALE models were trained on Nvidia A100 graphics card, located in trained: UK-DALE, evaluated: REFIT Slovenia where 250g of CO2 equivalent is produced with each e [%] trained: UK-DALE, evaluated: UK-DALE 80 best performance: PirnatCross kWh of electricity. The specific equations used to calculate, energy and carbon footprint are defined in our previous work [10]. 70 It can be seen from the second row of the table that PirnatCross achieves superior energy efficiency compared to other models, 60 average weighted F1 scor exhibiting energy consumption 6-times smaller compared to SotA TanoniCRNN and 6.6-times smaller compared to VGG11. 50 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 scaling factor Table 1: Computational complexity and carbon footprint anal- ysis for the proposed architecture and selected baselines. Figure 2: Average F1 scores on intra and cross-dataset training and evaluation as a function of filter scaling factor. NN weights FLOPs energy carbon footprint PirnatCross 17.4 · 106 185 · 106 329 kJ 22,9 g CO2 eq. 4 RESULTS TanoniCRNN [12] 0.75 · 106 1.11 · 109 1967 kJ 136.7 g CO2 eq. In this section we first determine the optimal filter configuration VGG11 185.6 · 106 1.21 · 109 2150 kJ 149.3 g CO2 eq. for variations of the PirnatCross architecture to achieve high average weighted F1 score. We then follow with a computational complexity and carbon footprint assessment. Finally, we then 4.3 Cross-Dataset Analysis benchmark the performance of models in cross-dataset evaluation Tables 2 and 3 present the per device breakdown of the F1 scores on REFIT and UK-DALE datasets. for PirnatCross, TanoniCRNN and VGG11 when trained on REFIT and evaluated on UK-DALE and vice versa. 4.1 Analysis of Tuning the Filters in PirnatCross When we trained on REFIT and evaluated on UK-DALE, the Figure 2 depicts the performance of the PirnatCross architecture scores for the four models were as follows: PirnatCross achieved a where the original number of filters in the set 𝐹 has been scaled score of 0.766, TanoniCRNN achieved a score of 0.752 and VGG11 176 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Anže Pirnat and Carolina Fortuna Input FC, 5 Output GRU, 128 FC, 4096 FC, 4096 (120000, 2550, 1) Conv1D, f=5, k=3 Conv1D, f=5, k=3 Conv1D, f=10, k=3 Conv1D, f=10, k=3 Conv1D, f=20, k=3 Conv1D, f=20, k=3 Conv1D, f=20, k=3 Conv1D, f=20, k=3 Conv1D, f=40, k=3 Conv1D, f=40, k=3 Conv1D, f=40, k=3 Conv1D, f=40, k=3 MaxPooling, k=2, s=2 MaxPooling, k=2, s=2 MaxPooling, k=2, s=2 MaxPooling, k=2, s=2 ransConv1D, f=40, k=3 ransConv1D, f=40, k=3 ransConv1D, f=40, k=3 ransConv1D, f=40, k=3 T T T T MaxPooling, k=2, s=2 Figure 3: The proposed architecture PirnatCross made for maximum performance. Table 2: F1 scores for PirnatCross1, TanoniCRNN [12] and the number of filters in convolutional layers and consequently an VGG11 trained on REFIT and evaluated on UK-DALE. increase in the number of FLOPs did not necessarily lead to an improvement in classification accuracy. Instead, we observed a devices PirnatCross TanoniCRNN [12] VGG11 point of steady improvement in performance, followed by a gradual decline and a significant drop in performance when the number of fridge 0,944 0,972 0,462 filters exceeded a certain threshold. This information is crucial for washing machine 0,650 0,690 0,544 dish washer 0,646 0,648 0,294 optimizing the architecture of NILM models, and keeping track of microwave 0,728 0,756 0,512 the carbon footprint. kettle 0,786 0,622 0,420 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS weighted avg 0,766 0,752 0,456 This work was funded in part by the Slovenian Research Agency Table 3: F1 scores for PirnatCross1, TanoniCRNN [12] and under the grant P2-0016. The authors would like to thank Blaž VGG11 trained on UK-DALE and evaluated on REFIT. Bertalanič for insightful discussions. REFERENCES devices PirnatCross TanoniCRNN [12] VGG11 [1] Jamshid Aghaei and Mohammad-Iman Alizadeh. 2013. Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: a review. fridge 0,730 0,232 0,508 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 64–72. doi: https://doi.org washing machine 0,668 0,666 0,366 /10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.019. dish washer 0,596 0,468 0,360 [2] Eva García-Martín, Crefeda Faviola Rodrigues, Graham Riley, and Håkan microwave 0,526 0,630 0,506 Grahn. 2019. Estimation of energy consumption in machine learning. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 134, 75–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1 kettle 0,800 0,782 0,408 016/j.jpdc.2019.07.007. [3] R. Gopinath, Mukesh Kumar, C. Prakash Chandra Joshua, and Kota Srinivas. weighted avg 0,672 0,542 0,438 2020. 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The uk-dale dataset, domestic significantly higher level of data noise compared to UK-DALE as appliance-level electricity demand and whole-house demand from five uk homes. Scientific data, 2, 1, 1–14. shown in prior work [12]. Consequently, the testing results obtained [7] Weicong Kong, Zhao Yang Dong, Bo Wang, Junhua Zhao, and Jie Huang. from UK-DALE are expected to show higher F1 scores. Moreover, 2020. A practical solution for non-intrusive type ii load monitoring based on we observed that, overall, our model PirnatCross consistently deep learning and post-processing. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11, 1, 148–160. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2918330. outperformed the other models in both testing scenarios, achieving [8] Luca Massidda, Marino Marrocu, and Simone Manca. 2020. Non-intrusive the highest weighted average F1 scores overall. load disaggregation by convolutional neural network and multilabel classifi- cation. Applied Sciences, 10, 4. doi: 10.3390/app10041454. 5 CONCLUSIONS [9] David Murray, Lina Stankovic, and Vladimir Stankovic. 2017. An electrical load measurements dataset of united kingdom households from a two-year To address the challenge of cross-dataset usage scenario on NILM longitudinal study. Scientific data, 4, 1, 1–12. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.122. [10] Anže Pirnat, Blaž Bertalanič, Gregor Cerar, Mihael Mohorčič, Marko Meža, ON/OFF classification, we propose PirnatCross, with an aim to and Carolina Fortuna. 2022. Towards sustainable deep learning for wireless present the maximum performance and the energy efficiency. The fingerprinting localization. In ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, 3208–3213. doi: 10.1109/ICC45855.2022.9838464. results of our evaluation on the REFIT and UKDALE datasets [11] Ali Q. Al-Shetwi, M.A. Hannan, Ker Pin Jern, M. Mansur, and T.M.I. reveal that PirnatCross achieve an average performance improve- Mahlia. 2020. Grid-connected renewable energy sources: review of the recent ment of 7.2 over SotA and 27.2 percentage points over baseline, integration requirements and control methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119831. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119831. underscoring its superior effectiveness in handling data from di- [12] Giulia Tanoni, Emanuele Principi, and Stefano Squartini. 2022. Multi-label verse sources. Additionally PirnatCross consumes 6-times less appliance classification with weakly labeled data for non-intrusive load energy compared to SotA model. To develop PirnatCross, we monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1–1. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2022 .3191908. employed our methodology. In the case of classification on NILM [13] Minjia Zhang, Wenhan Wang, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Yuxiong He. this included beginning with the VGG19 architecture and imple- 2018. Navigating with graph representations for fast and scalable decoding of neural language models. Advances in neural information processing systems, menting several modifications, such as replacing the convolutional 31. layers with transpose convolutional layers in the 5th block, incor- [14] Mengran Zhou, Shuai Shao, Xu Wang, Ziwei Zhu, and Feng Hu. 2022. Deep porating a GRU layer after it, and adjusting the number of filters learning-based non-intrusive commercial load monitoring. Sensors, 22, 14. doi: 10.3390/s22145250. based on our analysis. Our analysis revealed that an increase in 177 178 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek D Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume D Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection Urednika / Editors Tomaž Ogrin, Rafael Mihalič http://is.ijs.si 11. oktober 2023 / 11 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 179 180 PREDGOVOR Tretjo konferenco na temo varovanja okolja smo poimenovali »Miti in legende varovanja okolja.« Stroka skoraj praviloma daje precej drugačne odgovore glede ekološke škodljivosti vpliva človeka na okolje, kot večinoma zasledimo v medijih. Zavedanje o pomenu okolja v družbi narašča, ljudi se v imenu "ekologije" vedno bolj omejuje v njihovem vsakdanjem življenju, za vsako malenkost kot posamezniki potrebujemo nešteta dovoljenja, hkrati pa mirno gradimo nova in nova veletrgovska središča na najboljši kmetijski zemlji, ki smo je v letih od osamosvojitve izgubili ca. 70.000 ha, tako da je ostalo še ca. 180.000 ha obdelovalnih (njivskih) zemljišč, v občinskih prostorskih načrtih pa je predvidenih za pozidavo še 57.000 ha zemljišč. Ob izgradnji novih 100 km avtoceste, ki jih sicer rabimo za visok standard življenja, ki se mu ne maramo odreči, se porabi toliko energentov, da jih z energetskim varčevanjem slovenskih gospodinjstev praktično ni mogoče kompenzirati. Ko ob tem beremo, kako bodo problem oskrbe družbe z energijo rešile sončne elektrarne na kmetijskih površinah ali vetrnice v deviških gozdovih, se lahko utemeljeno vprašamo ali ob tem ne gre za neznanstvene pristope, o ekoloških mitih ali morda celo za uresničevanje nekih idej pod krinko okoljevarstva. Modrost vidimo v izreku: ''Ne uničujmo narave, da bi reševali okolje! '' V tujini ga poznajo kot: ''Do Not Destroy the Nature to Save the Environment.'' S konferenco želimo podati usmeritev Slovenije v varno, prijazno, zdravo in kakovostno okolje za vse državljane in državljanke Slovenije, ki si ga bomo ljudje tudi lahko privoščili ter hkrati opozoriti na prehitro uničevanje okolja, kmetijskih površin, nepotrebne gradnje novih in novih trgovskih centrov, infrastrukture in energijskih objektov na najboljših zemljiških površinah, dostikrat z nepremišljenimi ali celo škodljivimi usmeritvami. Ali je mogoče hkrati spodbujati tehnološki razvoj, uporabo obnovljivih virov in zmanjšati negativne vplive na okolje? Smo sposobni preusmeriti antropocentrični razvoj v ekocentričnega? Potrebujemo strožji nadzor varstva na ožjih, širših in vplivnih vodnih območjih za zaščito podtalnice in pitne vode, vključno z ekonomskimi in lastniškimi načeli? Imajo mesta dovolj zelenih površin, zakaj imajo podjetja in inštitucije večinoma vse pozidano, v asfaltu in betonu? In seveda ključno vprašanje: "Kaj si lahko privoščimo?" Najslabša možnost za ljudi in tudi za okolje je obubožanje družbe v imenu utopičnih idej. Dvomimo, da bo komurkoli še mar za razogljičenje, energetski preobrat, zelene vire in kar je podobnih floskul, če bo eksistenčno ogrožen in za svoje otroke ne bo videl neke obetavne prihodnosti. Konferenca bo po obliki podobna kot dosedanje v okviru 26. zaporedne multikonference Informacijska družba (is.ijs.si). Tema okolja je tako vseobsegajoča, aktualna in pomembna, da je res zadnji čas, da se pojavi v multikonferenci IS. Tako kot pri drugih konferencah bomo tudi pri okolju »natočili čistega vina« oz. bomo strokovno analizirali in ugotovili marsikaj, česar ne najdete v javnih medijih, marsikdaj pa tudi ne v znanstveni in strokovni literaturi. Matjaž Gams, Rafael Mihalič in Tomaž Ogrin 181 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Tomaž Ogrin, predsednik Rafael Mihalič, predsednik Mihael Toman Franc Lobnik Erik Margan Tomi Trilar Andrej Gogala Dušan Plut Matej Ogrin Stane Merše Sašo Medved Luka Juvančič predstavniki okoljskih združenj med drugim Focus DONDES stranka Zeleni Slovenije Zveza ekoloških gibanj Cipra Slovenija 182 Prihodnost pripada vodiku? Future belongs to the Hydrogen? Andrej Senegačni † Mihael Sekavčnik Laboratorij za termoenergetiko Laboratorij za termoenergetiko Fakulteta za strojništvo, Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za strojništvo, Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija andrej.senegacnik@fs.uni-lj.si mihael.sekavcnik@fs.uni-lj.si POVZETEK for primary energy, which is taken from the environment. Currently, the world and all production of devices for the use of "Prihodnost (ne?) pripada vodiku". Takšne in podobne trditve se renewable energy sources still rely heavily on fossil resources. zadnje čase vedno pogosteje pojavljajo v medijih. V dogmi o globalnem razogljičenju igra vodik pomembno vlogo. Na KEYWORDS mnogih področjih, kjer tehnologija zahteva visoke temperature, jeklo, električna energija, cement, kemična industrija,… se hydrogen, decarbonization, H2-ready predvideva uporaba zelenega vodika. V času postopnega prehoda na vodik bo potrebno prilagajanje obstoječih naprav, da bodo 1 VODIK BODOČI (NE)ENERGENT postale "H2-ready". V tem prispevku je obravnavano nekaj osnovnih tehnoloških značilnosti, ki jih zahteva uporaba Glede vloge vodika v bližnji bodočnosti do leta 2070 so napovedi plinastih goriv z večjim deležem vodika. Trenutno že zelo dobro po raznih scenarijih močno različne. Večina scenarijev zelenega poznamo lastnosti vodika in težavnosti njegove uporabe kot prehoda je predstavljenih v raznih poročilih Mednarodne goriva, ni pa še neke pametne rešitve glede sezonskih hranilnikov agencije za energijo (IEA – International Energy Agency). in tudi absurda, da vodik ni energent, pač pa neto porabnik Skupna značilnost scenarijev je, da se tudi ti scenariji z leti energije. Uporaba zelenega vodika torej že v izhodišču povečuje močno spreminjajo in dajejo poudarke enkrat na eno, čez nekaj potrebo po primarni energiji, ki jo jemljemo iz okolice. Trenutno let pa na drugo razogljičevalno tehnologijo. Tako je tudi vloga svet in vsa proizvodnja naprav za izrabo obnovljivih virov vodika spremenljiva, enkrat večja, drugič manjša. Na sliki 1 je energije še vedno močno sloni na fosilnih virih. prikazana struktura energentov leta 2050 po enem izmed scenarijev IEA (NZE scenarij - Net Zero Emissions by 2050) kjer KLJUČNE BESEDE je vloga zelenega vodika relativno majhna [1]. vodik, razogličenje, pripravljenost na vodik ABSTRACT "The future (doesn't?) belong to hydrogen". Such and similar claims have been appearing in the media more and more recently. In the dogma of global decarbonization, hydrogen plays an important role. In many fields where technology requires high temperatures like, steel, electricity, cement, chemical industry,... the use of green hydrogen is envisaged. During the gradual transition to hydrogen, it will be necessary to adapt existing devices to become "H2-ready". This paper discusses some of the basic technological features required by the use of gaseous fuels with a higher proportion of hydrogen. Currently, we already Slika 1: IEA NZE scenarij za leto 2050, kjer električna know very well the properties of hydrogen and the difficulties of energija postane glavni energijski vektor [1] using it as a gaseous fuel, but there is still no smart solution regarding seasonal storage tanks and also the absurdity that hydrogen is not an energy source, but a net consumer of energy. 2 POJEM "H2-ready" The use of green hydrogen therefore already increases the need Termin "H2-ready" pomeni, da je naprava zmožna delovati na ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note 100 % vodik ali njegove derivate, kot je npr. amonijak [2, 3]. V †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note prispevku se bomo omejili na obstoječe tehnologije kot so Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or plinske elektrarne, parni kotli in druge kurilne naprave, plinski classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed motorji. Tudi v bodoče bo za stabilnost elektroenergetskega for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full sistema v veliki meri potrebna velika rotirajoča masa, torej citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). klasične elektrarne z velikimi masami in z zgorevanjem zelenega Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia vodika. Pri tem lahko izpostavimo nekaj osnovnih tehnoloških © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 183 izzivov. Trenutno ni mogoče predvideti, kdaj bo vodik na voljo za energetsko industrijo v obsegu, kot so današnja fosilna goriva in seveda tudi kakšna bo cena. Še težje kot elektroenergetski sistem, bo razogljičiti visokotemperaturne sektorje kot so kemična industrija, proizvodna kovin, jeklo, cement, apno… in zato se za te sektorje vodik smatra kot mogoča(?) alternativa. 3 SPLOŠNO Pri uporabi zemeljskega plina s primešanim vodikom, se zmanjšuje emisija CO2. Iz tabele 1 je razvidno, da se emisija CO2 relativno malo zmanjšuje, dokler delež vodika v zmesi ni vsaj 80 vol.%. V tabeli 2 so primerjalno navedene nekatere značilne lastnosti za čisti vodik in metan, ki bistveno vplivajo na prilagoditev naprav za uporabo vodika. Slika 2: Slika plamena; levo: 100 % metan, desno: metan z 12 vol. % vodika [4] Tabela 1: Emisija CO2 pri enaki sproščeni energiji (po zgorevanju) in različnih zmeseh metan/vodik [2] • Zaradi manjše gostote se vodik v nasprotju z zemeljskim plinom zbira na visokih točkah. Prezračevalne odprtine morajo biti zato urejene na najvišjih točkah. • Zaradi večjega eksplozivnega območja in manjše gostote je potrebno eksplozijske cone dimenzionirati večje. Tabela 2: Nekatere značilne lastnosti čistega vodika in metana [2] Slika 3: Primerjava eksplozijskih območij za vodik in metan v zmesi z dušikom [5] • Kot je opazno iz tabele 2 bo potrebno ob prehodu na vodik naprave celovito prilagoditi. Izpostavimo nekaj najbolj zahtevnih ukrepov. • Zaradi velike hitrosti zgorevanja in velike difuzivnosti vodika se plamen zmesi vodik/metan skrajša že pri relativno majhnem volumenskem deležu vodika, slika 2. 184 Industrijski parni kotli – za obstoječe naprave ni težav do 6 % toplotne moči vodika. Za večje deleže vodika so potrebni novi gorilniki. Pulzacije v kurišču naj bodi čim manjše. Spremeni se tudi prenos toplote in temperatura rosišča dimnih plinov. Pri uporabi 100 % vodika in zraka so polutanti v dimnih plinih samo dušikovi oksidi, ki se jih odstrani z nekatalitično ali katalitično redukcijo z amonijakom ali sečnino. 5 ZAKLJUČEK Osnovne značilnosti zahtevanih tehnoloških sprememb energetskih postrojenj pri uporabi 100 % vodika so, da niso potrebne povsem nove naprave z novimi koncepti ampak Slika 4: Časovni potek tlaka po vžigu nekatere nujne prilagoditve. Tehnološko najbolj zahtevna bo stehiometrične zmesi vodik/zrak v zaprti tlačni prilagoditev plinskih turbin. Zasnova ostaja enaka, posebno posodi [5] pozornost zahteva modifikacija zgorevalnega sistema in pomožnih naprav. Glavne modifikacije zahtevajo gorilniki, • V primeru eksplozije zmesi vodik/zrak je brizantni učinek zgorevalne komore, materiali v stiku z vodikom, tesnila, požarna udarnega vala bistveno večji kot v primeru zmesi zaščita, proti eksplozijska zaščita, naprave za nadzor in metan/zrak. Tlačni gradient je pri zmesi vodik/zrak kar regulacijo zgorevanja. Turbinsko kompresorski del ostaja bolj ali 3334 bar/s, pri zmesi metan/zrak pa le 189 bar/s, slika 4. manj nespremenjen. Pri uporabi vodika v kotlih in Maksimalni tlak je v obeh primerih približno enak ~8 bar. kogeneracijskih postrojenjih se poleg modifikacij zgorevalnega Ob dejstvu, da je začetna masa vodika v testni tlačni posodi bistveno manjša, je rušilni učinek vodika bistveno večji. sistema pričakuje nekaj modifikacij v konstrukciji ogrevalnih površin zaradi spremembe prenosa toplote in količine vodne pare • v dimnih plinih. Omenjene modifikacije so trenutno tehnično Zaradi znatno manjše minimalne energije vžiga je potrebno elektrostatične naboje upoštevati kot bistveno bolj kritične rešljive. Pri globalnem prehodu na vodik in povečanju obsega (izenačitev potencialov, ozemljitvena veriga, odpornost proizvodnje in porabe vodika, še vedno ostaja veliko nerešenih proti puščanju, upornost talne obloge ≤ 108 Ω itd.). temeljnih vprašanj. Za te probleme načeloma obstajajo rešitve, ki pa so trenutno vse še na "lekarniškem" nivoju. Transport in • Zaradi večje kemijske reaktivnosti in majhnih molekul bo skladiščenje sta dve izmed teh vprašanj. Po navedbah IEA je potrebno posebno pozornost nameniti materialom, ki so v trenutno na svetu samo okoli 2500 km krajših in lokalnih stiku z vodikom. Molekularni vodik se kopiči na jeklenih vodikovodov, predvsem v proizvodnih obratih vodika. površinah brez zaščitne oksidne plasti in tam disociira v atomski vodik, ki nato prodre v medkristalno strukturo jekla. Transportnih meddržavnih plinovodov za zemeljski plin pa je To povzroči spremembo lastnosti materiala. Posledica je trenutno kar 1,2 milijona kilometrov. IEA kot potencialna vodikova krhkost materiala, zmanjšana življenjska doba in sezonska skladišča vodika vedno bolj omenja podzemne morda celo odpoved komponente. kaverne, ostale klasične rešitve z raznimi tlačnimi posodami itd. so tehnično absurdne. Najbolj absurdno pa je, da so vodikove 4 ZNAČILNOSTI UPORABE VODIKA V tehnologije neto porabnik energije, EROI < 1? Zmanjševanje ENERGETSKIH NAPRAVAH trenutnega EROI z raznimi zelenimi tehnologijami se že kaže v tem, ko mediji in proizvajalci (nevede) propagirajo kako "nove" Plinske turbine – Nemški načrt prilagajanja plinskih turbin na tehnologije zagotavljajo veliko število novih zelenih delovnih vodik [2] je razdeljen na več faz, po deležu toplotne moči vodika. mest. Če se vrnemo za 300 let v preteklost so bila vsa delovna Do leta 2025 6 %, do 2028 25 % in do leta 2031 možnost uporabe mesta zelena (in večina tudi močno fizično napornih), ker so bila 100 % vodika. Pri tem je ocena povečanja stroškov polnega vsa na obnovljive vire energije – ob kakšnem standardu prehoda pri novih napravah do 50 %, prilagajanje obstoječih življenja? Osnovna značilnost vodikovih tehnologij je, da so neto naprav pa do 70 % cene novih. Problem vodikove korozije je do porabnik energije, zelo drage in tehnično zelo zahtevne – bo to 3 % toplotne moči vodika zanemarljiv, do 6 % toplotne moči uporabno in dosegljivo za navadne ljudi? Vodikove tehnologije, vodika je še nekako v mejah obvladljivosti, pri 6-25 % vodika je na katere danes stavimo zeleni prehod, so v povprečju poznane pa nevarnost korozije že zelo velika. Povečana vsebnost vodne že 200 let (elektroliza 1800, gorivna celica 1838) in od njih pare v dimnih plinih vpliva temperaturo rosišča in s tem tudi na pričakujemo nove rezultate v smislu globalne rešitve "Deux ex razmere v morebitnih kogeneracijskih prenosnikih toplote. machina"? Če bi svet imel resne namene glede zmanjševanja negativnih vplivov na okolje, bi morali izvajati več ukrepov, ki Plinski motorji – Današnji plinski motorji zahtevajo kar nekaj so "Hic et nunc" (latinsko: "tukaj in zdaj") – to je predvsem prilagoditev za prehod na 100 % vodik in to pri: spremembi varčevanje in zmanjševanje potrošnje vseh vrst, kar pa je žal oblike zgorevalne komore, varnostni koncept, spremembe povsem nasprotno s trenutnim ekonomskim modelom in želenim materialov, ki so v stiku z vodikom. Obstoječi plinski motorji življenjskim standardom nas vseh? trenutno lahko brez problemov delujejo do 9 % toplotne moči iz vodika. 185 VIRI [1] IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2023, IEA Publications International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org [2] Timon Groß, Martin Ruhrberg, H2-Prozessleitfaden: Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung auf der Basis von erneuerbaren und dekarbonisierten Gasen, Vgbe Energy e.V., Berlin, August 2023 [3] Thomas Eck, Sebastian Zimmerling, H2-Ready, vgbe Positionspapier, Vgbe Energy e.V., Essen, 2022 [4] Schefer et al., 2002, Proc. Comb. Inst. 29, 843-851 [5] Volkmar Sehröder et.al., Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas- Wasserstoff-Gemischen, Bundesansta lt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM), Berlin, 2016 186 Z zelenim kapitalom do razvoja okolja Green capital for environmental development Boštjan Pišotek* Služba za investicije HESS, d.o.o. Brežice, Slovenija bostjan.pisotek@he-ss.si POVZETEK njen razvoj in je pogojena z mentaliteto, kulturo, religijo in zgodovinskimi izkustvi posameznega naroda. Ključno vprašanje, ki si ga danes lahko upravičeno zastavljamo, Slabše pravno in družbeno sposobne skupnosti omogočajo, da je, kateri proizvodni viri bodo zadovoljevali energetske potrebe država deluje v korist ozkih skupin in parcialnih interesov, kar prihodnosti in kako zeleni bodo? Pri tem smo soočeni z miti in krepi družbene razpoke, ustvarja nezaupanje in posledično oslabi hkrati izzivi, ki so kompleksnejši kot kadarkoli, kljub temu pa motivacijo za izboljšanje osnovnih funkcij, tj. pobiranja davkov moramo zasledovati rešitve, ki bodo preverjene, celostne, ter podpore trga, kar onemogoča razvoj države. Pri tem ne gre učinkovite, zanesljive, varne, ekonomsko upravičene in okoljsko zanemariti dejstva, da slabša sposobnost države povzroča sprejemljive. politično nestabilnost in skrajšuje časovne horizonte vlad ter tako zmanjšuje spodbude za vlaganje v državo. KLJUČNE BESEDE Pomen razumevanja političnih, ekonomskih in družbenih Energetska politika, sposobnost države, zeleni kapital, okolje. dejavnikov se izkaže pri primerjavi razvitosti držav, ki ga merimo z bruto domačim proizvodom (BDP) in je monetarno ABSTRACT merilo splošnega obsega gospodarske dejavnosti države v The key question that can rightfully be posed today is which določenem obdobju, običajno v enem letu. production sources will meet the energy needs of the future and Iz podatkov na Slika 1 lahko razberemo katere države imajo how green they will be? In doing so, we are confronted with v svetovnem merilu najvišji BDP, kar pomeni, da zagotavljajo myths and, at the same time, challenges that are more complex svojim državljanom najvišjo stopnjo blaginje. than ever. Nevertheless, we must pursue solutions that are proven, comprehensive, efficient, reliable, secure, economically justified, and environmentally acceptable. KEYWORDS Energy policy, state capacity, green capital, environment. 1 SPOSOBNOST DRŽAVE Sposobnost države lahko definiramo kot zmožnost politike uresničevati strateške interese ter izbrane cilje. In kot zagovarja Aristotel je politika temeljna in najširša skupnost, ki mora težiti k dobremu [1]. Pri tem se je potrebno zavedati, da je sposobnost države odvisna od zgodovinskih vzorcev ekonomije, političnega in kulturnega razvoja ter razumevanja in sodelovanja družbe. Temeljni gradniki sposobnosti države so fiskalna sposobnost, pravna sposobnost in družbena sposobnost. Kot ugotavljata Besley in Persson [2] je sposobnost države, da podpira trge in izvršuje obveznosti (pravna sposobnost) ter Slika 1: BDP na prebivalca v obdobju od 1990 do 2019 [3]. zbira prihodke (fiskalna sposobnost), medtem ko lahko družbeno sposobnost definiramo kot dovzetnost in zavzetost družbe za Zanimiva je analiza rasti BDP za Slovenijo, ki je bil v času ∗Boštjan Pišotek, mag. inž. str. nastanka naše države na ravni Španije in Češke, medtem ko je bil krepko nad vrednostmi baltskih držav. Pri tem je naša stopnja Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or rasti v obdobju od 1991 do 2008 rastla z enim izmed najvišjih classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full gradientov, medtem ko je v obdobju 2009 do 2019 zabeležila citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must enega izmed najnižjih, kar je povzročilo, da smo povečali tako be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia zaostanek za razvitimi državami, kot da so nas nekatere manj © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). razvite evropske države iz 90. let prejšnjega stoletja sedaj že ujele. 187 Če izvzamemo gospodarsko krizo 2008, ki je praktično prizadela izmenjava oz. prosti trg, saj sta tako obe državi, ki trgujeta boljši vse države, lahko ugotovimo, da je za slabo rast BDP krivo zaradi te izmenjave. Tako lahko zaključimo, da so za trgovanje ustvarjanje dobrin z malo dodano vrednostjo in v največji meri nujno potrebni proizvodi dobrin ali storitev, ki jih mora ustvariti pomanjkanje velikih državnih projektov. Slednje izhaja iz gospodarstvo posamezne države in jih nato na učinkovit način neodločnosti in povečane stopnje birokratizacije oz. zaostrovanja zamenjati na trgu za dobrine ali storitve, ki jih sama potrebuje. zakonodajnih okvirov (slabšanje pravne sposobnosti). Vendar, da lahko trgujemo moramo najprej proizvesti oz. Kot ugotavlja Mramor [4] se v slovenskem zakonodajnem ustvariti. In večjo količino dobrin ter na učinkovitejši način kot procesu strogo uporablja načelo vgradnje prepovedi vsega, kar bi jih država proizvede, višjo stopnjo razvitosti bo dosegla. lahko nekoga naredilo bolj uspešnega. To se zagotavlja z več kot 23.000 predpisi, ki so praviloma (namenoma?) neusklajeni in ponujajo dodatne možnosti blokad. Pri tem se največkrat 2 KAJ JE ZELENI KAPITAL SLOVENIJE sprejmejo omejujoči predpisi tako, da se na primer izrabi vsak Raznolikost nas bogati. In tudi pri naravnih virih Evrope je prenos EU direktive za največjo možno zaostritev področja, ki ga situacija enaka. Tako imajo južne evropske države kot so ureja. Pa tudi tako, da se izrabi peščica negativnih primerov za Španija, Portugalska, Grčija, Italija, Makedonija najboljši sončni splošne prepovedi, pa čeprav to blokira možnost povečanja potencial; vodni potencial je zelo dobro izkoriščen v državah blaginje. Norveške, Švedske, Francije, Turčije, Avstrije in Švice; pri Takšna kompleksnost se v praksi izkazuje pri postopku potencialu vetra prednjačijo Danska, Švedska, Anglija, Škotska, presoje vplivov na okolje hidroelektrarne (HE) Mokrice, za Irska, Nizozemska, Nemčija; les prispeva pomemben delež pri katero sta bili izdani že dve Odločbi prevlade javne koristi (PJK), zadovoljevanju energetskih potreb skandinavskih in baltskih s katerima je Vlada Republike Slovenije pretehtala v korist držav, Češke, Srbije, Avstrije in Francije [6]; največje evropske energetike – obnovljivih virov energije. Prva odločba PJK je proizvajalke nafte in plina so Rusija, Norveška in Velika obsegala 283 strani (2020), druga odločba PJK pa 242 strani Britanija [7]. Za Slovenijo ugotovimo, da ima največji privilegij (2022) in obe sta bili zaradi procesno postopkovnih napak naravnih virov v vodi in lesu, ki sta hkrati tudi najučinkovitejša upravnega organa (UO) s strani Upravnega sodišča odpravljeni razpoložljiva potenciala. in vrnjeni UO v ponovno odločanje. Za primerjavo navedimo, da je bila odločba okoljevarstvenega soglasja (OVS) za HE Boštanj leta 2003 izdana na 2 straneh (op. p. za izdajo GD sta pravnomočni PJK oz. OVS predpogoj in ju lahko s tega vidika obravnavamo kot enakovredni odločbi). Če upoštevamo še časovni vidik, kjer je od pobude za gradnjo HE Boštanj do gradnje minilo manj kot leto dni, je pri HE Mokrice investitor prvo pobudo podal UO novembra 2006, pa do danes še ni izpolnjenih administrativnih pogojev za pričetek gradnje. Slika 2: Praktičen primer slabšanja pravne sposobnosti Slovenije je količina okoljsko projektne dokumentacije pri oddaji vloge za gradbeno dovoljenje (GD) za večnamenski državni strateški projekt HE Mokrice. Izračuni kažejo, da zaradi zamude začetka izgradnje HE Slika 3: Najbolj pogosto uporabljeni naravni viri za Mokrice investitorju, njegovim lastnikom, državi in lokalni proizvodno električne energije v Evropi [8]. skupnosti nastaja ogromna finančna škoda. Zaradi neizgradnje oz. zamude pri začetku obratovanja HE Mokrice (predinvesticijska Iz prikazanega na Slika 3 lahko zaključimo, da čeprav dokumentacija verige HE je predvidevala začetek obratovanja v številne države Evrope vlagajo ogromne napore in napredujejo v 2020) je nastalo za cca. 66 mio eur škode. Gre za izpad prihodkov svoji zeleni tranziciji, je še vedno 60 % električne energije od prodane električne energije, koncesije in drugih dajatev v pridobljene iz fosilnih goriv, ki tako predstavlja primarni naravni državni proračun, stroškov Slovenije zaradi neizpolnjevanja vir oskrbe. zavez OVE in podražitvah izgradnje zaradi sprememb na trgu. Nadvse pomemben zeleni kapital Slovenije je nedvomno Zavedati se je treba, da se sposobnost držav kot rezultat zeleno gospodarstvo, ki ustvarjene dobičke vlaga v nove projekte manifestira v blaginji naroda. In kot je trdil Smith [5] bi država in tehnologije OVE – po načelu »zeleno dela še bolj zeleno«. iz tega vidika morala biti ocenjena glede na svojo raven Zavedati se moramo, da v proizvodnem portfelju električne proizvodnje in trgovine, pri čemer mora biti ustvarjena svobodna energije Slovenije eno tretjino oz. 4,5 TWh [9] že zagotavljajo 188 zeleni viri, in sicer HE, ki so z vidika energetske učinkovitosti Na osnovi analogije z Varoufakisovim paradoksom, lahko tudi najboljši OVE vir. Namreč pomembno merilo, ki definira ugotovimo, da v kolikor finančni skladi, ki financirajo nove vplive posamezne tehnologije na učinkovitost oz. okolje zelene tehnologije, ustrezno ne ocenijo tveganja uspeha predstavlja faktor ERoEI (Energy Returned on Energy Invested) komercializacije tovrstnih tehnologij in ustvarjanja dodane in predstavlja razmerje med pridobljeno in v njeno pridobivanje vrednosti ter posledično zmožnosti podjetij oz. posojilojemalcev vloženo energijo. Kot definira Mihalič [10] energenti z nizkim za vračanje prejetega financiranja, lahko to pripelje do ERoEI preprosto niso dovolj, da bi družba lahko razvila t.i. višje globalnega energetsko finančnega zloma. družbene dejavnosti, zato je smiselno rabiti vire s čim večjim Predvsem je to zaskrbljujoče, če na celotno situacijo uvajanja razmerjem. Pri tem izpostavi vodo kot daleč najbolj učinkovit vir novih zelenih tehnologij pogledamo z vidika empiričnih dokazov, za proizvodnjo zelene energije, s faktorjem ERoEI >100:1. Po saj ugotovimo, da so se, kljub velikim izdatkom za uresničitev analizah IEA [11] HE bistveno prispevajo tudi k fleksibilnosti in zelenega prehoda, in sicer 3.660 milijard dolarjev v obdobju od zanesljivosti elektro energetskega sistema (EES). 2011 do 2018, svetovne emisije ogljikovega dioksida (CO2) v Upoštevajoč faktor ERoEI, naravne danosti Slovenije in njen tem istem obdobju še naprej povečevale [14]. proizvodni portfelj električne energije, lahko zaključimo, da HE ustvarijo največ prostega kapitala, ki ga lahko vložimo v nove projekte OVE in prožnosti, zato HE definiramo kot zeleni kapital Slovenije. 3 ENERGETSKO PODNEBNA TRANZICIJA Če v obzir vzamemo širšo sliko dogodkov in dejstev iz preteklih let oz. desetletij, od rasti števila prebivalstva, razvoja vzhajajočih gospodarstev, geopolitičnih negotovosti, kriz in konfliktov, tržnih pogojev, zakonodajnih regulacij ter socialno- naravovarstvenega aktivizma bi lahko rekli, da se je energetska tranzicija rodila iz teme. Ob tem so finančni mehanizmi in zakonitosti, mimo fizike in naravnih zakonitosti, izoblikovali novodobno energetsko podnebno politiko. Kot navajata Gardett in Hunt [12] bodo imeli na hitrost in obliko energetsko podnebne tranzicije v naslednjem desetletju največji vpliv finančni skladi, pri čemer izpostavita sklade zasebnega kapitala, Brookfield Asset Management in Apollo Global Management, ki že vlagajo desetine milijard dolarjev v energetski prehod in čiste tehnologije. To energetskim podjetjem Slika 4: Izdatki za uresničitev zelenega prehoda in gibanje omogoča financiranje že v zgodnjih fazah razvoja tehnologij, še emisij CO2 na globalni ravni [14]. predno dosežejo stopnjo komercializacije, konkurenčnosti in pozitivno prihodkovno raven, zato lahko tako ostanejo Slika 5 prikazuje, da je bilo 55 % finančnih sredstev v tem konkurenčna na področju kreditiranja z ugodno bonitetno oceno. obdobju namenjenih projektom sončne energije (SE) in vetra Ta situacija ima v osnovi mnogo skupnih podobnosti z (VE), dodatnih 10 % pa projektom trajnostne mobilnosti in 7 % nastankom bančne krize v 2008, kot jo opiše Varoufakis [13], ki energetski učinkovitosti. izpostavi paradoks posojanja in časovne vrednosti denarja, kot razloga za bančni zlom. Koncept temelji na načinu delovanja ekonomij in finančnih sistemov, ki strmijo k vedno večjemu posojanju denarja v sedanjosti z namenom, da bodo v prihodnosti iz naslova obresti ustvarili čim višje dobičke - ustvarjanje vrednosti iz prihodnosti. Pri tem banke delujejo kot posredniki, ki sprejemajo denar od varčevalcev in ga nato z razliko obrestnih mer posojajo posojilojemalcem. Težava nastane, ko banke ustrezno ne ocenijo tveganja sposobnosti odplačevanja posojil in v želji po višjih dobičkih preveč tvegajo s posojanjem denarja posojilojemalcem, ki morda ne morejo vrniti teh posojil (npr. posojilojemalci se znajdejo v finančnih težavah, ohlajanje gospodarstva zaradi zmanjšanja povpraševanja, inflacija itd.), medtem ko so same odgovorne za vrnitev denarja vlagateljem, ki so jim zaupali svoje prihranke. To pripelje do situacije, ko banke ne morejo več izpolnjevati svojih obveznosti do vlagateljev in se znajdejo v stanju nelikvidnosti, kar pomeni, da nimajo dovolj denarja za izpolnitev vseh obveznosti. Takrat banka propade, kar ima resne posledice za gospodarstvo in vlagatelje. Slika 5: Razdelitev izdatkov glede na tehnologijo [14]. 189 V kolikor bi finančna sredstva porabljena za projekte SE in EUR/kW/življenjsko dobo, pri SE 0,042 EUR/kW/življenjsko VE vložili v jedrsko energijo, bi lahko izvedli več kot 90 jedrskih dobo. elektrarn tipa Hinkley Point C [15], ki zadovolji 7 % potreb Britancev po električni energiji [16], s čimer bi, globalno gledano, Tabela 1: Učinek državnih podpor v letu 2019 in stroški dosegli učinkovitejšo energetsko podnebno tranzicijo. investicije na kW za Slovenijo [18]. 3.1 LCA - Emisije toplogrednih plinov Za korektno obravnavo in medsebojno primerjavo emisij toplogrednih plinov posameznih tehnologij moramo upoštevati analizo celotnega življenjskega cikla naprave (ang. Life Cycle Analysis ali LCA). Brez izjeme vsaka tehnologija za proizvodnjo električne energije povzroča okoljske vplive skozi celoten življenjski cikel, pri čemer se ti vplivi zelo razlikujejo glede na lokacijo izvedbe, projektne rešitve in okoljske ukrepe. Pravilna energetska politika mora temeljiti na ocenah LCA in upoštevati okoljske vplive 3.3 Upad konkurenčnosti EU na globalnem trgu izdelave, obratovanja in razgradnje tako posameznih tehnologij za proizvodnjo električne energije kot tudi podporne Oskrba z energijo in vodo je temelj vsake civilizacije. Kdor ju infrastrukture celotnega energetskega sistema (npr. gradnja torej obvladuje, obvladuje družbo in svet. V zadnjem desetletju novih daljnovodov, dostopnih cest, energija za razgradnjo itd.). postaja energija v Evropi vedno dražja. Kot smo prikazali v 2. V marcu 2022 je Ekonomska komisija Združenih narodov za poglavju, večina Evrope še vedno temelji na pridobivanju Evropo (UNECE) v analizi LCA ugotovila, da sta jedrska električne energije iz fosilnih goriv. Zato se vsak drastičen dvig energija (5,1 - 6,4 g CO cen kuponov CO 2/kWh) in hidroenergija do 360 MW (6,1 2 odraža na podražitvi električne energije, kar - 11 g CO povišuje lastne cene proizvodov in storitev. Posledično, kot 2/kWh) najbolj nizko-ogljični tehnologiji [17]. prikazuje Slika 7, to pomeni upad konkurenčnosti na globalnem trgu, upad zunanje trgovine in s tem ohlajanje gospodarske dejavnosti EU, saj imata Kitajska in Južna Koreja 10-krat nižje stroške, medtem ko Združene države Amerike (ZDA) 3-krat nižje stroške CO2 kuponov v primerjavi z EU. Slika 6: Emisije toplogrednih plinov v celotni življenjski dobi posamezne tehnologije [17]. Slika 7: Primerjava gibanja cen emisijskih kuponov CO2 v 3.2 Podpore za vpeljavo OVE 2022 med gospodarsko intenzivnimi trgi [19]. Avtorji študije (Mihalič et al. ) [18] ugotavljajo, da je bilo v Sloveniji v 10 letih od 2009 do 2019 za tehnologije OVE izplačanih preko 1,1 milijard EUR podpor. Najvišje podpore v letu 2019 so prejele sončne elektrarne 61,9 mio EUR, kar je najvišje tudi glede na razmerje med deležem podpore in deležem energije ter elektrarne na biomaso v znesku 18,3 mio EUR (Tabela 1). Male hidroelektrarne (moč < 10 MW) so prejele 4,6 mio EUR podpor v letu 2019 za proizvedenih 110,4 GWh električne energije. Za že zgrajene HE na spodnji Savi (HESS) in HE Mokrice (HEMO) podpore niso bile podeljene (moč > 10 MW), temveč lastniki skladno s koncesijsko pogodbo plačujejo Republiki Sloveniji oz. lokalnim skupnostim dajatve v višini 14 % celotne proizvedene električne energije. Upoštevaje trajanje koncesije avtorji [18] ugotavljajo, da so Slika 8: Količina izpustov emisij CO2 na letni ravni v stroški investicije EUR/kW/življenjsko dobo najnižji pri HE milijardah metričnih ton po regijah [20]. (primerljivih s HESS in HEMO) na ravni 0,010 EUR/kW/življenjsko dobo. Pri VE je ta strošek 0,062 190 Globalno gledano trenutno izpusti emisij CO2 letno znašajo spremembam, ohranjanju konkurenčnosti ter krepitvi slovenske 36 milijard metričnih ton. Pri tem Kitajska in ZDA skupaj industrije, zagotavljanju večje zaposlenosti in doprinos k ustvarita največjo količino izpustov (Slika 8), sledita pa jima prihodkom v proračun države in občin. Indija in Rusija. Skupaj te države predstavljajo več kot polovico Takšen pristop opredeljuje tudi Strategija prostorskega globalnih izpustov (53 odstotkov). Izpusti Kitajske in Indije so razvoja Slovenije 2050 [24], ki spodbuja zlasti večnamenske se zlasti v zadnjih letih povečali, medtem ko so izpusti Evrope v projekte, ki poleg proizvodnje energije iz OVE in drugih zadnjih desetletjih ostali razmeroma stabilni ali celo upadli. nizkoogljičnih virov ustrezno zagotavljajo tudi cilje upravljanja Za primerjavo, največji slovenski proizvajalec električne voda, omogočajo razvoj kmetijstva, turizma ali rekreacije. energije iz fosilnih goriv Termoelektrarna Šoštanj (TEŠ) povprečno letno ustvari 4 milijone ton CO2 [21], kar v globalnem merilu predstavlja le 0,01 % vseh izpustov. 4 KAKO DO RAZVOJA OKOLJA Pojem »okolje« je treba razumeti širše in ne zgolj kot samo en naravni habitat, vodotok ali eno posamezno živalsko vrsto. V obravnavo moramo vzeti celotno naravo oz. vse gradnike, ki Slika 9: Multiplikativni učinki HE izraženi z izboljšano omogočajo življenje na planetu Zemlja – torej tudi ljudi, protipoplavno varnostjo [23]. podnebje, vodo, rastlinstvo, živalstvo, krajino, infrastrukturo, skratka vse, kar obdaja človeka in mu omogoča kvaliteto bivanja. Slika 9 prikazuje primer Sevnice leta 1990 (leva slika) pred Nenazadnje tudi družbeno in gospodarsko okolje. Zgolj izgradnjo HE na spodnji Savi pri pretokih 3.267 m3/s (VP Čatež) konzerviranje narave, kot se včasih želi napačno ustvariti vtis, ni in primer Sevnice leta 2010 (desna slika), kjer do izraza pride dovolj, temveč moramo kot družba in posamezniki strmeti k učinek protipoplavne zaščite z zgrajeno HE ob pretoku 3.700 trajnostno uravnoteženemu in vzdržnemu razvoju, upoštevaje m3/s (VP Čatež). Izpostavimo, da so novodobne HE načrtovane okoljske, družbene in gospodarske vidike. skrbno, z vključevanjem najširšega kroga deležnikov pri čemer Za razliko od vzhodnega sveta je zahodni človek usmerjen v projektne rešitve obsegajo številne sonaravne ureditve za materialne dobrine in užitke, ki so mu dostopni relativno izboljšanje stanja okolja in živalskih vrst [25]. enostavno. Prenasičenost dobrin in dostopnost vsega in kadarkoli Dokazano je, da se z izgradnjo verige HE na spodnji Savi (princip polnega hladilnika) ga vodi v cono udobja, dosegajo bistveno bolj ugodni vplivi na površinske in podzemne samoumevnosti in brezskrbnosti, kar na dolgi rok povzroči vode, predvsem pa se znatno minimalizira finančna škoda zaradi propad. Tu je na mestu stališče Jordana B. Petersona, ki izpostavi naravnih pojavov poplav in suš, medtem ko se v času gradnje HE pomen reda in kaosa [22]. Eno brez drugega ne more. In sklepati in njihovih spremljajočih infrastrukturnih ureditev krepi gre, da smo v Evropi trenutno v fazi kreiranja kaosa, ki bo v neki slovensko gospodarstvo in zaposlenost. Kot ocenjujejo točki, ob tem načinu življenja (odsotnost razuma, odgovornosti, strokovnjaki iz Urada RS za makroekonomske analize in razvoj, sodelovanja in razgradnja osnovnih vrednot), privedel do pride v obdobju gradnje HE tudi do pozitivnega vpliva na letni "velikega poka" in vzpostavitvi novega reda. prirastek BDP, in sicer med 0,2 in 0,4 % vsako leto, glede na Kot eden izmed odgovor na tovrstne izzive je zagotovo intenzivnost gradnje [26]. zavedanje, da moramo čim prej pričeti uresničevati velike in Model gradnje spodnje savskih HE obsega vlaganja države v strateško pomembne projekte, ki temeljijo na modelu RCPL: infrastrukturne ureditve in vlaganja gospodarske družbe v - Responsible: odgovorna raba virov (naravnih, človeških, energetski del za proizvodnjo električne energije. Kot je razvidno finančnih, materialnih); iz Slika 10 je pomemben finančni učinek verige HE na proračun - Colaborative: v sodelovanju in povezovanju posameznih Slovenije, v katerega se v obdobju 50 let delovanja HE prilije 2 interesnih skupin ter njihovih ciljev; milijardi EUR sredstev (op. p. znesek ne upošteva dobičkov - Profitable: profitabilni razvoj za okolje, gospodarstvo in prodane količine električne energije, ki se nameni za izgradnjo družbo; novih OVE proizvodnih enot), kar krepi blaginjo države. - Lean: vitko delovanje in krepitev sposobnosti države. v mio € Vlaganja v izgradnjo verige HE in finančni učininki verige HE na proračun RS 2.000 1.966 Model RCPL je uporabljen in uspešno preizkušen na primeru koncesnina 281 1.800 večnamenskega projekta izgradnje HE na spodnji Savi 111 . Kot 1.600 vodno povračilo 256 davek od dobička opredelita Pišotek in Jeršič 1.400 [23] je vodilo projekta izgradnje 1.200 spodnje savskih HE zavedanje, da »vse kar vzamemo iz okolja 477 DDV 1.000 mu moramo vrniti z nekajkratnim presežkom«. In prav 803 800 vzdrževanje vodne infrastrukture 85 večnamenski projekt HE na spodnji Savi je rezultat najširših dajatve od plač zaposlenih in zunanjih 600 303 479 Energetski del vlaganj izvajalcev pozitivnih in sinergijskih učinkov, ki se manifestirajo predvsem 400 292 poplavna škoda 200 324 Infrastrukturni del vlaganj v izboljšani protipoplavni varnosti, razvoju kmetijstva, namakanje / sprememba kultur 161 0 Vlaganja v izgradnjo verige HE na spodnji Savi Finančni učinki verige HE na proračun RS ekosistemskih storitev, turizma in ribištva, športno-rekreacijskih po Novelaciji PIZ 2014 dejavnosti ter lokalne in državne infrastrukture. Projekt pomembno prispeva tudi k udejanjanju trajnostnega razvoja, Slika 10: Investicijska vlaganja pri izgradnji HE na spodnji povečanju deleža OVE in uresničevanju zavez Republike Savi in pozitivni finančni učinki na proračun Slovenije [26]. Slovenije do EU v procesu prilagajanja podnebnim 191 Da imamo v Sloveniji težavo s prepočasnim vlaganjem v se izognemo zelenemu davku, saj proizvodnja HE predstavlja velike državne energetske projekte izkazuje analiza, ki smo jo zeleni kapital, ki ga investiramo v izvedbo novih OVE projektov. opravili in temelji na letnih poročilih posameznih družb (Slika Celovitega zelenega prehoda in energetske neodvisnosti pa 11). Iz analize lahko zaključimo, da se v Sloveniji po zaključku nikakor ne moremo doseči brez jedrske tehnologije, zato se mora gradnje HE Brežice v 2017 praktično ni izvajalo drugih večjih čim prej sprejeti odločitev za projekt NEK 2, ki za slovensko projektov OVE. Razlogi, da se je hidro program v Sloveniji energetiko predstavlja dolgoročen in potreben projekt ter ga je ustavil so izključno v dolgotrajnih postopkih pridobivanja možno zaključiti do 2040. Upoštevajoč skoraj ničelni vpliv TEŠ dovoljenj. Zato bo na ravni države in odločevalcev nujno na globalne izpuste CO2 se, do pričetka delovanja NEK 2, niti ni pospešiti intenziteto vlaganj in izboljšati podporo novim nizko smiselno obremenjevati z njegovim zapiranjem. ogljičnim projektom, če se želimo približati trendom, ki jih Uporaba jedrske energije in hidroenergije je tudi edini narekujejo najbolj razvite države. razumen in odgovoren scenarij, ki vodi h krepitvi sposobnosti države ter blaginji Slovencev. Pri odločanju, katerim energetskim virom bomo v prihodnosti namenili pozornost, je zato treba gledati celovito in razumno. Zavedati se namreč moramo, da bi odločitve, ki bi sicer morda bile všečne v danem trenutku, lahko postale velika cokla pri razvoju v prihodnosti. O AVTORJU Boštjan Pišotek, mag. ing. str. je diplomiral na Univerzi v Mariboru iz energetskega, procesnega in okoljskega strojništva. Zaključil program Managerial & Organization & Entrepreneurship na University of Glasgow, MBA na London School of Economics and Political Science ter program Slika 11: Primerjava deleža Investicije/EBITDA s Executive Leadership na University of Oxfordu. Zaposlen je v konkurenti v tujini. podjetju HESS kot vodja kompleksnih projektov, kjer je odgovoren za naložbene in razvojne projekte. Kot predstavnik 5 ZAKLJUČEK naročnika projekta je aktivno sodeloval pri gradnji večnamenskega projekta HE Brežice. Trenutno vodi projekt HE V članku je izkazano, da sposobnost države igra ključno vlogo Mokrice, ki je zadnji del večnamenskega projekta izgradnje pri uresničevanju njenih strateških interesov in ciljev. Temeljni verige HE na spodnji Savi. Je aktiven član in delegat gradniki te sposobnosti so fiskalna sposobnost, pravna Slovenskega združenja za projektni management v sposobnost in družbena sposobnost. Slabša pravna in družbena mednarodnem združenju za projektni management (IPMA) ter sposobnost lahko vodita k politični nestabilnosti, omejitvam član IPMA svetovalnega odbora s področja energetike. Bil je gospodarskega razvoja ter zmanjšani blaginji državljanov. eden od ustanoviteljev sekcije Mladih projektnih managerjev, ki Poleg tega, je tudi pomembno razumeti, kako različni jo je tudi vrsto let vodil in deloval v projektnih skupinah, ki so dejavniki, kot so zelena energija, emisije toplogrednih plinov in razvijale nove tehnične rešitve za podjetji BSH GmbH in energetska tranzicija, vplivajo na globalno okolje in Gorenje. konkurenčnost držav. 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Pridobljeno 25. 8. 2023. http://www.mvd20.com/LETO2015/R25.pdf 193 Premog, gorivo prihodnosti; če premoga ne bomo kurili, tudi prihodnosti ne bomo imeli No coal no future Leon Valenč ič † Ljubljana, Slovenija leon.valenčič@telemačh.net POVZETEK KEYWORDS Č e ž elimo š e naprej imeti žanešljivo napajanje ž elektriko, Stone age, čoal, šeriouš power plantš moramo nujno imeti elektrarne, ki delajo elektriko takrat, ko jo rabimo. Sonč ne in vetrne elektrarne obič ajno ne delajo ravno takrat ko elektriko najbolj rabimo. Količ inško 1 OBNOVLJIVI VIRI ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE uštrežnega nač ina hrambe električ ne energije ne požnamo. NE MOREJO NADOMESTITI PROIZVODNJE Č e novih elektrarn ne gradimo in pošpeš eno žapiramo RESNIH ELEKTRAN obštoječ e elektrarne, moramo prič akovati pomanjkanje S šonč nimi, vetrnimi in hidro elektrarnami nikakor ni mož no elektrike. Uvož električ ne energije ne bo mož en, ker še v EU nadomeštiti proižvodnje rešnih elektrarn. Ko elektriko elektrarne žapirajo. Č e bi ž ražogljič enjem mišli rešno, bi najbolj rabimo, šonč ne in vetrne elektrarne obič ajno ne morali do konča ž ivljenjške dobe NE Krš ko žagnati všaj š tiri proižvajajo nič elektrike. Slovenške hidroelektrarne š nove flekšibilne jedrške elektrarne, torej všakih 5 let eno. pretoč nimi akumulačijami imajo želo omejene mož nošti Verjetnošt, da žgradimo eno šamo novo jedrško elektrarno v hrambe energije, ko še reke pošuš ijo, došegajo do ≈1/3 našlednjih 20 letih je praktič no enaka nič . Za elektrarne na inštalirane moč i, poleg tega je š e ražpolož ljiv hidroenergetški žemeljški plin iž plinovodov šmo še lani nauč ili, da to ne gre, potenčial premajhen, da bi lahko pridobili žadoštne količ ine torej nam oštanejo šamo š e premogovne elektrarne. električ ne energije. KLJUČNE BESEDE Kamena doba, premog, rešne elektrarne 2 NE OBSTAJA KOLIČINSKO USTREZEN NAČIN HRAMBE ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE ABSTRACT V luč i energetške politike, ki pravi, da bo vša elektrika If we want to čontinue to have a reliable šupply of elečtričity, obnovljiva, moramo poudariti, da bi ža hrambo elektrike iž we abšolutely mušt have power plantš that produče šonč nih in vetrnih elektrarn nujno rabili ogromne hranilnike, elečtričity when we need it. Solar and wind farmš ušually do ki jih enoštavno ni. Najboljš i došlej žnan nač in hrambe not work exačtly when we need elečtričity the mošt. We do elektrike šo č rpalne hidroelektrarne, vendar šo njihove not know a quantitatively adequate way of štoring kapačitete premajhne, da bi lahko ž njimi hranili dovolj elečtričity.If we do not build new power plantš and elektrike; v prakši bi nam žmanjkalo vode in proštora ža aččelerate the člošure of exišting power plantš, we mušt njihovo poštavitev. expečt a šhortage of elečtričity. It will not be poššible to import elečtričity bečauše power plantš are člošing down in Hipotetič na hramba električ ne energije bi bila povežana ž the EU. If we were šeriouš about dečarbonižation, we would velikimi ižgubami in ogromnimi štroš ki, ki bi jih morali have to štart up at leašt four new flexible nučlear power pripišati štroš kom vetrnih in šonč nih elektrarn, č e bi plantš by the end of the Krš ko NE'š lifetime, i.e. one every 5 primerjali štroš ke teh š klašič nimi elektrarnami, š tem bi yearš. The probability of building a šingle new nučlear power čena električ ne energije poštala nešprejemljiva, gre ža plant in the next 20 yearš iš pračtičally žero. We learned lašt poveč anje, ki prešega 10 kratnik šedanjih čen. year that thiš doeš not work for power plantš powered by natural gaš from gaš pipelineš, šo we are left with only čoal- Iždelava šintetič nih goriv iž ž lahtne oblike energije, kar fired power plantš. elektrika je, bi bil pročeš v katerega bi bilo vlož ene več ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note energije kot bi je dobili ven iž tega pročeša. Ižgube takih †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note pročešov, ko bi iž šintetič nih primarnih energentov narejenih iž elektrike, delali nažaj elektriko, šo okrog 80% v šamem Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or pročešu, č e bi temu dodali š e všo porabljeno energijo ža vše distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice te poštroje, bi bila energijška bilanča negativna. Čena and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). električ ne energije iž takš nih pročešov bi bila Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia nepredštavljivo višoka. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 194 3 ALI Z AKTUALNO ENERGETSKO POLITIKO več jo odvišnošt pri pokrivanju obremenitev, bi bilo RES ČUVAMO OKOLJE? žanaš anje na velike količ ine uvoža električ ne energije prečej utopič no poč etje. Nenažadnje bi še morali vpraš ati ali ž novodobno energetško politiko emišije ogljikovega diokšida žmanjš ujemo ali jih Č e poleg tega upoš tevamo, da še povšod po Evropi rešne* poveč ujemo? Ali okolje ražbremenjujemo ali ga dodatno elektrarne množ ič no žapirajo žaradi denominačije premoga bremenimo in onešnaž ujemo? Pravžaprav je viš ek ironije pri in jedrške energije, je edina mož na ugotovitev, da moramo novodobni energetški politiki ta, da še žaradi nje porabijo nujno šami na švojem ožemlju žagotoviti žanešljivo ogromne dodatne količ ine fošilnih goriv ža iždelavo šonč nič, proižvodnjo uštrežnih količ in električ ne energije in moč i. vetrnič, baterij, pa tudi rudarjenje ogromnih količ in šurovin *rešne elektrarne šo premogovne in jedrške. Pomembna je potrebnih ža iždelavo teh ni prav nič okolju prijažno poč etje. žaloga goriva! Elektrarne na žemeljški plin nujno rabijo laštno škladiš č e plina ž uštrežno žalogo. 4 VSI BI UVAŽALI ELEKTRIČNO ENERGIJO V elektroenergetškem šištemu moramo však trenutek 5 ZAKLJUČEK žagotavljati ravnovešje med moč jo porabe in moč jo Verjetnošt, da v Sloveniji v 20 letih žgradimo 4 flekšibilne proižvodnje žato energijške bilanče daljš ih obdobij nišo jedrške elektrarne ali 6 novih premogovnih blokov, je manjš a merodajne ža nač rtovanje žadoštne proižvodnje električ ne kot verjetnošt, da še hitro vrnemo nažaj v kameno dobo. energije, šo pa prvi žnak neuštrežnega šištema proižvodnje električ ne energije. VIRI [1] Zdrava pamet. Energetška bilanča Slovenije in njej šošednjih drž av [2] Osnove fizike. (Avštrija, Italija, Madž arška in Hrvaš ka) je globoko negativna, [3] Bjorn Lomborg: Welfare in the 21st century: Increasing development, škupni primanjkljaj na letnem nivoju žnaš a približ no 70 reducing inequality, the impact of climate change, and the cost of climate policies, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 156 TWh. Slovenška uvožna odvišnošt po energiji v žadnjih letih (2020) 119981. žnaš a do 20% letne energije in niha predvšem v odvišnošti [4] Batt Odgerel et. al.: A Critičal Aššeššment of the IEA’š Net Zero Scenario, ESG, and the Cessation of Investment in New Oil and Gas od hidrološ kih ražmer in v manjš i meri od rednih remontov Fields, June 2023, Energy Policy Research Foundation. NE Krš ko. [5] BRYAN LEYLAND: THE WIND AND SOLAR POWER MYTH HAS FINALLY BEEN EXPOSED The necessary miracle doesn't exist, May 2023. Bolj problematič na š štališ č a žagotavljanja žanešljivega [6] Energy Hungry World Drives Obvious Demand for Cheap, Reliable napajanja odjema je bilanča moč i naš ega Coal- Fired Power, https://stopthesethings.com/2023/09/21/energy-hungry- world- elektroenergetškega šištema. Ko še požimi v mražu drives-obvious-demand-for-cheap-reliable-coal-fired-power/ obremenitve poveč ajo krepko preko 2.000 MW in še pretoki [7] Hard Time: Britš Fače Prišon For Ušing Power When the Wind’š Not Blowing, https://stopthesethings.com/2023/09/20/hard-time- rek žmanjš ajo, naš a uvožna odvišnošt lahko prež e 1.000 MW brits-face- prison-for-using-power-when-the-winds-not-blowing/ in došež e nivo približ no 50% odvišnošti od uvoža, kljub [8] Want Time Freezing or Boiling In The Dark: Keep Backing Wind & normalnemu obratovanju elektrarn. Solar, https://stopthesethings.com/2023/09/19/want-time- freezing-or-boiling-in-the-dark-keep-backing-wind-solar/ [9] New Study: Earth Will Čool By 1°Č Over The Next Decades Due To The Zelo žgovoren je prikaž dejanških urnih bilanč šlovenškega Upcoming Grand Solar Minimum, https://notrickszone.com/2023/09/22/new-study-earth-will-cool- elektroenergetškega šištema v letih 2015- 2019 iž RN ELES, by-1c- over-the-next-decades-due-to-the-upcoming-grand-solar- ki kaž e, da je bilanča več kot 7000 ur/leto (do 86% č aša v minimum/ letu) negativna, v ekštremu uvaž amo do 80% moč i. [10] Study findš big blačkoutš from Biden’š power plant ruleš, https://www.cfact.org/2023/09/16/study-finds-big-blackouts- Č e torej upoš tevamo veliko odvišnošt Slovenije in šošednjih from- bidens-power-plant-rules/ drž av od uvoža električ ne energije na letnem nivoju in š e 195 Miti in resnice o slovenskem okolju Myths and truths about Slovenian environment Matjaž Gams† Odsek za inteligentne sisteme Institut “Jožef Stefan” Ljubljana, Slovenija matjaz.gams@ijs.si POVZETEK parkovno območje v Evropi zunaj Skandinavije. Danes pa kritični pogled razkriva vrsto zaskrbljujočih trendov. V Sloveniji pogosto mislimo, da dobro skrbimo za okolje – in na Že v študijah Černiča Isteniča (2007) in Kozjeka in sod. (2010) splošno še kar drži. Če pa pogledamo, kako se dogajanje in je opaziti, da obstaja razkorak med slovensko percepcijo skrbi za medijske objave skladajo s strokovnim razumevanjem varovanja okolje in dejanskim stanjem. To nas opominja na globalne okolja, ugotovimo šokantno slabšo sliko, kot se slika v medijih: trende, o katerih so pisali avtorji kot so Carson (1962), ki je kar je videno kot največja okoljska nevarnost, pogosto ni nič opozorila na nevarnosti pesticidov in kemikalij, Diamond posebnega, in tam, kjer delamo največje okoljske napake in (2005), ki je analiziral, kako se družbe soočajo s svojimi škodo, ni v medijih dostikrat ne duha in ne sluha, oziroma ravno okoljskimi omejitvami, in Hardin (1968), ki je izpostavil koncept nasprotno – hvala povsem zgrešenih ekoloških potez. "tragedije skupnega". KLJUČNE BESEDE Plut (2023) v obsežnem delu argumentira, da bi morala nova Miti, resnice, okolje, Slovenija družbena ureditev temeljiti na okoljskih in podnebnih ukrepih, ki bi vodili k družbi odrasti in s tem povezanemu izdatno ABSTRACT zmanjšanemu pritisku na okolje. Pri tem išče rešitve tudi v In Slovenia, we often think that we take good care of the družbenem in ekonomskem sistemu. Na primer, ne vidi environment - and generally, it's somewhat true. However, when kvalitetnega varovanja okolja v neoliberalnem kapitalizmu, kjer we look deeply, especially in terms of how it aligns with the kapital vodi delovanje države. Predlaga prehod v ekosocialni expert understanding of environmental protection and what is kapitalizem, ki bo postavil v ospredje ekološke in socialne actually happening to the Slovenian environment, we discover a naloge, in nato ekohumanizem. Za dosego zmerne skupne in shockingly worse picture than what is often portrayed in the osebne blaginje je treba poudarek dati vodni, energetski in media: what is seen as the biggest environmental threat often prehranski samozadostnosti ter količinski gospodarski odrasti, turns out to be nothing special, and where we make the biggest sonaravnemu krožnemu gospodarstvu z zmanjševanjem porabe environmental mistakes and cause damage, it is often neither materialov, energije, prostora in potrošnje, da ne bo prišlo do mentioned nor shown in the media, or even quite the opposite - uničenja planeta. Po Plutovem mnenju smo že presegli vzdržen thanks to completely misguided web or classical media texts. nivo obremenitve planeta (Meadows in sod. 1972). KEYWORDS Gams in približno sto sodelavcev (2020) je na osnovi dela v Myths, truth, environment, Slovenia Državnem svetu in Inženirski akademiji predstavila Belo knjigo varovanja okolja, ki je osnova razmišljanja tudi v tem prispevku. Ideja temelji na potrebi, da s pomočjo znanja, znanosti in 1 UVOD inženirstva temeljito analiziramo celotno verigo posameznih V obdobju, ko varovanje okolja postaja osrednje vprašanje tehnologij ali ukrepov, ugotovimo njihovo škodljivost oz. globalne skupnosti, je ključno razumeti, kateri ukrepi so razmerje med okoljsko škodo in pozitivnimi učinki ter poiščemo učinkoviti in kateri škodljivi, čeprav so predstavljeni kot konkretne rešitve. Izkazalo se je, da so možni izjemni prihranki, okoljevarstveni. Slovenija je ponosna na svojo zeleno dediščino če pravilno uporabimo znanje in prenehamo delati napake. in zgodovino varovanja okolja, ki sega nazaj do ustanovitve Triglavskega narodnega parka leta 1924. Gre za prvo narodno Poglejmo kar konkretno marsikatero streho s solarnimi paneli v ljubljanski kotlini z relativno malo sonca, usmerjeno proti ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note zahodu. Je to ekološko primerno, ali sistemsko škodljivo, ker so †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note menda »izračunali«, da se izplača? Torej ne znajo »računati«, da delajo tako velike napake? Ali pa poglejmo reklame ob Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed avtocestah, nelegalno postavljene zato, ker je zakonodaja dala for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full županom pristojnost in dolžnost, da jih ne postavljajo na citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). kmetijskih zemljiščih, pa jih, ker so hkrati finančno motivirani za Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 196 to. Ali pa se vprašajmo, zakaj smo po kvadratnih metrih veletrgovin na glavo prvi v Evropi? Že pri nekaj naštetih primerih je nakazana velika razlika med okoljsko učinkovitimi ukrepi in propagiranjem javnih medijev, pri čemer verjetno za nekatere rešitve agitirajo posamezni tehnološki in gospodarski interesi, recimo za naftno industrijo, manj jasno pa je recimo navijanje za druge, recimo upepelitev in žare, kjer ni videti energetskega lobija v ozadju. Zakaj se toliko hvalijo »trajnostne« rešitve, če pa prav vsaka tehnologija povzroča določeno škodo okolju, na primer gradnja cest do vetrne elektrarne ali zamenjava sončnih panelov na vsakih 10 do 15 let? Zakaj ne preučimo strokovno izdelanih tabel Slika 1: Primerjava izpustov CO2 glede na celoten o škodljivosti določenih tehnologij? Očitno prihaja do velikih življenjski cikel tehnologije. (Vir: razlik med kakovostnim varovanjem okolja in dejanskim https://www.rocketsolar.com/learn/energy-efficiency/how- stanjem. Ob upoštevanju spoznanj in raziskav je ta članek lifetime-emissions-different-energy-sources-stack) namenjen hitremu pregledu dejanskega stanja okoljske zaščite v Sloveniji s posebnim poudarkom na razkoraku med percepcijo Pričakovali bi, da bi bila ekološko usmerjena združenja najbolj in realnostjo. Poleg tega bomo obravnavali potencialne strategije kritična do tehnologij, ki so najbolj škodljive za okolje – in rešitve, ki bi Sloveniji pomagale bolje nasloviti ključne izzive predvsem do tistih, ki temeljijo na izgorevanju fosilnih goriv, in zagotoviti trajnostno prihodnost za prihodnje generacije. zlasti premoga. Pridobivanje energije iz premoga sprosti skoraj 100-krat več CO2 kot jedrska energija. Vendar hitra analiza slovenskih medijev pokaže, da sta najbolj kritizirani predvsem 2 OSNOVNA TABELA ENERGETSKIH jedrska in hidroenergija. Prva naj bi bila škodljiva zaradi sevanja, TEHNOLOGIJ druga pa zaradi uničevanja naravnega okolja. Ljudsko Na voljo je kar nekaj tabel, ki primerjajo osnovne energijske prepričanje in oglaševanje pogosto predstavljata fotovoltaiko kot tehnologije. V Sloveniji je bil takšen prispevek objavljen v najbolj okolju prijazno, vendar je glede na sliko 1 trikrat slabša časniku Delo (Lengar 2023). Čeprav se med tabelami pojavljajo kot jedrska energija. manjša odstopanja, je osnovni zaključek v vseh enak: Vsakič, ko kurimo (torej uporabljamo ogenj), na primer pri premogu ali Kljub temu je treba Sliko 1 obravnavati z določeno mero nafti, gre za okolju škodljivo energijo, zato so recimo jedrska ali kritičnosti predvsem zaradi njene splošnosti. Oglejmo si primer hidroenergija bistveno bolj okolju prijazni kot termoelektrarne hidroelektrarn, ki so načeloma ugodne z vidika CO2. V Sloveniji ali plinarne. Ta trend je tako izrazit, da ga lahko obravnavamo smo najbolj učinkovite hidroelektrarne že zgradili in vsaj kot splošno pravilo: nekatere reke bi morali ohraniti brez jezov zaradi varstva okolja Vse tehnologije, ki temeljijo na ognju oz. izgorevanju, so – ni vse v denarju in statistiki. okolju škodljive. S tem ustvarimo 85% vsega CO2. Podobno velja razmišljati o sončnih elektrarnah. Dokler so nameščene na strehah ali drugih neuporabnih površinah, so To pravilo je zelo uporabno, saj nam med drugim omogoča primerne. Ko pa jih začnemo postavljati na kmetijske površine, razumeti celo na videz povsem nepovezane dogodke, recimo da postanejo ena izmed najmanj primernih tehnologij, dejansko je upepelitev pokojnika za več redov velikosti bolj škodljiva za ekološki kriminal. Kljub temu se to ravno promovira in hvali v okolje kot klasičen ali še bolj ekološki pokop. Tako tudi lažje slovenskih medijih. spregledamo poskuse zavajanja - nekatere trditve na spletu, da je kremacija bolj ekološka kot klasičen pokop, temeljijo na Prof. Damijan v svojem blogu predpostavki, da ob urejanju groba s striženjem trave s časom (https://damijan.org/2023/05/15/skriti-stroski-obnovljivih- porabimo veliko CO2. Taki izračuni so na seveda prirejeni, kar virov-energije-2/) piše: »Za vsak megavat inštalirane moči vetra kaže na pomanjkanje zdrave pameti in strokovnosti v medijskih ali sonca potrebujemo še vsaj en megavat inštalirane moči v in spletnih objavah. Je torej ekološko slaba izbira trava, ker jo je plinsko-parne elektrarne (ker so fleksibilne in poceni) ter dodatne treba vzdrževati? Seveda je končna odločitev o načinu pokopa zmogljivosti za kratkoročno izravnavanje omrežja. Več kot osebna izbira, vendar zakaj in kdo zavaja ali ne razume osnov dodamo zmogljivosti sonca in vetra, več nestabilnosti dodamo varovanja okolja? A vrnimo se na osnovne vire energije. omrežju in večji so stroški za njeno ublažitev – ker sistem nikoli Na sliki 1 je prikazana celotna škodljivost posameznih tehnologij ni bil zasnovan za obvladovanje prekinitev dotokov energije. v smislu izpustov CO2, od izkopavanja surovin do uporabe in Več kot vlagamo v sonce in veter, večji postaja problem za recikliranja (Sandoval, 2023). Izvorni vir je na naslovu: elektroenergetski sistem in večji račun za njegovo odpravo. Zato, https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/life-cycle- če smo pošteni, povečana vlaganja v zmogljivosti vetra in sonca assessment.html?qls=QMM_12345678.0123456789. zgolj preusmerjajo prepotrebne naložbe stran od zanesljivejših in stroškovno učinkovitejših virov energije. V majhnem obsegu so te investicije v zmogljivosti sonca in vetra koristno dopolnilo, da malce zmanjšamo izpuste CO2 poleti, v velike obsegu ali celo kot glavni vir pa so narodnogospodarsko škodljive 197 (destabilizirajoče, drage in uničujoče za gospodinjstva in zaščito (pesticide) proti insektom, kar uniči biološko verigo industrijo), da o njihovem negativnem vplivu na okolje in od spodaj navzgor. Primer študije je: socialne razmere v nerazvitih državah (kjer pridobivajo potrebne https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/03/planting-gmos- kovine in minerale) ne govorimo.« Podobno trdi dr. Mihalič kills-so-many- bugs-that-it-helps-non-gmo-crops/. (2015).  Uvesti je treba ekološki davek na uvoženo hrano, ki je sorazmeren z oddaljenostjo. Pri nakupu hrane pazljivo Zakaj torej tako intenzivno propagiranje kar počez v trajnostne preverite njeno poreklo in dajte prednost hrani iz bližnje vire energije, čeprav so nekatere okolju celo bolj škodljive kot okolice, saj je običajno tudi bolj sveža. Posebej bodite klasične in celo manj trajnostne, predvsem pa ob slabi izvedbi? pozorni pri nakupu hrane iz Afrike ali Južne Amerike, saj obstaja velika verjetnost, da s tem podpirate uničevanje pragozdov. Vsak uvoz hrane iz oddaljenih krajev zahteva 3 PRAKTIČNI NASVETI VAROVANJA prevoz, kar pomeni dodatno porabo fosilnih goriv. OKOLJA  Ohranimo kmetijske površine. Samozadostnost Slovenije je V delu Gams in sodelavcev (2020) so zbrani napotki za okoli 30%, saj smo uničili že veliko kmetijskih površin in učinkovito varovanje okolja, ki večinoma ne prinašajo velikih še vedno vsak dan izgubimo površino enega nogometnega stroškov, imajo pa pomembne učinke. Nekatere predloge avtorja stadiona. V zadnjih 25 letih smo izgubili 85 tisoč hektarjev in njegovih sodelavcev so v zadnjih letih upoštevali, mnoge pa kmetijskih zemljišč, od leta 2000 pa 10% kmetijskih ne. Naštejmo nekaj neupoštevanih predlogov: površin. Toliko površin pozidamo oz. okoljsko uničimo.  Države naj ne povečujejo števila svojega prebivalstva.  Uvesti olajšave za moderne klimatske naprave – inverterje Produkt ljudi in standarda predstavlja glavne onesnaževalce in seznaniti medije z njihovo učinkovitostjo, saj okolja. Zato je nujno ustaviti rast prebivalstva v vsaki državi predstavljajo najboljše grelne naprave do približno ničelne ali pa naj te države plačujejo višji ekološki davek. V temperature. Sloveniji se prebivalstvo ohranja ali celo raste predvsem  V doglednem času je potrebno zapreti predvsem starejše zaradi velike imigracije, kar je, če zanemarimo druge termoelektrarne na premog, saj so poglavitni vir dejavnike, okoljsko škodljivo. onesnaženja zraka v Sloveniji.  Z zakonom naj se prepovejo reklamni panoji ob avtocestah.  Dodatno je potrebno obdavčiti veletrgovine, še posebej pa Ekološko napredne države so to že uvedle, Slovenija pa gradnjo novih. Glede na število kvadratnih metrov kljub 15-letnim prizadevanjem avtorja na ta način slikovito veletrgovin na prebivalca smo med vodilnimi v svetu, kljub izraža svoj ne odnos do okolja. Kljub intenzivnemu temu pa se še vedno intenzivno gradijo nove, saj prejemajo lobiranju avtorja in okoljevarstvenikov ni uspel noben tak spodbude ali pa se s pomočjo "spretnih" prijemov izogibajo predlog. davkom zaradi pomanjkljivih zakonov in zidajo zastonj.  Treba je zaostriti zakonodajo na področju svetlobnega Naša politika ne najde ali ne želi najti ustreznih rešitev za onesnaževanja in strožje regulirati postavljanje novih ureditev tega stanja. svetlobnih virov.  Slovenija bi morala zgraditi nov blok jedrske elektrarne in  Spodbujati je treba mestno prebivalstvo. Potrebno je tako opustiti stare termoelektrarne. V primerjavi s starimi podpirati normalno življenje na podeželju kot tudi selitve v termoelektrarnami predstavlja jedrska energija praktično mesta. Ključno pa je preprečiti enakomerno poseljevanje, čisto energijo, saj v procesu ne nastaja CO2 – v njej ni saj je to ekološko najbolj škodljivo. Če upoštevamo skupno gorenja. Za zamenjavo enega bloka jedrske elektrarne bi število prebivalcev našega planeta, bi vsak zasedel le nekaj potrebovali 10.000 vetrnic ali velik del slovenskega m2 v Sloveniji. ozemlja. Podobno velja za sončne panele.  Povečati je treba vlogo znanosti in stroke v medijskem  Na avtocestah bi bilo treba zmanjšati dovoljene hitrosti ali poročanju ter dejanskem izvajanju varovanja okolja. Iz vsaj poostriti nadzor nad divjanjem. Za vsakih 10 km/h nad neznanih razlogov obstaja mnogo mitov in neresnic, 110 km/h se onesnaženje poveča za 10%, pri še višjih povezanih z varovanjem okolja. Tako se mnogi napori za hitrostih pa še bolj. Promet je eden izmed glavnih varovanje okolja izjalovijo, včasih pa se z "dobrimi" nameni onesnaževalcev okolja v Sloveniji. celo povzroči škodo okolju.  Z različnimi ukrepi bi bilo treba omejiti tranzitni prevoz  Invazivne, posebej alergene rastlinske vrste in živalske vrste tovornjakov čez Slovenijo: z višjimi kaznimi, večjimi je treba sistematično in na vse možne načine odstranjevati. cestninami, dodatnimi ekološkimi davki itd. En tovornjak Po poročanju International Union for Conservation of povzroči toliko škode na avtocesti kot 10.000 osebnih Nature (IUCN) je polovica vseh endemičnih rastlinskih vrst avtomobilov in na mnoge druge načine škodi okolju. v Evropi ogrožena ali jim grozi izumrtje. Invazivne vrste so  Potrebno je uvesti davke na ceste proporcionalno z soodgovorne za izumiranje vrst, ki je bilo v zadnjih 100 letih velikostjo cest in zlasti na gradnjo novih cest. 100-krat hitrejše, v zadnjih 50 letih pa se je število živali  Vožnjo s terenskimi vozili, motornimi sanmi, kolesi in (tako po številu osebkov kot po teži) zmanjšalo za polovico podobno je treba strožje omejiti le na dovoljene poti. Po (Kolbert 2014; De Vos in sodelavci 2014). Zanimivo je, da Sloveniji opažamo terence, ki vozijo po stranskih poteh, nobena slovenska vlada ni sprejela prepovedi alergenih poljih, travnikih in gozdu, s tem pa plašijo divjad in rastlin celo v vrtcih kljub pobudam avtorja. povzročajo druge težave. Enako velja za gorske kolesarje.  Potrebna je velika pozornost glede uvajanja genetsko spremenjenih površin, saj s sabo tipično pripeljejo genetsko 198 4 DISKUSIJA IN ZAKLJUČKI Pohvalno je, da se zavedanje o pomembnosti varovanja okolja povečuje. Slabo pa je, da obstaja toliko mitov in neresnic, verjetno kot posledica neznanja ali neupoštevanja strokovnih spoznanj. V ozadju se morda skriva tudi ideologija ali pa različni globalni in lokalni interesi. Zaradi tega v Sloveniji okolju povzročamo veliko škode. Veliko bi naredili že s tem, da bi širili pravilna, strokovna spoznanja o varovanju okolja. Kot pravi prof. Mihalič: “Ni sprejemljivo, da se ideja o obnovljivih virih energije – to idejo bi bilo sicer mogoče povsem realno zagovarjati, saj je argumentov za to več kot dovolj – skuša ljudem vsiliti z lažmi in pogosto nekritično asistenco medijev. … zloraba znanosti in potvarjanje podatkov ter očitno vlečenje ljudi za nos …” Če pogledamo recimo 15-letno prizadevanje, da bi ukinili reklame ob avtocestah, kot so to naredili na Češkem in kot ima to urejeno večina ekološko zavednih držav, se zdi, da slovenska politika nima posluha za resnično razumevanje varovanja okolja, saj se je v tem času zamenjalo veliko vlad in ministrov raznih usmeritev. Ne skrbi zadostno niti za varstvo svojih občanov, saj recimo niso uvedli prepovedi alergenih rastlin v vrtcih kljub nekaj pobudah avtorja. Naloga stroke je, da daje pripombe in skuša pomagati pri iskanju rešitev. Podobno velja pri varovanju okolja v Sloveniji. Za začetek pa je pomembno, da razširimo prava spoznanja, da razkrinkamo mite, informiramo in izobrazimo prebivalstvo, ki bo – upajmo – prisilila politiko, da začne zares delati v dobro slovenskega okolja. VIRI [1] Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin. [2] Černič Istenič, M. (2007). Okoljsko zavedanje in ravnanje prebivalcev Slovenije. Teorija in praksa, 44(1-2), 155-174. [3] De Vos, J. M., Joppa, L.N., Gittleman, J.L., Stephens, P.R., Stuart L., S. L. Pimm, S.L., (2014). Estimating the Normal Background Rate of Species Extinction, [4] Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking Press. [5] Gams, M. idr. (2020). Bela knjiga o strokovnem varovanju okolja, Institut 'Jožef Stefan' https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-I9010JS8 [6] Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. [7] Kolbert. E. (2014). The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Bloomsbury, February 11. [8] Kozjek, K., Šolar, S. V., & Horvat, M. (2010). Izpostavljenost prebivalstva Slovenije okoljskim dejavnikom. Dela, 34, 81-92. [9] Lengar, I. (2023). Nizkoogljično ali obnovljivo, Delo, Sobotna priloga, 5. avgust, 04-06. [10] Meadows, Donella H; Meadows, Dennis L; Randers, Jørgen; Behrens III, William W (1972). The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (PDF). New York: Universe Books. ISBN 0876631650 [11] Mihalič R. (2015). Zelena energetika, 2. del, https://www.metropolitan.si/novice/zelena-energetika-2- del/ [12] Plut, D. (2023). Ekosistemska družbena ureditev. Prvi zv.: podstati in gradniki ekosistemske družbene ureditve, https://ebooks.uni- lj.si/ZalozbaUL/catalog/book/405 [13] Plut, D. (2023). Ekosistemska družbena ureditev. Drugi zvezek: Slovenija in Evropa, https://doi.org/10.4312/9789612970673 [14] Sandoval M. (2023). How Lifetime Emissions Of Different Energy Sources Stack Up, https://www.rocketsolar.com/learn/energy-efficiency/how- lifetime- emissions-different-energy-sources-stack; vir: https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/life-cycle- assessment.html?qls=QMM_12345678.0123456789 199 Medved ni plišasta igračka, medved je zver! The Bear Is Not A Plush Toy, The Bear Is A Beast! Franc Perko † franc.v.perko@gmail.com POVZETEK Vsakokratno oviranje in preprec evanja strokovno argumentiranega odstrela, pri tako veliki in stabilni Populacija rjavega medveda se vsa leta po drugi svetovni populaciji, ki presega meje sprejemljivosti okolja, ki sobiva z vojni, do leta 1993 poc asi, po tem letu pa naglo s tevilc no in medvedom, je neodgovorno dejanje. prostorsko s iri po Sloveniji. Populacija danes s teje okoli 1.000 medvedov, in je z 21 medvedi na 100 km2 najvis ja KLJUČNE BESEDE populacijska gostota v Evropi. Spolna in starostna sestava populacije sta po vseh dostopnih podatkih najmanj zadnjih Rjavi medved, Slovenija, sobivanje, populacijska gostota, 15 letih stabilni, v populaciji zmerno z 59 % prevladujejo konflikt, ciljna s tevilc nost, preprec evanje samice. Relativna rodnost je okoli 24 %, relativna smrtnost zaradi naravnih, tj. ne- antropogenih dejavnikov (naravna smrtnost) je majhna, okoli 5 %; in so ji verjetno izpostavljeni ABSTRACT predvsem mladic i v prvem letu z ivljenja. Zaradi velike razlike The brown bear population has been slowly expanding med rodnostjo in naravno smrtnostjo ima populacija velik throughout Slovenia all the years after World War II, until potencial rasti tj. 19 % na leto. Č e od potencialne rasti 1993, after that year rapidly expanding in Slovenia in ods tejemo s e razlic ne antropogene vzroke smrtnosti number and space. The population today counts about 1,000 medvedov (predvsem povozi), bi bila letna rast populacije, bears, and with 21 bears per 100 km2, it is the highest brez lova okoli 16 %. Lov je torej edini pomemben dejavnik, population density in Europe. According to all available data, ki vpliva na medletno spreminjanje s tevilc nosti medveda v the sexual and age composition of the population has been Sloveniji. Relativna smrtnost zaradi lova je zadnjih 20 let stable for at least the last 15 years, with females povprec no znas ala okoli 12 %, s tevilc nost populacija se je predominating in the moderate population with 59%. The zato letno povprec no povec evala za prek 4 %. relative fertility rate is around 24%, relative mortality from Leta 2012 je bilo ocenjeno, da je od 400 do 500 medvedov natural, i.e. non-anthropogenic factors (natural mortality) is tista s tevilc nost, s katero so ljudje s e pripravljeni sobivati, low, around 5%; and are probably exposed mainly to puppies povec anje pa bi privedlo do obc utnega zmanjs anja te in the first year of life. Due to the large difference between tolerance. Podatki (2020) o letni dinamiki razlic nih tipov fertility and natural mortality, the population has a high konfliktov z medvedom kaz ejo, da so konflikti s e dodatno growth potential, i.e. 19% per year. If we subtract from narasli, ko je populacija presegla s tevilc nost 630–700 potential growth the various anthropogenic causes of osebkov. Kljub tem spoznanjem se je ciljna s tevilc nost rjavih bear mortality (mainly run-off), the annual growth of the medvedov leta 2022 dvignila na 800 rjavih medvedov v population without hunting would be around 16%. Hunting Sloveniji. Tedaj je bilo v Sloveniji z e vec kot 1.000 medvedov. is therefore the only important factor influencing year-on- year changes in bear abundance in Slovenia. Relative V Sloveniji nimamo na voljo regij, kjer bi medvedi lahko z iveli mortality from hunting has been around 12% on average loc eno od ljudi, zato bo rjavi medved v Sloveniji prez ivel le, over the last 20 years, and the population has therefore c e bodo ljudje pripravljeni sobivati z njim. bi bilo increased on average by over 4% annually. pric akovano, da je ciljna s tevilc nost, ki ohranja obstoj populacije rjavega medveda in omogoc a njegovo sobivanje s In 2012, it was estimated that between 400 and 500 bears prebivalstvom med 500 (toliko jih je bilo okoli leta 2003) in are the abundance with which humans are still willing to najvec 700 medvedov, kolikor jih je bilo leta 2012. coexist, and an increase would lead to a significant reduction in this tolerance. Data (2020) on the annual dynamics of various types of conflicts with bears show that conflicts increased further as the population exceeded the abundance ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note of 630–700 individuals. Despite these findings, the target †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note abundance of brown bears rose to 800 brown bears in 2022 Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal in Slovenia. At that time, there were already more than 1,000 or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or bears in Slovenia. distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of In Slovenia, we do not have regions where bears can live this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia separately from humans, so the brown bear will only survive © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). in Slovenia if people are willing to coexist with it. The target 200 abundance that maintains the existence of the brown bear predvsem na Kočevskem in Notranjskem, kamor so medvedi population and allows its coexistence with a population prihajali iz Hrvaške in Bosne. would be expected to be between 500 bears (around 2003) and a maximum of 700 bears as there were in 2012. Da bi ga ohranili, so na Snežniškem in Haasberškem veleposestvu zavarovali. Ob koncu 19. in v začetku 20. Hindering and preventing professionally argued culling with stoletja je živelo na Kočevskem, Snežniku in Javorniku med such a large and stable population that exceeds the 30 – 40 medvedov. acceptable limits of the environment that coexists with bears is an irresponsible act. Ob razpadu Avstro-ogrske in nastanku Jugoslavije je po Rapallski pogodbi velik del Snežnika in Javornikov in s tem KEYWORDS tudi habitat medveda pripadel Italiji. Medved je postajal tudi na Notranjskem in Kočevskem zelo redek. Ko je bil medved Brown bear, Slovenia, coexistence, population density, že skoraj zatrt, so za varstvo narave vneti lovci leta 1935 conflict, target abundance, prevention izposlovali odlok, ki je medveda uvrstil med redke vrste in ga zavaroval s celoletno prepovedjo lova v srezih Kočevje, Črnomelj, Novo mesto, Logatec in Ljubljana. Medved si je 1 RJAVI MEDVED V EVROPI opomogel, tako da je živelo pred začetkom druge svetovne Leta 2015 je bilo v Evropi s tevilo rjavih medvedov ocenjeno vojne na slovenskem ozemlju okoli 60 ali celo 80 medvedov. na 18.000, v 10 populacijah v 22 drz avah: skandinavska, karelijska, karpatska, dinarsko-pindska, baltska, alpska, V Sloveniji sta se njegova številčnost in razširjenost po drugi vzhodno balkanska, centralno apeninska, kantabrijska in svetovni vojni, kljub varovanju, najprej počasi, po strogi pirenejska populacija. Najvec ja populacija je karpatska, zaščiti leta 1993 pa hitro večali. sledita ji skandinavska in dinarsko-pindska populacija, kamor sodi tudi Slovenija. Vse druge populacije so precej Takole je po Jerina in sod. (2020) naraščala populacija rjavih medvedov v Sloveniji. Po poleganju je bilo spomladi leta manjs e. 1970 190 medvedov, leta 1993 že 300, leta 2008 (prvi genetski monitoring) 570, leta 2016 (drugi monitoring) 800 in leta 2020 že 990 osebkov (intervalna ocena 860–1120). Spolna in starostna sestava populacije sta po vseh dostopnih podatkih najmanj zadnjih 15 letih stabilni, v populaciji zmerno z 59 % prevladujejo samice, kar je za poligamno vrsto pričakovano in normalno. Relativna rodnost je okoli 24 %, relativna smrtnost zaradi naravnih, tj. ne- antropogenih dejavnikov (naravna smrtnost) je majhna, okoli 5 %; in so ji verjetno izpostavljeni predvsem mladiči v prvem letu življenja. Zaradi velike razlike med rodnostjo in naravno smrtnostjo ima populacija velik potencial rasti tj. 19 % na leto. Če od potencialne rasti odštejemo še različne antropogene vzroke smrtnosti medvedov (predvsem povozi), bi bila letna rast populacije, brez lova okoli 16 %. Lov je torej edini pomemben dejavnik, ki vpliva na medletno spreminjanje številčnosti medveda v Sloveniji. Relativna smrtnost zaradi lova je zadnjih 20 let povprečno znašala okoli 12 %, številčnost populacija se je zato letno povprečno povečevala za prek 4 %. Število medvedov v Sloveniji znaša okoli 1.000, Dinarsko- Pindska populacija (od Slovenije prek Hrvaške, Bosne in Hercegovine, Črne Gore, Albanije, do Grčije) pa šteje prek 3.000 osebkov (Jerina in sod. 2020). Kar tretjina te populacije je v Sloveniji, ki je od tega področja tudi najbolj poseljena. V Sloveniji je najvišja populacijska gostota rjavega medveda v Evropi, kjer je v povprečju 21 rjavih medvedov na 100 km2 Slika 1: Razširjenost rjavega medveda v Evropi (Jerina in sod. 2020), na Hrvaškem 10 na100 km2, Slovaška 8 na 100 km2, Apenini in Trentino v Italiji imajo 4 na 100 km2, Švedska 0,15 na 100 km2. 2 RJAVI MEDVED V SLOVENIJI Z rjavim medvedom se praktično srečujemo že po pretežnem Pogled v časnike 19. stoletja lepo kaže odnos do medveda. delu Slovenije, kar gotovo ni dopustno. Imeli so ga za škodljivca, za odstrel je bila predvidena nagrada (strelščina, talija), takoj ko se je medved kje pojavil so se podali v lov nanj. Tako se je ob koncu 19. stoletja ohranil 201 Slika 4: Razširjenost rjavega medveda v Sloveniji – podatki za leto 2018 (Vir: LIFE DINALP BEAR). Spletna stran Velike zveri | GOV.SI 3 NARAVNA PEHRANSKA NOSILNA ZMOGLJIVOST HABITATA MEDVEDA V SLOVENIJI Naravna prehranska nosilna zmogljivost habitata medveda je v Sloveniji je tako velika, da kolic ina hrane ni in ne bo omejevala dinamike s tevilc nosti oz. ni pric akovati zmanjs anja rodnosti in povec anja naravne smrtnosti medveda (samoregulacija). (Jerina in sod. 2020). Iz tega sledi, da mora c lovek prevzeti vlogo regulatorja populacije rjavih Slika 2: Širjenje populacijskega območja rjavega medvedov, da dosez e primerno gostoto, ki bo ob ohranitvi medveda v Sloveniji v obdobju po letu 1966. Z rdečimi zdravih populacij medvedov, tudi v skladu z druz beno poligoni so označena reproduktivna jedra (prisotne samice sprejemljivostjo v kulturni krajini Slovenije. Meje naravne z mladiči), z modrimi pa vsa opažanja rjavega medveda, z (ekolos ke) nosilne zmogljivosti prostora sicer ne poznamo, a vijolično pa Jedro zaščitenega območja (Kočevska in se zdi, da je s e precej vis ja od sedanjih gostot/s tevilc nosti. Notranjska do proge Ljubljana Postojna in naprej proti Reki). Povzeto po Jerina in sod. 2003. 4 TUDI DRUGI ALTERNATIVNI UKREPI NE ZMANJŠUJEJO KONFLIKTOV PRI SEDANJI VISOKI GOSTOTI MEDVEDJE POPULACIJE Da bi zmanjs ali moz nost konfliktov so bili izvedeni s tevilni ukrepi in aktivnosti: zas c ita domac ih z ivali, nedostopnost ostankov hrane v naseljih in osves c anje prebivalcev. Vendar podatki kaz ejo, da so veliki in s e naras c ajoc i konflikti z medvedom v sedanjih razmerah primarno proz eni z velikimi gostotami in znotraj- vrstnimi odnosi med medvedi, ki v iskanju kompromisa med nevarno bliz ino drugih medvedov in c loveka vse pogosteje pristanejo v (s strani c loveka) gosteje poseljenih obmoc jih, zac nejo zahajati v naselja in njihovo neposredno okolico, kar proz i konflikte. To vede nje torej ni primarno rezultat antropogene hrane v naseljih. Zato tudi vsi izvedeni obsez ni pretekli raznovrstni Slika 3: Populacijska dinamika rjavega medveda v (odstranjevanje virov hrane, zas c ita z ivali in c ebel, kampanje Sloveniji v obdobju 1998-2018. Vir: Jerina K. in sod. za osves c anje) ukrepi zmanjs evanja konfliktov z medvedom 2018. Reconstruction of brown bear population dynamics v Republiki Sloveniji. S niso mogli biti dovolj uc inkoviti. in Slovenia and Croatia for the period 1998-2018. Action Sorazmernih, zakonitih, izvedljivih in uc inkovitih C5. (Poročilo projekta LIFE DINALP BEAR). | Avtor: Klemen alternativnih metod odstrelu/odvzemu ni, oz. so vse Jerina in Ester Polaina. Spletna stran: Velike zveri | GOV.SI smiselne alternative z e izc rpane. 202 5 DRUŽBENA NOSILNA ZMOGLJIVOST medvedov. Č eprav je glede na pogostost srec anj med POPULACIJE MEDVEDA V DINARSKEM c lovekom in medvedom dejanskih konfliktnih situacij malo, DELU SLOVENIJE JE PRESEŽNA pa je treba upos tevati tudi dejstvo, da je prebivalstvo kjer se gibljejo medvedi, predvsem pa medvedke z mladic i, omejeno Raziskave stalis c prebivalcev v obmoc ju medveda pa nas pri svojem gibanju, saj se zaradi strahu pred nesrec o ne upajo opozarjajo, da je druz bena nosilna zmogljivost v dinarskem na sprehod, so pod neprestanim strahom, tako pri delu v delu Slovenije z e presez ena ugotavlja Jerina s sodelavci naravi (polju, gozdu), kot pri rekreaciji. Posebno so pri tem (2020). Vec ina in vse vec prebivalcev teh obmoc ij je prizadeti otroci, ki so moc no omejeni pri razlic nih izmerjeno prepric anih, da so konflikti (ki spremljajo s kode) dejavnostih v naravi. omejeno je tudi gibanje otrok. nesprejemljivi, nasprotujejo povec evanju gostot/s tevilc nosti in smatrajo odstrel kot nujno sredstvo upravljanja populacije Kar 70% vseh napadov so v Sloveniji povzroc ile samice z medveda. Za uspes no sobivanje ljudi in medveda je potrebno mladic i. Ob naras c anju s tevilc nosti in prostorskem s irjenju upos tevati tudi potrebe lokalnega prebivalstva in zmanjs ati rjavega medveda v Sloveniji je opazno, da se samice z mladic i s tevilc nost medvedov. pogosteje pojavljajo v bliz ini naselij ali celo v njih. Ponavljajoc a 6 ZA USPEŠNO VARSTVO RJAVEGA MEDVEDA JE POTREBNO POLEG RAVNI POPULACIJA – srec anja s c lovekom pa povzroc ajo pri samicah strah za mladic e, ki lahko preraste tudi v agresivnost. Nedvomno pa HABITAT UPOŠTEVATI TUDI ČLOVEKA je treba pric akovati, da bo direktnih konfliktnih situacij med Slovenija je kulturna krajina, ki sodi med tistih nekaj c lovekom in medvedom v prihodnje s e vec . srednjeevropskih drz av, ki jih s e naseljujejo vsi avtohtoni veliki sesalci, med njimi tudi predstavniki velikih zveri: rjavi medved, volk in ris. Vsi trije so uvrs c eni v ogroz ene vrste 8 SLOVENIJA JE KULTURNA KRAJINA IN NE sesalcev, predstavljajo dragocen element narodove naravne DIVJINA dedis c ine in biotske raznovrstnosti, hkrati pa se srec ujemo s Danes je pod gozdom dobrih 58 odstotkov povrs ine, gozd na problemom njihovega vkljuc evanja v kulturno krajino. Velike velikem delu Slovenije dejansko sega do naselij. Naselja, ki so zveri sodijo v skupino problematic nih z ivalskih vrst, katerih jih v preteklosti obkroz ale kmetijske povrs ine, so danes bolj znac ilnost je: 1. da c loveku povzroc ajo s kodo, 2. z njim izjema kot pravilo. Kljub temu je Slovenija kulturna krajina, tekmujejo v izkoris c anju istih naravnih dobrin in 3. so po njej je mozaic no, nekje bolj na gosto, drugje redkeje izjemoma ljudem tudi nevarne (Adamic , 1996). V to razporejenih okoli 6.000 naselij. Tudi na podroc jih, kjer se kategorijo pri nas gotovo sodijo predstavniki velikih zveri, po nahajajo vec ji strnjeni kompleksi gozdov, so na njihovem prvi in tretji toc ki rjavi medved, po prvi in drugi toc ki volk, obrobju s tevilna naselja, velike zveri, c e z e ne z ivijo v bliz ini najmanj problematic en je ris, ki pa ga ima del lovcev s e vedno naselij, jih lahko brez tez av dosez ejo v okviru dnevne za konkurenta. Uspes nega varstva populacij prostoz ivec ih migracije in tako prihaja do stikov in tako lahko tudi do z ivali v kulturni krajini danes ni vec mogoc e nac rtovati konfliktov s c lovekom. samo na klasic ni dvosmerni ravni: z ivalska populacija- habitat, pac pa je potrebno upos tevati tudi tretjo raven – To potrjuje tudi s tudija spremljave gibanja rjavih medvedov c loveka (Adamic , 1996). (Jerina in sod. 2012), ki ugotavlja, da so z vidika medveda tudi najvec je gozdne zaplate v Sloveniji relativno majhne 7 (npr. najvec ji slovenski gozdni kompleks na Snez nis ki planoti TISTO KAR ENEMU POMENI ESTETSKO ALI in Javorniki pokrivata pribliz no 500 km2, kar je celo manj od NARAVOVARSTVENO KAKOVOST, LAHKO domac ega razpona nekaterih medvedov). Zato ni DRUGEMU POVZROČA ŠKODO ALI GA presenetljivo, da so domac i razponi skoraj vseh OGROŽA nadzorovanih medvedov vkljuc evali tudi nekatera c loves ka Pri rjavem medvedu, kot problematic ne z ivalske vrste naselja. Mesec ni domac i razponi (razen pozimi) so se gibali moramo poleg njegovega naravovarstvenega pomena od 37 km2 oktobra do 84 km2 v maju (Jerina in sod., 2012). upos tevati tudi ogroz enost lokalnega prebivalstva. Neupos tevanje odnosa tistih skupin lokalnih prebivalcev, ki To je eno kljuc nih dejstev za upravljanje z medvedom, saj so zaradi zakonskega varstva problematic nih z ivalskih vrst kaz e, da v Sloveniji nimamo na voljo regij, kjer bi medvedi neposredno prizadete, lahko povsem iznic i smisel varstvenih lahko z iveli loc eno od ljudi. Rjavi medved bo v Sloveniji projektov. Tisto kar enemu pomeni estetsko in prez ivel le, c e bodo ljudje pripravljeni (in razumejo, kako) naravovarstveno kakovost, lahko namrec drugemu povzroc a sobivati z njim. s kodo ali ga celo ogroz a. Pri ocenah nevarnosti medveda ne smemo upos tevati le neposredno s kodo na z ivini, ovcah, konjih, poljskih pridelkih, sadnem drevju, unic enih c ebelnjakih, ki jo je mogoc e z varovanjem zmanjs ati ali preprec iti, temvec predvsem potencialno nevarnost za ljudi in stres prebivalstva, ki z ivi na podroc ju vec jih koncentracij 203 10 STALNE OVIRE PRI STROKOVNO UTEMELJENEM NAČRTU ODVZEMA RJAVIH MEDVEDOV Č e bomo izvajanje vsake odloc bo o odvzemu rjavega medveda tako ovirali in spotikali kot se sedaj dogaja bomo imeli leta 2050, ko se bomo razogljic ili v Sloveniji namesto sedanjih 1.100 z e 3.600 rjavih medvedov. Slika 5: Gibanje medveda blizu naselij: medvedka z dvema mladičema se je premikala od vasi do vasi in iskala hrano dobesedno med hišami - na vrtovih in v sadovnjakih. Prikazane so lokacije medvedke, spremljane z GPS-telemetrijo v okviru projekta LIFE DINALP BEAR Vir: Spletna stran Velike zveri GOV.SI Za velik del obmoc ij, kjer so se gostote medveda v zadnjem desetletju povec ale, so znac ilne niz je nadmorske vis ine, kmetijsko- gozdna raba tal, primerjalno gosta poselitev s strani c loveka v obliki s tevilnih gruc his , zaselkov, vasi in manjs ih mest, s tesnim prepletom gozda in kmetijsko-bivalne Slika 5: Evidentiran odvzem medveda (odstrel, odlov, rabe prostora. Povprec na gostota zaselkov (baza GURS) teh nesreče) v obdobju 1995 – 2022. Vir: Poročilo Zavoda za obmoc ij znas a 0,3 zaselka/km2, povprec na oddaljenost od gozdove Slovenije o gozdovih za leto 2022. nakljuc nih lokacij v obmoc ju medveda do najbliz jega naselja pa je manj kot 1,5 km, kar pomeni, da v bolj »urbaniziranih« Res je, da poleg domac e zakonodaje varujejo rjavega delih teh obmoc ij medvedi z ivijo praktic no med vasmi in medveda s e mednarodni dogovori, ki doloc ajo varstvo zaselki, ponekod tudi v velikih gostotah (Jerina in sod. 2020). medveda: Konvencija o varstvu prosto z ivec ega evropskega rastlinstva in z ivalstva ter njunih naravnih z ivljenjskih prostorov - Bernska konvencija; Alpska konvencija - Protokol 9 KOLIKO MEDVEDOV NAJ BI IMELA o izvajanju Alpske konvencije iz leta 1991 o varstvu narave SLOVENIJA? in urejanju krajine; Konvencija o mednarodni trgovini z Ocene o tem kaks na naj bi bila primerna s tevilc nost ogroz enimi prostoz ivec imi z ivalskimi in rastlinskimi populacije medvedov v Sloveniji, se je stalno spreminjala. vrstami – ČITES, Č e privzamemo, da je od 400 do 500 medvedov tista Washingtonska konvencija; Konvencija o biolos ki s tevilc nost, s katero so ljudje s e pripravljeni sobivati, raznovrstnosti, Rio de Janeiro, 1992; Predpisi Evropske unije, povec anje pa bi privedlo do obc utnega zmanjs anja te ki doloc ajo varstvo medveda. Sklicevanje nanje in njih tolerance, je odstrel trenutno edini kratkoroc ni ukrep, s uporaba, lahko tudi zloraba, onemogoc a realen in strokoven katerim bomo populacijo lahko umetno zadrz ali na tej ravni odnos do rjavega medveda v Sloveniji. in tako posledic no zagotovili obstoj vrste, ki je v prvi vrsti odvisen od tolerance ljudi (Krofl, Jerina 2012). Tedaj, leta Zaradi pritoz b, zadrz anja ali zaustavitev izvajanja odstrela in 2012, je bilo v Sloveniji z e okoli 700 rjavih medvedov. s tem povezanih zapletov je bil odvzem medvedov v posameznih letih dalec pod nac rtovanim in obc utno pod Podatki o letni dinamiki razlic nih tipov konfliktov z prirastkom, kar je omogoc ilo naglo rast s tevilc nosti dalec medvedom kaz ejo, da so konflikti s e dodatno narasli, ko je preko toleranc nih moz nosti. Zavedati se je treba, da so s e populacija presegla s tevilc nost 630–700 osebkov. Kljub tem rezerve pri prehranskih moz nosti za rast medvedje spoznanjem se je ciljna s tevilc nost rjavih medvedov leta populacije, tako ne moremo rac unati na samoregulacijo 2022 dvignila na 800 rjavih medvedov v Sloveniji. Tedaj je medvedje populacije pri nas. Za ciljno s tevilc nost populacije bilo v Sloveniji z e vec kot 1.000 medvedov. je potrebno upos tevati druge kriterije, to je toleranco lokalnega prebivalstva do medveda. da "odloc itev pomeni krs itev slovenske in evropske zakonodaje na podroc ju ohranjanja narave". Toz arjenje v Bruslju, c e ne ves za boljs o 204 res itev kot je predlagana, je najmanj neodgovorno dejanje, da VIRI ne rec em kaj hujs ega. In Slovenija je drz ava z najvec jo gostoto [1] Adamic , M. 1996. Ravnanje s problematic nimi z ivalskimi vrstami v rjavih medvedov v EU, s tevilne drz ave rjavih medvedov Sloveniji na osnovi spoznanj raziskovalnega dela. Gozd v 54, 1996 sploh nimajo na svojem teritoriju, razen v z ivalskih vrtovih, 297- 306 Gozd V 54, 1996. [2] in te naj bi presojale o nas ih res itvah. Čapuder, L., 2020. Pregled rodnosti populacij rjavih medvedov (Ursus arctos L.) v Evropi. Diplomsko delo – univerzitetni s tudij 1. stopnja. Univerza v Ljubljani Biotehnis ka fakulteta Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire. 11 [3] Jerina, K., in sod. 2012. Factors affecting brown bear habituation to ZAKLJUČNE UGOTOVITVE humans: A GPS telemetry study final report – summary Dokler so populacijske gostote velikih zveri, v nas em for users Funding for research provided by: The Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Pl anning, the Slovenian primeru rjavega medveda zelo nizke, je njihov vpliv na ljudi Environment Agenc y, Vojkova 1b, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia L jubljana, razmeroma majhen, odnos bolj pozitiven in je bila tudi stroga April 2012. [4] Jerina K. in sod. 2018. Reconstruction of brown bear population zas c ita popolnoma sprejemljiva. To je v Sloveniji trajalo dynamics in Slovenia and Čroatia for the period 1998- 2018. Action nekako do osamosvojitve, leta 1993 je s tela medvedja Č5. (Poroc ilo projekta LIFE DINALP BEAR). | Avtor: Klemen Jerina in populacija v Sloveniji okoli 300 osebkov. Ester Polaina. Na Spletna stran: Velike zveri | GOV.SI [5] Jerina, K., Majic -Skrbins ek, A., Stergar, M., Bartol, M., Pokorny, B., Skrbins ek, T., in T. Berce. 2020. Strokovna izhodis c a za upravljanje S tevilc nost medvedov pa je kar rasla, leta 2008 jih je bilo z e rjavega medveda (Ursus arctos) v Sloveniji (obdobje 2020–2023). Ekspertiza. Biotehnis ka fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani, Gozdarski okoli 570. Pogosteje so se pric eli konflikti. Krofel in Jerina ins titut Slovenije, Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. 98 str. (2012) sta ugotovila v prispevku Pregled konfliktov med [6] Krofel, M., Jerina, K. 2012. Pregled konfliktov med medvedi in ljudmi: vzroki in moz ne res itve. Gozdarski vestnik, 70/2012, s t. 5–6. medvedi in ljudmi: vzroki in moz ne res itve, da je od 400 do [7] Majic Skrbins ek, A. 2022. Vloga stalis c splos ne javnosti in kljuc nih 500 medvedov tista s tevilc nost, s katero so ljudje s e interesnih skupin pri upravljanju in varstvu populacij velikih zveri. pripravljeni sobivati, povec anje pa bi privedlo do obc utnega Doktorska disertacija. Univerza v Ljubljani Biotehnis ka fakulteta. [8] Ravnanje s problematic nimi z ivalskimi vrstami v Sloveniji na osnovi zmanjs anja te tolerance, je odstrel trenutno edini spoznanj raziskovalnega dela Decision making in the Čonservation kratkoroc ni ukrep, s katerim bomo populacijo lahko umetno Management of Problem Wildlife Species in Slovenia, based on the Knowledge gained through Čurrent Research Projects Miha. zadrz ali na tej ravni in tako posledic no zagotovili obstoj vrste, [9] Simonic , A. 1994. Zakonsko varstvo rjavega medveda na slovenskem ki je v prvi vrsti odvisen od tolerance ljudi. Tedaj pa je s tela ozemlju nekoc in danes, s predlogi za prihodnje. Zbornik posvetovanja populacija z e okoli 700 medvedov. Rjavi medved v dez elah ALPE-ADRIA. Ljubljana 29 in 30 junij 1992 Izhodis c na varianta ciljne s tevilc nosti rjavega medveda v Sloveniji je bila ocenjena z grafov letnih konfliktov v naras c ajoc em gradientu s tevilc nosti populacije rjavega medveda in je znas ala pri razlic nih tipih konfliktov od 630 do 700 osebkov. Ko je populacija presegla to s tevilc nost, so konflikti zac eli s e dodatno (tudi nelinearno) naras c ati (Jerina in sod., 2020). S tevilc nost 700 osebkov (najvec jo letno, tj. po poleganju) je populacija medveda v Sloveniji presegla leta 2012; zatem je s e naras c ala (Jerina in sod., 2020). Kljub tem spoznanjem se je ciljna s tevilc nost rjavih medvedov v Sloveniji leta 2022 dvignila na 800 rjavih medvedov v Sloveniji. Tedaj pa je bilo v Sloveniji z e vec kot 1.000 medvedov. Ob ugotovitvi, da sta spolna in starostna sestava populacije rjavega medveda v Sloveniji po vseh dostopnih podatkih najmanj zadnjih 15 letih stabilni (to je vsaj od leta 2005), v populaciji zmerno z 59 % prevladujejo samice. Relativna rodnost je okoli 24 %, relativna smrtnost zaradi naravnih, tj. ne-antropogenih dejavnikov (naravna smrtnost) je majhna, okoli 5 %; in so ji verjetno izpostavljeni predvsem mladic i v prvem letu z ivljenja, bi bilo pric akovano, da je ciljna s tevilc nost, ki ohranja obstoj populacije rjavega medveda in omogoc a njegovo sobivanje s prebivalstvom med 500 (toliko jih je bilo okoli leta 2003) in najvec 700 medvedov, kolikor jih je bilo leta 2012. 205 Ogljikov dioksid – mit ali resnica? Carbon dioxide – myth or truth? mag. Tomaž Ogrin tomaz.ogrin@ijs.si Institut “Jožef Stefan” Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenija POVZETEK Moj prispevek pa predstavlja poskus javnega odpiranja Antropogeni ogljikov dioksid je glavna tarča svetovne in naše vprašanja, na kakšnih znanstvenih osnovah je zasnovana politika politike z drastičnimi škodljivimi ekonomskimi posledicami. vojne proti ogljikovemu dioksidu (CO2) na vsakem koraku, Nujno je, da se pred izvajanjem ukrepov prepričamo v osebno, v gospodarstvu, celo v šolstvu in v družbi nasploh. znanstvene podlage o krivdi človekovih izpustov ogljikovega Pri tem se opiram na objave znanstvenikov, ki objavljajo dejstva dioksida. Novejša literatura kaže, da antropogeni CO2 ne more biti kriv za segrevanje planeta. Zastraševanje množic brez in jih navajam med viri. Komentarji na te vire so zaželjeni, v znanstvene podlage je nesprejemljivo. Prebivalci tega planeta dialogu z avtorji v virih. Prispevek je samo moj izbor virov, s imamo pravico do informiranega soglasja pred izvajanjem katerim utemeljujem dvom v to, da bi bil človekov CO2 kriv za ukrepov. Javni dialog je odsoten, avtor je poskusil prekiniti planetne podnebne spremembe. enoumje in vključuje objavljen članek in komentar. V zaključku V smislu javnega odpiranja prostora za različna mnenja o vplivu lahko ugotovim, da razogljičenje kot ekstrem nima znanstvene CO2 na podnebne spremembe, ki so v znanstvenem svetu močno osnove. ABSTRACT prisotna, vključujem svoje objavljeno pismo v Delu (2) in edini strokovni delni komentar klimatologa Gregorja Vertačnika, Anthropogenic carbon dioxide is a major target for global and our policy, with drastic adverse economic consequences. It is univ.dipl.meteorologa iz Slovenskega meteorološkega društva, imperative that, before implementing measures, we are sicer zaposlenega na Agenciji RS za okolje, prav tako objavljen convinced of the scientific bases on the guilt of human carbon v Delu (3). dioxide emissions. Recent literature suggests that anthropogenic CO2 cannot be to blame for the warming of the planet. 2. ZAKAJ ISKANJE ZNANSTVENE PODLAGE ZA Intimidating the masses without scientific basis is unacceptable. PREGON CO2 ? The inhabitants of this planet have the right to informed consent before taking measures. Public dialogue is absent, the author has tried to break the one opinion only and includes a published Zato, ker prihaja do izjemno drastičnih, nerazumnih, škodljivih article and commentary. In conclusion, the author concludes that političnih in finančnih ukrepov za odpravo človekovih izpustov decarbonisation as extreme has no scientific basis. CO2. Pri čemer ni znanstveno utemeljeno, zakaj je to potrebno, kaj bi s tem sploh dosegli, še posebej pa v majhni Sloveniji, ki KLJUČNE BESEDE nima merljivega vpliva na svetovna podnebja pa tudi na naše ne: Ogljikov dioksid, razogljičenje, politika, javna diskusija - ' razogljičenje'' do leta 2050 in zmanjševanje CO2 do KEYWORDS 2030 - ' ogljični odtis'' posameznika, gospodarstva in družbe Carbon dioxide, decarbonisation, politics, public debate - Vnos teh ciljev v zakonske predpise, na primer v Nacionalni energetski in podnebni načrt - NEPN (4). 1. UVOD - Davek na CO2 - Plin, sicer uvoz, ima samo en C: CH4 Pred branjem prispevka priporočam ogled filma The Great - Kurjenje odpadkov pa veliko C-jev: plastika ipd. Global Warming Swindle (2007) o mitih in resnicah o - Podražitve energentov – struktura cen? človekovem CO2 kot povzročitelju podnebnih sprememb (1). - Vsiljevanje vetrnih in sončnih elektrarn, češ, da lahko Bralec tako lahko primerja stanje na tem področju po šestnajstih zamenjajo 24/7 elektrarne (ekstrem Nemčija-propad letih. Odmeve najdemo z naslovom filma v Googlu, na Wiki Energiewende) tudi, kjer pa je seveda pisanje odprto vsakomur. Opis teh in kopice drugih političnih pojavov/ukrepov bi terjal Varčevanje z energijo, materiali, njihovo recikliranje, poseben članek, zato tu le omemba. zmanjševanje odpadkov, njihova predelava v še uporabne snovi, ponovna uporaba izrabljenih izdelkov, popolnejše čiščenje Javnost je zdaj potisnjena v verovanje, da je CO2, ki izhaja iz izpustov v zrak in v vode, novi zanesljivi viri elektrike in toplote, naših dejavnosti, glavni krivec za ' segrevanje'' planeta in vse to so nujne smeri razvoja človeštva. posledično sprememb raznih podnebij po svetu, kljub temu, da ga je v ozračju izjemno malo 0,042 odstotka, glede na vodo 206 (vlago), ki jo je od 0,5 do 4 odstotke . Voda pa je tudi bistveno cvrenja'', ali pa je to primerneje za COP29, vsekakor očitno nazaj močnejši toplogredni plin. Človekovega CO2 pa je obenem le ne morejo več, lahko jih ustavi le ohlajanje, o čemer obstajajo 5-6 odstotka naravnega CO2 (5) (6) (7: 1.4.2.). napovedi. Hipoteza o slabitvi polarnega vrtinca naj bi vodila v ledeno dobo. To je današnja javna politična scena, vojna med mitom in Stratosferski polarni vrtinec je sezonska atmosferska struktura na resnico, ki se je zavlekla tudi v znanost. Zaupanje v podnebne visokih nadmorskih višinah, ki se oblikuje jeseni, pozimi utrdi in znanosti je omajano. Nekateri znanstveniki so prirejali podatke v raztopi spomladi. V zadnjih letih naj bi prišlo do nenadnega prid pretiranemu segrevanju planeta, čeprav dejstva tega niso širjenja polarnega zraka proti srednjim zemljepisnim širinam. potrjevala. Najbolj znani aferi sta Climategate in diagram (14). Več o polarnem vrtincu (15). ' hokejska palica' , odlično opisani v knjigi matematika mag. Miša Alkalaja (8). Medvladni forum za podnebne spremembe Zastraševanje javnosti je znana politična metoda in spada v (IPCC) v okviru Organizacije združenih narodov pa tudi ni znanstveno vedo Psihologija množic, kar je potrebno omeniti. referenca za znanost, saj je že od ustanovitve političen organ (16) Mimogrede, tudi med kovidom smo bili tega deležni. V (ime!). O selekciji znanstvenih del v IPCC, taki, da se nadaljuje povzetku (17) prevedene knjige Psihologija množic (18) zgodba o krivdi človekovega CO2 za segrevanje planeta pa utemeljitelja vede Gustava Le Bona (1841-1931) je med zvemo iz (9). ugotovitvami je tudi naslednja, ki ponazarja dogajanje ob Koonin (10) je v svoji knjigi Nerešeno (Unsettled) ' osupel podnebnih spremembah: najprej zaradi pripravljenosti nekaterih podnebnih znanstvenikov ''Govornik, ki želi zavesti množico, se mora posluževati strašnih - ki jih podpirajo mediji in politiki -, da napačno predstavijo, kaj trditev. Pretiravati, zatrjevati ter ponavljati mora svoje trditve in pravi znanost, nato pa zaradi številnih drugih znanstvenikov, ki še pomisliti ne sme, da bi karkoli prikazal z razumnimi tiho sodelujejo pri teh napačnih predstavah. razlagami''. Francoski mislec Le Bon je bil doktor medicine, Z dokazanim napačnim obveščanjem nestrokovnjakov o tem, kaj socialni psiholog, sociolog, antropolog, izumitelj in amaterski vemo in česa ne vemo o spreminjajočem se podnebju, vladam, fizik, pravijo pa mu tudi oče študija psihologije množic. industriji in posameznikom odrekajo pravico do sprejemanja popolnoma informiranih odločitev o tem, kako se odzvati.'' 4. PODNEBNI UKREPI IN INFORMIRANO SOGLASJE (str.249/250). dr. Steven E. Koonin je bil med drugim 30 let profesor teoretične fizike na Caltech in je član ameriške National Informirano soglasje ima težo, če imamo o zadevi vsaj nekaj Academy of Sciences. znanja. Zato je izjemno pomemben dvig splošne razgledanosti široke javnosti, da naravoslovne pojme, ki nastopajo v podnebnih Znanstveni dvom mora biti omogočen in javen, saj je podlaga spremembah razume, čeprav to terja po eni strani ponovitev napredku znanosti. osnovnošolskih in srednješolskih vsebin pouka (zemljepis, Zaenkrat resna znanost ne daje osnove za pregon človekovih kemija, fizika, biologija, matematika, astronomija, geologija) po izpustov CO2. (11) Miskolczi dokaže: ' Povečanje CO2 v drugi strani pa dodatna znanja, da se sploh da sprejemati ozračju ne more biti razlog za globalno segrevanje.' Ferenc naravoslovna dejstva in pojme na področju obnašanja narave na Miskolczi je prvi znanstvenik (več objav od leta 1989), ki je planetu Zemlja. Seveda pa to velja tudi za politike, pravzaprav še pokazal, kako vodna para in oblaki nadzorujejo zemeljsko sevalno ravnovesje in preprečujejo učinke sevanja bolj. Ločevanje vremena od podnebja, na primer, nam dela nekondenzirajočih toplogrednih plinov. težave. Priporočam predavanja klimatologinje prof. dr. Lučke Kajfež 3. PSIHOLOGIJA MNOŽIC Bogataj (19). Definicije podnebja so različne, navajam iz predavanj. Tako, na primer zvemo, da je najkrajša definicija: Organizacija združenih narodov organizira vsakoletne klimatske ' Klima je sinteza vremena.' Ali pa definicija Društva konference COP - Konference pogodbenic (Conference of the meteorologov Slovenije: ' Značilnosti vremena nad kakim Parties), to je držav, ki so podpisale Okvirno konvencijo območjem v daljšem časovnem obdobju (praviloma 30 let).' Ali Združenih narodov o spremembi podnebja (UNFCCC) - pa najboljša (Fedorov): ' Splet vremenskih pogojev tipičnih za pogodbo, ki je začela veljati leta 1994. Udeležujejo se jih tisoči regijo skupaj z opisom njihove pogostnosti in sezonske predstavnikov držav, vmes pa so še srečanja delovnih teles. spremenljivosti.' In najširša (McGuffie&Handerson-Sellers): Opazno je, da se vsako leto izrazje stopnjuje v smeri vedno hujših ' Vse statistike klimatskih stanj dobljene v dogovorjenem napovedi, kaj se dogaja in kaj bo s planetom in z nami. časovnem obdobju (sezona, dekada ali daljše obdobje) izračunane za celotno oblo ali za izbrano regijo.' Na COP27 pred slabim letom v Egiptu je na primer v svoji pridigi generalni sekretar OZN Guterres napovedal: ' Z nogo na Vsak, ki želi biti bolje informiran, predno pristane na ukrepe, pedalu za plin smo na avtocesti v podnebni pekel' . (12) primerjava s cepljenjem je na mestu – potrebno je informirano Sredi letošnjega leta je opomnil ' Obdobje globalnega segrevanja soglasje (Informed consent), pa naj pogleda v odlično se je končalo, nastopilo je obdobje globalnega vrenja.' (13) nepolitično, razumljivo napisano znanstveno e-knjigo o COP28 bo v začetku decembra letos v Združenih arabskih podnebju na 655 straneh (7), ki se stalno izpopolnjuje in je sproti emiratih. Kaj je še hujšega, lahko ugibamo, na primer: ' Obdobje recenzirana. globalnega vrenja se je končalo, nastopilo je obdobje globalnega 207 Toda javnost mora zahtevati predvsem od politike, ki izvaja ki so malenkostne. Koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida je bila ukrepe, da v zadevi podnebne spremembe zadosti pogoju tudi desetkrat večja, kot je zdaj (orjaške praprotnice, dinozavri informiranega soglasja (20): ' Kot informirano soglasje se lahko pred več sto milijoni let). In naš planet je preživel! šteje soglasje, podano na podlagi nedvoumne seznanjenosti in Paleoklimatolog David Beerling v knjigi iz leta 2007 z naslovom jasnega razumevanja dejstev, pomena in posledic dejanja.'' Kako so rastline spreminjale zgodovino Zemlje (How plants Ob tem je potrebno omeniti, da je Svetovna zdravstvena changed Earth's history) opiše vlogo rastlin v različnih obdobjih. organizacija – SZO (WHO) privzela podnebne spremembe v svoj V času ledenih dob je padla koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida repertoar aktivnosti (21). S tem pa tudi pogoj za informirano na vsega 300 ppmv (25). Ocenjujejo, da se fotosinteza ustavi pod soglasje, ne zgolj v zdravstvu, ampak tudi v povezavi s 200 ppmv CO2. To bi pomenilo tudi izumrtje človeka in živali. podnebnimi spremembami. Informirano soglasje je tudi med Tako zelo smo odvisni od rastlin. Optimum fotosinteze je pri človekovimi pravicami (22). 1200 ppmv, to je 0,12 odstotka CO2 v zraku. To vedo tudi pridelovalci zelenjave v rastlinjakih, ki dodajajo 5. ČLANEK, DELO (2) mag. Tomaž Ogrin CO2 do okrog 1000 ppmv in povečajo pridelek tudi do 50 odstotkov, čas cvetenja pa skrajšajo za teden dni. Namen prispevka je vzbuditi kritično mišljenje o vlogi Nesporno je, da so spremembe na Zemlji vedno bile, so in bodo. ogljikovega dioksida v celotnem dogajanju na Zemlji. Povzroča jih narava in ne človek. To je utemeljil tudi fizik dr. Fred Singer, čigar predavanje na Institutu Jožef Stefan leta 2008 Vesela novica: naš planet postaja bolj zelen, odkar ogljikov lahko poslušamo na povezavi videolectures.net (vtipkamo ime dioksid (CO2) raste. Če skočimo na Nasa Green Planet (23), predavatelja). (26) Svoje ugotovitve podkrepi tudi z najdemo satelitske posnetke in znanstvene študije o pozitivnem znanstvenimi deli, ki so v gradivih IPCC (Intergovernmental vplivu naraščanja CO2 za naravo, tudi v sušnih predelih, in Panel on Climate Change) – medvladnega, torej političnega seveda za njene prebivalce. Naši osnovnošolci vedo, zakaj. foruma za podnebne spremembe. Za IPCC je značilno, da Spoznali so skrivnost življenja rastlin: fotosintezo. Rastline njihova navodila politikom sveta ne izhajajo iz dejstev. Politika vdihujejo ogljikov dioksid in vodne hlape, izdihujejo pa kisik, pa izključuje ali cenzurira znanstvenike, ki objavljajo dejstva poenostavljeno povedano. Seveda jim pri tem pomaga še sonce. (8)(9). Obratno pa človeštvo in živali vdihujemo kisik in izdihujemo CO2 in vodne hlape. Ni enačbe med tistimi petimi odstotki naših izpustov CO2 in Večja ozelenitev planeta pomeni tudi hladnejšo površino in manj kakršnimi koli spremembami različnih podnebij in različnih sevanja toplote v zrak, kar znižuje temperaturo. Največja korist temperatur na planetu. Karkoli smo naredili za zmanjšanje večje koncentracije CO2 je bujnejša rast rastlin za prehrano in za izpustov, se nikjer ne pozna in se ne bo tudi v prihodnje. Ni večjo pokritost kopnega z gozdovi. namreč merljivo, ker je premajhno. No, ni povsem res, najbolj se V zraku je 0,042 odstotka CO2 (420 ppmv), letno narašča za pozna pri praznjenju naših žepov in uničevanju narave, zdravja 0,0002 odstotka (2 ppmv). Od tega je prispevek človekovih in bivalnih razmer prebivalcev, na primer z vetrnicami. izpustov zgolj 5 odstotkov (5) (6), to je 21 ppmv. Čez sedem let Podnebna politika je zlagana in je prevara prebivalstva. Nekaj (2030) bi vsega CO2 v zraku bilo 434 ppmv, do leta 2050 (obe posrednih dokazov najdemo takoj: nikogar iz politike ni skrbelo politični, neznanstveni letnici za ukrepe proti CO2) pa 54 ppmv večmesečno gorenje naftnih vrelcev na Bližnjem vzhodu zaradi več, to je 474 ppmv. Kar je Zemlji in nam le v korist. vojn, niti puščanje metana zaradi diverzije na dva plinovoda v Če bi se koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida teoretično v sto letih Severnem morju, niti vojaški izpusti, zdaj že drugo leto vojne v podvojila zaradi naravnih procesov, bi se navidezna temperatura Ukrajini, kakor da se vse to dogaja na nekem drugem planetu. planeta povečala le za 0,5 stopinje Celzija, je znanstveno utemeljil fizik Dieter Schildknecht z univerze v Bielefeldu Že leta 2011 je matematik mag. Mišo Alkalaj v svoji knjigi (2020). Pravilnost izračunov so potrdile meritve s pomočjo Podnebna prevara (8) tak naslov utemeljil z mnogimi satelitov. Tudi drugi znanstveniki so se približali temu rezultatu. znanstvenimi viri. Doslej se še ni pojavil pisec, ki bi napisal Pri toplogrednem privzemanju toplote od tal pride do nasičenja. protiknjigo. Nobeno ministrstvo ne ugovarja tej knjigi, očitno ne (24). Krivulja absorpcije je logaritemska, torej položna, po Beer- sledijo znanosti, ampak zgolj pohlevno, birokratsko prenašajo Lambertovem zakonu. Človekovi izpusti pa nimajo merljivega politične ukaze iz evropske komisije, v škodo Slovenije. vpliva. Na Zemlji delujejo ogromni, neobvladljivi sistemi, ki jih ne Zato je vsako strašenje o pregrevanju planeta zaradi človekovih znamo niti napovedati, niti razložiti premikov za nazaj, niti nanje izpustov ogljikovega dioksida znanstveno neosnovano in nam vplivati. Naš planet upravljajo sonce, oblaki, morja (70 samo hudo draži življenje. Takoj je treba odpraviti davek na odstotkov površine), glavni toplogredni plin voda v zraku (od 0,5 CO2, kar mora slovenska vlada zahtevati od evropske komisije. do 4 odstotke) in nekoliko še naravni CO2 v ozkem pasu Gre za legalizirano krajo denarja. Posvetimo se raje v večji meri absorpcije toplote do nasičenja. onesnaževanju zraka, varčevanju z energijo ter obrambi proti vremenskim ekstremom in požarom (Kemis, Melamin, Namen prispevka je vzbuditi kritično mišljenje o vlogi gozdovi ...). ogljikovega dioksida v celotnem dogajanju na Zemlji. Zato Naš planet ima dolgo zgodovino preživetja. Spremembe se po povzemam dejstva, ki so plod znanstvenega dela. Brez uporabe obsegu, trajanju in moči sploh ne morejo primerjati z današnjimi, znanstvenega dvoma, tudi v politiki, samo zavajamo ljudi. 208 Znanost napreduje, kritične presoje so nujne ves čas, znanost ni kilometrov in ga dvignemo na 6 kilometrov. S tem dvigom konstanta, dejstva odločajo, ne iluzije in ne modeli, ki nimajo ' prenesemo'' tudi temperaturo s 5 na 6 kilometrov – celotna potrditve v dejstvih. temperaturna krivulja pod 5 kilometri se prestavi za približno 6,5 stopinje Celzija navzgor. Dodatna količina CO2 in drugih Vojna proti ogljikovemu dioksidu je uničujoča za človeštvo in za toplogrednih plinov v ozračju torej ne glede na morebitno Slovenijo. nasičenje povzroči dvig temperature pri tleh. Poleg neposrednega vpliva CO2 na temperaturo je tu še 6. ČLANEK, DELO (3) klimatolog Gregor Vertačnik močan učinek povišane temperature ozračja in tal na vsebnost vodne pare v zraku in svetlobna odbojnost Zemljinega površja – Prispevek mag. Tomaža Ogrina, ki je bil 8.julija objavljen v to dvoje še precej okrepi segrevanje ozračja in tal. Zato je rubriki Prejeli smo v Sobotni prilogi, bralca sprva navda z najverjetnejša prava vrednost dviga temperature pri podvojitvi upanjem na zares kritično mišljenje, a se kmalu sprevrže v vsebnosti CO2 v ozračju okoli 3 stopinje Celzija. ponavljanje zdavnaj ovrženih trditev, ki jih radi širijo zanikovalci Trditev: ' Naš planet upravljajo sonce, oblaki, morja (70 antropogenih podnebnih sprememb. Analizirali bomo le nekaj odstotkov površine), glavni toplogredni plin voda v zraku (od 0.5 trditev iz njegovega prispevka, ki so s stališča klimatologije do 4 odstotke) in nekoliko še naravni CO2 v ozkem pasu napačne. absorpcije toplote do nasičenja.'' Trditev: '' V zraku je 0,042 odstotka CO2 (420 ppmv), letno Sonce je glavni vir vremenskega dogajanja na Zemlji, oblaki narašča za 0,0002 odstotka (2 ppmv). Od tega je prispevek oziroma ozračje, morje, kopno in ostali deli podnebnega sistema človekovih izpustov zgolj 5 odstotkov.' so le igralci v igri energijskih tokov. Toplogredni učinek Ta izjava ponazarja pogosto zmoto med masnimi in ogljikovega dioksida je na svetovni ravni skorajda primerljiv z bilančnimi tokovi. Med ozračjem in oceani se letno v eni in drugi učinkom vodne pare, hkrati pa ima to nesrečno lastnost, da imajo smeri izmenja več kot 50 milijard ton ogljika, ogljična tokova ' presežki'' ogljikovega dioksida v ozračju zelo dolgo življenjsko zaradi fotosinteze in dihanja pa znašata celo več kot 110 milijard dobo. Nasprotno pa neposredni človekovi izpusti vodne pare v ton letno (vir: Šesto poročilo IPCC, 5.poglavje poročila ozračje, na primer iz dimnikov termoelektrarn, povprečno v 1.delovne skupine) (27). Vendar so ti in drugi naravni masni nekaj dneh do nekaj tednih izpadejo iz ozračja v obliki padavin. tokovi skorajda uravnoteženi, zato so človekovi izpusti (zaradi Velik del v ozračje izpuščenega ogljikovega dioksida pa kot kurjenja in rabe tal) velikosti okoli 11 milijard ton letno tisti, ki presežek vztraja desetletja, manjši del celo stoletja in tisočletja. spreminjajo količino CO2 v zraku. Na podoben način se človek In ravno ta obstojnost presežkov ogljikovega dioksida je srž počasi zredi, čeravno je povečanje vnosa hrane malenkostno problema reševanja antropogenih podnebnih sprememb. Četudi glede na ravnovesno vrednost. z danes na jutri ugasnemo vse porabnike fosilnih goriv, nas bo Da so človekovi izpusti CO2 vzrok rasti vsebnosti povečana vsebnost ogljikovega dioksida v ozračju spremljala še (koncentracije) tega plina v ozračju, dokazuje tudi spreminjanje zelo, zelo dolgo časa in preprečevala, da bi se Zemlja ohladila na izotopske sestave ogljika in kisika v zračnih molekulah CO2 – temperaturno raven izpred desetletij in stoletij, na katero je razmerje med izotopi je namreč v fosilnih gorivih nekoliko človeštvo najbolj navajeno. drugačno kot v ozračju in morju. Gregor Vertačnik, Slovensko meteorološko društvo Trditev: ' Če bi se koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida teoretično v sto letih podvojila zaradi naravnih procesov, bi se 7. KOMENTAR NA PISMO Vertačnika in ZAKLJUČEK navidezna temperatura planeta povečala le za 0,5 stopinje Celzija, je znanstveno utemeljil fizik Dieter Schildknecht z 7.1. Absorpcijski spektri vode/vlage in CO2. univerze v Bielefeldu (2020). (…) Pri toplogrednem privzemanju toplote od tal pride do nasičenja.'' Vodna para absorbira skoraj vse sevanje s površine planeta. Ogljikov dioksid v ozračju resda v nekaterih spektralnih Celoten CO2, naravni in človekovi izpusti, absorbira le 2%, ker pasovih ne prepušča skorajda nič sevanja z Zemljinih tal proti se 80% vodne pare in večina nizkih oblakov nahajajo v prvih 300 vesolju, a so drugi spektralni pasovi še daleč od nasičenja. Še bolj mbarih, tj. pod 3 km, četudi je voda neenakomerno porazdeljena. pomembno pa je, da se z večanjem vsebnosti CO2 zvišuje plast CO2 je porazdeljen skoraj enakomerno po celotni višini in širini ozračja, ki izseva največ dolgovalovnega sevanja v vesolje. Sicer ozračja in tudi zato je njegova absorpcija šibkejša. Obenem ima velik sevalni tok s prizemne plasti ozračja više ležeče plasti voda v ozračju veliko širši absorpcijski spekter, ki prekrije tudi ozračja večinoma zadržijo, zelo visoko v ozračju pa je sevalni dober del absorpcijskega spektra CO2 (7: str.124). tok zaradi majhne gostote zraka in nizke temperature šibek in ni bistven za energijsko ravnovesje Zemlje. Vmes je nekaj 7.2. Nasičenje CO2 s toplotnim sevanjem od tal. kilometrov nad tlemi plast ozračja, s katero se – po domače povedano – Zemlja hladi. Ker je celotni tok dolgovalovnega Beer-Lambertov zakon o absorpciji še vedno velja. Uporablja se sevanja z Zemlje v vesolje dokaj stalen, ima ta plast v povprečju tudi v analizni kemiji (spektrofotometrija). Odnos med dokaj stalno temperaturo (zaradi močne odvisnosti sevalnega absorpcijo in koncentracijo je logaritmičen, kar pomeni, da z toka od temperature). Temperatura zraka v tem delu ozračja z naraščanjem koncentracije pride do vedno manjše absorpcije, do višino pada, zato njeno zviševanje vodi v zvišanje temperature nasičenja, torej po neki koncentraciji je absorpcija minimalno pri tleh. Recimo, da je jedro te plasti na nadmorski višini 5 209 povečana (24). To pomeni, da dodajanje človekovih izpustov lahko podnebni znanstveniki alarmisti iz te nepomembne CO2 ne povečuje absorpcije in temperature. malenkosti naredili globalno podnebno paniko. Kako so lahko Dieter Schildknecht je to potrdil z meritvami in tudi drugi segrevanje do 0,7 stopinj Celzija spremenili v 3 stopinje, 4 znanstveniki so mu pritrdil, kot sem v članku napisal. stopinje, celo 12 stopinj, karkoli je že najnovejša številka, ki naj Zato priporočam Vertačniku, da vzpostavi dialog z bi vzbujala paniko? Schildknechtom in razčisti. Jaz sem mu pisal, poslal oba sestavka v angleščini, mojega in Vertačnikovega in na mojega ni imel Happer nadalje pravi, da to dosežejo z dodajanjem nefizikalnih, pripomb, potrdil pa je tudi svoje izračune in primerjave z hipotetičnih pozitivnih povratnih učinkov, ki tako povečajo meritvami. skoraj neobstoječi vpliv dodajanja CO2. Vendar pa ni nobenega Ne drži Vertačnikova trditev, da ima CO2 še druge spektralne dokaza, da ti znatni povratni učinki dejansko obstajajo. pasove, kjer pa naj ne bi prišlo do nasičenja. CO2 ima glavni Vertačnikovi očitki o ' zdavnaj ovrženih trditvah' nikakor ne absorpcijski pas med 14 – 16 µm, ki pa je tudi delno prekrit z držijo, o čemer pričajo novejše znanstvene raziskave in viri, ki absorpcijskim pasom vodne pare. Namreč drugi pasovi CO2 jih navajam. Vsekakor je edina pot do razčiščenja nasprotnih niso pomembni za zajem sevanja od tal, ker so na robovih stališč neposreden stik z avtorji raziskav. valovnih dolžin sevanja tal ali z vodo (vlago) pokriti. Zato podvojitev koncentracije CO2, do katere sicer ne more priti Harde in Salby (34) dokažeta, da ne drži trditev IPCC, ki jo s strani človeštva (7: 1.4.7.), na 800 ppm, ne pomeni praktično povzema Vertačnik, da se antropogeni CO2 nabira v ozračju in nobene nevarnosti, pač pa veliko korist za povečanje pridelkov tam ostaja kot presežek desetletja in več. Nasprotno, kljub in gozdov na planetu. Absorpcijska krivulja je logaritemska, človekovim izpustom CO2, celotna količina CO2 ne preseže več CO2, manjši je učinek (7: str.110). ravnotežnega nivoja, ker pride do večje absorpcije CO2. Obstoj ravnotežnega nivoja dokažeta z izračuni, ki se povsem ujemajo z Končen dokaz, da temperature planeta ne uravnava CO2, žagasto krivuljo naraščanja CO2, kakršno izmerijo v ponujajo meritve zemeljskega izstopnega dolgovalovnega observatoriju na Mauna Loa na Havajih ( na 3.397 m n.v.) in, ki (toplotnega) sevanja, ki ne sledi spremembam vsebnosti CO2 jo vsi navajajo za merilo vsebnosti CO2 v ozračju. Zaključita, v ozračju (28: 2.del). Tu lahko sledimo tudi omenjeni da antropogeni CO2 ne uravnava podnebja. logaritemski odvisnosti. Kot zaključi avtor ' se pravljica o grozeči katastrofi zaradi IPCC poročila postajajo politično verska knjiga, enoumje, ki izpustov CO2 ne ujema z dejstvi. '' Nihanje temperature in napoveduje podnebno krizo, požar, kot biblijski vesoljni potop, vsebnosti CO2 na Zemlji je prikazano v (28: 1.del). kazen za človeštvo, ker izpušča CO2. A znanstveni dvom še živi, skupine znanstvenikov objavljajo dejstva, čeprav večkrat s van Wijngaarden in Happer (29) potrjujeta velik učinek nasičenja težavo zaradi cenzure, ker nasprotujejo napovedim IPCC. Primer CO2 tudi na vrhu atmosfere. je skupina Climate Intelligence (CLINTEL), ki je objavila Svetovno izjavo o podnebju (World Climate Declaration). V njej Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan profesor atmosferskih znanosti na MIT poudarja, da ni pomembno število strokovnjakov-podpisnikov, tudi napiše (30) , da je segrevanje zaradi CO2 v logaritemski ampak kakovost argumentov, znanstvenih dejstev. (35) povezavi z njegovo koncentracijo, da je prišlo do nasičenja in pri Objavili pa so tudi knjigo, recenzijo Šestega poročila IPCC, The podvojitvi njegove koncentracije segrevanje ne bo večje, kar Frozen Climate Views of the IPCC (36). potrjuje Schildknechtov rezultat. In kakšna je realnost razogljičevanja? Berimo: (28) (37)(38) Harde in Schnell (31) v laboratorijskem eksperimentu dokažeta Ampak, to je le del večjega projekta (39). CO2 in dušik. močno nasičenje za CO2, metan CH4 in didušikov oksid N2O (smejalni plin) pri povečanju koncentracije. Meritve so dobro Situacija postaja absurdna. Primer so aktivisti, ki kar tožijo potrjene z izračuni prenosa sevanja. Zato je vpliv teh plinov na države, češ, da se premalo borijo proti podnebnim globalno segrevanje majhen. Avtorja poudarjata že v povzetku, spremembam (40). Dejansko tožijo Naravo. da ni izrednih podnebnih razmer. Raziskave dokazujejo, da so sonce, atmosferska voda, morja Zanimivo je, da je izvirno delo našega rojaka znanstvenika (70% površine) in oblaki glavni regulatorji podnebnih Jožefa Stefana, ki je odkril zakon sevanja, postalo ključnega sprememb in ne CO2. Razogljičenje nima znanstvene pomena pri obravnavi podnebnih sprememb (28: 2.del)(32). osnove! In: Ne uničujmo narave, da bi reševali okolje! Prof.dr.William Happer (33) v svojem nedavnem predavanju v Avstraliji, Brisbane, navaja, da ob upoštevanju osnov fizike, LITERATURA podvojitev koncentracije CO2 iz 400 na 800 ppm pomeni 1. Durkin, M., The Great Global Warming Swindle (2007), segretje le za 0,71 stopinje Celzija. British Channel 4 Happer dokaže, da je skoraj vse sevanje, ki ga CO2 lahko zadrži, https://triglavmedia.si/novice/znanost/272-velika-co2- že absorbirano. Dodajanje CO2 skoraj nima vpliva na prevara slovenski prevod (2023) izstopajoče sevanje iz ozračja v vesolje. Sprašuje se, kako so 210 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYhCQv5tNsQ (2018) https://docplayer.net/85749630-Klimatologija-2005- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Global_Warming 2006.html _Swindle (zadnja sprememba 7.9.2023) 20. Informirano soglasje 2. Ogrin, T. (2023). Nehajmo napadati ogljikov dioksid, https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informirano_soglasje Delo, 8.7.2023 21. WHO, (2018), Health, environment and climate change https://www.delo.si/mnenja/pisma-bralcev/nehajmo- https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/273833/B142% napadati-ogljikov-dioksid/ 285%29-en.pdf?sequence=1 https://radlek.si/2023/07/20/nehajmo-napadati-ogljikov- 22. International Conference, (2017), Minsk, Free and dioksid/ (povezave do virov, stran ureja dr. Fedor Černe) informed consent as the core principle of the protection of 3. Vertačnik, G. (2023). Delo, 12.8.2023 sobotna priloga human rights in the field of biomedicine pisma bralcev (prepis) https://www.coe.int/en/web/bioethics/free-and-informed- 4. NEPN (2023) https://www.energetika- consent-as-a-core-principle-of-the-protection-of-human- portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni- rights-in-the-field-of-biomedicine dokumenti/nacionalni-energetski-in-podnebni- 23. NASA, (2016), Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening nacrt/dokumenti/ Earth, Study Finds 5. Margan, E. (2019), Življenje in tehnika, Antropogeni delež https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/carbon- CO2 v ozračju, 1.del september dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth https://radlek.si/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Antropogeni- 24. Schildknecht, D., (2020), International Journal of Modern dele%C5%BE-CO2-v-ozra%C4%8Dju-1.-del-1.pdf Physics B, Saturation of the Infrared Absorption by 6. Margan, E. (2019), Antropogeni delež CO2 v ozračju, Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 2.del oktober https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.00708.pdf https://radlek.si/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Antropogeni- 25. Beerling, D. (2007), The Emerald Planet: How Plants dele%C5%BE-CO2-v-ozra%C4%8Dju-2.-del-1.pdf changed Earth's History, Oxford University Press 7. Poyet. P. (2022), The Rational Climate e-Book: Cooler is https://academic.oup.com/book/41788 Riskier, The Extended 2nd Edition, Malta's NBC/CPL, 26. Singer, F. (2008), Nature, not human activity, rules the https://patricepoyet.org/ climate, predavanje Inštitut Jožef Stefan 8. Alkalaj, M. (2010) , Podnebna prevara, Orbis, Ljubljana https://videolectures.net/s_fred_singer/ https://marjankogelnik.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/podne https://videolectures.net/kolokviji_singer_nnha/ bna-prevara.pdf dopolnjeno 2011 https://www.co2web.info/NIPCC-Final_080303.pdf 9. Alkalaj, M (2022), Življenje in tehnika, Ko zanikovalci 27. IPCC, (2021), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change obmolknejo, september 2022 Working Group I, Climate Change 2021, The Physical https://www- Science Basis f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2022_09_Ko_zanikov https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullRepo alci_obmolknejo_Alkalaj.pdf rt.pdf 10. Koonin, S. E., (2021), Unsettled, BenBella Books 28. Margan, E. (2023) Življenje in tehnika, Realnost 11. Miskolczi, F. (2023), Greenhouse gas theories and razogljičevanja – brez panike ob podnebnih spremembah observed radiative properties of the earth's atmosphere, junij 2023, 2.del, str. 252, fig. 11 in 12. https://www- https://edberry.com/greenhouse-gas-theories-and- f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2023_6_Brez_panike_ observed-radiative-properties-of-the-earths-atmosphere/ 2del_EM.pdf 12. Guterres, A. (2022), COP27, Egipt maj 2023, 1.del https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoK7L5pxQFA https://www- 13. Guterres, A. (2023) , OZN, New York, ZDA f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2023_5_Brez_panike_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyacrd1d-cU 1del_EM.pdf 14. Insane Curiosity (2023), The Weakening of the Polar 29. van Wijngaarden, W.A., Happer, W. (2020), Vortex is leading Us towards a New Ice Age Dependence of Earth’s Thermal Radiation on Five Most https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h5yNJIVAVk Abundant Greenhouse Gases, Atmospheric and Oceanic 15. Insane Curiosity, (2023), The polar Vortex that will Physics https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.03098.pdf determine the fate of the Earth 30. Lindzen, R., (2022), An Assessment of the Conventional https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVnc_KsrE1U Global Warming Narrative, Technical paper 5, The Global 16. Psihologija množic Warming Policy Foundation, s komentarjem in odgovorom https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologija_mno%C5%BEic https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022- 17. Škarja, P. Povzetek knjige Psihologija množic 09-22-Lindzen-global-warming-narrative.pdf https://www.petraskarja.com/psihologija-mnozic-gustave- 31. Harde, H., Schnell, M., (2022), Verification of the le-bon/ Greenhouse Effect in the Laboratory, Science of Climate 18. Le Bon, G. (2016), Psihologija množic, UMco Change, Vol.2.1, pp. 1-33 19. Kajfež Bogataj, L. (2006) Klimatologija, predavanja https://doi.org/10.53234/scc202203/10 211 32. Margan, E., (2023), Učinek tople grede – ali sploh obstaja?, Information Society 2023, Inštitut Jožef Stefan https://www- f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/IS2023_Toplogredni_ucine k_ozracja_EM.pdf 33. Happer, W., (2023), Institute of Public Affairs (od 1943), Avstralija, predavanje https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/09/21/will-happer- speech-brisbane-climate-physics-in-understandable-bites/ 34. Harde, H., Salby, M. L., (2021), What Controls the Atmospheric CO2 Level?, Science of Climate Change, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 54-69 https://doi.org/10.53234/scc202106/22 35. Global Climate Intelligence Group, (2023), World Climate Declaration, There is no climate emergency https://clintel.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/WCD- version-081423.pdf 36. Crok, M., May, A., (2023), The Frozen Climate Views of the IPCC, An analysis of AR6, Clintel Foundation https://clintel.org/the-frozen-climate-views-of-the-ipcc/ 37. Alkalaj, M., (2023), Življenje in tehnika, Realnost razogljičevanja – poglej, preden skočiš, april 2023 https://www- f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2023_4_Realnost_raz ogljicevanja_poglej_preden_skocis_MA.pdf 38. Mihalič, R., (2023), Življenje in tehnika, Realnost razogljičevanja – kaj pa, če mislijo resno?, maj 1. del https://www- f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2023_5_Kaj_pa_ce_m islijo_resno_1del_RM.pdf junij 2.del https://www- f9.ijs.si/~margan/Articles/SLO/ZiT_2023_6_Kaj_pa_ce_m islijo_resno_2del_RM.pdf 39. Morano, M., Vlaardingerbroek, E., (2023), Watts Up With That?, https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/09/24/the-global- war-on-farming-net-zero-and-the-american-beef-industry- cannot-coexist/ 40. Dnevnik, (2023), Šest mladih toži podnebno neodločne države, tudi Slovenijo, 28.9.2023 https://www.dnevnik.si/1043033224?utm_source=newslett er&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=jutro20230928 212 Kako poceni je električna energija iz obnovljivih virov How cheap is electricity from renewable sources Rafael Mihalič UL, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Tržaška 25 Ljubljana, Slovenija rafael.mihalic@fe.uni-lj.si POVZETEK However, this is an extremely complex task as it requires good knowledge of the operation and planning of an EPS. Raba energije je temelj razvoja vsake civilizacije. Višja stopnja civilizacije vedno rabi več energije, kakor nižja, hkrati pa KLJUČNE BESEDE mora predstavljati manjši "strošek" za družbo. EU je sklenila, da bo svojo oskrbo z energijo "razogljičila", v nekaj desetletjih naj LCOE, FCOE, viri električne energije, obnovljivi viri, OVE, bi kot primarni energetski vir rabili samo še električno energijo stroški iz "brezogljičnih" virov. Večinski delež naj bi predstavljali stohastični obnovljivi viri energije (OVE). To pa zahteva KEYWORDS rekonstrukcijo oz. preobrazbo celotnega elektroenergetskega LCOE, FCOE, power sources, renewables, RES, costs sistema (EES). Za ovrednotenje investicij v omenjene OVE se v svetu večinoma uporablja metode LCOE. Če je delež OVE v EES majhen, je uporaba metode do neke mere opravičljiva, kakor pa 1 UVOD ta delež narašča pa nikakor ne. Stroški potrebnih prilagoditev Evropska unija in nekatere druge države so sprejele politične ostalega EES, ki jih LCOE ne upošteva, namreč postanejo odločitve za spremembo paradigme oskrbe družbe z energijo. odločilni faktor in lahko za večkrat presežejo rezultat LCOE. Cilji, ki so si jih zastavili so nek konglomerat različnih interesov Zato te "splošno sprejete" metode vrednotenja OVE na v družbi. Glede na to, da so ljudem dostopne informacije o tem nacionalni ravni nikakor ne smemo uporabiti. Upoštevati je problemu, ki so v domeni medijev, iz tehnično-ekonomskega potrebno celotne stroške sistema energetske oskrbe, ki jih zajema vidika v vsej EU izrazito enostranske, ni čudno, da se je večinsko t. i. metoda FCOE. Je pa to izjemno kompleksna naloga, saj ta volilno telo v večini EU nagnilo na stran, ki jo lahko označimo s zahteva dobro poznavanje obratovanja in načrtovanja EES. ponarodelim izrazom "Energiewende", energijski prehod ABSTRACT (preobrat). Povedna je izjava nekdanje nemške ministrske predsednice, ki je dejala, da bo to stalo vsakega Nemca sredstev The use of energy is the basis of the development of any v višini cene ene kepice sladoleda. Do sedaj je EU v novo civilization. A higher level of civilization always requires more paradigmo investirala stotine milijard evrov in strošek na energy than a lower level, but at the same time must represent povprečnega prebivalca EU se giblje v redu veličine nekaj tisoč lower “costs” for society. The EU has decided to “decarbonise” EUR. Upoštevajoč tudi posredne stroške zaradi podražitve its energy supply and in a few decades only electricity from proizvodnje vseh dobrin zaradi vedno zapletenejših in zaostrenih “carbon-free” sources will be used as a primary energy source. okoljskih standardov je ocena 10 000 evrov na štiričlansko The majority should come from stochastic renewable energy družino verjetno še optimistična. Precej velika kepica sladoleda, sources (RES). This requires a reconstruction or transformation skratka. of the entire electricity system (EPS). LCOE method is most Izkazalo se je, kar so tehniki in naravoslovno razgledani commonly used worldwide to evaluate investments in the ljudje sicer že ves čas opozarjali, da so tehnične težave pri mentioned RES. If the share of renewable energy in EPS is small, začrtani strategiji izjemno velike in predvsem drage. Politiki in the use of the method is justified to some extent, but as the share PR službe so za to iznašle nov pomen obstoječe besede "izziv". increases, not at all. The costs of the necessary adjustments of the Kar je tehnično ali ekonomsko praktično neuresničljivo tem remaining EPS, which are not taken into account by LCOE, ljudem predstavlja "izziv". Vedno očitneje postaja, da bo brez become the decisive factor and can exceed the LCOE results tako velikega posega v standard življenja, ki bi praktično many times over. Therefore, this “generally accepted” method pomenil zaton civilizacije, kakor jo v EU pojmujemo danes, for assessing RES should under no circumstances be used at ciljev ne moremo uresničiti. Zato se rojevajo vedno nove ideje, national level. The total costs of the energy supply system must kako to doseči, od katerih so nekatere izven vseh okvirjev be taken into account using the so-called FCOE method. realnosti. Če pojmujemo "ceno" oz. "strošek" nekega potrebnega proizvoda, energenta, storitve …. kot merilo napora oz. aktivnosti, ki jo mora družba posvetiti, da pridobi ta proizvod, Permissi Perm on issi on to t ma m ke dig d it ig al it or hard har co c p o ie i s of part ar or o r all a of thi t s hi wo w rk for or per e so s nal o or o r classroo r m m use i e s granted t wit w hout fee p fee ro r vided that copies are a n re o n t mad m e o e r r distrib r uted energent, storitev…, potem je seveda cena za oskrbo družbe z for profit f or commer mm cial advantage and th t at copies i bear this noti o ce and the h full energijo ključni faktor pri odločitvi za oskrbo družbe z energijo. cita cit titon o on o th t e firs fir t pa p ge. ge. Copy Co rig py h rig ts t for f thir t d hir -p - arty ar ty compone m n pone ts n of this wo w rk r mu m st t be h be o h n o or o ed. ed. F or F a or ll a ot ll her ot use her s use , ,c on c tac on t tac t he t o he wn w er/a er u /a t u ho h r(s). r( s). V nadaljevanju želimo predstaviti nekatere splošne vidike Information Society 2023, 9–13 Octob o er e 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia stroškov pri oskrbi družbe z električno energijo © 2 © 0 2 23 2 C opy C rig opy h rig t h h el e d by d by t he o he wn w er/a er ut /a ho ut r(s). ho r(s). 213 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia R. Mihalič 2 ALI RES RABIMO TOLIKO ENERGIJE postane bolj konkurenčna in se še hitreje razvija, za kar rabi še več energije. Kakor omenja taisti avtor lahko predstavimo Zastavimo si najprej temeljno vprašanje, ki se samo po sebi človeško družbo kot neke vrste toplotni stroj [3], ki rabi energijo porodi ob idejah za realizacijo omenjene "Energiewende". Skoraj za njeno aktivnost, ki jo lahko merimo v BDP. V študiji, ki jo vedno se najprej pojavi ideja, da lahko rabo energije v družbi omenja so proučili družbe 2000 let v preteklost, njihov BDP in bistveno zmanjšamo "ob skoraj" enaki kakovosti življenja rabo energije (tudi človeške, živalske) in prišli do zaključka oz. prebivalcev. Če nam to uspe, bo potrebne energije manj, in izračuna, da je razmerje med proizvedenim BDP (oziroma SPI – čeprav bo dražja, bomo približno na istem. Pa še svet bomo rešili. Indeksom socialnega napredka, s katerim sta skoraj povsem V bistvu je razmišljanje povsem logično in smiselno, dokler si ga korelirana) in rabo primarne energije skozi vso zgodovino skoraj ne pogledamo pobliže. konstanta. Sklepamo lahko torej: "Večji BDP (in s tem SPI), Ni potrebno biti poseben ekspert, pa tudi zgodovina je to večja raba energije". To potrjuje tudi graf na Slika 1. pokazala, da ugotovimo, da je odgovor na dilemo zelo kratek in zelo jasen. DA, sodobna, kompetitivna in razvojno naravnana SPI družba potrebuje veliko in vedno več ČIM CENEJŠE energije!!! Logika, ki stoji za to trditvijo je v svoji osnovi zelo preprosta. Če želiš razvito družbo, kjer bo urejena skrb za dela Tule je precej prazno SLOVENIJA nezmožne, vsem dostopno zdravstvo, šolstvo, sociala, umetnost, potem mora zelo majhen delež ljudi poskrbeti za življenje tistih, ki omogočajo prej navedene dejavnosti. Z drugimi besedami, če se ukvarja 70% neke družbe s tem, da zagotovi stopnji razvitosti družbe ustrezne osnovne pogoje za življenje članov te družbe, ostalih 30% preprosto ne more izvesti vseh ostalih dejavnosti v In tu tudi potrebnem obsegu. V razviti družbi mora zelo majhen delež ljudi (čim manjši, tem bolje) poskrbeti za energetske in materialne potrebe družbe. O tem nekoliko obširneje pišeta avtorja v [1]. To Energetski ekvivalent litrov nafte na dan na prebivalca pa omogoča visoka stopnja avtomatizacije proizvodnje in transporta ter s tem povezana visoka raba energije. Slika 1:Indeks socialnega napredka SPI glede na rabo Utemeljevanje nujnosti energetskega prehoda s stališča energije (povzeto po[4]) zagotavljanja "zelenih" delovnih mest je odsev bodisi neznanja promotorjev teh idej, bodisi njihovega zavestnega zavajanja. V 3 ZAKAJ RAVNO ELEKTRIČNA ENERGIJA ZDA so izračunali ([1], str. 38), da je za isto količino energije iz sončnih elektrarn potrebno 79 krat več delavcev (ali iz nedavnega Prispevek obravnava (glej naslov) električno energijo. Zakaj tvita twitter.com/drago_babic/ : "Leta 2009 je bilo v Nemčiji pri samo njo? Odgovor dobimo, če si pobliže pogledamo politične JE, ki so proizvedle 135 TWh elektrike, zaposlenih 35.000 ljudi, cilje EU na področju oskrbe z energijo. danes je pri vetrnicah, ki so proizvedle letno 80 TWh, zaposlenih Decembra 2019 je Evropska komisija predstavila 160.000 ljudi."), kakor če to energijo dobimo iz premoga. Ko se ambiciozen predlog, da bo EU27 do leta 2050 postala podnebno bo pol ljudi v družbi ukvarjalo z montažo sončnih panelov, nevtralna. Predlog določa posebne cilje zmanjšanja emisij do leta razkopavanjem ulic in polaganjem novih kablov, gradnjo vetrnic, 2030 in popolnega razogljičenja do 2050 [5]. Nadalje je Svet uvajanjem elektronskih sistemov za pametna mesta, pametne EU v sporočilu za javnost 27. junija 2022 objavil novico, da je vasi, pametne porabnike in ostale "pametne" zadeve, dosegel dogovor o "višjih ciljih za obnovljive vire energije servisiranjem vsega tega (ker stokrat bolj komplicirana zadeva se (OVE) in energijsko učinkovitost" [6], in sicer, da "EU do leta po navadi tudi vsaj stokrat pogosteje kvari) itd., itd., se lahko 2030 zmanjša neto emisije toplogrednih plinov za vsaj 55 % v vprašamo naslednje: "Kdo bo pa zdravil, učil, pazil na primerjavi z ravnmi iz leta 1990 in hkrati doseže 40-odstotni nepokretne in onemogle, prideloval hrano (po možnbosti EKO- delež energije iz obnovljivih virov v skupni mešanici virov BIO, brez gnojil in pesticidov in s pet krat manjšim donosom), energije do leta 2030. Hkrati naj bi se zmanjšala poraba razvijal nove tehnologije... ?" To, kaj pomeni pomanjkanje energije na ravni EU, in sicer 36-odstotno poraba končne zdravnikov, medicinskih sester, učiteljev, socialnih delavcev, energije in 39-odstotkov poraba primarne energije." inženirjev itd., Slovenija in Evropa že lepo občutita na lastni Glede na zaveze [5] je ekspertna skupina v svojem poročilu koži. za EU27 [7] predstavila pot, ki ji moramo slediti, da dosežemo Tudi pri promotorjih energetske preobrazbe priljubljena tako imenovano "podnebno nevtralnost". Skladno s tem čudežna skovanka "energetska optimizacija" pri vsem skupaj ne poročilom, ki je za dosego zastavljenih ciljev zahtevalo hitrejše pomaga kaj dosti. Danes je pridobivanje energentov in surovin razogljičenje od do takrat predvidenega v EU27, je ta tudi ter proizvodnja dobrin že v največji meri optimizirana, saj na sprejela predhodno omenjene "višje cilje" [6]. V bistvu gre za globalnem trgu sicer podjetja nimajo nobene možnosti. realizacijo ciljev v skladu s Pariškim sporazumom in s Nenazadnje teoriji, da učinkovitejša raba energije zmanjša pomenljivim naslovom: 1.5°C pot za Evropo: doseganje najvišje porabo energentov nasprotuje t. i. Jevonsov paradoks [2], ki možne podnebne ambicije (prevedel avtor iz: "1.5°C Pathways ugotavlja (in zgodovina je to potrdila), da je učinek ravno for Europe: Achieving the highest plausible climate ambition"). obraten. T. Garrett [3] v skladu s tem pravi: "Če naredimo Razmere glede porabe energentov na tej poti so predstavljene na civilizacijo energetsko učinkovitejšo, ji preprosto omogočimo sliki 2. hitrejšo rast in porabo več energije." Z drugimi besedami družba 214 R. Mihalič Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia EU2 EU 7 2 – OSKRBA S PRIMARNO ENERGIJO – OSKRBA S PRIMARNO ENERGIJO PAC (Paris Agreement Compatible) scenarij Celotna primarna energija v EJ biomasa jedrska plin Slika 4: Shema električnega napajanja zaselka premog Večina slovenskih nizkonapetostnih (NN) napajalnih obnovljivi viri (OVE) sistemov (glavni vod, napajalni transformator) je bila zasnovana za povprečno električno moč gospodinjstva reda 1 ali 2 kW. nafta Seveda lahko vsak "potegne" bistveno večjo moč, vendar to ne počno vsi naenkrat oz. se to zgodi zelo poredko in kratkotrajno in tak scenarij omrežje brez problemov prenese. Seveda se pri Slika 2: Predlagana poraba energentov EU27 [7] načrtovanju upošteva še neka rezerva, ki med drugim zajame predvideni razvoj in širitve zaselka. Tak koncept je očitno zelo Očitno naj bi po tem scenariju celotna raba energije po letu uspešno deloval zadnjih približno 100 let. 2050 izvirala elektrike, skratka vse na elektriko ali iz elektrike Sedaj pa si predstavljajmo, da v skladu z doktrino (recimo vodik, sintetična goriva). Pustimo ob strani vprašanje, "Energiewende" nekatera gospodinjstva želijo namestiti sončne kako to udejanjiti (problem električnih avtomobilov, električnih elektrarne (SE), se ogrevati s pomočjo toplotnih črpalk (TČ) in tovornjakov in ladij, polnilne infrastrukture, baterij itd.) in polniti električna vozila (EV). Vsak od omenjenih porabnikov privzemimo, da bo praktično edini vir energije elektrika. Torej oz. proizvajalcev električne energije ima moč reda 10 kW. Pa še ostali energenti v primarni oskrbi sploh ne bodo več relevantni in nekaj je nadvse pomembno. Čas visoke obremenitve omrežja ni zato pogled na scenarij proizvodnje električne energije bolj ali manj slučajno porazdeljen po porabnikih (nizek faktor pravzaprav vse pove – Slika 3. istočasnosti), kakor je bil pred uvedbo novodobne tehnologije, pač pa, ko sije sonce, sije hkrati na vse SE, ko je zunaj zelo mrzlo, EU27 – OSKRBA Z ELEKTRIČNO ENERGIJO delajo hkrati vse TČ in prepričan sem, da bodo 31. avgusta PAC (Paris Agreement Compatible) scenarij zvečer, dan pred prvim šolskim dnem ali 20. junija zvečer (dan Električna energija v TWh pred počitnicami, beri dopustom) skoraj vsi električni avti priključeni na polnilce. Zaradi omenjene rezerve obremenljivosti napajalnega sistema si dandanes del prebivalcev (recimo 10%, ponekod morda več, ponekod pa še manj) lahko privošči SE in/ali TČ in/ali domače napajanje EV. Tokovi IN NAPETOSTI ostanejo v spremenljivih mejah. Sedaj pa si predstavljajmo, da se recimo v obnovljivi viri (OVE) naselju s 30 porabniki (hišami -gospodinjstvi), kjer trije že imajo biomasa SE, na obstoječe omrežje želi priključiti še četrti. To pa recimo jedrska tehnično ne gre več (in "elektro" mu ne da soglasja). Pogoj za plin njegovo priključitev je zamenjava obstoječega oz. dodatni premog napajalni vod (kabel - beri razkopavanje cest, pločnikov) in zamenjava napajalnega transformatorja. Cena prvih treh SE je Slika 3: Od kod in koliko elektrike v EU27 [7] torej vsebovala ceno same elektrarne in kvečjemu močnejši dovod med glavnim vodom in gospodinjstvom, cena četrtega pa omenjeno + zamenjavo glavnega voda + zamenjavo 4 KOLIKO PA BO TO STALO transformatorja. "Dodatni" stroški praviloma večkratno Kot že omenjeno, pustimo denarne špekulacije s strani presegajo strošek SE. Tako ojačano omrežje bi morda ustrezalo kogarkoli že ob strani in privzemimo, da strošek odraža pač za namestitev še nekaj SE, potem pa bi se našel spet kdo, ki bi potreben "napor" družbe, za realizacijo tega, kar strošek moral investirati v nadaljnje ojačitve, pa morda ne ne le NN povzroča. omrežja, pač pa morda celo naprav na srednji napetosti. Za uspešno družbo mora biti "strošek" oskrbe z energijo čim Tu se seveda porodi kar nekaj vprašanj za milijon dolarjev.  manjši, predpogoj, da ga optimiziramo (najdemo načine, da je Kdo naj kaj plača?  najmanjši možen) pa je seveda ovrednotenje investicij v oskrbo Ali je prav, da prvi dobijo od "elektra" dovoljenje za z energijo. Tu pa se zadeva lahko zelo zaplete in na videz instalacijo SE, ostali pa ne? Kje je tu enakopravnost? relativno preprost problem postane skoraj nerešljiv. Obstoječe omrežje smo plačali vsi!  Za ilustracijo si predstavljajmo, da imamo neko električno Kako porazdeliti stroške, ko problem nastane zaradi omrežje, ki napaja nek zaselek, kakor vidimo na sliki 4. velikega deleža SE na srednjenapetostnem ali celo visokonapetostnem sistemu, kjer "krivde" oz. vzroka 215 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia R. Mihalič nastanka potreb po ojačitvi oz. rekonstrukciji sistema ni posebnih ukrepov oz. investicij prenese vsak EES. Ob tem se mogoče jasno pripisati določenemu elementu? takoj pojavi vprašanje, kaj pomeni "majhen delež?" Na to pa na  Kdo bo plačal božjastno drag sistem shranjevanja žalost ni mogoče dati enoznačnega odgovora. Zavisi namreč od električne energije na nacionalni ravni in za daljši čas, ki je same strukture EES in lastnosti elektrarn v sistemu, z drugimi tehnično nujen, če naj napajamo družbo s stohastičnimi besedami od tega, kolikšen je delež elektrarn, ki se lahko brez viri? škode prilagajajo hkrati porabnikom in stohastiki OVE, kakšne  Kdo bo plačal škodo ob morebitnih "blackoutih" so zmožnosti prilagajanja porabe, kakšne so zmožnosti povzročenih od OVE? Ali vsi pod pretvezo "naravne shranjevanja električne energije, kakšna je prenosna zmogljivost nesreče?" EES, kaka je sposobnost EES vzdrževati električne parametre v  Zakaj plačujemo subvencije v OVE preko dražje elektrike vseh točkah omrežja v varnih mejah, pa še kaj bi se našlo. oz. omrežnine v Evropi vsi in na ta način vzpostavljamo Dodatno zaplete dejstvo, da nam tudi odgovor na vsa zastavljena "anti Robin Hood sistem", kjer revnejši subvencionirajo vprašanja v nekem trenutku ne da odgovora za isti EES v bogatejše? drugačnem obratovalnem stanju. Če navedemo dva banalna  Kdo bo financiral pametna mesta, pametna omrežja, primera, npr. situacija v istem EES je povsem drugačna v času pametne skupnosti in kar je ostalega "pametnega", da bo velike porabe, kakor v času minimalne porabe, ali pa recimo, kaj moč integrirati kopico OVE v sistem? pomaga velika količina prilagodljivih hidroelektrarn, če ni vode.  Zakaj bi se morali tisti, ki "s tem nimamo nič" v Vse skupaj postane seveda še bolj zapleteno, pa se spet novodobnem elektroenergetskem sistemu prilagajati naslonimo na obravnavani ilustrativen primer, ko hočemo proizvodnji, se sprijazniti z večtarifnim sistemom, kot priključiti četrto SE (in kasneje peto, šesto …. dvajseto ….), za posledico integracije OVE, se sprijazniti z morebitno katero pa obstoječe omrežje nima več "dovolj rezerve". Naenkrat zmanjšano zanesljivostjo sistema ali zamenjavi žarnic in se odpre v točkah naveden kup vprašanj. Če ta vprašanja oz. drugih čisto uporabnih naprav iz obdobja "220-tih" voltov, dileme posplošimo na celoten EES in "električno" plat problema, če sosed postavi na streho SE in nam napetost zaradi tega se izkaže, da princip LCOE ne upošteva sprememb, ki jih je naraste na sicer dovoljenih 250 voltov ali čez in nam stare potrebno izvesti v EES, da lahko priklopimo večji delež naprave "skuri"? stohastičnih OVE od navedenega "majhnega deleža", za katerega zadostuje inherentna rezerva EES. Odgovor na večino gornjih vprašanj je na žalost ob Potrebne spremembe EES zaradi vključitve stohastičnih današnjem stanju duha v evropski družbi jasen in (zopet na OVE so posledice osnovnega fizikalnega dejstva, da mora biti v žalost) je večina teh vprašanj retoričnih in kakor izgleda bo EES vstopajoča energija v vsakem trenutku enaka iz EES "nastradal povprečni Janez Novak". Zato, da se je sploh mogoče izstopajoči energiji, hkrati pa mora biti frekvenca električne kompetentno pogovarjati (ali vsaj dajati tak videz) pa je v luči napetosti konstantna oz. se sme spreminjati v zelo ozkih mejah predhodnih dilem ključno naslednje osnovno vprašanje. okrog nazivne (v Evropi 50 Hz). To, da mora biti EES in njegovi  "Kako ovrednotiti strošek OVE na družbo?" elementi zgrajeni tako, da omogočajo pretok zahtevane energije ob hkratnem zagotavljanju kakovostne napetosti porabnikom V V zvezi s slednjim vprašanjem se je v svetu najbolj uveljavil VSAKEM TRENUTKU je samo po sebi umevno dejstvo. Z (verjetno zato, ker favorizira OVE) tako imenovani pristop drugimi besedami tok ne sme preseči določene vrednosti, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Electricity) ali če skušamo napetost se mora gibati znotraj nekaj % okrog tako imenovane posloveniti: »izravnanih stroškov električne energije«. Obstajajo nazivne vrednosti. (Če smo zelo natančni, slednjega ni moč trudi drugi pristopi (recimo VALCOE, LACE, LCOS), a se vedno in v popolnosti zagotoviti, recimo med okvarami v EES, osredotočimo na LCOE. Ta princip upošteva pravzaprav samo zato se odstopanje tolerira v posebnih primerih za kratke čase.). investicijo v OVE in tekoče stroške obratovanja in kvečjemu Če torej želimo vzpostaviti na stohastičnih OVE temelječ in investicijo v kratkotrajne shranjevalnike električne energije, ki hkrati samozadosten EES ter prehod ogrevanja in osebne naj bi zgladile samo največje konice oz. skoke v proizvodnji mobilnosti na elektriko, bi bilo potrebno poleg same izgradnje OVE in imajo kapaciteto le za nekaj ur proizvodnje OVE. Tak OVE (kar predvideva metoda LCOE) ustrezno prilagoditi EES. pristop uveljavlja tudi znana konzultantska firma Lazard v To pa pomeni kup nadaljnjih investicij. svojem poročilu (april 2023). Potemtakem ne preseneča, da v  Nadomestno proizvodnjo, ko OVE ne dajo nič ali ne dajo poročilu prikaže ceno električne energije iz OVE nižjo od cene dovolj energije vsaj za en ali dva meseca. "Brezogljična" "klasičnih" virov, recimo nuklearnih elektrarn (NE). Seveda pri alternativa za to so baterijski shranjevalniki električne Lazardu niso edini, pač pa se večina izračunov rentabilnosti OVE energije ali morda proizvodnja vodika in/ali sintetičnih v svetu izvede po LCOE principu. Tovrstne ocene potem z goriv. Prva možnost je izven domene realnega, saj trenutna veseljem povzamejo mainstream mediji in v družbi je kar svetovna proizvodnja vseh baterij ne pokrije niti potreb naenkrat "splošno znano dejstvo", da so OVE najcenejša varianta Slovenije za kaj takega, drugi dve alternativi pa sta oskrbe z energijo. nesprejemljivo dragi in povezani z enormnimi izgubami Če si LCOE princip ogledamo v luči primera iz začetka tega energije. poglavja, bi veljal le za prve tri investitorje v recimo SE (dejali  Kompletno bi bilo potrebno prenoviti slovenski NN sistem smo, da se četrti ne more več priklopiti), ki izkoristijo inherentno in mu za nekajkrat povečati prenosno zmogljivost, kar rezervo elektroenergetskega sistema (EES). Prvi trije plačajo pomeni zamenjavo ca. 46 000 km vodov in ca. 16 000 torej zgolj lastno SE in dovod do centralnega napajalnega voda. transformatorjev. Samo stroške tega nekateri ocenjujejo na V bistvu lahko to dejstvo posplošimo na celoten EES, in sicer reda 10 mrd evrov. Kdo bi dobil potrebna dovoljenja, velja, da majhen delež stohastične proizvodnje OVE lahko brez mehanizacijo in delovno silo za izvedbo česa takega v 216 R. Mihalič Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia naslednjih nekaj letih bi moral imeti verjetno magične Omenjene dodatne stroške FCOI je zelo težko ovrednotiti, so sposobnosti Marvelovih superjunakov. pa očitno znatni in OVE postanejo z večanjem njihovega deleža  Prenoviti bi bilo potrebno tudi večino distribucijskih krepko dražji od klasičnih virov elektrike (slika 5). sistemov in velja v principu ugotovitev iz prejšnje točke.  Ker imajo OVE relativno zelo majhne obratovalne ure (v kolikšnem času polne obremenitve bi proizvedli dejansko proizvedeno energijo – SE v Sloveniji recimo reda 11%), bi bilo potrebno dimenzionirati proizvodnjo OVE, prenos energije in shranjevalnike na nekajkratnik sedanje nazivne moči naprav. Torej tudi prenosni nivo EES ne bi mogel uiti krepki razširitvi. Tu pa postanejo zadeve še bolj zanimive. Če sklepamo po preteklih izkušnjah je namreč za postavitev 400 kV daljnovoda v naših logih in okolici potreben čas okrog 30 let (daljnovoda Maribor – Dunaj in Krško – Beričevo). HE Mokrice "umeščajo v prostor" okrog 10 let, pa po meni znanih podatkih prve lopate še niso zasadili. Slika 5: Več OVE, dražja elektrika (trend - rdeča črtkana  Če bi se odločili za shranjevanje električne energije v črta – znaša 0,03 centa/kW dodatne moči OVE ) sintetični metan ali vodik bi bilo treba zgraditi ustrezno infrastrukturo, ki bi morala biti dimenzionirana na Kljub temu, da je kup relevantnih igralcev na svetovni sceni nekajkratnik sedanje moči EES Slovenije, saj bi v kratkem (IEA, IEEJ, IMF, ACE, OECD) neposredno ali "med vrsticami" času visoke proizvodnje OVE morali shraniti energijo za označilo LCOE kot povsem neprimerno metodo za vrednotenje daljši čas. Poleg tega bi morala biti proizvodnja električne investicij v stohastične OVE (Jože P. Damjan v svoji kolumni energije še reda 2 x višja, kakor pri shranjevanju z omenja 106 000 zadetkov na iskanje »what is wrong with akumulatorji, ker je izkoristek pri pretvarjanju iz elektrike LCOE«), pa se za upravičevanje investicij v stohastične OVE v v metan ali vodik, transportu in hranjenju zelo veliko veliki večini še vedno uporablja LCOE. In seveda investicija v izgub. Pretvorba nazaj v električno energijo pa izkoristek omenjene vire je ekonomsko ugodna, gradi se jih na veliko, a glej dodatno še drastično zniža. čudo! Najdražjo elektriko imajo države z največ OVE. Očitno  Vsemu temu lahko dodamo še škodljive vplive na družbo torej s "splošno znano resnico", da so OVE najcenejša zaradi ogromne potrebe po bakru, grafitu, litiju, kobaltu alternativa, s katero vehementno opletajo nekateri mediji, nekaj redkih zemljah – beri rudarjenju gigantskih razsežnosti, ki ni v redu. Nenazadnje, zakaj za božjo voljo rabijo subvencije, ko jih tak sistem zahteva. Nakup surovin ali elementov EES sta vendar sonce in veter zastonj, cena OVE pa tako nizka?! drugje ne zmanjša vpliva na okolje, samo prestavi ga drugam, po navadi tja, kjer so okoljski standardi bistveno nižji, kot v EU, da o suženjskem delu ne govorimo. 5 Sklep Rabi energije se, če želimo ostati vsaj na približno enaki Namerno dolga interpretacija vplivov OVE na potrebo po rekonstrukciji celotnega EES je bila izbrana, da čim jasneje civilizacijski ravni, ne moremo izogniti. Fantazije o "odrasti", ilustrira, zakaj je metoda LCOE povsem neprimerna za večji kakovosti življenja vseh in manjši rabi energije, ovrednotenje stroškov električne energije OVE. Če bi jo že lahko optimizaciji proizvodnje, čudežnih "prebojih" in hkratni do neke mere uporabili pri majhnih deležih OVE v EES pa z ohranitvi obstoječe kakovosti življenja, dobrobiti množice rastjo deleča OVE in s tem potreb po prilagoditvi ostalega EES, "zelenih delovnih mest", da ne naštevam puhlic dalje, so res postaja vedno manj primerna. O tem pišeta nekoliko obširneje samo fantazije. Eden od načinov, kako ljudem "prodati" bajko o avtorja v [8] in predlagata tako imenovano metodo FCOE (Full rešitvi matere Zemlje s stohastičnimi OVE in jim hkrati iz Cost Of Electricity), torej "polne" stroške električne energije iz denarnic za to izvleči kar je le mogoče je, da jim potem, ko si jih virov, ki poleg stroškov: prestrašil, da se bo Zemlja skuhala, če ne ukrepamo, prepričaš,  da imaš rešitev, ki je poleg vsega še "najbolj poceni". Natanko to izgradnje,  dosežemo, če uporabimo splošno uporabljeno metodo LCOE za goriva in  vrednotenje investicij v stohastične OVE. Če imamo opravka z obratovanja (metoda LCOE) upošteva tudi stroške: majhnim deležem OVE v EES je uporaba metode do neke mere  opravičljiva, kakor pa ta delež narašča (in utopična ideja EU prenosa energije,  načrtovalcev evropske energetske politike je korakanje proti 100 prilagajanja EES stohastiki proizvodnje,  %) pa nikakor ne. Stroški potrebnih prilagoditev ostalega EES hranilnikov energije,  namreč postanejo odločilni faktor in lahko za večkrat presežejo rezerve,  tiste, ki jih upošteva LCOE. Zato te "splošno sprejete" metode vpliva na okolje,  za ovrednotenje investicij v stohastične OVE na nacionalni ravni recikliranja OVE po koncu življenjske dobe,  nikakor ne smemo uporabiti. Če nas zanima resnica, seveda. rabe prostora (cena zemljišča neposredno in posredno zaradi znižane vrednosti okoliških zemljišč), Upoštevati je potrebno celotne stroške, ki jih zajema t. i. metoda  FCOE. Je pa to izjemno kompleksna naloga, saj zahteva ostali vplivi in metrika (recimo ERoEI). 217 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia R. Mihalič poznavanje množice parametrov, ki jih lahko le ocenimo. Ne glede na to pa da odgovor bistveno bliže realnosti, kakor LCOE. REFERENCE [1] Rafael Mihalič, Mišo Alkalaj; Energija za človeštvo - Kaj si želimo in potrebujemo, ŽiT, apr. 2017, letn. 68 [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons [3] Timothy J. Garrett; Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide?, https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.1855.pdf [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_ per_capita [5] https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050- long-term-strategy_en [6] https://www.consilium.europa.eu/sl/policies/clean-energy/ [7] Climate Analytics, 1.5°C Pathways for Europe: Achieving the highest plausible climate ambition, https://climateanalytics.org/media/1- 5pathwaysforeurope_2.pdf [8] Schernakau and Smith; The Unpopular Truth, Energeia Publishing, 2023 218 German Energiewende Between Ideology and Reality Nemški Energiewende med ideologijo in stvarnostjo Rafael Mihalič † Dušan Povh† University Ljubljana Consultant rafael.mihalič@fe.uni-lj.si dusan.povh@t-online.de ABSTRACT Energiewende.[1] In the late 1980s, CO2 emissions bečame the main target of environmentalists bečause they are The artičle desčribes the goals and čourse of the German čonsidered to be the main čause of člimate čhange. In 1988, Energiewende from the early 1980s to today’s situation. the IPCC Committee was established under the auspičes of Despite huge investments and subsidies, they are reačhing the UNO, whičh has sinče been a leading forče in the "čombat" their goals with diffičulty. High energy pričes have negative against člimate čhange. IPCC čollečts researčh and čonsequenčes for industry and the političal stability of the publičations on člimate čhange and, aččording to its own čountry. Energiewende is therefore at a turning point. To judgement, prepares reports on the čonsequenčes of člimate ačhieve the goals in 2030, the čonstručtion of regenerative čhange due to the inčrease in CO2 in the atmosphere. The resourčes should double or triple, whičh is not realistič due člimate problem has bečome one of the most important to finančial problems, problems with bureaučračy, and the issues in global političs. But the long-term suččess of ačquisition of raw materials. measures against člimate čhange would only be suččessful if the whole world ačted in a čoordinated manner and also kept KEYWORDS its promises. This is, however, unlikely. German Energiewende, development, state, ačhievements, problems for the future. In 1992, the 1st Climate Conferenče was čonvened in Brazil, POVZETEK followed by sučh čonferenčes almost every year. In 1997, Kyoto adopted the first, still optional promises to reduče CO2 C lanek opisuje čilje in potek nems ke Energiewende od emissions by 2008, and then new čommitments at the Paris zač etka osemdesetih let prejs njega stoletja do danas njih Conferenče in 2015. Germany has been one of the main razmer. Kljub velikim investičijam in subvenčijam svoje čilje promoters of this ideology and wants to set an example for dosegajo s tez avo. Visoke čene energije imajo negativne other čountries in redučing CO2. poslediče za industrijo in politič no stabilnost drz ave. Energiewende je zato na prelomniči. Za dosego čiljev leta They respond to the čritičism that Germany by itself čannot 2030 bi se morala gradnja obnovljivih virov podvojiti ali save the world with less than 2% of total CO2 emissions: If potrojiti, kar pa zaradi finanč nih tez av, tez av z birokračijo in we show that the Energiewende is ečonomičally suččessful pridobivanjem surovin ni realno. and inčreases people's satisfačtion and well-being, others in the world will follow. Unfortunately, this has proved to be an KLJUČNE BESEDE illusion. Nems ki Energiewende, razvoj, stanje, dosez ki, problemi za prihodnost. 2 OBJECTIVES ENERGIEWENDE In the beginning, the goal of Energiewende was to replače 1 INTRODUCTION nučlear and čoal power plants with regenerative sourčes, The German Energiewende has its roots in the 1970s, when mainly wind farms, sinče there were no čheaper solar panels the protests against nučlear weapons began in Germany. This available at the time. movement later evolved into the Green Party. In the early 1980s, demands were made for a čhange in energy poličy and They čommitted themselves to reduče CO2 emissions, the člosure of nučlear power plants, espečially after the čompared to 1990 by 40% by 2020, by 65% by 2030 (here Chernobyl aččident. These demands were then čalled the Germany tightened the EU requirement by 55%), by 80% by ∗ 2040 and to ačhieve člimate-neutrality by 2045 (in the EU by Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note 2050) [2]. In addition to the needed čhanged in the stručture of elečtričity produčtion and the nečessary network Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or restručturing, this means also dečisive long-range čhanges in distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice industry, heating, agričulture and transport. and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 219 The first target for 2020 was not ačhieved by Germany for By the beginning of 2023, about 30,000 wind turbines had both subječtive and obječtive reasons. In 2022, the črisis in been installed. 2022 was a very favorable year for the wind. the industry and the related redučtion of emissions in this They produced 123 TWh of energy, which means about 25% area enabled to ačhieve the target. The target for 2030 is, in of the total demand. However, the installed power of these the opinion of the profession, unattainable. And the goal for wind turbines is (for comparison: the maximum load peak in 2045 is so far away that all the guarantees whether they will this year was 40 GW) more than 66 GW. ačhieve this are just spečulation. The large-scale construction of solar panels began after 2010, when the Chinese achieved significantly lower costs with However, with a different, non-ideologičal, strategy, further development and rationalization of production. With Energiewende čould be more suččessful. This was shown by guaranteed consumption of this energy and high price, the a study done by the ETG / VDE (Energie-Tečhnisčhe installation of large solar complexes has become a very Geselsčhaft) in the early time of planning for Energiewende. profitable also for private investment. Currently, the rated Independently of političs, she explored the best tečhničal and power of installed panels is about 60 GW. In 2022, they ečonomičal way: to retain and build additional nučlear produced 54 TWh of energy, which amounts to only 11% of power plants if nečessary and build wind turbines in wind- annual consumption. friendly regions. In addition, a smaller number of gas In 2022, regenerative sources, in addition to wind turbines, turbines to quičkly čompensate for čhanges in produčtion photovoltaic, water production and biogas plants, produced from windmills. However, političs revised this solution and a total of 46% of annual consumption. The rest must be insisted to člose all nučlear power stations. covered by coal, natural gas and 3 nuclear plants. The main goal of Energiewende, of course, is to shut down all 3 STATE OF ENERGIEWENDE fossil fuel power plants. To close coal mines by 2038, the Figure 1 [3] shows the sourčes of primary energy state will pay €40 billion. However, due to the člosure of čonsumption for 2020. In rečent years, there have been few nuclear power plants, they had to additionally activate old, čhanges. Although nučlear power plants have been shut dirty coal power plants. With this, Germany again increased its CO2 emissions and thus further deviated from its goals. down, additional old čoal-fired power plants have had to be ačtivated. The share of regenerative sourčes is only 16.5%. In The construction of wind turbines and solar panels and the just over 22 years, 84.5% of energy needs should be guarantee for the consumption of all electricity produced produčed with wind turbines, solar panels, biomass and required huge investments, which the State further hydrogen, in the hope that this tečhnology will be available subsidized. Large subsidies and taxes increased the therefore for the needs of industry, traffič and power plants by then. price of electricity intensive. There are various estimates of the costs to date, with a real value of at least €500 billion, equivalent to €25,000 for a family of four. Of course, all these costs have an impact on the price of electricity for private consumption. Figure 2 [4] shows this development. Different cost shares are also shown. The charge for regenerative sources amounts to more than 25% of the price. Higher network charges due to changes in the network and higher production costs also have an increasing impact on the price. Figure 1: Primary energy consumption in Germany (year 2020) In the past, the focus of Energiewende lay mainly on coal power generation, the last of which should be closed by 2038. This is to be made possible by the determined construction of wind turbines and the solar panels. Wind turbines are built mainly in the north of the country, where there are very good conditions for wind. In addition to on shore wind turbines, they also force offshore wind turbines, which are much more expensive. And since all this is not sufficient, they require the installation of wind turbines throughout Germany. Each German Land has to make 2% of its territory available for this Figure 2: Electricity price development for German purpose. consumers 220 The electricity price for industry follows a similar pattern of For further development, this means need for faster about 55% of the above values. The electricity price is, construction of wind turbines and photovoltaics. For wind however, 50% higher in Germany than the EU average. turbines, they require that 4 to 5 units and three times more solar should go into operation per day. To replace coal- According to the figure, the price jumped sharply in 2022 fired power plants, 50 gas-fired power plants would need because of the gas crisis resulting from the Russian invasion to be built to cover the needs at times when there is no wind of Ukraine. In 2023, the price cap, decides by government, or sun and to enable operation of the total system. lowered the price slightly again. However, the high energy price resulting from the Energiewende and the withdrawal of Connections with HVDC north-south transmission and the nuclear plants threatens the stability of the German large reconstruction of the distribution networks are economy and thus also political stability. necessary to connect solar panels and power heat pumps and electric cars. Figure 4: Renewable energies. Shares for electricity, heat and transport until 2022 Figure 3: Emissions of the German electricity mix 1990- They do not talk officially about the cost up to the year 2021 (bars: emissions in Mio t; curves: specific emission 2030. However, some estimations speak for more than factor in g/kWh) 1000 billion € [7]. Figure 3 [5] shows the values of CO2 emissions in Mio t and the corresponding emission factors in g/kWh. The values are 4 FUTURE OF ENERGIEWENDE entered until 2021. However, the values in 2022 (not shown Političs promised people that the Energiewende would not in the figure) increased again, mainly due to the closure of lead to high energy čosts, čreate new, high-quality jobs, and nuclear power plants and their replacement by coal-fired inčrease the prosperity of the čountry. power plants. By 2022, the emission factor was reduced compared to 1990 from 746 g / kWh to 498 g / kWh, i.e., by The reality is different. Investments and subsidies have led to only 35%. Less than expected. extremely high elečtričity pričes. This has been, of čourse, čompounded additional by the finančial črisis and problems The current situation of the Energiewende is shown in Figure 4 [6]. This is for the electric supply (which we discuss in this čaused by the loss of čheap Russian gas. The pričes for article as a priority), for heating and transport. The fields households are 50% higher than the EU average. The pričes cover about 60% of total CO2 emissions. The progress in for industry are 3 to 5 times higher than in the USA or China. electricity reached about half, but in the other two are only at The čonsequenčes of this are the loss of čompetitiveness of the beginning. They want to make progress in heating with German industry, with the dečline in produčtion and the heat pumps and hydrogen, although hydrogen technology is reločation of energy-intensive industries abroad. not yet developed for mass use. In transport, they are betting on electric cars, although they are also far below the plans To ačhieve the goals in 2030, we would need to aččelerate the here. The actual share of electric cars in Germany is only 2%. čonstručtion of regenerative sourčes by a fačtor of 2 to 3. Measures for both sectors also mean great additional From the čurrent 1-2 to 4-5 windmills a day and several electricity needs, which was not considered in the times more solar panels. To restore the elečtričity grid, 990 Energiewende. km of new transmission lines and čables would be needed, although in rečent years they have managed to handle only A comparison with France shows that Germany has big 164 km per year. In addition, what is not even mentioned, the problems with reducing CO2 in this area because of its čonstručtion of about 50 new gas power stations if we opposition to nuclear power. France achieves 5 times less wanted to člose most čoal-fired power plants. Cost estimates emission factor of 92 g / kWh because of use of nuclear are over €1000 billion. power plants. Germany, if the plan goes ahead, would not reach this value until 2040. 221 Due to bureaučračy, permits for the čonstručtion of new However, the čurrent političal option (yet) is not ready for installations take 5 to 10 years. In addition, people signifičant čorrečtions. The solution, or at least the mitigation opposition hinders the čonstručtion of windmills. For the of the problems, would be what the čurrent opposition first HVDC north-south čonnečtion, it has taken 10 years and promises: Aččept that the člimate is not the only priority. they still čannot determine the final route. For example: for Compromise must be found between the ečonomy and the short čable sečtion, they need 19,000 pages of ečology as the suččessful ečonomy first enables investment dočumentation. for ečology. This also means the reačtivation of existing nučlear power station at least for some time and slowdown Aččounts also show that there čannot be enough materials of the Energiewende. However, possible revision in the (čement, iron, čopper, čobalt) available at the existing global člimate poličy čould have also impačt on the German čapačity, and an even more serious problem is the lačk of Energiewende. čritičal raw materials as rare earths, 90% of whose produčtion is čontrolled by the the existing čapačity, and an REFERENCES even more serious Chinese. [1] Wikepedia.de/Energiewende [2] BDEW (2022), September 2022 – Verivox (2022) [3] AG Energiebilanzen; Stand 09/2021 [4] 5 Umweltbudnesamt eigene Berechnungen 2022 CONLUSIONS [5] Energiewende 2030: Neue Ziele, neue Herausforderungen; ENERGIEWIRTSCHAFTLICHE TAGESFRAGEN 70. Jg. (2020) Heft 3 Energiewende, as they imagined at the beginning, is in a one- [6] Umweltbundesamt, Arbeitsgruppe erneuerbare Energien-Statistik, way street with the dead end resulting in serious degradation Stand 02/2023 of living standard and političal instability in the čountry. [7] Energiewende: Deutsčhland blühen 1 Billion Euro Kosten, capital.com; (27.02.2023) 222 Toplogredni učinek ozračja – ali sploh obstaja? Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect – Does It Exist Erik Margan† Oddelek za eksperimentalno fiziko osnovnih delcev Institut Jožef Stefan Ljubljana, Slovenija erik.margan@ijs.si POVZETEK (~0.15K per decade). A different calculation, similar to the one used by NASA to calculate the temperature of the Moon and Problem izračuna efektivne poprečne temperature planeta je v other bodies with weak or no atmosphere, eliminates the need osnovi domneve o učinku tople grede ozračja (kar ni bilo nikoli fort the atmospheric greenhouse effect and gives the basis for fizikalno dokazano). S tem je povezan problemom ocene vpliva more realistic projections of future climate. na podnebje s strani naravnih procesov in človeškega vpliva prek izpustov tim. 'toplogrednih' plinov. Pri IPCC izhajajo iz KEYWORDS termičnega sevalnega ravnovesja tako, da iz povprečnega izstopnega sevanja (~240Wm−2) neposredno izračunajo If writing in Slovene, add English keywords below the Slovene povprečno temperaturo (255K), ki pa je premajhna glede na ones, keyword, keyword, keyword dejansko izmerjeno (288K). Razliko (33K) pripišejo učinku tople grede ozračja, zaradi česar so ocenjeni vplivi 'toplogrednih' 1 UVOD plinov preveliki in posledično klimatski računalniški programi napovedujejo segrevanje, za katerega že zdaj vidimo, da je Vprašanje v naslovu se seveda nanaša na primer odprtega preveliko glede na dejansko zabeleženo hitrost segrevanja ozračja, ne pa na zastekljeni rastlinjak. Prvo teoretično razlago planeta (~0,15K na desetletje). Drugačen izračun, podoben učinka tople grede je podal Jean-Baptiste Joseph de Fourier. tistemu s katerim ameriška vesoljska agencija NASA izračunava Slavni matematik je kot topniški general v Napoleonovi vojski temperaturo Lune in drugih teles brez ozračja, daje rezultat, ki spoznal problem širjenja topovskih cevi pod vplivom toplote, odpravi potrebo po domnevi o toplogredne učinku ozračja in daje kasneje pa je svoje raziskave razširil še na druge materiale, tudi osnovo za bolj realne napovedi. zrak. Za toplo gredo je zapisal: "Če segretemu zraku preprečimo, da se dviga in širi, ter s tem ohlaja, potem …". Fourieru je torej KLJUČNE BESEDE bilo jasno, da v odprtem ozračju toplogrednega učinka ni, oziroma je lahko le kratkotrajen, dokler se ne vzpostavi vertikalni Keywords in the language of the paper, keyword, keyword, zračni pretok. keyword ABSTRACT "Podnebne spremembe so resnične, povzroča jih človek in so nevarne!", je bilo jedro sporočila predsednika ZDA Baraka The problem of calculating the effective average temperature of Obame v govoru, ki ga je imel v Skupščini Združenih narodov the planet is at the basis of the alleged greenhouse effect of the leta 2009. Enaka sporočila poslušamo prek množičnih medijev atmosphere (which was never physically proven). The problem že kakšnih 35 let s strani številnih podnebnih aktivistov, of estimating the natural versus anthropogenic influence on politikov, pa tudi znanstvenikov. Znanstveno podlago za take climate is closely related to this calculation. In IPCC reports the trditve najdemo v poročilih, ki jih vse od svoje ustanovitve leta idea of thermal radiation balance is used to obtain the average 1988 vsakih nekaj let izdaja Medvladni odbor za podnebne outgoing thermal radiation (~240Wm−2) to directly calculate the spremembe, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate average temperature (255K), which is too small comparedt o the Change) [1]. known value (288K). The difference (33K) is attributed to the atmospheric greenhouse effect and because of that the estimated Pri tem se pojavljajo trditve, da je o problemu podnebnih influence of the greenhouse gases is too large. Consequently the sprememb znanost že vse dorekla (’science is settled’), da je čas climate computer programs are giving warming projections za razprave že potekel in je sedaj čas za akcijo. Ostra medijska which are large in comparison with the measured warming rate kampanja o tej temi pa je v zadnjem času šla tako daleč, da že ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note mnogi odkrito pozivajo, da je dvomljivcem in ’zanikovalcem’ †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note (termin je namenoma izbran tako, da spominja na zanikovalce Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Holokavsta po drugi svetovni vojni) podnebnih sprememb classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed onemogočiti dostop do medijev in jim tako preprečiti širjenje for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must ’neresnic in zavajanj’. be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 223 Tovrstna politična cenzura je sicer pogosta v ideoloških in saj je v takih razmerah emisivnost večine materialov blizu političnih razpravah, toda v znanstvenih razpravah cenzure in vrednosti 1. dogmatskega razmišljanja ne smemo tolerirati, ker to pomeni konec znanosti. Bistvo znanosti je ravno v tem, da se že dosežena Eksperimentalno je mogoče ugotoviti, da spektralna funkcija spoznanja v luči novih dognanj ponovno preverijo in sončnega sevanja ustreza Planckovemu spektru z maksimumom ovrednotijo, ter po potrebi ustrezno popravijo, ali pa občasno v pri valovni dolžini 555 nm, kar ustreza temperaturi fotosfere celoti zavržejo in se nadomestijo z novo teoretično paradigmo. okoli 5772 K (že Stefan je izračunal, da mora biti temperatura Pri tem je od ključnega pomena odprta razprava o vseh vidikih sončeve fotosfere okoli 5700 K). Efektivno temperaturo Sonca problema, od osnovnih predpostavk, metodologije izvajanja lahko uporabimo za določitev gostote sevalne moči, ki pa se na eksperimentov in analize ugotovljenih podatkov in zakonitosti, razdalji zemeljske orbite zmanjša za razmerje kvadratov radijev primerjanja s teoretično izpeljanimi rezultati, umeščanja v Sonca in zemeljske orbite, Rs2/Ro2: strukturo že obstoječega znanja, pa do njihovih znanstvenih in filozofskih interpretacij. 2 2 j* = (R ) σT 4 s /Ro Eden od temeljev, na katerih stoji domneva o človeškem vplivu na podnebje je učinek tople grede, ki naj bi bil pogojen s Tako dobimo sevalno gostoto moči na razdalji zemeljske orbite, sevalnim ravnovesjem planeta. Institucija v kateri sem zaposlen ki jo imenujemo solarna konstanta in jo običajno označujemo kot nosi ime najslavnejšega fizika slovenskega rodu, svetovno So = 1366 Wm−2 (čeprav ni ravno konstantna, malo se znanega ravno po dognani zakonitosti termodinamičnega spreminja, saj je odvisna od sončeve aktivnosti, eliptičnosti sevalnega ravnovesja. Zato se mi zdi primerno, da o tem zemeljske orbite, pa tudi položaj velikih zunanjih planetov vpliva spregovorim nekaj besed. na spremembo položaja Sonca glede na težišče sistema). To vrednost in njene majhne spremembe potrjujejo satelitska Jožef Stefan in njegov učenec in asistent Ludwig Boltzmann sta merjenja. eksperimentalno dognala, da je sevanje idealnega črnega telesa v termodinamičnem ravnovesju sorazmerno četrti potenci 2 KAKO PRI IPCC DOLOČIJO UČINEK absolutne temperature. Konstanta sorazmernosti je v tem primeru Stefanova konstanta, označena z grško črko sigma. Zakonitost TOPLE GREDE? simbolično zapišemo takole: Iz solarne konstante pri IPCC izpeljejo povprečno gostoto sevalne moči, ki segreva površje planeta tako, da upoštevajo še j* = σT 4 albedo a = 0,3 ker se okoli 30% sevanja odbije v vesolje. Vstopno sevanje doteka skozi površino navidezne velikosti zemeljskega diska πRz2, med tem ko celotno površje Zemlje Az = 4πRz2 seva Pri tem je: kot približno črno telo proti vesolju. Če velja enačba za termično j* gostota sevalne moči (na površinsko enoto) v enotah ravnovesje med vstopnim in izstopnim sevanjem lahko [Wm−2] zapišemo: o Stefanova konstanta: 5,67×10−8 Wm−2K−4 2 2 T absolutna temperatura v Kelvinih [K] (1−a) πR σT4 z So = 4πRz Ob tem je treba upoštevati predpostavko, da se sevalna površina Površinski faktor πRz2 okrajšamo, nakar izrazimo efektivno obnaša kot idealni Lambertov sevalnik, ki seva v pol-krogelni temperaturo planeta takole: prostor z jakostjo odvisno od kosinusa sevalnega kota, merjenega glede na normalo na sevalno površino. Kasneje je bila Stefanova T /4σ]1/4 konstanta teoretično izpeljana s pomočjo drugih fizikalnih e = [(1−a) So konstant in na teoretičnih osnovah Boltzmannove termodinamike: Ko v to relacijo vstavimo ustrezne količine dobimo Te = 255 K σ = (2/15) π (ali −18°C). To naj bi bila temperatura brez ozračja, vendar z 5 k4 c−2 h−3 obstoječim albedom, ki vključuje oblake! Vendar vemo, da je dejanska povprečna temperatura planeta precej višja, Tp = 288 K Tu je k Boltzmannova konstanta, h je Planckova konstanta in c (ali 15°C). Razliko pri IPCC pripišejo učinku tople grede ozračja, hitrost svetlobe v vakuumu. Planckov zakon sevanja pa je le ki naj upočasnjuje odtekanje dela sevanja proti vesolju in s tem nekoliko drugače zapisan Stefan-Boltzmannov zakon, in sicer v segreva ozračje: odvisnosti od frekvenčnega spektra sevanja. T utg = Tp−Te = 33 K Telo, katerega sevanje ne ustreza Planckovi spektralni funkciji idealnega črnega telesa, je možno modelirati s pomočjo Dejansko sevalno ravnovesje planeta nastopa pri Te = 255 K na dodatnega faktorja emisivnosti ε, katerega vrednost je med 0 in višini približno 5 km, kjer je ozračje približno pol manj gosto in 1, odvisno od fizikalnih lastnosti sevalne površine. Vendar je v je pritisk približno polovica tistega pri površju. To lahko splošnem emisivnost funkcija valovne dolžine, pa tudi razložimo tudi s pomočjo kvantno-mehanskih verjetnosti, da temperature, kar pa običajno za nizke temperature zanemarjamo, posamezna molekula zajame ali spontano izseva foton pred 224 trkom s sosedno molekulo, vendar se s tem tu ne bomo ukvarjali. Mnogi raziskovalci pa pravijo, da gledano v celoti vodna para ne Pri IPCC potem sklepajo, da se zaradi povečanja vsebnosti more imeti ojačevalnega učinka [4], saj na temperaturo planeta toplogrednih plinov v ozračju (predvsem CO2) spodnje plasti močno vpliva oblačnost. Po nekaterih ugotovitvah bi vpliv ozračja dodatno segrejejo za faktor, ki ga je možno izračunati, če toplogrednih plinov odtehtala že sprememba oblačnosti za okoli poznamo Tutg in termično občutljivost na podvojitev vsebnosti 2%. Poleg tega pa sevalno ravnovesje ni edini način prenosa CO2, kar je mogoče izmeriti v laboratoriju. Pravzaprav merimo toplotne energije v ozračju, približno 1/4 odpade na konvekcijo. spremembo gostote sevalne moči, če gre sevanje skozi plin, Prav tako planet nikoli ni v popolnem termodinamičnem seveda pa je sprememba sorazmerna spektralni absorpciji plina ravnovesju, saj se zaradi rotacije izmenjujeta dan in noč, razdalja pri določeni koncentraciji. Izmerjena odvisnost absorpcije od od Sonca se spreminja, ker se spreminjajo orbitalni parametri, koncentracije CO2 se dobro prilega logaritmični funkciji [2]: zračni in oceanski tokovi prenašajo toploto iz ekvatorialnega pasu proti poloma, pa tudi ogromna termična kapaciteta oceanov ΔF = 5,35 ln(C/C0) zamika prenos toplote za več stoletij. Zato je uporaba Stefan- Boltzmannovega zakona za izračun efektivne povprečne temperature brez dodatnih popravkov vprašljiva. kjer je razmerje koncentracij C/C0 = 2 (v primeru podvojitve). Sledi ΔF(2) = 3,7 Wm−2. Potrebujemo še podatek za koliko se spremeni površinska temperatura Tp za omenjeno spremembo 3 KAJ PRAVI ZADNJE POROČILO IPCC vsiljenega segrevanja. Za podrobno izpeljavo tu ni prostora, AR6? podana je v literaturi [3], nam pa naj zadošča naslednja relacija: Vpričo številnih do sedaj zgrešenih napovedi so v zadnjem ΔT /[(1−a) poročilu IPCC (AR6) opustili izrecno napovedovanje prihodnje p = ΔF {Tp So]} rasti temperature. Namesto tega ponujajo več različnih možnih ’scenarijev’ in ’projekcij’ v odvisnosti od prihodnjega Potemtakem za Tp = 288 K, a = 0,3 in So = 1366 Wm−2 dobimo omejevanja izpustov CO2. ΔTp = 0,301 ΔF, oziroma za razmerje koncentracij ΔTp = 1,61 ln(C/C0). Ob C/C0 = 2 torej dobimo ΔTp = 1,11 K. Vsaka Scenariji, poimenovani ’Shared Socio-economic Pathways’, podvojitev koncentracije CO2 bi nas torej ogrela za le 1,11 K – nosijo ob okrajšavi SSP še dve karakteristični števili, prvo se če vse ostalo ostane enako. nanaša na predvideno spremembo temperature do leta 2100, Vendar s tem takoj naletimo na težavo. Zgodovinsko se je drugo pa predstavlja temu primerno dodatno sevalno siljenje. koncentracija CO2 od leta 1950 do danes povečala z 310 na Tako denimo scenarij SSP5-8.5 (ki ustreza RCP8.5 v AR5) 420 ppm (parts per million, volumskih delov na milijon), ali za ponazarja porast temperature za 5 K in večje sevalno siljenje za 35%, torej smo še zelo daleč od podvojitve. V istem času pa se 8.5 Wm−2, kar naj bi bilo posledica povečanja letnih izpustov je povprečna globalna temperatura povišala za okoli 0,8 K. Iz CO2 s sedanjih 40 Gt na 130 Gt leta 2100. Kljub hudim kritikam tega pri IPCC sklepajo, da mora biti dejanska klimatska je ta scenarij v preteklosti veljal za najbolj verjetnega, če bi pri občutljivost za podvojitev koncentracije CO2 približno trikrat omejevanju izpustov še naprej bili tako ’uspešni’ kot doslej večja, vsaj 2,4 K. Temu dodajo še manjši vpliv drugih (’business as usual’). V AR6 je ta scenarij predstavljen kot manj toplogrednih plinov, ter odštejejo vpliv aerosolov in visoke verjeten skrajnji primer, za najbolj verjetnega pa imajo SSP3-7.0, oblačnosti, zato domnevajo, da mora biti klimatska občutljivost ki predvideva povečanje izpustov CO2 na 80 Gt letno, ter v območju med 2,5 in 3,5 K (v literaturi sicer najdemo vrednosti posledično višje sevalno siljenje za 7 Wm−2 in povprečno od 0,4 do 6 K; pri enem temeljnih klimatskih parametrov ni ravno globalno temperaturo za 3,7 K. Ostali scenariji predvidevajo visokega soglasja). znižanje izpustov, zato tudi ustrezno manjše temperature. Kako pojasnjujejo to večjo občutljivost? Najpomembnejši Poglejmo podrobneje SSP3-7.0. Po zelo zapletenih izračunih toplogredni plin je v resnici vodna para, vendar jo IPCC najprej določijo sevalno siljenje na podlagi predvidenega vpliva obravnava kot nevtralno, saj naj bi se s povečanjem vodne pare koncentracije CO2 in ostalih toplogrednih plinov, čemur dodajo v zraku sorazmerno povečala tudi oblačnost, ki del sončnega še vpliv mnogih drugih faktorjev, potem pa na osnovi tega sevanja odbije nazaj v vesolje in tako zmanjša segrevanje tal in izračunajo rast temperature, tej pa dodajo kot podlago do sedaj posledično temperaturo ozračja. Toda za pojasnitev omenjene izmerjeno rast (od referenčnega obdobja 1850-1900 naprej). Po razlike v občutljivosti vendarle vpeljejo pozitivno povratno zgodovinskih podatkih naj bi do sedaj izmerjena rast temperature zanko prek vodne pare: več CO2 ogreje ozračje, to potem lahko znašala 1,1 K (pri tem naj bi toplogredni plini prispevali 1,5 K, po Clausius-Clapeyronovi relaciji omogoča zraku da vsebuje več drugi faktorji, predvsem izpusti SO2 in aerosolov, naj bi to vodne pare, kar dodatno segreje ozračje, zato se ogreje tudi znižali za okoli 0,4 K). Predvidena rast temperature zaradi površje oceanov, ki izpusti več CO2, in tako v krog, dokler ne podvojitve izpustov CO2 do leta 2100 naj bi bila 2,6 K, skupno nastane novo sevalno ravnovesje. torej 3,7 K. To je izračunano na podlagi povečanega sevalnega siljenja 7 Wm−2. Tako dobljena 3× večja občutljivost ponuja možno razlago zakaj računalniški klimatski modeli (CMIP5, CMIP6) vsi po vrsti Tu imamo nov problem. Povečanje temperature za 3,7 K daje po (razen dveh Ruskih modelov, INM RAS CM) napovedujejo Stefan-Boltzmannovem zakonu precej večje povečanje sevanja. hitrejšo rast temperature (v povprečju 3× hitreje), kot nam kažejo Če izhajamo iz sedanje povprečne temperature planeta 15°C in meritve ozračja z meteorološkimi baloni in sateliti. to povečamo za 3,7°C bomo imeli: 225 j* Vsakomur bi moralo biti jasno, da to povsem uniči dinamiko 1 = 5,67×10−8 (273+15)4 = 390 Wm−2 segrevanja in ohlajanja. A pri IPCC to upravičijo s tem, da je j*2 = 5,67×10−8 (273+15+3,7)4 = 410 Wm−2 vrtenje planeta dovolj hitro, zato da so razlike majhne in četrti koren dodatno zmanjša spremembe. Tako naj bi po njihovem j*2 − j*1 = 410 − 390 = 20 Wm−2 izračun povprečne temperature bil zadovoljivo natančen. Kako naj bi tistih predvidenih 7 Wm−2 proizvedlo učinek Mimogrede, ’dvomljivce’ in ’zanikovalce’ podnebnih sprememb 20 Wm−2 ni jasno. In spet imamo opravka s presežkom za faktor v medijih pogosto ozmerjajo z ’ravnozemljaši’. Vpričo pravkar 3×. Morda bo kdo pripomnil, da v zgornjih izrazih ni albeda, povedanega se je treba vprašati kdo je tu ravnozemljaš. Pri vendar pri izračunu sevanja izhajamo iz temperature, ki že bila izračunu povprečne temperature obsevane polkrogle je seveda izračunana ob upoštevanju albeda. Pri tleh pa prav tako mora treba upoštevati da se ta segreva hitro s celotno gostoto moči veljati kontinuiteta enačba, torej tudi sevalno ravnovesje. Lahko sončevega sevanja So, oziroma tistega dela, ki doseže površje. sklepamo le, da tako modelirani sistem na nek način ustvarja Ohlajanje celotnega površja s sevanjem pa poteka počasneje vseh energijo iz nič, kar fizikalno seveda ni možno. 24 ur, in sicer z gostoto moči, ki je podana z razliko med Vidimo, da je v osnovi vseh modelov IPCC nekaj hudo narobe. povprečno temperaturo planeta (z dodano modulacijo med Napak je lahko več [4]. Poleg problema sevalnega ravnovesja in dnevom in nočjo) in temperaturo vesolja, ki znaša okoli 3 K. S načinov prenosa toplote, ter različno ocenjenih vrednosti tem ohranjamo dinamiko sistema neokrnjeno. občutljivosti planeta na koncentracijo toplogrednih plinov, se ena od napak verjetno skriva v načinu kako je izračunana efektivna V ta namen razdelimo osvetljeno površje planeta na ozke sevalna temperatura planeta, zaradi česar imamo opravka z koncentrične kroge, Sl.1, na površje katerih pada sončeva odločno prevelikim vplivom tople grede. Raziščimo to svetloba pod enakim kotom θ glede na normalo na njihovo podrobneje. površino [5, 6, 7]. Izhajamo torej iz nekoliko drugačne relacije za povprečno temperaturo, a da se izognemo zmešnjavi bomo namesto Te pisali Tr . Tako bo odvisnost od kota vpadnega 4 DRUGAČEN IZRAČUN UČINKA TOPLE sevanja: GREDE Tr (θ) = [(1−a)So cosθ /σ]1/4 Najprej moramo pojasniti zakaj je izračun učinka tople grede pomemben. Ta faktor nastopa v vseh enačbah s katerimi Ločimo konstante in spremenljivko: klimatski računalniški programi ekstrapolirajo razvoj temperature v prihodnje v odvisnosti od spremembe Tr (θ) = [(1−a)So/σ]1/4(cosθ)1/4 koncentracije CO2 in vseh ostalih pomembnih parametrov. Navidezno preproste enačbe imajo obliko: Tako od θ odvisno temperaturo ima krožni izsek širine dx, z radiem r = 2πR2sinθ. Njegova površina je dA = 2πr dx = ΔTt(C) = fCO2 × Tutg × {[F0 + ∑ΔFi(t)]/F0} 2πR2sinθ dθ. Srednjo temperaturo Tsr dobimo, če izraz Tr dA integriramo po kotu θ, ki se spreminja med 0 in π/2. ΔTt(C) sprememba temperature T v času t v odvisnost od koncentracije C Tsr = (1/2πR2)∫Tr dA = fCO2 klimatska občutljivost na podvojitev koncentracije CO2 Tutg = (1/2πR2)∫[(1−a)S efektivna temperaturna razlika zaradi učinka tople grede o/σ]1/4(cosθ)1/4 2πR2sinθ dθ (33K) F0 osnovno sevalno siljenje ΔFi(t) časovna odvisnost siljenja številnih drugih faktorjev Zapletenosti klimatskih računalniških modelov se skrivajo v vrednostih Fi, ki se spreminjajo s časom, mnoge v medsebojni soodvisnosti, njihove spremembe se seštevajo in dodajo osnovnemu siljenju, na katerega je vse skupaj normirano. Z večjo vrednostjo občutljivosti in večjo vrednostjo učinka tople grede že majhne spremembe drugih faktorjev močno vplivajo na spremembo temperature. Videli smo že, da laboratorijsko določena občutljivost ima lahko v naravi precej drugačne vrednosti, kot so ugotavljali različni avtorji. Nadalje je treba opozoriti še na eno pomembno zadevo. V Slika 1: Geometrija insolacije za izračun povprečne temperature izračunu efektivne sevalne temperature je vstopno sevanje So deljeno s 4. Tukaj faktor 2 prispeva izmenjava dneva in noči, Po izpostavljanju konstant in krajšanju dobimo: preostali faktor 2 pa je posledica krogelne oblike planeta, kar pomeni, da je treba upoštevati kvadrat kosinusa vpadnega kota Tsr = [(1−a)So/σ]1/4∫(cosθ)1/4 sinθ dθ (Lambertov zakon). S tem je doseženo, da je celotno površje planeta obsevano z ¼ sončevega sevanja nepretrgoma dan in noč. 226 Rezultat integracije za vrednosti θ med 0 in π/2 je: [7] F. Aires et al., 2004, Fig.6. https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2004/2004_Aires_ai00100w.pdf Tsr = [(1−a)So/σ]1/4[−(4/5)cosθ5/4]|π/20 [8] Seim, T.O. and Olsen, B.T. (2020) The Influence of IR Absorption and Backscatter Radiation from CO2 on Air Temperature during Heating in a Simulated Earth/Atmosphere Experiment, Atmospheric and Climate Ker je cos(0)=1 in cos(π/2)=0, dobimo preprost izraz: Sciences, 10, 168-185. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2020.102009 [9] Thomas E. Shula, A Novel Perspective on the Greenhouse Effect T /σ]1/4 = 288,3 K https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/04/18/a-novel-perspective-on-the- sr = (4/5)[(1−a)So greenhouse-effect/ Ta presenetljiv rezultat je le za 0,3 K večji od 288 K, kolikor po IPCC znaša povprečna globalna temperatura planeta. To pomeni, da je učinek tople grede 100× manjši od izračunanega po IPCC metodi (33 K), zato ga lahko mirne vesti zanemarimo. In če učinka tople grede v resnici ni, je tudi vpliv toplogrednih plinov zanemarljiv. To potrjujejo tudi eksperimenti [8, 9]. Na temperaturo planeta torej neposredno vplivata le vpadno sončevo sevanje in albedo, ki seveda ni konstanta, ampak se spreminja odvisno od fizikalnih lastnosti površine, pa tudi časovno, denimo zaradi rasti rastlin, oblakov, vsebnosti aerosolov v zraku, zasneženosti površin, itd. Na povprečno temperaturo ozračja pa seveda vpliva še temperatura oceanov in globalna termo-halinska cirkulacija, saj ima voda okoli 3200× večjo volumsko termično kapaciteto kot zrak (in CO2 je le 0,04% volumskega deleža zraka). Zaradi velike termične kapacitete vode pa prihaja do velikih časovnih zamikov v transportu toplote, celo za nekaj stoletij, kar pomeni, da pri analizi podnebja moramo upoštevati tudi daljšo zgodovino planeta. Vemo, da smo pred 150 leti izšli iz 400 let trajajoče male ledene dobe, zato sodobno zabeleženo segrevanje ne bi smelo biti nobeno presenečenje. 5 SKLEP: NI PANIKE! Zaradi vsega povedanega lahko sklenemo, da panika zaradi kakšne (namišljene) točke preloma, po kateri naj bi podnebje podivjalo, ni upravičena. To pa ne pomeni, da lahko nehamo s prizadevanjem za čisti zrak, vodo in okolje. Vendar pa bo potrebno ukvarjati se z resničnim onesnaževanjem. Demoniziranje CO2 nima prav nobenega smisla, saj je CO2 hrana za rastline: pod koncentracijo 150 ppm rastline ne morejo več vsrkavati dovolj CO2 za fotosintezo in odmrejo, kmalu zatem pa tudi vsi višji organizmi; temu smo se med zadnjo veliko ledeno dobo nevarno približali, koncentracija CO2 je pred 12000 leti bila le 180 ppm. VIRI [1] IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/or4/wg1/historical-overview-of- climate-change-science-2/ [2] Myhre, G. D., et al. (2013) Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing Supple-mentary Material. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribu-tion of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/07/WGI_AR5.Chap_.8_S M.pdf [3] John F.B. Michell, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, England The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/RG027i001p00 115 [4] Gerhard Gerlich, Ralf D. Tscheuschner Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics https://arxiv.org/pdf/0707.1161 [5] William et al., 2017, The global surface temperature of the Moon as measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment Icarus, Volume 283, Feb. 2017, pp 300-325 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516304869 [6] Uli Webber, Numerical Solution https://www.eike-klima- energie.eu/2019/09/11/anmerkungen-zur-hemispheaerischen- mittelwertbildung-mit-dem-stefan- boltzmann-gesetz/ 227 Po tej poti ne bomo ohranili trajnosti gozdov v Sloveniji We Will Not Keep The Sustainability Of Forest In Slovenia By This Way Franc Perko† Ljubljana, Slovenija franc.v.perko@gmail.com POVZETEK Pa je bilo kljub z ledu in podlubnikom v obdobju 2011- 2022 posajeno le okoli 0,75 sadike letno na ha gozda (v zasebnih Slovenska gozdarska s ola temelji na nac elih trajnosti, gozdovih okoli 0,6 sadike letno na ha gozda, v drz avnih sonaravnosti in vec namenskosti gozdov. V gozdovih naj bi se gozdovih pa 1,4 sadike na ha gozda). obnovilo po naravni poti vec kot 95 % gozdov. Č eprav EU zaradi neprimerljivega stanja gozdov med posameznimi Intenzivnost sadnje je v zasebnih gozdovih, ki obsegajo 77 % drz avami nima enotne gozdarske politike, imajo evropske vseh gozdov, 2,3 krat niz ja kot v drz avnih gozdovih. Tako kot strategije, direktive in trendi pomemben vpliv na zaostajamo pri obnovi, dalec premalo tudi negujemo nas e gospodarjenje z gozdovi v Sloveniji. Na ravnanje z gozdovi naravno bogastvo – gozdove. Kar 36 % mladovij je vpliva tudi Natura 2000. Č e upos tevamo lesno zalogo (okoli nenegovanih (v zasebnih gozdovih kar 42 %), s e slabs e so 300 m3/ha), 58 % gozdnatost 0,62 ha gozda na prebivalca pa negovani drogovnjaki, kjer je nenegovanih 46 % (v zasebnih ugotovimo, da ima najvec ji pomen za drz avo in prebivalstvo gozdovih kar 49 %). V 12-letnem obdobju je bil nac rt nege gozd v Sloveniji, sledijo ji Nemc ija, Avstrija, Č es ka, Romunija, realiziran le 42 % (v drz avnih gozdovih 75 %, v zasebnih Slovas ka, Poljska in Estonija. Les naj bi bil slovenska gozdovih 26 %). Pri proklamiranem enotnem gospodarjenju strates ka surovina, ki je hkrati naravno obnovljiva. Les je z gozdovi je intenzivnost nege v zasebnih gozdovih 5,4 krat najbolj ekolos ka surovina, v lesu je vezanega veliko ČO2, niz ja kot v drz avnih gozdovih. Rezultat zanemarjanja nege se izdelki iz lesa imajo dolgo z ivljenjsko dobo, za njegovo kaz e v kakovosti gozdnega drevja, ki je iz desetletja v predelavo je, c e je les kvaliteten, potrebujemo malo vloz ene desetletje vse slabs e. energije, pomembna pa je tudi njegova ponovna uporaba. Z Medtem ko so iglavci z e v osnovi bolj kvalitetni saj je kar gozdovi obnovljivim naravnim bogastvom je potrebno dobra tretjina (35 %) prav dobre in odlic ne kvalitete, je tako gospodariti po nac elu trajnosti. Za zagotavljanje trajnosti kvalitetnih le c etrtina listavcev (27 %). Bolj zaskrbljujoc e je, gozdov je potrebna stalna obnova. da je pri listavcih kar 37 % zadovoljive in slabe kvalitete. In Prav pomanjkanje obnove v zadnjih desetletjih je pripeljalo prav na listavcih bomo gradili svojo bodoc nost, saj se bo do porus enega razmerja razvojnih faz gozda, tako da danes delez listavcev v lesni zalogi povec eval tja do dveh tretjin. primanjkuje od 169.152 ha mladih gozdov (Kovac , Kus ar Za vec namenski gozd, obnovljivo naravno bogastvo, drz ava 2023) do okoli 210.000 ha (Porocilo_o_gozdovih_2022_2.pdf za biolos ka vlaganja v gozdove z e vsaj dve desetletji prispeva (zgs.si). veliko manj financ nih sredstev kot jih gozdovi potrebujejo, V obdobju 2011-2022 so bila gozdnogojitvena dela za javna gozdarska sluz ba ne kaz e posebnih ambicij in naravno obnovo nac rtovana na 27.745 ha, opravljena pa le naprezanja za primerno ravnanje z gozdovi, lastnike gozdov na 11.001 ha, realizacija nac rta je bila le 40% (v drz avnih pa v preveliki meri zanima le trenutni ekonomski pomen gozdovih 73 %, v zasebnih gozdovih 24 %). Tudi obseg gozda, ne pa njegova prihodnost. Rezultat tega pa je milo sadnje kot dopolnilo naravni obnovi je bil v obdobju 2011- rec eno slabo stanje in s e slabs a perspektiva slovenskih 2022 zelo skromen. Namesto z e preskromno nac rtovane gozdov. Zanamcem bomo pustili le osiromas ene gozdove. sadnje okoli 500 ha letno, ki se je zaradi ujm in podlubnikov povec ala na 536 ha letno, je bilo letno posajeno le 390 ha. Pa KLJUČNE BESEDE je samo zaradi podlubnikov v obdobju 2015-2022 nastalo Gozd, osiromas en gozd, obnovljivo naravno bogastvo, kar 11.208 ha ogolelih povrs in. sonaravno gospodarjenje, trajnost, obnova gozda, nega gozda, ogroz enost, Slovenija, EU ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note ABSTRACT Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal The Slovenian Forest School is based on the principles of or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice sustainability, naturalness and multi-purpose forests. More and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of than 95% of forests are expected to regenerate naturally. this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Although the EU does not have a single forest policy due to © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). the incomparable state of forests between countries, 228 European strategies, directives and trends have a significant For a multi-purpose forest, a renewable natural resource, the impact on forest management in Slovenia. Natura 2000 also state has for at least two decades been contributing far less has an impact on forest management. Taking into account the financial resources to biological investment in forests than timber stock (around 300 m3/ha) and the forest cover of the forests need, the public forestry service shows no 58% (0.62 ha of forest per capita), Slovenia's forests are the particular ambition or effort to manage forests properly, and most important for the country and its population, followed forest owners are too interested only in the current economic by Germany, Austria, the Čzech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, importance of the forest, not in its future. The result is, to put Poland and Estonia. Wood is considered to be Slovenia's it mildly, a poor state of Slovenian forests and an even poorer strategic raw material, which is also naturally renewable. perspective. We will leave only impoverished forests for Wood is the most ecological raw material, wood is high in posterity. ČO2, wood products have a long lifetime, processing wood requires little energy input if the wood is of good quality, and KEYWORDS reuse is important. Forests, a renewable natural resource, Forest, depleted forest, renewable natural wealth, must be managed sustainably. To ensure the sustainability of sustainable management, sustainability, forest restoration, forests, continuous regeneration is needed. forest care, endangered, Slovenia, EU It is the lack of regeneration in recent decades that has led to a disturbed relationship between forest development phases, 1 so that today there is a shortage of 169,152 ha of young SLOVENSKA GOZDARSKA ŠOLA SLONI NA forests (Kovac , Kus ar 2023) to about 210,000 ha DVESTOLETNI TRADICIJI (Porocilo_o_gozdovih_2022_2.pdf (zgs.si). GOZDNOGOSPODARSKEGA NAČRTOVANJA IN SONARAVNEM GOSPODARJENJU Z In the period 2011-2022, forestation work for natural GOZDOM regeneration was planned on 27,745 ha, but only on 11,001 ha realized, with a realisation rate of only 40% (73% in state Gospodarjenje z gozdovi v Sloveniji temelji na nac elih forests, 24% in private forests). The amount of planting to trajnosti, sonaravnosti in vec namenskosti gozdov ter complement natural regeneration was also very modest in nac rtnem delu z njimi. Sonaravno gozdarstvo temelji na the period 2011-2022. Instead of the already too modestly nac rtnem gospodarjenju z gozdom, prilagojenemu gozdnim planned planting of around 500 ha per year, which increased rastis c em, sestojnim razmeram in vlogam gozda. Pri tem v to 536 ha per year due to natural disasters and bark beetles, najvec ji moz ni meri izkoris c amo naravne procese in jih s c im only 390 ha were planted annually. In the period 2015-2022 manjs imi vloz ki energije usmerjamo k ciljem gospodarjenja alone, 11,208 hectares of stripped areas were created. z gozdom – ekolos kim, proizvodnim in socialnim. However, despite the sleet and bark beetles, only about 0.75 Pomembna principa sta: seedlings per ha of forest were planted per year in the period a) Naravna obnova gozdov omogoc a oblikovanje 2011-2022 (about 0.6 seedlings per ha of forest per year in rastis c u prilagojene zmesi drevesnih vrst in zgradbe gozdnih private forests, and 1.4 seedlings per ha of forest per year in sestojev. V Sloveniji z naravno obnovo obnovimo vec kot 95 state forests). % gozdnih povrs in, ki so potrebne obnove. S tem ohranjamo The planting intensity in private forests, which account for v evolucijskem razvoju dosez eno prilagojenost dreves 77% of all forests, is 2.3 times lower than in state forests. Just danim rastis c nim razmeram. as we are lagging behind in regeneration, we are also falling b) Spros c ena tehnika gojenja gozdov je temeljni far short in nurturing our natural wealth - our forests. As gozdnogojitveni princip, ki za oblikovanje sestojnih zgradb many as 36% of young forests are unmanaged (42% in sledi naravnim razvojnim procesom v gozdnih sestojih. Zanjo private forests), and even less well managed are forty years je sicer znac ilna svobodna izbira gozdnogojitvenih ukrepov, forests, where 46% are unmanaged (49% in private forests). najpogosteje pa se uporabljajo ukrepi skupinsko postopnega Over the 12-year period, only 42% of the management plan in prebiralnega gospodarjenja z gozdom. Nega gozdnih has been implemented (75% in state forests, 26% in private sestojev je osnovno orodje za usmerjanje razvoja gozdov. forests). Under the proclaimed integrated forest Temelji na pospes evanju ugodnih dejavnikov razvoja gozda management, the intensity of management in private forests in zaviranju neugodnih. Z nego gozda nac rtno in racionalno is 5.4 times lower than in state forests. The result of usmerjamo razvoj gozda proti dolgoroc nim neglecting care is reflected in the quality of forest trees, gozdnogojitvenim ciljem (Gozd in gozdarstvo v samostojni which is deteriorating from decade to decade. Sloveniji - 25 let javne gozdarske sluz be. 2019). Lepa nac ela, z al jim ne sledijo dejanja! Pa o tem vec v drugem While conifers are inherently better quality, with a good delu prispevka. third (35%) of good and excellent quality, only a quarter of deciduous trees (27%) are of this quality. More worryingly, 37% of deciduous trees are of fair and poor quality. And it is on deciduous trees that we will build our future, as the share of deciduous trees in the timber stock will increase up to two thirds. 229 2 NOVA EVROPSKA STRATEGIJA ZA oziroma 303 m3 /ha. Letni prirastek je ocenjen na 8.736.972 GOZDOVE IN STRATEGIJA ZA BIOTSKO m3 oziroma 7,43 m3 /ha. RAZNOVRSTNOST DO LETA 2030 Slovenija je del Evropske unije in c eprav ta nima (zaradi 4 NATURA 2000 V SLOVENIJI neprimerljive stanja gozdov med posameznimi drz avami) Natura 2000 zajema 18 odstotkov kopenskega in 6 odstotkov enotne gozdarske politike, imajo evropske strategije, vodnega ozemlja EU. Pokritost nacionalnih ozemelj z obmoc ji direktive in trendi pomemben vpliv na gospodarjenje z Natura 2000 sega od 9 % do skoraj 38 %. Prav Slovenija je na gozdovi pri nas. vrhu delez a Natura 2000. V Sloveniji je 355 obmoc ij Nature 2000, ki pokrivajo dobrih 37 % ozemlja drz ave. Z Naturo Nova strategija EU za gozdove do leta 2030 temelji na 2000 v Sloveniji varujemo 205 z ivalskih in 27 rastlinskih vrst Evropskem zelenem dogovoru in Strategiji EU za biotsko (vrste Nature 2000) ter 60 tipic nih naravnih okolij (habitatni raznovrstnost do leta 2030. Osredotoc ena je na trajnostno tipi Nature 2000), kar predstavlja nekaj vec kot 10 % vseh zagotavljanje vseh funkcij gozdov (ekonomskih, ekolos kih, vrst in tipic nih naravnih okolij (habitatnih tipov) Nature socialnih), hkrati pa od gozdov in gozdarskega sektorja 2000 v EU. V obmoc jih Nature 2000 z ivi pribliz no 6 % predvsem pric akuje pomemben prispevek k blaz enju in prebivalcev Slovenije, ali okrog 128.000 ljudi. 70 % Nature prilagajanju na podnebne spremembe, ohranjanju in krepitvi 2000 v Sloveniji pokriva gozd, nekaj vec kot 20 % pa biotske raznovrstnosti ter vzpostavitvi ogljic no nevtralnega kmetijske povrs ine. kroz nega gospodarstva. Vsebuje nac rte za ohranjanje in povec evanje vrstne in genetske pestrosti populacij gozdnih drevesnih vrst ter za povec evanje delez a zavarovanih gozdov Obmoc ja Natura 2000 se v gozdarstvu upravljajo preko ter zlasti gozdnih rezervatov, ko si bodo prizadevali za strogo gozdnogospodarskih nac rtov, kateri nac rtujejo izvajanje pravno zas c ito 10 % povrs in EU. ukrepov prilagojene rabe naravnih dobrin. Strategija EU za biotsko raznovrstnost vsebuje zavezo, da se v EU do leta 2030 zasadijo vsaj tri milijarde dodatnih dreves 5 NEKAJ PRIMERJAV Z GOZDOVI V EU (izven obstojec ih gozdov) ob doslednem spos tovanju V EU zavzemajo gozdovi 158 milijonih hektarov, to je 5 % ekolos kih nac el, strategija predvideva tudi spodbude in svetovnih gozdnih povrs in. Pokrivajo 38 % povrs in Unije, nadomestila za lastnike gozda, zlasti v okviru shem plac il za njihov pomen pa je po posameznih c lanicah razlic en. Nanje ekosistemske storitve gozdov ter za uvajanje praks za vezavo lahko gledamo z razlic nih vidikov. Po gozdnatosti prednjac ijo (sekvestracijo) ogljika. Finska s 66 %, S vedska (64 %) in Slovenija (58%). Skromni z gozdovi pa so Malta, Nizozemska, Irska in Danska. Drugac en Slovenija ob skoraj 60 odstotni gozdnatosti in vrstni red dobimo, c e upos tevamo ohranjenost gozdov, ki se vec namenskem ravnanju z gozdovi ne more sprejemati kaz e v lesni zalogi. Ob povprec ni lesni zalogi EU 210 m3/ha, obvez EU o 10 odstotni strogi zas c iti povrs in in o dodatnem so najvis je lesne zaloge, okoli 300 m3/ha v gozdovih pogozdovanju izven gozdnih povrs in. Slovenije, Nemc ije, Avstrije in Č es ke. Skromne lesne zaloge pa imajo, zaradi slabe ohranjenosti gozdovi drz av ob 3 GOZD IMA V SLOVENIJI ZELO POMEMBNO Sredozemskem morju, pa tudi Finska in S vedska saj segajo LESNO-PROIZVODNO VLOGO njuni gozdovi v tajgo. Zavedati pa se moramo, da le gozd, ki optimalno izkoris c a rastis c e lahko v najvec ji meri opravlja GOZDOVI SLOVENIJE poleg proizvodne tudi ekolos ke in socialne funkcije. Povrs ina slovenskih gozdov znas a 1.176.542 ha, kar pomeni 58,0 % gozdnatost. Najvec je zasebnih gozdov (77%), Medtem, ko je v EU 40 % gozdov v javni lasti, se ta delez med drz avnih gozdov je 20 %, 3 % gozdov pa je v lasti lokalnih posameznimi drz avami zelo razlikuje. Vec kot polovico skupnosti (obc in). Vec ina gozdov je vec namenskih (z njimi se gozdov je v javni lasti v nekdanjih socialistic nih dez elah gospodari) 1.068.288 ha (90,8%), varovalnih gozdov in (drz avah vzhodnega bloka) kjer se ob denacionalizaciji gozdov s posebnim namenom je 98.828 ha (8,4 %), gozdnih gozdov ni vrac alo v naravi. Med drz ave z nizkim delez em rezervatov pa je 9.426 ha (0,8 %), v okviru Nature 2000 je javnih gozdov (med 25-30 %) pa sodijo Slovenija, Danska, tudi 8.618 ha (0,7 %) ekocelic, obmoc ja gozdov v S vedska, Francija, Avstrija, S panija in Finska. naravovarstveno pomembnih predelih, ki se za doloc eno obdobje (obdobje 20 let) nac rtno prepus c ajo naravnemu Vsak prebivalec EU ima 0,36 ha gozda, najvec prebivalec razvoju. Tako je prepus c eno naravnemu razvoju 1,5 % Finske (4, 23 ha), S vedske (3,18 ha), najmanj pa prebivalec gozdov. Poleg tega pa je s e nac rtno pus c anje stojec e biomase Nizozemske (0,02 ha) in Belgije (0,06 ha). Slovenija je v gozdu s povprec nim premerom 54 cm. V letu 2022 je bilo relativno bogata z gozdovi, na prebivalca pride 0,62 ha gozda. na podlagi ukrepa prepus c anje naravnemu razvoju z Č e upos tevamo lesno zalogo, gozdnatost in povrs ina gozdov zasebnimi lastniki gozdov sklenjeno 41 pogodb in tako za 20 na prebivalca pa ugotovimo, da ima najvec ji pomen za drz avo letno obdobje izloc eno iz gospodarjenja 83 ha gozdov. Lesna in prebivalstvo gozd v Sloveniji, sledijo ji Nemc ija, Avstrija, zaloga gozdov v Sloveniji je ocenjena na 357.031.760 m3 Č es ka, Romunija, Slovas ka, Poljska in Estonija. 230 6 LES JE SLOVENSKA STRATEŠKA SUROVINA 7 LE Z DREVJEM BOGAT GOZD LAHKO Les naj bi bil slovenska strates ka surovina, ki je hkrati OPRAVLJA VSE SVOJE SPLOŠNOKORISTNE naravno obnovljiva. Les je najbolj ekolos ka surovina, v lesu je VLOGE vezanega veliko ČO2, izdelki iz lesa imajo dolgo z ivljenjsko In les, nas o najbolj ekolos ko in okolju prijazno surovino dobo, za njegovo predelavo je, c e je les kvaliteten, proizvaja gozd. Predstava, da so gozdovi v sedanjih razmerah potrebujemo malo vloz ene energije, pomembna pa je tudi izgubili pomen kot proizvajalci lesa je napac na, nasprotno, z njegova ponovna uporaba. naras c anjem s tevila prebivalstva se v svetu povec uje tudi potreba po lesu. Tako je zmanjs anje proizvodne funkcije Predelava lesa je v primerjavi s predelavo drugih materialov gozda le navidezno, posledica povec anja pomena njegovih tudi z energetskega vidika bolj smotrna, saj se za predelavo neproizvodnih funkcij (ekolos ke in socialne). Lahko bi rekli, lesa porabi veliko manj energije kot za predelavo drugih da se je zmanjs al relativni pomen proizvodne vloge gozda, ne materialov. Č im kvalitetnejs i je les, manj energije in s tem pa absoluten. izpustov je potrebno za njegovo predelavo in uporabo. Iz kvalitetnega lesa z malo dodane energije lahko izdelamo Vse bolj se poudarjajo ekolos ke vloge gozda, manj socialna in izdelke z dolgo z ivljenjsko dobo. Zato je pomembno, da kar nekako je zanemarjena (spregledana) lesno proizvodna gojimo kvalitetne gozdove. Proizvodnja kakovostnega lesa, ki vloga gozda. Pa saj je vendar gozdno drevje osnovni nosilec jo dosez emo z nego gozda, je tudi ekolos ko sprejemljiva. gozda, s ele c e to zavzema doloc eno povrs ino lahko govorimo Torelli (1995) navaja podatke, da je za proizvodnjo z aganega o gozdu. Prav v zavetju mogoc nih gozdnih dreves, se lahko lesa potrebno le 30 do 40 kWh/m3, za proizvodnjo naselijo drugi elementi gozda, tako rastlinski kot z ivalski intenzivno lepljenega lesa, ki ga lahko pridobimo z manj svet. kakovostnega lesa, pa z e 60 do 80 kWh/m3. Za iverne plos c e, ki jih izdelujemo iz s e manj vrednega lesa, porabimo z e 120 do 160 kWh/m3, s e vec pa za vlaknene plos c e (do 200 8 ZA ZAGOTAVLJANJE TRAJNOSTI GOZDOV JE kWh/m3). Za tono papirja porabimo kar 500 do 1.000 POTREBNA STALNA OBNOVA kWh/m3. Ker je les tudi pomemben gradbeni element, se Slovenska gozdarska s ola naj bi slovela po sonaravnem seznanimo s e z dvema primerjavama: za proizvodnjo jekla je gospodarjenju z gozdovi. Sonaravno gospodarjenje seveda potrebnih 4.000 kWh/t, za aluminij pa kar 70.000 kWh/t. ne pomeni le z eti sadove preteklih generacij in prepus c ati gozdove naravi. Sonaravno gospodarjenje pomeni Prav v lesu gozdnih drevesnih vrst je akumulirano veliko gospodariti s temi gozdovi, kot je lepo zapisal dr. Z ivko Kos ir ogljika. Čelotna kolic ina ogljika, ki je bila izloc ena iz ozrac ja Gospodariti z gozdovi po meri narave. To pomeni tudi vlagati in je zdaj shranjena v gozdni lesni biomasi (z ivi nadzemni in v obnovo, nego in varstvo, da bodo gozdovi trajno opravljali podzemni ter odmrli biomasi) slovenskih gozdov, je ocenjena proizvodno, ekolos ko in socialno vlogo. na nekaj manj kot 130 milijonov ton, ali 62 ton na prebivalca Slovenije. Okoli tri c etrtine zalog ogljika je v nadzemni, petina Pa s e tole si velja zapomniti, gozd lahko trajno daje les in v podzemni in okoli 5 % v odmrli lesni biomasi. V 1 m3 bukve opravlja tudi pomembne ekolos ke in socialne vloge. Seveda je 273 kg ogljika, v 1 m3 smreke pa 188 kg ogljika (Stanje in pa je potrebno z gozdovi gospodariti po nac elih trajnosti in spremembe slovenskih gozdov med letoma 2000 in 2018). vanje tudi vlagati. Za trajnost gozdov ne smemo gozdov le izkoris c ati, v obnovo, nego in varstvo gozdov je potrebno tudi V Sloveniji ga imamo veliko, vendar z al ne zmoremo vlagati. Gre za dolgoroc ne naloz be, saj mine od semena do izkoristiti njegovih prednosti, med drugim ga izvaz amo brez odraslega drevesa primernega za izkoris c anje kar okoli dodane vrednosti. V preteklosti so znali dostopnost, stoletje. Danes uz ivamo sadove gozdov, ki so jih nas i predniki funkcionalnost in privlac nost lesa izkoristiti v mnogo vec ji zasnovali pred stoletjem in ves ta c as tudi negovali. meri kot danes, o tem nam pric a bogata kulturna dedis c ina. Mizarji, tesarji, sodarji, kolarji, strugarji in drugi obrtniki so Nacionalni gozdni program v temeljnih ciljih postavlja na znali izkoristiti vse vrste lesa, ki so ga dobili iz bliz njih prvo mesto Trajnostni razvoj gozda kot ekosistema v smislu gozdov. Z al so les v vsakdanjem z ivljenju postopno zamenjale njegove biotske raznovrstnosti ter vseh njegovih ekolos kih, kovine in s tevilni umetni materiali, in mnoga znanja so s la v proizvodnih in socialnih funkcij. pozabo. Brez trajnega obstoja gozda, ki izkoris c a dani rastis c ni Pa se c asi zopet spreminjajo, les zaradi svoje ekolos ke potencial, ni mogoc e zagotavljati trajnosti ekolos kih, prednosti poc asi a vztrajno pridobiva na veljavi. Les je proizvodnih in socialnih funkcij. Predpogoj za trajen obstoj material prihodnosti, potrebno je pridobiti znanja kako v kar gozda pa je njegova stalna obnova. Pri obhodnji 100-120 let najvec ji moz ni meri njegove, za okolje pomembne in (c as ko dosez e zrelost za posek in ga pric nemo obnavljati) nenadomestljive prednosti, tudi izkoristiti. Zato je mora biti za zagotovitev trajnosti okoli 15 % povrs ine v neekolos ko omejevati in zanemarjati lesno- proizvodno razvojni fazi mladovja (od mladja do faze letvenjaka (premer vlogo gozda. v prsni vis ini do 10 cm)), prav toliko povrs ine mora biti sestojev v obnovi, okoli 40 % povrs ine v razvojni fazi drogovnjaka (drevje ima v prsni vis ini od 10 do 30 cm) in 231 okoli tretjine povrs ine v razvojni fazi debeljaka (drevje ima v obnovo z rastis c nim razmeram primernimi prsni vis ini nad 30 cm) (Gozdnogospodarski in lovsko drevesnimi vrstami. upravljavski nac rti obmoc ij za obdobje 2011-2020. Povzetek za Slovenijo). Da v slovenskih gozdovih moc no primanjkuje mladovja, so na Zavodu za gozdove Slovenije spoznali z e leta 2011 ob izdelavi Gozdnogospodarskih in lovsko upravljavskih nac rtov obmoc ij za obdobje 2011-2020. Leta 2011 je primanjkovalo okoli 100.000 ha mladovij, zaradi dolgoletnega zaostajanja obnove za potrebami pa je primanjkovalo tudi okoli 40.000 ha drogovnjakov. Medtem ko je na eni strani primanjkovalo okoli 140.000 ha mladih gozdov, za okoli 20.000 ha je bilo premalo tudi sestojev v obnovi, je bilo na drugi strani za okoli 160.000 ha prevec starih sestojev. Usmeritev, da se vec kot 95% gozdov obnovi po naravni poti, so bile dalec od realnosti, bile so le poboz ne z elje Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije. Kljub tem ugotovitvam leta 2011, pa z al niso storili nic , da bi se stanje izboljs alo. V zadnjih 12 letih, so se kljub ujmam in podlubnikom razmere poslabs ale, primanjkljaj mladih gozdov se je iz 160.000 ha povec al na 210.000 ha. Ker Zavod za gozdove Slovenije v svojih poroc ilih upos teva podatke iz gozdnogospodarskih nac rtov gospodarskih enot, so podatki za pravkar izdelane nac rte az urni, najstarejs i pa so stari 10 let, tako v povprec ju zaostajajo za 5 let. Same podatke moramo tako jemati z doloc eno rezervo, trendi pa jasno kaz ejo, da je trajnost slovenskih gozdov vse bolj ogroz ena. Da Sloveniji primanjkuje mladih gozdov, potrjujejo tudi podatki iz velikoprostorskega monitoringa gozdov in gozdnih ekosistemov Gozdarskega ins tituta Slovenije, ki kaz ejo, da se je delez mladih sestojev (mladovje in drogovnjaki) zmanjs al iz 32 % v letu 2012 na 30 % v letu 2018, medtem ko se je v istem obdobju dvignil delez odraslih in starih sestojev (iz 68 % na 70 %). Navajajo, da v slovenskih gozdovih manjka 169.152 ha mladih sestojev (110.835 ha V takih primerih je na produktivnejs ih rastis c ih, pa tudi na mladovij in 58.417 ha drogovnjakov), in da je hkrati toliko ekolos ko ranljivih obmoc jih potrebno naravni obnovi prevelik delez starejs ih sestojev (Kovac , Kus ar, 2023). pomagati s sadnjo, vc asih je res itev tudi setev. Dopolnilne sadnje pa se je treba lotiti c im prej, da se povrs ine ne Vzrok so pretirana in nerealna pric akovanja Zavoda za zaplevelijo, ker bi se s tem le povec evali stros ki in manjs ala gozdove Slovenije, da se bo vec kot 95 % gozdov obnovilo po uspes nost obnove. S sadnjo v grmis c ih in malo donosnih naravni poti. Vzroki, da naravna obnova ne uspe in je gozdovih skrajs amo vec desetletno (ali stoletno) naravno potrebno pomagati s sadnjo so s tevilni: sukcesijsko pot do novega gozda. - Ni semenjakov, ali niso primerni, mladje ni primerno; 9 - Ni semenskega leta, c eprav smo opravili posek IZVEDBA DEL ZA OBNOVO GOZDOV (npr. nestrokoven posek, posek ob nepravem c asu, ZAOSTAJA ZA NAČRTI, NAČRTI ko ni semenskega leta), ali pa so ujme, podlubniki, ZAOSTAJAJO ZA POTREBAMI razgalili sestoje; V obdobju 2011-2022 so bila gozdnogojitvena dela za - Zapleveljene povrs ine, ki onemogoc ajo naravno naravno obnovo nac rtovana na 27.745 ha, opravljena pa le obnovo; na 11.001 ha, realizacija nac rta je bila le 40 % (v drz avnih - Neprimerni gozdnogojitveni ukrepi, ali pa gozdovih 73 %, v zasebnih gozdovih 24 %). Č e potrebnih in primernih ukrepov ni bilo; predpostavimo, da so bila gozdnogojitvena dela za obnovo (11.001 ha v 12 letih, ali 917 ha letno) potrebna v sestojih v - Pres tevilne populacije rastlinojede divjadi, ki obnovi, ki jih je leta 2022 kar 164.158 ha, vidimo, da je bilo marsikje otez ujejo ali onemogoc ajo naravno delez no teh del letno le 0,006 % sestojev v obnovi (v zasebnih 232 gozdovih 0,003 %, v drz avnih gozdovih 0,016). Intenzivnost del za naravno obnovo je bila v drz avnih gozdovi okoli 5 krat vis ja kot v zasebnih. Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije tako skromen obseg del takole pojasni: Ukrepi naravne obnove, ki jih prikazujemo v poroc ilu, zajemajo le povrs ine, na katerih je bilo potrebno aktivno posec i v ta proces z gojitvenimi ukrepi priprave sestoja za naravno nasemenitev, za katere izdajamo odloc be v upravnem postopku in jih v zasebnih gozdovih sofinanciramo iz sredstev drz avnega prorac una. Dodatno v veliko primerih cilje ukrepov naravne obnove dosegamo z e z ustrezno zastavljenim posekom odraslega sestoja, ki zagotavlja nemoten razvoj naravnega mladja (Porocilo_o_gozdovih_2022_2.pdf (zgs.si)). To je precej slaba tolaz ba, premajhen obseg nac rtovanih del za naravno obnovo in s e bolj skromna izvedba se odraz a v velikem primanjkljaju in skromni kvaliteti mladovij. Tudi obseg sadnje kot dopolnilo naravni obnovi je bil v obdobju 2011-2022 zelo skromen. Namesto z e preskromno nac rtovane sadnje okoli 500 ha letno, ki se je zaradi ujm in podlubnikov povec ala na 536 ha letno, je bilo letno posajeno le 390 ha. Pa je samo zaradi podlubnikov v obdobju 2015- 2022 nastalo kar 11.208 ha ogolelih povrs in. Pa je bilo kljub z ledu in podlubnikom v obdobju 2011-2022 posajeno le okoli 0,75 sadike letno na ha gozda (v zasebnih gozdovih okoli 0,6 sadike letno na ha gozda, v drz avnih gozdovih pa 1,4 sadike na ha gozda). Intenzivnost sadnje je v zasebnih gozdovih, ki obsegajo 77 % vseh gozdov, 2,3 krat niz ja kot v drz avnih gozdovih. Rezultati tega nedela so porazni, ne le da manjka okoli 100.000 ha mladovij, kar tretjina obstojec ih mladovij ima pomanjkljivo ali slabo zasnovo. Tudi tu so trendi negativni, iz 22 % pomanjkljive in slabe zasnove leta 2011 je ta leta 2022 dosegla z e 32 %, s e slabs e so razmere pri drogovnjakih, kjer je pomanjkljive in slaba zasnove z e kar slaba polovica (43 %). Pomemben delez k temu doprinese tudi pomanjkanje nege v mladovju. Zaskrbljujoc e je, da se razmere iz desetletja v desetletje slabs ajo. Niz ja realizacija programa obnove gozdov, zlasti del za naravno obnovo (priprava sestoja, tal) v zasebnih gozdovih je posledica nizkega obsega prorac unskih sredstev za vlaganja v gozdove iz prorac una RS (Poroc ilo ZGS). 233 10 NE LE OBNOVA, GOZDOVE JE POTREBNO rec eno slabo stanje in s e slabs a perspektiva slovenskih TUDI NEGOVATI gozdov. Tako kot zaostajamo pri obnovi, dalec premalo tudi negujemo nas e naravno bogastvo – gozdove. Kar 36 % 11 ZANAMCEM BOMO PUSTILI LE mladovij je nenegovanih (v zasebnih gozdovih kar 42%), s e OSIROMAŠENE GOZDOVE slabs e so negovani drogovnjaki, kjer je nenegovanih 46 % (v zasebnih gozdovih kar 49 %). V 12-letnem obdobju je bil Ob tako opevanem pomenu gozda in lesa, pa z gozdovi, ki nac rt nege realiziran le 42 % (v drz avnih gozdovih 75 %, v proizvajajo les, ravnamo zelo mac ehovsko, kratkoroc no, c im zasebnih gozdovih 26 %). Pri proklamiranem enotnem vec in c im hitreje iztrz iti iz njih. Z e vec desetletij pa gospodarjenju z gozdovi je intenzivnost nege v zasebnih pozabljamo na osnovni postulat gospodarjenja z gozdovi, to gozdovih 5,4 krat niz ja kot v drz avnih gozdovih. Kar okoli je trajnost. Nobeno priseganje na vec namenskost, 300 let bi potrebovali, da bi s sedanjo intenzivnostjo nege biodiverziteto, skladis c enje ogljika ne bo imelo uc inka, c e ne obdelali vse zasebne gozdove, medtem bi v drz avnih bomo z gozdovi ravnali trajnostno in vlagali vanje, da bodo gozdovih to opravili z e v okoli 60 letih. tudi bodoc e generacije lahko uporabljale to najbolj ekolos ko surovino – les. Namesto kvalitetnih vec namenskih gozdov, ki Rezultat zanemarjanja nege se kaz e v kakovosti gozdnega izkoris c ajo bogat rastis c ni potencial je po slovenskih drevja, ki je iz desetletja v desetletje vse slabs e. Medtem ko gozdovih vse vec grmis c in malodonosnih gozdov. Tega bi se so iglavci z e v osnovi bolj kvalitetni saj je kar dobra tretjina morala zavedati najprej drz ava, pa seveda javna gozdarska (35 %) prav dobre in odlic ne kvalitete, je tako kvalitetnih le sluz ba in seveda lastniki gozdov. c etrtina listavcev (27 %). Bolj zaskrbljujoc e je, da je pri listavcih kar 37 % zadovoljive in slabe kvalitete. In prav na listavcih bomo gradili svojo bodoc nost, saj se bo delez VIRI listavcev v lesni zalogi povec eval tja do dveh tretjin. Medtem, [1] Gozd in gozdarstvo v samostojni Sloveniji – 25 let javne gozdarske službe. 2019. urednik Poljanec, A. Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. 68 s. ko manj kvalitetne iglavce s e vedno uporabimo za izdelke z [2] Gozdnogospodarski in lovsko upravljavski načrti območij za obdobje dolgoroc no uporabnostjo, je pri listavcih drugac e. Les 2011-2020. Povzetek za Slovenijo. Vlada Republike Slovenije listavcev zadovoljive in slabe kakovosti je uporaben Ljubljana, avgust 2012. [3] Košir, Ž. 2010. Lastnosti gozdnih združb kot osnova za predvsem za kurjavo in razlic ne energetsko potratne plos c e, gospodarjenje z gozdovi. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije – ne pa za izdelavo trajnejs ih izdelkov z visoko dodano Gozdarska založba, Ljubljana. 288 s. [4] Kovač, M., Kušar, G. 2023. Ali se slovenski gozdovi odmikajo stran od vrednostjo. Zavod za gozdove Slovenije v letnih poroc ilih iz trajnostnega razvoja? Acta silvae et ligni. leta v leto poudarja, da se obseg potrebnih pri obnovi in negi [5] Perko, F. 2019. Obnova, tudi s pomočjo sajenja, je pogoj za ohranjanje v zasebnih gozdovih nac rtuje na podlagi nac rtov trajnosti vseh vlog slovenskih gozdov; Gozdarski vestnik, str. 130- 134. gozdnogospodarskih enot, njegova realizacija pa je odvisna [6] Perko, F. 2022. Naš gozd. Skrbno gospodarjenje in nega. Kmečki glas od vis ine razpoloz ljivih prorac unskih sredstev za Ljubljana. 240 s. [7] Poročilo Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije o gozdovih za leto 2022. financiranje in sofinanciranje vlaganj v gozdove, ki ne Ljubljana, maj 2023, spletna stran: Porocilo_o_gozdovih_2022_2.pdf zados c ajo za izvedbo predvidenega programa vlaganj, in od (zgs.si) [8] pripravljenosti lastnikov gozdov za izvedbo teh del. Za Resolucija o nacionalnem gozdnem programu. Državni zbor 20. november 2007. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije – Gozdarska vec namenski gozd, obnovljivo naravno bogastvo, drz ava za založba in Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano RS. 108 biolos ka vlaganja v gozdove z e vsaj dve desetletji prispeva [9] Stanje in spremembe slovenskih gozdov med letoma 2000 in 2018. Rezultati velikoprostorskega monitoringa gozdov in gozdnih veliko manj financ nih sredstev kot jih gozdovi potrebujejo, ekosistemov. Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije. 92 s. javna gozdarska sluz ba ne kaz e posebnih ambicij in [10] Torelli, N. 1995. Les naš vsakdanji, 98-113. Gozd je veliko več. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije – Gozdarska založba. 150 s. naprezanja za primerno ravnanje z gozdovi, lastnike gozdov pa v preveliki meri zanima le trenutni ekonomski pomen gozda, ne pa njegova prihodnost. Rezultat tega pa je milo 234 Personal recollections on influencing the public opinion on GM food as some part of the struggle for rational decision-making in environmentalism Borut Bohanec† prof. emeritus. Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana. Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia borut.bohanec@bf.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT Breeding methods have developed over the decades and in the 1980s led to the form of genetic engineering, useful for the transfer of selected genes from one species to a potentially unrelated species. This was followed by the successful introduction of various traits into plant species. At the same time, largely unnecessary over-regulation was adopted first in USA and later in the European Union. Such approach has served environmental activists well in their quest to cover up ever new forms of scaremongering of the population about described novelty. Most of the negative campaigns took place in Europe, resulting in a de facto ban on the cultivation of GMO varieties. This lecture, which I am briefly announcing here, will describe the author's personal view of what is happening of the last decades and the resulting situation in society. The article is being prepared at the same time as the first positive attempts by the European Commission to deregulate the more recent genome editing technology, which is now dealing with the same opponents. KEYWORDS Influencing public opinion; genetically modified food; GMO; winning the debate 1 PLANT BREEDING ACTIVITIES IN 1980ies Plant breeding is a little-known activity to the general public in many countries, and is carried out by seed/nursery companies, assisted by universities and institutes developing increasingly sophisticated breeding methods and techniques. The aim of these activities is to create varieties that will increase the efficiency of agriculture and provide the population with sufficient quantities of food or, in the case of ornamental plants, exceptional aesthetic pleasures. Although the activity is primarily aimed at farmers, many farmers are aware of the new offerings from seed growers, but know little about the way they do this job. As a rule, the subject is researched and taught in agricultural faculties. By a series of coincidences that probably more or less follow each individual in his or her career path, I became a professor of plant breeding and plant biotechnology in the 1990s. Together with my colleagues, I developed several sub-branches of biotechnology, in particular plant tissue culture methods and, in particular, haploid induction. The latter I have found to be of great benefit to seed companies. In 1994, 14 years after the approval of recombinant insulin, a tomato transgene was approved in the USA. It slowed down the ripening of the fruit, thus facilitating transport and edibility. 2 COUNTERING NEGATIVE PUBLIC OPINION ON GMO FOOD It was to be expected that such major achievements, boosted by such success, would grow and rapidly outperform older methods. In fact, they initially did. Many large companies set up their own research laboratories in the 1990s, and the pressure to release new varieties was intense. However, as we know now, in the US, the largest companies pushed for a very high level of regulation, far beyond what was needed (Miller and Conko 2013). This, of course, foreclosed the market, because 235 the multi-million dollar amounts needed for deregulation, were not affordable for small companies, or, for example, academic spinoffs. The field was also narrowed down to four agricultural species (maize, soybeans, cotton and seed rape), and a few key traits (insect and virus resistance, herbicide resistance). Patrick Moore, known as the co-founder of Greenpeace, describes the reasons why environmental organisations have grabbed the subject and started to paint it in negative terms. His opinion is focused on the changed political situation such as fall or Berlin wall and adapting “green” politics by major parties.. It has become increasingly clear that, in the case of GMOs, the public debate is not reasoned but strongly biased by the agenda of the participants. If the proponents were dominated by the mainstream scientific establishment, the opponents were in a bit of a mess, with "environmental" organisations, consumer organisations, left (or right) political parties and the media claiming to be opponents, depending on the needs. The latter followed the protagonists of the debate, mostly without argumentation, in short, populistically. In the meantime, several research laboratories including ours slowed down the GMO research procedures already in place, as it was clear that the EU market was closed to them. But we have stepped up our engagement in public debate. One of the turning points was an interview for Mladina (a left-wing newsletter) in which the journalist Staš Zgonik (2009) constructively put forward arguments in favour of GMOs. In 2015, we took advantage of a joint meeting of the two scientific committees at the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning regulating GMOs and sent out an appeal to all leading media outlets https://www.mladina.si/166584/znanost-proti-populisticnemu-zakonu/. The trigger was proposal of another draft law that placed Slovenia at the tail of the developed countries that were advocating for a gradual phase-out. The proposed penalties for possible cultivation were (and still are) draconian. We monitored the media reactions to our appeal and found that, surprisingly, there was a preponderance of positive discussion on the subject, which was a great novelty. We have also published several popularly written books and disseminated them at home and abroad. Beside Sovenian version book titled Yes to GMOs was published also in English and Korean language. In 2014, I was invited to speak at the TEDx Ljubljana event at Cankarjev dom. The response to the English-language lecture was overwhelming, with 233 thousand views on YouTube channel so far after nine years. It looks that younger generations prefer such medium. In 2016, a group of senior managers from Bayer Crop Science visited Slovenia and, because they were familiar with my presentations, they wanted to interview me about it. At the Faculty we prepared two lectures and discussed the whole topic in a group of about 20 participants. My key argument was that, as a large company, they should strive to sway public opinion as the key to the success of the whole business. I suggested that they focus on consumer-oriented products. In 2018 Bayer acquired Monsanto for $63 billion. So they did the opposite of my advice, and the consequences, driven by public opinion are still dramatic today. Some of the media in Slovenia have refused to give up their negative coverage, with Delo and RTV Slovenia standing out. For example, see the interview in the Studio City programme (2015) with the Minister of Agriculture, mag. Dejan Židan, who had the full support of the interviewer (Marcel Stefančič). Both this law and similar political gamesmanship have encouraged "exclusion zones", zones where individual countries could ban the cultivation of GMO varieties without scientifically sound reasons. We have joined a group of scientists (Erisson D. et al 2018) who have proposed the opposite, i.e. "inclusion" zones where individual countries could, if they so wished, grow non-GMO varieties that have not been accepted in other countries. The call was published in a top publication but, like several others, did not achieve a policy response. However, in this very year (2023), a new cycle of debate is taking place, together with a legislative process to allow the cultivation of genome-edited varieties in the EU. If this is released, it will be a major step, to which a contribution from Slovenia was noticed. REFERENCES Miller Henry, Conko Gregory. Bootleggers and biotechs. Regulation 2003, 26: 12-14 Eriksson, Dennis, de Andrade, Eugénia, Bohanec, Borut, Chatzopolou, Sevasti, Defez, Roberto, Eriksson, Nélida Leiva, van der Meer, Piet, Meulen, Bernd van der, Ritala, Anneli, Sági, László, Schiemann, Joachim, Twardowski, Tomasz, Vaněk, Tomáš. Why the European Union needs a national GMO opt-in mechanism. Nature biotechnology. 2018, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 18-19. Bohanec, Borut, Alkalaj, Mišo. Yes to GMOs! : for us and the environment. Ljubljana: Geanetic, 2016. VIII, 138 p. 236 Mit-jedrska energija je ključna v boju s podnebnimi spremembami Myth-Nuclear power is key in the fight against climate change Matjaž Valenčič Zveza ekoloških gibanj Slovenije - ZEG Ljubljana, Slovenija matjaz.valencic@gmail.com POVZETEK Jedrski zagovorniki želijo ustvariti prepričanje, da je jedrska 1 Miti o jedrski energiji energija ključna v boju s podnebnimi spremembami, saj naj bi O jedrski energiji se ne sme govoriti, razen tako, da jo hvalimo. bila edina dostopna nizko ogljična tehnologija, ki lahko odgovori Zaradi takega jedrskega marketinga ima kar nekakšen mističen na globalne podnebno-energetske izzive. Ob tem prikrivajo vse pridih, saj ji pripisujejo lastnosti, ki jih nima niti Chuck Norris. slabosti jedrske energije in poudarjajo zgolj eno, da pri jedrski Naj bi bila nizkoogljična, trajnostna, obnovljiva, zelena, cepitvi ne nastaja ogljikov dioksid. zanesljiva … To je vsekakor mit, jedrska energija predstavlja Jedrski zagovorniki »spregledajo« dejstvo, da jedrska energija preveliko tveganje za energijsko rabo. segreva planet s toploto, ki nastaja iz cepitve jeder. Poleg tega je jedrska energija krinka za vojaški jedrski program, ki je povzročil globalno segrevanje. Kako naj torej jedrska energija 1.1 Dodatni vir toplote na planetu odpravi okoljske anomalije, ki jih je sama povzročila? Umetno ustvarjen razpad jeder sprošča približno 14 milijard let staro energijo, ki je uskladiščena kot masa. Umetno povzročen KLJUČNE BESEDE razpad jeder povečuje entropijo planeta. Vzpostavlja se novo Entropija, umetna cepitev jeder, toplotno onesnaženje, globalno toplotno ravnovesje na planetu, ki bo morda krepko spremenilo segrevanje, sončno obsevanje, temperatura, stratosfera, jedrska podobo planeta. Ravnovesje, ki je temeljilo na sončnem sevanju doba in geotermalni toploti, akumulaciji, odboju in toplogrednem učinku, je v polovici prejšnjega stoletja porušila energija, ki je ABSTRACT nastajala iz umetne cepitve jeder. Nuclear proponents want to create a belief that nuclear energy is key to the fight against climate change, as it is believed to be the only available low-carbon technology that can respond to global 1.2 Toplotno onesnaženje zaradi rabe jedrske climate-energy challenges. At the same time, they conceal all the energije weaknesses of nuclear energy and emphasize only one thing that Jedrska energija povzroča znaten delež vsega toplotnega nuclear fission does not generate carbon dioxide. onesnaženja, ki vodi v globalno segrevanje. Na primer NEK greje Slovenijo približno 0,33 W/m2. Ni veliko, ni pa Nuclear proponents "overlook" the fact that nuclear energy zanemarljivo. Scenarij IPCC 2021 kaže segrevanje podnebja do warms the planet with heat generated from nuclear fission. In 1,06 W/m2. addition, nuclear energy is a cover for the military nuclear program that has caused global warming. How, then, can nuclear Izkoristek jedrske energije je nizek. Sledeč faktorju primarne energy eliminate the environmental anomalies it has caused? energije za električno energijo iz omrežja, je s standardom KEYWORDS določen 10-% izkoristek jedrske elektrarne. Entropy, artificial nuclear fission, thermal pollution, global Od približno 200 držav na svetu jih je 32 jedrskih. Če se bo warming, solar radiation, temperature, stratosphere, nuclear age število jedrskih držav povečevalo in če se bo povečeval delež jedrske energije, bodo toplotne emisije zaradi jedrske energije še naraščale. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 237 zanemarimo potencialni vpliv jedrske energije na podnebne spremembe? Slika 2: Prikaz odvisnosti temperature od sončnega obsevanja 1.4 Zaključek Slika 1: Seznam jedrskih držav in ocena toplotnih emisij jedrske Mit je, da lahko jedrska energija ublaži podnebne spremembe, ki energije so se začele z atomsko dobo. 1.3 Vpliv atomske dobe na globalno segrevanje LITERATURA Globalno segrevanje se je začelo z atomsko dobo. Nasa je 1. Tri metode za določanje : faktor primarne energije za električno energijo iz objavila članek Ali Sonce povzroča globalno segrevanje? omrežja; Prek, Matjaž; EGES- ISSN 1408-2667 (Vol. 23, [št.] 1, Jan./Feb./Mar. 2019, str. 68-72) (https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global- 2. https://zaensvet.si/nuclear-energy-one-of-the-causes-of-global-warming/ warming/) , v katerem ugotavlja, da je temperatura Zemlje sledila 3. https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming/ Sončevemu naravnemu 11-letnem ciklu, z majhnim odstopanjem 4. Energy Transition in Slovenia – Renewable Sources or Nuclear Energy; Valenčič, Matjaž; Energy Reform Group Workshop: Energy, Mobility, and navzgor in navzdol, brez neto povečanja temperature, do Sustainability Transitions in the Face of Climate Change, September 10, 2023, približno leta 1950. Od takrat dalje se je svetovna temperatura Raitenhaslach, Germany očitno dvignila. Zato je izredno malo verjetno, da bi Sonce v zadnjih pol stoletja povzročilo opažen trend globalnega segrevanja temperature. Povzročitelji so drugje. To poročilo je zanimivo zaradi analize temperature zemlje do preobrata v sredini 20. stoletja in po njem. V obdobju do preobrata je temperatura planeta sledila sončnim aktivnostim, ne gleda na druge vzroke, torej v tistem obdobju na temperaturo ni vplival delež CO2 v ozračju. Od preobrata naprej, ki se je zgodil hipoma, pa je temperatura planeta začela naraščati. Iz tega je lahko sklepati, da niti toplogredni plini niti sončne aktivnosti ne vplivajo na temperaturo planeta. Je naključje, da se je preobrat zgodil ravno takrat, ko je človeštvo vstopilo v jedrsko dobo? Kako na globalni ekosistem vpliva jedrska energija, posledice 2.053 jedrskih eksplozij, ki so v stratosfero vnesle na milijone ton prahu, črnega ogljika in bakterij, ki tvorijo oblake? Ali lahko 238 Vključitev Slovenije v enotno evropsko varstvo zaradi ogroženosti pred izumrtjem medveda in volka Slovenia's Inclusion in the European Single Protection Scheme for the Threat of Extinction of Bears and Wolves Dr. Leo Š eš erko†, Karel Lipič † Zveza ekološ kih gibanj Šlovenije-ZEG Krš ko, Šlovenija zegšlo20@gmail.com POVZETEK kulinaric nega izkoriš c anja. Na evropškem zakonodajnem nivoju je nujno prepovedati kulinaric no izkoriš c anje ubitih Šlovenško Miništrštvo za naravne vire in proštor (MNVP) je medvedov in njihovih mladic ev. Hkratni odštrel vodec ih izdala ODLOČ BO z dovoljenjem za odštrel 230 rjavih medvedk in njihovih mladic ev pa je nujno šankcionirati v medvedov iz narave v letu dni. To je v našprotju z EU evropški kazenški zakonodaji varštva ogroz enih vršt. varovanjem najbolj ogroz enih naravnih vršt. Pomeni krš itev šlovenške in evropške zakonodaje na podroc ju ohranjanja Nekateri predštavniki kmetijških proizvajalcev v Šloveniji narave. Vzporedno š tem etic no in kulturno problematic nim intenzivno špodbujajo in javno zagovarjajo legalno in ogroz anjem medveda in volka zaradi tveganja izumrtja, še ilegalno pobijanje (zaštrupljanje) ogroz enih vršt medveda in dogaja ištoc ašno vec oblik pošpeš enega napada nanje: volka. Medtem ko vec ina to zavrac a. Tu gre za ekštremne agrešivno induštrijško unic evanje njihovega z ivljenjškega oblike šovraz nega govora, ki ši zašluz ijo nepopuštljivo proštora, špreminjanje njihovega z ivljenjškega okolja z kazenško šankcioniranje, ki ga daneš š e ni in ki ga je potrebno intenzivno induštrijško kmetijško obdelavo in z uvešti na nivoju Evropške unije. Podobno nekateri c lani netrajnoštnim špreminjanjem gozda v zabaviš c ni proštor lovških organizacij zagovarjajo pobijanje ogroz enih vršt, prošte voz nje š motornimi vozili in koleši povšod po naravi, hkrati pa š tevilni prejemajo šubvencije za kmetijško z neznanštvenimi in pošmehljivimi predlogi vodilnih obdelavo v tez jih pogojih kmetovanja. Medtem ko drugi lovci štrokovnjakov za draštic no legalno zviš evanje š tevila takš nemu neetic nemu in nešonaravnemu poc etju odštreljenih medvedov in volkov, drz avnem našprotujejo. šubvencioniranju kmetijške pridelave v z ivljenjškem proštoru medveda in volka, pomanjkanju financiranja KLJUČNE BESEDE uc inkovite varnoštne šluz be za preprec evanje vznemirjanja, ogroz enošt medveda in volka, profaniranje pobijanja nelegalnega zaštrupljanja in lova ter odštrela medvedov in medvedov, rjavi medved Bruno, medijško in kulinaric na volkov. zabava z ogroz enimi vrštami, Zveza ekološ kih gibanj V š olške programe biologije in varštva okolja š e nišo Šlovenije – ZEG, Alpe Adria Green vkljuc ene všebine pomembnošti in korištnošti biološ ke ABSTRACT raznovrštnošti, ni potrebnega financiranja programov varovanja biološ ke raznovrštnošti in izobraz evanja o njenem The Šlovenian Miništry of Natural Rešourceš and Špatial pomenu za celoto druz bo. Planning (MNVP) haš iššued a DEČIŠION authorišing the removal of 230 brown bearš from the wild within one year. V š tevilnih goštinških lokalih še intenzivno š iri ponudba Thiš iš contrary to EU protection of nature'š mošt medvedjega meša, vkljuc no z tac kami medvedjih mladic ev, ki endangered špecieš. It iš a violation of Šlovenian and šo odštreljeni škupaj z vodec imi medvedkami materami. European nature conšervation legišlation. In parallel with Nekateri javni mediji špreminjajo to neetic no in nekulturno thiš ethically and culturally problematic threat to bearš and ravnanje v medijško zabavo, hkrati pa ni nujnih zakonških wolveš due to the rišk of extinction, ševeral formš of ukrepov, ki bi zaš c itili ogroz eni vršti medvedov in volkov accelerated attack on them are taking place at the šame time: pred profaniranjem njihovega preganjanja, ubijanja in aggreššive induštrial deštruction of their habitat, the ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note alteration of their habitat through intenšive induštrial †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note agriculture, and the unšuštainable converšion of foreštš into entertainment areaš for free-riding motor vehicleš and Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or bicycleš everywhere in the countryšide, unšcientific and distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice derišory propošalš by leading »šcientific« expertš for draštic and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). legal increašeš in the number of bearš and wolveš culled, Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia štate šubšidišation of agricultural production in bear and © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 239 wolf habitat, lack of funding for an effective šecurity šervice zaš c itene z ivali iz rdec ega šeznama) . Javni ušluz benec, to prevent dišturbance, illegal poišoning, hunting and culling katerega dolz nošt je varovanje ogroz enih vršt medvedov in of bearš and wolveš. volkov, ravna v našprotju š švojo funkcijo in javno nalogo in namešto, da bi zaš c ito ogroz enih vršt medvedov in volkov The importance and ušefulnešš of biodiveršity iš not yet razumel kot švojo glavno nalogo, ravna, kot da bi ga ta included in šchool curricula in biology and environmental funkcija ne obvezovala, da jih varuje in da celo švojo funkcijo protection, and there iš a lack of funding for biodiveršity izpoštavi tveganju, da ga bodo zaradi oviranja lobištic nih protection programmeš and education on the importance of interešov prodajalcev medvedjega meša, laštnikov biodiveršity for šociety aš a whole. reštavracij š tem mešom, itd. razreš ili z njegove funkcije. Bear meat, including the pawš of bear cubš that are Njemu pa vše to ne pomeni veliko. šlaughtered together with their mother bearš, iš being Zaš c ita z ivali, ki šo na šeznamu evropške Habitatne direktive intenšively offered in many catering eštablišhmentš in (Direktiva Šveta 2/43/EGŠ), je izrecna naloga Miništrštva za Šlovenia. Thiš unethical and uncultured behaviour iš being naravne vire in proštor in na prvem meštu prištojnega turned into media entertainment by šome mainštream media, miništra, zato je nešprejemljivo, da pri tem komur koli kakor while at the šame time there are no urgent legal meašureš to koli popuš c a, š e zlašti pa ni primerno, da naštopa kot protect the endangered špecieš of bearš and wolveš from the propagandišt pobijanja ogroz enih vršt medvedov in volkov. profanation of their peršecution, killing and culinary To velja prav tako za znanštvenega predštojnika prof. Jerino, exploitation. It iš eššential to prohibit the culinary ki je pred c ašom celo v televizijškem intervjuju med šmehom exploitation of killed bearš and their cubš at European poudarjal, da je treba š tevilo medvedov v Šloveniji draštic no legišlative level. The šimultaneouš killing of female brown zmanjš ati. Univerza v Ljubljani, oz. njeno vodštvo, bi še v bearš and their cubš mušt be šanctioned in European takš ni šituaciji morala zganiti in šproz iti poštopek za criminal legišlation on the protection of endangered špecieš. razveljavitev njegovega znanštvenega naziva glede varštva biološ ke raznovrštnošti. Šome reprešentativeš of agricultural producerš in Šlovenia Gre pa tudi za vodjo odšeka za varovanje biološ ke štrongly promote and publicly advocate the legal and illegal raznovrštnošti na miništrštvu za okolje in naravne vire, ki ne killing (poišoning) of endangered špecieš of bearš and opravlja švoje varovalne funkcije glede ogroz enošti wolveš. While the majority refuše to do šo. Theše are extreme medvedov in volkov in ši zašluz i, da ga nadomešti angaz iran formš of hate špeech that dešerve the unrelenting criminal zagovornik varštva medvedov in volkov. Ob neodgovornem šanctionš that do not yet exišt today and that need to be legalnem pobijanju mladic ev škupaj z vodilnimi materami introduced at European Union level. Šimilarly, šome medvedkami, pa bi ši ta c lovek zašluz il najmanj kazenški memberš of hunting organišationš advocate the killing of pregon. Pred tem pa tudi vkljuc itev pobijanja ogroz enih vršt endangered špecieš, while at the šame time many receive medvedov in volkov v uštrezen kazenški zakonik. šubšidieš for agricultural cultivation in difficult farming Kot kaz e, ima prištojni vladni organ v švojih teleših vec conditionš. While other hunterš are oppošed to šuch lobištov za pobijanje kot varuhov, za varovanje evropško unethical and unconšcionable practiceš. ogroz enih vršt medvedov in volkov. Pri tem šo v poštopke za KEYWORDS ravnanje z ogroz enimi vrštami, kjer obravnavajo predloge za odštrel velikih zveri, vkljuc eni zagovorniki pobijalcev, tudi Bear and Wolf endangerment, profanation of bear killing, nekateri lovški lobiji in lobiji in rejcev domac ih z ivali (pri tem Bruno the Brown Bear, media and culinary entertainment celo taki, ki nišo z obmoc ja medveda), šo pa zaintereširani, da with endangered špecieš, Aššociation of Ecological bi pregnali avtohtone medvede in volkovi in špremenili gozd Movementš of Šlovenia – ZEG, Alpe Adria Green v z ivalško farmo. Tu še pojavljajo tudi nekatere nevladne organizacije, ki ponujajo ušluge komur koli, ki jim je 1 pripravljen plac ati ali šubvencionirati njihove ekšpertize, v VKLJUČITEV SLOVENIJE V ENOTNO katerih šo pripravljene zagovarjati kakrš no koli »ekšpertno« EVROPSKO VARSTVO ZARADI mnenje, ki je po volji njihovih financerjev. To ševeda ni OGROŽENOSTI PRED IZUMRTJEM privatno financiranje, ampak je financiranje na rac un drz ave MEDVEDA IN VOLKA ali njenih izpoštav. Zvezi ekološ kih gibanj Šlovenije-ZEG Odloc itvi Miništrštva za V Šloveniji še je po zašlugi ekšpertnih mnenj profešorjev za naravne vire in proštor (MNVP) , ki je izdala ODLOČ BO z medvedje mešo in vladnih funkcionarjev za varovanje dovoljenjem za odvzem 230 rjavih medvedov iz narave v biotic ne raznovrštnošti potreba po medvedjem mešu v našprotujemo in jo obšojamo. (Zveza ekološ kih gibanj Šloveniji v zadnjih letih znatno povec ala (š tevilne elitne Šlovenije-ZEG ima štatuš druš tva v javnem interešu. Odloc ba reštavracije, goštilne, mešarije in izvoz meša in šuho mešnih pomeni krš itev šlovenške in evropške zakonodaje na izdelkov). To je povezano z medijškim poroc anjem nekaterih podroc ju ohranjanja narave in na podroc ju biološ ke javnih medijev, ki ši uštvarjajo klientelo z vzbujanjem štrahu raznovrštnošti. »Izredni odštrel« medvedov, ki je v rešnici pred medvedi in volkovi, ne upoš tevajo pa varovanja biotške rutinški, redni odštrel, ki ga odobril rešorni miništer, ši raznovrštnošti in omejitve, ki šo z njim povezane. Prodor na zašluz i všakrš no obšodbo( na šrec o ga je predšednik Vlade nekdanja ekškluzivna obmoc ja za varovanje biotške RŠ v tem c ašu-odštavil-tudi zaradi grobega pošega v raznovrštnošti (tudi medvedov in volkov) in na obmoc ja, na katera še te vršte vrac ajo, ker šo bile z njih pregnane, zbuja 240 neupravic eno domnevo, da še medvedi in volki na teh krajih šredštva (elektric ne ograje, pše c uvaje in celo ljudi paštirje). šploh ne bi šmeli pojaviti. Omenjeni program za izvajanje paš e na teh obmoc jih Lep primer take hišterije je bil medved Bruno, ki je iz upravic eno zahteva dodatno zaš c ito z ivali pred velikimi Šlovenije odš el v Italijo (Dolomite) in naprej na Bavarško. zvermi in špremembo obštojec ih kmetijških prakš. Ali je kaj Oc itno je prihodnošt medvedov v Šloveniji bolje predvidel lepš ega kot izpuštiti domac e z ivali na paš o v gozd, šaj po kot všaka vlada , njeni uradniki in klec eplazni profešorji. moz nošti šame najdejo pot nazaj v švoj hlev. Š e lepš e pa je, c e Č eprav je bila njegova prehrana škoraj izkljuc no trava in je odš kodnina drz ave za poš kodovano ali izgubljeno domac o šoc ivje, je razruš il en c ebelnjak in domnevno ubil tri ovce. z ival nekajkrat viš ja od njene trz ne cene. Poleg tega je v Šam tedanji predšednik bavarške vlade Štoiber je takrat Šloveniji v veljavi šištem odš kodnin, ki jih povzroc ijo zveri, ki razglašil švojo odloc itev, da ga je treba ubiti. Š tem je Štoiber je popolnoma upravic en in v korišt škrbnih rejcev domac ih medijško javno hišterijo dvignil do vreliš c a, kljub temu da z ivali in ogroz enih medvedov in volkov. Po uradnih podatkih Bruno ni nobenega c loveka ogroz al ali celo poš kodoval. je pri naš š tevilo š kodnih primerov zaradi truda veštnih Štoiber pa je medijško priliko brezobzirno uporabil za švojo rejcev domac ih z ivali in omenjenih programških ukrepov v promocijo in pokazal švojo politic no moc v konzervativnem zadnjih letih moc no upadlo, kar je pomembno znamenje, da bavarškem politic nem okolju, kjer bi dez ela našprotno je vec ina rejcev domac ih z ivali škrbnih in šo odgovorni za pozdravila prvega medveda, ki še je po 150 letih vrnil v švoje z ivali in š tem hkrati varujejo ogroz ene medvede in dez elo švojih prednikov. Ne pa da je iz Finške naroc ila volkove pred pogromom njihovega pobijanja za všako ceno. morilce, ki šo ga š tirinajšt dni neušpeš no zašledovali, Č išto nekaj drugega pa šta dva tokova financ nega priliva na nazadnje pa ga je uštrelil domac i lovec. Bavarška še š to rac un štreljanja medvedov in volkov. Na eni štrani financ ni nepremiš ljeno in nekulturno reakcijo ob šrec anju š švojo prilivi od tujih lovcev, ki prihajajo v Šlovenijo na trofejni lov biotško raznovrštnoštjo ni potrdila kot dez ela z zgodovino, predvšem medvedov in manj volkov, ki plac ujejo višoke kulturo in ohranjanjem narave. Je pa primerna za dobro zneške tudi po 10.000 evrov. Njim gre za odštrel, trofejo. Ne primerjavo š šlovenško hišterijo glede zaš c ite kurnikov in zanima pa jih veliko mešo, šaj šo tudi poštopki za izvoz v EU nezadoštno utrjenih c ebelnjakov, ki omogoc ajo lanširanje zelo komplicirani. Drugac e pa je z domac imi lovci, ki jim po konšervativne politic ne temperature in povec evanja legalnem odštrelu enega od 230 medvedov tudi plac ilo za šubvencij za drobnico, da ni treba bolj škrbeti za trajnoštna medvedje mešo za lovško druz ino ali ošebno pomeni dovolj delovna mešta na gošpodarško onemoglem podez elju. atraktiven dohodek. Na tej ošnovi še je v kratkem obdobju Od šlovenškega miništra, ki je na predlog znanštvenika prof. nekaj let škoraj neopazno razmahnila v Šloveniji najbolj Jerine razglašil izredni odštrel 230 medvedov, (in ni izkljuc il neokušna in obšojanja vredna kulinaric na ponudba moz nošti pokola mladic ev škupaj z njihovo materjo medvedjega meša, ki je švoj vrhunec hitro došegla pri medvedko) da še bo najmanj pred tem o izrednim odštrelom odštrelu mladic ev za ponudbo medvedkovih š ap na pošvetoval š c lani Šveta miništra za naravne vire in proštor kroz nikih brezobzirnih kulinaric nih »šladokušcev«. Poglejte za šodelovanje z NVO. To pravkar uštanovljeno telo naj bi na internet pod gešlom »š apa« ali »medvedja š apa« ali nudilo štrokovno pomoc miništru pri pripravi boljš ih reš itev »medvedovo mešo« in š okirani bošte nad vec kot dvajšetimi za vše (tudi z ivali iz rdec ega šeznama mednarodne zaš c ite). lokali, od najbolj elitnih š švetovno šlavo, do bolj zakotnih in Opozarjamo, da naj MNVP (Miništrštvo za naravne vire in nizkega profila, ki jih ni šram, da rahlo pod prtom ponujajo proštor) v ta teleša nemudoma vkljuc i tudi neodvišne nekaj tako odvratnega. štrokovnjake (ne le iz Zavoda za gozdove RŠ in Biotehniš ke Č e prof. Jerina v pošnetku med šmehom opravic uje draštic no fakultete) in nevladne organizacije, ki ne zagotavljajo poviš anje š tevila odštreljenih medvedov, tudi ve, koga vše bo korumpiranih štrokovnih mnenj glede pobijanja medvedov ošrec il š tem švojim domnevno »štrokovnim mnenjem«. in volkov, i jim je za zavarovane divje z ivali v rešnici mar in Najprej je tu elitna druz ba, ki šoupravlja drz avo in vlado in da še pred kakš no koli odloc itvijo v zvezi š tem MNVP na tej ki škrbi za vec ji dotok deviz in prihod na »lov« najbolj ravni temeljito pošvetuje. Gotovo bolj od rutinških ekškluzivnih lovcev. Potem pa je tu š e druga, škromnejš a prodajalcev mnenj bi bili v tem pogledu primerni c lani Alpe druz ba, ki pomaga oškrbovati z medvedjim mešom Adria Green, ki šo vloz ili na šodiš c a vec toz b za zavrnitev ad škromnejš e kulinaric ne lokale, ki pa jih vše takoj najdete po hoc štreljanja na medvede in njihove mladic e. Š tem šicer nišo dveh klikih na internetu, c e kliknete »š apa«, ali ¨medvedja ušpeli preprec iti njihovega decimiranja, šo pa za c aš š apa«, lahko tudi »š apica« ali »medvedje mešo«. Daneš jih je odloc anja šodnikov zauštavili vešelo štreljanje ogroz ene vec kot dvajšet med ponudniki z nadvše nazornimi barvnimi vršte in predvšem šo izkazali švojo etic no pokonc nošt in pošnetki jedi, za katerimi še vlec e krvava šled pobitih nekorumpiranošt in š š tem kvalificirali kot všeštranški medvedkov in medvedov Šaj je oc itno všaka zakonška varuhi ogroz enih vršt. regulacija prodaje štrogo zaš c itenih medvedov in Medved, volk in riš šo v Evropi štrogo zavarovane vršte, kar medvedkov deveta vaš. pa oc itno ne velja za Šlovenijo. Š e zdalec pa nišo izc rpani vši V zvezi š tem je potrebna razprava tudi v Lovški zvezi ukrepi za zavarovanje domac ih z ivali pred napadi medveda Šlovenije, ki še rada predštavlja kot nevtralna, nad druz bo in in volka. Uveljavitev izjeme za odštrel medveda, kot jo naravo vzdignjena inštanca, hkrati pa ši zakriva oc i pred zahteva Habitatna direktiva, bi zahtevala veliko vec ukrepov. negativnimi pošledicami trofejnega lova in z njimi Za varovanje z ivali na paš i pa kot vši vemo drz ava na podlagi povezanimi ekškluzivnimi zašluz ki. Zato še je špontano Programa razvoja podez elja RŠ daje na razpolago brezplac na pojavil predlog, da je treba trofejni lov pri ogroz enih vrštah 241 izkoreniniti, to pa bomo došegli tako, da še celotne kadavre z glavo in koz o všeh najdenih poginulih ali uštreljenih ošebkov po uradnem forenzic nem pregledu po zakonu obvezno komišijško šez gejo. V šodnem šporu in iz njega izvirajoc ih razpravah, ki jih je šproz ila Adria Alpe Green š švojo toz bo za zauštavitev poštopkov glede predloga miništrštva za odštrel vec kot 200 medvedov letno, je bilo pišno ugotovljeno, da v Šloveniji obštaja krivolov medveda in volka.Te dni je Upravno šodiš c e RŠ na veliko javno prešenec enje politic no popuštilo in dovolilo odštrel š e preoštalih 182 medvedov do konca leta . Iz to ob šorazmerno vec jem š tevilu krivolov volka, in nekoliko šorazmerno manjš em š tevilu krivolov medveda. V nobenem primeru pa še do daneš š e ni zgodila pravomoc na obšodba krivolovca, ki je nezakonito ubil medveda ali volka. Šlovenški drz avni organi, vlada, miništrštvo za naravne vire, policija, lovška zveza, preprošto nimajo volje in ne motivacije, da bi razlic ne oblike krivolova volkov in medvedov, zaštrupljanje, pašti, nezakonito štreljanj itd. uštavile in preprec ile njegovo štalno perpetuiranje. VIRI [1] Štališča in menja ZEG do zaščite velikih zveri ( www.zeg.si) 242 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek E Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume E 16. Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij 16th International Technology Transfer Conference Urednici / Editors Tinkara Mlinar, Špela Stres http://is.ijs.si 11. in 13. oktober 2023 / 11 and 13 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 243 244 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD Dear guests, experts, panellists, participants, It is a great honour to welcome you to the national event of the European Union campaign to boost knowledge valorisation, which takes place during this year’s Science Month and the traditional 16th International Technology Transfer Conference. We gathered today as a community of professionals, whose everyday work is closely intertwined with science and research, as well as innovation. One of the main missions of the Jožef Stefan Institute is the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge at the frontiers of natural sciences, life sciences and engineering. Equally important is our ambition to turn research results into sustainable products and solutions to improve the quality of life, including environmental benefits, as we contribute to the development of several key enabling technologies, such as quantum and nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, new materials, communication and computer technologies, and nuclear engineering, to mention some of them. Every day, we are faced with many new challenges, and as scientists, we are entrusted to deliver appropriate answers and solutions, either on a national or global level. It is important we do not betray this trust. Throughout the years, especially since the organisation of the 1st International Technology Transfer Conference, we have been continuously learning from our friends in esteemed institutions across the world, which importantly contributed to the development of the technology transfer system within the Jožef Stefan Institute. Additionally, the new gained knowledge enabled us to become an active partner in building a national support innovation system in close collaboration with the competent ministries, agencies, support organizations, and partner public research organizations. We helped address numerous challenges, such as securing funding sources for innovation within spin-out companies during the proof of concept phases, proposing changes in national legislation related to research and innovation, spin-out development, and establishing and coordinating two consecutive consortia of technology transfer offices at leading Slovenian research institutions and universities. Looking ahead, the Central and Eastern European Technology Transfer (CEETT) initiative presents a promising investment program in collaboration with the EIF, and Slovenian and Croatian development banks. This initiative will offer spin-out teams the unique opportunity to secure investment pre-incorporation. Furthermore, we celebrate a significant legislative milestone with the incorporation of spin-outs into the new national Act on Scientific Research and Innovation. Since 2022, Slovenian public research organizations can take equity in their spin-outs, marking a pivotal recognition of spin-outs in national law. This breakthrough, while promising, necessitates practical implementation, offering both challenges and opportunities that we shall explore in our discussions. At the commencement of the 16th International Conference on Technology Transfer, we eagerly anticipate reflecting on the journey taken. Many participants from the Conference and especially at the competition for the best innovation from public research institutions have embarked on the initial stages of commercialization and some of them successfully established spin-out companies based on technologies and inventions developed within their research institutions. The entrepreneurial researchers' pitch competition emerged as a pivotal platform, often marking the teams' initial exposure to the prospect of establishing their own ventures. The competition guided them through the vital stages of developing their first business model and crafting an impactful pitch. To date, nearly 100 entrepreneurial research 245 teams have engaged in the competitions, resulting in the awarding of 30 winners. We also take immense pleasure in the growth of the conference in the last three years, notably through the inclusion of peer-reviewed contributions from researchers specializing in the field of technology transfer. This expansion augments the knowledge base and elevates awareness surrounding the transfer of technologies and innovations. Finally, let's reflect on the evolving organizational structure of the technology transfer organization and cooperation with industry at the Jožef Stefan Institute. The team of dedicated individuals over the past decade and a half has stabilized the Institute’s support for researchers in the commercialisation and advancement of their innovations. Thank you for being a part of this incredible journey, and here's to the promising future that lies ahead. Organizing Committee of the 16th ITTC 246 ORGANIZACIJSKI ODBOR, PARTNERJI IN SPONZORJI / ORGANIZING COMMITTE, PARTNERS AND FINANCERS The main organizer of the 16th ITTC Conference is Jožef Stefan Institute. The organizing committee: Dr. Špela Stres, MBA, LLM, Jožef Stefan Institute Robert Blatnik, M. Sc., Jožef Stefan Institute Marjeta Trobec, M. Sc., Jožef Stefan institute Urška Mrgole, Jožef Stefan Institute Petra Žagar, M. Sc., Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation The scientiffic programme committee: Scientific papers on technology transfer and intellectual property Niko Schlamberger, President of Slovenian Society INFORMATIKA Doc. Dr. Tamara Besednjak Valič, Faculty of Information Studies in Novo Mesto Prof. Alexandru Marin, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest Co-financing The event is organized and co-financed in the frame of the Enterprise Europe Network (GA project number 101052776). 247 Collaboration The 16th ITTC is organized in collaboration with the International multiconference Information Society (IS2023). EUROPEAN UNION CAMPAIGN TO BOOST KNOWLEDGE VALORISATION The 16th ITTC is taking place under the umbrella of the EU campaign to boost knowledge valorisation. THE SCIENCE MONTH The 16th ITTC is organised within the Science Month that is coordinated by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation. 248 Associated Partners Agriculture Institute of Slovenia Faculty of Information Studies Geološki zavod Slovenije National Institute of Biology Rudolfovo – Science and Technology Centre Novo mesto 249 University of Ljubljana University of Maribor University of Primorska 250 Promotion Partners Centre of excellence for integrated approaches in chemistry and biology of proteins LUI - Ljubljana University Incubator RRA Koroška – the Regional Development Agency for Koroška ZRS Bistra Ptuj – Scientific Research Centre Bistra Ptuj 251 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors and organizing committee of the Conference would like to express cordial thanks to all who helped make the 16th International Technology Transfer Conference a success. We would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the members of the scientific programme committee: • Niko Schlamberger, President of Slovenian Society INFORMATIKA • Doc. Tamara Besednjak Valič, Faculty of Information Studies in Novo Mesto • Prof. Alexandru Marin, Politehnica University of Bucharest for their contribution to the scientific programme, review of the scientific contributions, and selection for publication in these Conference proceedings. Our special thanks go to the evaluation commission members: • Alexandre Massart, Managing Partner Blend Ventures Ltd. • Ioannis Sagias, Deputy Head of Unit for Valorisation Policies and IPR DG for Research and Innovation, EC • Jure Tomc, CEO Cresco Innovation & CEO JT Business Development • Andrea Di Anselmo, President of META Group for their evaluation of written technology commercialization proposals and selection of winning teams, authors of inventive technologies with the best potential for commercialization of the technologies, developed at Public Research Organizations. 252 Research Infrastructures and Coopeation with Industry Jana Arbeiter Barbara Brečko Maja Bučar Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia jana.arbeiter@fdv.uni-lj.si barbara.brecko@fdv.uni-lj.si maja.bucar@fdv.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT had the ambition to also identify main barriers to closer cooperation and suggest possible policy actions to stimulate this The paper addresses the experience of European important cooperation. The findings of the survey were presented Strategic Framework on Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) at the ESFRI Forum in Brno, 2022 [4] as well as by the ESFRI Landmarks in their work with partners from industry. While the Drafting Group on RI – industry cooperation. Some of the main mission of the RIs is to provide infrastructure support to observations and findings from the discussion at these fora have scientific work, they are also cooperating intensively with the been integrated into the text as well. The end objective of our industry. Our survey among 42 ESFRI Landmarks showed that analysis was to contribute to the implementation of ERA Action as many as 82% of them have a strong and well-established 8 [5], and in this way to the creation of competitive innovation cooperation with partners. However, there are still several ecosystem at EU level. barriers to cooperation on both sides, with the management of intellectual property being an important one. KEYWORDS 2 THE SURVEY Research infrastructures, industry, cooperation, barriers, The survey on RIs industry cooperation was prepared by the intellectual property. support team to ESFRI Chair in 2022[6]. The questionnaire was sent to 43 ESFRI Landmarks. 35 replies were received. Of these, 49% Landmarks responded that they regularly cooperate with 1 INTRODUCTION industry, while 34% do so occasionally [7]. This confirmed our One of the most important achievements of the European initial assumption that the cooperation between RIs and industry Research Area (ERA) has been the establishment of research is well established. It mostly takes place at national level [8]. infrastructures (RIs) at the European level. With coordination Most common form of cooperation is joint research projects, efforts of European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures which are either financed at the EU level or by the national (ESFRI), the roadmaps of EU RIs have been developed[1], a set research funds. RIs offer industry access to their equipment, offer of Working Groups[2] formed to support the work of RIs as well them various services, access to data, etc. They believe that as help provided by the ESFRI and EC to meet fully the cooperation with industry is beneficial to them and plan to objectives of RIs. The RIs are essential pillars supporting expand it: 72% of the respondents actively stimulate the European basic research, yet their impact extends beyond the cooperation. The tools to promote cooperation are various. RIs scientific community. They are facilities that provide resources involve industrial partners in decision-making bodies as and services for all research communities to conduct research and members of strategic/ scientific boards. Several reported on the foster innovation, suggesting that they intensively cooperate with establishment of specialized offices, which serve as contact industry as well. The cooperation includes also transfer of points for industry. Another way to promote cooperation is the knowledge/ technology developed jointly with using equipment preparation of special industry- focused days to present the or/ and data or/and testing facilities of the Ris. potential forms of cooperation and services they can offer. It is In their cooperation with industry, RIs often encounter similar interesting that RIs are engaged in so many different activities to problems as we can observe in the relationship between public promote cooperation although it is not very important in terms of research organizations (PROs) and private sector [3]. To identify revenue. At best, according to our survey, the RIs state that no the level and type of cooperation between RIs and industry, we more than 10% of their revenues are derived from industry. In prepared a special survey, sent to ESFRI Landmarks. The survey part, the reasons for this may lie in unclear regulations as to commercial activities of publicly- financed infrastructures in Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or some countries. classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full The importance of cooperation is reflected in the high percentage citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must of responses on the future plans to intensify the cooperation: as be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). many as 92% of the RI respondents wish to expand the Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). cooperation and plan to actively engage in this. One of the motivation factors is the fact that RIs can complement 253 traditionally insufficient financial resources received from the starting point in establishing the cooperation. This is often government(s) with the money from business sector. This may achieved best by regular exchange of personnel or by close enable them to invest in appropriate new research equipment as interaction of the key personnel from both partners working on a well as maintain the existing infrastructure, either directly particular issue. Here, the issue of motivation on the side of relevant for the research cooperation or expanding the options for individual researchers working in RIs, was identified as possible basic research. In times of increasing costs of investment in issue that needs special attention. The so called “liaison officer” sophisticated research equipment this is becoming increasingly in RI would need to be specifically stimulated to engage in important factor. cooperation with the industry, since this could mean that the Among the factors which may hinder cooperation the lack of traditional path of career progress through publications and interest on the side of industrial partners in their area of work was citations would be slowed down. To cooperate with industry most often cited by the RIs. However, several suggestions were especially in the area of knowledge/ technology transfer, provided as to the needed activities at the policy level as well as specialised staff is needed, which is often not available in Ris. at the level of RIs to promote and ease the cooperation, with a clear objective to make transfer of knowledge from RIs to 3.2 At the policy level industry smoother. Issues related to financing of the cooperation were identified as a barrier to cooperation. On one hand, some RIs mentioned that it is sometimes expected that since they receive public financing, 3 ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE they should not be charging industrial partners for their services. COOPERATION On the other hand, the regulations in some cases make it too complicated to carry out commercialization of services to 3.1 At RI’s level industry. The lack of suitable business models de- stimulates To promote cooperation with industry, RIs themselves have some of the RIs to pursue cooperation more actively, so it was indicated that they should do more to increase the visibility of the suggested that a special platform, where sharing good practices services they are capable of offering. Various activities were and successful modes of cooperation are shared among RIs. This proposed by the respondents. Let us share the most interesting would help less experienced ones to learn from those with proposals. extensive practice of working with industry. Samples of The appointment of an industry liaison officer was identified as agreements on sharing intellectual property benefits would be an important action to bridge the communication gap between helpful as well. scientists working in RIs and the researchers from industry. As The respondents to the survey proposed that such a platform several other studies on cooperation between public research should be established by EC so as to serve to RIs in all member organisations (institutes or/and universities) have identified states. It could be used to share good practices in all areas of (among others, see [9] Bučar and Rojec, 2019; [10] Jensen et al., cooperation: from legal and financial issues, overall appropriate 2010; [11] Arvanitis and Bolli, 2009), the objectives of the business models, negotiations on intellectual property issues, researchers in the public research organisations (PROs) and the personnel issues, etc. representatives of the industry are often highly different. While Other policy measures suggested to support the cooperation the criteria in many countries for successful research are based include: on the publication record and this has significant impact on the a) Financing of joint research projects, where the funding, the industrial research is focused on more immediate cooperation between RIs and industry could be goal of finding optimal solutions to the business processes, be it recognized as a positive characteristic of project in manufacturing or in services. The trend in PROs is towards application; open science and many of the funding agencies require the results b) Encouragement of exchange of personnel and/or hosting of the research to be available widely and free of costs. On the of researchers from industry by RIs (for example, to other hand, industry needs to protect the findings as their carry out Ph.D. research); intellectual property. Careful balancing on how to meet the c) Special grants to SMEs to co-finance some of the costs requirements of the two different approaches and at the same of using the services of RIs; time reach a working arrangement for both parties is needed. It d) The cooperation of RIs and industry should be actively seems that some RIs have been more successful in this than the promoted both at EC level a well as at the level of others, thus sharing of the experiences may ease the cooperation Member States, with specific resources available for for others. such a promotion. Also, the already mentioned involvement of industrial representatives in different RI’s decision-making bodies should be systematically encouraged. The latter would be important in shaping the RIs development strategy since input from industry would indicate which research fields are considered as most relevant for the RIs to focus on. Additional dilemma faced by RIs is how to communicate with partners from industry. Differences in the objectives of participating in cooperation need to be openly discussed and at least initially, this may take some time. A clear understanding of each other’s objectives, and respect for these, need to be a 254 4 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The survey findings aligned closely with our initial The research was supported by Slovenian research agency, grant assumptions concerning the collaborative engagement between number V5-2283. RIs and industry. There is significant interest on the side of RIs The authors wish to thank the EC ESFRI Secretariat for the help to expand such cooperation. Recognized barriers, including the in the implementation of the survey. Valuable comments to the misalignment of objectives between RIs and industrial partners, draft questionnaire were provided by the members of the have already been subject to policy interventions at various levels. Executive Board of ESFRI and its Chairperson, Jana Kolar. There are several measures at national and EC level [12], which could be utilized to support such cooperation, yet it often seems REFERENCES & ENDNOTES that the awareness of their existence is still limited, especially among the SMEs. Overall, the survey underscored transformative potential of [1] ESFRI Roadmap | www.esfri.eu RI-industry collaboration in fostering a competitive innovation [2] Working Groups | www.esfri.eu [3] Maja Bučar and Matija Rojec. 2019. Determinants of success in science - ecosystem across the European union, bearing an important industry cooperation: case of Slovenia. In Challenges and solutions for significance in the context of the ERA’s overarching objectives. fostering entrepreneurial universities and collaborative innovation : academic Proceedings of the 2019 University-Industry Interaction The imperative role of ESFRI in promoting the cooperation of Conference Serie. University Industry Innovation Network, 52-63. RIs and industry and addressing barriers therein cannot be [4] 81st ESFRI Forum Plenary Meeting | www.esfri.eu overstated. Within the policy discussions on European [5] European Research Area Policy Agenda – Overview of actions for the period 2022-2024; European Research Area Policy Agenda (europa.eu) innovation ecosystems, the role and extent of cooperation of RIs [6] In the period 2022-2023, the Chair of ESFRI was Jana Kolar, Slovenia. with industry needs to be appropriately recognized. This is To support the implementation of her Workplan, a team of researchers from the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana was particularly significant if the enhancement of knowledge/ established. technology transfer from public research to industry is to be [7] Maja Bučar, Otto Gerdina in Barbara Neža Brečko. 2023. Cooperation of ESFRI research infrastructures (landmarks) with industry: report 2022. implemented, thereby contributing to the competitiveness of the Brussels: European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) European industry. and Ljubljana: Faculty of Social Sciences. In summary, RIs have the pivotal role as enablers of scientific DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8178551 [8] ESFRI Landmarks are often distributed, meaning that they have partners progress and innovation in Europe. However, the evolving in the member states, but through them, support can be provided also at cooperation between RIs and industry shows the potential for the EU level, if needed. [9] Maja Bučar and Matija Rojec. 2019. Determinants of success in science - mutual benefit, both in designing appropriate research questions industry cooperation: case of Slovenia. In Challenges and solutions for as by further development of technology transfer from Ris to fostering entrepreneurial universities and collaborative innovation : industry. This is calling for continuous efforts at both the academic Proceedings of the 2019 University-Industry Interaction Conference Serie. University Industry Innovation Network, 52-63. operational and policy levels, where the role of ESFRI is of high [10] Richard Jensen, Jerry Thursby and Marie C. Thursby. 2010. University- importance in order to nurture a competitive innovation industry spillovers, government funding, and industrial consulting. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER ecosystem across the European Union. Working Paper 15732. [11] Spyros Arvanitis and Thomas Bolli. 2009. A Comparison of Firm-level Innovation Cooperation in Five European Countries . Zurich: ETH Zurich. KOF Working Papers No. 232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005861213 [12] Rene Martins. 2023. Fostering knowledge valorisation – perspectives from RI policy makers; INESC / RITIFI Seminar, BRUSSELS, 16 June 2023. Available at: Rene-Martins_INESC_15_June_2023_RM.pdf 255 Randomized Optimization: From Algorithmic Studies to Industrial Applications Bogdan Filipič Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia bogdan.f ilipic@ijs.si ABSTRACT two sections present cases studies from their practical applica- tions. Section 3 overviews our work in engineering design and As opposed to deterministic optimization techniques, randomized focuses on the recent use case of designing an electric motor for optimization algorithms rely on random choices when searching the automotive industry. Section 4 lists the applications in pro- for good solutions to a given problem. They represent a viable duction process optimization and presents a system developed alternative for solving real-world problems whose properties are to tune the parameters of a metallurgical production process. usually unknown and their complexity too high to be solved Section 5 summarizes our work and provides ideas for future with deterministic techniques. In our research group, we are development. specialized in studying and designing randomized optimization algorithms and deploying them in practice. In this paper we 2 ALGORITHMIC STUDIES report on our algorithmic studies that have led to successful industrial applications. We illustrate these with two case studies Our interest in randomized optimization was inspired by the in- from engineering design and production process optimization. troduction of genetic algorithms as a method to perform search, optimization, and machine learning [13]. After the initial experi- KEYWORDS ments on test problems and first attempts at solving real-world problems, we specialized in evolutionary multiobjective opti- optimization, black-box problems, randomized algorithms, nu- mization [2]. Our early achievement in this area was the design merical simulation, visualization, engineering design, production of the Differential Evolution for Multiobjective Optimization 1 INTRODUCTION (DEMO) algorithm [16], which combines the search mechanism of single-objective Differential Evolution [18] with the concepts Many problems in science, engineering and business can be for- of multiobjective optimization from the NSGA-II algorithm [3] mulated as optimization problems, where the task is to find the and finds multiple trade-off solutions in a single algorithm run. best solution among the possible alternatives with respect to The algorithm was later extended to Asynchronous Master- a given criterion. Mathematics and, in particular, operation re- Slave DEMO (AMS-DEMO) [4] suitable for solving computation- search provide various optimization methods that are applicable ally demanding problems, as it is parallelized and adjusted for given that the problems meet certain preconditions, such as lin- both homogeneous and heterogeneous multiprocessor architec- earity, continuity, existence of derivatives, etc. Unfortunately, tures. Another modification of the basic algorithm was DEMO real-world problems rarely comply with these requirements. Fre- based on Gaussian Process models (GP-DEMO) [15], which incor- quently, their structure and properties are unknown, they may in- porates two practically relevant approaches: surrogate models volve several possibly conflicting objectives as well as constraints. for faster evaluation of solutions and newly defined relations for This makes them intractable for traditional mathematical opti- comparing solutions under uncertainty to minimize the effect of mization methods. However, with the rise of computing power, a errors due to inaccurate surrogate model approximations. new class of optimizers, called randomized or stochastic optimiza- Significant attention was also paid to the visualization of op- tion algorithms [17] has emerged. Their key characteristic is that, timization results. This turned out to be useful in solving both unlike in deterministic mathematical methods, certain algorithm artificial test problems and real-world problems as it helped better steps depend on random choices. Randomized algorithms search understand the problems themselves as well as the working of the for good solutions according to some heuristic and handle the algorithms. We introduced a method for visualizing fronts of non- problems in a black-box manner, i.e., without dealing with their dominated solutions called visualization with prosections [19] structure and properties. Many of them are population-based, as and created a taxonomy of the existing visualization methods for is the case, for example, with evolutionary algorithms [5]. multiobjective optimization [8]. In the Computational Intelligence Group of the Department of Intelligent Systems at the Jožef Stefan Institute, we have decades 3 ENGINEERING DESIGN OPTIMIZATION of experience in studying, designing and deploying randomized We have approached several engineering design optimization optimization algorithms. In this paper we report on our algorith- problems using randomized algorithms. The addressed devices mic studies that have led to successful industrial applications. and the related optimization tasks were as follows: The paper is further organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the research topics dealt with and the proposed algorithms. The next • Electric motor for home appliances – determining the geometry of its rotor and stator such that the power losses Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal are minimal [21]; or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or • Energy supply system based on renewable sources – find- distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this ing its configuration, i.e., the type and the number of its work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner /author(s). components (photovoltaic panels, batteries, etc.), such that Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia both the proportion of unsupplied energy and the costs of © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). the system construction and operation are minimal [6]; 256 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bogdan Filipič (a) (b) (c) Figure 1: An electric motor for the automotive steering system: (a) a product example (source: MAHLE archive), (b) numerical simulation of the magnetic field (source: MAHLE archive), (c) visualization of candidate designs with respect to selected characteristics. • Cyclone dust separator (a device for removing dust par- costly simulation-based solution evaluations with fast- ticles from gas streams, widely used in industry) – deter- calculating surrogate models. mining, through a number of design variables, its shape • Solution evaluation was carried out through a custom- such that the device operates with maximum collection designed five-step procedure performing a sequence of efficiency and minimum pressure drop [23]. solution checks and eliminating a large proportion of in- feasible solutions without running the costly simulations. A recent engineering design challenge we dealt with was the • The most complex step of the solution evaluation proce- development of an electric motor for the automotive steering dure, the detailed numerical simulation, was parallelized system [20] carried out for MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija, to take advantage of the available multicore processors. an internationally recognized producer of components for the Robustness of electric motor designs is related to the limita- automotive industry. Specifically, a synchronous electric motor tions of manufacturing where the matching of products with the with surface-mounted magnets was considered. An example of optimized design can only be ensured within certain tolerances. the product is shown in Figure 1(a). For this reason, the designs are required to be robust in that In the optimization problem formulation, both technical and small changes in design variables, within the tolerances, do not economic aspects were involved. The task was to determine the significantly affect the characteristics of the electric motors. In geometry characteristics of the electric motor and the material the design process, this was checked by simulating a variety of properties of its components in such a way that the motor meets designs slightly differing from the original one. the technical requirements specified by the customer and its Finally, in addition to producing numerical results in the form price is as low as possible. There are 13 design variables and of the optimized values of design variables and the related electric seven constraints referring to the technical characteristics of the motor characteristics, the procedure was also required to provide electric motor, given in the form of either minimum or maximum insight into the solution space. For this purpose, the methods for value to be respected. The optimization objective to be minimized data analysis and visualization were applied. Figure 1(c) shows is the total price of the electric motor, resulting predominantly an example of visualization where, for a chosen pair of design from the costs of the magnets and the copper winding. variables, the value of a selected electric motor characteristic is In design tasks of this kind, a numerical simulator capable of indicated by color. evaluating possible solutions (designs) is crucial for the automa- The project resulted in a design of the considered electric mo- tion of the design procedure. MAHLE uses the Ansys Maxwell tor model substantially outperforming the prototype initially de- simulator [1] based on the finite element method that, given veloped by the company using a simpler optimization procedure. the values of design variables, calculates the values of the re- As the key achievement, the price of the product was reduced by garded technical characteristics and the optimization objective 10% compared to the price of the initial version. Given that large (Figure 1(b) shows the result of the magnetic field simulation). series are manufactured, this represents substantial savings for This makes it possible to approach the problem in a black-box the company and considerably improves their competitiveness manner, where the designs are iteratively evaluated and improved. in the market. However, as numerical simulations are time-consuming, the key challenge is to set up the optimization process in such a way that 4 PRODUCTION PROCESS OPTIMIZATION it can find good solutions in acceptable time. To solve this design Our practically oriented studies and applied projects in produc- optimization problem, we implemented a prototype software en- tion process optimization refer to the following processes and vironment incorporating measures to speed-up the optimization the related optimization tasks: process, while additionally ensuring the robustness of solutions • and supporting the design process with visualization. Deep drawing (a particular kind of sheet metal forming The measures taken to speed-up the optimization process were used, for example, in the automotive industry for the man- the following: ufacturing of car body parts) – increasing the process stability by tuning the input parameter values [12]; • As an optimization algorithm, a specific version of the • Clothing production – finding an optimal sequence of covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) steps in the processing of work orders to minimize the called lq-CMA-ES [14] was used, which partially replaces production preparation costs [11]; 257 Randomized Optimization: From Algorithmic Studies to Industrial Applications Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: Continuous casting of steel: (a) pouring of molten steel into the mold where the casting process starts, (b) casting device (source: Štore Steel archive), (c) cooling of billets. • Continuous casting of steel (a key process in steel produc- The optimization algorithm used is Differential Evolution for tion) – determining the values of process parameters such Multiobjective Optimization (DEMO) [16]. While exploring the that the conflicting criteria for process safety, productivity, process parameter space using population-based search, it in- and product quality are fulfilled [9, 7]. vokes the simulator to assess the quality of candidate parameter settings. Progressively, it converges to a set of trade-of solutions. Among these, the largest amount of our work was devoted As a simulator, a numerical model of the steel casting process to the optimization of steel casting. In this process, molten steel based on a meshless method [22] is deployed, designed and cali- extracted from the furnace passes through a sequence of rolls brated for the considered casting machine during its introduction and water sprays in the casting machine where it is cooled and into production. Given the values of input variables, the simu- shaped into semi-finished products. Of crucial importance for lator numerically evaluates the casting process and returns the the quality of cast steel is the control of metal flow and heat values of output variables. extraction during casting. They depend on numerous process Visualization of solutions (process parameter settings) result- parameters, such as the casting speed and coolant flows. Finding ing from the optimization procedure is done in parallel coordi- the optimal values of process parameters is not trivial as the nates. This is a method suitable for visualizing multidimensional number of possible parameter settings grows exponentially with spaces. Each dimension corresponds to a parallel axis and a so- the number of parameters, and trial-and-error parameter tuning lution is represented as a polyline through the related vertices is unattainable in practice. Fortunately, numerical simulators of on the axes. As illustrated in Figure 3, both input and output the process exist that, integrated with efficient optimizers, allow values of solutions are shown in a single plot. Moreover, the user for automated computer-aided parameter tuning. can interactively analyze the solutions depending on the require- We were dealing with various problem formulations for sev- ments for a particular product order. By indicating the intervals eral steel producers. Here we present an optimization system for selected variables (as shown in the figure for the first two developed for and installed at Štore Steel, a steel company best output variables), one can see what input values are required and known for their production of spring steels for the automotive how they affect the remaining output values. industry. A new casting device at the plant was considered and The practical importance of this optimization system is in that the quality of cast steel was of primary concern. Figure 2 shows it automates the process parameter optimization and in this way the initial stage of the continuous casting process, the casting replaces the time consuming trial-and-error experiments carried device, and the outcome, i.e, cast steel in the form of billets. out previously when only the numerical simulator was available. The optimization problem was formulated to include six input The automation is particularly beneficial as parameter tuning variables (process parameters) subject to boundary constraints has to be performed individually for each steel grade. As a result, and three output variables indicating the process suitability and, the company is more flexible in responding to customer requests consequently, the expected steel quality. For output variables, and achieves a higher quality of their products. boundary constraints and target values were specified in advance. The goal of optimization was to find the values of process param- 5 CONCLUSION eters such that the resulting values of output variables respect the Randomized optimization is the primary research topic of our boundary constraints and their deviations from the respective research group. We have contributed to the field with new al- target values are as small as possible. gorithms exhibiting competitive performance on multiobjective Starting with this problem formulation, we designed and im- optimization problems, as well as with the methodological in- plemented a software system to automate the process parameter sights into visualization of solutions for this type of problems. tuning [10]. The system consists of the following components: Potential industrial users often see the fact that randomized • An optimization algorithm to search the space of parame- optimization algorithms generally return suboptimal solutions ter settings and identify the settings representing trade- and produce different results over repeated runs as their critical offs between the objectives; disadvantage. However, for problems not amenable to mathemat- • An interface to the numerical simulator of the continu- ical treatment these algorithms may be the only viable approach. ous casting process to evaluate the parameter settings As frequently found in practice and confirmed by our case studies encountered by the optimization algorithm; as well, substantial gains may result from their deployment. • A visualization method to present the optimization results Our further research efforts are directed towards shifting from and support their analysis. black-box to gray-box problem handling, where the idea is to 258 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bogdan Filipič Figure 3: Visualization of optimized process parameter settings in parallel coordinates (blue color indicates solutions selected by the user). characterize the problems with features extracted from the sam- [9] Bogdan Filipič, Tea Tušar, and Erkki Laitinen. 2007. Preliminary numerical experiments in multiobjective optimization of a metallurgical production ples of their solutions and then use these features to better un- process. Informatica, 31, 2, 233–240. derstand the problems [24]. As a future step, problem features [10] Bogdan Filipič, Jernej Zupančič, and Tea Tušar. 2018. KN3-Opt: Optimiza- will be matched with algorithm performance to help select the tion of steel continuous casting on the KN3 caster. Software. Version 1.2. Ljubljana: Jožef Stefan Institute, (2018). most efficient algorithm for a given problem. Moreover, in the [11] Iztok Fister, Marjan Mernik, and Bogdan Filipič. 2010. A hybrid self-adaptive applied work we plan to expand from solving specific problems evolutionary algorithm for marker optimization in the clothing industry. to providing optimization environments capable of solving sets Applied Soft Computing, 10, 2, 409–422. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2009.08.001. [12] Gašper Gantar, Karl Kuzman, and Bogdan Filipič. 2005. Increasing the stabil- of related problems and offering more flexibility to the users. ity of the deep drawing process by simulation-based optimization. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 164-165, 1343–1350. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatp ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS rotec.2005.02.099. [13] David E. Goldberg. 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and We acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Re- Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing, Boston, MA, US. [14] Nikolaus Hansen. 2019. A global surrogate assisted CMA-ES. In Proceedings search and Innovation Agency (research core funding No. P2-0209 of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO ’19. ACM, and project No. N2-0254) and the funding from our industry part- 664–672. doi: 10.1145/3321707.3321842. ners Štore Steel d.o.o. and MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija d.o.o. [15] Miha Mlakar, Dejan Petelin, Tea Tušar, and Bogdan Filipič. 2015. GP-DEMO: Differential evolution for multiobjective optimization based on Gaussian We also acknowledge the support from the Office for Substantive process models. European Journal of Operational Research, 243, 2, 347–361. Project Support, Technology Transfer and Innovation and the Of- doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.04.011. fice for Industrial Liaison at the Jožef Stefan Institute in forming [16] Tea Robič and Bogdan Filipič. 2005. DEMO: Differential evolution for multi- objective optimization. In Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization, EMO the partnerships and managing intellectual property rights. 2005 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Vol. 3410. Springer, 520–533. doi: 10.1007/978- 3- 540- 31880- 4_36. REFERENCES [17] Johannes Josef Schneider and Scott Kirkpatrick. 2006. Stochastic Optimiza- tion. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-34560-2. [1] Ansys, Inc. 2023. Ansys Maxwell, Low frequency EM field simulation. Re- [18] Rainer Storn and Kenneth Price. 1997. 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Information Sciences, 607, 244–262. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.202 205607. 2.05.106. 259 Creating Conditions for an Active Role of Public Administrations in Academia-Industry Cooperation: an Overview of Critical Points Through the ExSACT Project Urška Fric Tomaž Lutman Tinkara Mlinar Knowledge and Technology Office for Substantive Project Office for Substantive Project Transfer Office Support, Technology Transfer and Support, Technology Transfer and Faculty of Information Studies in Innovation Innovation Novo mesto Jožef Stefan Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Novo mesto, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia urska.fric@fis.unm.si tomaz.lutman@ijs.si tinkara.mlinar@ijs.si ABSTRACT minimis rule). Due to limited recognition of the state aid rules, The ATTRACT European Scientific Research Infrastructures the allocation of funding and IPR needs management given state (ERIs) have formed an ERI Innovation Ecosystem (ERI-IE) as aid restrictions. Ambiguities result in state investments into an essential tool in boosting academia-industry collaboration. academia-industry collaboration or limited and complicated The state administration encourages academia-industry research/technology infrastructure (RI/TI) usage. The provision (co)operation with financial incentives. However, it still of state aid and understanding or lack of knowledge thereof may encounters rules and legislation to protect competition in the free thus support or slow down such investments and the smooth market imposed within state aid limitations. Due to limited transition of technology through the technology readiness level recognition of state aid practices, the allocation of funding and (TRL) with the involvement of the ERI-IE [1, 2]. Improving the intellectual property rights (IPR) needs management given state understanding the state aid rules in financing research, RI/TI's aid restrictions. Ambiguities result in state investments into use, and IPR transfer procedures within ERIs collaborative academia-industry collaboration or research/technology projects with industry would improve incentives efficiency for infrastructure (RI/TI) usage needing improvement and research to the economy transition. To address the current status simplification. This status quo, therefore, necessitates an quo, the following research question(s) have been defined to examination of this field – to explore the effect of the state guide research in the ExSACT project (Enable State administration on financing research, RI/TI and IPR transfer Administration to be an Active Contributor in the Process of risk procedures through state aid rules abiding (RI/TI and IPR) Absorption and Risk Reduction Through IPR and State Aid): management. The following paper presents existing conditions How to simplify and optimise public investments (into): and the most common challenges for creating conditions for an a) research and technology infrastructures; active role of public administrations to mitigate risks in b) background and foreground IPR; academia-industry cooperation (in the EU). It concludes with c) when academia-industry collaboration is in question, must state aid regulations be considered? state-of-the-art results obtained through the project ExSACT. The research will, therefore, in the domain of crucial objective, explore the state administration's effect on financing KEYWORDS research, RI/TI, and IPR transfer procedures through the state aid IPR, Protection, Public Administration, Role, Technology rules abiding (RI/TI and IPR) management. After successfully Transfer, Challenges, EU, ExSACT addressing the crucial objective, a seamlessly integrated ERI supporting research and economy from knowledge creation through defining IP to commercialisation with proper funding, 1 INTRODUCTION given state aid limitations, would: 1.1 The Baseline and Status Quo a) enhance investments; The ATTRACT European Scientific Research b) lower risk; and Infrastructures (ERIs) have formed an ERI Innovation c) enable involved stakeholders to bring more science to Ecosystem (ERI-IE) as an essential tool in boosting academia- everyday use. industry collaboration. ERI-IE operates in the global competitive A better understanding of RI/TI use and IPR contractual environment wherein technological development is one of the issues concerning state aid rules will be easier to implement by few competitive levers capable of added value creation [1, 2]. the state administrations of the ERI-IEs. The state administration encourages academia-industry (co)operation with financial incentives. Still, it encounters rules 2 METHODOLOGY and legislation to protect competition in the free market imposed To achieve the crucial objective and for a better within state aid rules. The regulations, however, do allow the understanding of RI/TI use and IPR contractual issues granting of aid within substantive exceptions (e.g., particular concerning state aid rules and more straightforward importance for development), special conditions (advance implementation by the state administrations of the ERI-IEs, notification of state aid to the European Commission (EC) and quantitative and qualitative research has been carried out, its consent), or in a simplified form up to a certain amount (de namely: 260 1. analysis of the critical points of RI/TI and IPR economic basis, using the market approach, the cost approach, or management; the income approach. 2. preparation of a review of systems for valuing Public higher education and public research institutes transferring IPR in collaborative projects in the ERI- may, as stated in Article 21 of the Slovenian Employment IE; Inventions Act (ZPILDR), establish: (i) organisational 3. preparation of a review of the regulation of the state infrastructures necessary for dealing with inventions; (ii) the aid system in RI/TI and IPR management; rulebook, which regulates the process of taking over official 4. preparation of a proposal for a sustainable system and changes to be implemented for more effective financial inventions in a way that is adapted to the needs of scientific support of the innovation system, following and research work and the publication of scientific achievements; properly manifesting the EU state aid rules in the ERI- (iii) the shares determined by the regulations, which belong to IE of ATTRACT. the institution, the unit of the institution in which the inventor is A quantitative and qualitative analysis of critical points for employed, and the inventor(s), in the exploitation of the the transfer of IPR and the development of guidelines for the invention, whereby the share of the award to the inventors must management of IPR in joint research and development (R&D) not amount to less than 20% of the gross license fee that the projects has been carried out based on secondary data and institution receives from exploitation of the invention. Pursuant primary data, obtained through semi-structured interviews. The to Article 21 of the Act on Inventions from the Employment research includes: Relationship, upon fulfilment of the above conditions (i, ii, iii), 1. an international comparative review of systems for valuing the market value of IP rights in collaborative the state is specifically obliged to provide funds for the projects and a comprehensive process of detection organisational infrastructure necessary to deal with inventions registration of IP as an intangible asset and IP according to the provisions of this Act and for their effective valuation; exploitation [4]. 2. a review of the regulation of the state aid system and The EC recommends that public research organisations a proposal for a sustainable system of the state aid should have technology transfer strategic missions and policies. system and the changes. IP should be suitably managed by promoting its identification, exploitation and, where appropriate, protection in line with the 3 PRELIMINARY RESULTS strategy and mission of the public research organisation and to maximise socioeconomic benefits [5]. To this end, different 3.1 RI/TI and IPR Management Critical Points strategies may be adopted – possibly differentiated in the Research infrastructures (RIs) are the scientific respective scientific/technical areas – for instance, the ‘public community's facilities, resources, and services to conduct top- domain’ approach or the ‘open innovation’ approach. level research. They can be single-sited, distributed, or virtual. Appropriate incentives should be provided to ensure that all RIs include major scientific equipment or sets of instruments, relevant staff play an active role in implementing the IP policy. collections, archives or scientific data, computing systems and The Slovenian ZPILDR does not envisage organisational communication networks, and any other research and innovation infrastructure and financing for companies, only those intended infrastructure of a unique nature that is open to external users. to prepare, protect, and market IP [4]. RIs are organised and financed at the regional, national and Large companies often have their own departments with European levels [1]. experts in IP management, while small companies mostly Technology infrastructures (TIs) are similar to RIs. Still, outsource legal, financial and accounting support related to IP. they are primarily intended for industrial users, including small SMEs aware of IP protection often turn to patent attorneys for and medium enterprises (SMEs), which seek support to develop help preparing and protecting IP. Both companies and public and integrate innovative technologies to commercialise new research organisations (ROs) usually hire external patent products, processes, and services. TIs can have public, semi- attorneys to conduct IP protection procedures at the IP offices. public, or private status. Like RIs, TIs are organised and funded Bigger companies that file many patent applications normally on different levels [3]. also have internal patent attorneys. Although there are some differences between RIs and TIs, Research & technological infrastructures and suitably many infrastructures fit into both groups. The primary objective protected IP rights are key elements that support successful of an RI is to establish and operate on a non-economic basis. technology transfer from research organisations to industry. In However, they can carry out limited economic activities if this way, science returns benefits to the economy as the public closely related to their principal task and not jeopardise their budget generator. Cooperation of ROs with the economy in achievement. general is divided into the following activities [6]: The primary goal of a TI is to support SMEs and industry to 1. contractual cooperation with the economy, which develop the technologies with its help. In the case of TIs, includes consulting, contract research and collaborative economic activities are encouraged. However, these are research; sometimes partially financially supported by public means. 2. commercialisation of IP by establishing spin-off/spin- RIs and TIs should share information about their resources out companies; and services publicly. The price for using RIs and TIs can be set 3. licensing and sale of RO's IPR; on a non-economic basis, using the cost approach, or on an 4. communication through public announcements and events; 261 5. teaching; Internal IP registration procedures in the involved 6. exchange and transfer of personnel. organisations are most transparently regulated for inventions (69%) and trade secrets (41%), such as software and secret know- EC has set rules on state aid regarding cooperation between how, as seen in Figure 1. It is also apparent from the results that academia and industry, more specifically in collaborative certain forms of IP, such as industrial design and trademark, are research, contract research/research service, licensing and poorly represented and constitute a potential source of previously consultancy – COMMUNICATION FROM THE unprotected IP. In the involved organisations, the largest share COMMISSION, Framework for State aid for research and (55%) of marketing is devoted to products and services, followed development and innovation (2022/C 414/01) [7]. In order to by marketing of IP (41%). Additionally, more than half of the understand these rules and use them in practice, different involved organisations search for market connections through guidelines and examples have been presented [8, 9]. We however market and potential partner monitoring. Based on our survey believe that the awareness of these rules is insufficient. Public results, organisations do not sufficiently encourage joint national administrations could be more actively involved by providing or EU project applications (34%) or the joining of consortia educational materials, organizing info days and similar. Relevant (28%). stakeholders like technology transfer offices, financial offices, decision-makers in research organizations and companies should be involved. 3.2 Quantitative Analysis of IPR Transfer As part of the ExSACT project within the ATTRACT phase 2 initiative, a survey was administered to 18 participating research & development & innovation (R&D&I) project partners. Responses from 29 individuals representing 16 different European projects were collected between April and June 2023. The majority of respondents were affiliated with start- ups (10), followed by universities (8), research institutes (5), small enterprises (5), micro-enterprises (3), large enterprises (3), Figure 2: The most well-known offered IPR-related services. and spin-off companies (2). Notably, seven individuals were employed at two separate institutions. More than 90% of the The most common (83%) and well-known offered IP-related R&D&I projects our respondents are part of use their own IP. process in the involved organisations is the evaluation of created However, less than 25% of them successfully licensed it to other IP. The least common (21%) is the use of patent or IP attorneys, organisations. This implies that organisations are aware of the as seen in Figures 2 and 3. Given the frequent occurrence of IP importance of IP. However, they need substantially more in these projects and organisations, there appears to be great encouragement and assistance in licencing, for example, through potential for multilevel IP analysis, thereby improving its quality. better collaboration with their technology transfer offices. Almost 80% of respondents reported that individuals or offices for handling IP are well known in the involved organisations. More than half of the organisations highlight IP as part of their marketing strategies. However, only half of them consistently reward the inventors for the successful commercialisation of inventions. This, coupled with the fact that only 45% of individuals had a positive experience in managing IP rights in collaborative projects involving research organisations and companies, and even less (34%) of them had a positive experience in valuation and determination of the price value of said IP, might discourage employees from seeking appropriate IP Figure 3: The least known offered IP-related services. registration and commercialisation. The level of uncertainty about whether a particular IP-related service is offered at included organisations was, except for evaluation of created IP, coordination of IP protection processes and drafting agreements on shared ownership of IP, such as inventions, more than 20%. Notably, 31% of survey participants were uncertain whether their technology transfer office handles IP registration as intangible assets. This could be resolved by better promoting IP-related processes by the designated technology transfer offices. Figure 1: Transparency of procedures for the internal registration of IP. 262 3.3 Qualitative Analysis of IP and State Aid Rules interviewees are familiar with these rules, but their detailed Within the ATTRACT Project familiarity can be questionable. As observed by interviewees, it Five ATTRACT project partners from different R&D&I is important that supportive units such as technology transfer and projects participated in semi-structured interviews, collectively financial offices, which (should) understand state aid rules, support academia-industry cooperation. We recommend that all providing insights into various topics related to IP and the staff of these offices are properly trained and enough manpower application of state aid regulations. Interviewees were mostly is provided to these offices. The preliminary results dictate our researchers and group leaders from research organizations and future work, which will also focus on those points that we did not companies. The prevailing IP form anticipated to emerge from initially expect to be given such high priority by the interviewees. these projects are patents, followed by secret know-how and In future, a comprehensive overview of awareness in public trade secrets. While all interviewees exhibited familiarity with research organisations and companies about the state aid rules the EC's regulations about state aid for R&D, a notable point of will be a subject of research, including a larger actual sample of consensus among them was their shared frustration regarding organizations and offices. An internationally comparative view these rules. They noted how these regulations force them to set on the regulation of the state aid system in infrastructure use and an excessively high market price for their products, making them IPR transfer in cooperative R&D projects in the ERI-IE based on good practices of the general procedure for using the state aid less appealing to potential investors and hindering their progress. system will be prepared to guide the users and the state Technology transfer offices are common within academic administrations of the ERI-IE countries for maximum impact institutions, whereas start-ups, spin-offs, and SMEs rely on delivery with least friction among the stakeholders possible. external IP attorneys. Our interviewees noted a prevalent issue within university technology transfer offices, namely, their understaffing. As a 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS result, the researchers often need to perform specific time- The authors equally participated in all stages of preparing, consuming tasks, such as conducting state-of-the-art analyses. establishing, and framing the paper. All authors read and Furthermore, a noteworthy observation made by one of our approved the final paper. interviewees was the existing disparity between laboratory This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme research and the process of bringing innovations to the market. under grant agreement No. 101004462. The absence of direct communication channels between scientists and the industrial sector exacerbates this gap. Interviewees with ties to the academic world expressed REFERENCES frustration over the extended duration of the patent application [1] European Commission. 2019. European Research Infrastructure. process. 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The impacts of science on social well-being are long-term and https://meri.belspo.be/site/docs/papers/ERAC%20Report_2011_A%20C omposite%20Indicator%20for%20Knowledge%20Transfer.pdf. primarily indirect. If we recall – the EC recommends that public [7] European Union. 2022. Communication from the Commission — ROs should have technology transfer strategic missions and Framework for State aid for research and development and innovation policies. IP should be suitably managed by promoting its (2022/C 414/01). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- identification, exploitation and, where appropriate, protection in content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022XC1028%2803%29 [8] Kaiser, M. Neu, F. Teernstra. 2021. State Aid on R&D&I – The Right Way. line with the strategy and mission of the public ROs and to EARTO Report. https://www.earto.eu/wp-content/uploads/EARTO- maximise socioeconomic benefits. To this end, different Report-on-State-Aid-on-RDI-The-Right-Way-Final.pdf. strategies may be adopted – possibly differentiated in the [9] Kebapci, H., Von Wendland, B., Kaymaktchiyski, S. 2020. State Aid Rules in Research, Development & Innovation. Addressing Knowledge and respective scientific/technical areas – for instance, the ‘public Awareness Gaps among Research and Knowledge Dissemination domain’ approach or the ‘open innovation’ approach. Organisations. Decision Tree, Kaiser, L. (Ed.), Neu, M. (Ed.), Teernstra, Appropriate incentives should be provided to ensure that all F. (Ed.), Nicolaides, P. (Ed.), EUR 30436 EN, Publications Office of the relevant staff play an active role in implementing the IP policy. European Union, Luxembourg, doi:10.2760/675525. As seen from the preliminary results of the ExSACT project, they are already an essential source of feedback for public administrations on state aid for R&D. The current recognition of familiarity with the EC's regulations about state aid for R&D is particularly crucial. In our sample, most of the 263 Technology Transfer Office as a Support Structure for Innovation Management: The Experience of Latvia Justīne Krūmiņa Department of Doctoral Studies Rīga Stradiņš University Latvia Justine.Krumina@rsu.lv ABSTRACT following sectors were planned: bioeconomy, smart energy, biomedicine, smart materials, information and communication The study describes a support structure – technology transfer technologies). The aim of Technology Scouts is to foster office for knowledge and technology management in Latvia cooperation between researchers and entrepreneurs by helping to between 2007 and 2023. The analysis is based on the operational find the right research organisation and researcher to solve a programme of the Latvia for 2007–2013, 2014–2020, and 2021– problem [3]. From the analysis of the programming documents, 2027. no information is available on whether the Scouts will be supported in the next programming period. KEYWORDS Innovation management, Technology transfer office, TTO, 2 CASE STUDIES Strategy. In 2023, an analysis of the planning documents shows that in Latvia, technology transfer offices or more developed units of 1 INTRODUCTION them are operating in science universities (in one case with The analysis of the role of technology transfer offices in transformation features). The objectives of the science university university-industry cooperation has received much attention in are also related to technology transfer – to develop research, academic literature, especially as an interdisciplinary topic. It is study, innovation, technology transfer and business incubation important to point out that knowledge and technology transfer processes that ensure dynamic development of the economy and processes are influenced by personnel capacity and experience, the emergence of new, modern economic sectors [4]. university resources, legal framework, institutional arrangements, political and other issues [1]. The strategies of universities and research institutes indicate an important role for knowledge and technology transfer activities. In Latvia, technology transfer offices have existed for more than Riga Technical University has indicated in its 2023–2027 15 years. The first six Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) were Strategy that the development of the Science and Innovation already established in 2005, funded under the support Centre will be supported, including the scaling-up of the programme established by the Ministry of Economics. Three operational model by providing for a binding second-level years later, during the 2007–2013 programming period of the EU strategic planning document – Innovation Development funds, the activities of the TTOs were supported by the Strategy, the implementation of which is the responsibility of the Operational Programme “Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, Vice Rector of Innovations [5]. In turn, the 2021–2027 Strategy under which eight TTO projects were approved and implemented [6] of the University of Latvia sets out a number of tasks, such in the period 2008–2013 in Latvian scientific institutions and as: to establish a support system for know-how and technology universities [2]. The main performance indicators of the transfer; to expand the involvement of entrepreneurs as research programme were related to the implementation of the classical cooperation partners in all areas of science; to develop forms of TTO tasks, such as the number of contracts for entrepreneurial skills and expand students' involvement in commissioned research, provision of research services and sale creating innovations; to develop an open science approach. It of industrial property or rights to use it, the number of should be noted that the Institute of Solid-State Physics, applications for industrial property objects, the number of University of Latvia, also pays significant attention to knowledge commercialisation offers, as well as revenues from contract and technology transfer activities, which is also indicated in the research and/or licensing agreements [2]. 2017–2026 Strategy [7]. At the end of the 2013 programming period, targeted public The 2022–2027 Strategy [8] of Rīga Stradiņš University states funding for TTO activities was reallocated to various activities that the growth of internationally high-quality scientific results to promote knowledge and technology transfer. During the should be promoted by organising the development of research programming period, a new support unit was created in the and innovation in research centres of excellence and innovation. technology transfer system – Technology Scouts. The Scouts As well as increasing the revenues of scientific activities from were active at the University of Latvia, Riga Technical the private sector, from which the author concludes – both University and in the following sectors: bioeconomy, smart performance indicators of TTOs are included, as well as revenues materials and information and communication technology (the 264 from the licensing or sale of contract research and industrial policymakers (sector ministries) and implementers, industry property. associations, various networks, investors, universities, etc.[11]. In view of the above, a direct publicly funded support mechanism On the other hand, the 2023–2027 Strategy of Latvia University for TTO and technology scouting activities in scientific of Life Sciences and Technologies describes technology transfer institutions is not planned to be introduced in the planning period in this science university in great detail. Knowledge and from 2024, thus leaving the maintenance of administrative technology transfer is one of the priority tasks for which a activities for knowledge and technology transfer to the Knowledge and Technology Management Plan has also been responsibility of scientific institutions. developed, with tasks such as promoting the commercialisation of intellectual property through performance indicators, 3 CONCLUSIONS developing innovation and entrepreneurial skills of personnel In Latvia, there is a very pronounced institutional gap in the [9]. organisation of knowledge and technology transfer processes. The analysed science university strategies foresee knowledge Strong innovation management centres are emerging in some universities and research institutions, combining publicly funded and technology transfer activities which will be organised support instruments with private institutional resources to directly or indirectly by the relevant competent bodies – TTOs or develop organisational and legal issues of knowledge and similar innovation management structures. It is noticeable that in technology transfer, build a strong panel of experts, and develop the 15 years of development of the TTO, there has been a international relations with the industry. In scientific institutions significant accumulation of experience in the organisation of and universities without the financial resources to provide focal commissioned research with industry, in the marketing of points, the coordination of TTO activities is reallocated within science, in the development of a strategy for the existing human resources, thus not creating strong centres for commercialisation of scientific developments and in the TTO development. organisation of the licensing process, including a strategy for the registration of intellectual property rights, in those scientific ACKNOWLEDGMENTS institutions that continued to fund TTO activities in the 2013– Research have funded by project "Support for involving doctoral 2017 programming period and beyond. students in scientific research and studies". Project No. 8.2.2.0/20/I/004. It is important to note that TTOs have established networks, e.g., the Baltic TTO Network was established in 2022 with the support REFERENCES of WIPO with the aim of promoting the exchange of knowledge [1] Bonarccorsi, A., & Piccaluga, A. (1994). A theoretical framework for the and technology transfer experiences and practices between evaluation of university—industry relationships. R&D Management, 24, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, as, for example, the regulatory 229—247 framework for knowledge valorisation is relatively similar. [2] Ekonomikas ministrija, 2016. 1.2.1.specifiskā atbalsta mērķa „Palielināt privātā sektora investīcijas P&A” 1.2.1.2.pasākuma “Atbalsts tehnoloģiju However, during the development of the TTO, a stable funding pārneses sistēmas pilnveidošanai” Sākotnējais novērtējums. Available at stream is needed to enable the TTO to be self-financing after a https://www.em.gov.lv/en/media/10104/download, Retrieved 2023/09 certain period of time. 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Available at https://www.lbtu.lv/sites/default/files/2023- 01/LBTU_Attistibas_Strategija_2023-2027_gala.pdf, Retrieved 2023/09 fully-fledged innovation system governance model”, the project [10] Ministru kabineta rīkojums Nr. 246 Par Zinātnes, tehnoloģijas attīstības implements a new innovation governance model in RIS3 areas, un inovācijas pamatnostādnēm 2021.-2027. gadam; Rīgā 2021. gada 14. fostering the development of innovation ecosystems in RIS3 aprīlī (prot. Nr. 33 19. §). Available at https://likumi.lv/ta/id/322468-par- zinatnes-tehnologijas-attistibas-un-inovacijas-pamatnostadnem-2021- areas, for example by fostering knowledge and technology 2027-gadam, Retrieved 2023/10 transfer between ecosystem actors, i.e., through triple-helix, [11] Investment and Development Agency of Latvia (LIAA). RIS3 vadības which led to the creation of 5 RIS3 Steering Groups in October grupas - RIS3 pārvaldības operacionālais līmenis. Available at 2022: Biomedicine, Medical Technologies, Pharmaceuticals; https://www.liaa.gov.lv/lv/ris3-vadibas-grupas-ris3-parvaldibas- operacionalais-limenis, Retrieved 2023/10 Information and Communication Technologies; Photonics, Smart Materials, Technologies and Engineering Systems; Knowledge Intensive Bioeconomy; Smart Energy and Mobility, aiming to create a dialogue between stakeholders in the RIS3 value chain ecosystems – companies, research organisations, 265 A Statutory Model for Organising the Process of Intellectual Property Protection and Commercialisation in Polish Public Universities * Magdalena Rutkowska-Sowa † Department of Intellectual Property Law, Public Economic Law and Labour Law Faculty of Law/ University ofBialystok, Bialystok/Poland m.rutkowska@uwb.edu.pl ABSTRACT/POVZETEK fulfil the so-called „third mission”, that is seen by many as crucial for making universities more responsive to societal For almost two decades, the Polish legislator has been needs. The idea behind it is that universities should not only encouraging the spread of the idea of entrepreneurship in the serve their students but also engage with society, industries, and academic environment, delineating the scope of organisation of local communities to contribute to social development and the process of protection and commercialisation of the R&D economic growth. It often requires universities to work more results created by university employees. As part of successive closely with various external stakeholders and to develop new amendments to the Act - Law on Higher Education, it has partnerships and collaborations outside the traditional academic proposed the introduction of internal regulations governing the sphere [3]. management of intellectual property rights and the principles of Through two decades of successive revisions of the commercialisation, the establishment of organiational units Act - Law on Higher Education, the polish legislature has responsible for supporting the commercialisation process, and advocated the adoption of internal regulations governing the incentives such as additional remuneration for the management of intellectual property rights and the principles of implementation of the so-called third mission of the university. commercialisation, the establishment of organizational units The aim of the conference paper is to show how the statutory dedicated to oversee those processes, and the implementation of model of intellectual property management at Polish public incentives, including supplementary compensation, to bolster universities looks like. The final conclusions will take into the realization of universities' "third mission." Currently, the account the results of research carried out in 2023-2024 under Act of 20 July 2018 - the Law on Higher Education and Science the project entitled: "Transfer of R & D results from universities contains a separate section „Commercialisation of research of Podlaskie voivodeship to the economic and social results and know-how”. environment", funded by the Ministry of Education and Science. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIALISATION At the level of statutory provisions, legislator assumes commercialization, public universities, technology transfer that the senate of public university shall establish regulations units, internal regulations governing the management of copyright, related rights and OPENING REMARKS industrial property rights as well as the principles of It is important to note at the outset that this paper commercialisation. It shall specify in particular: refers only to public universities, of which there are currently 1) the rights and obligations of university, employees, 133 in Poland [1]. The main legal act regulating their doctoral students and students with regard to the protection functioning is The Act of 20 July 2018 - The Law on Higher and use of IP rights, Education and Science [2]. It explicitly indicates that the 2) the rules for the remuneration of authors, mission of the higher education system and science is to 3) the rules and procedures for commercialisation, provide the highest quality of education and scientific activity, 4) the rules for the use of a university’s assets used for to shape citizenship, and to participate in social development commercialisation and the provision of services in the field and the creation of an economy based on innovation (art. 2). of scientific activity; Thus, it can be assumed that Polish universities are obliged to 5) the rules for the distribution of funds obtained from ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note commercialisation between an author who is an employee †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note of a university and that institution Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or 6) the rules and of mode of providing a university by classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or employees, doctoral students and students with distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this information on the research results and know-how related work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). to them, information on the commercialisation funds Information Society2023,9–13October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). obtained by the employee and the rules and mode of 266 provision by an employee of a part of the funds obtained economy in the previous year, as published by the President of from commercialisation to the institution; Statistics Poland. In 2022 the amount was 317.30 PLN [8]. 7) the rules and mode of providing an employee by a If the employee does not accept the offer to conclude university with information on the decisions concerning the agreement the rights to the research results and the related commercialisation or non-commercialisation and the part know-how, together with the information, works, including the of the funds derived from commercialisation they are ownership of the media on which they are recorded, and entitled to ( cf. art. 152). technical experiments, shall remain with the university. It should be emphasised that the aforementioned rules THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS FOR THE of procedure and time limits shall not apply if the research was COMMERCIALISATION OF R&D RESULTS conducted: It is worth noting that the further described 1) under an agreement with the party financing or co-financing obligations related to the process of protection and such research, providing for an obligation to transfer the rights commercialisation concern R&D results created by university to the research results to that party or to an entity other than a employees. With regard to students and doctoral students, the contracting party; university may define rules for dealing with the results of their 2) with the use of financial resources, the rules for the granting creative work and support them in securing their resources. or use of which specify a different way of disposing of the However, given the general principles of intellectual property research results and the related know-how. law, in the absence of a separate agreement, it is the It is also worth pointing out that upon receipt of student/doctoral student who remains the subject of rights and information from an employee on the research results and the retain the freedom to dispose of the R&D results. related know-how, a university and an employee may, in a Furthermore, the procedure discussed below relates manner other than provided above, determine the rights to such only to: results or the manner of their commercialisation by way of 1) scientific research being an invention, utility model, anagreement (art. 157). industrial design or integrated circuit topography, grown or discovered and developed plant variety, EMPLOYEE’S OBLIGATIONS 2) development works, Beyond doubt, academics play a multifaceted role in 3) artistic creation – created under the performance of duties technology transfer, contributing their expertise, research, resulting from the employment relationship by an employee of innovation, collaboration, and industry partnerships to bring a university, and the know-how related to such results (art. university-developed technologies from the lab to practical 153). applications that benefit society and the economy.They It should be also clearly stated that the current collaborate with colleagues within their own institutions and statutory regulation does not define the process of across other universities, research institutions, industries, and commercialisation of R&D results (in this respect generally government organisations. These networks facilitate the applicable acts of law are in force, including: Act of 15 exchange of ideas, resources, and expertise, accelerating the September 2000 Commercial Companies Code [4], Act of 23 technology transfer process. Effective communication and August 1964 Civil Code [5], the Act of 30 June 2000 – engagement with these stakeholders are crucial for securing Industrial Property Law [6], the Act of 4 February 1994 on funding, support, and resources for technology transfer copyright and related rights [7]), however, obliges the initiatives. university to decide whether it will undertake the Employee’s input is critical in the commercialization commercialisation of R&D results or transfer the rights back to of technologies. By actively engaging in activities such as the employee. licensing agreements, startup creation, and technology spin- The first step required of an employee is to provide a offs, they ensure that the technologies are properly transferred university with information on the research results and know- to the private sector for further development and market how relating to them. In the case of an employee’s declaration penetration. of interest in the transfer of rights to those results and the In view of the above, the legislator has formulated a related know-how, the higher education institution shall decide catalogue of obligations to be observed in the process of on their commercialisation within 3 months. protection and commercialisation of R&D results. An employee Where a university decides not to undertake commercialisation of a public university shall be obliged to: or after the expiry of the 3 months’ time limit, the higher 1) preserve the confidentiality of the research results and related education institution shall, within 30 days, make an offer to the know-how, employee to conclude an unconditional and paid agreement for 2) provide the higher education institution with all its the transfer of the rights to the research results and the related information, works, together with the ownership of the media know-how, together with the information, works, including the on which they were recorded, and the technical experience ownership of the media on which they are recorded, and needed for commercialisation, technical experiments. The agreement shall be concluded in 3) refrain from any action aimed at the implementation of the writing; otherwise, it shall be null and void. The remuneration results, payable to a university for the transfer of rights may not be 4) cooperate in the commercialisation process, including the higher than 5% of the average remuneration in the national proceedings aimed at obtaining exclusive rights - not longer 267 than for the period in which the rights of the higher education centers (hereinafter referred to as a TTC). These units are institution apply. differentiated by their structure and scope of action. These obligations are formulated in very general terms and An ABI shall be established to support the business should be made more specific in the IP internal management activities of the employees, doctoral students and students. It regulations and/or in the employee's contract. can operate in the form of a general university unit (under regulations approved by the senate) or a capital company. EMPLOYEE’S RIGHTS A TTC shall be established for the purpose of direct As can be seen from the above, the process of commercialisation, consisting in the sale of research results or protection and commercialisation is formalized and very know-how related to these results, or to the provision of these involving and time-consuming. The statutory model does not results or know-how for use, in particular on the basis of a balance these challenges by establishing an incentive system, in license, rental and lease agreement. It may be established as a fact it only provides for additional remuneration for successful general university unit and shall operate under regulations commercialisation. approved by the senate. Art. 155 states that, in the case of commercialisation, an The law requires that the director of an ABI in the employee shall be entitled to no less than 50% of the value of form of a general university unit or a TTC shall be employed by funds obtained by the university from direct commercialization/ the rector after consultation with the senate from among by the special purpose vehicle as a result of a given indirect candidates presented by their supervisory boards. commercialisation, reduced by no more than 25% of the costs According to art. 149 a higher education institution directly related to such commercialisation, which were incurred may also, for the purpose of indirect commercialisation, by the university or the special purpose vehicle. consisting in taking up or acquiring shares in companies or It is worth noting that also in the reverse situation, in the case of commercialisation by an employee, a university shall be taking up subscription warrants entitling it to subscribe for or entitled to 25% of the value of funds obtained by the employee take up shares in companies, in order to implement or prepare from commercialisation, reduced by no more than 25% of the for the implementation of the research results or know- -how costs directly related to such commercialisation which were related to those results, establish only single-member capital incurred by the employee. companies (hereinafter referred to as a „special purpose Costs directly related to commercialisation shall be vehicle”). To finance the share capital of a special purpose understood as external costs, in particular the costs of legal vehicle, the higher education institution may make a protection, expert opinions, valuation of the subject of contribution in kind (in whole or in part) in the form of research commercialisation and official fees. These costs shall not results and know-how related to those results. A special purpose include the costs incurred before the decision to commercialise vehicle shall be established by the rector with the consent of the and the remuneration payable to a higher education institution senate. The university may, by way of an agreement, entrust a for the transfer of rights. special purpose vehicle with: The regulation acknowledges the role of researchers 1) the management of rights to the results or know-how in the and innovators in generating valuable ideas, inventions, or scope of direct commercialisation; discoveries that can be translated into products, services, or 2) the management of research infrastructure. `technologies. By offering employees a share of the value A special purpose vehicle may additionally conduct business obtained from commercialization, the regulation provides a activity separated in terms of organisation and finance from the direct financial incentive for researchers and innovators to activity referred above. engage in activities that could lead to valuable outcomes with The university shall allocate the dividend paid to a special commercial potential. This can motivate researchers to explore purpose vehicle to the performance of its basic statutory tasks. practical applications for their work and actively participate in Art. 150 underlines that only higher education institutions may technology transfer and commercialization efforts. be partners or shareholders of a special purpose vehicle. A special purpose vehicle may be established by several public KEY ACADEMIC UNITS INVOLVED IN THE higher education institutions. A public university may join a TRANSFER OF R&D RESULTS For obvious reasons, the process of protecting and special purpose vehicle established by another public higher commercialising knowledge cannot rest on the shoulders of education institution. academics, specialised units are established that are crucial in All the institutions indicated above may operate, but are bridging the gap between academia and industry. If these not an obligatory units within the structure of public offices are not effective, well-staffed, or properly funded, the universities. In fact, ABIs, TTCs and SPVs are the core of the commercialization process may falter. IP protection and knowledge commercialisation model. They Law on Higher Education and Science indicates work in collaboration, seeking to share experience and develop which units may be set up by public universities to support best practices. To amplify these effects the Polish Association entrepreneurship and the process of transferring R&D results of Centers for Technology Transfer (PACTT.pl) was into the economy. Art. 148 stipulates, that higher education established in 2015. It is a voluntary association of institutions may operate academic business incubators representative units of Polish universities responsible for the (hereinafter referred to as a ABI) and technology transfer protection, management and commercialization of university intellectual property. Among its objectives, it has adopted: 268 • the integration and development of the professionals capital and private investment, it can be challenging to secure dealing with the knowledge and technology transfer in the funding needed to scale up a commercial venture. academic ecosystem; Placing the burden on universities to build a model for • exchange of knowledge, experience, standards and good commercialisation of research and development results can be practices; assessed as a solution for adapting it to the specifics of each • university and a manifestation of broadening the scope of self- cooperation in the field of commercialization of research determination of scientific institutions. However, it is not results • justifiable at this stage, as shown by research carried out in joint representation of the members of PACTT.pl before individual regions. Preliminary research carried out in 2023 public administration bodies, employers' associations and under the project entitled: "Transfer of R & D results from other entities operating toward innovation and cooperation universities of Podlaskie voivodeship to the economic and between science and business. This representation applies, social environment", funded by the Ministry of Education and in particular, to such actions as: initiating pro-innovation Science., confirmed that Polish universities still avoid activities of national character, preparing and giving innovative and risky ventures in favour of safe and standard opinions on legal changes and issuing opinions on strategic activities. They have little experience in the commercialisation documents and actions taken by authorized bodies in the of research results and have not developed procedures to deal area of national innovation policy [9]. with their transfer . Universities fulfil the requirements set out A year earlier the Polish Association of University in the Act - The Law on Higher Education and Science as Knowledge Transfer Companies (PSC) was appointed. The obligations imposed by the legislator and not to achieve Association is a forum for cooperation of 34 university special developmental goals . purpose vehicles, established to commercialize scientific We are therefore still left with the conclusion that research results from universities and research institutes and addressing all the challenges requires a comprehensive carry out applied research commissioned by enterprises.Shows approach involving fostering an entrepreneurial culture, the real importance of SPVs that cooperate with investors, promoting collaboration between academia and industry, business angels, and innovative entities ready to implement simplifying regulatory processes, and improving access to science-based technologies, are vehicles supporting the creation funding and investment. of spin-off companies [10]. REFERENCES CONCLUSIONS [1] POLON system, https://polon.nauka.gov.pl/en/public-data/; The commercialization process at Polish universities, data access: 17.08.2023 like in many other countries, faces challenges despite having [2] Act of 20 July 2018 - The Law on Higher Education and laws and bylaws in place. A one-size-fits-all approach does not Science (Journal of Laws 2023, item 742, as amended) guarantee success. Different fields and research areas require [3] Hubert Izdebski, Jan M. Zieliński, 2011, Prawo o customized strategies and support. Currently, the legal and szkolnictwie wyższym. Ustawa o stopniach naukowych i tytule administrative processes is cumbersome, slow, and naukowym. Komentarz do nowelizacji, Warszawa 2011, p. 31. complicated, deterring both researchers and potential industry [4] Act of 15 September 2000 Commercial Companies Code partners from engaging in collaborative ventures. (Journal of Laws No. item, as amended) Cultural barriers exist both at the side of academia, as [5] Act of 23 August 1964 Civil Code (Journal of Laws 2023, well as at the industry. The prevailing academic culture item 1610, as amended) prioritizes traditional research and publishing over [6] Act of 30 June 2000 – Industrial Property Law (Journal of commercialization. It takes a shift in mindset to view research Laws 2023, item 1170, as amended) not just as an intellectual pursuit but also as a potential [7] Act of 4 February 1994 on copyright and related rights commercial product. Academics lack the necessary skills or (Journal of Laws 2022, item 2509, as amended) understanding of market dynamics, business planning, and [8] Statistic Poland, Average monthly gross wage and salary in entrepreneurship required to transform research into a national economy in 2022, marketable product. Research is conducted in areas that don't https://stat.gov.pl/sygnalne/komunikaty-i-obwieszczenia/lista- align with current market needs or industry interests, leading to komunikatow-i-obwieszczen/komunikat-w-sprawie- a gap between the creation of IP and its practical application. If przecietnego-wynagrodzenia-w-gospodarce-narodowej-w- universities do not provide proper incentives, recognition for 2022- commercialization efforts, researchers may see little personal roku,273,10.html?fbclid=IwAR1q1nwLHGjEJXp8DJLi6A5V benefit in pursuing these paths. WUHrGLe_uilMT1yLFvoTuXeWOPIMNzaJtXk There is also insufficient funding to support the [9] The Polish Association of Centers for Technology Transfer, development, protection, and commercialization of R&D https://pactt.pl/en/about-pactt results. Polish science is underfunded. The share of higher [10] The Polish Association of University Knowledge Transfer education and science expenditure in GDP in 2023 was only 1.1 Companies,https://psc.edu.pl/en/ per cent. Not enough money for R&D activities and lack of dedicated resources for commercialization hinder the process of technology transfer. Without a robust ecosystem of venture 269 A Comprehensive Analysis of Portuguese National and Regional Policy Instruments for Technology Transfer Offices* If Writing in Slovene: Add English Title Below Helena Rosário Da Costa† Katiuska Cruz National Innovation Agency National Innovation Agency Lisbon, Portugal Porto, Portugal helena.costa@ani.pt katiuska.cruz@ani.pt ABSTRACT / POVZETEK Historically, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) In the rapidly evolving landscape of global have continually evolved in response to changing technological advancement, the process of governmental visions and dominant socioeconomic transferring technological insights from academic influences[1]. A notable shift post-1990 was the settings to industrial and commercial areas – known intersection of education and research, highlighting as Technology Transfer (TT) – is paramount. This the importance of knowledge dissemination and research examines the national and regional technological progress [1]–[3]. mechanisms that Portugal employs in the TT domain, In today's landscape, HEIs are increasingly driven by with a specific focus on instruments targeting applied research, positioning them at the forefront of academic Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs). technological innovations with marketable Particularly, the research assesses the implemented potential[4]. The modern role of HEIs integrates their policy instruments, emphasizing their respective primary educational and research missions into a significance and operational dynamics for the benefit holistic “third mission,” which envelopes technology of TTOs. This paper offers a comprehensive transfer, entrepreneurship, and industry partnerships understanding of Portugal's ambition and strategy for [5]–[9] At the heart of this value creation are translating academic knowledge into tangible technological breakthroughs, which are secured industrial benefits. The findings illuminate not only through Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Portugal's strategic trajectory in TT but also offer positioning Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) as critical insights for policymakers, academia, and central figures[10], [11]. industry stakeholders, exploring and highlighting the TTOs serve as pivotal conduits, connecting academia instrumental role of TTOs in bridging the gap to industry. They meticulously review academic between innovation and commercialization. discoveries, guiding researchers toward identifying and presenting market-ready innovations. In defining their roles, responsibilities in patent decision-making, KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE commercial potential assessment, and active Technology Transfer; Science, Technology and Innovation marketing of inventions. Simultaneously, TTOs have Policy; Higher Education Institutions; Technology Transfer a role in bridging information voids between industry Offices and academia, particularly in valuing inventions [12], [13]. 1 Introduction TTO efficacy hinges on available resources[13]–[15]. These resources, as highlighted vary across ∗A Comprehensive Analysis of Portuguese National and Regional Policy institutions and their effectiveness. Resources can be Instruments for Technology Transfer Offices †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note grouped into financial, infrastructural, human, and Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or organizational capacities. Notably, seasoned TTOs classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed often excel over their newer peers due to the for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must extensive learning curve involved in mastering be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). technology transfer[16]. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 270 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia H. Costa et al. To bolster this, HEIs have broadened their financial More recently, between 2016 and 2022, public funds, focusing on translational research and the funding (Regional Operational Programmes of emergence of academic spin-offs [17]. Current Portugal 2020) was provided for the establishment of discourse places emphasis on two mechanisms: three additional TTOs in the Lisbon Region. These Proof-of-Concept (PoC) programs[18], [19]and include a center at the NOVA University of Lisbon University Seed Funds (USFs)[14], [20]. focusing on Social Innovation, aiming to be the first Portugal's trajectory in R&D investment has national infrastructure promoting a university- historically been uneven, swayed by socio-political business-organization interface for innovative R&D dynamics and economic downturns[21]. These projects addressing diverse social issues. At the fluctuations sometimes led to inconsistent support University of Lisbon, the TTC@ULisboa acts as a for TTOs, causing variances in their efficacy. While facilitator for technology transfer and some Portuguese HEIs have blossomed into entrepreneurship, offering a strategically located innovation hubs with proficient TTOs, others, space for young entrepreneurial students, researchers, especially those distant from urban centers, grapple and businesses. Lastly, the ISCTE - University with forming industry ties and securing steady funds. Institute of Lisbon established a new TTO, Contemporary barriers, such as challenges in leveraging its existing R&D structure, advanced promoting interdisciplinary research amidst training, and innovation, creating a hub for new ideas bureaucratic limitations, funding, and capacity focusing on society and the challenges of digital building further exacerbate these historical transformation. differences. The crux of this paper is an examination of public Table 1: Portuguese Higher Education Institutions with funding's role in the evolution and sustenance of Technology Transfer Offices TTOs in Portugal, spotlighting government backing. Specifically, we delve into public financial structures Higher Education Type that have engendered “gap funding” models[17], Institution Funded Operation focusing on Portuguese HEIs deeply reliant on state Instituto Superior Técnico GAPI support. University of the Azores GAPI University of the Algarve GAPI & OTIC University of Coimbra GAPI & OTIC 2 The Role of National and Regional Policy University of Évora GAPI & OTIC Instruments in Portugal's TTO Landscape University of Beira Interior GAPI & OTIC University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto GAPI & OTIC 2.1 Direct Financial Support: A Catalytic Support for the Douro Establishment of Portuguese TTOs University of Porto GAPI & OTIC One of the pivotal strategies within the “third mission” University of Minho GAPI & OTIC of HEIs in Portugal has been the establishment of Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal OTIC TTOs, which serve to sustain the interactions Polytechnic Institute of Tomar OTIC Polytechnic Institute of Porto OTIC between HEIs, the industry, and the wider society. Polytechnic Institute of Leiria OTIC In 2001, the Intellectual Property Support Offices Polytechnic Institute of Beja OTIC (GAPI), spearheaded by the National Institute of Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco OTIC Industrial Property (INPI), was introduced. They Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre GAPI & OTIC were co-funded by public schemes such as the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo OTIC Operational Programme for the Economy and the Technical University of Lisbon OTIC Incentive Program for the Modernisation of the Portuguese Catholic University – School OTIC Economy. These GAPIs aimed to guide researchers of Biotechnology New University of Lisbon OTIC & Regional and academics regarding patentable knowledge. Operational By 2006, the Innovation Agency (ADI) launched the Programs of Technology and Knowledge Transfer Offices Portugal 2020 (OTICs), designed to streamline the transfer of Lusíada University of Vila Nova de OTIC knowledge and technology to businesses. Over time, Famalicão the roles of GAPIs and OTICs began to intertwine, University of Aveiro GAPI & OTIC leading to their eventual integration into the unified University of Lisbon GAPI & OTIC & TTOs (Table 1). Regional Operational 271 A Comprehensive Analysis of Portuguese National and Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Regional Policy Instruments for Technology Transfer Offices Slovenia Programs of methodologies, precise market analysis, industry Portugal 2020 trend discernment, and the evaluation of technologies University of Madeira OTIC with high commercial potential. Moreover, the collaboration with international experts provided ISCTE - University Institute of GAPI & Regional these TTOs with the strategic insight required to Lisbon Operational Programs of effectively manage their respective HEI's IP Portugal 2020 portfolios. Source: List of Approved QREN and Portugal 2020 For each HEI was developed a comprehensive IP Operations Portfolio, which integrates patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, stands as a testament to an HEI's intellectual competence. 2.2 Capacity Building: Shaping TTOs Ecosystem As part of this initiative, in the first semester of 2023 2.2.1 University Technology Enterprise Network were introduced open innovation challenges. Rooted (UTEN) in the ethos of managing knowledge assets through In response to the fragmented interactions between open innovation [29], [30], these challenges Portuguese HEIs and industry, the Portuguese encouraged companies to present real-world Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) challenges they faced, incentivizing TTOs to respond collaborated with the IC2 Institute of the University with innovative technology solutions drawn from of Texas at Austin to establish the University their IP portfolios. Technology Enterprise Network (UTEN) in March 2.3 Funding instruments for technology transfer: How 2007[22]. TTOs support their activities? UTEN's primary objective was to develop a network The Portuguese government's support, although proficient in transferring and commercializing invaluable, primarily targets the creation and science and technology. This network encompassed capacity-building of TTOs without explicitly public Portuguese HEIs, an affiliated private supporting the daily operations of TT activities such institution, related TTOs, research centers, and PoCs and USFs. The primary onus, therefore, falls on occasionally, technological parks[23]. TTOs themselves. These operations, characterized UTEN offered specialized training by internationally by collaborations with companies, demand for renowned experts, emphasizing the innovative solutions, and training initiatives, are not commercialization of Portuguese academic merely cost-intensive but also necessitate continuous innovation[23]. From 2007-2010, UTEN facilitated financial inflow [14], [17], [18], [19], [20]. To international internships for technology transfer address this, and in line with their “third mission”, officers[22], [24]–[26]. Portuguese TTOs often resort to regional Operational Programmes, emphasizing the critical role such 2.2.2 TTO Network programs play in bridging the financial and Research indicates that academic TTOs evolve operational gaps (Table 2). through experimentation, failure, and the mutual exchange of experiences [27], [28]. Yet, barriers persist in sharing best practices among TTOs. Table 2: Overview of Funding Mechanisms for TT Activities Across Portuguese HEIs Initiated in 2018, the TTO Network represents National Innovation Agency’s (ANI), previously Higher Funded Total Operational Type of ADI, commitment to fostering innovation, Education Operation Eligible Program Mechani technology transfer, and knowledge Institution Expenditure sm commercialization within HEIs. In 2022, ANI (in euros) commenced a two-year initiative to enhance TTO Algarve TT 2.0 552 155,8 Algarve PoC Network capacities. University Regional In addressing the challenges Portuguese TTOs faced Operational in capitalizing on their IP assets, an initiative was set Program in motion: the implementation of specialized training. Aveiro CAMPUS 286733 Center PoC University TEC Regional and The purpose behind this specialized training was Operational USFs twofold: it was structured to empower TTOs with the Program tools for effective collaboration, technology scouting 272 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia H. Costa et al. Católica 3Boost 999960,89 Operational PoC Out of the 26 HEIs that were funded to create the University Programme TTO, only 8 displayed consistent activity in TT for funded by the Operational Programmes between Competitiven 2016 and 2022. It's evident that more established and ess and well-resourced institutions dominate TT activities, Internationaliz ation aligning with the observations from the literature. Coimbra INOV C 1627614,39 Center PoC The appearance of Coimbra University twice could University 2020 Regional be attributed to multiple funding sources or different Operational TTO initiatives undertaken at different periods. Such Program overlapping engagements aren't uncommon, Coimbra InovC+ 3393755,86 Center PoC especially in more established HEI. University Regional The significant funding allocated by Operational Operational Programmes for USFs and PoCs activities Program underscores their indispensable role. However, the Polytechnic Knowledge 477810,74 Operational PoC Institute of Circle Programme persisting challenges, primarily the “funding gap” Leira for and the operational complexities, indicate the need Competitiven for continuous adaptation and a synergistic approach ess and involving policymakers, academia, and industry Internationaliz stakeholders to continue improving the funding ation programs. Trás os INOV@UT 754145,62 North PoC This paper provides an insightful analysis of Montes and AD Regional and Portugal's approach to TT. When analyzing Alto Douro Operational USFs University Program Portugal's historical and contemporary policy instruments, we uncover the commitment to building Trás os Lab2Busine 506902,74 North PoC an ecosystem that fosters innovation, addresses Trás os ss Regional funding challenges, and bridges the gap between Montes and Operational academia and industry. The initiatives – from the Alto Douro Program establishment of TTOs, and capacity-building University networks, to funding mechanisms – demonstrate a holistic strategy. Trás os UI-Transfer 824056,95 Operational PoC As Portugal continues its journey in the global TT Montes and Programme Alto Douro for landscape, the insights from this analysis can inform University Competitiven similar ecosystems globally, emphasizing the ess and universality of the challenges and the importance of Internationaliz a coordinated approach to surmount them. ation Source: List of Approved Operations for Portugal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / ZAHVALA 2020 as of June 30, 2023 The authors would like to acknowledge the National Innovation Agency for their unwavering support throughout this research. 3 Discussion and Conclusion REFERENCES The introduction of the GAPI in 2001 marked a significant turning point in Portugal's commitment to [1] B. Readings, “The university in ruins,” p. 238, 1996, Accessed: fostering TT. With the formation of GAPIs and later Aug. 15, 2023. [Online]. 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Sandström, “Institutionalizing the triple 10.1016/J.JOITMC.2023.100090. helix: research funding and norms in the academic system,” 274 Compulsory Licensing in Belarus Alexander Uspenskiy Aliaksei Uspenski Maksim Prybylski Republican Centre for Republican Centre for Republican Centre for Technology Transfer Technology Transfer Technology Transfer Center for System Analysis and Center for System Analysis and Center for System Analysis and Strategic Research of the National Strategic Research of the National Strategic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Academy of Sciences of Belarus Academy of Sciences of Belarus Minsk, Belarus Minsk, Belarus Minsk, Belarus uspenskiy@mail.ru auspen79@gmail.com m.pribylsky@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Article 10 "Actions not recognized as infringement of the exclusive right of the patent owner" addresses the use of The paper informs on the state of compulsory licensing in patented inventions under extraordinary circumstances (natural Belarus and recent changes restricting IP rights. disasters, catastrophes, accidents, epidemics, epizootics, etc.) with notification of the patent owner of such use as soon as KEYWORDS possible and payment of corresponding compensation. Intellectual property law, patent law, compulsory licenses. For example, based on Article 10 during epidemic any person may, without authorization organize both the production and import of generic medicines. The weakness for the person 1 INTRODUCTION is that the patent owner may at any time challenge the very The term compulsory licensing refers to a situation where a legitimacy of such use, its scope and duration, as well as court or government enforces a non-exclusive license to the disagree with the amount of compensation offered to him. protected intellectual property (IP) without the wishes and the In this case the granting of CL would be preferable, since consent of the IP owner. It can be dated back to Article 5A (2) the person in whose interests it is granted understands for what of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property period of time, to what extent and under what conditions the (Paris, 1883), stating: "Each country of the Union shall have the patent-protected subject matter may be used. right to take legislative measures providing for the grant of Article 38 "Compulsory license" addresses the non-working compulsory licenses to prevent the abuses which might result or insufficient working (1) and dependent inventions (2) types from the exercise of the exclusive rights conferred by the of CL and describes the legal procedure for obtaining a CL by a patent, for example, failure to work" [1]. third party, which is done by filing a claim with the Judicial The world practice has developed three main types of Collegium for IP of the Supreme Court. compulsory licenses: 1) for non-working or insufficient The patent law of Belarus does not use all options in terms working of patented invention; 2) for dependent inventions; of compulsory licensing, which are implemented in other 3) in public interest, such as "national emergency" or "public countries. This concern primarily compulsory licensing in health" [2-9]. "public health" interest. The international legal basis for compulsory licensing is When opting for the issuance of a compulsory license in the found in the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of "public health" interest, it is advisable that preference be given Intellectual Property Rights (1995) (TRIPS Agreement) and the to the administrative procedure as it is much simpler and faster Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health [6, 7]. (2001). Due to the national character of intellectual property rights (IPRs) countries may implement their own systems of 3 AMENDMENTS TO THE PATENT LAW compulsory licenses (CL). Although Belarus is not a WTO member the above-mentioned gap has been closed by the law "On amendments to laws on the 2 COMPULSORY LICENSING IN BELARUS legal protection of intellectual property" dated January 9, 2023, The compulsory licensing of industrial property in Belarus has No 243-3 that introduced amendments to patent law. been regulated by Articles 10 and 38 of the patent law (the Law "On patents for inventions, utility models, and industrial designs" dated December 16, 2002, No. 160-3) [2, 10]. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 275 Table 1: Compulsory licensing of industrial property in Belarus # Grounds for granting a CL, legislative act Procedure Conditions Invention, Utility model 1 Non-working or insufficient working by the Legal * Refusal of the patent owner to conclude a license agreement on patent owner within 3 years from the terms consistent with established practice. publication date, leading to insufficient * The interested party has the ability to use the invention. supply of relevant goods, works or services * Absence of valid reasons for non-working proven by the patent on the market (patent law, Article 38 (1)). owner. 2 A patented invention cannot be worked Legal * The invention is dependent on a patent for an invention (utility without exploiting an earlier patented model). invention (utility model) (patent law, Article * The invention is an important technical achievement. 38 (2)). * The invention has significant advantages over the original invention (utility model) patent. * Refusal of the patent owner to conclude a license agreement on terms consistent with established practice. 3 The need to ensure national security, state Admini- defence, safety and security of people's lives strative and health (patent law, Article 38 (3)). Design 4 Non-working or insufficient working by the Legal As 1. patent owner within 3 years from the publication date, leading to insufficient supply of relevant goods, works or services on the market (patent law, Article 38 (1)). 5 The need to ensure national security, state Admini- defence, safety and security of people's lives strative and health (patent law, Article 38 (3)). Plant variety 6 Non-working or insufficient working by the Legal * Refusal of the patent owner to conclude a license agreement. patent owner of a plant variety within 3 years * The interested party has the ability to use the plant variety. from the registration date in the State * Absence of valid reasons for non-working or insufficient working, Register of Protected Plant Varieties (law proven by the patent owner. "On plant varieties", Article 31). Topography 7 Non-working or insufficient working of the Legal * Refusal of the patent owner to conclude a license agreement on topography by the right owner within 3 years terms consistent with established practice. from the publication date in the official * The interested party has the ability to use the protected bulletin of information about the registration topography. of the topography, leading to an insufficient * Absence of valid reasons for non-working or insufficient working, supply of relevant products (goods) (Law proven by the rights owner. "On protection of integrated circuit topographies", Article 22 (1)). The newly added Article 38 (3) of the patent law describes 6. Amount and procedure for payment of compensation. "public health" type of CL, which is granted by the decision of the Council of Ministers. The decision specifies: Table 1 summarizes procedures for granting CL for industrial property after the amendments. 1. Last name, first name, patronymic (if any) of the individual, or the legal entity to which CL is granted. 4 RESTRICTIONS OF IP RIGHTS 2. The period for which a compulsory simple (non-exclusive) The law "On restriction of exclusive rights to intellectual license is granted. property objects" dated January 3, 2023, No. 241-3. 3. Usage rights of a person who has been granted a CL. Articles (1) and (2) of the law allow the use of software, 4. A government agency that within 30 days from the date of the decision to grant a CL must notify the patent owner audio/visual works, music and broadcasts without the consent about the decision. of the rights owner or the organization for collective 5. The procedure for notification of a government agency by management of property rights if they are from the foreign an individual or legal entity that is granted a CL about the countries committing unfriendly actions against Belarusian payment or impossibility of paying the compensation to legal entities or persons. The Council of Ministers appoints the patent owner. 276 state authorities for managing the lists of corresponding rights ACKNOWLEDGMENTS owners. We would like to thank the National Academy of Sciences of The user of above mentioned IP pays remuneration that is Belarus and the State Committee on Science and Technology of credited to the bank account of the national IP office (the the Republic of Belarus for their constant support of RCTT National Center of Intellectual Property). Together with activities and express gratitude to all our colleagues who work payment the information on IP use and calculation of in technology transfer for their help and advice. remuneration shall be provided. The amount of remuneration assigns the Council of Ministers. REFERENCES The remuneration will be kept on the bank account of [1] Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property: national IP office for three years from the moment of deposit https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/288514 and during that period can be claimed by the rights owner. The [2] Лосев, С.С. О необходимости развития института принудительных лицензий в патентном праве Беларуси / С.С.Лосев // Правовая national IP office can use up to 20% of the remuneration to культура в современном обществе [Электронный ресурс] : сборник cover its management expenses. научных статей / Министерство внутренних дел Республики Беларусь, учреждение образования «Могилевский институт After three years, the unclaimed remuneration will be Министерства внутренних дел Республики Беларусь» ; редкол.: И. transferred within three months to the republican budget. А. Демидова (отв. ред.) [и др.]. – Могилев : Могилев. институт МВД, 2022. Articles (3) and (4) of the law allow import from any foreign – С. 247–253. [3] Good Practice Guide: Improving Access to Treatment by Utilizing country of goods from the List of goods (group of goods) vital Public Health Flexibilities in the WTO TRIPS Agreement // UNDP. for domestic market, if there is critical shortage (i.e. parallel URL: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/Good%2 import). The Council of Ministers appoints state authority for 0Practice%20Guide- managing the list. Improving%20access%20to%20treatment%20by%20utilizing%20public If imported goods include IP, it will be temporary excluded %20health%20flexibilities%20in%20the%20WTO%20TRIPS%20agree ment.pdf from the National customs register of IP objects. The [4] Doha Declarations. WTO: notification letter will be sent at the address of the rights owner https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/ddec_e.pdf [5] WIPO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HANDBOOK: within two days of the decision to exclude the IP from the https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/489/wipo_pub_489.p register. df [6] The Compulsory Licensing E-Guide: https://cms.law/en/media/expert- The articles of the law are valid until the end of 2024. guides/files-for-expert-guides/cms-compulsory-licensing-global-expert- guide-feb-2021 5 CONCLUSIONS [7] Eric Bondy and Kamal Saggiz Department of Economics Vanderbilt University (April 2012). Compulsory licensing, price controls, and Most countries provide for compulsory licensing to advance access to patented foreign products, 29 p. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ip_econ_ge_4_12/wi nation's technological development by encouraging the po_ip_econ_ge_4_12_ref_saggi.pdf production and use of patented goods and increase access to [8] An International Guide to Patent Case Management for Judges. WIPO, advanced technologies [5–9]. 2023, 643 p. ISBN: 978-92-805-3515-0 (online) https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-1079-en-an- The compulsory licensing in Belarus before 2023 was not international-guide-to-patent-case-management-for-judges.pdf applicable to medicines (new or expensive) since grounds for [9] A Single Market for Patents: New rules on Compulsory Licensing. April 2023, European Union, 2023 ISBN 978-92-68-03176-6 compulsory licensing did not include "protection of human life doi:10.2873/83000 ET-09-23-208-EN-N https://single-market- and health". Introduction of the Law No. 243-3 on January 9, economy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/dd0384ee-1cc1-41e9-936c- 2023, updated the legislation for all options allowed by 512f2f3aaac0_en?filename=Patent%20Package_Compulsory%20Licensi ng_Final.pdf international laws. When granting compulsory licenses in [10] Закон Республики Беларусь от 16 декабря 2002 г. № 160-З «О "public health" interest an administrative procedure is applied. патентах на изобретения, полезные модели, промышленные Образцы» https://bgaa.by/sites/default/files/inline-files/zakon- Compulsory licenses in Belarus are not agreements and as respubliki-belarus-ot-16.12.2002-g.-no-160-z_0_1.pdf such should not be registered with the National Center of [11] Закон Республики Беларусь от 3 января 2023 г. № 241-З «Об ограничении исключительных прав на объекты интеллектуальной Intellectual Property. собственности» https://pravo.by/document/?guid=12551&p0=H12300241&p1=1&p5=0 277 Assessing the Contribution of Hubs to Uganda’s Innovation Ecosystem A Case Study on the Role of Innovation Hubs in Kampala Linda Amanya Science, Technology and Innovation Research and Development Division Uganda National Council for Science and Technology Kampala, Uganda lindaamanya@gmail.com / l.amanya@uncst.go.ug ABSTRACT / POVZETEK Innovation enablers in the informal pathway (i.e private-owned incubators, accelerators and technology hubs) often offer a This paper focuses on assessing the role of hubs in facilitating variety of business-related services including: office/ lab space, innovation for economic development. product development mentorship and business coaching in It analyzes the ability of innovation hubs in Kampala to provide addition to networking opportunities, industry linkages, and in three critical elements for innovation - financial support, some case, seed funding. business development services and networking opportunities. What they seldom focus on, especially in the case of Uganda, are services directed at the exploration and management of The paper also explores the development focus of these hubs, as intangible assets such as intellectual property (IP). well as the challenges they face in facilitating innovation. Based on the results of this analysis, it is recommended that Intellectual Property is a critical component of any innovation comprehensive instruments be developed to facilitate the ecosystem. IP assets can act as a safety net for innovators in integration of the different pathways for innovation, and the developing economies like Uganda where approximately 75% of collaboration of actors in the National System of Innovation start-ups fail to reach the first anniversary of their business (NSI) operations [3]. This paper emphasizes the need for innovators based outside of research and academic establishments to acquire good understanding of intellectual property assets in order to benefit from the knowledge economy, It is proposed that innovation hubs in the informal innovation pathway address not just the awareness gap that exists, but also the limited capacity in identifying, protecting and diffusing research products and Figure 1: The link between entrepreneurship, intellectual intellectual property generated. property and innovation [4] KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE Systems required to facilitate innovation activities are complex and often call for collaboration among various stakeholders in Innovation, innovation pathway, development, Intellectual bringing together inputs such as infrastructure, finances and Property Management expertise needed for innovation processes such as prototyping and IP registration [5]. 1 INTRODUCTION While innovators in academic and research institutes may be In a metanalysis utilizing data from 115 countries, Fagerberg and privy to information on and the benefits of IP, the same cannot Srholec (2008) identified the development of an innovation be said for actors in the informal innovation pathway. system to be one of the top four out of twenty-five factors, critical for the economic development of any nation [1]. In order to facilitate consolidated development of the National System of Innovation (NSI) in Uganda, this paper assessed the National Systems of Innovation, though comprising of a role of innovation hubs in greater Kampala and her neighbouring multitude of actors, often feature two distinct pathways: the suburbs. formal innovation pathway which features state-supported activities conducted by actors in academia, research institutes Specifically, the study sought to and industry, and the informal pathway where players from civil i assess the provision of three key elements for innovation, that society and grass root organizations take on self-financed is, financial support, business development services and innovation activities [2]. networks; ii identify the development challenges addressed and the innovation focus in innovation hubs and; Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed iii provide recommendations for further development of the NSI. for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 278 2 METHODOLOGY 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 3.1 Research Design Descriptives Purposive sampling and snow balling were utilized in identifying The most commonly addressed development challenges, based and approaching participants based in innovation hubs in on the SDGs were: Decent Work and Economic Growth (8); Kampala. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (9) and No Poverty (1) These participants, ten (10) in total, categorized their and the least addressed were: Life below Water (14) and Life on establishments as incubators, technology transfer offices, Land (15). accelerators and technology hubs based on the following The most supported themes in the innovation hubs were: descriptions: Education and Skills Development while least supported themes • were Transport and Infrastructure and Democracy and Incubator (IN) – an independent co-working innovation space that creates and develops start-up Governance. The average quantum of funding provided by hubs companies for at least 12 months. was USD $10,000 - $50,000 • Technology Transfer Office (TTO) – a facility 3.2 affiliated to a university or research institution that Provision of financial support assists researchers in IP protection, licensing and Financial support adversely influences an institution’s decisions, commercialization. • ability to engage in innovative activities and the nature of Accelerator (ACC) – an entity focused on accelerating outcomes of their innovation processes [6]. or scaling up companies for a few months through Results indicated that six of the ten innovation hubs were subject structured programmes and funding. to financial constraints as the quantum of funding required by • Science Park (SP) – an entity promoting innovation their beneficiaries was greater than the quantum of funding they and competitiveness of associated businesses and provided. knowledge-based institutions in a given community. • Technology Hub (TH) – a facility focused on generating contacts or leads and/or providing motivation, exposure and self-belief for innovators. • Co-working Space (CWS) – a facility providing only hot desking, office spaces, boardroom facilities or events to start-up companies. Depending on the nature of operations and the innovation programmes hosted in their establishments, many participants identified their spaces to fall in more than one category. Figure 2: Quantum of funding provided against requirement Table 1: Innovation hubs by year, category and beneficiaries Name of Innovation Hub Year of Category Beneficiaries 3.3 Provision of business development services Establishment Supported (24 months) StartHub Africa 2017 IN, ACC, TH, Others >200 All ten of the participating innovation hubs provided at least two NARO Incubation Centre 1992 IN, TTO, ACC, TH 51-100 Women In Technology Uganda support services required for business development as presented (WITU) 2012 IN, TTO, ACC, TH >200 MoTIV 2020 CWS, IN, ACC >200 in Figure 3. Response Innovation Lab 2018 ACC 101-200 NFT Mawazo 2005 IN, ACC, TH >200 Makerere Innovation and Incubation Center 2016 IN, ACC, TH 51-100 TechBuzz Hub 2016 CWS, IN, TH >200 KQ Hub Africa 2018 Other 101-200 Design without Borders Africa 2014 Other >200 2.2 Data collection and analysis The data collection process constituted: a physical assessment of innovation establishments in Kampala; a desk review of information on the innovation hubs identified and; designing and administering a survey tool to assess innovation support. Three elements were assessed: financial support, business development services and networking opportunities. Data analysis was then conducted in MS Excel and SPSS 26. Figure 3: Business support services supported by innovation enablers 279 Services such as training and capacity building were the most international and local communities [9]. This may be through the common - provided by nine out of ten of the hubs, followed by establishment of the International Relations Office or through the networking opportunities, and business development and Technology Transfer or IPM function. relationship management. Either way, these support structures can be a source of Intellectual Property Management (IPM)/ Advisory was the least opportunities including mobility and exchange programmes, supported service, only available at the NARO Incubation scholarship opportunities and seed funding for innovators. Centre. In turn, innovation hubs can be a source of knowledge and human capital in these relationships. While the protection of IP assets by registration can be viewed as a means to obtaining economic reward for innovation [7], Peer-to-peer engagement amongst innovation hubs especially many establishments supporting innovators, especially from the through clusters and networks can be beneficial in testing tech industry, are not keen on providing IPM support because of assumptions, combining different competences [10] and in the rapid changes in the industry [8]. With a few modifications, diffusing knowledge [8]. Particularly, the interdependence a technology that is innovated today can quickly become created by innovation clusters, especially in Science and irrelevant tomorrow. This could be a reason for no IPM services Technology Parks creates opportunities for exchange and in some of the participating hubs. collaboration and could even allow for sharing of infrastructure and services, improving production efficiency in the long run. Other possible arguments for the absence of this service could be the slow progress in developing markets for IP assets in Uganda, Links to parent companies and international collaborations are and the presence of a national IPM authority - the Uganda argued to provide access to better technology and infrastructure Registration Services Bureau (URSB) which would render in- as well as more financial and knowledge resources [10]. house IPM services redundant in many of the hubs. It was clear that providing networking and collaboration 3.4 Opportunities for collaboration and networking opportunities was essential for many of the participating innovation hubs; What could be improved is the affiliation to Findings from the component of affiliation to academic or research and academic institutions for the benefits afore research institutes, as well as networking and collaboration mentioned. opportunities supported by the ten innovation hubs are presented in Figure 4. 3.5 Limitations to innovation Innovation hubs experience diverse challenges in their work, depending on their interests and objectives, level/scale of operations and the prevailing socio-economic conditions. However, many of the factors that inhibit innovation on the African continent, in some way, relate to the economic infrastructure, local institutions, domestic capabilities and the policy context that supports the NSI [11]. Some of the challenges highlighted by the participating hubs included: Figure 4: Networking and collaboration opportunities i) Limited technical skills in product development among young innovators. ii) There is evidence that innovation hubs derive more successful Lack of early-stage investment for start-ups. iii) outcomes when they have links of any sort to larger entities Weak IP enforcement. iv) including universities, private-sector actors, branches of A small and disinterested private sector with limited (human and financial) capacity to absorb the generated government, development donors, and with other hubs [8]. technologies. v) Regardless of whether an innovation space is based at a tertiary Little to no knowledge on business development and management for incubatees. institution, access to and integration between an innovation hub vi) and a university or an academic/research institute can be Inefficient follow up with innovators after programme exit. vii) mutually beneficial to both entities, as each learns progressively Unsatisfactory sustainability plans presented by innovators. viii) from the other [8]. High risk aversion towards novel ideas in the NSI. ix) Discrepancies in appropriate technology versus advanced technology. To further explain the benefits of these affiliations, Bank et al. x) (2018) assert that academic institutions tend to form and maintain Lack of investment readiness programmes for innovators. xi) more sustainable networks and relationships with both Low quality ideas/ innovations. 280 xii) Limited research potential for some projects. While clustering is beneficial, adopting a similar decentralized xiii) Limited market potential for some innovations. approach, as in South Africa, could increase the reach and level xiv) Obstructive government regulations and taxes. of interest in innovation in the different regions in Uganda, xv) Rigidity in adaptation to changes in the ecosystem. especially outside of the capital - Kampala. xvi) A lack of understanding and appreciation for design innovations in the ecosystem. In terms of the limited absorption capacity of innovations by industry, it can be argued that the nature of investment in innovations is often long term with uncertain returns, which can repel some investors. Ayalew and Xianzhi (2019) also reason that the issue of reluctance to reveal innovative ideas could be to the detriment of many innovation firms as it reduces financers willingness to grant loans or capital [6]. Evidence from the participating hubs suggests that protection through IP registration is not a top priority. Innovators are more likely to rely on ‘secrecy’ as a protection mechanism yet investors are looking to understand where they are placing their money. As such, there is a need to bridge the gap between the expectations of investors with the liberties of innovators in Intellectual Property Management. Figure 5: The participating innovation hubs by location ‘The functioning of an innovation system depends on its 4 CONCLUSION AND components – the organizations/actors and relations among the RECOMMENDATIONS components which perform various innovation system activities [11] Innovation hubs can be viewed as conduits through which inputs System integration that allows national and regional systems of are often aggregated to create optimum conditions for the innovation to intersect with sectoral and technological innovation process [8]. The nature of interaction of the inputs innovation systems, especially through interactive learning provided by these hubs ultimately determines the outcome of the among stakeholders in different pathways should be fostered to product development chain. There is therefore a need to develop develop a NSI that is accommodative of and beneficial to and sustain mechanisms and instruments to support these Ugandans. innovation enablers for innovation-led development. The lack of financially-backed appreciation for innovation within larger societal operations is a common phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa. Better engagement with academic institutions, companies and local communities is required to influence more youth and individuals to participate in knowledge generation and more technical support along the innovation cycle, particularly in product development and intellectual property management is needed. Companies and firms can be better encouraged to absorb local innovations developed in the NSI, through subsidies and tax exemptions. Examples of successful networks and clusters of innovation hubs exist in developing nations such as South Africa [10]. The Government of South Africa has ensured that innovation hubs are far reaching in different townships, diffusing incubation services to stakeholders in all parts of the country. 281 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / ZAHVALA REFERENCES This paper is evidence of the openness and willingness of the [1] Fagerberg, J. and Srholec, M. (2008) National innovation systems, innovation hubs in Kampala to engage with other actors. capabilities and economic development. Research Policy, 37(9), 1417- 1435 I am truly grateful to the teams at Design Without Borders [2] Cele, M.B.G., Luescher, T.M. and Fadiji, A.W. (2020) Innovation policy Africa, KQ Hub Africa, Makerere Innovation and Incubation at the intersection: Global debates and local experiences. Cape Town: HSRC Press Centre, MoTIV, NARO Incubation Centre, NFT Mawazo, [3] Business Focus (2023) 75% Of Ugandan Start-Ups Don’t See Their First Response Innovation Hub, StartHub Africa, TechBuzz Hub and Birthdays – Experts. 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(2006) Some views on determinants of innovative outcomes of South African firms: an exploratory analysis using firm-level data, South African Journal of Science, 102, 589 – 593 [11] Egbetokun, A., Atta-Ankomah, R., Jegedec, O. and Lorenz, E. (2016) Firm-level innovation in Africa: overcoming limits and constraints, Innovation and Development, 6(2), 161-174 282 The Importance and Benefits of the Technology Transfer Ecosystem (TTE) Matej Mrak† Office for industrial liaison (SPOG) Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia matej.mrak@ijs.si ABSTRACT small projects like: KET4CP, DIH-World, DIH4AI but through this (small) collaborations, the teams (of researchers and Creating and maintaining the technology transfer ecosystem is a companies) got to know each other and then later applied for or foundation on which many (future) technology transfers (TTs) entered into greater projects together. are built. Having a good invention/technology is usually not One of the building blocks of the TT ecosystem (TTE), that enough, if you do not have either a buyer or a partner on the other we are building at the Project and Innovation Support units side ready to assist you. It is important to establish and maintain (consisting of: Office for substantive project support, technology (strong) relationships with the industry in order for them to give transfer and innovation (CTT) – U7, Office for industrial liaison you the opportunity to present, when the opportunity presents (SPOG) – U8, Office for project informatics, organization of itself, for example in the form of tender/call, innovation, research thematic events and conferences (SPIK) – U9) at the Jožef Stefan collaboration etc. Institute, are certain thematic projects (Enterprise Europe Network, European Digital Innovation Hub – EDIH, KEYWORDS KET4CP,…) in which we are involved with precisely this Technology transfer, ecosystem, marketing channel, innovate or purpose: to help companies in other areas or rather, we are die, EU, projects, venture capital. involved in those projects precisely for the reason of helping companies with the cascade financing to cooperate with the Jožef Stefan Institute or in the area of technology transfer. This means 1 INTRODUCTION that we are actively building (or adding to) our TT ecosystem. The problem, that not so few academic researches institutions face, is the lack of collaboration with the industry. Some even believe that the TT is failing endeavor [1]. There are certain 2 THE ECOSYSTEM projects that try to stimulate this cooperation/transfer. Once ecosystem is relatively large enough, further benefits One thing, that the Office for industrial liaison (SPOG) at the arise. For example, if we successfully connect two companies, Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) observed, that might be responsible they form a partnership agreement (PA) and a stronger/bigger for relatively low number of technology transfers, is the lack of relationship develops as a result. Benefits of a PA, for the “standby” relationships with the industry. This means that it company, is an increase in sales abroad, for example, which might not be enough to seek for companies when certain strengthens the company and its ability to operate more tender/call/opportunity presents itself but the organization (or its developmentally and innovatively in the future, which then TT office; TTO) must begin with this (much) sooner. enables the company in the ecosystem to cooperate with a What SPOG at JSI identified, is that, predictably, the more research institution. If this PA was a result of certain project companies that it visits, the greater the chance for a success story (Enterprise Europe Network for example), then this same project with the benefits for all parties. For example, even if a visited allows the established partnership to be promoted (without any company might not be willing to spend the money on research additional charge for the companies) as a success story, which directly, their topics of potential cooperation are still identified then brings new recognition for all parties (the project itself, and written down. Also, their skills/areas are cataloged. Then companies, project partner) and new opportunities could arise (much) later certain funding opportunities might arise and the that could (later) involve also the project partner which made the SPOG might see the opportunity to connect certain companies PA of two companies possible. Further with the appropriate researcher or a research team. Some developments/opportunities/partnership can arise from either examples of collaborations grew (albeit slowly) from rather way. ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note At the Project and Innovation Support units (at the JSI) we †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note are constantly monitoring for new calls/tenders/projects with the Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or objective/question in mind if they can benefit the companies and classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed the researchers. Ideally, they would help with funding, but for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must sometimes they can help even better, by giving them the be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). opportunity or recognition to expand, through connecting certain Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 20 partners together. It is important to see the whole picture, all of 20 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 283 the benefits of the ecosystem, the full deck or the full checkerboard in order to be motivated to do certain things that might not give/provide/promise direct/immediate benefit(s) in the first step(s); to the Jožef Stefan Institute in our case. For 3 MULTIPLE ANGLE APPROACH example, one might ask what's in it for the Institute, to connect Transferring technology, into the industry in particular, is a certain companies together in the partnership agreement, that difficult endeavor Companies receive a lot of emails/offers daily might not include the Institute itself. The answer is in the future and it is difficult to get pass the basic filter/screening and gain (probability) of involving the researchers from the JSI in some their attention, especially for the technologies on a lower project, even much later. There are existing cases that speak technology readiness level (TRL). about this and that can show how further opportunities were It helps to try to establish the relationship with the company developed because of this ecosystem. Opportunities that one first, to know a few people, to recognize the key people, might/could not even envision so much in advance. One example decisions makers, to show them the value of such relationship of further benefits for the JSI is, since companies are aware of and then, (much) later, introduce them to new technologies that the (EU) funds, they are also monitoring certain project/funding have a potential but need funding in order to raise its’ TRL. And opportunities and since the focus of the (EU) projects is (more one way of doing exactly that is by presenting/giving the and more) on international/abroad cooperation among the company benefits of some project that is specifically designed to companies and involvement of the academia/institutes in a help them in some way. One such project is the Enterprise consortium for example, if certain companies would like to Europe Network that is founded by the European Commission either apply for certain project, they would need to involve some and its’ purpose is to connect the companies together, across the (public) research organization for example and if this is the very border. It promotes/stimulates collaboration between companies same organization that helped them (in some ways) before, then internationally. The connection can happen through connecting there is a greater chance they will contact/include it. The idea/key them on the business side; via so-called BR – Business Request is to see the potential down the road, to invest time and effort in or BO – Business Offer (one company is ordering/offering certain steps that might not yet give direct/immediate benefit. Of services to the other) or connecting them through the particular course, not every path will lead to new opportunities/partnership technology (via so-called TR – Technology Request, TO – but it is important to see it like from a venture capitalists’ point Technology offer). Once the companies see the benefit of this, of view; if few success stories outweigh the many unsuccessful through the established partnership agreements (PA), then their trials/paths, it was all worth it, in an economic and satisfactory interest increases, relationship deepens and the connector (Jožef way. Stefan Institute in particular case, that is a Hub in the Enterprise The major problem is the different focus that the parties Europe Network) has the option to promote its’s services and might have. Researchers in Academia have focus on research and technology to the companies it helped. Therefore, all the writing/publishing of scientific articles that brings them companies, its services, projects, people, become part of the credits/points that are used for promotion etc. But the industry bigger picture, so-called ecosystem. And every (good) system is has a different focus, they (usually) see things from the more than the sum of its parts or greater than the sum of its parts. perspective of ROI (Return of Investment) etc. in a certain period That might be truer in the case of the ecosystem. (within 3 years for example). In not so rare cases, both parties could benefit but they need a guidance, case studies, a different It is of most importance to see the difference between the overview, for them to see the synergies without any real (isolated) product/service and the ecosystem. One practical downsides. For example, the industry could invest (or gain funds example of this is the mobile phone analogy. There are certain for) in something that might be for rather direct application down phone brands that are of higher price and when comparing just the line, while the researcher could focus more on a their physical product alone, by specifications, with the fundamental/part of certain subject. In this way, both parties competitive products, they might seem high in price. But the gain. Scientists/researchers could still be “true to their cause” by important thing here to consider is the additional/surrounding researching in fundamental science but the company can then services that are built/integrated with the device: stores, music narrow it down to the application. As a result of this service, cloud storage, synchronization, backup, location service, collaboration, a new IP (Intellectual Property) might arise and a … With this different overview, the mobile product is not just a patent application could get filed, hoping to get to the granted (overpriced, comparing just by physical) device but it is the (part patent (up to 20 times or more research points for the of a) mobile ecosystem. Similarly, if one views technology- researchers). Based on this IP, in parallel to patent application, transfer office (TTO) just as a “forwarding service”, that the researchers can also write (scientific) article on the very same forwards certain email/inquiry and establish contact, it might be subject, what is in fact promoted (but a patent application must harder for them to justify its size/function but if one sees the full of course be filed before the publication of the scientific article). spectrum of benefits of the TTO, then they will almost not want So in the end, the researchers could get scientific/publishing to do the contact/service themselves. credits (for article(s) and patent (application(s)), industry could Sometimes researchers think that it would be better to contact get the (cutting edge) innovation (and maybe granted patent) that certain company directly and not via TTO, especially if that is could lead them to more profits and, if all goes very well, the new allowed in the organization. But this might show problems down (foreground) IP could get licensed to the third parties (plural). the road, especially if there is a higher money involved. But it all begins with the proper “selling” to all parties of why Particular field when something might get wrong is the legal they should start to collaborate in the first place and to convince field, when drafting/signing the contract of potential them that they are not on different sides but on the same plane. collaboration. If the relationship between organizations is 284 established without the contract, that has its own problems since connected with the company/Institute abroad, later came back many things are undefined (for example use of logo/brand/name, with the request for a direct research cooperation or with the background IP etc.). Also, it is important to have companies on invitation to certain tender/call. The company, although had no stand-by, for certain tenders/opportunities which are hardly direct relationship with the Jožef Stefan Institute itself, later maintained by individuals and this is where the TT ecosystem realized the value added of the Institute and reached it for another comes in play. opportunities. The important thing is to keep ecosystem alive, to circle ideas and opportunities and sooner or later, due to pure As we see, it is important to have a established (organic) statistics - if nothing else, the seed of (another) opportunity begin ecosystem of technology transfer with all the essentials, such us: to sprout in the soil of the originator. legal assistance (drafting the contracts, managing the signing procedures), intellectual property (IP) rights guidance/management, informing companies of certain funding/financing and networking opportunities, organizing 5 BEST PRACTICES brokerage events, publishing and promoting profiles (offers, One of the recent good examples or best practices, is the requests) online for the companies that are in need of successful collaboration (that is ongoing and is evolving) product/service/research/technology or are looking to sell between the researchers from JSI and Slovenian company with product/service/technology, mediating/stimulating negotiations registered research group under the Slovenian Research Agency: (which is very critical in the beginning stages), mediating or ARIS. On the other side were the researchers from JSI. The “translating” between academia/researchers and whole collaboration started when the TTO/TTE sent particular companies/industry since there is a usually a very different funding opportunity to sourced companies that they believe language/focus between the two, etc. would be suitable. Once the company expressed interest and the technology needed by the SME was defined, the TTO/TTE located the appropriate researchers at the JSI. After the meeting, they agreed to apply for particular project together. After they 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION won the project and completed it, they later applied for a different It appears that one of the more effective ways, for the industry project of similar size. By this time, they got to know each other and academia to meet, is building and maintaining the TT quite well and they started to think/brainstorm, during one ecosystem with promoting of value added for all parties. The particular teleconference (TTO was guiding it), that maybe they researchers might get (scientific) credits while the industry should not just be looking/applying for certain projects, now that (companies) can increase their profits, either directly (by they found they are a good research consortium, but to propose optimizing certain parameters in certain areas: production, it/them. The idea then gained track, they filed a proposal for a logistics, material use etc.) or by gaining some technological fundamental project and won it. The company got the funds, the advantage (through innovation) in the market. researchers got the funds but also, due to fundamental project, The innovation is still one of the leading forces of progress researches will have the benefit to work on the fundamental or marketing advantage. “Innovate or die” is the motto by which research, which is their main purpose at the institute, to publish, many high-tech companies are driven by. The “host” for this to get research credits etc. The company got the material/base collaboration is a so-called TT ecosystem in which the that they can upgrade to more applicable/marketable version of relationship between academia (and basic science institutes) are the subject. All parties win. All this all due to the organic formed, maintained and stimulated. It is important to have as progress of relationship between the Institute and the company. much industry and researchers identified/catalogued and With such established relationship, specially with the ongoing connected as possible. Not unusually, the collaboration starts support from the TTE, the possibilities/options increased greatly even years after the first contact, when the right opportunity and also there is a potential for the foreground Intellectual arises or something/management change. It is important to Property (IP), further commercialization of joined (secret)know- design the organization around the idea of the importance of the how or IP etc. TT ecosystem. [2]. At the Jožef Stefan Institute there is a mentioned group of support units, known as Project and Innovation Support, that help to promote the TT idea itself and 6 CONCLUSIONS that also do (bi)weekly visits to Slovenian companies, that are Benefits of the Technology transfer ecosystem are hard to pre-identified/screened as having (the research envision at first but the more one work with(in) it, the greater the department/potential) with witch the group try to identify topics benefits presented. Many ask what is the purpose for a (basic) of possible cooperation and then try to match it with the research institute to connect the companies and opportunities researches at the Jožef Stefan Institute or, if there is no match at (specially abroad) but at the end there are many. By visiting the JSI, with the potential partners abroad. Potential companies, identifying their challenges, connecting them with topics/opportunities get forwarded, with the help of Enterprise other companies/institutions (abroad), that could solve their Europe Network project, to other organization (abroad) due to challenges, every once in a while, those companies (either the lack of resources at the Jožef Stefan Institute. At the first domestic or abroad) remembers the originator (the Jožef Stefan glance, this would seem as an opportunity wasted but due to this Institute in this example) and enters into a research partnership TT ecosystem idea, not so few times, the opportunity (later) or apply together for great(er) projects in (fundamental) research comes from a different path. For example, the company that we with the potential for further direct applications. Therefore, 285 everyone gains. EU also seem to support Improved technology transfer ecosystem and networks across Europe [3]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the colleagues at the Project and Innovation Support, Director's Office U1 and Information Society for all the support of contributing and organizing this event – ITTC16. REFERENCES [1] The Evolution of University Technology Transfer: By the Numbers https://ipwatchdog.com/2020/04/07/evolution-university-technology- transfer/id=120451/# (last accessed August 28, 2023) [2] The technology transfer ecosystem in academia. An organizational design perspective https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497217301657 (last accessed August 28, 2023) [3] Supporting Technology Transfer https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/practical-handbook-regional- authorities/ii-research-and-innovation/supporting-technology-transfer_en (last accessed August 28, 2023) 286 The Interconnection of Property Technology and Intellectual Property: Literature Review Marijana Ribičić† Innovation and Sustainable Business Management in Digital Society PhD student DOBA Business School Maribor Slovenia marijana.ribicic@net.doba.si ABSTRACT / POVZETEK integration of technology into offerings by financial services companies to improve their use and delivery to This paper presents a systematic literature review on the link consumers. ConTech is the construction technology that is between property technology and intellectual property. used for all the work that is done within the construction Property technology or PropTech is technology and industry. GreenTech was developed in response to climate innovation which improves various aspects of the real estate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. industry, etc. the optimization of the way people buy, sell and manage property. It may for example refer to property We can see, there are different areas in technology, especially management platforms, smart home technology, and data areas (niches) in PropTech. analytics for market insights, virtual property tools etc. Innovative technologies and solutions developed in the PropTech areas: PropTech sector often require legal protection through Real estate market various intellectual property mechanisms, however, our analysis shows, that there is not a single study analysing the Smart cities and building interconnection between intellectual property and PropTech Sharing economy innovation. Construction industry (ConTech) KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE Finance (FinTech) Property technology, PropTech, patents, intellectual property, IoT, Blockchain, GreenTech, FinTech, Startups, literature review Figure 1: PropTech is currently developing in several areas (PropTech in the narrowest sense) 1 INTRODUCTION We have three generations of PropTech (Baum, 2017), while the fourth generation is already mentioned (Ascendix Tech, The aim of this study is to explore the interconnection 2023). The current generation, PropTech 3.0 includes between property technology and intellectual property. different IT solutions: AI, IoT, Cloud Computing, Blockchain. So Dirst we must explain and deDine both terms. A blockchain is a distributed database or ledger shared among a computer network’s nodes. They are best known for 1.1. Property technology (PropTech) their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems for maintaining Property Technology or PropTech refers to the use of a secure and decentralized record of transactions, but they technology to streamline and improve the processes are not limited to cryptocurrency uses. involved in the real estate industry. PropTech means any The real estate industry faces the challenges of reducing technological solution in the real estate sector, be it 3D carbon emissions (Tan, 2023). Siniak et al (2020) say that the visualization, a platform to connect buyers and sellers of real concept of "PropTech 3.0: Real Estate of the Future" was estate, crowdfunding, FinTech, GreenTech the sharing developed in 2017 at the University of Oxford. Consequently, economy, smart cities, smart homes, smart contracts or BIM PropTech has become part of the digital transformations of (building information modeling). FinTech refers to the the property industry, in terms of driving the property ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note market and promoting radically new approaches to property †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note acquisition and management. The Croatian Chamber of Architects (2023) has developed Building Information Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or Modeling, a process of creating projects in the field of distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice construction through the creation of a virtual three- and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). dimensional information model of the building, with a strong Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia emphasis on the cooperation of all participants in the design © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 287 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia M. Ribicic process and participants in construction. This can be called edge. Trade secret protection is crucial to safeguard these as innovation in PropTech (ConTech). valuable assets from being misappropriated by competitors. PropTech is a new trend set to grow over time. The purpose 1.2.4 Trademarks: PropTech companies develop brands of PropTech is to transform the built world and make it more and logos to distinguish their products and services in the digital, more climate conscious and more efficient by market. applying innovative solutions. It encompasses a wide range of technologies such as software, hardware and data 1.2.5 Industrial designs: It can be assumed that PropTech analytics that are used to improve various aspects of the real companies involved in architecture and home interior design estate sector, including property management, construction, often register industrial design as a form of intellectual investment, and sales. PropTech has experienced a huge property. expansion in the last ten years. In the last three years, as companies rapidly develop new 1.1. Intellectual property (IP) innovative, technological solutions, the question arises IP refers to any intellectual creation, such as literary works, whether such IP is worth protecting and in what way? How artistic works, inventions, designs, symbols, names, images, is PropTech and IP connected? While (material) property in computer code, etc. IP law exists in order to protect the a business sense presents a tangible asset, IP is an intangible creators and inventors and covers areas of copyrights, trade asset, the successful exploitation of which can be a valuable secrets, trademarks, industrial designs and patents. There foundation and contribution to business. The purpose of this are also other forms of IP, such as geographical indicators, paper is to provide a systematic literature review of existing but we will focus only to forms which may be relevant to research on this topic. property technology. 2 METHODOLOGY Using Google Scholar on 06/24/2023, we found 149 results Industrial design that referenced ProptTech and intellectual property (I also try to search for specific form of IL) in the same article. Copyrights The searches were determined in this way: Patents Intel ectual • “intellectual property” AND “property technology” property OR PropTech • patent OR patents AND “property technology” OR Trade PropTech secrets • copyright OR copyrights AND “property Trade technology” OR “PropTech” marks • “industrial design” OR “industrial designs” AND “property technology” OR PropTech Figure 2: PropTech and intellectual property can be complementary in several ways • “trade secret” OR “trade secrets” AND “property technology” OR PropTech 1.2.1 Patents: PropTech often involves the development of • trademark OR trademarks AND “property novel hardware or software solutions that address specific technology” OR PropTech challenges in the real estate industry. These solutions may Where the quotation marks specify that a specific include unique devices, algorithms, or methods for property phrase should be selected and not each word management, data analytics, energy efficiency, and more. individually. Companies in the PropTech space may seek patents to protect their inventions from being copied or used without Then I carefully selected 30 scientific articles that mentioned permission. Patents provide exclusive rights to the inventor Real Estate Technology and IP or IP forms more than 3 times for a specific period, allowing them to control the use and in article. Then I analyzed all of 30 scientific aricles (see commercialization of their technology. attachment: Systematic data analysis). I excluded all articles 1.2.2 Copyrights: PropTech companies develop software that unrelatedly mention IP and technology (Real Estate, applications, platforms, websites, and other digital assets to PropTech, building technology etc.) I determined the most offer services such as property searches, virtual tours, and important papers and examined them in further detail based data analysis. Copyright protection may apply to the source on the number of times a paper mentions IP (or patents, code, user interfaces, graphics, and other creative elements of these digital products. Copyrights prevent unauthorized copyrights, etc.). At the end I have selected only 9 articles that copying or distribution of these works. have a link on IP with the possibility of application in some of 1.2.3 Trade Secrets: PropTech firms often create the real estate technologies. These articles are listed in the proprietary algorithms, databases, business processes, and last column as articles of high importance. other confidential information that give them a competitive 288 The Interconnection of Property Technology and Intellectual Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Property: literature review Slovenia 3 RESULTS remains largely unexplored by the academic community Here is a summary of these 9 relevant articles: (Friedman, 2020). Moreover, most of the literature on the real estate development process explains more about the 3.1 IP as Patents, Trademarks, Industrial construction process technology and financial technology, designs, Trade Secrets and Copyright in while other proprietary technologies are rarely mentioned Technology (Maududy and Gamal, 2019) and as we have shown above, 3.1.1. Non-fungible token (NFT). NFTs provide proof of no one has investigated the impact of IP on innovation or the ownership and the corresponding asset can only have one success of PropTech companies. owner at any given time (Zhang, 2023). Today, they are As can be seen, most articles are related to decentralized widely used by artists, musicians and brands to secure their technology (Blockchain), which is also related to the concept copyrights and IP. Based on the presented data, it can be of Web 3.0. The articles define specific research niches, but concluded that blockchain-supported technologies are we can conclude that there are many challenges, and that highly represented in published articles and journals, but significant research will be needed in this area. However, lack innovation, which is reflected in the number of there is, so far, not a single study detailing the impact of IP on published patents. Mixed reality technologies show strong PropTech innovation. As can be seen in the attachment, even maturity through published articles but have limited the most significant papers only superficially consider the research and development as indicated by the small number role of IP, although they confirm that IP has a significant role. of patents. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) PropTech has enormous innovation potential with the technologies show a balance between the number of arrival of the 5th industrial revolution and 4.0 PropTech published patents and articles Edge computing and smart revolutions (robotization, smart intelligence, smart contracts contracts have proven themselves great research interest with realization in the present time. .) and understanding and development due to the number of published patents. how innovative protected technological solutions can Namely, there are many published one articles on non- increase the revenue of PropTech companies is very fungible tokens, but a relatively small number of patents, important for both management researchers and managers. which may be a consequence overlapping with other NFT has significant potential in the domain of IP of PropTech technologies or due to the novelty of the technology itself. It solutions and this is the area of software protection. The is possible notice that there is a significantly higher number Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress has of published articles on AI technologies in relation to the reported that copyright law provides unsatisfactory number of published patents. protection for computer software. A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unique digital identifier that The book of Rushing & Brown (2019) analyses the is recorded on a blockchain and is used to certify ownership importance of the social rate of return on investments in new and authenticity. There is insufficient research on the use of technology and deals with a discussion of some policy issues NFTs in matters such as IP. Application for a patent and regarding IP rights. The less developed countries tend to feel trademark is not only a time-consuming process, but also that IP rights give inventors and innovators an undesirable extremely expensive (Mojtaba and others, 2022). monopoly on advanced technology that can be used to 3.1.2 Trade secrets and patents. One of the explanations extract unjustifiably high prices, as well as unwarranted is that FinTech (Imerman & Fabozzi, 2020) are used restrictions on the application of the technology. The main proprietary to generate profit, but when IP patented, it has point is that if one considers the long-run benefits for been published in the public domain and is therefore no economic growth resulting from IP protection, as well as the longer a "trade secret". Another source of risk in FinTech long-run costs in terms of economic stagnation when no stems from legal issues. Legal issues in FinTech is protection exists, the case for strengthening IP protection in particularly tricky because there is significant IP components developed and developing countries is very strong. Creating associated with these technologies, but financial services new types of output in such areas as biotechnology, companies are not known to obtain patents for their computer software, and information transmission, not technologies. considered in IP protection mechanisms, means that 3.1.3 Copyright. IP (Van Erp, 2019) law deal with maintaining a degree of protection requires flexibility in the problems, such as copyright and database law in European mechanism itself. The impact of IP protection on the firm's Union. There are several problems to solve at a more decision to allocate resources to research and development theoretical level on the way how to express such rights as (R&D) is clearly at the core of any discussion regarding an copyright. Technical developments go incredibly fast and IT optimal IP policy. From the firm's perspective, the degree of developers seem to overrun the law with their rallying cry protection afforded IP has an impact on its profits and that “computer code is law”. therefore on the amount of money that it invests in R&D. PropTech is also a collective term used to define startups that offer technologically innovative products and new business 4 DISCUSSION models for the real estate market. Proptech startups are From the systematic literature review we can conclude that important drivers of change in accelerating the digitization even scientific papers on PropTech are very new (very rare of buildings. While many researchers analyze the economic before 2018). Despite enormous potential, PropTech and environmental savings from the application of digital 289 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia M. Ribicic technology, far less attention has been paid to the challenges REFERENCES for PropTech startups to increase profits and become [1] Baum A, Braesemann F. (2020). PropTech: Turning sustainable businesses (Tan & Miller, 2023). Lawrence real estate into a data-driven market, University of (2023) says that European Proptech startups are thriving Oxford - Said Business School because they are changing the way real estate is bought, sold [2] Baum A. (2018). PropTech 3.0: the future of real and rented. estate, University of Oxford Those 9 articles talk about the application of innovations in [3] Consiglio, M. (2019), Enabling Business technology, but specifically not in PropTech. Therefore, the Transformation through Servitization: The role of interconnection between PropTech and IP presents an Open Innovation and Collaboration Strategies in important research niche. Commercial Real Estate A multiple Swedish businesses empirical analysis, Luiss Guido Carli Financing is growing, and companies are expanding their [4] Friedman, I. (2020). Rethinking PropTech: Drawing markets and developing new, innovative products. There are insights about the real estate many types of IP recognized by law, and each type provides technology industry through technical some form of protection to a person who has made the experimentation (Doctoral dissertation, creation. The basic idea behind various types of IP is to Carnegie Mellon University). provide an incentive to the owners to disclose the idea to the [5] Imerman, M. B., & Fabozzi, F. J. (2020). A conceptual public, so that others can further develop the technology, and framework for fintech innovation. Available at SSRN therefore, it leads to an overall growth of science and 3543810. technology. As logical as this may be, it has been criticized by [6] Maududy, C. F., & Gamal, A. (2019, January). Literature many people who follow an opposing school of thought review: the impact of property technology (PropTech) in property development. In 33rd International propose that IP rights serve as a tool to provide monopoly to Business Information Management Association large corporations, and it's difficult for smaller players to Conference: Education Excellence and Innovation invest in R&D as much as bigger companies, eventually, strict Management through Vision 2020, IBIMA 2019 (pp. implementations of IP laws kill the innovation and thus it 5370-5376). International Business Information defeats the sole purpose. There are two solutions for small Management Association, IBIMA. start-up companies in the fields of Proptech, Contech or [7] Mojtaba, S., Bamakan, H., Nezhadsistani, N., Bodaghi, Fintech: O., & Qiang Qu, &. (2022). Patents and intellectual property assets as • to book a presentation space on some PropTech non-fungible tokens; key fairs and secure a presence in the central technologies and challenges. innovation area. If this business idea has the power https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6 to disrupt the real estate industry, some investor [8] Rushing, F. W., & Brown, C. G. (2019). Intellectual will invest in R&D and IP proteciton and a new property rights in science, technology, and economic innovation will be born. performance: International comparisons. Intellectual Property Rights in Science, Technology, and Economic • to improve the actual situation defined by a lack of Performance: International Comparisons, 1–354. research, I recommend that academic institutions https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429044502 encourage more research on PropTech and its [9] Siniak, N., Kauko, T., Shavrov, S., & Marina, N. (2020). connection with innovation and IP. This can also be The impact of proptech on accomplished by offering relevant courses, real estate industry growth. IOP Conference Series: supporting doctoral-level research on the topic, Materials Science and and engaging industry-academy consortium Engineering, 869(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757- research projects. 899X/869/6/062041 [10] Sako, M., & Qian, M (2021), A taxonomy for technology • academic institutions can further encourage venture Ecosystems, University of Oxford ProptTech startups to cooperate with them to [11] Tan, Z., & Miller, N. G. (2023). Connecting improve their products and services and underpin Digitalization and Sustainability: the growth of the industry as a whole. Proptech in the Real Estate Operations and Management. Journal of Sustainable • academic institutions can support founding of spin- Real Estate, 15(1). out and spin-off PropTech enterprises. https://doi.org/10.1080/19498276.2023.2203292 [12] Trianni, A., Bennett, N., Cantley-Smith, R., Cheng, C. T., The practical application of innovations on PropTech cannot Dunstall, S., Hasan, A. M., Katic, M., Leak, J., Lindsay, D., yet be fully explored, until there will be more research papers Pears, A., Tito Whealand, F., White, S., & Zeichner, F in the field of IP and PropTech. (2022), Industry 4.0 for energy productivity Opportunity Assessment Final report for Business ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / ZAHVALA Program Industry 4.0 for energy productivity for I would like to thank Dr. Ana Hafner who has been energy productivity-Opportunity Assessment for instrumental in furthering my understanding of intellectual Research Theme B2, Final Report 2B Project team, property. Cooperative Research Centre Program Her guidance and support are invaluable to me. [13] Van Erp S. (2019). Land registration and “disruptive” (or “trustworthy”?) technologies: Tokenisation of 290 The Interconnection of Property Technology and Intellectual Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Property: literature review Slovenia immovable property Sjef van Erp. University of Maastricht (The Netherlands) [14] Zhang, S. (2023) WEB 3.0 Disruption and adoption in Real Estate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology A ATTACHED DOCUMENT A.1 Research method of articles considering, together, PropTech and intellectual property 291 An Information-Centric Perspective on Data Jože M. Rožanec† Lola Montero Santos Giacomo Delinavelli Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Department of Law Arthur's Legal Jožef Stefan Institute European University Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ljubljana, Slovenia Florence, Italy delinavelli@arthurslegal.com joze.rozanec@ijs.si lola.monterosantos@eui.eu ABSTRACT conceive learning goals in different ways. Among these paradigms, we find unsupervised learning, supervised learning, While the focus of information theory, science, and technology and reinforcement learning [2]. Unsupervised learning aims to is information, most of the current legal and regulatory learn from unlabeled data for clustering, density estimation, or frameworks focus on data and portability, disregarding the dimensionality reduction. Supervised learning aims to learn the information aspect, and therefore fail to successfully achieve association between input vectors and dependent variables their goals. The paper presents an information-centric (classification or regression settings). Finally, reinforcement perspective on data. Furthermore, it argues that data ownership learning aims to find suitable actions in a particular situation that could enable additional regulatory aspects while being key to maximize a reward and help achieve a certain goal. In develop a data market and a data value chain. Moreover, some reinforcement learning the algorithm interacts with the ideas are drafted on how the value of information could be environment by trial and error, exploring actions and context to attributed across different stages of the data value chain. learn something new, and exploiting gained knowledge to attain KEYWORDS the final goal. In every case, the relevant knowledge toward the specific goal is different. Furthermore, it can be conveyed using Data, Theory of value, Data value chain, different modalities (tabular data, graph data, sequence data, or image data). 1 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DATA While commodities usually are subject to divisibility, appropriability, scarcity, and display decreasing returns to use, it 1.1 Who or what generates data? has been observed that information is not easily divisible, and its Data is defined by Bygrave [4] as " signs, patterns, characters or value often increases with its use [9]. While data is abundant and symbols which potentially represent some thing (a process or can be replicated arbitrarily, the scarcity could arise from the object) from the ‘real world’ and, through this representation, finite amount of means to replicate, process and store the data. may communicate information about that thing". Nevertheless, From the abovementioned observations, multiple Gellert [8] notes that the definition of data and the distinction considerations arise, which we briefly introduce in the following between information and data remain a matter of discussion. Two sections. kinds of data generation processes exist. First, we find sensors that observe certain phenomena (either physical or virtual) and 1.3 How informative is the data? quantify them. Second, we find processes that generate synthetic Many approaches and metrics have been developed to measure data based on previous knowledge about something they aim to the amount of information present in the data. Among common emulate (e.g., heuristics or machine learning models for synthetic measures we find the Shannon entropy, mutual information, and data generation). directed information. The Shannon entropy measures the degree to which the data is unexpected: the higher the unexpectedness 1.2 What makes data valuable? of the data, the higher the information value it holds. Conditional Data is not sought by the data itself, but for the information it entropy measures the degree of unexpectedness of a variable contains. While information has been defined in many ways, it is given the value of another known variable. Mutual information generally understood as the knowledge communication [5]. That assumes two random variables are given and measures how much knowledge is sought at a particular time with a particular goal in information about one variable can be drawn by observing the mind, and the value of the information is related to that goal [1]. second one. Finally, given a pair of sequences, the directed The increasing adoption and use of machine learning fosters information measure the extent to which one sequence is relevant an increasing demand for data suitable for satisfying the for causal inference on the other one. particular goals the machine learning models are trained for. In In machine learning, there is an interest in understanding what the machine learning realm, multiple paradigms exist and they is invariant and what is noise across datasets and contexts. The capacity to discriminate between information and noise is a key †Corresponding author: joze.rozanec@ijs.si aspect of learning [16]. While in this context valuable data would Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or be the one that provides information that displays little classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed correlation to already known independent variables, such for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must information could still be useful to a person for the sake of be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). context (e.g., while economic growth is usually correlated with Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). employment rates, and using both may be meaningless for a 292 machine learning algorithm in certain cases, they may still be past patterns do not provide insights into current fraud valuable to a person). strategies), some other may be lightly affected by time (e.g., prices in inflationary context), or may not be affected by time at 1.4 Do we have substitutes? all (e.g., landscape images). When the underlying semantics A key aspect that defines the economic behavior of consumers change (e.g., new types of fraud emerge and old ones disappear) with respect to a given product in the market, is whether a good there is little that can be done to avoid data depreciation. substitute product exists for it. The demand for substitute Nevertheless, when the semantics remain the same but changes products shows a negative correlation: the demand for one in the data distribution are observed, we speak about data drift. product reduces or replaces the need for the other. Substitutes of Data drift can be mitigated to a certain extent with strategies that a particular data variable would be any kind of data that displays learn how to align past and current data distributions (e.g., a high enough degree of mutual information. through Monge mapping). While not always feasible, such alignment could extend the lifecycle for certain data if required. 1.5 Data enrichment Anyway, the existence of different data lifecycles requires When considering learning goals for a specific machine learning different depreciation strategies to be considered in each case. algorithm, we may find that a single data variable will unlikely be able to describe complex relations observed in the real world. 2 DATA: ITS VALUE AND PRICING Therefore, data enrichment is required to join multiple data variables describing the different aspects of the real world, and 2.1 Theories of value therefore providing new information to the machine learning A key question in economic theory regards the value of goods model or the person consuming it. and their price. In his work " An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" [13], Adam Smith presented 1.6 Data elasticity the water-diamond paradox: water, which is required for life, is The demand for a certain product is considered elastic when the far less expensive than diamonds, which have very limited use. demanded quantity of a product changes more than The subjective theory of value solved the paradox by claiming proportionally when its price increases or decreases. While that the value of the asset is determined by the consumer, based product elasticity is usually considered in the realm of physical on the marginal utility. The theory explains that while water, in products, intangible assets could also display elastic behavior. total, is more valuable than the diamonds, water is plentiful, and E.g., people would be more or less likely to disclose some diamonds are scarce. Therefore, an additional unit of diamonds sensitive information based on the perceived benefit. The exceeds the value of an additional unit of water. Nevertheless, perceived benefit could be considered the price of that piece of does the paradox hold in the realm of data? The paradox supposes data, paid either in kind (e.g., access to a product feature), money four key properties are observed in most assets: appropriability, (either selling or renting the data), or both. A particular example divisibility, scarcity, and the display of decreasing returns to use. could be access to data describing typing patterns. Such data Appropriability relates to the ownership of data. While data is could be used for continuous authentication of a person using a not divisible per se, divisibility could be derived from ownership: particular hardware (e.g., ensuring only the owner uses a access to data could be granted by extending ownership, through particular device) [7, 15], or for early disease diagnosis [10]. In a lease, or as a donation. While data is abundant and can be each case, the person could grant access to the data in exchange replicated arbitrarily, the scarcity could arise from the finite for (a) a digital good (e.g., a typing profile), (b) some service amount of means to replicate, process and store the data, and (e.g., authentication, (continuous) identity verification, or from the fact that ownership should be respected. Finally, the disease diagnostics, or (c) money obtained from data leased or decreasing returns in the realm of data could be associated to the sold at an aggregate level (e.g., for analytic purposes, such as its degree of information that each new piece of data provides. This use within the scope of the research of a given disease, public is likely to diminish over time. Nevertheless, a fifth factor must health policy planning, or market research). While in (b) the be considered: the malleability of the asset under consideration, person would benefit from the service and eventually pay an defined as how a certain asset can be used. The higher the additional fee for it, in (c) the person could perceive a fraction of malleability, the greater the market potential and its potential the money paid to access some of the data he owns. We devote demand. While physical assets have a limited range of uses, each part of Section 2.3 to weight the benefits and drawbacks of piece of data can be used for a virtually infinite amount of granting access to data permanently, and the benefits and applications, and therefore directly impacting its value. drawbacks of selling or leasing data. Nevertheless, the subjective value assigned to data in each case may not directly correlate to its pricing. Data can be used in 1.7 Data amortization applications that have different value regimes, centered on Amortization refers to the accounting method used to expense different value forms (e.g., economic or aesthetic), each of them the cost of intangible assets over their expected lifetime for tax subject to different internal dynamics [3]. or accounting purposes. Amortization is analogous to the Bolin [3] considers that the following aspects are relevant to depreciation of physical assets. The costs are expensed to reflect data valuation: (a) data is transient (the value of data diminishes the asset's loss of value over time (e.g., in physical assets this over time), (b) it requires human involvement to be generated could be due to the wearing out with their use over time). Without and processed, (c) data will never be exhausted as long as there delving into the details of data amortization, it can be observed is human activity, (d) and it is a non-rivalrous good. We agree that not all data was created equal: while certain data wears out with the author that data requires human involvement to be with time (e.g., fraud patterns change over time, and, therefore, generated and processed. Furthermore, we consider both 293 properties as the foundation of data ownership. Nevertheless, we be used, the privacy implications, and the estimated price a piece consider that while (a) is true for certain cases, many phenomena of data has on the market. The dashboard should also display described by data remains invariant through time (e.g., images which websites /applications/legal entities are accessing the data describing a landscape). Moreover, technological degradation or have accessed it in the past, the time span for which they stored could impact the ability to produce data. Finally, we agree that the data, the purpose for which they use it, and their price data is a non-rivalrous good (the use of data by a company does offerings. Finally, it should provide data administration tools to not infringe upon others' use of it). Jones [11] considers this has operate with the data supporting e.g., the deletion of certain data at least two consequences: (a) it cannot be priced if not legally to anyone who acquired it in the past, disable its further use, or restricted (ownership attributed to it), and (b) there may be grant it to some particular entity or anyone interested in it. potentially large gains by using it broadly. Furthermore, it Such a dashboard could be a product created and marketed by considers that giving data property rights could generate nearly any company interested in providing such oversight. The optimal allocations. While we agree that data should be given companies would not store the data: the dashboard would just property rights, we consider that two dimensions of data value issue API calls to any third parties and keep track of what data must be considered: the ownership of data and the information was given or not to particular websites/applications/legal entities. contained in the data. While the data ownership enables selling Furthermore, such implementation would provide a default and or renting a particular piece of data, the information contained in full GDPR-compliant interface e.g., ensuring the right to data a piece of data may be shared by a wide range of data. We deletion, which under existing implementations is hard to realize. elaborate further on this concept in Section 2.3, linking this We consider key to data privacy that such dashboards are property to data pricing. associated with distributed identities [6]. Furthermore, such a distributed identity could be associated with multiple virtual 2.2 Owning data wallets to preserve data owners anonymity and enable the trading Ownership is considered a key aspect of pricing. While some of data. authors argue that data exhibits traits of a public good (public Data intermediaries. To increase data marketing power and goods are non-excludable (it is costly or impossible to exclude in the interest of privacy, persons could provide some of their someone from using the asset) and non-rivalrous) data is not non- data to data intermediaries who would market the data or excludable per se. Therefore, while some data could be legally aggregated data to interested parties under particular terms of turned into non-excludable (e.g., due to public interest or the use. This would help such parties to acquire a critical mass of owners' will), by default, it should be considered private property data of interest while also increase price negotiation power on under the scheme of data markets. We ground this claim in the behalf of the data producers. The Data Governance Act has fact that all data is collected as a result of human intervention and already established a legal framework and certain governance certain investments, and therefore fulfilling the criteria that standards for data intermediation services [12]. ownership is gained by doing some work. Nevertheless, data has Pricing data. When pricing data, we consider that for each the particular characteristic that its value relates to the piece of data two things must be considered: (i) the (ownership information it holds, which (i) by the definition of information of the) data itself, and (ii) the information contained by the data. relates to a certain goal, and (ii) can be found in other pieces of While the data is owned by someone, the information cannot be data that may be owned by other people. Therefore, while data is owned exclusively and is shared across many pieces of data. owned by the person or entity producing it, the ownership over Therefore, data pricing should consider (i) the compensation paid the information cannot be enforced and could be shared based on to the owner for the right to exploit the piece of data with a data ownership attribution. particular goal, which accounts for the information value of the data in that particular case, and (ii) the compensation paid to 2.3 Pricing data anyone who has a piece of data that shares some amount of the Usually, consumers are willing to pay a higher price for products information extracted from the piece of data mentioned above. they consider to be of higher value. Therefore, how should data The second compensation is rooted in the fact that given the data be priced? Spiekermann et al. [14] explored a user-centered value is a non-rivalrous good, a single piece of data could be arbitrarily theory for personal data. Based on experimental research, the selected and exploited without limit, inducing a certain loss to authors concluded that (a) most people are not aware that their the rest of the owners of pieces of data that contains similar data may have a market potential, (b) awareness that there is a information. The compensation should alleviate that loss. This market for data influences the perceived value of data, (c) the second component could be fixed, the amount established by a value of data correlates with engagement and psychological regulatory entity and paid to a third party, in a similar manner as ownership (e.g., in a certain application or platform), and (d) lack public performance royalties are managed, collected and of control over how data is used likely leads people to abandon distributed by performance rights organizations in the music the data market. industry. The royalties would be distributed based on the fraction Data ownership and administration. To solve issues related of information shared by a particular piece of data for which the to peoples' ignorance about data market potential, ensure their royalty was paid, and the data owned by a particular person or psychological ownership and grant them control on how the data legal entity. We consider that such an information-sharing-based is used, we propose regulation should mandate that browsers and compensation schema would help to solve attribution issues that devices must have a data management dashboard linked to a arise from generative artificial intelligence models, where no digital profile. Such a dashboard could display what data is being direct attribution to a digital work exists. Furthermore, it would collected and provide a typified description on how this data can solve issues that arise from competing interests between open- 294 sourced datasets and private datasets that could contain similar data owners renting or selling their data, (iii) data owners information, compensating for the loss caused to owners of compensated (given data shared by third parties contains certain private datasets due to the adoption of opensource (free) ones. degree of the information contained by their data), (iv) some This is particularly relevant given the non-rivalrous nature of regulatory entity ensuring such compensations take place, and data. (v) a person or company that owns and develops the product. Renting data. While data could be sold, we consider data renting to provide a more appropriate framework. By renting 3 CONCLUSIONS data, the data producers retain the rights to the data and therefore In this paper we have briefly described some considerations can decide at any moment to stop sharing it, relocate it, or delete regarding the value of data. We consider data ownership is key it, among other choices. Data rental could provide a solution to to realizing data markets, where data rental would provide means the data portability issue: since the company would not own the to not only pay data owners for their data, but also provide a data, the data generator retains the right to move the data technical solution that enables the realization of privacy rights. somewhere else. Therefore, it could be considered that Furthermore, we propose the compensation of data owners based companies take the cost of hosting data as part of the exchange on the information contained within their data and the data shared price for data. Nevertheless, they could be mandated to offer a by third parties. Finally, we propose a data value chain portability service (export some or all of the data producer data on request, for a given fee), to honor the ability to relocate the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS data. Furthermore, such a service should guarantee that exported data can be understood (e.g., by providing a minimal amount of This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency, the metadata, with a good-enough semantic description). Specialized European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program project Graph-Massivizer under grant agreement HE- companies could provide hosting services for exported data if a 101093202 and EU H2020 project STAR under grant agreement person just wants to move the data from some company to avoid H2020-956573. losing it when denying further use of it. Furthermore, competing companies could assume the costs of porting data between REFERENCES platforms as a means to lure new consumers to start using their [1] Bedford, Norton M., and Mohamed Onsi. 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Rožanec Law PhD Researcher Artificial Intelligence Laboratory European University Institute Jožef Stefan Institute Florence, Italy Ljubljana, Slovenia lola.monterosantos@eui.eu joze.rozanec@ijs.si ABSTRACT This paper advocates for the establishment of AI regulatory 2 KEY ASPECTS OF THE AI ACT sandboxes in the European Union to enable responsible testing To understand the content of this paper, some concepts contained of AI systems in real-life conditions. By aligning the sandbox in the AI Act need to be introduced and clarified. modalities with the risk tiers of the AI Act, a smooth transition from research to testing of AI systems is ensured. The framework 2.1 A Tiered Approach Towards Risk emphasizes the oversight and compliance obligations needed for the desired outcomes to be realised. This will foster AI Research The Proposed AI Act regulates AI systems based on a tiered & Innovation in the European Union, delivering benefits for approach towards risk. It differentiates between (i) unacceptable society and ethical legally conforming AI technologies. risk AI systems, to be outlawed; (ii) high risk AI systems; and (iii) low or minimal risk AI systems. Moreover, the Proposed AI KEYWORDS Act sets two categories of high risk AI systems: those characterized by their use as safety components of specific AI systems, knowledge transfers, EU regulation products, and those with implications for fundamental rights. Thus, both the purpose of the AI system and the technologies it 1 INTRODUCTION utilizes will be key factors in determining the risk category of the AI system. The Final AI Act is expected to follow this structure. The European Union (EU) is currently deploying or getting ready However, the specific traits defining what makes the AI systems to deploy several regulatory instruments to deliver a Union “fit fall within each category of risk have still not been set. The Final for the digital age”[1]. The not-yet adopted Artificial Intelligence AI Act will likely follow the Proposed AI Act in providing (AI) Act, is one of them. It imposes obligations on providers, flexibility for the expansion or modification in the future of the makers, and facilitators of AI systems, as well as on users of AI traits of AI systems that define them as high risk. systems or their outputs. The specifics of what constitutes an AI Moreover, the Council and the EP agree with the Proposed AI system, the obliged parties, and the conditions these must abide Act that high risk AI systems will need to be assessed before by are still being discussed. The European Commission (EC) being put on the market and throughout their lifecycle, while released its Proposed AI Act in 2021 [2]. The Council [3] and the limited-risk AI systems will only need to comply with European Parliament (EP) [4], have both released their amended transparency requirements, enabling users to make informed versions of the text. These bodies are now engaged in decisions as to engaging with them. To ease the transition of AI interinstitutional negotiations, which will deliver the Final AI systems from the inception stage to the market stage, the Act, expected by the end of 2023. regulation puts forth the creation of AI regulatory sandboxes The operational functioning of the AI Act will be set at a later (sandboxes). stage through implementing acts. However, the content of these documents indicates that regulatory sandboxes will be the chosen 2.2 AI Regulatory Sandboxes environments for the development of safe AI Research & The Proposed AI Act envisions controlled environments for the Innovation (R&I). This paper argues that AI regulatory testing and refinement of AI models, named AI regulatory sandboxes should be structured following the tiered approach sandboxes. These are intended to allow obliged parties to ensure towards risk that characterises the AI Act, as the space where that the AI systems comply with the AI Act obligations and to certain AI systems can be tested before being placed in the provide feedback on potential risks before such risks can be market. This framework for AI regulatory sandboxes will favour realized in society. This includes instances of substantial the growth of AI technologies in the EU and bring about benefits modifications of the AI system which motivates the need for a to society. new conformity assessment. Sandboxes are also intended to enhance legal certainty for AI system innovators. The concept of regulatory sandboxes is not new. They have Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or been analysed in the literature as experimental regulatory classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full instruments “offer[ing] the flexibility, adaptability, room for citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must compromise, and innovation-friendliness required by novel be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). technological developments” [5]. Regulatory sandboxes have Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). already been implemented across jurisdictions, especially in the 296 financial sector. They serve companies to test the potential framework can enjoy a presumption of legal conformity and will compliance of new business models [6]; and regulators to not be subjected to administrative fines for eventual understand the evolution of new technologies [7] and develop infringements of AI systems legislation, even if they remain “evidence-based lawmaking” [8]. liable for the damages they may cause. The Council and EP agree on the creation of AI regulatory In terms of the appropriateness of mainlining the sandboxes. Both bodies consider that the specific conditions for responsibility for potential liability damages during the duration the establishment of these environments need to be developed of the sandboxes, the question remains open in the academic through later delegated implementing acts. Thus, the actual sphere. One side agrees with maintaining liability, as the EC and functioning and structure of AI regulatory sandboxes will depend Council defend, arguing that this is necessary for consumer on the implementing acts to be developed and adopted after the protection and the keeping of trust. However, others consider this Final Text of the AI Act becomes law. The current vision approach too onerous, warning that it may disincentivise regarding regulatory sandboxes described in the Proposed AI Act innovation, and harm smaller players in the market who could be and the amendments adopted by the Council and EP burdened by extensive legal obligations even before fully contemplates the following stages: operating in the market. [9] 2.2.1 Establishing AI regulatory sandboxes. Specific competent authorities at the Member State(s) and (or) the EU will 2.3 Research Activities & the AI Act oversee the accreditation and auditing of these spaces, following The Proposed AI Act did not include a provision excluding AI given rules and principles. The competent authorities have research activities from its scope of application. However, both discretionary powers to adapt their tasks to specific AI sandbox the Council and the EP have brought forth this exemption in their projects. adopted amendments. This suggests that the Final AI Act will set 2.2.2 Conditions of operation of the AI regulatory sandbox. a different framework for such activities. The operation of the AI regulatory sandbox, including the The Council desires to amend Article 2 of the AI Act to procedure to apply for its utilization, the eligibility criteria, the explicitly exclude its application to AI systems “specifically rights and obligations of participants, duration, and other aspects developed and put into service for the sole purpose of scientific of operating the AI regulatory sandbox will be set in research and development”, as well as “any research and implementing acts. These sandboxes will be under the direct development activity” [3]. Meanwhile, the EP would amend supervision, guidance, and support of the national competent Article 2 to exclude AI systems research, testing and authority. These are key aspects for the proper functioning and development activities “prior to this system being placed on the the effectiveness of regulatory sandboxes, as explained by market or put into service” [4]. Neither of these suggested Ranchordas [5]. exclusions, however, sufficiently pre-empt potential risks. 2.2.3 Modalities of AI regulatory sandboxes. Possibly, This paper argues that for this exemption to operate, the different modalities of AI regulatory sandboxes should exist. All research activity must be performed ensuring the absence of sandboxes are intended to deliver controlled environments, harm to people. Otherwise, research activities that require permitting the assessment of AI systems before facing full-scale interaction with people (e.g., to gather behavioural insights, regulatory requirements in real life. The specific requirements people-facing testing, etc.) could be wrongfully placed outside and scenarios of different sandboxes are likely to depend on the the scope of the regulation. This could lead to the same societal individual function, technology, or purpose of the given AI harms that the AI Act is explicitly tasked to avoid. Thus, this systems they are envisioned to assess. latter type of research activities should also be conducted within 2.2.4 Testing and assessment of AI systems. The sandbox is the scheme of AI regulatory sandboxes, and their appropriate designed to identify the risks of the AI system, with the purpose controlled environment. of both classifying the AI system accordingly and assuring that the AI system complies with the corresponding rules and obligations. The methods utilized in the AI regulatory sandbox 3 AI REGULATORY SANDBOXES THAT must be geared towards the identification of risks and their FOSTER SAFE AI RESEARCH AND mitigation to ensure legal compliance with the AI systems. The INNOVATION AI regulatory sandboxes should focus on dangers to fundamental This section argues for the incorporation of three key traits into rights, democracy, the rule of law, health, and the environment. the framework of AI regulatory sandboxes, either within the AI These are, especially, distinguishing traits of high risk AI itself or its delegated implementing acts, for the sandboxes to systems. This way, AI sandboxes can enable truly responsible serve as effective environments for the development of innovation. transparent and responsible AI innovation and safe AI systems: 2.2.5 Cooperation among AI Regulatory Sandboxes. The (1) making AI regulatory sandboxes the environment for the competent authorities should cooperate and coordinate their controlled testing of AI systems in real-life scenarios, (2) activities. When possible, cross-border cooperation should be creating different modalities of sandboxes following the tiered facilitated. This is essential to prevent differences across risk approach of the AI Act and (3) outlining some common Member States, and to assure the maintenance of the free requirements for all types of regulatory sandboxes. They also movement of products and services in the Union's internal recognize the varying complexities and potential impacts of market. different AI technologies, ensuring that regulatory oversight is 2.2.6 Exclusion of administrative fines by using AI regulatory proportionate and targeted to foster the transfer of AI knowledge sandboxes. The sandbox participants that have respected the to society. rules and procedures set within the AI regulatory sandbox 297 3.1 The Shaping of the AI Act Regulatory modality are to enable entities to (1) test their AI system, to Sandboxes as the Environment for Real-Life assess whether it is high risk, and (2) if the AI system is high risk, Testing to determine what mitigating factors can be implemented, and if the implemented mitigated factors are sufficient. The utilisation The Council and EP agree that the ‘placing in the market’ of the of this type of sandbox could be voluntary or compulsory. The AI system should be the moment when the AI Act is triggered, choice depends on the ability of certification bodies to establish and the AI system needs to fully comply with the legal sufficient high risk AI systems regulatory sandboxes, and the obligations within the AI Act. This circumstance is understood associated benefits the entities utilising them could enjoy. as the moment in time in which “[a product] is first supplied for Making the utilisation of this sandbox compulsory is the most distribution, consumption or use on the market in the course of a effective way of assuring that high risk AI systems conform to commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of the law before being placed in the market. If the utilisation of this charge” [10]. However, research activities that interact with sandbox is made voluntary, its use could provide the entity with people in the real world should be covered by AI safeguards, and a fast-tracking process in the third-party conformity assessment regulatory sandboxes could provide the entities with means for a procedure all high risk AI systems must undergo. progressive transition towards the full applicability of the AI Act. Moreover, certain entities utilising this type of sandbox could Currently, the Council and the EP diverge on whether entities be given access to a ‘nursery status’, a concept developed in other should be given the possibility to test AI systems in real-life jurisdictions. This status acts as a transitional phase where settings. The Council considers that this should be enabled, under companies, especially startups, can continue to receive targeted specific conditions and safeguards, within AI regulatory support even after exiting the sandbox environment. This sandboxes. The EP, however, would not exempt the testing of the responds to the fact that startups often rely heavily on the AI system in real-world conditions from the full application of guidance provided during the sandbox period, unlike established the AI Act. This paper argues that enabling real-life testing in companies that are more experienced in the field of regulatory regulatory sandboxes is the safest and most significant manner in compliance. The nursery status recognizes that, mitigating the which the AI Act can foster AI R&I while preserving the trust risks of no longer being exempt from regulatory consequences, and safety of the people. Real-life testing is necessary. This is in and facing real-world responsibilities (including potential fines), line with the ordinary operation of entities in the market. For by offering increased support. This continued assistance helps example, companies incrementally test whether the changes they organizations meet regulatory requirements and build the implement are successful and behave as expected. If so, they necessary experience in a more controlled setting, serving as a propagate the changes to the rest of their goods or services, while period of growth. [11] if issues are identified, they revert to the previous version and resolve them. 3.3 Common requirements for all Regulatory Carrying out this process for the real-life testing of AI Sandboxes systems within AI regulatory sandboxes, where approval of the AI system is needed before it can be fully released to the market, Regulatory sandboxes must adhere to certain common enables the avoidance of misconduct or abuse. It also ensures that requirements to ensure that AI systems and other innovative risks are properly identified and mitigated and that by the end of technologies go through real-life testing within controlled and the sandbox period, the outcomes are fully compliant with legally compliant environments. These minimum terms and existing regulations. conditions must be explicitly defined, as part of the procedure to establish the regulatory sandbox. The requirements for limited- 3.2 Regulatory Sandboxes Based on the AI’s minimal risk AI sandboxes can be adjusted, reflecting the lower Tiered Approach Towards Risk danger posed by such AI systems. This section argues that all AI regulatory sandboxes must meet the following criteria: This paper argues that AI regulatory sandboxes should be 3.3.1 The identification of the AI system features that are structured following the tiered approach towards risk that being tested. This encompasses understanding not only what characterises the AI Act. Two modalities of regulatory functionalities are being tested but also why and how they are sandboxes can be created according to the potential risk the being assessed. The supervisory authority will not have direct tested AI systems can generate. These modalities would be access to the code itself and must safeguard sensitive and(or) foundational, but not exhaustive; others can be created based on proprietary information, allowing innovation to flourish without criteria such as the sector where the AI system would be undue risk of exposure. deployed. 3.3.2 The proportion, composition, and selection of users 3.2.1 Regulatory sandboxes for limited-risk AI systems. This subjected to testing. Users should be made aware that they are sandbox would serve to test new limited-risk AI systems, or those engaging with an AI system that is being tested, and must provide which are already in the market, but are being applied to an their consent. For instance, if a financial institution is offering a additional or different purpose. Access to such a sandbox should new credit product based on an experimental algorithm, be voluntary, and legal requirements less strict. customers must be informed that this offering is not part of the 3.2.2 Regulatory sandboxes for (potentially) high risk AI financial institution’s regular operation. systems. This sandbox would test new high risk applications, or 3.3.3 The time frame for testing, with provisions to interrupt existing high risk AI systems for a new purpose. This sandbox it. The complexity of the technology and the nature of the testing should also be utilised if the entity is unsure about the risk environment should justify the start and end dates of the classification of the AI system. The main purposes of this 298 regulatory sandbox. Crucially, provisions must be made to allow thereby minimizing early-stage abandonment and enhancing the for an immediate interruption of the testing if insurmountable flow of innovative solutions into the marketplace. risks arise, with an identification of the measures set to identify such a situation. 3.3.4. Documentation and timestamping. Entities benefiting 5 CONCLUSION from regulatory sandboxes must develop rigorous This paper contends that AI regulatory sandboxes must be documentation. This may include timestamps indicating when established as the natural environment for the controlled testing specific documents, descriptions, or test plans were submitted. of AI systems within the EU. By aligning sandboxes with the As a counterpart, entities could utilise this document to undergo tiered risk approach of the AI Act, two main modalities of AI or strengthen their claims over intellectual property rights. Regulatory Sandboxes can be created, tailored to the potential limited-minimal risk, or high-level risk of the AI system. This structure not only facilitates a seamless transition from research 4 BENEFITS OF REGULATORY to testing but also ensures strict, transparent oversight of AI SANDBOXES technologies. By integrating provisions for user consent, Regulatory sandboxes can be constituted as the best environment intellectual property protection, defined time frames, and to achieve legally conforming AI systems being released to the safeguards against risks, these measures will propel the growth market. They entail benefits for the various stakeholders: of AI technologies in the Union, while allowing the systematic and informed integration of AI technologies into broader societal 4.1 AI System Innovator contexts and applications. The AI regulatory sandbox enables the testing of new technologies that do not yet exist in the market and may therefore ACKNOWLEDGMENTS still not be subjected to a given classification, or which need to This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency and be modified to mitigate risks. In cases where the use of the AI the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation regulatory sandbox has not served to prevent the materialisation program project Graph-Massivizer under grant agreement HE- of risk, the company utilizing the AI system may still be 101093202. considered liable for the harms incurred, but the companies will not be fined for unexpected harms of the AI system. REFERENCES The UK experience with regulatory sandboxes reveals other [1] von der Leyen U, ‘Political Guidelines for the next European Commission 2019-2024’ (2019) 13. associated benefits. Among them, sandboxes have been found to [2] European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European improve access to capital, as firms operating within these Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial controlled environments often find it easier to secure investment. intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts 2021 [COM(2021) 206 final]. Released on 21 April 2021. These firms are also more likely to remain in operation and even [3] Amendments of the Council of the European Union on the Proposed AI secure a patent. Sandboxes also significantly reduce the time and Act. Interinstitutional File: 2021/0106(COD) 14954/22. Adopted on 25 November 2022. cost of getting products to market, a factor that is particularly [4] Amendments of the European Parliament on the Proposed AI Act. File: beneficial for first-time innovators. [12] P9_TA(2023)0236. Adopted on 14 June 2023. [5] Ranchordas S, ‘Experimental Lawmaking in the EU: Regulatory Sandboxes’ (2021) 4.2 AI System Regulators [6] ‘Regulatory Sandbox’ (FCA, 1 March 2022) The regulatory sandboxes permit the establishment of feedback [7] Ahern DM, ‘Regulatory Lag, Regulatory Friction and Regulatory loops in the regulation. Regulators themselves can observe if the Transition as FinTech Disenablers: Calibrating an EU Response to the sandboxes are meeting their desired goals, or whether some AI Regulatory Sandbox Phenomenon’ (22 September 2021) systems need to transit from one category of risk to another. In [8] Pop F and Adomavicius L, ‘Sandboxes for Responsible Artificial cases of AI systems causing harm despite being considered Intelligence’ (European Institute of Public Administration 2021) Briefing legally compliant by AI regulatory sandboxes, the regulators can update the functioning of the AI regulatory sandboxes, to avoid [9] Truby J, Brown RD, Ibrahim IA and Parellada OC, ‘A Sandbox Approach this from happening again. to Regulating High-Risk Artificial Intelligence Applications’ (2022) 13 European Journal of Risk Regulation 270 sandboxes would enable this, but also an increased degree of [10] UK notice ‘Definition of ‘placing on the market’ before and after the UK leaves the EU, if there’s no Brexit deal’ positive spillover effects for society. The sandbox, by improving [11] Johnson WG, ‘Caught in Quicksand? Compliance and Legitimacy potential to enhance consumer protection by fostering a more Challenges in Using Regulatory Sandboxes to Manage Emerging transparent and cooperative relationship that focuses on safety Technologies’ (2023) 17 Regulation & Governance 709 and compliance. Another significant benefit is the increased [12] Cornelli G, Doerr S, Gambacorta L and Merrouche O, ‘BIS Working throughput of tested and introduced products and services to the Papers No 901 Regulatory sandboxes and fintech funding: evidence from market. Regulatory uncertainty frequently inhibits the most the UK’. (November 2020, revised April 2023) Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements innovative products from reaching consumers, as they are often abandoned at early stages due to associated risks. Through the sandbox framework, these products can be guided and supported, 299 New Initiatives for Knowledge Transfer between Industry and Academia: The INDUSAC Project Dusko Odic Urska Mrgole Marjeta Trobec Office for project informatics, Office for project informatics, Office for project informatics, organization of thematic events organization of thematic events organization of thematic events and conferences (SPIK) and conferences (SPIK) and conferences (SPIK) Jozef Stefan Institute Jozef Stefan Institute Jozef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia dusko.odic@ijs.si urska.mrgole@ijs.si marjeta.trobec@ijs.si ABSTRACT / POVZETEK KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE At the Jožef Stefan Institute most current practices of knowledge INDUSAC project, international cooperation, student-industry transfer involve licensing and contract and/or collaborative cooperation, upskilling research between researchers and industry, whereas student- industry relations are less explored, often do not regard geographical or gender balance, and rarely involve upskilling in 1 INTRODUCTION entrepreneurship. In the Horizon Europe INDUSAC project, the Knowledge transfer may involve different types of collaboration; main objective is to develop and validate a simple and user- in most often listed examples, it takes place between knowledge- friendly industry-academia collaboration mechanism for short- rich entities (such as universities and research institutes) and term (4-8 weeks), challenge-driven co-creation. Knowledge industry. The Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI) is the largest Slovenian transfer is importantly extended from researchers to also involve public research organisation and hosts working units that carry students, who are in turn financially supported. Gender balance out activities connecting research and industry. While current is ensured by the conditions set out in the project’s calls for practices at JSI involve licensing and contract and/or applications. Emphasis is put on upskilling, achieved through collaborative research between researchers and industry, student- looking for solutions to real-life challenges faced by industry. industry relations are less explored, or they are explored The workflow involves registering on the INDUSAC online indirectly, involving students in cooperation with departments platform, issuing a Challenge by companies, assembly of that may cooperate with industry, and mostly without particular student/researcher co-creation teams, and submitting Motivation regard to geographical or gender balance. Furthermore, Letters to apply to solve a Challenge. Once Motivation Letters researcher-industry collaboration takes place mostly as licensing are evaluated and approved, selected co-creation teams proceed or contract / collaborative research but rarely as upskilling in the with solving the Challenge with assistance from the company. fields of entrepreneurial skills such as marketing, product Once completed, companies and co-creation teams submit development, or business modelling. Lastly, knowledge transfer reports and feedback on the process in terms of experience with is not inherently financially supported; therefore, funding the project, and upskilling and familiarity in regards to selected schemes and mechanisms that encourage collaboration by, for entrepreneurial areas. The workflow will be carried out three example, cascade funding (such as the calls for third parties times during the project, so as to allow for dynamic Challenge within running Horizon Europe projects) are constantly sought in solving and feedback-based improvements on the process itself. order to boost small-scale short-term R&D projects. By solving companies’ Challenges, students are expected to Enter the INDUSAC project. The on-going Horizon Europe acquire international collaborative experiences as well as Quick Challenge-driven, Human-centred Co-Creation transversal and entrepreneurial skills, access to companies from mechanism for INDUStry-Academia Collaborations (acronym the EU and associated countries, and references for future INDUSAC) project (www.indusac.eu) started in September 2022 networking. Through supporting at least 300 transnational co- (EU project number 101070297) with the main objective to creation teams and creating a dynamic community of industry- develop and validate a simple and user-friendly industry- academia stakeholders, the INDUSAC mechanism will establish academia collaboration mechanism for quick, challenge-driven the co-creation system as a catalyst for integration of academia co-creation. The process allows to develop solutions that address in business practices and technical solutions in the future. the needs and interests of companies, students, and researchers in the EU, with special attention to widening1 and associated2 Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed countries. In the project, knowledge transfer is extended from for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full researchers to also involve students, who are in turn financially citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). rewarded for successfully completing the project, and gender Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia balance is ensured by the conditions set out in the project’s calls © 2020 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 1 Widening countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Greece, 2 Associated countries: Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Faroe Islands, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia Georgia, Iceland, Israel, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Morocco, UK 300 for applications. Emphasis is put on upskilling, achieved through universities during the entire duration of the activity whereas looking for solutions to real-life challenges faced by industry. researchers must be employed at a public research organisation during the entire duration of the activity. An individual student or researcher will be able to participate in more than one co- 2 METHODOLOGY AND OUTPUTS creation team but in no more than three different applications of a Motivation Letter. The co-creation team must have at least The INDUSAC platform. To enable the workflow of the three and up to six members. Team members must be from at project described below, an online platform has been set up as a least three different EU member states or associated countries user-friendly and intuitive tool for posting industrial challenges, and at least 60% members of the co-creation team must be from assembling co-creation teams, applying for calls to solve the widening countries. The co-creation team has to be gender challenges, and submitting reports. balanced, including at least two out of the [Male], [Female], and General workflow of the project. The workflow (Figure 1) [Would rather not say] gender options. A co-creation team must starts with a company registering on the INDUSAC platform and include at least one student, ie. no co-creation team may issuing a Challenge (eg. a particular problem that needs to be comprise exclusively researchers. solved). Students and researchers likewise register on the Evaluation of Motivation Letters. As noted above, a platform, select a Challenge to solve, assemble an international company may select more than one co-creation team to solve a team, and submit a Motivation Letter to the company. If selected, Challenge. Motivation Letters are evaluated by a company the student/researcher teams proceed to solve the Challenge, and representative, on a number of criteria - team’s motivation and submit appropriate reports for evaluation, as well as responses to enthusiasm, excellence, market impact, team quality, resource upskilling questionnaires. allocation, and transversal criteria. Registering on the INDUSAC platform. Before co- Signing the FSTP Declaration. If a Motivation Letter has creation projects can take place, companies, students, and been approved, the co-creation team signs the Declaration on researchers need to register on the platform. Registration allows Financial Support to Third Parties. FSTP, in the amount of up to a company to create a profile and publish a Challenge, and 1,000 EUR gross per student and up to 3,000 EUR gross per co- students/researchers to submit Motivation Letters. creation team, is given solely to student members of the co- Issuing of industrial Challenges. In October 2023, creation teams, after the finalisation of the project. companies will be invited to issue a Challenge by selecting one The co-creation process. INDUSAC will provide the co- of nine different predefined Challenge type templates, covering creation teams with a list of deliverables, methods and tools for mainly entrepreneurial skills, and ranging from developing a solving the Challenge. Throughout the process, the company will product, market analysis and strategy, and developing have an introductory meeting, and subsequent milestone service/product ideas, to developing a business plan and a meetings as needed, with the co-creation team. The co-creation business model. There is no limitation regarding the area of process will also be monitored by the INDUSAC consortium so industry – Challenges may, for example, be from the area of as to enable smooth progress. Should the co-creation process sustainable biotechnology seeking product development, give rise to any form of intellectual property (IP; for example, a automotive industry seeking business plans, or textile industry patent application), division of ownership of IP rights, the type seeking assistance with marketing. The Challenge, apart from of IP and its management will be arranged with appropriate describing the problem (excluding confidential information), agreements. will also list the companies’ expectations in terms of solutions, Reporting by co-creation teams. After completion of the and in terms of the co-creation team’s skills. Eligible companies co-creation project (ie. solving the Challenge), co-creation teams shall comprise companies established in the EU or associated submit implementation reports including a summary / countries, but there are no restrictions on the sector, type, or size description of results (ie. solutions to Challenges), deliverables of a company to issue a Challenge, or the number of Challenges as defined in the Challenges, filled-in upskilling and familiarity issued per company. The company defines the maximum number questionnaires (one before the project and one after the project), of teams that may be accepted to solve the issued Challenge. and testimonials about the experience. Solutions to Challenges Submitting Motivation Letters. As part of an ongoing are evaluated by the Evaluation Board and companies, and campaign, students and researchers from public universities and include scores on deliverable quality, business performance public research institutions are made aware of the INDUSAC indicators, technical performance indicators, and deadline project by promotion by the INDUSAC Consortium and by the compliance. The co-creation process ends when the Evaluation academic institutions themselves, as well as by non-academic Board and the company evaluate and approve the institutions such as clusters and chambers of commerce, through implementation report and students receive funding. social media and physical leaflets. In November 2023, students Reporting by companies. In addition to co-creation teams, and researchers will be able to apply to a Call, which entails the company also provides feedback in form of a quality putting together an international and gender balanced assessment of the solution to the Challenge, including student/researcher (ie. co-creation) team and filling out a joint deliverable quality, business performance, technical Motivation Letter. The Motivation Letter includes a description performance, and deadline compliance. The company also fills of the applicant’s motivation and skills. out the questionnaire indicating their experience during the Eligibility of co-creation teams and team members. project. Students and researchers in each co-creation team must come Time dynamics of the project. Industrial Challenges will be from EU member states or associated countries, as indicated by posted continuously. Motivation Letters will also be able to be their citizenship or residency. Students must attend public 301 Figure 1: Simplified general workflow of the INDUSAC project. submitted continuously, but they will be evaluated following assisted by publishing a wide range of different types of three cut-off dates (in January 2024, May 2024, and October Challenges, which enables diversity in content and field of work, 2024). Four weeks after the call opening, applicants receive a and the possibility for individuals to participate in more than one decision on their applications. If approved, one week later, co-creation team expands their opportunities as well. solving of the Challenge may begin. Individual co-creation The co-creation team also has to be gender balanced and the projects will be given 4-8 weeks to complete. Three months after expected outcome is at least 50 % female representation in the the first cut-off date, co-creation teams will be asked to submit co-creation projects overall, which will aid in changing the final reports for revision; two weeks later, the Evaluation Board current trend of representation of women in entrepreneurship confirms the list of students from the co-creation teams to be trailing behind that of men [4,5]. Finally, the project is strongly funded; a month later, provided that administrative procedures oriented towards students, as every co-creation team must from the students' side have been finalized, all students from the include at least one student. The student status, as attested for by list receive funding. the registration process, is of particular importance as the INDUSAC mechanism puts emphasis on supporting the younger generations in acquiring experience in working with industry. 3 DISCUSSION This is further supported by the fact that only student members of co-creation teams receive financial support, which is a The INDUSAC approach brings several advantages to the welcome mechanism for facilitating student-industry existing landscape of knowledge transfer practices. First of all, collaboration usually hindered by the lack of financial support the calls for solving Challenges within the project are prepared [6,7]. The combination of geographical balance and the with particular attention to geographical and gender balance in requirement for student participation also represents a unique order to maximise inclusiveness. Including gender balance and opportunity for students to get a head start in creating an international dimension in a project have been shown to result international networks on their career paths. in increased returns-on-assets and financial performances of Importantly, the major output of the project, which is the companies, acquisition of new skills and knowledge, and INDUSAC platform, enables most of the activities to take place increase in regional competitiveness (eg. [1-3]). Making sure the conveniently and user-friendly at one place. co-creation team members must be from at least three different Rather than putting emphasis on particular technological countries not only increases geographical balance but also achievements and inventions, the INDUSAC project makes importantly provides the team members with experience in upskilling the central knowledge transfer theme. Co-creation working in international teams. Thus it enables exchange in teams are given upskilling and familiarity questionnaires before knowledge and experience between individuals from different the start of the co-creation project and after its end. It is the co- backgrounds that come together to collaboratively create and creation project’s ambition to increase the students’ and innovate. This collaboration is further strengthened by the researchers’ skills / experiences in working in an international process that includes several checkpoints and feedback meetings team, working with companies, solving concrete tasks, assisting between the co-creation team and the company. This encourages a group to agree on a mutually acceptable solution, working participants to provide constructive criticism, suggestions, and within a group to identify common goals, and listening to insights at various stages. Iterations and refinement of ideas suggestions. Communication and negotiation skills, results based on the feedback received ensure continuous improvement oriented thinking, creativity, critical and analytical thinking, time and successful outcomes. The condition that at least 60% management and effective planning, and leadership are among members of the co-creation team must be from widening the skills mostly encouraged in the INDUSAC project. These countries further emphasises the support given to areas that do types of skills have been shown to be important both in employer not reach 70% of the average research excellence index3. This is selection as well as for increased productivity in industry 4.0 and 3 Widening countries, as defined by the European Commission, are countries where of this indicator for all EU countries (modified after https://quantera.eu/spreading- the Composite Index of Research Excellence is less than 70% of the average value excellence/). 302 digital transformation of manufacturing [8]. In particular, the the project is expected, allowing them to rapidly expand their project aims to improve familiarity of students and researchers skill set in a short period of time and to find themselves more with methods such as SWOT analysis, utility analysis, trend prepared for the business environment. Provided the project is analysis, cost-benefit analyses, product portfolio analysis / BCG successful, it represents an encouraging inspiration for similar Matrix, creating marketing strategies, value proposition analysis, industry-academia knowledge transfer practices, and the lessons developing a business plan, preparation of business model learned will provide a basis for policy recommendations for canvas, and target group analysis. The concept, ie. the short-term similar EU and national initiatives in the future. nature of the co-creation projects and three separate opportunities (cut-off dates), encourage looking for quick and dynamic solutions with possibilities of advanced problem solving by ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS extending the primary Challenge through the next cut-off date. Specific control steps (evaluations), as defined in the Work described in this manuscript has received funding from INDUSAC project’s methodology, ensure that the co-creation the European Union’s Horizon Europe Programme under grant process is not only inclusive but also of high quality: the review agreement No 101070297. process ensures a high-quality cooperation arrangement, and specific requirements for the reports (i.e. pre-set structure and REFERENCES content of the work) ensure high-quality performed tasks. [1] Cavero-Rubio JA, A Collazo-Mazón, A Amorós-Martinez. 2019. Public Furthermore, by setting up three consecutive calls, the process is recognition of gender equality in the workplace and its influence on firms' continuously refined through feedback-based improvements of performance. Women’s Studies International Forum 76: 102273 [2] Chang T-LS, C-M Chuang, W-S Jan. 1998. International Collaboration of the methodology itself. Law Firms: Modes, Motives and Advantages. Journal of World Business In the first year of the INDUSAC project, 34 Letters of 33, 3: 241-262 [3] Ratten V. 2016. International Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer Support from universities from Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, among Universities and Firms Affecting Regional Competitiveness. Latvia, Lithuania, Czechia, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, Spain, Thunderbird International Business Review 58, 1: 91-93 Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North [4] Bosma N, S Hill, A Ionescu-Somers, D Kelley, J Levie, A Tarnawa, the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). 2020. Global Macedonia, and Serbia have already been collected, indicating Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM 2019/2020 Global Report. Global vast interest across Europe in participating in the project, and Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School, Regents Park, London several students, approached at various conferences and fairs, [5] Goorha S. 2021. Overcoming some of the barriers to women have expressed interest in being informed about the call once it entrepreneurship. Forbes Business Council post, September 21, 2021. opens. Through the experience of supporting at least 300 Link: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/09/21/overcom transnational co-creation teams and creating a dynamic ing-some-of-the-barriers-to-women-entrepreneurship/?sh=4f96d36f2780 community of industry-academia stakeholders throughout the [6] Ejubovic A, G Cerinsek, T Davey, A Meerman, V Galan-Muros, B Orazbayeva. 2017. State of University-Business Cooperation: Slovenia - project lifetime, the INDUSAC mechanism will establish the co- University Perspective. EC University-Business cooperation in Europe; creation system as a catalyst for integration of academia in Country Reports - Slovenia [7] Morisson A, M Pattinson. 2020. University-Industry Collaboration. Lille: business practices and technical solutions. At least 70% of Interreg Europe Policy Learning Platform students and researchers participating are expected to report at [8] Perez LD, A Prades Nebot, AB Capmany, G Dima, A Mula, P Gonzalez, least one core professional transversal and entrepreneurial skill Ž Piligrimiene, V Pilinkiene, A Riccio, L Fattore. 2020. National reports on the labour market soft-skills IO1.A3. Link: having been significantly developed by participating in the https://www.academia.edu/92808691/National_Reports_on_the_Labour_ INDUSAC project. An improved set of skills in students and Market_Soft_Skills_Io_1_A_3 researchers by at least 30% compared to before the beginning of 303 304 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek F Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume F Demografske in družinske analize Demographic and Family Analyses Uredniki / Editors Janez Malačič, Mari Jože Osredkar, Matjaž Gams http://is.ijs.si 9. oktober 2023 / 9 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 305 306 PREDGOVOR Dinamika svetovne populacije ostaja eden največjih izzivov, saj smo presegli 8 milijard ljudi, problemi pa se povečujejo. V Sloveniji in drugih delih Evrope se demografski, ekonomski in socialni pritiski kažejo predvsem skozi migracije in depopulacijo. Depopulacija ni le demografski pojav, ampak tudi politični izziv. Slovenija, podobno kot mnoge evropske države, se sooča s posledicami nizke rodnosti in staranja prebivalstva, ki vplivata na delovno silo, socialno varnost in celotno faktorsko produktivnost in produktivnost dela. To se poglablja z obsežnimi migracijami, ki pritiskajo na politične in socialne strukture v Evropi in ZDA. Pritisk migracij izpostavlja potrebo po uravnoteženih in trajnostnih politikah, ki naslavljajo tako potrebe migracij kot tudi ohranjanje socialne in kulturne kohezije. Slovenija se, obkrožena z dinamičnimi migracijskimi tokovi, sooča s kompleksnostjo integracije priseljencev in ohranjanja nacionalne identitete. V tem kontekstu postane razumevanje in upravljanje demografskih trendov še bolj pereče. Potreba po inovativnih rešitvah in prilagodljivih politikah, ki se odzivajo na spreminjajoče se demografsko okolje, ni bila nikoli večja. Z izmenjavo znanja, raziskav in strategij lahko oblikujemo učinkovite odzive na te izzive in spodbudimo trajnostni demografski razvoj. V zborniku tega leta želimo prispevati k obsežni in poglobljeni razpravi o teh vprašanjih, s poudarkom na Sloveniji, Evropi in širšem globalnem kontekstu. Naš cilj je združiti strokovnjake, politike in družbo, da skupaj raziskujejo in razvijajo strategije za soočanje s kompleksnimi demografskimi izzivi današnjega časa. Slika kaže rast svetovne populacije Janez Malačič, Mari Osredkar, Jože Sambt in Matjaž Gams 307 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Janez Malačič, predsednik Mari Osredkar, sopredsednik Matjaž Gams, organizator Jože Sambt Drago Čepar Christian Gostečnik Majda Černič Istenič Boštjan Kerbler Karin Kasesnik Dušan Kidrič Marko Krevs Tomaž Merše Janja Pečar Janja Povhe Jože Ramovš Milivoja Šircelj Petronela Vertot Božidar Voljč 308 Prehod od naravne k načrtovani rodnosti v Sloveniji: spremembe v tridesetih letih od leta 1991 do 2021 The Transition from Natural to Planned Procreation in Slovenia: The Development in Three Decades from 1991 to 2021 Janez Malačič† Ekonomska fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija janez.malacic@ef.uni-lj.si POVZETEK the basic assumptions of the model than the real changes of marital fertility planning in Slovenia in the studied period. Prehod od naravne k načrtovani zakonski rodnosti je v Sloveniji potekal v skladu z modelom A.J. Coale-a in T.J. Trussell-a do KEYWORDS 1990ih let. Raven načrtovanja teh rojstev pa je pri nas zaostajala ne le za Švedsko ampak tudi za Italijo. V obdobju 1991 – 2021 Natural fertility, planned marital fertility, A.J. Coale, T.J. pa je prišlo do velikih sprememb starostno specifične rodnosti Trussell, fertility model, demographic changes, planning of nasploh in zakonske rodnosti še posebej. Prišlo je do obsežnega marital births prelaganja rojstev v višjo starost. Ta je bila lahko tudi deset ali več let višja. Zato smo morali na osnovi analize zakonske 1 UVOD rodnosti v Sloveniji s pomočjo modela ameriških demografov zavrniti hipotezo, da se je načrtovanje zakonskih rojstev pri nas Naravno rodnost prebivalstva lahko najbolj enostavno v obdobju 1991 – 2021 povečalo. Rezultat pa je bolj posledica opredelimo kot rodnost prebivalstva, ki ne uporablja nobenih odsotnosti predpostavk modela kot trdnosti ugotovitve o učinkovitih sredstev kontrole rojstev (Henry, 1976). V nasprotju načrtovanju zakonskih rojstev v Sloveniji. z njo pa prebivalstvo, za katerega je značilna načrtovana rodnost, učinkovito uporablja različna sredstva za zavestno omejevanje KLJUČNE BESEDE rojstev. Naravna rodnost je prevladovala v tradicionalnem, načrtovana rodnost pa prevladuje v modernem režimu Naravna rodnost, načrtovana zakonska rodnost, A.J. Coale, T.J. obnavljanja prebivalstva (Malačič, 2006,str.101). V obdobju Trussell, model rodnosti, demografske spremembe, načrtovanje demografskega prehoda, ki loči ta dva režima obnavljanja, se je zakonskih rojstev hitro širila načrtovana rodnost. Kljub temu pa na ta proces ne ABSTRACT smemo gledati kot na linearni, nemoten in izključno enosmerni proces. Zanj je značilnih veliko posebnosti. Zelo se razlikuje že In Slovenia, the transition from natural to planned fertility had med zakonsko in izven zakonsko rodnostjo. Prav tako pa lahko been developing in accordance with the A.J. Coale and T.J. na osnovi zgodovinskih virov in arheoloških najdb ugotovimo, Trussell model till the 1990s. However, the level of planning of da so ljudje kot posamezniki, družine in družbene skupnosti v marital fertility had been lower in the country than in Sweden različnih krajih in različnih časih poskušali posegati v proces and Italy. In the period from the year 1991 to the year 2021 the rodnosti. Pri tem so bili nekateri posegi tudi vsaj deloma age-specific overall and marital fertility changed tremendously učinkoviti in ravno to dela obnavljanje prebivalstva humano. Še in the country. Huge postponement of the childbearing into posebej so se ljudje in družbe trudili kontrolirati izven zakonsko higher age stook place in Slovenia. Therefore, our empirical rodnost. Zato je primerno, da se pri raziskovanju prehoda od work has led to the rejection of the hypothesis that marital nenačrtovane k načrtovani rodnosti osredotočimo na zakonsko fertility planning has increased in the three decades studied. rodnost. However, the result is more the consequence of the absence of V tem besedilu bomo obravnavali samo delček zelo ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note † kompleksnega procesa uveljavljanja načrtovanja rodnosti na Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note primeru slovenske zakonske rodnosti v obdobju od leta 1991 do Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or leta 2021. Čeprav se na osnovi agregatnih podatkov o rodnosti classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full zdi, da se je načrtovanje rodnosti v Sloveniji in v razvitih državah citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must že razširilo na celotno družbo, takšnega sklepa ne smemo be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia poenostavljeno in brez temeljitih raziskav sprejeti. Zato smo si © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). pri našem raziskovanju postavili naslednjo hipotezo: »v 309 demografskem razvoju prebivalstev razvitih držav in med njimi Model ima parametra M in m. M kaže raven modela in je v tudi Slovenije postaja rodnost vse bolj načrtovana. To še posebej osnovi multiplikator, ki določa raven krivulje modela na grafu. velja za zakonsko rodnost. Zato je osnovna hipoteza tega Drugi parameter m pa kaže raven kontrole rojstev. Njegova besedila, da se je načrtovanje zakonskih rojstev v Sloveniji v vrednost se giblje med 0,0 in 2,5. Vrednost 0 označuje naravno obdobju 1991 – 2021 povečalo«. rodnost, vrednosti med 1,5 in 2,5 pa kažejo že zelo visoko stopnjo kontrole rojstev. Ob upoštevanju vsega navedenega Postavljeno hipotezo bomo v nadaljevanju analizirali in testirali lahko za vsako kombinacijo M in m izračunamo konkretno s pomočjo demografskega modela, ki sta ga razvila pred okrog vrednost fa. Naravna in zakonska rodnost sta enaki, ko je pol stoletja ameriška demografa A.J. Coale in T.J. Trussell vrednost M enaka 1 in vrednost m enaka 0. Model je v praksi (Coale A.J. and Trussell T.J., 1974). Zato bomo v naslednji točki veliko širše uporaben, kot ga bomo uporabili v tem besedilu. prikazali osnovne značilnosti njunega modela. V tretji oziroma Uporabljamo ga lahko za ocenjevanje starostno specifičnih osrednji točki tega besedila bomo analizirali slovensko zakonsko stopenj rodnosti iz nepopolnih podatkov, letnih vrednosti iz rodnost v obdobju 1991 – 2021 s pomočjo parametrov modela petletnih podatkov, za izravnavanje ali popravljanje podatkov o ameriških demografov. Na koncu bomo podali sklepe rodnosti ipd. raziskovanja in navedli uporabljeno literaturo in vire. 3 ANALIZA SLOVENSKE ZAKONSKE 2 MODEL RODNOSTI AMERIŠKIH RODNOSTI V OBDOBJU 1991 – 2021 DEMOGRAFOV A.J COALE-a IN T.J- V obravnavanih treh desetletjih so se dogodile tektonske TRUSSELL-a spremembe na področju sklepanja zakonskih zvez v Sloveniji. Coale in Trussell sta zgradila model na osnovi razlik med Osnovne značilnosti teh sprememb so veliko zmanjšanje števila naravno in načrtovano rodnostjo ter ob upoštevanju, da se z sklenjenih zakonskih zvez, njihova velika nestabilnost, vse demografskim razvojem vse bolj uveljavlja načrtovana rodnost. krajše povprečno trajanje in veliko povečanje števila izven Velika večina prehoda med tema dvema oblikama rodnosti se je zakonskih skupnosti. Pri tem so pravno gledano izven zakonske v razvitih državah dogodila v času demografskega prehoda. Za skupnosti skoraj v celoti izenačene z zakonskimi zvezami. S temi današnje svetovne demografske razmere pa lahko rečemo, da v spremembami se tukaj ne bomo podrobneje ukvarjali. Povejmo manj razvitih delih sveta ta prehod še zmeraj zelo intenzivno le, da je glavni rezultat teh sprememb na področju rodnosti velik poteka. padec deleža živorojenih otrok v zakonski zvezi med vsemi živorojenimi v Sloveniji. Samo za ponazoritev navedimo, da je Osnovna ideja modela je, da je v procesu prehoda od naravne k bil še leta 1991 delež rojstev v zakonski zvezi v Sloveniji še 73,6 načrtovani rodnosti mogoče napovedati način, na katerega se %, v letih 2011 in 2021 pa je padel na 43,2 in 42,3 % zaporedoma spreminja zakonska rodnost. Ta rodnost se bolj znižuje v višjih (neobjavljeni podatki Zavoda za statistiko RS za leto 1991 in starostnih razredih. Njena oblika je odvisna od stopnje prehoda SISTAT). od naravne rodnosti, ki je določena zunaj modela, k vse bolj načrtovani rodnosti. To omogoča zgraditi model, ki bo Zakonsko rodnost v Sloveniji bomo analizirali s pomočjo modela prikazoval izredno široko paleto zelo različnih oblik in vrednosti ameriških demografov za leta 1991, 2011 in 2021. Rezultate zakonske rodnosti prebivalstev razvitih držav in držav v poznih analize za leto 1991 bomo povzeli po knjigi Demografija avtorja fazah demografskega prehoda. tega besedila. Izračune za leti 2011 in 2021 pa bomo prikazali v posebnih tabelah. Za izračun parametrov M in m potrebujemo Avtorja sta izdelala naslednji model: starostno specifične stopnje zakonske rodnosti po petletnih starostnih razredih. Kot smo deloma že omenili, smo za leto 1991 f uporabili neobjavljene podatke takratnega Zavoda za statistiko. a = M * na * em * va Če jih tukaj navedemo za petletne starostne razrede od 15 – 19, …, 45 – 49 let, so bile takratne vrednosti zaporedoma 0,456, V modelu pomeni * množenje, a označuje starost, fa je starostno 0,251, 0,117, 0,041, 0,013, 0,003 in 0,0002 (Malačič, 2006, str. specifična zakonska rodnost v razredu a ali a + n let, na je zunaj 104). modela določena naravna rodnost in va eksterno določeno oddaljevanje zakonske rodnosti od naravne rodnosti. Za petletne Navedimo še obrazca za izračun parametrov M in m: starostne razrede od 20 – 24 do 45 – 49 so vrednosti na zaporedoma 0,460, 0,431, 0,396, 0,321, 0,167 in 0,024, za va pa 0,000, -0,316, -0,814, -1,048, -1,424 in -1,667 (navedeno po M = (f20-24 /n20-24) Malačič, 2006, str. 103). Starostno specifične vrednosti naravne rodnosti so izračunane kot povprečja za prebivalstva, za katera je Parameter m pa računamo po starostnih razredih in po obrazcu: zbral podatke L. Henry (Henry, 1961), starostno specifične vrednosti oddaljevanja zakonske od naravne vrednosti rodnosti pa sta izračunala Coale in Trussell ravno tako v obliki povprečij ma = log (fa /(M * na ))/va za 43 tipov zakonske rodnosti iz Demografskega letopisa OZN leta 1965. Za leto 1991 je bila vrednost parametra M 0,546, vrednost parametra m pa 1,016. Leta 1981 je bila vrednost m 0,831. Samo za primerjavo navedimo, da je bil m na Švedskem leta 1930 0,6, 310 leta 1960 pa 1,5 (Malačič, 2006, str. 103). V sosednji Italiji je rojevanje otrok v pet do deset ali celo nekaj več let višje starosti, znašal m leta 1971 kar 1,235. Pri tem so vrednosti m izračunane kar velja tako za zakonska kot izven zakonska rojstva. Na ta kot povprečja iz vrednosti v starostnih razredih. način pa osnovna predpostavka modela ameriških demografov ne drži več v taki obliki, kot je veljalo v drugi polovici prejšnjega Povprečne vrednosti parametra m za Slovenijo do leta 1991 stoletja. Starostno specifične vrednosti parametra m v letih 2011 kažejo običajen in pričakovan razvoj za državo na slovenski in 2021 v Sloveniji še zmeraj kažejo naraščajoče vrednosti, ravni razvitosti. Vendar je bila raven kontrole zakonske rodnosti vendar so tudi te zelo verjetno prenizke, da bi dobro pokazale, v v Sloveniji v drugi polovici dvajsetega stoletja ne le precej nižja kolikšni meri je slovenska zakonska rodnost načrtovana. kot v Švedski, ampak tudi znatno nižja kot v Italiji. Takšne razmere so bile posledica specifičnosti sklepanja zakonskih zvez v Sloveniji in vse večjega naraščanja števila izven zakonskih 4 SKLEP skupnosti, ki se je v Sloveniji začelo v zadnjih desetletjih Osnovni sklep, ki sledi iz naše analize načrtovanja zakonske prejšnjega stoletja. rodnosti v Sloveniji, je, da moramo našo hipotezo zavrniti. Model ameriških demografov v Sloveniji v letih 2011 in 2021 ne Poglejmo sedaj, kaj se je dogajalo v Sloveniji s starostno kaže povečanja načrtovanja zakonskih rojstev. To pa je specifičnimi vrednostmi parametra m in na njihovi osnovi najverjetneje posledica prestavljanja rojevanja otrok v starejše izračunanim povprečjem za obravnavano leto v letih 2011 in starostne razrede, zaradi česar se poruši predpostavljeno 2021. Vsi potrebni podatki in računski postopki za izračun oddaljevanje dejanske rodnosti od naravne rodnosti v starejših starostno specifičnih vrednosti m so prikazani v tabelah 1 in 2. starostnih razredih. VIRI Tabela 1: Izračun parametra m za Slovenijo za leto 2011. Vir: Coale and Trussell, 1974, str. 185-158 in SISTAT, [1] Coale, A.J. and Trussell, T.J. (1974) Model Fertility Schedules: Variations in the Age Structure of Childbearing in Human Populations. Population dostop 15. 9. 2023 Index (40), Princeton. [2] Henry, L. (1961) Some Data on Natural Fertility. Eugenics Quarterly, 8. [3] Henry, L. (1976) Population. Analysis and Models. Arnold, London. Starost na va fa M*na fa/ M*na log (fa / m [4] Malačič, J. (2006) Demografija. Teorija, analiza, metode in modeli, 6. (a) M*na) izdaja, Ekonomska fakulteta, Ljubljana. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7/3 [5] SISTAT (2023) Statistični urad Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana. 15 - 19 0,411 - 0.349 - - - - 20 - 24 0,460 - 0,257 0,257 1,000 - - 25 - 29 0,431 -0,316 0,216 0,241 0,896 -0,048 0,152 30 - 34 0,395 -0,814 0,129 0,221 0,584 -0,234 0,287 35 - 39 0,322 -1,048 0,041 0,180 0,228 -0,642 0,613 40 - 44 0,167 -1,424 0,00049 0,093 0,00053 -1,279 0,898 45 - 49 0,024 -1,667 0,00013 0,013 0,0001 -1,989 1,193 Tabela 2: Izračun parametra m za Slovenijo za leto 2021. Vir: Coale and Trussell, 1974, str. 185-158 in SISTAT, dostop 15. 9. 2023. Starost na va fa M*na fa/ M*na log (fa / m (a) M*na) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=7/3 15 - 19 0,411 - 0,264 - - - - 20 - 24 0,460 - 0,234 0,234 1,000 - - 25 - 29 0,431 -0,316 0,224 0,219 1,023 0,001 -0003 30 - 34 0,395 -0,814 0,141 0,201 0,701 -0,154 0,189 35 - 39 0,322 -1,048 0,049 0,164 0,299 -0,524 0,500 40 - 44 0,167 -1,424 0,001 0,085 0,012 -1,921 1,349 45 - 49 0,024 -1,667 0,00046 0,012 0,038 -1,416 0,849 Parameter M je znašal v letu 2011 0,559 in v letu 2021 0509. Zadnja vrednost kaže, da se je raven grafa znižala. Veliko bolj nepričakovani pa sta povprečni vrednosti m za obravnavani leti. Ti dve sta bili 0,629 in 0,557 v zaporednih letih in kažeta dve možni razlagi. Ena bi bila veliko znižanje načrtovanja zakonske rodnosti v Sloveniji v zadnjem času. Druga veliko bolj verjetna razlaga pa je, da je prišlo do velikih sprememb v starostno specifični splošni in zakonski rodnosti v Sloveniji in da oddaljevanje v našem primeru zakonske rodnosti od naravne rodnosti v starejših starostnih razredih preprosto ne ustreza več trendom, ki so bili značilni v zadnjih desetletjih prejšnjega stoletja. Mladi so v preučevanem obdobju preprosto prestavili 311 Depopulation politics Depopulacijska politika Matjaž Gams Odsek za inteligentne sisteme Institut “Jožef Stefan” Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia POVZETEK requires a comprehensive and nuanced approach, considering its multifaceted impacts on society, economy, and environment. Izraz »politika depopulacije« se nanaša na politike in strategije, ki naslavljajo izzive in posledice upadanja prebivalstva. V drugi KLJUČNE BESEDE polovici 20. stoletja so dejavniki, kot so povečana urbanizacija, Upadanje populacij, depopulacija, svetovno in nacionalno spremembe kulturnih vrednot in izboljšan dostop do izobraževanja in kontracepcije, privedli do upadanja rodnosti v KEYWORDS različnih regijah. To demografsko prehodno obdobje prinaša pomembne socioekonomske izzive, vključno z ekonomsko Population decline, depopulation, worldwide and national stagnacijo, obremenitvijo zdravstvenih sistemov in zmanjšano inovativnostjo. Z okoljskega vidika bi lahko upadajoče prebivalstvo zmanjšalo obremenitev z viri in emisije ogljikovega 1. INTRODUCTION dioksida, vendar prinaša tudi izzive, kot so urbano, nacionalno in Depopulation politics refers to the set of policies and ideologies globalno veliko poslabšanje. Države iščejo rešitve z različnimi aimed at either promoting or countering population decline. pristweismopi, od spodbujanja rojstev do priseljevanja. Vendar te Historically, concerns about overpopulation, as explored in Paul strategije uvajajo etične kompleksnosti, še posebej, ko države Ehrlich's "The Population Bomb" (1971) dominated the narrative. vplivajo na osebne reproduktivne izbire ali se spopadajo z Yet, various regions now face the challenge of declining birth niansami priseljevalske politike. V zaključku, razumevanje rates, leading to severe socioeconomic and environmental depopulacije zahteva celovit pristop ob upoštevanju njenih repercussions. This paper delves into the science behind večplastnih vplivov na družbo, gospodarstvo in okolje. depopulation, its causes, its implications, and the strategies that nations are employing to address or capitalize on it. ABSTRACT Several factors converged in the latter half of the 20th century to Depopulation politics refers to policies and strategies addressing precipitate declining birth rates in various parts of the world. the challenges and implications of population decline. These include increased urbanization, higher educational Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, factors such as attainment for women, improved access to contraception, and a increased urbanization, shifts in cultural values, and enhanced shift in cultural values. The role of urbanization in this shift is access to education and contraception have led to declining birth elucidated in Edward L. Glaeser's "Triumph of the City" (2012). rates in various regions. This demographic transition poses Later childbirth and reduced fertility rates further contribute to significant socioeconomic challenges, including potential the trend. Medical and sociological studies, like those found in economic stagnation, strains on healthcare systems, and reduced "The End of World Population Growth" by Wolfgang Lutz innovation. From an environmental perspective, while a (2004), suggest that increased exposure to environmental declining population might reduce resource strain and carbon pollutants and shifting societal norms about family structure also emissions, it also introduces challenges like urban, national and play a role. global decay. Politically, nations are formulating responses with The implications of depopulation are manifold. Economically, a approaches ranging from incentivizing childbirth to considering declining workforce can lead to reduced productivity and immigration as a potential solution. However, these strategies potential stagnation. The socioeconomic impact of this decline is introduce ethical complexities, especially when states influence explored in depth in "The Empty Cradle" by Phillip Longman personal reproductive choices or grapple with the nuances of (2004). As a larger proportion of the population ages, the strain immigration policies. In conclusion, understanding depopulation on healthcare and social security systems intensifies. Furthermore, with fewer young people, innovation may slow Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or down, potentially resulting in a lack of dynamism within classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed economies and globally. for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full Environmental scientists have highlighted some potential citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must benefits of depopulation, such as reduced strain on resources, be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia decreased carbon emissions, and the possibility for nature to © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). reclaim previously urbanized areas. In "The World Without Us" by Alan Weisman (2008), the potential environmental impacts of 312 significant population reduction are explored. Yet, these benefits have been a couple of similar doomsday predictions. An example are offset by challenges like urban decay, infrastructural is from a distinguished Australian professor Frank Fenner, redundancy, and the loss of cultural heritage as towns and even estimating that the human population will become extinct in 100 cities face abandonment. years due to overpopulation and environmental (global worming) From a political standpoint, depopulation has become a central issues (https://phys.org/news/2010-06-humans-extinct-years- issue in many national agendas. Doug Saunders in "Maximum eminent-scientist.html). Canada" (2017) discusses the complexities and potential benefits of population growth through immigration. Countries like Japan are experiencing profound demographic shifts, leading to policies designed to incentivize childbirth, support families, and integrate older individuals into the workforce. Immigration, as a counter to native population decline, has its challenges, especially around integration and cultural preservation. Depopulation politics also intersects with ethical concerns. "The Ethics of Population Control" by Joyce Tischler (2012) dives into the debate on the state's role in influencing personal reproductive choices. The role of the state in encouraging or discouraging childbirth raises profound questions about autonomy and individual rights. Furthermore, the decision to promote immigration as a solution touches upon broader debates about national identity, xenophobia, and global responsibility. In conclusion, depopulation politics represents a complex interplay of biology, environment, economics, and sociocultural Figure 1: Population growth resembles exponential growth factors. As explored in "Empty Planet: The Shock of Global in recent centuries. Population Decline" by Darrell Bricker and John Ibbitson (2019), the world's understanding of population dynamics must evolve The danger of over-populating is also presented in several other beyond simplistic binaries of growth versus decline. A more publication, maybe most prominently in Paul Ehrlich's "The nuanced appreciation of demographic shifts, their causes, and Population Bomb", released in 1968. It provided a dire alert about their implications is essential for crafting effective, ethical, and the global challenges posed by rapid population growth. Ehrlich sustainable policies. postulated that unchecked population expansion would outpace food production, leading to catastrophic famines in the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on Malthusian principles, he argued that the 2. OVER- AND UNDER-POPULATION planet's carrying capacity could be overwhelmed, resulting in VIEWPOINTS resource scarcities, ecological degradation, and socio-economic The demographic trends were already by Malthus (1798) defined upheavals. Furthermore, he discussed potential solutions, like as exponential, of the equation type Ax. A is the fertility rate promoting birth control. Although several of Ehrlich's (children per woman) divided by 2.1 since this is the sustainable predictions did not occur within his projected timelines, his work population threshold, while X is counted as a generation turn- was instrumental in drawing attention to population, around, which is around 30 years. Since the growth of resources, sustainability, and environmental concerns, catalysing debates e.g. food is not exponential, but polynomial, the demographic and research in these fields. growth will sooner or later cause major problems in terms of A most recent warning of the forthcoming overpopulation is coming from Rees (2023) in his article “The Human Ecology of famine, hunger of war. The population will – according to Overshoot: Why a Major ‘Population Correction’ Is Inevitable” Malthus – always grow till some limitation factor is reached, e.g. »The population increase from on starvation or disease or war. Indeed, that is the case with some e to eight billion, and >100- fold animals or plants when introduced into a new environment, e.g. expansion of real GDP in just two centuries on a finite planet, has rabbits in Australia. thus propelled modern techno-industrial society into a state of The problem with the exponential equation and the limitations is advanced overshoot. We are consuming and polluting the that humans do not necessary behave as animals (McRae, 2023). biophysical basis of our own existence... The global economy will For example, the plant production was so far actually exponential inevitably contract and humanity will suffer a major population ‘correction’ in this century«. Rees doubles down the reasoning due to the advancements of human knowledge. Second, humans do not need to enter the poverty stage since they can control the about population danger and rejects idea that reduced population population by several means such as contraception, woman growth will bring any relief to the global problems. Currently, education and emancipation, and reorientation regarding the with 8 billion people, the planet is already overpopulated and our optimal number of children. If the number of children would be advanced civilisation will collapse as all civilisations did set to 2.1, the sustainability would be reached. previously in human history (Diamond, 2005). The developed However, the number of children per woman was in the middle countries might better survive the pressure, but the population of the previous century around 5, is still 5 in several African decline, i.e. purge, will result in 100 million to 3 billion people countries, and the expected longevity rose to about twice globally. compared to one century ago. Both factors produced exponential There are also warnings of the opposite phenomena – decaying growth of world population by 1 to 2% per year in the last century. and extinction of population through lack of sufficient number of There were only 2 billion people one century ago and now we are births and the consequences following, e.g. in "Empty Planet: 8 billion strong. The Shock of Global Population Decline" by Darrell Bricker and The growth in Figure 1 corresponds to the exponential growth John Ibbitson (2019). And there is an opinion of one of the most Malthus predicted and would as such certainly meet the limits of popular visionaries in the world – Elon Musk. He is involved in growth (Malthus, 1789; Meadows 1972). In recent years, there five major companies (Tesla, SpaceX, Twitter, Boring Co. and 313 Neuralink) and best known due to his promises to revolutionize intense urgency. Indeed, there are some indications of the our civilization as we know it today. Musk's key vision is the forthcoming problems. One is the current record number of necessity to as soon as possible go to Mars or our civilization people at risk of starvation. Before the covid era, the number of may get destroyed. For this vision to come true, most advanced people at risk of starvation was 135 million. By the end of 2021, countries need enough energy, courage, youth – i.e. childbirths. that had increased by another 135 million people, and in 2022, it When asked who he think caused most harm recently in this area, then increased another 67 million. Musk1 pointed out just one person - the famous biologist Paul The Kissinger Report similarly to other depopulation politics Ehrlich, author of the controversial book "The Population Bomb" includes: (1971), in which he warned that overpopulation and consumerism are driving the world to the edge. Prof. Ehrlich • Fertility and contraceptive research. commented that his study at that time revealed a potential danger • and now it is indeed not most appropriate. However, in his Biomedical research would be doubled. viewpoint, historically the book was correct to point out the • Field testing of existing technology. potential danger. • Development of new technology. • Oral contraceptives. • Intra-uterine devices should be developed. 3. DEPOPULATION POLITICS - METHODS • Sterilisation of men and women has received wide- In terms of population control, China officially set guidelines that spread acceptance in several areas. brought the Chinese birthrate to around 1.6. However, after the • Leuteolytic and anti-progesterone approaches to population growth was stopped, and China wanted to approach fertility control including use of prostaglandins. the 2.1 fertility, the numbers stayed much lower – for the time • Injectable contraceptives for women … administered being. We will see what happens in China, but no country going by pare-professionals. below 2.1 ever returned to 2.1 – at least till now. • Male contraceptive, in particular an injection which Western countries did not prescribe formal measures like China will be effective for specified periods of time. to curb population growth, but instead relied on non- • governmental initiatives to deal with the population agenda by Injection which will assure a woman of regular Malone (2023) Population Control and Official USG Policy periods. Some of them are related to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, World Health Organisation, United Nations and The Report recommends population control only in least other non-governmental (and governmental) organisations. The developed countries. The Report also mentioned mandatory results are quite successful and currently much of the world is programmes of population control: “A growing number of beyond fertility rate (Figure 2) with a notable exception of Africa. experts are of the belief that the outlook is much harsher and far An interesting analysis was presented in National Security Study less tractable than commonly perceived… the conclusion of this Memorandum titled the ‘Kissinger Report‘2, and the National view is that mandatory programmes may be needed and that we Security Directive Memorandum 314 ‘Implications of should be considering these possibilities now.” Worldwide Population Growth for US Security and Overseas The Report proposes the commercial approach in which US Interests‘3. government uses “big-medical research to improve the existing means of fertility control and to develop new ones.” It favours “large-scale programmes that will induce fertility decline in a cost-effective manner,” and enthusiastically describes controversial examples, such as what it calls “the remarkably successful experiments in India in which financial incentives, along with other motivational devices, were used to get large numbers of men to accept vasectomies.” The Kissinger Report stated it is “desirable in terms of US interests” to work with the UNFPA which already had projects in more than 70 countries. UNFPA ran programs described by critics as forced abortions and coercive sterilisations. The UNFPA gave money from the US to support the People’s Republic of China’s birth control campaign, widely accused of major human rights violations, mainly on women and girls. Likewise, UNFPA provided funding for the forced sterilisation program promoted by the Indian Figure 2: Fertility rate in countries. government, exposed in 2014 when dozens of women died in “sterilisation camps” to which they were lured in exchange for In those studies, an opinion was presented that the population social benefits. explosion in developing countries was not only a threat to US Here are the top 10 methods to reduce human population down interests in the economics and in the development of those to a “manageable” amount: countries but also, more fundamentally, presented a danger to the global civilisation. • This major objective – to not exceed 8 billion – combined with Targeted sterilisation the fact that we hit the 8 billion mark might help explain the • Wars 1 https://www.thestreet.com/technology/elon-musk-reveals-the-person-he- 3 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61910a2d98732d54b73ef8fc/t/64bfe4b98dabae7cf6d3dc despises#:~:text=He%20just%20did%20so%20in,the%20world%20to%20the%20edge 64/1690297530817/nsdm314.pdf 2 https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/population-control-and-official-usg 314 • No cures for diseases 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS • Sexually transmitted diseases • Environmental manipulation The ongoing debate about the implications of human population • Abortions growth is not new. Centuries after Thomas Malthus postulated • Genetically modified organisms that populations would inevitably surpass their resources due to • Same sex relationships the intrinsic animalistic drive to reproduce, the world grapples • with similar concerns. Malthus may have tapped into the inherent The food supplies • tendency in humans to breed expansively, but can contemporary Transhumanism societies channel this drive in more sustainable directions? Many modern scholars and visionaries have echoed Malthusian It should be noticed that the above list might be based on one of sentiments, warning of the potential collapse of civilization and the conspiracy theories (The Great Reset, AI Revolution & significant population reductions if unchecked growth continues. ‘Global Boiling’: Unveiling the Secret Depopulation Plan – Are China's One-Child Policy and similar strategies in other countries YOU the Carbon Footprint they want to Eliminate?), as claimed testify to the efficacy of deliberate depopulation policies. As by reliable sources (https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck- depicted in Figure 3, projections of global fertility rates suggest schwab-population-idUSL2N2OB1JW). a trajectory towards sustainable levels within this century. However, the Kissinger report and several other depopulation policies are real projects. One example that can not be refuted is the China depopulation policy. The way depopulation is achieved, besides the already mentioned ones methods, catapulted through human-rights and new-culture movemets is summarised here: • Promotion of Same-Sex Marriages: The statistics shows that promoting same-sex marriages reduces birth rates since such couples can't biologically reproduce without assistance. Even with the help, the fertility in such families is about 50% of the average marriage. • Introduction of Multiple Gender Identities: Figure 3: Projected global fertility rate. Recognizing various gender identities beyond the male/female binary is seen by some as a way to blur However, an examination reveals disparities in population traditional reproductive roles. growth rates across nations. The Kissinger report highlighted • Sex Change and Gender Reassignment: Undergoing the need to focus depopulation efforts on countries exhibiting gender reassignment can impact an individual's unsustainable growth rates. reproductive ability, in particular in case of surgical Counterintuitively, implementing depopulation policies in changes. already low fertility nations can be detrimental. Elon Musk, a • Voluntary Sterilization: Some individuals choose prominent visionary, has voiced concerns regarding this, sterilization for personal or health reasons. In a broader emphasizing that promoting certain aspects of 'woke culture' context, offering voluntary sterilization can be a part of might unintentionally align with harmful depopulation objectives, family planning and reproductive health services. despite their seemingly relation to human rights advocacy. Musk's • Decline in Sperm Count: Studies have indicated that perspective offers an ambitious alternative: prioritize rapid there's been a significant drop in sperm count in some colonization of Mars. His argument underscores the idea of regions and worldwide over the past few decades. moving forward rather than devoting energy to not most relevant Theories about this decline range from environmental issues, risking missing the window of opportunity. factors to lifestyle changes. While some suggest it Several academic studies bolster the claim for Martian might naturally reduce population growth, the primary colonization, suggesting that humanity's future might well be concern is understanding its implications for health and interplanetary. fertility. It's intriguing to visualize the population distribution on Earth: if • Lack of Research into Declining Fertility: Some the entire global population resided in a landmass equivalent to theorists argue that insufficient effort has gone into Slovenia, it would allocate a few square meters per individual. researching and counteracting declining fertility rates, This hypothetical scenario illuminates the potential for suggesting a covert acceptance or even promotion of sustainable habitation with appropriate urban planning and reduced population growth. However, in reality there ecological measures. are some researchers and organizations actively In recent years, the depopulation is being continued in several investigating these trends and their causes. Why this is ways, e.g. by value-infrindgment through mass media and the not proclaimed a major problem, it can not be depicted Web by inducing that there are tens of sexes, through from the Web or scientific literature. persuasive sterilisation etc. Unlike the Kissinger report • Promotion of Child-Free Lifestyles: The cultural perpetuating that depopulation measures should primarily be acceptance and promotion of choosing not to have introduced into countries with high fertility rates, these children can be seen as a measure that supports depopulation values are being transmitted through Western depopulation. countries already with fertility rates around 1.5 probably causing extinctions of smaller nations in several hundred years. 315 It can be assumed that the fear of causing a global collapse of 8. MacRae, D. Gunn (2023). Thomas Malthus. our civilisation through global warning and overpopulation is Encyclopaedia Britannica. the baseground for such extreme measures. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Malthus In conclusion, the discourse surrounding population dynamics 9. Malone, R. W. (2023). Population Control and Official is complex, requiring a balance between Malthusian concerns USG Policy, Bill Gates depopulation agenda. and innovative, forward-thinking solutions. Whether the answer https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/population-control- lies in Earth-centric strategies or interstellar ventures remains a and-official-usg central question in this ongoing debate (Gams, Malačič, 2018). 10. Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population [1798, 1st ed.]. J. Johnson. 11. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J.. Behrens, LITERATURA W., Club of Rome & Potomac Associates. (1972). The 1. Bricker D., John Ibbitson. J. (2019). Empty planet: the limits to growth: a report for the club of Rome's project on shock of global population decline, London: Robinson the predicament of mankind. Universe Books. 2019. £14.99 (GBP). 288pp. ISBN 978-1-47214-296-2. 12. Rees, W. E. (2023). The Human Ecology of Overshoot: 2. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Why a Major ‘Population Correction’ Is Fail or Succeed. Viking Press. Inevitable. World, 4(3), 509–527. MDPI AG. Retrieved http://cpor.org/ce/Diamond%282005%29Collapse- from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world4030032 HowSocietiesChooseFailureSuccess.pdf 13. Saunders, D. (2017). MAXIMUM CANADA: Why 35 3. Ehrlich, P. R. (1971). The population bomb. Rev. ed. New million Canadians are not enough. TLS. Times Literary York, Intext. Supplement, (6003), Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 4. Gams, M. & Malačič, J. (2019). Bela knjiga slovenske https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A634404917/AONE?u=ano demografije. URN:NBN:SI:DOC-SKHTVGAS from n~13ea6fe8&sid=googleScholar&xid=ce467d6c http://www.dlib.si 14. Tischler, J. (2012). A Brief History of Animal Law, Part II 5. Glaeser, E. (2012). Triumph of the city. Pan Books. (1985 – 2011) Stanford Journal of Animal Law & Policy | 6. Longman, P. (2004). The empty cradle: how falling Vol. 5 birthrates threaten world prosperity and what to do about it 15. U.S. National Security Council. (1974). Implications of / Phillip Longman. New York: Basic Books, a member of Worldwide Population Growth For U.S. Security and the Perseus Books Group Overseas Interests (The Kissinger Report) (NSSM 200). http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0410/2003023840.html https://www.exampleurl.com 7. Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. C., Scherbov, S. (Eds.) (2004). 16. Weisman, A. (2008). The world without us. 1st Picador ed. The End of World Population Growth in the 21st Century, New York, Picador/Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's New Challenges for Human Capital Formation and Press. Sustainable Development, Routledge. 316 Izzivi materinstva v dobi instagrama Motherhood Challenges In Instagram Era as. dr. Barbara Kreš† Katedra za zakonsko in družinsko terapijo ter psihologijo in sociologijo religije Teološka fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija barbara.kres@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK is very blurred on social media profiles, and the effects of this way of communicating can be positive or negative. On one side, Sodobni trendi na področju spletnega komuniciranja vse bolj following social network profiles can be helpfull and supportive spreminjajo načine povezovanja in pridobivanja informacij. to young parents, because they can easily connect to people with Mladi starši običajno spadajo v starostno skupino najbolj the same interests and issues, on the other side, the idealistic aktivnih uporabnikov družbenih omrežij, zato je v zadnjih portreyals of motherhood on instagram profiles can be a source desetletjih tudi starševstvo pod močnim vplivom novih načinov of envy and state anxiety in some mothers, and can have negative informiranja uporabnikov, za katere je značilno, da so meje med impact on their self confidence and parental competence. The posredovanjem kakovostnih informacij in oglaševanjem zelo power of social networks and the impact of different sources and zabrisane. Prepoznati je potrebno, da so učinki novih načinov ways of adressing users (especially young mothers) should be spletnega komuniciranja tako pozitivni, kot negativni. Če je considered very seriously in modern society as a means of sledenje družbenim omrežjem na eni strani v pomoč in podporo informing and empowering young parents by governmental and staršem, da se kljub preobremenjenosti in pomanjkanju časa other institutions. In this way the scientific findings can directly lahko povezujejo z ljudmi, ki imajo podobne interese in so and indirectly contribute to better mental health in society, izpostavljeni podobnim izzivom, so idealistični prikazi improvement of parenting skills in young parents, increase in the materinstva na instagram profilih pri mnogih materah vir zavisti wellfare of the family and, considering also other important ter odzivne anksioznosti in posledično slabo vplivajo na njihovo factors, indirectly contribute to slowing of the birth rate decrease samozavest ter starševske kompetence. Moč družbenih omrežij in society. ter vpliv različnih virov in načinov nagovarjanja uporabnikov (predvsem mladih mater) morata biti v sodobni družbi resneje KEYWORDS upoštevana pri informiranju in opolnomočenju mladih staršev s strani državnih in drugih institucij. Na ta način lahko znanstvena Motherhood, parenting, social networks, instagram, mental spoznanja neposredno in posredno pripomorejo k varovanju health, birth rate duševnega zdravja v skupnosti, izboljšanju starševskih kompetenc mladih staršev, povečanju dobrobiti družin in ob 1 UVOD upoštevanju ostalih pomembnih dejavnikov posredno prispevajo k zmanjševanju upada rodnosti v družbi. Družabna omrežja in spletni portali v zadnjih letih zelo izpodrivajo prej dolgo uveljavljene oblike podajanja informacij KLJUČNE BESEDE in nudenja podpore znotraj različnih podskupin. Starševstvo ni nobena izjema, prej nasprotno. Če so bili še pred nekaj desetletji Materinstvo, starševstvo, družabna omrežja, instagram, duševno glavni viri posredovanja znanja in informacij ustno izročilo, zdravje, rodnost literatura, predavanja in mediji, lahko danes opazimo, da ABSTRACT pomembno vlogo pri nagovarjanju mladih staršev prevzemajo družbena omrežja, predvsem instragram in facebook. Do Modern trends in online comunnication are changing ways of določene mere je to zagotovo prednost, saj gre za hiter in connecting and information gathering in our society. Young dostopen nabor številnih informacij ter možnost za povezovanje parents usually fall in the chategory of most active social network ljudi v nekakšno digitalno skupnost s podobnimi interesi. V users, so in the last decades, the parenting is also under strong zadnjem času pa se vse več govori tudi negativnih učinkih impact of new ways of connecting and informing online users. družbenih omrežij. O teh lahko neposredno izvemo od klientov, The separating line between quality information and advertising vključenih v psihoterapijo, izvedenih tudi že kar nekaj ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note znanstvenih raziskav. †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed 2 TRENDI NA PODROČJU DIGITALNEGA for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must VEDENJA be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). V zadnjem desetletju se je svet na področju digitalnega vedenja Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). precej spremenil, velikim spremembam pa smo po poročanju 317 mednarodne kreativne agencije We are social priča tudi v oziroma »instamum« (»instamama«) profili. Gre večinoma za s zadnjem letu. V svojem tradicionalnem letnem poročilu »Digital strani instagrama verificirane spletne vplivnice, ki delijo svoje 2023« (We are social, 2023) opažajo pomembne spremembe, osebne izkušnje z materinstvom na svojem profilu z namenom, tudi v primerjavi z leti pandemije. Najbolj zanimiv je podatek o da bi pritegnile sponzorje in služile s promocijo blagovnih upadu časa, ki ga posameznik porabi za uporabo interneta znamk. Drugi vir so profesionalni profili, ki jih kreirajo (januarja 2023 so posamezniki na spletu porabili v povprečju 6 večinoma pediatri, kineziologi, nutricionisti in podobni ur in 37 minut, kar je 20 minut manj kot leto prej). Pri tem pa strokovnjaki, ki z uporabniki delijo svoje strokovno znanje in poudarjajo, da ne gre za to, da postaja internet v življenjih ljudi nasvete. Tretji vir pa so tako imenovane »običajne« mame, na vse manj pomemben, temveč to kaže na dejstvo, da postajajo primer prijateljice, znanke, sorodnice ter druge »ne-slavne ljudje pri svoji uporabi digitalnih tehnologij vedno bolj ciljno mame«, ki delijo svoje starševske izkušnje in doživljanja na usmerjeni in učinkoviti. Kljub temu, da je poraba skupnega času družbenih omrežjih, ampak od tega nimajo neposrednih ali na internetu za spoznanje manjša kot leto prej, pa ljudje posrednih finančnih koristi. Spletne vplivnice, ki preko porabljajo več časa kot kadarkoli na družbenih omrežjih, število družbenih omrežij delijo svoje starševstvo, lahko glede na način uporabnikov le-teh pa še narašča (v januarju 2023 je bila vplivanja delimo v dve skupini: eno, ki pretežno deli pozitivne in povprečna uporaba 2 uri in 31 minut na dan, kar je 3 minute več všečne plati starševstva in drugo, ki na svojem instagram profilu kot leto prej). Vse več ljudi se na socialne platforme obrača pri pretežno predstavlja težave in izzive starševstva. iskanju informacij in odkrivanju novih stvari, v središču svetovnih digitalnih vedenj pa ostajajo mobilni telefoni. V Čeprav obstajajo številne raziskave o povezavah med pretirano januarju 2023 je bilo na zemlji 8,01 milijarde prebivalcev, število uporabo instagrama ter anksioznostjo in depresijo pri uporabnikov mobilnih telefonov 5,44 milijarde (68%), število mladostnikih in mladih odraslih (Ramzan in dr., 2019; Moreno uporabnikov interneta 5,16 milijarde (64,4%), število aktivnih in Kolb, 2012;...), pa bi bilo potrebno področju materinstva ter uporabnikov družbenih omrežij pa 4,76 milijarde (59,4%,). Leta povezavi med uporabo Instagrama in anksioznostjo matere, 2013 je bilo aktivnih uporabnikov družbenih omrežij precej morebiti celo odločanjem o številu otrok pri materi, nameniti manj, 1,72 milijarde. večjo pozornost. Pri terapevtskem delu z mladimi mamami namreč vse pogosteje slišimo pripovedovanja o anksioznosti, občutjih nesposobnosti in krivde ter negativni samopodobi, ki jih 3 MATERINSTVO IN VPLIV DRUŽBENIH pušča spremljanje instagram profilov tako mam spletnih vplivnic OMREŽIJ kot tudi »običajnih« instagram mam. Seveda pa vpliv ni vedno Po raziskavi »Digital 2023« (We are social, 2023) kot glavni negativen, ter je običajno nekoliko odvisen od vira, ki mu mati razlog za uporabo družbenih omrežij največ (47,1%) sledi, predvsem pa od njenih psiholoških karakteristik. uporabnikov navaja vzdrževanje stika s prijatelji in družino, visoko na vrhu pa je tudi iskanje vsebin (30,3%). 23,4% Raziskava Egmosejeve in drugih (2022) je pokazala, da mlade uporabnikov kot glavni razlog za uporabo družbenih omrežij matere na družbenih omrežjih v glavnem iščejo informacije v navaja delitev in diskutiranje svojih mnenj, med pomembnimi zvezi z dojenjem, razvojem in motoričnimi funkcijami otroka, razlogi pa sta tudi iskanje skupnosti in interesnih skupin s spanjem, prehrano socialnimi interakcijami in razvojem, časom podobnimi mnenji (21.4% uporabnikov) ter sledenje znanim za zasloni in podobnim, obenem pa iščejo tudi podporo in osebam ali spletnim vplivnežem (20,8% uporabnikov). Večina povezovanje s skupnostjo, s katero si delijo podobne življenjske uporabnikov instagrama (62,2%) je starih med 18 in 34 let, kar izzive (Egmose in dr., 2022). Idealizirani prikazi materinstva na pomeni, da so uporabniki instagrama približno v isti starostni družbenih omrežjih nemalokrat predstavljajo povečan pritisk na skupini kot večina mladih staršev. matere in negativno vplivajo na njihovo duševno zdravje. Matere se namreč primerjajo s prikazi materinstva na družbenih Raziskava iz leta 2017 (Djafarova in Trofimenko), je pokazala, omrežjih in primerjanje s temi idealiziranimi portreti ima pri da so med ruskimi materami matere predšolskih otrok najbolj nekaterih škodljive učinke. Predvsem mlade matere (v prvem pogost uporabnik družbenih omrežij. Sklepajo, da je to posledica letu življenja prvorojenega otroka) se bolj primerjajo in doživijo časovne razpoložljivosti, saj je večina teh mater na porodniškem več podobnosti s prikazi, ki niso idealizirani ali s prikazi mam dopustu, drugi razlog pa je verjetno v tem, da imajo malo znanja vplivnic. Ne glede na vir (običajna mama ali vplivnica) pa na področjih, ki jih prinese starševstvo, kar vodi k manjši idealizirane objave povzročijo pomembno višje ravni zavisti in samozavesti. Tako na družbenih omrežjih pretežno iščejo odzivne tesnobe, kar je močno povezano z materinim duševnim informacije ter podporo s strani skupnosti žensk s podobnimi zdravjem (Kirkpatrick in Lee, 2022). Nagnjenost k primerjanju z izzivi. Iz izkušenj pri terapevtskem delu vemo, da veliko mladih ostalimi je pomemben dejavnik, ki vpliva na odnos med staršev uporablja družbena omrežja za iskanje informacij o vključenostjo v instagram profil vplivnice ter anksioznostjo pri razvoju otroka in drugih starševskih dilemah, kljub temu pa so materah. Matere, ki bolj aktivno sledijo instagramskim starši precej slabo raziskana populacija na področju uporabe vplivnicam so v večji meri mame z višjo anksioznostjo in višjo družbenih omrežij. Matere so najbolj aktivne na socialnih orientiranostjo k socialnem primerjanju (Moujaes in Verrier, omrežjih v prvem letu otrokovega življenja, prav tako pa bolj 2021). Steers in drugi (2014) ugotavljajo, da je tudi frekvenca pogosto kot očetje uporabljajo družbena omrežja, vključno z socialnih primerjav tako navzgor kot navzdol povezana s instagramom (Djafarova in Trofimenko, 2017). Obstoječe študije povečanimi depresivnimi simptomi pri ameriških študentih. na to temo (Egmose in dr., 2022; Kirkpatrick in Lee, 2022) navajajo, da starši sledijo trem vrstam oziroma virom instagram Festingerjeva teorija socialne primerjave (Festinger, 1954) profilov. Prvi so takoimenovani »instaparents« (»instastarši«) temelji na predpostavki, da imamo ljudje samoocenjevalni 318 nagon, torej da smo notranje gnani k samoocenjevanju in Matere mlajših otrok se na družbenih omrežjih bolj primerjajo z primerjanju z drugimi. S primerjavo mnenj in sposobnosti drugih neidealiziranimi prikazi v primerjavi z idealiziranimi, ter s profili s svojimi lastnimi, ljudje ocenimo doseganje ciljev našega »običajnih« mater (v primerjavi z vplivnicami). S temi objavami idealnega jaza, hkrati pa se lahko bolj približamo doseganju teh doživljajo večjo podobnost, idealizirani prikazi (ne glede na vir) ciljev. Ljudje smo gnani k zmanjšanju neskladja, ki ga pa povečujejo njihovo zavist ter odzivno anksioznost. zaznavamo med sabo in tarčno primerjavo (osebo, ki ji želimo Pomembno več je primerjanja z neidealiziranimi prikazi, saj se z biti podobni), kar je pretežno posledica človeške motivacije biti realističnimi prikazi matere lažje poistovetijo, idealizirane boljši. V skladu s to teorijo lahko primerjave ločimo v dve vrsti: objave pa pri materah bolj povečajo odzivno anksioznost. vertikalno in horizontalno. Za vertikalno primerjavo gre, ko se Medtem ko je idealizacija materinskih objav povečala pri primerjamo z nekom, ki ga doživljamo, kot da mu gre boljše od udeleženkah zavist in odzivno tesnobo pa vir materinskih nas (navzgor), ali pa z nekom, za katerega menimo, da mu gre prikazov ni imel pomembnega učinka. Idealizacija objav se je slabše od nas (navzdol). Horizontalna primerjava se osredotoča torej izkazala kot bolj škodljiva kot to, kdo jih objavi (vplivnice na to, ali smo si s subjektom primerjave podobni, imamo ali vsakdanje matere). To kaže na to, da lahko kdorkoli na podobna mnenja in sposobnosti. Nekatere raziskave (Dibb in socialnih omrežjih, ki objavi idealizirano vsebino, potencialno Foster, 2021; Hwnag, 2019; Steers in dr., 2014) so pokazale, da škodljivo vpliva na uporabnike vsebine. Pri preverjanju so primerjave navzgor v družbenih omrežjih, povezane s prepoznavanja manipulacije s strani uporabnic družbenih povečanim negativnim afektom ter poslabšanjem dobrobiti omrežij, se je v tej raziskavi pokazalo, da so bile idealizirane uporabnika. objave v študiji ocenjene bolj na sredini skale, namesto na skrajnem koncu. Pričakovati je, da če idealizacija materinstva (iz Matere se k družbenim omrežjem obračajo zato, ker se s strani kateregakoli vira) postane bolj poudarjena (vsebina bolj profesionalnih, pa tudi drugih profilov počutijo pretežno podprte, idealizirana), bo negativni vpliv na uporabnice verjetno še bolj dobijo nove informacije ter povezanost s skupnostjo ljudi, ki očiten. (Kirkpatrick in Lee, 2022) imajo podobne življenjske izzive, na drugi strani pa prinaša ta aktivna vključenost tudi težave. Tudi ob spremljanju profesionalnih profilov lahko matere doživljajo znižan občutek 4 ŠIRŠE POSLEDICE VPLIVA DRUŽBENIH starševske kompetence in slabo vest, ko ne morejo ves čas slediti OMREŽIJ NA STARŠE dobri praksi, zato bi komuniciranje o dovolj dobrem starševstvu Socialno primerjanje mater na družbenih omrežjih je povezano z mogoče lahko pomagalo zmanjšati takšna negativna občutja. Čas višjimi preobremenitvami s starševskimi vlogami, nižjo ravnijo pred pred zasloni se je izkazal kot ena od najpogosteje starševske kompetence, več partnerskega konflikta in višjo omenjenih tem, ki v materah zbuja slabo vest ob sledenju ravnijo depresije pri materah (Coyne in dr., 2017). Pri profesionalnim profilom, kar kaže na to, da morajo biti terapevtskem delu z materami malih otrok, ki pogosteje poročajo strokovnjaki pri osveščanju staršev o tej tematiki previdni o primerjanju z drugimi mamami na instagramu, velikokrat (Egmose in dr., 2022). slišimo (od njih ali njihovih partnerjev), da pod takšnim pritiskom ne bi zmogli imeti še enega otroka, tako da marsikdaj V raziskavi iz leta 2022 (Egmose in dr.) so bile matere z višjo ostajajo pri enem, največ dveh. Tudi če se odločijo za več otrok, orientiranostjo k socialnemu primerjanju (meri jo raven poročajo o izjemnih čustvenih in fizičnih obremenitvah. strinjanja s trditvijo »Primerjam se z drugimi starši, ki jim sledim na instagramu.«) deležne večjih negativnih učinkov ob sledenju Potek spreminjanja ravni rodnosti v Sloveniji je podoben katerikoli vrsti različnih profilov na instagramu. Največkrat so trendom v večini evropskih in drugih razvitih držav. Značilni so omenjale zmanjšan občutek starševske kompetence, rezultati pa nizka smrtnost in rodnost ter sorazmerno nizek ali celo negativen so nakazovali, da na matere negativno učinkujejo primerjave naravni prirastek prebivalstva. Leto 2022 se je, po poročanju navzgor z idealizirano sliko, ki je bila predstavljena v objavah s Statističnega urada Slovenije (Statistični urad Republike strani nekaterih staršev na instagramu. Matere z visoko Slovenije, 2022), uvrstilo na 5. mesto med leti z najmanj rojstvi orientiranostjo k socialnemu primerjanju se primerjajo navzgor v 101 letni zgodovini. Rodilo se je 17.627 otrok, kar je 7% tudi v relaciji z objavami na profesionalnih profilih, saj se oziroma 1.357 manj kot leto prej. Povprečna starost matere ob posredno primerjajo s »perfektnim« staršem, ki lahko ves čas rojstvu prvega otroka je bila 29,6 leta, ob rojstvu vseh otrok pa sledi vsakemu posameznemu nasvetu (Egmose in dr., 2022). 31,1 leta. Celotna stopnja rodnosti za leto 2022 je znašala 1,55, Vir prikaza materinstva na instagramu vpliva na stanje v sorazmerno največ otrok so rodile matere v starosti 26 do 32 let. socialnem primerjanju, doživeto podobnost, zavist in odzivno Skoraj polovica (47%) rojenih otrok je bila prvorojencev, 38% anksioznost. Med idealizirane prikaze štejemo tiste, ki pa drugorojencev. Naravni prirast je v Sloveniji negativen od leta predstavljajo idealistične, všečne orise materinstva s tem, da se 2017, kar pomeni, da vsako leto umre več prebivalcev, kot se jih osredotočajo samo na pozitivne aspekte starševstva (»zrežirane« rodi. Na letni ravni je leta 2022 znašal - 2,3 na 1000 prebivalcev, fotografije veselih, urejenih mater in otrok, s teksti o dosežkih oziroma -4.865 prebivalcev. Na svetovni ravni je bila v letu 1963 otrok, o tem, da imajo »perfektnega« otroka in podobno). skupna rodnost 4,6 otroka na žensko, leta 2022 pa le še 2,3 otroka Neidealizirani prikazi so definirani kot tisti, ki predstavljajo bolj na žensko, kar kaže na to, da je trend upadanja rodnosti globalen. avtentičen, neidealističen oris materinstva, na primer kakršnakoli Demografi že desetletja intenzivno iščejo odgovore, ki zadevajo omemba izzivov, težav v starševstvu, objave z »nezrežiranimi« vprašanje dviga stopnje rodnosti, vendar izpostavljajo, da ni fotografijami realnosti, s tekstom o sitnih otrocih, o težavah pri preprostih in univerzalno učinkovitih rešitev. Podatki Raziskave iskanju ravnovesja med starševstvom in drugimi obveznostmi in o vplivih veljavnih ukrepov družinske politike na odločanje za podobno (Kirkpatrick in Lee, 2022). otroke, ki jo je v letu 2010 izvedel Inštitut Republike Slovenije 319 za socialno varstvo, so pokazali, da se ljudje za otroke odločajo obdobju. Pri tem je pomembno upoštevati znanstvena dognanja predvsem zato, ker si jih želijo imeti, medtem ko so ukrepi o učinkih različnih virov in načinov nagovarjanja mladih staršev, družinske politike obrobnega pomena, čeprav so na dolgi rok tudi ter jih obrniti v prid opolnomočenju in krepitvi starševskih pomembni. Po navedbah Resolucije o družinski politiki 2018- kompetenc in samozavesti. 2028 (Pravno informacijski sistem, 2018, v nadaljevanju Resolucija) je gibanje števila živorojenih otrok v Sloveniji VIRI povezano s pomembnima dejavnikoma, ki sta v preteklosti [1] Coyne, S. M., McDaniel, B. T., Stockdale, L. A. (2017). »Do you dare to vplivala na število živorojenih otrok in bosta vplivala tudi v compare?« Associations between maternal social comparisons on social networking sites and parenting, mental health, and romantic relationship prihodnje, to sta: gibanje povprečne starosti ženske ob rojstvu outcomes. Computers in human behavior, 70, 335-340. otroka in starostna struktura žensk v rodni dobi, torej v starosti [2] Dibb, B., Foster, M. (2021). Loneliness and facebook use: the role of od 15 do 49 let. Povprečna starost ženske ob rojstvu otroka se v social comparison and rumination. Heliydon, 7 (1). [3] Djafarova, E., Trofimenko, O. (2017). Exploring the relationship between zadnjih treh desetletjih hitro zvišuje. Pri odločanju za otroka je self- presentation and self-esteem of mothers in social media in Russia. pomembno tudi urejeno stanovanjsko vprašanje. Computers in human behavior, 73, 20-27. [4] Egmose, I., Thode Krogh, M., Stuart, A. C., Wahl Haase, T., Back Madsen, E., Skovgaard Vaever, M. (2022). How are mothers negatively Resolucija prepoznava, da je duševno zdravje z vidika realizacije affected and supported by following parenting-related instagram profiles? vseh zmožnosti in potencialov posameznika izjemno pomembno. A mixed method study. Acta psychologica 227. [5] Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Prav tako pa je pomembno tudi z vidika zagotavljanja kakovosti relations 7(2), 117-140. življenja družin in širše družbe. Družinski član s težavami v [6] Foroughi, B., Griffiths, M. D., Iranmanesh, M., Salamzadeh, Y. (2021). Associations between instagram addiction, academic performance, social duševnem zdravju namreč bistveno vpliva na kakovost življenja anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction among university students. celotne družine. Ker zdravstvene statistike beležijo porast International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 20 (4), 2221-2242. [7] Hwnag, H. S. (2019). Why social comparison on instagram matters: Its duševnih bolezni, so še toliko bolj pomembni kakovostni impact on depression. KSH Transaction on internet and information programi krepitve duševnega zdravja, preprečevanja, zgodnjega systems 13(3), 1626-1638. odkrivanja in zdravljenja duševnih motenj, psihoterapije, [8] Kirkpatrick, C. E., Lee, S. (2022). Comparisons to picture perfect mothehood: How instagram's idealized portrayals of motherhood affect rehabilitacije in socialne integracije oseb s težavami v duševnem new mothers' well being. Computers in human behavior 137. zdravju. Pomemben ukrep za izboljšanje duševnega zdravja na [9] Moreno, M. A., Kolb, J. (2012). Social networking sites and adolescent health. Pediatric clinics of North America, 59 (3), 601-612. področju družine je razvoj in implementacija programov, ki ga [10] Moujaes, M., Verrier, D. (2021). Instagram use, instamums, and anxiety izvajajo zdravstveni strokovnjaki na domu in je namenjen in mothers of young children. Jurnal of media psychology, 33 (2), 72-81. intenzivni podpori zgodnjemu starševstvu za ranljive nosečnice [11] Ramzan, M., Arshad, J., Adeeb, H., Asisf, M. (2019). Excessive use of instagram causing anxiety and depression among young adults. Pakistan in družine z dojenčkom oziroma malčkom, pomembne pa so tudi Library & Information Science Journal, jul-sep 2019, 50 (3), 45. prenovljene vsebine šole za starše. [12] Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's higlight reels: How facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 33 (8), 701-731. [13] Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (2022). Rojeni 2022. (pridobljeno 5 SKLEP 6.9.2023): https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/News/Index/11182 [14] Pravno informacijski sistem (2018). Resolucija o družinski politiki 2018- V skladu z Resolucijo o družinski politiki RS (Pravno 2028 »Vsem družinam prijazna družba« ReDP18-28) (pridobljeno informacijski sistem, 2018) je družina temeljna družbena 7.9.2023): http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=RESO118# [15] UMAR (2012). Poročilo o razvoju 2012, kazalniki razvoja Slovenije institucija in predstavlja ključno komponento družinske politike. (pridobljeno 6.9.2023): Pomembna naloga države je, da ustvarja pogoje za doseganje https://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/pr/2012/05/1 1_strodnosti.pdf visoke ravni kakovosti življenja družin in posameznikov, [16] We are social (2023). Digital 2023. (pridobljeno 5.9.2023): zagotavlja socialno vključenost, varstvo in zaščito, in tako https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2023/01/the-changing-world-of-digital- in-2023/ ustvarja možnost zdravega razvoja vseh družinskih članov. Za učinkovitejše doseganje teh ciljev je država razvila model programov v podporo družini, ki se osredotočajo na različne oblike pomoči družinam in na določen način predstavljajo dopolnitev drugih programov in storitev, kot so recimo socialno varstveni programi in storitve. Programi v podporo družini so v vsebinskem smislu namenjeni pripravam na starševstvo, spodbujanju pozitivnega starševstva in krepitvi starševskih kompetenc, izboljšanju komunikacije in odnosov v družini, ustvarjalnemu in aktivnemu preživljanju prostega časa otrok in družin, lažjemu usklajevanju poklicnega in družinskega življenja, psihosocialni pomoči otrokom in staršem ter drugim vsebinam za izboljšanje kakovosti družinskega življenja. Ti programi morajo, da bi služili svojemu namenu, prepoznati pomen družbenih omrežij ter načina podajanja informacij preko njih za duševno zdravje mladih staršev. V programih priprave na starševstvo ter poporodne skrbi je potrebno resneje vzeti tudi vse večje pritiske po »perfektnem starševstvu« torej vse večjo intenzivnost starševske vključenosti, kot jo mladim staršem nerealno posredujejo med drugimi tudi družbena omrežja, ki s tem povečujejo breme mladih staršev v že tako napornem 320 Na poti k bolj celovitemu merjenju ekonomskega prispevka moških in žensk Toward a more comprehensive measurement of men's and women's economic contributions Tanja Istenič† Jože Sambt Ekonomska fakulteta, Ekonomska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija tanja.istenic@ef.uni-lj.si joze.sambt@ef.uni-lj.si POVZETEK ABSTRACT V ekonomski analizi je starostni razpon ekonomske In economic analysis, the age period of economic neodvisnosti običajno opredeljen z uporabo fiksnih independence is usually defined using fixed age limits starostnih mej (tj. v starosti 20-64 let). To obdobje je (i.e., between the ages of 20-64). By default, this period privzeto neodvisno od države, leta analize, spola itd. is independent of country, year of analysis, gender, etc. Poleg tega se običajno predpostavlja enak obseg Moreover, the same level of economic independence is ekonomske neodvisnosti, ne glede na starost usually assumed regardless of the age of the individuals. posameznikov. Metodološki okvir računov nacionalnih The methodological framework of National Transfer transferjev (angl. National Transfer Accounts – NTA) Accounts (NTA) allows to accurately measure the nam s pomočjo koncepta presežka življenjskega cikla period and the level of economic independence using (tj. pozitivna razlika med dohodkom iz dela in the concept of lifecycle surplus (i.e., the positive potrošnjo) omogoča natančno merjenje obdobja in difference between labour income and consumption). obsega ekonomske neodvisnosti. Ob tem, z namenom To remove the gender bias of the conventional NTA, we odprave spolne pristranskosti običajnih NTA, v analizo also add the values of unpaid household work to the dodamo še vrednosti neplačanega gospodinjskega dela analysis and thus combining the conventional NTA with in na ta način običajne NTA združimo z računi the National Time Transfer Accounts (NTTA). In this nacionalnih transferjev časa (angl. National Time way, we not only accurately measure economic Transfer Accounts – NTTA). Na ta način poleg independence, but also comprehensively capture the natančnega merjenja ekonomske neodvisnosti celostno contribution of men and women to financing the merimo tudi prispevek moških in ženk k financiranju economic dependence of the young and the old. The ekonomske odvisnosti mladih in starih. Rezultati results of the analysis of 14 EU countries show that the analize 14 držav EU kažejo, da vključitev neplačanega inclusion of unpaid household work has a strong impact gospodinjskega dela močno vpliva na zmanjševanje on reducing the differences in the contribution of both razlik v prispevku obeh spolov. Pri tem pa v nekaterih sexes. However, in some countries, men contribute državah moški tudi po vključitvi neplačanega much more than women even after including unpaid gospodinjskega dela prispevajo znatno več kot ženske household work (e.g., in the United Kingdom and (npr. v Veliki Britaniji in Nemčiji), medtem ko ženske Germany), while women in Lithuania and Slovenia v Litvi in Sloveniji ob vključitvi denarno ovrednotenega contribute more than men when the monetary value of neplačanega gospodinjskega dela prispevajo več kot unpaid household work is included. moški. KEYWORDS KLJUČNE BESEDE National Transfer Accounts, unpaid work, labour Računi nacionalnih transferjev, neplačano delo, income, consumption, gender differences. dohodek iz dela, potrošnja, razlike med spoloma. 321 1 UVOD baze projekta AGENTA [4] in so ocenjeni na podlagi V življenju gredo posamezni anketnih in administrativnih podatkov. Za ocenjevanje ki skozi dve obdobji starostnih profilov dohodka iz dela so uporabljeni ekonomske odvisnosti, ko so mladi in ko so stari. Takrat posameznikova potrošnja presega dohodek iz mikropodatki EU-SILC, za ocenjevanje starostnih dela. Presežek potrošnje nad dohodkom iz dela krije profilov zasebne potrošnje pa Anketa o porabi delovno aktivna populacija, ki zasluži več gospodinjstev (angl. Household Budget Survey – HBS). kot potroši, in se tako sooča z obdobjem ekonomske neodvisnosti Rezultati NTA so izračunani za leto 2010 in se ujemajo z agregatnimi vrednostmi iz sistema nacionalnih [6]. V naslednjih desetletjih se bo prebivalstvo EU hitro staralo. Višji delež starejših glede na delovno aktivne računov (angl. System of National Accounts – SNA). pa ogroža NTA po spolu so ocenjeni podobno kot običajni NTA, vzdržnost javnofinančnega sistema in povzroča pri tem pa so starostni profili po spolu prilagojeni tako, pritisk na javne in zasebne institucije, da se da se zagotovi skladnost z makroekonomskimi agregati spremembam ustrezno prilagodijo. in tudi s starostnimi profili običajnih NTA. Med ukrepe, ki bi lahko že kratkoročno omilili vpliv Metodologija Evropskih NTA je podrobno staranja na vzdržnost javnofinančnega sistema, se predstavljena v Istenič in drugi [4]. uvrščata predvsem daljše ostajanje v zaposlitvi in zviša Tržni pristop k ocenjevanju ekonomske nje velikosti ekonomske neodvisnosti prebivalstva (tj. zvišanje razlike med njihovim neodvisnosti daje zavajajočo sliko o proizvodnji in dohodkom iz dela in potrošnjo) ostalih prispevkih obeh spolov v gospodinjstvu. V [3], [7], [8]. Slednje bi pripomoglo k zvišanju privarčevanega dohodka iz dela članku tako odpravimo spolno pristranskost običajnih in/ali omogočilo višje javne in zasebne transferje, s NTA in jih združimo z računi nacionalnih transferjev časa (angl. National Time Transfer Accounts – NTTA), katerimi delovno aktivni prebivalci financirajo ki so izračunani na podlagi ankete o porabi časa in prav ekonomsko odvisnost mladih in starih. Podatki računov tako pridobljeni iz podatkovne baze projekta AGENTA nacionalnih transferjev (angl. National Transfer [9]. Pridobljene vrednosti o porabi časa za posamezne Accounts – NTA) kažejo, da je razlika med agregatnim dohodkom iz dela in agregatno potrošnjo višja v tistih aktivnosti neplačanega gospodinjskega dela, z drža namenom primerljivosti z rezultati NTA iz leta 2010, vah, v katerih je ekonomska neodvisnost in s tem prispevek žensk glede na moške relativno višji – monetarno ovrednotimo z uporabo povprečnih plač torej predvsem v tistih državah, kjer je udeležba žensk na elementarnih poklicev v posamezni državi v letu 2010 trgu dela višja [2]. V članku so predstavljeni rezultati za 14 držav EU [3], [8]. Tako lahko kot možen ukrep za povečevanje vzdržnosti javnofinančnega sist z razpoložljivimi podatki NTA in NTTA. ema vidimo spodbujanje udeležbe žensk na trgu dela [8]. Moški na trgu dela v povprečju zaslužijo več kot 3 REZULTATI ženske, prav tako plačanemu delu namenijo več časa, Slika 1 prikazuje dohodek iz dela in potrošnjo po vendar po drugi strani ženske v primerjavi z moškimi starosti in spolu za dve izbrani državi, to sta Španija in namenijo več časa neplačanemu gospodinjskemu delu Švedska. Na sliki ločeno prikazujemo tržne vrednosti in tako v primerjavi z moškimi ustvarijo več storitev v dohodka iz dela in potrošnje ter dohodek in potrošnjo obliki neplačanega gospodinjskega dela [3]. Osnovni kot vsoto tržnih vrednosti in denarno ovrednotene namen članka je tako celostno analizirati ekonomski vrednosti neplačanega dela. Iz slike je razvidno, da je v prispevek moških in žensk, in sicer kot razliko med obeh državah dohodek iz dela žensk nižji od dohodka njihovo proizvodnjo in potrošnjo, vključno z denarno moških, kar je predvsem posledica nižje stopnje vrednostjo neplačanega gospodinjskega dela. zaposlenosti žensk ter razlike v plačah med polno zaposlenimi moškimi in ženskami. Razlika v dohodku 2 METODOLOGIJA IN PODATKI iz dela med obema spoloma je nižja na Švedskem, kjer se enakost med spoloma tradicionalno spodbuja v večji V članku uporabljamo enega od temeljenjih meri. Razlika med spoloma v potrošnji je v obeh konceptov metodologije NTA, to je koncept presežka državah manj razvidna kot razlika v dohodku, tako je življenjskega cikla. Presežek življenjskega cikla razlika med spoloma v presežku življenjskega cikla predstavlja pozitivno razliko med dohodkom iz dela ter pretežno rezultat razlik v dohodku med spoloma. (javno in zasebno) potrošnjo, ki je značilna za čas Po vključitvi denarno ovrednotenih vrednosti aktivne delovne dobe. Starostni profili (to so starostnospecifična povprečja) neplačanega gospodinjskega dela se razlike med dohodka iz dela in potrošnje za države EU so pridobljeni iz podatkovne spoloma v dohodku oziroma proizvodnji zmanjšajo v 322 obeh državah, a je velikost sprememb med državama v Nemčiji. Presežek življenjskega cikla žensk je v vseh različna. Medtem ko na Švedskem razlike v dohodku državah nižji od presežka moških in se giblje med ostajajo očitne tudi po vključitvi neplačanega dela, se 0,6 % dohodka iz dela v Italiji in 14,3 % v Sloveniji. razlike med spoloma v Španiji praktično izničijo. Ob tem se presežek žensk glede na presežek moških med državami bistveno razlikuje in znaša med 2,5 % v Italiji ter 62,0 % v Sloveniji. Ob vključitvi neplačanega Slika 1: Dohodek in potrošnja moških in žensk, Španija in Švedska; 2010 dela se razlika v presežku življenjskega cikla med spoloma zmanjša v vseh državah, a ostaja visoka npr. v Veliki Britaniji (37 %) in Nemčiji (40,1 %). Na drugi strani se razlika znatno zniža v Italiji (celotni presežek življenjskega cikla žensk glede na celotni presežek življenjskega cikla moških naraste na 86,1 %) in Španiji (89,7 %). V Litvi in Sloveni pa je celotni presežek življenjskega cikla žensk celo višji od celotnega presežka življenjskega cikla moških. Tabela 2: Presežek življenjskega cikla moških in žensk, države EU, 2010 Presežek življenjskega Celotni presežek cikla kot življenjskega cikla kot % Država % dohodka iz dela dohodka iz dela Prispevek Prispevek M Ž Ž/M*100 M Ž Ž/M*100 Belgija 28,1 7,7 27,4 29,1 19,0 65,2 Bolgarija 15,1 1,7 11,6 14,1 9,8 69,4 Estonija 23,5 5,4 22,8 23,6 13,3 56,3 Finska 20,3 7,9 39,0 21,9 18,8 85,6 Francija 26,3 6,4 24,2 26,7 17,5 65,5 Italija 24,6 0,6 2,5 20,6 17,7 86,1 Litva 8,3 4,1 49,1 8,0 10,3 128,8 Latvija 16,3 3,9 24,0 14,9 10,1 68,0 Nemčija 30,3 2,2 7,3 31,4 12,6 40,1 Poljska 23,8 3,0 12,5 24,7 14,9 60,5 Slovenija 23,1 14,3 62,0 23,3 24,4 104,7 Španija 23,8 3,6 14,9 20,8 18,7 89,7 Švedska 25,5 10,3 40,5 29,2 20,2 69,2 VB 27,4 0,8 2,9 28,3 10,5 37,0 Viri: [2], [4], [5], [9]. *Opombe: M = Moški, Ž = Ženske, Prispevek Ž/M*100 = Prispevek žensk glede na moške (v %), VB = Velika Britanija. Viri: [1], [2], [4], [5], [9]. V Tabeli 1 predstavljamo celoten presežek življenjskega cikla za moške in ženske v vseh 14 4 ZAKLJUČEK preučevanih državah EU, ki je izračunan kot produkt V članku s pomočjo koncepta presežka življenjskega evropskega standardnega prebivalstva [1] in povprečnega presežka življenjskega cikla cikla natančno merimo dolžino in velikost ekonomske posameznika. Za lažjo primerjavo med državami je neodvisnosti moških in žensk in s tem njihov prispevek celoten presežek izračunan kot odstotek celotnega k financiranju ekonomske odvisnosti mladih in starih. dohodka iz dela v posamezni državi. Rezultati so Celostno merjenje ekonomske neodvisnosti, vključujoč plačano in neplačano delo, je še posebej pomembno v najprej prikazani brez denarno ovrednotene vrednosti neplačanega dela, nato pa še z upoštevanjem času spreminjajoče se starostne strukture prebivalstva in le te. s tem vprašljive dolgoročne vzdržnosti javnofinančnega Presežek življenjskega cikla moških se giblje med sistema. 8,3 % dohodka iz dela v Litvi in 30,3 % dohodka iz dela 323 Kot eden od možnih ukrepov za zagotavljanje ZAHVALA vzdržnosti javnofinančnega sistema se navaja tudi Delo v okviru tega članka je bilo deloma financirano s strani projekta zviševanje udeležbe žensk na trgu dela. Glede na AGENTA (Sedmi okvirni program Evropske skupnosti za raziskave, rezultate članka lahko zaključimo, da je zvišanje tehnološki razvoj in predstavitvene dejavnosti, po pogodbi 613247) ter s strani Javne agencije za znanstvenoraziskovalno dejavnost RS (po udeležbe žensk na trgu dela lahko učinkovit ukrep za pogodbah P5-0128, J5-4575, V5-2264). Ta članek uporablja podatke zagotavljanje vzdržnosti javnofinančnega sistema v Eurostata: Cross sectional EU-SILC UDB, 2011 in HBS, 2010. Za uporabo državah, kjer je prispevek žensk glede na moške nizek se avtorji zahvaljujejo Eurostatu in Evropski komisiji. Prav tako se zahvaljujemo skupini Ageing Working Group in nacionalnim timom, ki so tudi po vključitvi denarno ovrednotenega neplačanega nam posredovali podatke o izdatkih za zdravje in dolgotrajno oskrbo. Za vse dela. To velja na primer za Nemčijo, Veliko Britanijo, zaključke, ki izhajajo iz podatkov, so v celoti odgovorni avtorji članka. Estonijo in Poljsko. Na drugi strani pa je tak ukrep lahko problematičen v državah, kjer je celoten prispevek žensk glede na moške visok, kar velja predvsem za Litvo in Slovenijo ter tudi za Finsko, Italijo in Španijo. V teh državah je breme žensk veliko in bi več dela na trgu verjetno pomenilo manj časa, namenjenega neplačanemu gospodinjskemu delu. Ker je vzorce delitve dela med moškimi in ženskami na kratek rok težko spreminjati, lahko tak ukrep močno zniža blaginjo prebivalstva teh držav. Ob tem je potrebno še dodati, da je neplačano delo, ki ga še vedno v večji meri opravljajo ženske, nižje ovrednoteno kot je povprečje za plačano delo na trgu. To pomeni, da je prispevek žensk glede na moške, ki je merjen le v času, še višji v vseh državah. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Eurostat. (2013). Revision of the European Standard Population: Report of Eurostat’s task force. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [2] Eurostat. (2017). Structure of earnings survey: hourly earnings. Dostopno na spletnem naslovu http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?wai=true&dataset=earn_se s_hourly [3] Hammer, B., Prskawetz, A. & Freund, I. (2015). Production activities and economic dependency by age and gender in Europe: A cross-country comparison. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 5, 86-97. [4] Istenič, T., Hammer, B., Šeme, A., Lotrič Dolinar, A. & Sambt, J. (2017). The European NTA Manual. Dostopno na spletnem naslovu http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org /shiny/nta/AGENTA_European_NTA_Manual.pdf [5] Istenič, T. (2019). Je zviševanje udeležbe žensk na trgu dela ustrezen ukrep za zagotavljanje vzdržnosti javnofinančnega sistema?. Economic and Business Review, 21(4), 8. [6] Lee, R. & Mason, A. (2011). Population aging and the generational economy: a global perspective. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. [7] Loichinger, E., Hammer, B., Prskawetz, A., Freiberger, M. & Sambt, J. (2017). Quantifying economic dependency. European Journal of Population, 33(3), 351‒380. [8] Sambt, J., Hammer, B., & Istenič, T. (2021). The European National Transfer Accounts: Data and Applications. Economic and Business Review, 23(3), 184-193. [9] Vargha, L., Šeme, A., Gál, R. I., Hammer, B. & Sambt, J. (2016). Manual of the NTTA methodology and guidelines to the AGENTA NTTA data explorer. AGENTA project report. Dostopno na spletnem naslovu http://www.agenta-project.eu/Jacomo/upload/publications/d-2.3- submitted.pdf 324 Koncept spolnih vlog pri mladih odraslih The Concept of Gender Roles in Young Adults Mateja Cvetek Teološka fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Slovenija mateja.cvetek@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK place much more emphasis on the process aspects (e.g. searching for, exploring, shaping, transforming gender roles) than on the Ustrezno oblikovanje družbenih vlog, med katere spadajo tudi static aspects of gender roles. At the same time, their perception spolne vloge, ima lahko velik pomen za posameznikovo življenje, of gender roles is also strongly influenced by a tendency to seek njegove odnose ter občutja gotovosti, orientacije v okolju in authentic ways of experiencing and practising gender roles. predvidevanja, posledično s tem pa tudi na zmanjševanje tesnobe. Razumevanje pojava družbenih in spolnih vlog je še posebej KEYWORDS pomembno v luči pojava vedno večje prisotnosti tesnobe na družbeni ravni, ter vedno večje množičnosti spolnih identitet in Gender roles, gender role development, authenticity, young spolnih vlog, katerim smo priča. Ob vedno večjem poudarjanju adults, grounded theory svobode izbire posameznikove spolne identitete in z njo povezanih spolnih vlog nas je v raziskavi zanimalo, kako pojem 1 KONCEPT SPOLNE VLOGE IN SPOLNA spolne vloge dojemajo mladi odrasli. Na temelju analize intervjujev, ki smo jih analizirali po metodologiji osnovane IDENTITETA V SPREMINJAJOČEM SE teorije, smo med drugim ugotovili, da mladi odrasli veliko bolj DRUŽBENEM OKOLJU kot statične vidike spolnih vlog poudarjajo procesne vidike (npr. iskanje, raziskovanje, oblikovanje, preoblikovanje spolnih vlog). Eden od najpomembnejših mehanizmov, preko katerega se Hkrati pa je v njihovem dojemanju spolnih vlog zelo močno določajo pričakovani načini vedenja znotraj socialnih okolij, so prisotna tudi težnja po iskanju avtentičnih načinov doživljanja in različne družbene vloge, v katerih nastopamo. Med njimi so prakticiranja spolnih vlog. spolne vloge, ki so bile do nedavnega opredeljene kot pričakovanja družbe in kulture, kako naj se posameznik vede KLJUČNE BESEDE glede na to, ali je moškega ali ženskega biološkega spola Spolne vloge, razvoj spolnih vlog, avtentičnost, mladi odrasli, Napaka! Vira sklicevanja ni bilo mogoče najti. . Spolne vloge osnovana teorija. so podvržene stereotipizaciji, znotraj katere prihaja do enačenja družbenih norm z "naravnimi" značilnostmi moških ali žensk, ABSTRACT kot da so te odvisne od fizioloških značilnosti [2]. Vendar je Appropriate social role modelling, including gender roles, can potrebno jasno razlikovati fiziološke značilnosti posameznikov have a profound impact on an individual's life, relationships, in njihov biološki spol, ter doživljajske značilnosti feelings of security, orientation, and anticipation, and posameznikov in njihov družbeni položaj, ki se tekom consequently on anxiety reduction. Understanding the posameznikovega življenja spreminja, kar se posledično phenomenon of social and gender roles is particularly important povezuje tudi s spremembami pojmovanja posameznikove lastne in the light of the increasing presence of anxiety at a societal level, spolne vloge skozi različna razvojna obdobja. and the growing multiplicity of gender identities and gender roles Spolne vloge torej niso nekaj statičnega, temveč gre za that we are witnessing. With the increasing emphasis on the dinamičen koncept, ki se tekom posameznikovega življenja freedom to choose one's gender identity and associated gender spreminja. Razvoj spolnih vlog poskuša pojasniti več teorij, ki roles, our research was interested in young adults' perceptions of jih je Millerjeva [3] razvrstila v tri skupine. Biološke teorije the concept of gender roles. Based on the analysis of the sledijo pojmovanju, da so psihološke in vedenjske spolne razlike interviews, which were analysed according to grounded theory posledica bioloških razlik med moškimi in ženskami, pri čemer methodology, we found, among other things, that young adults se naslanjajo na evolucijske procese, gensko strukturo ter spolne hormone. Socializacijske teorije trdijo, da nastanejo spolne vloge kot produkt različnega obravnavanja deklic in dečkov ter spolnih Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or stereotipov, ki so jim otroci izpostavljeni v svojem okolju. classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed Kognitivne teorije pa izpostavljajo posameznika kot aktivnega for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must ustvarjalca znanja, ki svoje znanje o sebi oblikuje na način, da bi be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). svoje vedenje uskladil s svojim razumevanjem spola. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Koncept spolnih vlog se povezuje s posameznikovo spolno © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). identiteto, ki je pogosto opisana kot posameznikovo notranje 325 občutje, da je moški ali ženska, oziroma v sodobnem času ena od 2 RAZISKAVA identitet, ki jo posameznik doživlja v povezavi z doživljanjem svojega spola [4]. Psihološka identiteta se v splošnem nanaša na Ob vprašanjih, kako izoblikovane so naše spolne vloge, ali kako značilnosti, na katere je posameznik navezan oziroma si jih na ljudje oblikujemo svoje znanje o sebi in svojih spolnih vlogah, nek način lasti, pri čemer se tekom življenja lahko znajde v se pojavlja tudi vprašanje, kako ljudje sploh pojmujemo svojo negotovosti, katere so njegove najbolj značilne lastnosti [5]. Ker spolno vlogo. Katere vidike spolnih vlog imamo v mislih, ko se tako posameznikova spolna vloga kot tudi spolna identiteta reflektiramo svoj razvoj na tem področju in kako te vidike oblikujeta znotraj socialnega okolja, v katerega je posameznik povezujemo v bolj kompleksen koncept svoje spolne vloge? Da vpet, se spremembe v socialnem okolju odražajo tudi v bi odgovorili na to vprašanje, smo izvedli kvalitativno raziskavo napetostih, ki jih posameznik doživlja, ko poskuša definirati sebe po metodi utemeljene teorije. in svoj družbeni položaj. Raziskava, ki jo je izvedla organizacija GALLUP na ameriški 2.1 Udeleženci populaciji, je pokazala, da se odstotek oseb, ki se ne identificira s prevladujočo heteroseksualno usmerjenostjo, iz leta v leta V pilotsko raziskavo smo vključili 6 mladih odraslih oseb, starih povečuje, pri čemer se največje spremembe odražajo v generaciji med 30 in 40 let, od tega so bili trije udeleženci moškega najmlajših odraslih oseb, ki so bile vključene v raziskavo. biološkega spola ter tri udeleženke ženskega biološkega spola. Medtem, ko se pri odraslih, rojenih pred letom 1946, s Glede na smernice izbrane raziskovalne metodologije so bili v heteroseksualno usmerjenostjo identificira 92,2% oseb, se v raziskavo vključeni udeleženci, ki so se glede opredeljenosti do generaciji, ki je rojena v letih med 1997 in 2003, s to svoje spolne vloge med seboj čim bolj razlikovali. Tako so bili v tradicionalno spolno usmerjenostjo identificira le še 75,7% [6]. raziskavo vključeni udeleženci, ki svoje spolne vloge še niso Enoznačnih vzročnih raziskav, ki bi pojasnjevale nastajajoče imeli opredeljene, kot tudi udeleženci, ki so jo imeli izbrano. trende na področju spolnih identitet in z njimi povezanih spolnih Med tistimi, ki so jo imeli izbrano, so bili vključeni tako tisti, ki vlog, nimamo. So pa zanimive primerjave nekaterih drugih so bili z njo pretežno zadovoljni, kot tudi tisti, ki z njo niso bili sprememb, ki jih je mogoče opaziti na ravni družbe v sodobnem povsem zadovoljni. času. Ena takih je opazen porast občutij tesnobe v zadnjem obdobju, kar potrjuje več raziskav. Metaanalitična študija, ki jo je izvedel Racine s sodelavci [7], je pokazala globalno 2.2 Postopek prevalenco klinično pomembne tesnobe v 19% primerov. Podatki so bili zbrani v intervjujih, ki so se tematsko nanašali na Posebej problematične so ugotovitve, da je še posebej mlajša posameznikov dosedanji spolni razvoj, ki je vključeval tudi populacija podvržena tem težavam. vprašanja o razvoju posameznikove spolne vloge. Zvočni Raziskava v ZDA [8] je pokazala, da je polovica (50%) posnetki intervjujev so bili nato natančno prepisani, pri čemer so mladih med 18. in 24. letom poročala o simptomih tesnobe in bili odstranjeni oziroma ustrezno zamaskirani vsi podatki, na depresije, ki so jih doživljali v zadnjem letu. Do podobnih temelju katerih bi bilo mogoče prepoznati identiteto rezultatov so prišli v raziskavi KFF/CNN [9], kjer je prav tako udeležencev. Postopek kodiranja intervjujev je sledil načelom polovica mladih odraslih poročala, da so se v zadnjem letu utemeljene teorije, kot jih je zapisala Charmazova [13]. V analizo »vedno« ali »pogosto« počutili tesnobno. Med odraslo so bili vključeni deli besedila, ki so se vsebinsko nanašali na populacijo se je podobno počutila tretjina oseb. V skladu z spolne vloge, kodirale pa so se posamezne enote analize ugotovitvami omenjenih raziskav imajo dekleta višjo stopnjo (praviloma besedne zveze, zbrane okoli ene glagolske oblike). težav na področju mentalnega zdravja, izstopajo pa tudi LGBT V prvi fazi kodiranja so bile posameznim enotam analize osebe. pripisane kode, ki so vsebinsko povzemale kodirano besedilo. V Če upoštevamo ugotovitev, da je stopnja tesnobe in depresije nadaljevanju smo podobne kode združili v kategorije 1. stopnje, v obdobju od 2005 do 2017 povečala za 63% [10], je porast te pa potem na temelju prepoznanih odnosov med njimi naprej v tesnobnih stanj očitno povezan z bolj globalnimi spremembami, kategorije 2. stopnje in na koncu še v kategorije 3. stopnje. ki se odvijajo v daljšem časovnem obdobju. Tukaj se samo po sebi poraja vprašanje, ali bi bil lahko porast spremenjenih spolnih identitet in z njimi povezanih spolnih vlog povezan s povečanimi 2.3 Rezultati stopnjami tesnobe. Hkrati se poraja vprašanje, kaj je tisto, kar po eni strani spodbuja ali omogoča večjo izbirnost na področjih, kjer 2.3.1 Različna raba pojmov glede na razvojno obdobje, na v preteklosti te izbirnosti ni bilo, oziroma kaj ustvarja neka bolj katero se pojem nanaša. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da mladi globalna negotova stanja na ravni družbe, ki vodijo v tako močno odrasli v svojih pripovedih o razvoju svojih spolnih vlog povečano stopnjo pojavnosti tesnobnih stanj. uporabljajo različno terminologijo v odvisnosti od tega, na katero Tesnoba, predvsem socialna, je močno povezana s razvojno obdobje se nanaša njihova pripoved. posameznikovim strahom, da se ne bo znal ustrezno vesti [11], Ko pripovedujejo o svojem otroštvu, izpostavljajo pretežno ali s strahom, da ga socialno okolje ne bo sprejelo v tem, kar doživljajske vidike ter svoja opažanja spolnih vlog pri doživlja kot avtentično svoje [12]. Eno in drugo je morda pomembnih odraslih osebah. V pripovedih je pozornost povezano z manj jasno definiranimi družbenimi pričakovanji ter usmerjena pretežno na doživljanje psihološkega ugodja oziroma z njimi povezanimi družbenimi vlogami, ali pa s posameznikovo neugodja. nezmožnostjo izbrati med tem, kar čuti kot avtentično svoje ter številnimi vlogami, ki so mu ponujene s strani družbe. »Skrbel sem za sestro. Želel sem pomagati, nisem želel ostati brezbrižen. Bilo mi je prijetno, doživljal sem jo 326 kot živo bitje. /…/ Imel sem jo rad, vseeno pa mi je “Sprejema me takega, kakršen sem, ni mi potrebno bilo smešno, da kot moški previjam svojo sestro.« skrivati. Je lažje, saj se je od mene odvalil en kamen, ki me je toliko časa moril. S tem, ko sprejema mene, Ko pripovedujejo o sebi v času mladostništva, izpostavljajo tudi jaz lažje gledam na to. Ne govorim, da je zaradi različne vidike raziskovanja, iskanja in oblikovanja sebe. V nje moja »težava« odpravljena. To nosim vsak trenutek pripovedih je pozornost osredotočena na raziskovanje telesa, na s sabo, vendar sem z njo lažje moški, kateri sem v vzpostavljanje odnosa do spolnosti (pri čemer ima spolnost družbi.” pretežno funkcijo raziskovanja, zaznamovana pa je z 2.3.2.3 Avtentično življenje. V to kategorijo smo umestili vse neizkušenostjo in nezrelostjo) ter na iskanje identitete (tako kategorije, ki so se nanašale na prakticiranje in preverjanje svoje spolne kot tudi splošne). spolne vloge (v smislu, ali je posameznik s svojo spolno vlogo »Zdi se mi pomembno, da sem raziskoval svoje lastno zadovoljen, oziroma ali jo doživlja kot avtentičen del sebe). telo in občutke, saj sem lahko na tak način ugotovil, kaj se pravzaprav dogaja z menoj.« “Trudim se biti dober mož, voditi duhovno in intimno življenje v svoji družini. Prav tako želim biti poslovno Ko pripovedujejo o sebi v sedanjem, odraslem obdobju, še uspešen /…/ Te vloge so mi v redu, čeprav mi je včasih vedno izpostavljajo vidike iskanja, za razliko od iskanja v težko, ko sem na primer z vseh strani obremenjen. mladostništvu pa je to odraslo iskanje veliko bolj usmerjeno in Kljub temu jih vidim vredne in se splača zanje boriti.« osredotočeno k iskanju avtentičnosti. V veliki meri izpostavljajo 2.3.2.4 Dejavniki iz osebne zgodovine. Zadnja kategorija tudi vidike prakticiranja in preverjanja spolnih vlog (pretežno združuje podkategorije, ki jih lahko razumemo kot dejavnike znotraj partnerskih razmerij). Ko govorijo o spolnih vlogah, so posameznikovega avtentičnega življenja. Sem smo umestili vse pretežno osredotočeni na področje spolnosti (pri čemer ima kategorije, ki se nanašajo na posameznikova otroška doživetja in spolnost več funkcij, ki so sicer značilna za odrasla razmerja). ponotranjene modele spolnih vlog iz otroštva, pa tudi »Doma res nisem imela pravega kompasa, v cerkvenih mladostniške izkušnje, ponotranjena spoznanja ob lastnem krogih, kot sem povedala, tudi ne, kjer koli drugje sem raziskovanju in sprejete identitetne izbire. iskala, pa je bila spolnost prikazana kot šport, s čimer “Mama svoje vloge, kot mama in ženska ni želela se pa tudi ne strinjam. Tako da na tem področju še vedno iščem in upam, da bom našla nekoč nekoga, k sprejemati: ni želela opravljati gospodinjskih del, ni se i kaj dosti brigala za vzgojo svojih otrok. Samo kajenje bo imel res tako mnenje o tem, da bom rekla: ja, to je in zabava, to ji je bila prioriteta njenega življenja.” to, tako je prav.« 2.3.2 Težnja najti avtentičn e način e doživljanja, opredeljevanja, izražanja, prakticiranja spolnih vlog. Iz 3 RAZPRAVA kategorij, ki smo jih identificirali, je razvidno, da dajejo odrasli ljudje v svojih pripovedih o svojem spolnem razvoju malo 3.1 Od prevzemanja spolnih vlog do iskanja pozornosti na statične vidike spolnih vlog (npr. na specifične avtentičnosti značilnosti posameznih spolnih vlog). Veliko večji poudarek Iz pripovedi mladih odraslih je razvidno, da spolnih vlog ne dajejo procesnim vidikom (npr. iskanju, raziskovanju, enačijo z nekimi statičnimi predstavami, ki bi bile enoznačno oblikovanju, preoblikovanju spolnih vlog). Ob tem je zelo močno določene in stabilne skozi celotno posameznikovo življenje (kar prisotna težnja iskanja avtentičnih načinov doživljanja, je bilo morda bolj značilno za pretekla zgodovinska obdobja). opredeljevanja, izražanja, prakticiranja spolnih vlog. Gre torej za koncept, ki je v mišljenju sodobnega odraslega človeka dinamičen in spremenljiv. Kljub spremenljivosti ne daje V procesu kodiranja in kategoriziranja smo na koncu vtisa kaotičnosti, saj mladi odrasli svoje dojemanje spolnih vlog izpostavili štiri glavne kategorije. postavljajo v razmerje do avtentičnosti, težnja napredovati v 2.3.2.1 Rast v smeri pristnega jaza. V to kategorijo smo avtentičnosti pa predstavlja jasno smer, v katero naj se koncept umestili vse podkategorije, ki so se nanašale na iskanje osebne lastne spolne vloge spreminja. V ospredje torej niso postavljene avtentičnosti, sprejemanje izbir glede spolnih vlog, težnje k dileme, ali sprejeti neko specifično vlogo, ki je v naprej določena, avtentični spolnosti, osebno rast na spolnem področju in temveč teme, kako živeti svoje življenje čim bolj avtentično, pri razreševanje izzivov, ki ovirajo posameznika na poti do osebne čemer je avtentičnost dojeta kot bolj jedrna, spolna vloga pa je le pristnosti. odraz avtentičnega oziroma neavtentičnega udejanjanja samega “Mora biti čim več tega raziskovanja med partnerjema sebe oziroma svojih sprejetih izbir. , da spolnost ne postane neka rutina in neka navada. To V preteklosti smo gledali na spolne vloge kot na družbene se mi zdi največja škoda, če postane spolnost navada, konstrukte, ki so jih posamezniki prevzemali v procesih in ni več vzburjenja in iskrice in eksperimentiranja in socializacije, in o katerih so se bistveno manj spraševali kot raziskovanja.” danes [14]. Z vidika teorije identitete, ki jo je pred nekaj desetletji 2.3.2.2 Iskanje in sooblikovanje avtentičnega okolja. V to razvil Marcia [15], bi lahko rekli, da je imela večina članov kategorijo smo umestili vse podkategorije, ki so se nanašale na družbe zgolj prevzeto obliko spolne identitete, povezane s spolno želje po bivanju v avtentičnem okolju oziroma na pripravljenost vlogo, ki ni bila posledica aktivnega raziskovanja in izbiranja, sooblikovati bolj avtentično okolje, pri čemer se je pojem okolja temveč predvsem prevzemanja nečesa, kar je oblikoval nekdo nanašal tako na zasebno partnersko oziroma zakonsko in drug. družinsko okolje, kakor tudi na širše družbeno okolje. V pripovedih udeležencev naše raziskave je »slepo« prevzemanje v naprej oblikovanih spolnih vlog zamenjala težnja 327 po iskanju avtentičnosti, ki jo spremlja povečana stopnja pričakovanji drugih. Prehod iz manj avtentičnih v bolj avtentične raziskovanja ne le v času mladostništva (za katero je identitetno oblike življenja je tako povezan s povečanimi ravnmi napetosti iskanje sicer najbolj značilno), temveč tudi v obdobju odraslosti. in tesnobe, ki se jih mora posameznik naučiti obvladovati. Ko mladi odrasli govorijo o avtentičnosti, izhajajo iz sebe, svojega dojemanja in svojega notranjega doživljanja. V 3.2 Podpora avtentičnemu razvoju spolnih vlog njihovem pojmovanju postaja prostor lastnega notranjega sveta Če predpostavimo, da je razvoj spolne identitete in spolne vloge vodilna avtoriteta. Toda takoj, ko postane notranji svet vodilna v smeri večje avtentičnosti nekaj dobrega tako za posameznika avtoriteta, se mora posameznik naučiti razlikovati, kateri motivi, kot za širšo družbo, potem si je v naslednjem koraku smiselno ki jih prepoznava, so bolj osrednji in kateri so bolj obrobni [19], postaviti vprašanje, kako posameznika v tem razvoju podpreti. oziroma kateri so dejansko izraz njegove pristne, prvobitne Ko mladi odrasli govorijo o svojem razvoju v otroštvu, narave, in kateri so zgolj odziv na neugodne pretekle izkušnje, izpostavljajo pomen doživljanja ugodja in odraščanja ob oziroma so izraz podedovanih nefunkcionalnih vzorcev preteklih primernih odraslih osebah. Z vidika razvoja avtentičnosti bi tako generacij, ki pogosto zameglijo dojemanje samega sebe. v otroštvu potrebovali množico izkušenj, v katerih bi se lahko Avtentične spolne vloge nikakor niso lahko dosegljiv cilj niti doživljali kot avtentični posamezniki, sprejeti s strani za posameznika, niti za družbo kot celoto, saj zahtevajo zelo pomembnih drugih v tem, kar so. Hkrati pa bi morali biti obdani poglobljene premisleke o človekovi prvobitni naravi, hkrati pa s pomembnimi odraslimi osebami, ki živijo svoje avtentično od posameznikov in družbe zahtevajo veliko mero zmožnosti življenje, kar pomeni tudi, da se na zdrav način sprejemajo kot razlikovanja med tem, kar je res pristno in avtentično ter tem, kar spolna bitja z vsemi biološkimi danostmi vred. ustvarja le videz pristnosti in avtentičnosti. Ko mladi odrasli govorijo o razvoju v času mladostništva, sebe zelo izrazito postavljajo v odnos s svojim telesom in telesnimi spremembami, s katerimi se v tem obdobju soočajo. Z vidika razvoja avtentičnosti bi potrebovali prostor za iskren REFERENCE pogovor o telesnih spremembah (na katere marsikateri [1] Kate Bornstein. 1998. My Gender Workbook: How to Become a Real udeleženec raziskave ni bil pripravljen in je ob njih doživljal Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else Entirely. Routledge, New York. precejšnje stiske), pa tudi dovolj spodbude za raziskovanje [2] Janice Bogstadt. 2006. Gender roles. V The Oxford Encyclopedia of samega sebe in podpore pri sprejemanju svojega telesa ter drugih Children's Literature. Jack Zipes, urednik. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023 na: https://www.oxfordreference.com/ osebnih danosti. display/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acref-9780195146561- Ko mladi odrasli govorijo o svoji odraslosti, po eni strani e-1198. [3] Cindy Faith Miller. 2016. Gender Development, Theories of. V The Wiley reflektirajo svoje pretekle izkušnje in izražajo želje po Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. John Wiley & razreševanju nerešenih zadev, po drugi strani pripovedujejo o Sons, Ltd. Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023 na: https://doi.org/10.1002/ svojem sedanjem doživljanju in izražanju sebe, hkrati pa izražajo 9781118663219.wbegss590. [4] Riki Wilchins. 2004. Queer Theory, Gender Theory. An Instant Primer. tudi potrebo po bolj avtentičnem okolju. V razvoju avtentičnosti Alyson Books, Los Angeles. se ne postavljajo več toliko v položaj, v katerem je njihov razvoj [5] Eric T. Olson. 2023. Personal Identity. V The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 Edition). Edward N. Zalta in Uri Nodelman, odvisen pretežno od podpore drugih, temveč se dojemajo kot urednika. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Kalifornija. pomembni akterji lastnega razvoja v smeri čedalje večje Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023 na: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ avtentičnosti. fall2023/entries/identity-personal. [6] Jeffrey M. Jones. 2022. LGBT Identification in U.S. Ticks Up to 7.1%. Gallup Poll Social Series, Gallup, Inc., Kalifornija. Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023 na: https://news.gallup.com/poll/389792/lgbt-identification-ticks- up.aspx 3.3 Od avtentičnega jaza do avtentične družbe [7] Nicole Racine, Brae Anne McArthur, Jessica E. Cooke, Rachel Eirich, Avtentičnost oziroma iskanje pristnega jaza ni nekaj povsem Jenney Zhu, Sheri Madigan. 2021. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A novega, saj se je ta vidik posameznikovega življenja uveljavil že Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175, 11, nov. 2021, 1142-1150. z nastopom jaz-psihologije [16]. Kar morda v evropski kulturi ta [8] National Center for Health Statistics. 2023. Anxiety and Depression: U.S. Census Bureau, Household Pulse Survey, 2020–2023. Pridobljeno 10. 9. hip ni najbolj močno poudarjeno, ali še ne dovolj razvito, pa je 2023 na: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm. drugi pol avtentičnosti, na katerega kažejo rezultati naše [9] Lunna Lopes, Ashley Kirzinger, Grace Sparks, Mellisha Stokes in Mollyann Brodie. 2022. KFF/CNN Mental Health in America Survey. raziskave, in sicer težnja po avtentičnem socialnem okolju. Kaiser Family Foundation, San Francisco. Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023 na: Posameznik, ki v sebi najde svojo avtentičnost, ne more biti https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-cnn-mental-health-in-america- povsem zadovoljen, če svoje avtentičnosti ne more zaživeti tudi survey-findings/. [10] Emma Kauana Osorio in Emily Hyde. 2001. The Rise of Anxiety and znotraj socialne skupnosti, najprej znotraj socialne skupnosti s Depression Among Young Adults in the United States. BYU Ballard pomembnimi drugimi osebami (kar je npr. močno poudarjeno v Center, Brigham Young University. Pridobljeno 10. 9. 2023, na: https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/the-rise-of-anxiety-and- teoriji navezanosti; [17], potem pa tudi v širšem socialnem depression-among-young-adults-in-the-united-states. okolju. [11] Stefan G. Hofmann, Anu Asnaani in Devon Hinton. 2010. Cultural aspects Ne glede na povečane potrebe po avtentičnosti je še vedno in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety, 27, 12, 1117–1127. med ljudmi močno prisoten strah pred socialno zavrnitvijo, in z [12] Jia Wei Zhang, Serena Chen, Teodora K. Tomova, Begüm Bilgin, Wen njim povezana prepričanja, da bomo v družbi sprejeti le, če bomo Jia Chai, Tamilselvan Ramis, Hadi Shaban-Azad, Pooya Razavi, Thingujam Nutankumar in Arpine Manukyan. 2019. A Compassionate udejanjali vlogo, ki jo od nas pričakuje okolje [18]. Tako se Self Is a True Self? Self-Compassion Promotes Subjective Authenticity. posameznik nujno sooča z notranjim konfliktom, saj Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 8, 1-15. Pridobljeno 13. 9. 2023 na: https://self-compassion.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ vzpostavitev avtentičnega življenja ni mogoča brez tveganja, da ZhangJW_etal2019.pdf. se posameznik izpostavi takšen kot v resnici je, neobremenjen s 328 [13] Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory. A practical Guide [17] John Bowlby. 1982. Attachment and Loss, Volume I, Attachment. through Qualitative Analysis. Sage Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, United States of America. New Delhi. [18] Robert B. Cialdini in Noah J. Goldstein. 2004. Social Influence: [14] Amy M. Blackstone. 2003. Gender Roles and Society. V Human Ecology: Compliance and Conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, Communities, and Environments. [19] Varga Somogy in Charles Guignon. 2023. Authenticity. V The Stanford Julia R. Miller, Richard M. Lerner in Lawrence B. Schiamberg, uredniki. Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 Edition). Edward N. Zalta in The University of Maine, Santa Barbara. Uri Nodelman, urednika. Pridobljeno 13. 9. 2023, na: [15] James E. Marcia. 1966. Development and Validation of Ego-Identity https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/authenticity/. Status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 5, 551-558. [16] Heinz Kohut in Ernest S. Wolf. 1978. The Disorders of the Self and their Treatment: An Outline. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 59, 413- 425. 329 Demografija in bibliografija Demography and bibliography Tvrtko-Matija Šercar1 Pero Šobot2 Institut informacijskih znanosti Institut informacijskih znanosti Maribor (IZUM) Maribor (IZUM) Maribor Slovenija Maribor Slovenija tvrtko.sercar@ext.izum.si pero.sobot@izum.si POVZETEK Živimo v antropocenu, v katerem je človek dominantna geološka 1 ANTROPOCEN: RAZVOJ ČLOVEŠTVA sila. Rast prebivalstva v 20.stoletju je bil spodbuden tudi za VKLJUČNO Z RASTJO SVETOVNEGA razvoj demografije in politik nadzora nad prebivalstvom. PREBIVALSTVA KOT GEOLOŠKA SILA Bibliografija je vrsta popisa kot demografija, le da bibliografija Človeška vrsta je 99% evolucijske izkušnje doživela v Afriki. popisuje "knjige", demografija ljudi. Rezultati iskanja po »Vzpon človeka« se je začel pred 5 do 6 milijonov let, ko so se COBIB vzajemnimi bibliografskimi bazami podatkov so v Afriki razšli ljudje in šimpanzi. Migracije majhnih skupin ljudi prikazani po izbranih kazalcih znanstvene uspešnosti, in sicer po iz Afrike so se začele šele pred manj kot 100.000 let. Genetika tipu dela/dokumenta in avtorju v obliki diagramov, predstavljajo afriških populacij kaže na razlike, ki so se medtem razvile [1]. osnovo za nadaljnje bibliometrične raziskave literature v Model "Out-of-Africa" predstavlja hipotezo, da sodobni ljudje področju demografije v nacionalnih knjižničnih informacijskih izvirajo iz Afrike. Alternativni model, znan kot multiregionalni sistemih Slovenije in Srbije v omrežju COBISS.net ter razkrivajo model, po katerem se je človek razvijal istočasno na več mestih, podobnosti glede odziva obeh sistemov in porazdelitve ki ga je olajšal "pretok genov" kot posledica migracij med temi dokumentov/del po kategorijah in avtorjih. kraji, je na splošno zavrnjen [2]. KLJUČNE BESEDE antropocen, demografija, bibliografija, COBISS.net ABSTRACT We live in the Anthropocene, in which man is a dominant geological force. Population growth in the 20th century was also a stimulus for the development of demography and population control policies. A bibliography is a type of census like demography, except that the bibliography lists "books", the demographics of people. The results of searching through COBIB union bibliographic database are shown according to selected indicators of scientific performance, namely by type of work/document and author in the form of diagrams, they represent the basis for further bibliometric research of literature Slika 1: O večjih človeških migracijah po svetu sklepamo na in the field of demography in the national library information podlagi analiz genomskih podatkov [2] systems of Slovenia and Serbia in the COBISS.net network and reveal similarities in the response of the two systems and the Živimo v antropocenu3 po holocenu4, v katerem je človek distribution of documents/works by category and author. dominantna geološka sila. KEYWORDS Besedo "antropocen" je leta 2000 skoval nizozemski kemik Paul Anthropocen, demography, bibliography, COBISS.net Crutzen, Nobelov nagrajenec za kemijo, natanko za odkrivanje učinkov spojin, ki tanjšajo ozon, leta 1995. Age of Man: Enter the Anthropocene. 1 Dr.sc. Tvrtko-Matija Šercar, upokojeni sodelavec IZUM 2 Mag. Pero Šobot, Vodja oddelka Operativnost aplikacij, IZUM 3 Anthropocen, gr. Anthropos človek, kainos nov. Tekoče klimatske spremembe, ozonske luknje nad Antarktiko, 4 Holocen, gr. holos ves, v celoti, kainos nov, najmlajša doba kvartarja (lat. quartus emisija CO2, biokemijske spremembe življenja na Zemlji - kriza četrti). Holocen se je začel ob koncu zadnje ledene dobe, pred 11.500 leti. v biosferi, nastanek noosfere imajo antropogene vzroke v Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or človeku in človeški civilizaciji [3]. classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must Doba antropocena5 naj bi se začela Anno Domini 1800! be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 330 Začetki antropocena vključujejo industrijsko revolucijo v Veliki Britaniji v 1700-ih letih, termo industrijsko revolucijo v Zahodni civilizaciji v 1800-ih letih, predvsem rast prebivalstva v obdobju 1800-2000 od 1 milijarde na 6 milijard, energije 40-krat, proizvodnje 50-krat, emisije CO2, CH4 (metan), N20 (didušikov oksid) 6… Dramatične spremembe v obdobju 1945-2000+ so bile poimenovane Veliki pospešek (The Great Acceleration), ko je svetovno prebivalstvo naraslo od 3 na 6 milijard samo v razdobju pičlih 50 let! Še bolj dramatična je bila gospodarska rast, ki se je povečala za 15-krat, poraba nafte od 1960 za 3,5-krat, število avtomobilov je naraslo od 40 milijonov na koncu Druge svetovne Slika 2: Stanje vojne na 700 milijonov 1996. leta. »Trideset let je dokazalo, da je model Rimskega Kluba bil Več kot 3 milijarde ljudi živi v mestnih območij in ta delež še preroški; zdaj, v svoji najnovejši iteraciji, dobimo še zadnji naprej narašča, sproti pa potrošnja, kar je še eno gonilo Velikega izziv.« [11] pospeška. Zemlja lahko podpira 28 milijard prebivalcev! [12] Ob koncu 20. stoletja se je začela »doba genoma« z delom na dveh projektih, HGDP (Human Genome Diversity Project, Projekt raznolikosti človeškega genoma) v ZDA in HUGO (Human Genome Organization, Organizacija človeškega genoma) v Veliki Britaniji na področju populacijske genetike, antropologije in raziskav bolezni [4, 5]. Leta 2014 se je začela Stoletna študija o umetni inteligenci 2014- 2114 [6]. Rezultat razvoja inteligentnosti bo doba nebiološke superinteligence [7]. Biološko človeštvo se že sooča z zamenjavo (replacement) z umetno inteligenco, ne pa samo z združitvijo (fusion) [8]. De Garis napoveduje "giga" vojno med ultra- Slika 3: Zemljevid gostote prebivalstva po državah inteligentnimi "artilekti" (umetnimi možgani, artificial intellects) in arhaičnimi biološkimi ljudmi v teku tega stoletja. Nekega dne lahko misleči stroji prevzamejo oblast v družbi in kolonizacijo Gostota poselitve je merilo prebivalstva na enoto površine. vesolja nadaljujejo brez ljudi [9, 8]. Večinoma se uporablja za ljudi, včasih pa tudi za druge žive organizme. Je ključni geografski in demografski kazalnik. 2 DEMOGRAFSKI POUDARKI Največja država na svetu po površini je Rusija (približno 11,5 %, Skupno število ljudi, ki so kdaj živeli, je približno 100 milijard. 17 milijonov km²), vendar se po številu prebivalcev uvršča šele na deveto mesto, za Kitajsko, Indijo, ZDA, Indonezijo, Brazilijo, Po predvidevanjih iz začetka 1970-ih let [10] bo leta 2030 Pakistanom, Bangladešem in Nigerijo. prebivalstvo doseglo vrhunec in se bo začelo zmanjševati, ko bo stopnja umrljivosti naraščala zaradi pomanjkanja hrane in Na kvadratnem kilometru površine Ruske federacije živijo zdravstvenih storitev. Industrija lahko raste še 20 let dlje. povprečno 8,4 prebivalca/ km² (143.300.000/17.000.000 km²). Prebivalstvo doseže vrh pri 8 milijardah leta 2040, ob visokih ravneh potrošnje. Toda ravni onesnaženosti naraščajo, kar Z razpadom Sovjetske zveze se je v Rusiji začela demografska zmanjšuje donose zemlje in zahteva velike naložbe v obnovo kriza, ki še vedno traja, vendar se je število prebivalcev po letu kmetijstva. Prebivalstvo končno upada zaradi pomanjkanja hrane 2002 izboljšalo. in negativnih učinkov onesnaževanja na zdravje. Velike države imajo lahko zelo nizko gostoto prebivalstva, gostota prebivalstva Kanade, druge države po velikosti, je le 3,8 osebe na kvadratni kilometer. Največjo gostoto prebivalstva ima Makao (Kitajska) – 18.000 prebivalcev/km². 5 Mednarodna komisija za stratigrafijo (International Commision on Stratigraphy – ICS) niti Mednarodna zveza geoloških znanosti (International Union of Geological Sciences - IUGS), katere del je ICS, nista uradno odobrili izraza kot priznane pod Najmanjšo gostoto prebivalstva ima Grenlandija (Danska) – 0,03 razdelitve geološkega časa! 6 prebivalca /km². ARSO Kazalci okolja v Sloveniji | Okolijski kazalci (gov.si) Spletišče omogoča dostop do preko 180 kazalcev okolja, temelječih na številčnih podatkih, ki kažejo stanje, lastnosti ali razvoj kakšnega pojava. 331 Včasih se uporabi obratna vrednost. Kolikšna je povprečna površina, ki jo ima na voljo en prebivalec določenega območja. To stališče naj bi v naslednjem desetletju močno spremenila Izračuna se tako, da se površina, izražena v m², deli s številom najprej predsednik Lyndon Johnson in kasneje Nixon, ki je leta prebivalcev na tem območju. 1969 v posebnem poročilu Kongresu opozoril na "nujno potrebo po obravnavanju stopenj rasti svetovnega prebivalstva in Država z najmanjšo površino na prebivalca je Monako 63 njihovega negativnega vpliva na gospodarsko rast, o vedno m²/prebivalca, z največjo površino na prebivalca pa Grenlandija večjem prepadu med bogatimi in revnimi narodi ter o 30 milijonov m²/prebivalca. življenjskem standardu, zlasti o prehrani in zdravju, pa tudi o pomanjkanju šol in stanovanj ..." Svetovno prebivalstvo se je v 20. stoletju povečalo z 1,6 milijarde leta 1900 na nekaj več kot 6 milijard leta 2000, s tem, Podobno nasprotje je mogoče potegniti med stališči administracij da so se ¾ te rasti zgodile po letu 1950. Ta trend rasti prebivalstva Johnsona, Nixona, Forda in Carterja o dejavnostih v zvezi s je bil spodbuden tudi za razvoj demografije in politik nadzora svetovnim prebivalstvom ter tistimi administracij Reagana in nad prebivalstvom. Busha [14]. Med tem je rast prebivalstva po svetu začela upadati, hkrati se Posamični sponzorji oz. zasebni pokrovitelji in država v ZDA so pričakovano trajanje življenja začelo podaljševati. vlagali finančna sredstva v institucionalizacijo (ustanavljanje populacijskih raziskovalnih centrov, strokovnih združenj in Število Zemljanov je novembra lani naraslo na osem milijard, le demografskih revij, predvsem v ZDA) in raziskave v področju 11 let za tem, ko je doseglo sedem milijard. Leta 2020 je stopnja demografije in na ta način vplivali na to, katera raziskovalna rasti prvič po letu 1950 upadla pod en odstotek na leto. vprašanja bodo znanstveniki postavljali in kakšne metode bodo uporabljali. Demografija kot znanost in v tem primeru kot Po zadnjih ocenah ZN naj bi se svetovno prebivalstvo do leta "ancilla" (služabnica) politike pa je zagotavljala populacijskim 2052 povečalo na 9,8 milijarde in bi lahko doseglo vrh pri 10,4 politikam posameznikov, organizacij in države, vključno z milijarde sredi 80 let tega stoletja. Rast prebivalstva upada, metodami evgenike in »rasne higiene« kot so množične življenjska doba pa podaljšuje. sterilizacije, evtanazije in genocidi, znanstveno legitimnost in moralno upravičenost v očeh javnosti. Število svetovnega prebivalstva je najhitreje naraščalo v 60. letih prejšnjega stoletja, povprečno za 2 % na leto. Od takrat se rast Zgodovina anglofonske demografije je hkrati globalna postopoma upočasnjuje. V letu 2019 naj bi se število prebivalcev zgodovina in zgodovina ZDA. na svetu povečalo za približno 82 milijonov ali za 1,1 %. Letos naj bi se rodilo 140,1 milijona, umrlo pa 58,4 milijona ljudi. Rast Klancher Merchantova (2017) [13] je porazdelila relevantno svetovnega prebivalstva ni enakomerna. Najhitreje se povečuje demografsko literaturo časovno in jezikovno. število prebivalcev Afrike; letno število rojenih je tam kar štirikrat višje od števila umrlih. V Evropi narašča število Vsebino demografskih člankov obravnava v dveh obdobjih: od prebivalcev zelo počasi; več prebivalcev umre kot se jih rodi; leta 1915 do 1946, ko se je demografija združila v eno skupni prirast je pozitiven le zaradi priseljevanja (število interdisciplinarno znanstveno področje, in od 1947 do 1984. priseljenih je višje od števila odseljenih). Svetovni dan prebivalstva. Do sredine dvajsetega stoletja je bila večina demografskih raziskav objavljena v angleščini in francoščini. 3 GLOBALNI ZNAČAJ AMERIŠKE Znotraj znanstvenih področij so skupnosti praviloma omejene z DEMOGRAFIJE jezikom in demografija ni izjema. Demografska literatura v Kot referenčno delo, ki se ukvarja z demografijo in angleškem jeziku je največja po geografskem dosegu, tematsko bibliometričnimi raziskavami demografske literature, sva izbrala in politično pa je najtesneje povezana z nadzorom prebivalstva. članek Klancher Merchant A Digital History of Anglophone Glavni pokrovitelj frankofonske demografije je načeloma Demography and Global Population Control, 1915–1984 [13]. "pronatalistična" francoska vlada. Frankofonska demografija poudarja probleme nizke rodnosti, anglofonska demografiji Demografija kot znanost in politike naravnane na posege, katerih probleme visoke rodnosti. cilj je omejiti rast prebivalstva, in vmešavanje državnih oblasti v življenja posameznikov, vključno z inženiringom družin in Med anglofonskimi demografi prevladujejo avtorji s sedežem v celotnih narodov, so se globoko prepletali [13]. ZDA. Večino člankov v angleškem jeziku so napisali znanstveniki, ki so živeli ali so se izobraževali v ZDA. Levji Enkrat je demografija v službi politike (kot programa, ne pa delež financiranja anglofonske demografije po vsem svetu, tako izvajanja politike), drugič je politika v službi demografije! med vojnami kot po drugi svetovni vojni, je iz ameriških virov. Ameriške filantropije in pozneje ameriška vlada so bile največji Decembra 1959 je ameriški predsednik Dwight Eisenhower pokrovitelji nadzora rojstev po vsem svetu. Financirale so izjavil, da "kontrola rojstev ni naš posel ... Ne morem si bolj raziskave in programe načrtovanja družin ter spodbujale razvoj odločno predstavljati," je dodal, "temo, ki ni ne prava politična populacijske politike na nacionalni in mednarodni ravni, posebej ali vladna dejavnost, ne funkcija ali odgovornost." [14] 332 po drugi svetovni vojni, ko je prebivalstvo v Aziji, Afriki in Med dvema temeljnima funkcijama bibliografije je bolj Latinski Ameriki začelo hitro naraščati. pomembna njena funkcija zagotavljanja gradiva za bralca kot proces zbiranja. Demografska literatura se je razvijala v skladu z dobrodelnimi cilji in tudi političnimi interesi pokroviteljev demografije, Leta 1895 sta Paul Otlet in Henri La Fontaine ustanovila v medtem ko sociološka literatura o prebivalstvu tega ne pozna. Bruslju Mednarodni inštitut za bibliografijo, začela ustvarjati "Univerzalni bibliografski repertorij" (Repertoire Financerji demografskih raziskav v ZDA so se izognili vprašanju Bibliographique Universel (RBU), ki je že do konca leta 1895 ali je rast prebivalstva grožnja in komu, in so politično razpravo imel 400.000 vnosov, in uvedla storitev "analognega iskalnika" o prebivalstvu evfemistično, olepševalno preoblikovali v za poizvedbe po repertoriju na zahtevo in pošiljanje kopij "tehnično" vprašanje o tem, kako najučinkoviteje zmanjšati kataložnih listkov po pošti naročnikom. Do leta 1912 sta opravila globalno rodnost. povprečno več kot 1500 tovrstnih storitev na leto [16, 17, 18]. Vprašanje razumevanja nosilcev političnih prizadevanj v ZDA, ki so bila usmerjena na omejitev rasti svetovnega prebivalstva v dvajsetem stoletju, naj bi ločili od njihovega nespornega prispevka k rasti demografske znanosti, ki je te politične igralce vodila in jim zagotovila znanstveno legitimnost. 4 DEMOGRAFIJA IN BIBLIOGRAFIJA Bibliografija7 je oblika popisa tako kot demografija, le da bibliografija popisuje "knjige", demografija ljudi, pa tudi živali. Platon primerja knjige in druga umetniška dela z otroki. Ko si ogleda pesmi Homerja, Hezioda in drugih dobrih pesnikov, bi si vsak želel, da se mu rodijo takšni »otroci« duha in so jim zaradi takšnih "otrok" zgrajeni mnogi hrami, zaradi bioloških pa nikomur. Slika 4: Répertoire Bibliographique Universel Začetki bibliografije segajo v 5. stoletje pred našim štetjem. Otlet si je zamislil postaviti »izvod« RBU v vsakem večjem Bibliograf (gr. bibliographos) je bil pisatelj oziroma prepisovalec mestu po svetu, pri čemer ima Bruselj glavni izvod. Med letoma knjig. V 17. stoletju je bil postopek prepisovanja zamenjan s 1900 in 1914 so bili narejeni poskusi pošiljanja izvodov RBU v postopkom opisovanja. Pojem bibliografije kot znanosti o Pariz, Washington, D.C. in Rio de Janeiro. knjigah s stališča popisovanja in klasifikacije je uvedel Berthelot Marcelin v veliko francosko enciklopedijo leta 1885. Pomen se RBU naj bi predstavljal univerzalno bibliografijo vseh knjig in ni spremenil vse do danes. Sinonim za bibliografijo kot znanost drugih publikacij iz vseh držav, vseh obdobij in vseh predmetnih je bibliologija. Bibliografija pomeni troje: znanost o knjigi, področij, razvrščenih po predmetu in avtorju. Prva stopnja RBU postopek izdelave seznama knjig in proizvod te dejavnosti. naj bi bili katalogi del. Postopoma bi se vsaki enoti dodajale Bibliografija kot dejavnost predstavlja postopek ugotavljanja, analitične opombe. urejanja in podajanja podatkov o knjigah. Proizvod te dejavnosti se tudi imenuje bibliografija (sistemiziran seznam knjig za Za katalog knjig naj bi bile odgovorne nacionalne knjižnice, za določen namen). Sorodni z bibliografijo so izrazi katalog, indeks, vnos podatkov iz periodičnih publikacij pa specializirana biblioteka, leksikon, slovar, trezor, anali, literatura, repertorij mednarodna združenja, vsako za svoje področje specializacije. (nlat. repertorium), inventar, manual, priročnik, tezaver, letopis Univerzalna bibliografija je zamišljena kot del Mundaneuma [15]. (svetovnega centra/knjižnice). Tako bi bilo človeško znanje v celoti obdelano le enkrat in shranjeno na enem samem mestu ter zaščiteno pred vojnami in revolucijami [18]. 7 Bibliografija, gr.biblion knjižica, grafein pisati, knjigopisje, popisovanje knjig, Bibliografska prizadevanja so ogledalo nacionalne kulture in ne člankov itd. 8 Nacionalna pomembnost bibliografskega gradiva je bila prepoznana tudi v samo ozko strokovno vprašanje8. konvenciji o sukcesiji med Avstrijo in Kraljevino Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev z dne 26. junija 1923, po kateri se je Republika Avstrija kot ena izmed dedinj Avstro- Za preverjanje pokritosti demografske literature v COBISS.net ogrske monarhije obvezala vrniti vse umetnine, starine ter znanstveni in bibliografski material s področij, ki so bila vključena v novo državo Kraljevino SHS, sva kot referenčna izbrala dva nacionalna sistema z največjim nastalo konec leta 1918 (od 1929: Kraljevina Jugoslavija). Mednarodni dunajski številom povezanih knjižnic9 v omrežju COBISS.net, in sicer konvenciji o sukcesiji sta bili sprejeti šele po 2. svetovni vojni leta 1978 in leta 1983 na Dunaju med časom SFRJugoslavije. Konvencij ni ratificiralo potrebno število COBISS.SI (928) in COBISS.SR (258). držav in nista obvezni [20]. V RBU je bilo leta 1934 (zadnje leto vnosa zapisov), ko je belgijska vlada prekinila Slovenija je prvič presegla 2 milijona prebivalcev leta 2005. financiranje projekta, preko 15 milijonov zapisov. Zbirka je bila ohranjena do leta 1940, ko so nemški nacisti po okupaciji Belgije uničili njen večji del. Julija 2022 je štela 2,108.732 prebivalcev. Na kvadratnem 9 Danes rečemo, da so knjižnice internet+, kar pomeni, da nudijo uporabnikom storitve in proizvode, ki jih internet ne zmore. 333 kilometru površine Slovenije (površina kopnega 20.271 km²) kot skupna osnova knjižničnega informacijskega sistema (KIS živi povprečno 104 prebivalcev [19]. oz. BIS) ter sistema znanstvenih in tehnoloških informacij Jugoslavije (SZTIJ oz. SNTIJ). Za primerjavo, na kvadratnem kilometru površine Nizozemske, ki je 2-krat večja od Slovenije, živi 393 prebivalcev (16.491.461/ IZUM je od 1987 host SZTI v Sloveniji in koordinator razvoja 40.000). sistema vzajemne katalogizacije in host KIS-a v SFRJ; od 1988 generalni izvajalec (GI) izgradnje SZTIJ (prva faza 1988-1991), Bibliografska dejavnost v Sloveniji ima prek 150 let dolgo informacijski servis (host) SZTIJ; od 1990 med regionalni tradicijo. koordinacijski center v projektu izgradnje baze podatkov o znanstvenih knjižnicah v delovni skupnosti ALPE-JADRAN; od Srbija ima 6,641.197 prebivalcev, površina države je 77.474 km² 1991 informacijski infrastrukturni servis za znanost, in na kvadratnem kilometru živi 83 prebivalcev. Popis leta 2022 izobraževanje in kulturo, koordinator aktivnosti v mednarodnem je pokazal nadaljnji upad prebivalstva v Srbiji, ki je v popisnem projektu TRACE (CORDIS) za Slovenijo, informacijski obdobju 2011-2022 znašal 7,51 % [21]. (bibliografski) servis v sistemu COBISS (Cooperative Online Bibliographuc System & Services) [22]. Bibliografska dejavnost v Srbiji ima tradicijo dolgo prek 200 let. Leta 2002 je IZUM zagnal Projekt COBISS.net, leta 2003 pa je Leta 1948 je bil preoblikovan Bibliografski institut NR Srbije v bila podpisana Pogodba o vzpostavitvi omrežja COBISS.net in Beogradu v Jugoslovanski bibliografski institut (JBI), kasneje prosti izmenjavi bibliografskih zapisov, ustvarjenih v JUBIN), ki je bil v bivši Jugoslaviji na zvezni ravni zadolžen za avtonomnih knjižničnih informacijskih sistemih Bosne in izdelavo tekoče bibliografije (za knjige, brošure in muzikalije ter Hercegovine, Črne gore, Makedonije, Slovenije in Srbije. za članke in priloge v revijah in zbirnih delih) ter za https://izum.si/en/aboutus/ retrospektivno bibliografijo. Leta 2012 sta Republika Slovenija in UNESCO (Organizacija V tem času je bilo upravljanje razvoja znanosti in tehnologije na Združenih narodov za izobraževanje, znanost in kulturo sklenili federalnem nivoju v bivši Jugoslaviji v pristojnosti Zveznega sporazum o preoblikovanju IZUM-a v Mariboru v Regionalni sekretariata za razvoj (SSR, prej Odbor za koordinacijo nauke i center za knjižnične informacijske sisteme in informacijske tehnologije v SFRJ (OKNT)) federalne vlade, medtem ko je sisteme o raziskovalni dejavnosti pod pokroviteljstvom Unesca. kultura vključno s knjižnicami bila v pristojnosti republik in S tem je Unesco podprl mednarodno sodelovanje IZUM-a na avtonomnih pokrajin. območju jugovzhodne Evrope. Republiške in pokrajinske akademije znanosti in umetnosti je na federalni ravni predstavljal Svet akademij znanosti in umetnosti SFRJ. Znanstvena društva na nivoju R/AP so bila na zveznem nivoju združena v Asociacijo naučnih društev Jugoslavije (ANUJ) in preko ANUJ-a v Mednarodni svet za znanost (The International Council for Science (ICS), prej Mednarodni svet znanstvenih zvez (International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)). Po črti samoupravnega interesnega organiziranja so bili R/P SISZ združeni v Skupnost R/P SISZ. Leta 1962 je bila v Beogradu ustanovljena Skupnost nacionalnih bibliotek Jugoslavije. Slika 5: Mreža avtonomnih sistemov COBISS (Vir: https://www.cobiss.net/map) 5 OMREŽJE COBISS.NET COBISS (Co-operative Online Bibliographic Systems and Services) je organizacijski model, ki povezuje knjižnice v 6 REZULTATI ISKANJ DEMOGRAFSKE nacionalne knjižnične informacijske sisteme in regionalno LITERATURE V COBISS.SI IN COBISS. SR omrežje COBISS.net z vzajemno katalogizacijo, vzajemnimi bibliografskimi bazami podatkov COBIB in lokalnimi bazami Ciljano pokritost sva preverjala z iskanjem (information podatkov sodelujočih knjižnic ter integriranim upravljanjem retrieval), ki je eden izmed glavnih načinov razvoja knjižničnih katalogov in bibliografij. Institut informacijskih interdisciplinarnih odnosov informacijske znanosti z več drugimi znanosti vedami [23, 24]. Na seji predsedstva Skupnosti nacionalnih knjižnic v SFRJ v Znanstvene publikacije so osnovni proizvod temeljnih in decembru leta 1987 je bil sprejet sistem vzajemne katalogizacije uporabnih raziskav in zato glavni neposredni kazalci 334 raziskovalne uspešnosti. Med znanstvenimi publikacijami sta najpomembnejši dve skupini: znanstveni članki ter kratki znanstveni prispevki v revijah ter znanstvene knjige oziroma posamezna poglavja oziroma prispevki v njih. Dobro polovico vseh zapisov v bibliografiji raziskovalcev predstavljajo prispevki s strokovnih in znanstvenih srečanj [25]. Tip bibliografske enote je določen po Tipologiji dokumentov/del za vodenje bibliografij v sistemu [26]. Slika 7: demografija - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SI) Slika 6: Model računalniško podprte kategorizacije znanstvenih publikacij [27] Bibliografska enota za knjige in poglavja v knjigah (monografske objave) vsebuje tudi podatek o založniku dokumenta/dela [25, 28]. Rezultate iskanja po vzajemnimi bibliografskimi bazami podatkov (COBIB) prikaževa z grafičnimi diagrami po izbranih kazalcih znanstvene uspešnosti, in sicer po tipu dela/dokumenta (slika 1 in 2) in avtorjih (slika 3 in 4). Slika 8: demografija - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SR) V tabeli 1 so prikazani rezultati iskanj po COBISS+ pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu (IZ) demografija in omejevanjih s Končnega števila avtorjev ne dobimo, ker se pri omejevanju s filtrom (F) predmet: demografija, migracije, študije spolov. filtri izpiše le prvih 1.000 zadetkov zaradi omejitve v COBISS+. Zaradi boljše preglednosti smo se pri avtorjih omejili na prvih 15. Table 1: Rezultati iskanj pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu in omejevanjih (10.8.2023) Lahko bi omejevali s filtri, ki jih končnemu uporabniku na enostaven način omogoča COBISS+, še bolj podrobno, recimo sistem COBISS IZ:demografija F:demografija, migracije,, po jeziku. Vendar se seznam avtorjev in seznam po tipologiji študije spolov bistveno ne spreminjata, se pa minimalno spremeni vrstni red COBISS.SI 9.978 zadetkov 6.140 zadetkov znotraj top 15. Recimo avtor de Castro bi odpadel iz seznama COBISS.SR 6.952 zadetkov 5.041 zadetkov rezultatov, ker je verjetno pisal v italijanščini. Glede tipologije sva se omejila pri COBISS.SI na "zbornik Rezultatov iskanj nismo omejevali na jezik tudi zato, ker sama recenziranih znanstvenih prispevkov na mednarodni ali tuji iskalna zahteva in predmet iskanja dokaj natančno opredeljujeta konferenci", to je prvih 30 od 41 tipov, in ta zadnji tip ima 9 iskalni izraz zaradi pravil vnosa predmetnih oznak v bazo zadetkov. Pri COBISS.SR pa je tip dela "zbornik recenziranih podatkov. Prav tako je zanimivo, da se spreminjanje iskalnega naučnih radova na međunarodnoj ili stranoj konferenciji " 20. tip izraza do korena, pri demografij* ne povzroči spremembe pri po vrsti od 38 in ima 20 zadetkov. prvih 16 avtorjih, če pa izberemo iskalni izraz demograf* pa se na 16 mesto prerine drug avtor. 335 Table 2: Rezultati iskanj pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu in omejevanjih (21.9.2023) sistem COBISS IZ:migracije F:demografija, migracije,študije spolov COBISS.SI 16.551 zadetkov 8.040 zadetkov COBISS.SR 4.766 zadetkov 3.242 zadetkov , Slika 9: demografija - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SI) Slika 11: migracije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SI) Slika 10: demografija - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SR) V sklopu prej omenjenega iskanja in omejevanj nam sistem (COBISS+) ponuja tudi druge rezultate. Po vrstah vsebine je v COBISS.SI največ statistični pregledov (660), sledijo diplomska dela (426), zborniki (312), separati (279), raziskovalne naloge, magistrska dela, raziskovalna poročila, učbeniki, doktorska dela, itd. pa v manjši meri (pod 100). Po vrstah gradiva je največ knjig Slika 12: migracije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih (3.922), sledijo članki (2.059), časopisi, revije, elektronski viri, enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SR) kartografsko gradivo, videoposnetki, filmi, slikovno gradivo, itd. pa v manjši meri (pod 100). V COBISS.SR pa je v tem merilu po vrstah vsebine največ statističnih pregledov (748), sledijo separati (393), zborniki (278), diplomska dela (213) itd. Po vrstah gradiva pa knjige (3.453), članki, sestavni deli (1.499), itd. Po vseh teh kategorijah se lahko v COBISS + dodano omejujejo iskanja. V tabeli 2 so prikazani rezultati iskanj po COBISS+ pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu (IZ) migracije in omejevanjih s filtrom (F) predmet: demografija, migracije, študije spolov. Slika 13: migracije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SI) 336 Slika 14: migracije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SR) Slika 17: študije spolov - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SI) V tabeli 3 so prikazani rezultati iskanj po COBISS+ pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu (IZ) študije spolov in omejevanjih s filtrom (F) predmet: demografija, migracije, študije spolov. Table 3: Rezultati iskanj pri uporabljenem iskalnem izrazu in omejevanjih (25.9.2023) sistem COBISS IZ:študije spolov F:demografija, migracije, štud. spolov COBISS.SI 5.184 zadetkov 4.561 zadetkov COBISS.SR 1.958 zadetkov 1.682 zadetkov Slika 18: studije roda/rodne studije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po avtorjih (COBISS.SR) 7 SKLEPNA PREMIŠLJEVANJA Kvartarno obdobje treh milijonov let je premajhen čas, antropocen pa je njegova neznatna zadnja doba, da bi bil viden na geološki časovni uri. Izraz "antropocen" kot geološkega doba še ni uradno priznan. Po Rimskemu klubu sodobna družba ni trajnostna, saj je trajnostna le tista družba, ki "zadovoljuje potrebe sedanjosti, ne da bi ogrozila sposobnost prihodnjih generacij, da zadovoljijo svoje potrebe". Pred več kot 50 leti je knjiga z naslovom Meje Slika 15: študije spolov - porazdelitev dobljenih rasti (Limits to Growth), ki jo je naročil Rimski klub, povzročila bibliografskih enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SI) mednarodno senzacijo. Glavno spoznanje pa je bilo, da ima planet Zemlja nosilne zmogljivosti za varno rast tako glede rasti prebivalstva kot uporabe naravnih virov! [10] Na tiskovni konferenci 14. oktobra 1980 v Los Angelesu je republikanski predsedniški kandidat, guverner Ronald Reagan zavrnil možnost napovedovanja rasti prebivalstva in opozoril na neupoštevanje prihodnjih znanstvenih odkritij. Rekel je: "Zdaj se lahko vrnemo še dlje od tega k Malthusovi teoriji. Svet bo umrl od lakote. Takrat še niso vedeli ničesar o umetnih gnojilih. Nič niso vedeli o pesticidih. In o mehanskem kmetovanju niso vedeli ničesar. Takrat je bil mož z motiko. Danes obstajajo študije, kmetijske študije, ki temeljijo na obdelovalni zemlji na Zemlji in na podlagi tega, če se obdelujejo na ravni ameriškega kmetovanja o vsem svetu, da lahko Zemlja vzdržuje populacijo 28 milijard ljudi. " [12] Slika 16: studije roda/rodne studije - porazdelitev dobljenih bibliografskih enot po tipologiji (COBISS.SR) 337 Leta 2020 je stopnja rasti prvič po letu 1950 upadla pod en [9] Garis, Hugo de, 2001. The Artilect War. Second Version. odstotek na leto. Rast prebivalstva upada, življenjska doba pa https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2007/VIKBB18/um/TheArtilectWar- col.pdf podaljšuje. [10] Don Meadows, J. Randers and Den. Meadows, 2004. A Synopsis Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. EMS ExSum Cover AA [11] B. McKibben, 1989. The End of Nature. New York: Random House. Demografske osnove politike globalne kontrole prebivalstva [12] Governor Reagan's News Conference, October 14, 1980 Governor ZDA predstavljajo predvsem NSSM200 [29, 30, 31, 14, 32], ki Reagan's News Conference | The American Presidency Project [13] sledi demografsko politiko angleškega kralja Jurija VI [33, 34], E. Klancher Merchant, 2017. A Digital History of Anglophone Demography and Global Population Control, 1915–1984. A Digital rasna higiena v Nemčiji [35], evgenika in rasni zakoni v ZDA History of Anglophone Demography and Global Population Control, [36]. Navedene vire in dejstva Klancher Merchantova [13] ne 1915–1984 - Merchant - 2017 - Population and Development Review - Wiley Online Library izpostavlja in jih tolmači bolj evfemistično, olepševalno. [14] M. Green, 1993. Evolution of US International Population Policy, 1965- 92. Population and Development Review 19,2,303-321. The Evolution of US International Population Policy, 1965-92: A Chronological Account Razlikujemo "svobodne" in "uporabne" vede. Demografija naj bi on JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938439?origin=crossref bila "svobodna" veda, čeprav ni zanemarljivo število [15] A. Vraneš, 2001. Osnovi bibliografije. Beograd: Narodna biblioteka znanstvenikov v področju demografije (takih je veliko manj v Srbije. [16] A. Torres-Vargas, 2005. World brain and mundaneum: the ideas of Wells sociologiji prebivalstva), ki si želijo, da bi jih vlade čim več and Otlet concerning universal access. VINE: The journal of information "uporabljale" kot "služabnike" politike. and knowledge management systems, 35, 3, 156–165. [17] I. Rieusset-Lemarié, 1998. P. Otletʼs mundaneum and the international perspective in the history of documentation and information science. In Najino delo je s stališča znanosti o podatkih (data science) Hahn, T. B. and Buckland, M. Ed. Historical studies in information metodološko šele na ravni vizualizacije podatkov in pri testiranju science. Medford, NJ: Information today, Inc., 34–42. Historical Studies in Information Science - Google Knjige odzivnosti sistemov COBISS.SI in COBISS.SR z iskanjem po [18] T.M. Šercar, 2015. Od RBU do COBIB. Organizacija znanja 20,7), 78-98 bibliografskih zbirkah podatkov z izbranimi iskalnimi izrazi OZ 2015/2. [19] Statistični urad RS vsebinsko v eksperimentalni fazi. [20] H. Sirotković, 1992. O nastanku, organizaciji, državnopravnim pitanjima i sukcesiji Države SHS nastale u jesen 1918. Časopis za suvremenu povijest, 24, 3, 61–74. Znanstveno-raziskovalno delo se začne s pripravo podatkov. [21] Republički zavod za statistiku, | Republički zavod za statistiku Srbije 80% se nanaša na obdelavo podatkov, 20% na analizo. Priprava Demografski indikatori podatkov se začne z vizualizacijo, ki je orodje za prikazovanje in [22] T. Seljak in T. Šercar, 1991. Funkcije informacijskih in bibliografskih servisov in sistem vzajemne katalogizacije danes in jutri. V Tretiranje posredovanje podatkov. znanstvenih in strokovnih publikacij in polpublikacij v online dostopnih bazah podatkov za znanost in tehnologijo/ 14. Posvetovanje o znansztvenih in strokovnih publikacijah in polpublikacijah, Maribor, 16- Kateri podatki se bodo zbirali v nadaljnjem tovrstnem delu pa je 18. 12. 1991; (urednik Tvrtko M. Šercar) – V Mariboru: Univerza, Institut odvisno od definiranja problemov, ciljev, hipotez in strategije informacijskih znanosti, 1991., 225-242. ter od izbranih populacijskih procesov (demografija v ožjem [23] T. Saračević,1995. Informacijske znanosti: izvor, narava, trendi. Raziskovalec 25. smislu) in populacijskih študij ekonomskih, socialnih, [24] T.M. Šercar, 2005. Ali Slovenija noče informacijske znanosti. institucionalnih, kulturnih in bioloških procesov, ki vplivajo na Organizacija znanja 10, 1, 18-28. OZ 2005/1 [25] SAZU, januarja 2005. 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The Nazi connection : eugenics, American racism, and German co-evolution-fusion-or-replacement/ national socialism : Kühl, Stefan : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive 338 Trpeči člani človeške družbe Suffering Members of Human Society izr. prof. dr. Mari Jože Osredkar† Teološka fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija mari.osredkar@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK survival of society. A civilization that fails to embrace suffering and the elderly is destined for decline. Evtanazija kot prostovoljno končanje trpljenja oz. človeškega življenja posameznikov in njihova izločitev iz človeške družbe KEYWORDS je v nekaterih zahodnih državah že postala legitimna in že vpliva na demografsko sliko naroda. V mnogih državah pa se na tem Human society, Euthanasia, Elderly, Religious teachings on področju krešejo mnenja o primernosti uzakonjenja samomora z suffering, Theological relational theory. medicinsko asistenco. V prispevku si postavljamo vprašanje ali so trpeči in ostareli zgolj breme družbe ali pa so tudi koristni, 1 UVOD morda nujno potrebni za zdravo človeško družbo. Krščanski nauk v trpljenju prepoznava nujni sestavni del življenja vsakega Ker so razlogi za smrt, ki drastično zmanjšujejo število človeka in trpeče ljudi kot nujno potrebne člane družbe. V pripadnikov naroda, težko zanemarljiva tema demografov, je razpravi življenje opredeljujemo s pomočjo teološke relacijske pomembno, da pri demografski analizi populacije obdelamo tudi teorije: živeti pomeni biti v odnosu. Prav ta opredelitev nam vprašanje evtanazije. Statistike namreč kažejo, da v državah, kjer pomaga spoznati, da nepopolnost posameznih ljudi, tudi trpljenje, je samomor z medicinsko asistenco z zakonom omogočen, v bistvu omogoča preživetje družbe. Civilizacija, ki se ne nauči postaja tovrsten zaključek življenja na zelo visokem mestu sprejemati trpečih in ostarelih članov, je obsojena na propad. razlogov za smrt. Na primer, v Kanadi je bila evtanazija uzakonjena leta 2016. Podatki kažejo, da je v kanadskih KLJUČNE BESEDE provincah Quebec in Britanska Kolumbija v letu 2021, prostovoljna smrt predstavljala 4,7% oz. 4,8% vseh smrti. človeška družba, evtanazija, ostareli, religijski nauki o trpljenju, teološka relacijska teorija. Leto kasneje se je v Quebecu ta procent dvignil na 5,1% in s tem ABSTRACT ta pokrajina predstavlja največji odstotek uporabe evtanazije na svetu. Nizozemska beleži 4,9% evtanaziranih od vseh umrlih in Euthanasia, as the voluntary termination of suffering and human Belgija 2,3%. Torej evtanazija pospeši zmanjševanje števila life of individuals, and their removal from human society, has prebivalcev v narodu. Ne zmanjšuje le števila starih, temveč tudi already become legitimate in some Western countries and it is mladih članov naroda. V Kanadi je »med razlogi za evtanazijo already affecting the demographic picture of the nation. However, namreč tudi invalidnost, v teku je še razširitev na duševne opinions on the appropriateness of legalizing assisted suicide motnje«. V Belgiji lahko zaprosijo za evtanazijo tudi otroci; o tej vary in many nations. In this contribution, we pose the question možnosti razmišljajo tudi na Nizozemskem, v Kanadi pa je of whether the suffering and elderly are merely a burden on »posebni kanadski odbor za smrt z medicinsko pomočjo izdal society or if they are also beneficial, perhaps even essential, for poročilo, v katerem priporočajo razširitev pravice na »zrele a healthy human society. Christian doctrine recognizes suffering mladoletnika« (od 12. leta dalje), pri čemer bi otrokova volja as an essential component of every human life and views imela prednost pred ugovorom staršev«. »Vzorec v državah, ki suffering individuals as necessary members of society. In the so že legalizirale evtanazijo, kaže na nezadržno širjenje obsega discussion, we define life through the lens of theological in odpravo omejitev. Najprej je ta odprta le za skrajne primere, a relational theory: to live means to be in relationship. This very se pojavijo vedno nove utemeljitve, zakonodajna ali sodna oblast definition helps us understand that the imperfections of pa prej ali slej oceni, da so omejitve diskriminatorne. Skoraj individual people, including suffering, essentially enable the tretjina Kanadčanov se strinja, da bi med razloge za evtanazijo vključili brezdomstvo (28%) in revščino (27%), petina pa bi ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note odpravila vse omejitve«. Zato postaja problematika evtanazije †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note zelo pomembna za sleherno demografsko analizo. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed V naši razpravi bomo upoštevali dva vidika evtanazije. Prvi je for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must pogled na prostovoljno končanje življenja z medicinsko be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). pomočjo, ki ga ima oseba, ki trpi in je soočena z omejitvami Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). svojih življenjskih funkcij. Drugi pa je pogled na evtanazijo s 339 strani družbe, ki skrbi za ostarele in trpeče. Človeško je, da si 2 ŽIVETI POMENI BITI V ODNOSU trpeči človek želi čim prej zaključiti življenje; tudi zato, da ne bi Človek živi istočasno v dveh svetovih: materialnem in bil v breme svojim bližnjim. Vsak človek, ki začuti, da se bliža duhovnem. S svojim fizičnim telesom je del sveta, kjer se meri konec njegovega biološkega bivanja na tem svetu, predvsem, če dolžina, višina in širina; kjer tehtamo in lastninimo, kjer se sooča s trpljenjem, fizičnim ali psihičnim, si namreč želi, da ustvarjamo in uničujemo. V materialnem svetu opredeljujemo bi konec prišel čim prej. Zato se je človeštvo že od vsega začetka življenje z rastjo in umiranjem naših telesnih celic. Istočasno pa soočalo z dejstvom samomora. Državni zakon o asistenci družbe človek kot oseba živi v duhovnem svetu, ki ga lahko imenujemo pri prostovoljnem končanju življenja posameznika, ki trpi, s tega tudi svet odnosov. Odnos nas kot osebe povezuje in ločuje hkrati. vidika postane pravica posameznika, ki lahko uresniči svojo Ne le povezuje, odnos tudi omogoča posamezne osebe. V svetu željo po končanju življenja. Mi se bomo osredotočili na pogled odnosov obstajata le dve dimenziji: prisotnost in odsotnost. na evtanazijo s strani družbe, v kateri bolnik živi. Lahko bi ju opredelili tudi kot (istost) podobnost in (ne istost) različnost. »Jaz« in »ti« si ne moreta biti samo prisotna, ker v tem Do sedaj je bilo namreč samo po sebi umevno, da so svojci in primeru ne bi bila več dva, ampak bi bil eden. Tudi samo odsotna bližnji uporabili vse mogoče načine da bi trpečemu zmanjšali si ne moreta biti, ker ju v tem primeru ne bi nič povezovalo in se trpljenje, vendar so ga želeli hkrati čim dlje ohraniti v svoji sredi ne bi zmogla znajti v odnosu. oz. pri življenju. Samomor je bil, predvsem v krščanski civilizaciji, viden kot nekaj slabega. Ne zgolj zaradi verskega V medosebnem odnosu ne tehtamo in ne lastninimo, temveč se nauka, temveč predvsem zato, ker je vsak človek del človeške drug drugemu približujejo in se drug od drugega oddaljujemo. V skupnosti; smrt vsakega posameznika je zato bolečina za bistvu ljudje odnosov ne gradimo in ne uničujemo. Tudi vstopati skupnost, predvsem nepričakovan in »nepotreben« odhod ne moremo vanje. V odnosu se znajdemo. Podobno, kakor nihče posameznikov iz skupnosti predstavlja bolečino za vse njene izmed nas ni načrtoval vstopa v življenje, temveč se je v njem člane. Ko torej govorimo o evtanaziji, ki jo sodobna družba želi znašel, tako se človek kot oseba znajde v odnosu. Ko se znajdem narediti za legalno možnost samomora, zdi se celo, da družba z nekom v odnosu, me on lahko nagovori s »ti« in takrat se rodim pričakuje ali celo želi, da se bo star in trpeči človek odločil za »jaz«, kot oseba, ki lahko tudi njega nagovorim s »ti«! Ni nujno, odhod od mladih in zdravih, torej ne mislimo na nič novega z da me bo drugi sploh nagovoril. Zato smo uporabili besedo vidika posameznika, ki želi čim prej umreti. Mislimo predvsem »lahko«! na družbo, ki je spremenila svoje mišljenje. Od prepričanja, da je potrebno reševati življenje vsakega človeka, je »prestopila Če je človek nagovorjen, bo lahko tudi sam »sogovornika« Rubikon« in razmišlja, da je potrebno posamezniku, ki si to želi, imenoval »ti«. V tem primeru se bo človek rodil kot »jaz«, kot omogočiti, pomagati in ga celo spodbuditi, da konča svoje oseba! Osebi bosta ostali v odnosu dokler se bosta nagovarjali s življenje. Legalni samomor s pomočjo družbe, v kateri živi, je »ti«. Lahko pa se prenehata nagovarjati. Nista namreč sužnja torej pristanek družbe, da posamezniki predčasno odidejo iz te odnosa in iz njega lahko »izstopita«. Iz odnosa v bistvu izstopita iste družbe oz. je izraz mnenja, da družba svojih starejših članov, navidezno; zato ker je odnos dejansko neuničljiv, le tako bolnikov in neproduktivnih oseb ne potrebuje. V nasprotnem drastično se lahko spremeni, da se nam zdi, da je prekinjen. primeru bi se zanje zavzela in bi jim odhod, če že ne preprečila, Skratka, v svetu odnosov, torej v duhovnem svetu, živeti pomeni vsaj otežkočila. biti v odnosu. Ker smo ljudje kot osebe najprej bitja odnosov, zato zunaj odnosov ni človeškega življenja. Zgodovina nam govori o različnih poizkusih družb, ki so v preteklosti že želele izločiti nesamostojne in vzdrževane osebe iz svoje srede. Zgoraj pa smo tudi že zapisali, da so v preteklosti in 3 POTREBA PO DRUGEM še danes svojci pogosto skrbeli za starše vse do naravne biološke smrti. Zakaj ta razlika? Osnutek odgovora na to vprašanje se Človek se že zgodaj v svoji mladosti sreča z bolečino. Boli ga skriva v opredelitvi človeškega življenja. S sprejetjem zgolj zob, boli ga glava, zboli za to ali ono boleznijo… Vse to je materialistične opredelitve življenja sta namreč bolezen in starost boleče. Ampak slabo telesno počutje še zdaleč ne more resnično zaviralki razvoja družbe. Tu se sicer postavi še dodatno povzročati tako velike bolečine, ki jo človek občuti, ko izgubi vprašanje, kdaj se bolezen in starost začneta. Ali z začetkom ljubljeno osebo. Morda niti ni potrebno izgubiti ljubljene osebe, upadanja moči pri 30-tih letih, z nesamostojnostjo osebe pri 80- pa človeka močno boli. Dovolj je, da je z bližnjim »nekaj tih letih ali s pojavom prve depresije? Kdor pa življenje razume narobe«, da se z njim odnos »ohladi«, pa bo človek trpel. Pa v duhovnem smislu, torej, da živeti pomeni biti v odnosu z četudi se zgolj seznani z novico, da je nekje v nesreči nekdo umrl, drugim6, pa ostarele in bolnike vidi v popolnoma drugačni luči. ne bo ostal indiferenten. To izkušamo, ko mediji obveščajo o V naši razpravi ne bomo omenjali zlorab, ki so možne pri žrtvah vojne, prometnih ali naravnih nesreč. Res je, da smo ljudje uveljavljanju zakona o evtanaziji. Tudi se ne bomo opredeljevali najprej materialna bitja. Toda ob priložnosti trpljenja ali smrti o tem, kaj je z ekonomskega stališča ugodneje, paliativa ali drugih se zavemo, da odnosi iz materialnih človeških bitij evtanazija. S pomočjo teološke relacijske teorije Guya Lafona ustvarjajo osebe, ki ne živijo zunaj odnosa. Zavem se, da je moje bomo odgovorili na vprašanje, ali so trpeči zgolj breme, ki ga bistvo »jaz«, torej oseba, ki sicer domuje v mojem telesu, ampak družba nosi, ali pa so omenjene osebe tudi koristne za razvoj je veliko več kot zgolj materialno telo. Ker je bivanje osebe družbe. V naši razpravi bomo pokazali, zakaj so bolniki, ostareli odvisno od odnosa z drugim, zato kot oseba trpim tudi zaradi in trpeči nujno potrebni za preživetje družbe. bolečine druge osebe. 340 Iz tega dejstva lahko izluščimo dve resnici. Prvič, ljudje kot in potreba po drugem nimata več negativnega predznaka, temveč osebe smo drug z drugim zelo tesno povezani. To pomeni, da postaneta izraza človekove nepopolnosti, ki pa je konstruktivna drug drugega potrebujemo, da sploh lahko živimo. Ker živeti za družbo. Zakaj? pomeni biti v odnosu oz. ker zunaj odnosa ni življenja, človek za Na prvi pogled nepopolnost izraža človekov manko. Ker namreč svoje preživetje potrebuje odnos, torej drugega. Ne zgolj nekoga, izraža to, kar ne zagotavlja posameznikovega razvoja na ki bi si ga izbral, temveč slehernega drugega. Znajti se v odnosu, materialnem področju. Biti nepopoln pomeni biti odvisen od živeti, namreč pomeni biti v odnosu s slehernim drugim. Dejstvo drugih. Neodvisnost je namreč v naši družbi pojmovana kot je namreč, da se človek znajde v odnosu do slehernega drugega. velika vrednota, odvisnost od drugih pa je razumljena kot To je njegova danost. Zato je posameznik tako zelo pozoren in pomanjkljivost. Ampak, ponavljamo, v materialistični logiki občutljiv na izgubo slehernega človeka. Kot smo že napisali, razmišljanja. Morda je ravno to tudi razlog, zaradi katerega so si posebno ob vojnah in nesrečah nas zaboli smrt kogarkoli. Ljudje mnogi misleci odrešenje predstavljali kot nekaj, kar nepopolno smo med seboj povezani, človeštvo je kot nek organizem. bitje stori popolno. Toda, po tej logiki človek, ki je rešen svoje Drugič, oseba trpi, ker je drugemu prisotna in odsotna hkrati. V nepopolnosti, sploh ne potrebuje ničesar in nikogar več. Če se bistvu trpljenje nastopi zaradi spremembe odnosa. Bolj, ko se izrazimo v bibličnem jeziku, lahko rečemo, da odrešen človek odnosi spreminjajo, bolj ljudje trpimo. Odnosi pa se stalno sploh ne bi več nikogar potreboval, niti Boga. Kar pa je popoln spreminjajo. Zato se vsak človek, kot oseba, kot bitje odnosov, nesmisel. Še več, to bi bilo v nasprotju z bistvom življenja v stalno srečuje s trpljenjem. Teoretično bi lahko bila izbira med duhovnem svetu. biti (ostati) v odnosu in trpeti in med ne ostati v odnosu in ne bivati. V drugi možnosti izbire ne bi bilo trpljenja; v ne bivanju Tisti, ki želi postati »neodvisen« in »samozadosten«, čeprav mu namreč trpljenja ni. Torej, ljudje kot osebe živimo, ker smo v to nikoli ne bo uspelo, izgublja svoje življenje. To je namreč v odnosih, ki se stalno spreminjajo; zato pa tudi trpimo! Trpljenje polnosti podarjeno tistemu, ki, sprejemajoč svojo nepopolnost, je nujni sestavni del življenja. Še najbolj pa medčloveški odnos priznava, da samo sleherni drugi, s katerimi se je znašel povezan, spremeni smrt partnerja v odnosu. Smrt odnosa sicer ne more lahko zapolnjuje njegov manko. Toda, ta manko nikoli ne bo uničiti, ga pa ekstremno spremni ter povzroči največjo bolečino. zapolnjen. Nasprotno, odnos do (D)drugega9 opominja, da bo S pomočjo relacijske teorije smo pokazali, da ljudje drug drugega človek vedno potreboval (D)drugega. Kot Kristus, ki na križu potrebujemo in da zato trpimo. Iz tega lahko izluščimo praktično kliče Očeta. Dalj časa je osebek v odnosu do drugega, bolj dejstvo, da pri evtanaziji ne gre le za »končanje« življenja spoznava potrebnost ohranjanja odnosa. Ko govorimo o posameznikov, ki si to želijo in se to živečih članov družbe ne bi »življenju v polnosti« na duhovnem področju, moramo potrditi, »dotikalo«! Gre tudi in predvsem za njihov odhod iz družbe. V da se človek lahko uresničuje le, če sprejema svoje stanje materialistični logiki jih družba ne potrebuje in se zato lahko nepopolnosti, to je stanje hrepenenja po (D)drugem. Največja strinja in odobrava njihov odhod. V duhovnem kontekstu pa gre človekova pomanjkljivost je njegovo prepričanje, da je popoln, za pomembno spremembo odnosa med člani družbe, ki še živijo torej, da ne potrebuje drugega. Če za »popolnega človeka« glagol in med »izločenimi«! Ta sprememba pa lahko na družbo vpliva »manjkati« izraža nekaj slabega, ker se sam ne more uresničiti, v eksistencialnem pomenu. »nepopolni človek« prepoznava svoje stanje »pomanjkljivosti« kot nekaj dobrega, ker se zahvaljujoč prav svoji nepopolnosti, najde povezan s slehernim drugim. Trpljenje, ki je povezano z 4 ČLOVEKOVA NEPOPOLNOST »biti v odnosu«, je izraz človekove nepopolnosti, ki trpečega Ker za bivanje ljudje drug drugega potrebujemo, smo nepopolni. vabi k iskanju »drugega«. Ravno to pa mu osmišlja bivanje. Če Ključna beseda v napisanem stavku je »potrebujemo«! Popolnost človek ne bi trpel, torej če ne bi bil v odnosu do (D)drugega, bi je namreč samozadostna. Človek pa za preživetje potrebuje ostal »sam« oz. bi bil mrtev! drugega, zato je nepopoln. Z besedo nepopolnost pa bi lahko opredelili vse, kar nam v življenju ni všeč: bolezen, trpljenje, Šele tàko razumevanje trpljenja nam namreč, v bibličnem staranje ali smrt. V logiki materialističnega pojmovanja, kjer je kontekstu, razjasni, kaj pomeni »življenje rešiti oz. izgubiti« ali življenje zgolj rast in odmiranje telesnih celic, je odgovor jasen: »življenje najti«! Apostol bi rad Kristusa obvaroval trpljenja trpljenje in bolezen sta nekaj slabega, ker onemogočata želeni (prim. Mt16, 21-25). Učenik pa ga pouči, da je Božja volja, da razvoj človekovega zdravega in dolgega življenja in trpljenje sprejme. Še več! Razjasni, da bi v primeru »izognitve produktivnost v družbi. Prav tako je v materialistični miselnosti trpljenju«, kar bi površno gledano pomenilo življenje rešiti, v nepopolnost nekaj slabega. Zato je v tem kontekstu razmišljanja resnici bilo »življenje izgubljeno«! Kristus svojim učencem veli, razumljiv pristanek družbe na prostovoljno končanje življenja naj se odpovedo svojemu življenju (naj se odpovedo želji po posameznika, ki si to želi. V evangeljski logiki pa življenje ni le izognitvi trpljenja) oz. naj sprejmejo trpljenje. Tako je storil tudi »jed in pijača« (prim Rim 14, 17), temveč Kristus za sam in dal zgled takrat, ko sta se mu približevala mučenje in smrt: najpomembnejšo dejavnost v življenju postavlja ljubezen do » Začel se je žalostiti in trepetati. Tedaj jim je rekel: »Moja duša bližnjega. Zato francoski mislec Guy Lafon postavlja v središče je žalostna do smrti. Ostanite tukaj in bedite z menoj! In šel je svoje teologije predpostavko, da živeti pomeni biti v odnosu. malo naprej, padel na obraz in molil: Moj Oče, če je mogoče, naj Pravzaprav lahko tako govorimo zato, ker bivamo tudi sami; oz. gre ta kelih mimo mene, vendar ne, kakor jaz hočem, ampak ker smo se znašli v odnosu z »drugimi« ali z vsemi, o katerih in kakor ti« (Mt 26, 39-40). s katerimi lahko govorimo. Kakor namreč ne moremo govoriti o bivanju kot takem, temveč lahko govorimo samo zato, ker bivamo, tako ne moremo govoriti o odnosu, temveč lahko 5 VSI SMO NEPOPOLNI govorimo le v odnosu in iz odnosa.8 V tem kontekstu pa trpljenje 341 Spoznali smo, da v logiki relacijske teorije trpljenje človeku razmišlja tudi Alex Schadenburg iz koalicije za preprečevanje koristi, ker ga kot nepopolnega sili v odnos z (D)drugim, V evtanazije, ki je mnenja, »da gre v večini primerov za duhovni, kontekstu materialističnega pojmovanja življenja je naša razlaga ne zdravstveni problem: Večina zahteva evtanazijo, ker so v nerazumljiva. Le, če se strinjamo, da »živeti« pomeni »biti v težkem trenutku življenja, bodisi fiziološko ali psihološko, in odnosu«, lahko sprejmemo trditev, da sta nepopolnost in trpljenje doživljajo občutke osamljenosti, depresije in pomanjkanje nujno potrebna za človekov razvoj. Še več, prišli smo do smisla, namena ali vrednosti življenja.« spoznanja, da sprejeto trpljenje človeku lahko pomaga, da najde pravo življenje, ki je sestavljeno iz odnosov do vseh ljudi v Vprašanje trpljenja in predvsem trpljenje nedolžnega pomeni za družbi. Poudarek je na besedi »lahko«. Ker mnogim niti trpljenje teologe enega največjih problemov. Če je Bog dober in drugih niti lastno trpljenje ne pomaga, če ga namreč ne vsemogočen, zakaj dopušča na svetu zlo? Starodavni narodi so sprejmejo, da bi se kaj spremenilo v njihovem življenju na boljše. razlog trpljenja našli v nespremenljivi usodi ali pa so krivdo Vendar si ne domišljajmo, da družbo sestavljajo popolni in prelagali na zle bogove. Biblična tradicija pa je prepričana, da je nepopolni člani; torej stari in bolni na eni strani ter mladi in Bog ustvaril človeka nepopolnega zato, da bi v hrepenenju po zdravi na drugi strani. Vsi ljudje, zato ker smo ljudje, smo (D)drugem našel polnost življenja. Tomaž Akvinski je prepričan, nepopolni! Kdor se svoje nepopolnosti zaveda, se zaveda tudi da je zlo prišlo na svet z Božjo privolitvijo. Kakor je z Božjo dejstva, da potrebuje slehernega drugega, da bo lahko našel privolitvijo tudi satan trpinčil svetopisemskega Joba in kakor je »življenje v polnosti«! Kdor pa se ne zaveda svoje nepopolnosti, po Božji volji Jezus Kristus sprejel trpljenje in smrt na križu. v svoji iluziji životari. Skupnost funkcionira, kadar so vsi njeni Evangeljski nauk v središče krščanskega življenja postavlja člani povezani med seboj do te mere, da se zavedajo, da drug sprejetje težav in trpljenja: »Če hoče kdo iti za menoj, naj se drugega potrebujejo; ko ni nihče odvečen. V bistvu želimo reči, odpove sebi in vzame svoj križ ter hodi za menoj. Kdor namreč da je družba »zdrava«, ko se vsi njeni člani zavedajo svoje hoče rešiti svoje življenje, ga bo izgubil; kdor pa izgubi svoje nepopolnosti in sprejemajo za »partnerja v odnosu« slehernega življenje zaradi mene, ga bo našel« (Mt16, 21-25). Kot vidimo, človeka. Nepopolnost posameznih članov družbe namreč to isto je sprejetje trpljenja povezano s tem, kar vsi ljudje iščejo in družbo naredi popolno. Sprejeti slehernega drugega za partnerja želijo: pravo življenje, ki ni jed in pijača, temveč je sestavljeno v odnosu pa pomeni tudi sprejeti obveznost. Kdor je »vezan«, je iz odnosov. Sprejetje trpljenja pa v našem kontekstu pomeni »obvezan«. Drugemu reči »ti«, zazreti se v njegovo obličje, sprejetje starejših in bolnih članov družbe do te mere, da se zahteva odločitev in odgovornost zanj. zavedamo, da je za družbo, torej za vse člane družbe, njihova prisotnost pomembna. Družba je predvsem odgovorna, da prepriča vse svoje člane, da jih potrebuje, take, kakršni so! Sprejeti slehernega drugega za Družba, ki odobrava prostovoljni odhod njenih posameznih partnerja v odnosu, ne biti sam, pomeni sprejeti odgovornost za članov, ki to želijo, razmišlja zgolj v kontekstu materialistične slehernega človeka in se hkrati odpovedati svoji samoljubnosti. logike in ne prepoznava bistva življenja v odnosih. Taka družba To pa ni lahko. Zato je medosebni odnos trpljenje. Lažje je ne se ne zaveda, da te posameznike potrebuje; ne zaveda se, da oni sprejeti drugega za partnerja v odnosu in ostati sam, v iluzorni od družbe ne zahtevajo prekinitve življenja, temveč bi želeli »popolnosti«. Toda, kdor ostane sam, izgubi življenje. Gorje pozornost. Enako razmišlja tudi Arthur Alderliesten: »Včasih namreč tistim, ki jim je šlo vedno vse »kakor po maslu«, ki jim ljudje pravijo, da želijo umreti, ker so izgubili smisel svojega ni nikoli v življenju nič manjkalo in jih ni nič bolelo in so se zdeli življenja. Toda ljudje ne želijo umreti; želijo biti rešeni svojih sami sebi zadostni. Življenja v polnosti niso izkusili. Tisti težav, trpljenja, tistega, kar dojemajo kot brezsmiselnost namreč, ki je občutil svoj manko in svoje pomanjkljivosti, je življenja, eksistencialno osamljenost. Če si s človekom v njegovi zahrepenel po pomoči (D)drugega in v odnosu z njim našel osamljenosti, jo omiliš ali celo odpraviš, s tem pa lahko vztrajna življenje. želja po smrti celo izgine«. Ko pride naraven konec življenja, se s tem sprijaznimo. Nikakor pa nam ni v korist umetna prekinitev zemeljskega življenja. Bogomir Štefanič razlikuje »pustiti 6 SKLEP bolnika umreti« od »pasivne evtanazije«. V svojem prispevku V našem razmišljanju smo materialistični način razmišljanja navaja dr. Urha Grošlja, ki pravi, da evtanazija »v nobenem soočili z duhovnim. Spoznali smo, da pri vprašanju evtanazije ne primeru ne more biti etično opravičljiva. Pustiti bolnika umreti gre za to, ali oseba, ki trpi sme ali ne sme prositi za končanje pa je z etičnega vidika v nekaterih primerih, ko bolniku ni več življenja. V tej problematiki gre za odločitev družbe, ali bo mogoče pomagati, lahko etično sprejemljivo ali celo prošnji ustregla ali ne! Družba, ki pomaga posameznikom pri priporočljivo.« Nato pa nadaljuje, »da lahko dobra blažilna samomoru, si v bistvu predstavlja, da teh posameznikov ne nega celo podaljša zadnje obdobje bolnikovega življenja, ki je ob potrebuje; zavestno se odreka starim, bolnim ter invalidnim ustrezni blažilni oskrbi hkrati tudi prijaznejše za bolnika.«16 Dr osebam. S tem dejanjem hoče pokazati, da je popolna, Matjaž Zwitter, onkolog z bogatimi izkušnjami dela s hudo samozadostna družba, ki neproduktivnih oseb ne potrebuje. S bolnimi je dejal: »Do zdaj je nekdo, ki je bil hudo bolan, veljal pomočjo Lafonove relacijske teorije pa smo pokazali, da pri za pogumnega, ko se je z vso močjo boril za življenje; če bo ta starosti in onemoglosti ne gre samo za vprašanje produktivnosti, zakon (v Sloveniji) sprejet, pa bo morda začel veljati za temveč predvsem za odnose. To nam potrjuje tudi dr. Timothy sebičnega, ker noče odstopiti prostora drugim, mlajšim in Stainton, strokovnjak za vprašanje invalidov, ki je povedal, »da sposobnejšim, ker odžira denar, ki ga v zdravstvu vedno jih pri odločitvi pogosto vodi strah pred življenjem v ustanovi: manjka…« Za smrt se niso odločili, ker bi doživljali trpljenje, temveč zato, ker niso dobili ustrezne podpore v skupnosti.« Na podoben način 342 Človek je človeku opora in breme hkrati. Če človek odloži to breme, si bo izpodmaknil tudi oporo. VIRI [1] Blažič Rok, Evtanazija: nezadržen plaz, v: Družina št 27, 9. julij 2023, str. 7. [2] Lafon, Guy. Le Dieu commun, Seuil, Paris, 1982 [3] Leskovšek, Urška. Osamljenost je eden glavnih razlogov za evtanazijo. V: Družina št 29, 23. julij 2023, str. 4-5. [4] Levinas, Emmanuel. 1992. Ethique et infini. Paris : Fayard, str.77-98. [5] Osredkar, Mari Jože. 2021. Upanje kot teološka krepost v luči relacijske teorije Guya Lafona. V: Bogoslovni vestnik 81, 4, str 858-859. [6] Podjavoršek, Jana. Je predlog zakona o evtanaziji res spoštovanje človeškega dostojanstva?! V: Družina št 19, 14. maj 2023, str. 4. [7] Sveto pismo. [8] Štefanič, Bogomir. Ko »nevarna zmota« postaja laž. V: Družina št. 24, 18.junija2023, str.12. [9] Thomas d'Aquin, Somme contre les gentils, CERF, 1993, 416-425. [10] https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health- system-services/annual-report-medical-assistance-dying- 2021.html#chart_5.3 (pridobljeno 5.08.2023). [11] https://www.bmj.com/content/379/bmj.o3023 (pridobljeno 5.08.2023). 343 Problematična raba alkohola, težave v čustveni regulaciji in vloga spola Problematic alcohol use, difficulties in emotion regulation and the role of gender prof. dr. Barbara Simonič Katedra za zakonsko in družinsko terapijo ter psihologijo in sociologijo religije Teološka fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija barbara.simonic@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK* curative strategies, it is useful to consider the mechanism of emotion Problematična raba alkohola in alkoholizem sta globalna izziva z regulation, which plays a different role in this context for men and negativnimi posledicami za posameznike, družino in družbo. Vzroki women. za problematično rabo alkohola in alkoholizem vključujejo genske, biološke, psihološke, socialne in okoljske dejavnike, ki delujejo v KEYWORDS medsebojni interakciji. Moški pogosteje poročajo o večji rabi alkohola Alcoholism, gender differences, emotional regulation, causes of in problematični rabi kot ženske, kar je lahko povezano z razlikami v alcoholism sposobnosti čustvene regulacije. Raziskava, v katero je bilo vključenih 422 udeležencev (315 žensk in 107 moških) je pokazala, da je pri moških prisotne več problematične rabe alkohola kot pri ženskah. Težave v čustveni regulaciji so pozitivno povezane s problematično rabo alkohola in napovedujejo njegovo rabo, vendar v večji meri pri 1 POJAVNOST PROBLEMATIČNE RABE moških kot pri ženskah. Spol je pomemben moderator med težavami ALKOHOLA v čustveni regulaciji in problematično rabo alkohola. Rezultati nakazujejo na to, da je pri razumevanju problematične rabe alkohola Problematična raba alkohola in z njim povezani alkoholizem, sta ter načrtovanju preventivnih in kurativnih strategij smiselno globalna izziva, ki imata za posameznike, družino in družbo številne razmišljati tudi o mehanizmu čustvene regulacije, ki v tem kontekstu negativne posledice. Po podatkih Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije pri moških in ženskah igra različno vlogo. [1] je alkoholizem vzrok za 5,3% smrti na svetu. Prav tako je problematična raba alkohola povezana z več kot 200 različnimi poškodbami in boleznimi (npr. bolezni srca in ožilja, rak, bolezni jeter, KLJUČNE BESEDE psihiatrične motnje, prometne in druge nesreče, nasilje,…) [2]. Po Alkoholizem, razlike med spoloma, čustvena regulacija, vzroki ocenah Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije [3] je bila za leto 2018 alkoholizma ocena povprečne porabe alkohola na svetu 6,2 litrov čistega alkohola na osebo letno. Konzumiranje alkohola je socialno sprejemljivo v mnogih okoljih, v svetu tako pije alkoholne pijače skupaj 2,3 milijarde ABSTRACT ljudi [2]. Problematic alcohol use and alcoholism are global challenges with Tudi v Sloveniji je prisotnost problematične rabe alkohola precejšnja. negative consequences for individuals, families and society. The Po podatkih Nacionalnega inštituta za javno zdravje [4] približno 11% causes of problematic alcohol use and alcoholism include genetic, odraslih prebivalcev lahko uvrstimo med problematične pivce biological, psychological, social and environmental factors that alkohola. V letu 2020 je bilo 16,3 % oseb s tveganim ali škodljivim interact with each other. Men are more likely than women to report pitjem, ki običajno pijejo čez dnevno mejo manj tveganega pitja in so heavy alcohol use and problem drinking, which may be related to se v zadnjih 12 mesecih tudi najmanj 1-krat opili [5]. Problem differences in difficulties in emotional regulation. A study of 422 prekomernega in problematičnega pitja alkohola v Sloveniji ima tudi participants (315 women and 107 men) showed that men have more negativne družbene posledice, kar vključuje zmanjšano produktivnost, problematic alcohol use than women. Difficulties in emotion nižjo kakovost življenja, več prometnih nesreč in pojavnosti različnih regulation are positively correlated with problematic alcohol use and oblik nasilja [6]. Zaradi rabe alkohola v Sloveniji je izgubljenih 5,87 predict alcohol use, but to a greater extent in men than in women. % zdravih let življenja, kar predstavlja med vsemi dejavniki tveganja Gender is a significant moderator between emotional regulation bolezni šesto mesto, pri čemer imajo večje tveganje moški [2]. problems and problematic alcohol use. The results suggest that in Uživanje različnih psihogenih substanc (alkohol, droge, zdravila) se understanding problematic alcohol use and in planning prevention and lahko giblje na kontinuumu od neproblematične socialne rabe do * Doseženi rezultati so nastali v okviru projekta št. J5-2570, ki ga je financirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna. 344 zlorabe in zasvojenosti [7]. Jasne opredelitve, ki bi razlikovala med 3 RABA ALKOHOLA IN ČUSTVENA »rabo« in »zlorabo«, ni. Vsaka raba je po svoje problematična. REGULACIJA Zloraba substanc pa je kontinuirana raba substanc ne glede na to, da posameznik zaradi nje doživlja socialne, psihološke ali fizične Čustveni faktorji so v okviru teorij o pitju in težavah z alkoholom probleme [8]. Ponavljajoča se škodljiva raba substanc, tudi alkohola, pogosto poudarjeni kot tisti, ki imajo pomembno ali celo centralno velikokrat vodi v sindrom zasvojenosti. Pri tem se pojavijo specifični vlogo. Mnogi raziskovalci poudarjajo, da so čustva in njihova vedenjski, kognitivni in psihični simptomi: močna potreba po primerna regulacija centralnega pomena za človekovo življenje [26]. substanci, težave pri kontroliranju njene rabe, nadaljevanje z rabo To se povezuje tudi s problemom pitja in še širše, s celotnim substance kljub škodljivim učinkom, dajanje prioritete substanci pred fenomenom rabe substanc. Seveda vsa raba alkohola ne temelji drugimi obveznostmi in aktivnostmi, povečana toleranca (vedno več izključno na čustvenih motivih, je pa želja po regulaciji tako substance za enak učinek) in včasih odtegnitveni simptomi [9]. pozitivnih kot negativnih čustev pomembna motivacija pri njegovi rabi. Poleg tega, da spodbuja pozitivna čustva, je alkohol pogosto rabljen za preseganje negativnih čustev. Tako se smatra, da je alkohol ena izmed psihoaktivnih substanc, ki se lahko uporablja za regulacijo 2 DEJAVNIKI, KI PRISPEVAJO K čustev in da je pitje alkohola s ciljem vplivanja na čustveno stanje PROBLEMATIČNI RABI ALKOHOLA lahko dojeto kot strategija čustvene regulacije [27]. Prekomerna in problematična raba alkohola ter alkoholizem sta Čustvena regulacija je kompleksen konstrukt, za katerega ne obstaja kompleksna pojava, k razvoju zasvojenosti pa prispeva kombinacija ena sama splošno sprejeta in priznana definicija ali soglasje o tem, kaj večih dejavnikov, ki se razlikujejo od posameznika do posameznika. so njene glavne značilnosti [28]. Gross [29] ta koncept definira kot Vzroki za alkoholizem so večplastni in vključujejo kombinacijo notranje in zunanje procese, s katerimi ljudje vplivajo na to, kakšna genetskih, bioloških, psiholoških, socialnih in okoljskih dejavnikov, čustva imajo, kdaj jih imajo in kako jih doživljajo in izražajo. Gratz in ki so v medsebojni interakciji. Roemer [30] podajata konceptualizacijo temeljnih vidikov čustvene regulacije, ki vključuje: a) zavedanje in razumevanje čustev, b) Raziskave kažejo, da genetski in biološki dejavniki igrajo pomembno sprejemanje čustev, c) sposobnost kontrolirati impulzivno vedenje in vlogo pri dovzetnosti za alkoholizem [10]. Zaradi genetskih variacij se vesti v skladu z zaželenimi cilji, ko se pričakuje negativna čustva encimov, ki metabolizirajo alkohol (pospešijo ali upočasnijo njegovo in d) sposobnost fleksibilne rabe situaciji primernih strategij čustvene razgradnjo), naj bi prihajalo do večjega vpliva na nagnjenost regulacije s ciljem oblikovanja čustvenih odzivov. Glede na ta posameznika k prekomernemu pitju [11]. Ljudje z družinsko multidimezionalen model je čustvena disregulacija ali težave v anamnezo alkoholizma imajo višje tveganje za razvoj te motnje, kar čustveni regulaciji povezana z odsotnostjo ene ali več teh sposobnosti. nakazuje, da obstajajo dedne komponente, ki lahko prispevajo k Raziskave potrjujejo, da so težave v čustveni regulaciji široko nagnjenosti k alkoholizmu [12]. Na razvoj alkoholizma lahko vplivajo povezane ne samo s simptomi čustvenih motenj, ampak tudi s tudi nekateri biološki dejavniki, kot so nizka toleranca za alkohol, problematično rabo alkohola in z alkoholom povezanimi posledicami povečana občutljivost na učinke alkohola in nepravilnosti v možganskih sistemih za uravnavanje občutka nagrade in motivacije [31, 32]. Problematična raba alkohola služi kot učinkovita, a neprimerna strategija čustvene regulacije predvsem pri osebah, ki so [13]. nagnjene k čustveni disregulaciji [33]. Družbeno okolje, kulturne norme, družinska zgodovina alkoholizma, socialni pritiski in dosegljivost alkohola so dejavniki, ki so povezani s tveganjem za alkoholizem. Kultura pitja v določenem družbenem 4 SPOL IN PROBLEMATIČNA RABA okolju, družinsko vedenje in vzorci neprimernega ravnanja z ALKOHOLA alkoholom, vrstniški pritisk in socialno okolje, kjer se alkohol pogosto uživa, prispevajo k večji verjetnosti za razvoj alkoholizma [14, 15, Zloraba alkohola naj bi bila bolj pogosta pri moških kot pri ženskah 16]. Obenem je dostop do alkohola razmeroma enostaven, večja [34]. V letu 2019 je v EU dnevno in tedensko pitje alkoholnih pijač razpoložljivost in promocija alkoholnih pijač pa lahko spodbujata bilo pogostejše pri moških kot pri ženskah. S tem so povezane tudi njihovo uživanje [17]. Različni pritiski iz okolja in travmatične razlike v stopnji prizadetosti zaradi posledic alkoholizma. Smrtnost, izkušnje (npr. nasilje, zlorabe, izgube), ki ustvarjajo izpostavljenost ki jo lahko neposredno pripišemo alkoholu, je pri moških višja kot pri kroničnemu stresu, prav tako lahko povečajo tveganje za zatekanje k ženskah. V letu 2016 so v svetu zaradi alkohola umrli približno trije alkoholu kot načinu soočanja s čustvenimi težavami [18, 19]. Tudi milijoni ljudi, od tega 2,3 milijona moških in 0,7 milijona žensk. V ekonomski dejavniki, kot so revščina in neenakost, so lahko povezani Sloveniji je v obdobju 2013-2018 med umrlimi zaradi alkoholu z alkoholizmom [20]. neposredno pripisljivih vzrokov bilo 4,1- krat več moških kot žensk Med psihološke dejavnike, ki prispevajo k pojavnosti alkoholizma, [2], v letu 2021 pa 3,5- krat več moških kot žensk [6]. Moški 1,4-krat pogosteje kot ženske pijejo tvegano ali škodljivo lahko štejemo določene psihološke težave, kot so anksioznost, [5]. depresija, stres, nizka samopodoba in težave z obvladovanjem čustev. Moški pogosteje poročajo o višji stopnji pitja alkohola, problematični Ljudje se pogosto zatekajo k alkoholu kot načinu soočanja s stresom, rabi alkohola in odvisnosti od alkohola v primerjavi z ženskami [35, tesnobo, depresijo in drugimi čustvenimi težavami. Čezmerno pitje 36]. Razlike so tudi v okoliščinah pitja, posledicah, povezanih z alkohola lahko začasno zmanjša težke občutke zaradi stresa, vendar alkoholizmom, vzdrževanjem abstinence itd. K nekaterim od teh lahko dolgoročno privede do zlorabe alkohola [21, 22]. Ljudje z nizko razlik lahko prispevajo biološki (s spolom povezani) dejavniki, samopodobo ali težavami pri samoregulaciji (nadziranju impulzov in vključno z razlikami v farmakokinetiki alkohola ter njegovim vplivom vedenja) so lahko bolj nagnjeni k čezmernemu uživanju alkohola, da na delovanje možganov in raven spolnih hormonov. Poleg tega lahko bi izboljšali svoje razpoloženje ali se izognili negativnim občutkom na razlike v pogostosti pitja in učinkih alkohola na vedenje vplivajo [23]. Posamezniki, ki se počutijo osamljene, izolirane ali imajo težave tudi bio-psiho-socialno-kulturni (s spolom povezani) dejavniki [37]. pri vzpostavljanju zdravih medosebnih odnosov, lahko iščejo Ena izmed možnih smeri razlage pogostejše rabe alkohola pri moških olajšanje s pitjem alkohola [24, 25]. v primerjavi z ženskami je tudi v razliki v sposobnosti primerne čustvene regulacije. Kot smo omenili, naj bi problematična raba 345 alkohola bila povezana z večjimi težavami v čustveni regulaciji [31, Udeleženci so vprašalnik reševali v spletni obliki (povabilo za 32, 32]. Glede na nekatere študije o čustveni kompetentnosti, naj bi sodelovanje v raziskavi s povezavo do vprašalnika je bilo poslano na bile ženske boljše pri prepoznavanju čustev drugih ljudi in izražanju različne naslove in forume) in pisno (te udeležence smo pridobili na sočutja. Poleg tega se lahko bolj zavedajo svojih lastnih čustev in jih eni izmed klinik za zdravljenje alkoholizma). Anketiranje je potekalo bolje verbalizirajo [38]. Na drugi strani pa moški bolje upravljajo in od junija 2021 do maja 2022. Rezultate smo izračunali z uporabo zatirajo svoja čustva v stresnih situacijah [39]. Čeprav raziskave niso programskega paketa SPSS 20. dale konsistentnih ugotovitev glede razlik o tem, pri katerem spolu naj bi bilo prisotnih več težav v čustveni regulaciji (pri tem so pomembni tudi drugi individualni dejavniki), pa vseeno kažejo, da so nekatere 7 REZULTATI razlike v načinih čustvene regulacije. Hipoteza 1: Pri moških je prisotna višja stopnja problematične rabe alkohola kot pri ženskah. 5 NAMEN RAZISKAVE IN HIPOTEZE Glede na spol smo primerjali podatke, ki se nanašajo na dimenzije problematične rabe alkohola na vprašalniku AUDIT. Primerjava V naši raziskavi nas je na osnovi zgoraj omenjenih izhodišč zanimalo, povprečnih vrednosti teh dimenzij glede na spol je prikazane na Sliki kakšna je problematična raba alkohola glede na spol, kako se ta 1. povezuje s težavami v čustveni regulaciji ter kakšno vlogo ima v tem odnosu spol. Postavili smo sledeče hipoteze: 16 13,34 14 Hipoteza 1: Pri moških je prisotna višja stopnja problematične rabe 12 alkohola kot pri ženskah. 10 Hipoteza 2: Več težav v čustveni regulaciji je povezano z višjo stopnjo 8 5,69 5,25 problematične uporabo alkohola. 4,79 6 3,42 2,84 4 Hipoteza 3: Spol moderira povezavo med težavami v čustveni 1,36 0,5 2 regulaciji in problematično rabo alkohola 0 tvegano simptomi posledice AUDIT skupaj uživanje odvisnosti zaradi 6 METODA alkohola 4.1 Udeleženci moški ženska V raziskavi je sodelovalo 422 udeležencev, od tega 315 (75 %) žensk in 107 (25 %) moških. Povprečna starost vseh udeležencev je bila 36,17 let (min = 18 let; max = 74 let; SD = 13,79). Slika 1: Srednje vrednosti na posameznih dimenzijah problematične rabe alkohola na vprašalniku AUDIT pri moških in ženskah. Ocene povprečnih vrednosti pri vseh vidikih problematične rabe 4.2 Pripomočki in postopek alkohola kakor tudi na skupni vrednosti so višje pri moških kot pri Udeleženci so poleg splošnega vprašalnika o demografskih podatkih ženskah. Statistično pomembnost razlik med skupinama smo zaradi (spol, starost) izpolnjevali še naslednje vprašalnike: nenormalne distribucije spremenljivk (ugotovljeno s Kolmogorov- Smirnov testom) preverili z Mann-Whitney U-testom za neodvisne 1. Vprašalnik o rabi alkohola (The Alcohol Use Disorders vzorce. Rezultati so pokazali, da so razlike v problematični rabi Identification Test – AUDIT) [40], ki omogoča preverjanje nevarne in alkohola glede na spol statistično pomembne. Moški v primerjavi z škodljive rabe alkohola in prepoznati trenutne težave s pitjem alkohola ženskami bolj tvegano uživajo alkohol (količina in pogostost) (U = (npr. škodljivo rabo alkohola, zlorabo alkohola in odvisnost od 13006,50; p = 0,00), pri njih je prisotnih več simptomov odvisnosti od alkohola). Poleg splošne dimenzije problematične rabe alkohola meri alkohola (toleranca, sposobnost kontrole) (U = 11281,00; p = 0,00), tri vidike zlorabe alkohola: nevarno uživanje alkohola (količina in prav tako pa se pri njih pojavlja več z uživanjem alkohola povezanih pogostost), simptome odvisnosti od alkohola (toleranca, sposobnost problemov in posledic (U = 11458,50; p = 0,00). V splošnem je pri kontrole) in z uživanjem alkohola povezane probleme. Višji rezultati moških v primerjavi z ženskami prisotne več problematične rabe kažejo na večjo možnost nevarne in škodljive rabe alkohola. alkohola (U = 11841; p = 0,00). Hipotezo 1 lahko na osnovi teh Koeficient zanesljivosti (Cronbachov alfa) za celotni vprašalnik v naši rezultatov potrdimo. raziskavi znaša ɑ = 0,935. Hipoteza 2: Več težav v čustveni regulaciji je povezano z višjo stopnjo 2. Lestvico težav pri regulaciji čustev – krajša verzija (Difficulties in problematične uporabo alkohola. emotion regulation scale – Short form - DERS – SF), ki je kratek samoporočevalni instrument za oceno različnih vidikov čustvene Nadalje smo na celotnem vzorcu ter ločeno za moške in ženske disregulacije oz. neprimerne regulacije čustev [30, 41] na šestih preverjali, kako se problematična raba alkohola povezuje s težavami področjih: nesprejemanje čustvenih odzivov, težave pri vedenju, v čustveni regulaciji. Zaradi nenormalne distribucije spremenljivk usmerjenemu k določenemu cilju, težave pri kontroli impulzov, (ugotovljeno s Kolmogorov-Smirnov testom) smo za ugotavljanje pomanjkanje čustvenega zavedanja, omejen dostop do strategij povezanosti uporabili Spearmanov korelacijski koeficient. Iz čustvene regulacije in pomanjkanje čustvene jasnosti. Višji rezultat rezultatov (Tabela 1) je razvidno, da obstaja trend, da več kot je težav kaže na večjo prisotnost problemov v čustveni regulaciji. Koeficient v čustveni regulaciji, več je problematične rabe alkohola. To velja za zanesljivosti (Cronbachov alfa) za celotni vprašalnik v naši raziskavi skupen vzorec in za vzorec moških, medtem ko pri ženskah korelacije znaša ɑ = 0,823. niso povsod statistično značilne. 346 Tabela 1: Korelacijski koeficienti (Spearmanov rho) med = 0,00), ne pa tudi za ženski spol (p = 0,10). Na podlagi teh rezultatov problematično rabo alkohola ter težavami v čustveni regulaciji za lahko sklepamo, da je odnos med težavami v čustveni regulaciji in celoten vzorec in ločeno po spolu. problematično rabo alkohola različen za moške in ženske. Kot je razvidno iz Slike 2, imajo moški, ki imajo bolj izražene težave v DERS-SKUPAJ čustveni regulaciji, tudi več problematične rabe alkohola kot moški, ki AUDIT Celoten vzorec Ženske Moški imajo manj izražene težave v čustveni regulaciji. Pri ženskah (N=422) (N=315) (N=107) sprememba v težavah v čustveni regulaciji ne napoveduje več težav tvegano ,099* ,044 ,233* pri problematični rabi alkohola. Na podlagi teh rezultatov hipotezo, ki uživanje predpostavlja, da spol moderira povezavo med težavami v čustveni simptomi ,221** ,146* ,340** regulaciji in problematično rabo alkohola, sprejmemo. odvisnosti Tabela 3: Prikaz pogojnih učinkov na povezanost težav v čustveni posledice ,241** ,170** ,359** regulaciji s problematično rabo alkohola. zaradi 95% interval alkohola zaupanja AUDIT ,152** 0,091 ,299** SKUPAJ spodnja zgornja Spol b SE t p meja meja Opombe: AUDIT – Vprašalnik o rabi alkohola; DERS – Lestvica težav pri regulaciji čustev; N – število udeležencev; * – statistično pomemben rezultat Moški 0,36 0,06 5,95 0,00 0,24 0,48 na nivoju 5 % tveganja; ** – statistično pomemben rezultat na nivoju 1 % Ženski tveganja. 0,06 0,04 1,64 0,10 -0,01 0,13 Za napoved vpliva težav v čustveni regulaciji na problematično rabo Opombe: b – nestandardizirani regresijski koeficient; SE – standardna napaka; t – t-statistika; p – stopnja statistične značilnosti. alkohola smo v nadaljevanju uporabili enostavno linearno regresijo. Rezultati kažejo, da je na celotnem vzorcu 5,7% (F = 24,15; p = 0,00) variance problematične rabe alkohola lahko pojasnjene s težavami v čustveni regulaciji. Pri moških je mogoče 13% variance problematične rabe alkohola pojasniti s težavami v čustveni regulaciji (F = 14,58; p = 0,00), pri ženskah pa je mogoče le 1,7% variance problematične rabe alkohola pojasniti s težavami v čustveni regulaciji (F = 5,23; p = 0,02). Težave v čustveni regulaciji statistično pomembno pozitivno napovedujejo problematično rabo alkohola, se pa ta vpliv razlikuje glede na spol. Hipotezo lahko potrdimo. Hipoteza 3: Spol moderira povezavo med težavami v čustveni regulaciji in problematično rabo alkohola. Tabela 2: Prikaz moderatorske analize za napovedovanje problematične rabe alkohola s pomočjo interakcije med spolom in težavami v čustveni regulaciji. 95% interval Slika 2: Prikaz učinka spola v povezanosti težav v čustveni regulaciji zaupanja (DERS skupaj) s problematično rabo alkohola (AUDIT skupaj). spodnja zgornja b SE t p meja meja 8 RAZPRAVA Težave v Rezultati raziskave, ki je bila izvedena na vzorcu, ki sicer ni čustveni reprezentativen, kažejo, da obstajajo razlike v problematični rabi regulaciji 0,66 0,13 5,23 0,00 0,41 0,90 alkohola glede na spol. Pri tem moški dosegajo višje vrednosti na Spol 4,04 2,90 1,39 0,16 -1,66 9,74 skupni lestvici problematične rabe alkohola, kakor tudi na poddimenzijah. Pri moški je prisotne več nevarne rabe alkohola, saj Težave v ga bolj prekomerno in pogosteje uživajo kot ženske. Prav tako je pri čustveni njih zaznanih več simptomov odvisnosti od alkohola (alkoholizem) regulaciji*Spol -0,30 0,07 -4,26 0,00 -0,44 -0,16 kot pri ženskah. Pri njih so prisotni tudi pogostejši z alkoholom Opombe: b – nestandardizirani regresijski koeficient; SE – standardna povezani problemi in posledice, kar pomeni, da je pri njih zaznati tudi napaka; t – t-statistika; p – stopnja statistične značilnosti. bolj škodljivo rabo alkohola kot pri ženskah. Rezultati s tem potrjujejo Rezultati moderirane regresije, kjer smo vključili težave v čustveni konsistentne ugotovitve drugih raziskav, kjer je prav tako zabeležena regulaciji kot neodvisno spremenljivko, problematično rabo alkohola višja stopnja problematične rabe alkohola pri moških v primerjavi z kot odvisno spremenljivko in spol kot moderator, so pokazali, da ženskami [2, 36], kar moške izpostavlja tudi za bolj ranljive za omenjeni model pojasni 24,46 % variance odvisne spremenljivke. različne zdravstvene in psiho-socialne posledice alkoholizma. Regresijski model je je izkazal kot ustrezen (p = 0,00). Pregled Razlage, zakaj obstaja ta razlika, so različne. V naši raziskavi smo se posameznih regresijskih koeficientov je pokazal, da je interakcija med osredotočili na vidik težav v čustveni regulaciji, ki jo študije in spolom in težavami v čustveni regulaciji statistično pomembna (p = klinična praksa velikokrat omenjajo kot enega izmed pomembnih 0,00), kar je razvidno iz Tabele 2. V Tabeli 3 je pregled pogojnih mehanizmov pri motivaciji za (prekomerno) rabo alkohola in učinkov pokazal, da je rezultat statistično pomemben za moški spol (p 347 ohranjanje teh vzorcev [32, 33]. Rezultati v naši raziskavi kažejo, da posledice-rabe-alkohola-v-obdobju-2013-%E2%80%93-2018-trendi.pdf obstaja povezanost med težavami v čustveni regulaciji in (pridobljeno 13.7.2023). [3] Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija. (2021). Global Health Observatory data problematično rabo alkohola, saj obstaja trend, da več kot je težav v repository. Alcohol. 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Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 129-146. [44] Room, R., Babor, T., in Rehm, J. (2005). Alcohol and public health. The Lancet, 365(9458), 519–530. 349 Analiza selitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost An analysis of US consumers' moving expectations by age Dr. Dejan Romih† Dr. Blaž Frešer Univerza v Mariboru Univerza v Mariboru Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Maribor, Slovenija Maribor, Slovenija dejan.romih@um.si blaz.freser@um.si POVZETEK V tem prispevku analizirava selitvena pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost, pri čemer uporabljava V tem prispevku analizirava selitvena pričakovanja ameriških mesečne podatke, ki jih je ameriška centralna banka (Sistem potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost, s čimer dopolnjujeva zveznih rezerv) pridobila z anketiranjem ameriških potrošnikov. literaturo o selitvenih pričakovanjih v Združenih državah Ta prispevek ima še štiri poglavja. V poglavju 2 podajava Amerike. Ugotovila sva, da se selitvena pričakovanja ameriških metode, v poglavju 3 rezultate, v poglavju 4 pa razpravo in sklep. potrošnikov polagoma zmanjšujejo in da med starostnimi skupinami obstajajo statistično značilne razlike v povprečni verjetnosti spremembe primarnega prebivališča v naslednjih 12 2 METODE mesecih. V raziskavi, katere rezultate podajava v naslednjem poglavju, sva KLJUČNE BESEDE uporabljala metodi analiziranja in sintetiziranja. Razlike med starostnimi skupinami sva ugotavljala s Kruskal-Wallisovim potrošnik, pričakovanje, selitev, Združene države Amerike testom (angl. »Kruskal–Wallis test«) in Dunn-Bonferronijevim testom (angl. »Dunn–Bonferroni test«), ki sva ju opravila z ABSTRACT računalniškim programom IBM® SPSS® Statistics. In this paper, we analyse US consumers' moving expectations by age, adding to the literature on moving expectations in the United States. We find that US consumers' moving expectations are 3 REZULTATI gradually declining and that there are statistically significant V tem poglavju podajava rezultate raziskave, pri čemer najprej differences across age groups in the average probability of podajava rezultate analize selitvenih tokov v Združenih državah changing primary residence in the next 12 months. Amerike (ZDA), potem pa rezultate analize razlik v selitvenih pričakovanjih med ameriškimi potrošniki glede na njihovo KEYWORDS starost. consumer, expectation, moving, United States 3.1 Analiza selitvenih tokov Podatki ameriške davčne uprave (Internal Revenue Service), ki 1 UVOD na žalost niso popolni, kažejo, da se je v obdobju 2020–2021 Za Američane (ameriške potrošnike) je značilno, da se večkrat največ ljudi priselilo v Kalifornijo (724.689), ki ji sledijo New selijo iz enega kraja v drugega oz. spremenijo svoje primarno York (489.117), Florida (451.633), Teksas (428.595) in Illinois prebivališče (angl. »primary residence«) [1, 2]. Med razloge za (272385) (Tabela 1). Podatki ameriške davčne uprave kažejo to avtorji navajajo študij, zaposlitev, zvezo ipd. Nekateri med tudi, da se je v istem obdobju največ tujcev priselilo v Virginijo njimi menijo, da je selitvena mobilnost ameriškega prebivalstva (8679), ki ji sledijo Florida (7983), Kalifornija (7741), Teksas prednost ameriškega gospodarstva, saj prispeva k povečanju (7725) in Severna Karolina (3948). njegove učinkovitosti in odzivnosti. Raziskave [1, 2, 3] kažejo, da so se Američani med epidemijo covida-19 selili iz krajev z večjimi stroški (manjšo kakovostjo) bivanja v kraje z manjšimi Tabela 1: Število priseljencev po ameriških zveznih državah stroški (večjo kakovostjo) bivanja. † Število Število Dopisni avtor. Število domačih tujih Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or priseljencev priseljencev priseljencev classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full AK 32.245 31.543 702 citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). AL 85.886 84.735 1151 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia AR 57.065 56.666 399 © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). AZ 183.341 181.480 1861 350 CA 724.689 716.948 7741 CO 201.247 199.093 2154 CT 85.886 85.293 593 DC 51.822 51.126 696 DE 28.311 28.009 302 FL 451.633 443.650 7983 GA 227.888 224.629 3259 HI 59.927 57.763 2164 IA 62.877 62.663 214 ID 54.080 53.699 381 IL 272.385 271.054 1331 KS 78.916 77.996 920 KY 84.548 83.836 712 LA 93.697 92.855 842 MA 154.393 153.487 906 MD 165.915 163.502 2413 ME 24.371 24.240 131 MI 130.742 130.163 579 MN 98.779 98.417 362 MO 122.638 121.675 963 Slika 1: Selitveni tokovi med petimi ameriškimi zveznimi MS 60.937 60.295 642 državami z največjim številom priseljencev (vir podatkov: MT [4]) 28.181 27.976 205 NC 233.393 229.445 3948 S slike 1 je razvidno, da se je v obdobju 2020–2021 največ ND 29.221 28.857 364 ljudi preselilo iz Kalifornije v Teksas (105.434), iz New Yorka v NE 43.236 42.700 536 Florido (84.365) in iz Kalifornije v Florido (40.730). Zanimivo NH 37.585 37.407 178 je, da se je v istem obdobju veliko ljudi preselilo tudi iz NJ Kalifornije v Arizono (63.097) (Slika 2). 210807 209.390 1417 NM 58.883 57.817 1066 NV 109167 108.083 1084 NY 489117 486.344 2773 OH 169.106 167.886 1220 OK 73.786 72.656 1130 OR 118.473 118.050 423 PA 219.002 217.343 1659 RI 28.722 28.466 256 SC 121.372 119.598 1774 SD 23.376 23.085 291 TN 153.958 152.716 1242 TX 428.595 420.870 7725 UT 78.398 77.677 721 VA 251.896 243.217 8679 VT 16.419 16.360 59 WA 220.998 217.969 3029 WI 92.682 92.146 536 WV 35.179 35.037 142 WY 23.061 22.858 203 Vir podatkov: [4]. Slika 2: Selitveni tokovi med Kalifornijo in izbranimi ameriškimi zveznimi državami (vir podatkov: [4]) V nadaljevanju tega poglavja podajava tudi rezultate analize selitvenih tokov med petimi ameriškimi zveznimi državami z največjim številom priseljencev: Florido, Illinoisom, Kalifornijo, New Yorkom, Teksasom (Slika 1). 351 3.1 Analiza razlik v selitvenih pričakovanjih uporabiva Kruskal-Wallisov test, saj imava tri neodvisne vzorce ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihovo (mlajši od 40 let, stari od 40 do 59 let, starejši od 59 let). Njegovi starost rezultati kažejo, da so med starostnimi skupinami statistično značilne razlike v povprečnih rangih selitvenih pričakovanj V tem poglavju podajava rezultate analize selitvenih pričakovanj (povprečne verjetnosti spremembe primarnega prebivališča v ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost (mlajši od 40 let, naslednjih 12 mesecih) ( H(2) = 319,276; p = 0,000) (Tabela 2). stari od 40 do 59 let, starejši od 59 let). Zanima naju, ali so med To kažejo tudi rezultati parne primerjave (angl. »pairwise starostnimi skupinami statistično značilne razlike v povprečni comparison«), ki sva jo naredila s pomočjo Dunn- verjetnosti spremembe primarnega prebivališča v naslednjih 12 Bonferronijevega testa. Izkazalo se je namreč, da so med pari mesecih (angl. »mean probability of changing primary residence statistično značilne razlike (p < 0,05) (Tabela 3). in the next 12 months«). Najprej sva analizirala gibanje selitvenih pričakovanj Tabela 2: Rezultati Kruskal-Wallisovega testa ameriških potrošnikov ne glede na njihovo starost (Slika 3). < 40 (1) 40–59 (2) > 59 (3) N 122 122 122 25 Povprečni 305,47 rang 181,59 63,44 20 k H 319,276 te 15 to Prostostna s 10 stopnja 2 Od 5 Asimptotična 0 značilnost 0,000 6 1 8 3 0 5 2 7 2 9 4 1 6 1 8 3 0 5 Vir: Lastni izračuni. -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 -1 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 0 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Tabela 3: Rezultati Dunn-Bonferronijevega testa Leto in mesec 3–2 3–1 2–1 Testna 118,148 statistika 242,025 123,877 Slika 3: Gibanje selitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov ne glede na njihovo starost (vir podatkov: [ Standardna 5]) 13,546 napaka 13,546 13,546 S slike 3 je razvidno, da se selitvena pričakovanja ameriških Standardna potrošnikov polagoma zmanjšujejo, kar naju preseneča, saj je za 8,722 testna statistika 17,867 9,145 Američane značilna selitvena mobilnost (prim. [6]). Tudi podatki o selitvenih pričakovanjih ameriških potrošnikov glede na Značilnost 0,000 0,000 0,000 njihovo starost kažejo, da se selitvena pričakovanja ameriških Prilagojena 0,000 0,000 0,000 potrošnikov, mlajših od 40 let in starih od 40 do 59 let polagoma značilnost zmanjšujejo (Slika 4). To pa ne velja za ameriške potrošnike, Vir: Lastni izračuni. starejše od 59 let. Deloma (verjetno) zato, ker pričakujejo, da se bodo po svoji upokojitvi preselili drugam. 4 RAZPRAVA IN SKLEP Rezultati analize kažejo, da so med starostnimi skupinami 40 statistično značilne razlike v povprečni verjetnosti spremembe k 30 te primarnega prebivališča v naslednjih 12 mesecih, kar sva to 20 s pričakovala glede na ameriški način življenja in mišljenja. d 10 O Rezultati te raziskave so zanimivi zlasti za ameriške oblikovalce 0 politike, ker opozarjajo na spremembe v selitveni mobilnosti 6 1 8 3 0 5 2 7 2 9 4 1 6 1 8 3 0 5 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 -1 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -0 Američanov. 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 0 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 VIRI Leto in mesec [1] Whitaker, S. D. (2021). Migrants from high-cost, large metro areas during the Covid-19 pandemic, their destinations, and how many could follow. < 40 40–59 > 59 Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland Fed District Data Brief. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ddb-20210325 [2] Whitaker, S. D. (2021). Did the Covid-19 pandemic cause an urban exodus? Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland Fed District Data Slika 4: Gibanje selitvenih pričakovanj ameriških Brief. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ddb-20210205 potrošnikov glede na njihovo starost (vir podatkov: [5]) [3] Lavelle, M, & Kepner, E. (2022). U.S. migration patterns before and after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/blogs/midwest- Rezultati Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa (angl. economy/2022/migration-before-and-during-pandemic#ftn1 »Kolmogorov–Smirnov«) in Shapiro-Wilkovega testa (angl. [4] Internal Revenue Service. (2022). SOI tax stats – migration data 2020– 2021. https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-migration-data-2020- »Shapiro–Wilk test«) kažejo, da spremenljivka »selitvena 2021 pričakovanja« ni normalno porazdeljena ( p < 0,05), zato lahko 352 [5] Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (2023). SCE Labor Market Survey. [6] Kaplan, G., & Schulhofer, S. (2013). Why are Americans moving less? https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/sce/labor#/ https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2013/why-are-americans- moving-less 353 Pomen verske in narodne vzgoje pri misijonskem delu frančiškanov med slovenskimi izseljenci v Egiptu pred prvo svetovno vojno The importance of religious and national education in Franciscan missionary work among Slovenian emigrants in Egypt before the First World War asist. dr. Nik Trontelj Katedra za osnovno bogoslovje in dialog Univerza v Ljubljani – Teološka fakulteta Poljanska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija nik.trontelj@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK as birth mothers of the nation, embodied its honor. The Slovenski frančiškanski misijonarji, ki so od konca 19. nature of the pastoral work of the Slovenian Franciscans stoletja delovali med slovenskimi izseljenci v Egiptu, so among the so-called »Alexandrian women« in Egypt is med rojaki širili katoliško vero in narodno zavest. Vzgoja reflected in the essay of Father Benigen Snoj Slovenka v verske in narodne pripadnosti sta bili za izseljenske Egiptu (1910), which serves to illustrate the fundamental duhovnike neločljivi kategoriji, ki omogočata preživetje ideological standpoints of Slovenian missionaries among posameznika in izseljenske skupnosti. Glede na to, da je emigrants in the transition from the 19th to the 20th bila večina slovenskih izseljencev v Egiptu ženskega century. spola (samo v letih pred prvo svetovno vojno jih je iz goriškega okraja Keywords: religious and national belonging, v Egipt odšlo več kot tisoč), je bila zanje posebej pomembna tudi moralna vzgoja, saj so ženske Franciscans, emigrants, Egypt, Alexandrian women. kot narodove porodnice utelešale njegovo čast. Naravo pastoralnega dela slovenskih frančiškanov med t. i. »aleksandrinkami« v Egiptu odraža spis patra Benigna 1 UVOD Snoja Slovenka v Egiptu (1910), ki služi ponazoritvi temeljnih idejnih izhodišč slovenskih izseljenskih Od druge polovice 19. stoletja, ko je v Egiptu cvetela bombažna industrija in so odprli sueški prekop (1869), so misijonarjev na prehodu iz 19. v 20. stoletje. se v deželi ob Nilu začeli zaradi ugodnih gospodarskih razmer množično naseljevati tujci, med njimi zlasti Ključne besede: verska in narodna pripadnost, evropski vlagatelji, trgovci, tehniki in arhitekti. S frančiškani, izseljenci, Egipt, aleksandrinke. priseljevanjem omenjenih skupin posameznikov in njihovih družin je nastala potreba po gospodinjskih pomočnicah in varuškah. Ker domače muslimansko žensko prebivalstvo, ki je bilo omejeno na delo znotraj ABSTRACT lastnega doma, ni bilo primerno za prevzem tovrstnega dela, so priseljenci zaposlovali varuške iz evropskih Slovenian Franciscan missionaries, who worked among držav.1 Med njimi so priložnost dobila tudi slovenska Slovenian emigrants in Egypt from the end of the 19th dekleta in žene, ki so se od šestdesetih let 19. stoletja do century, promulgated the Catholic faith and national prve svetovne vojne in nato spet vse do začetka druge consciousness among their compatriots. The education of svetovne vojne v velikem številu izseljevala v Egipt. Med slovenskimi izseljenkami so prednjačile religious and national belonging, which enables the primorske žene z Goriške, ki je bila v 19. stoletju zaradi slabih prometnih survival of both the individual and the emigrant povezav v težjem gospodarskem položaju. Po prvi community as a whole, were inseparable categories for svetovni vojni so se razmere zaradi uničujočih posledic emigrant priests. Given that the majority of Slovenian soške fronte in fašističnega pritiska še poslabšale, zato se emigrants in Egypt were female (in the years before the je žensko izseljevanje v Egipt povečalo. Precej težje so First World War alone, more than a thousand of them left delo v Egiptu dobili moški, kjer so fizična dela opravljali the Gorizia district to set out for Egypt), their moral domačini, medtem ko so bili obrtniški in trgovski poklici education was also particularly important, since women, 1 Koprivec, Daša. 2013. Dediščina aleksandrink in spomini njihovih potomcev. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 29–30. 354 v domeni večjih izseljenskih skupnosti, kot sta bili grška Razmeroma številčna slovenska skupnost v Egiptu je in italijanska. bila v organizacijskem smislu sprva prepuščeni sama V egiptovskih mestih naj bi bilo na prelomu iz 19. v sebi. Zaradi potrebe po usmerjanju številčne slovenske 20. stoletje po približnih ocenah sodobnikov 5300 skupnosti so po letu 1894 v Egiptu redno delovali Slovencev.2 Novejši vir celo meni, da jih je bilo več kot slovenski frančiškani, ki so v Aleksandriji in Kairu 7000.3 Izseljevanje v Egipt sodi v okvir vsesplošnega migracijskega gibanja slovenskih prebivalcev po svetu, ki organizirali svoje delo na treh področjih: versko, je značilno za obdobje od druge polovice 19. stoletja do narodnobuditeljsko, socialno.12 V dejavnostih začetka 20. stoletja. Do prve svetovne vojne se je iz izseljenskih duhovnikov je opazna prepletenost med Avstro–Ogrske monarhije izselilo več kot 20 % skrbjo za ohranitev verske in narodne pripadnosti članov slovenskega prebivalstva.4 Med izseljenci so pomemben slovenske skupnosti. Srečevanje v cerkvi in v dveh delež predstavljale ženske. Če se omejimo na podatke za zavetiščih mariborskih goriški okraj (sodni okraji Ajdovščina, Gorica – šolskih sester sv. Frančiška okolica, Kanal) ugotovimo, da se je v letih 1907–1913 iz matične Kristusa Kralja, ki so v Egipt prišle leta 1908 na povabilo domovine izselilo 1714 moških in 1388 žensk. Od 1388 frančiškanov, sta bili osrednji točki izseljenskega žensk se jih je v Egipt odselilo kar 1006.5 Podroben življenja. Tam so Slovenci peli domače cerkvene pesmi, pregled podatkov pokaže, da je v tem obdobju iz molili, brali slovenske knjige in pripravljali gledališke goriškega glavarstva večina ženskih izseljenk odšla v predstave v domačem jeziku. Šolske sestre so na pobudo Egipt, in sicer 72,3 % izseljenk.6 Množično izseljevanje frančiškanov v Aleksandriji pred prvo svetovno vojno slovenskega prebivalstva v tem času sodi v okvir t. i. vodile slovensko šolo za otroke izseljencev. demografske revolucije7, ki je z občutno demografsko rastjo zaznamovala širšo evropsko družbo po industrijski Vsekakor se je vodstvo Cerkve v Sloveniji zavedalo revoluciji. Intenzivnost izseljevanja je bila pogojena z potreb izseljencev in se zavzelo za ukrepanje pri naravnim prirastkom prebivalstva. V pokneženi grofiji njihovem povezovanju v tujini.13 Pri tem ne moremo Goriške-Gradiške je prebivalstvo od druge polovice 19. ločiti hkratnega prizadevanja cerkvenih organizacij za stoletja do prve svetovne vojne v splošnem naraščalo, ohranitev vere in slovenske zavesti rojakov. Vera in zato je naraščalo tudi izseljevanje. V času naraščanja narodnost sta bili v okviru nazorov tedanje slovenske urbanega prebivalstva je prebivalstvo najbolj očitno narašča družbe dve plati istega kovanca. Dober kristjan je pravi lo v glavnem deželnem mestu Gorici, kjer se je med letoma 1857 in 1910, tj. v času porasta migracij po Slovenec in obratno. V prispevku najprej predstavimo svetu in posebej v Egipt, rast prebivalstva povečala za stanje duha v evropskem oziroma slovenskem prostoru v 113,2 % (od 13297 na 28353 prebivalcev).8 Goriška- poznem 19. stoletju, za katerega je bilo značilno Gradiška je sočasno z dvigovanjem prebivalstva v oblikovanje nacionalne zavesti ter osvetlimo odnos med sedemdesetih, osemdesetih in devetdesetih letih 19. krščanstvom in narodno pripadnostjo, ki je zaznamoval stoletja postala avstrijska provinca z največjim deležem misel in pastoralno metodo slovenskih duhovnikov v odsotnega domovinskega prebivalstva.9 V začetku dvajsetega stoletja je z nadaljnjim dvigom naravnega Egiptu. V drugem delu na podlagi izbranega spisa patra prirastka nastopil tudi dodatni dvig migracij. Ti podatki Benigna Snoja (1867–1942), ki je med leti 1901 in 1913 do neke mere pojasnijo migracijske trende na Goriškem, deloval med Slovenci v Aleksandriji in Kairu ter je v tem a je potrebno v splošnem opozoriti, da je preučevanje obdobju za slovenske izseljenke objavil navodila za izseljevanja Slovencev pred prvo svetovno vojno življenje v tujini, orišemo način razmišljanja naših pogojeno s pomanjkanjem ustrezne statistike, saj so izseljenskih misijonarjev, ki odseva tesno povezavo med pristojne državne ustanove uradno izseljensko statistiko versko in narodno identiteto. Lahko rečemo, da omenjeni vodile le ozemeljsko, glede na upravno-politične enote, kjer so bili slovenski izseljenci zabeleženi zapis odseva nazore vseh slovenskih frančiškanov, ki skupaj z so izseljenci drugih narodnosti.10 Zato je težko natančno do druge polovice 20. stoletja delovali med t. i. ugotoviti tudi tedanje število slovenskih izseljencev v aleksandrinkami, slovenskimi izseljenkami v Egiptu, Egiptu, saj so bili (primorski) Slovenci tudi v Egiptu čeprav se prispevek glede na izbrani vir vsebinsko zabeleženi zgolj kot avstro–ogrski, pozneje pa kot umešča v obdobje pred prvo svetovno vojno. Slovenski italijanski ali jugoslovanski državljani.11 misijonarji v Egiptu so bili verujoči posamezniki, ki jim 2 Pečnik, Karel. 1901. Slovenci v Egiptu. V: Koledar 7 Bardet, Jean-Pierre et al., ur. 1998. Histoire des populations de l‘Europe. Družbe svetega Mohorja: za navadno leto II. La révolution démographique 1750-1914. Pariz: Fayard. 1902. Celovec: Družba sv. Mohorja, 54. 8 Kalc, Aleksej. 2013. V: Acta Histriae, Vidiki razvoja prebivalstva 3 Drnovšek, Marjan. 2001. V: Izseljenec: Življenjske zgodbe Slovencev po Goriške-Gradiške v 19. stoletju in do prve svetovne vojne, 688. svetu. Ur. Monika Kokalj Kočevar et al. Izseljenec: Življenjske zgodbe 9 Kalc, Aleksej. 2013. V: Acta Histriae, Vidiki razvoja prebivalstva Slovencev po svetu, 11. Ljubljana: Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije. Goriške-Gradiške v 19. stoletju in do prve svetovne vojne, 694. Avtor 4 Vodopivec, Peter. 2006. Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostojne navaja: Österreichische Statistik. 1912. Bewegung der Bevölkerung. države: slovenska zgodovina od konca 18. stoletja do Dunaj: Statistische Central-Commission. konca 20. stoletja. Ljubljana: Modrijan, 97. 10 Kalc, Aleksej. 1996. V: Dve domovini, Ladijske potniške evidence kot 5 Marušič, Branko. 2014. V: Aleksandrinke. Ur. Darja Skrt. Prispevki k vir za zgodovino izseljenstva, s posebnim ozirom na izseljenske sezname poznavanju gospodarskih razmer na Goriškem v 19. in v začetku 20. tržaškega pristanišča, 56. Stoletja, 71. Nova Gorica: Goriški muzej Kromberk. Avtor navaja 11 Koprivec, Daša. 2013. Dediščina aleksandrink in spomini njihovih poročilo rektorja dekliškega liceja v Gorici dr. Josipa Srebrniča: Srebrnič, potomcev. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 29. Josip. 1914. V: Jahresbericht des Mädchenlyzeums der armen 12 Trontelj, Nik. 2021. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, Frančiškanski misijonarji Schulschwestern de Notre Dame in Görz. Veröffentlich am Schlusse des med slovenskimi izseljenci v Egiptu v 19. in 20. stoletju, 613. Schuljahres 1913/14. Die Wanderbewegung in der Umgebung von Görz, 13 Riman, Barbara. 2020. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, Slovenski duhovniki in 7 in 14. njihovo delovanje v slovenskih društvih na Hrvaškem v prvi polovici 20. 6 Devetak, Robert. 2022. V: Kronika, Aleksandrinstvo in aleksandrinke v stoletja, 135. slovenskem goriškem časopisju pred prvo svetovno vojno, 125. 355 je »srce bilo za Slovence in njihovo domovino«.14 V kristjan. Teološko bi rekli, da nadnaraven dar podstavlja tretjem poglavju ovrednotimo pomen misijonskega dela naravnega, da je torej biti kristjan sicer višja vrednota, ampak je biti člov med Slovenci v Egiptu. ek in pripadati nekemu narodu osnovna naravna vrednota in pot do sprejema vere.20 Drugače povedano, človek sprejme vero v konkretnih okoliščinah svojih jezikovnih in kulturnih danosti. Kdor ni najprej 2 KATOLIŠKI POGLED NA človek, seveda v okvirih, kot mu jih določa (nad)narava, RAZMERJE MED VERSKO IN ne more biti vernik. Drugi vpliv, ki bi ga lahko pripisali slovenski katoliški misli o narodu v obravnavanem času, NARODNO PRIPADNOSTJO OB je sholastično razumevanje svetne oblasti kot delnega KONCU 19. STOLETJA področja večnega božjega gospostva po nauku Tomaža Akvinskega.21 Če imata človek in celotna človeška Evropska družba druge polovice 19. stoletja, ko se je skupnost duhovni temelj, potem je njun obstoj odvisen od začelo slovensko izseljevanje v Egipt, je bila v znamenju izpovedovanja vere. Pripadnost narodu je bila s krepitve narodne pripadnosti. Nacionalizem je bil do prve katoliškega vidika po eni strani pomembna za svetovne vojne razširjen družbeni pojav v evropskih posameznika in njegovo osebno sprejemanje vere, na deželah15, ki se je razvil kot posledica teženj po večjih drugi strani pa je na ravni družbe celotno človeško narodnih pravicah in osamosvajanju od fevdalizma in skupnost nagibala k podreditvi javnega življenja božji nadvlade tujih gospodarjev ter se je pretežno napajal v oblasti. Ta ugotovitev v kontekstu našega prispevka idealih francoske revolucije. Pojem naroda je v družbi zarisuje nazore slovenskih misijonarjev v Egiptu v pridobil status svetinje. Seveda je narodno prebujenje odnosu do slovenskih izseljenk: glavno poslanstvo marsikje zapadlo v nasilna politična gibanja in postalo njihovega delovanja med rojaki je bilo prebujati njihovo vsebina različnih nacionalnih ideologij. Katoliška Cerkev osebno vero ob istočasni krepitvi slovenske narodne je bila v tem smislu kritična do revolucionarnih metod zavesti, pri čemer so krščanstvo razumevali kot steber uveljavljanja narodne ideje, s katerimi bi narod s silo posameznikovega osebnega in narodovega javnega odpravil obstoječi pravni ali politični red, ni pa življenja. nasprotovala ljubezni do svojega naroda in gojitvi Glede na povedano je možno ugotoviti, da je narodne zavesti.16 pomanjkanje domoljubja po katoliškem prepričanju Domoljubje je bilo v našem prostoru v poznem 19. pomenilo osebno kršitev moralne zapovedi (greh), saj je stoletju zgodovinsko-sociološki pojav, ki pa se je v predstavljalo izdajstvo in zatajitev podarjenih naravnih krščanskem okolju slovenske družbe miselno oblikoval v danosti, s tem pa na neki način tudi opustitev vere. tesni povezavi z verskim naukom. Teolog Anton Mahnič Možno je reči, da je v katoliški miselnosti pomanjkanje je leta 1895 zagovarjal tezo, da je narod naravna in narodne zavesti pomenilo šibko vero. Ob dodatnem duhovna danost.17 Človek izhaja iz nekega naroda po upoštevanju specifičnih zgodovinskih okoliščin v rojstvu in svoje narodnosti ne more zamenjati, saj je slovenskem prostoru, ki so se kazale v občutju narodnost po človeški naravi del posameznika. Narod je ogroženosti pred vsiljivo germanizacijo in italijanizacijo, obenem tudi presežna stvarnost, ker ima nadnaravni je pripadnost narodu postala moralna kategorija.22 izvor, saj je Bog ustvaril človeka, družino in narod, ki je »razširjena družina«.18 Podobno je v začetku 20. stoletja učil Janez Evangelist Krek, ki je povezoval naravno danost narodne pripadnosti in moralno obveznost za 3 VERSKA IN DOMOVINSKA ljubezen in spoštovanje svojega naroda, maternega jezika, VZGOJA IZSELJENCEV V SPISU domovine.19 Če želimo razumeti idejno povezavo med versko in BENIGNA SNOJA narodno pripadnostjo v tistem obdobju in odgovoriti na Postavljeno trditev o prepletenosti skrbi za ohranitev vprašanje, zakaj je bilo izseljenskim misijonarjem v verske in narodne identitete pri slovenskih rojakih, za Egiptu tako pomembno spodbujati narodno zavest v želji katero so si dosledno prizadevali slovenski frančiškani v po ohranitvi vere pri naših rojakih, moramo spoznati Egiptu, nazorno potrjuje spis patra Benigna Snoja, ki ga globlje temelje v načinu njihovega razmišljanja. V ozadju je napisal 1. julija 1910 v Kairu. Besedilo je v dveh delih tedanje slovenske katoliške misli o narodu, ki narod objavil goriški frančiškanski časopis Cvetje z vrtov sv. razume kot izrazito naravno kategorijo, je tradicionalna Frančiška.23 V zapisu Slovenka v Egiptu je Snoj, znani teološka misel o človekovi naravi kot temelju za sprejetje dušni pastir Slovencev v Egiptu in pozneje v ZDA, vere. V skladu s starodavnim načelom »gratia supponit zapisal praktična in moralna navodila za dobro in varno naturam« (milost predpostavlja naravo) je človek življenje aleksandrink sredi velikih egiptovskih mest, ki sposoben graditi svojo vero na temelju človeškosti, saj je so zanj pomenila veliko nevarnost za duhovni in narodni po naravi vsakdo nujno najprej človek in pripadnik neke blagor slovenskih deklet. Izbrani navedki naj služijo človeške skupnosti (naroda), šele potem lahko postane ponazoritvi temeljne ideje frančiškanskega razumevanja 14 Kuhar, Alojzij. 1998. Beg iz Beograda aprila 1941. Ljubljana; 19 Mermolja, Ace. 1998. Narod in drugi. Trst: ZTT EST, 23. Glej tudi: Washington: Studia Slovenica, 75. Krek, Janez Evangelist. 1925. Izbrani spisi. 3. zvezek. Ljubljana: 15 Schulze, Hagen. 2003. Država in nacija v evropski zgodovini. Modra Jugoslovanska tiskarna, 131–132. zbirka: Delajmo Evropo. Ljubljana: Založba /*cf., 268. 20 Grmič, Vekoslav. 1995. V: Koroški koledar 1996, Narodnost in vera, 93 16 Simčič, Andrej. 2006. V: Tretji dan, Pogledi na 19. stoletje, III. : in 97. katolištvo in narodnost, 87. 21 Schulze, Hagen. 2003. Država in nacija v evropski zgodovini. Modra 17 Mermolja, Ace. 1998. Narod in drugi. Trst: ZTT EST, 22–23. Glej tudi: zbirka: Delajmo Evropo. Ljubljana: Založba /*cf., 38. Mahnič, Anton. 1895. V: Rimski katolik, Deset poglavij iz narodnostnega 22 Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Dve domovini, Aleksandrinke kot nosilke časti katekizma, 41. narodne skupnosti v dopisu Karola Pečnika iz Egipta (1897), 152. 18 Janžekovič, Janez. 1977. Domoljubni spisi. Zbirka Izbrani spisi II. 23 Glej: Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Celje: Mohorjeva družba, 86. Egiptu [1. del], 237–241; Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Egiptu [2. del], 269–275. 356 misijona med Slovenci v Egiptu: skrbi za ohranitev Izgubiti vero pomeni pozabiti tudi svojo narodno verske in narodne zavesti izseljenih rojakov. Pri branju zavest, na drugi strani pa sramovanje svojega naroda vodi zapisa sledimo ideji, da morajo biti rojakinje v Egiptu v brezbrižnost do vere. Lahko rečemo, da človek pridobi najprej ponosne Slovenke, če naj bodo tudi dobre ali izgubi obe vrednoti hkrati: katoličanke. Seveda velja tudi obratno: dobra katoličanka se zaveda narodne pripadnosti, ki je naravni in duhovni »Ketera Slovenka zajde v Egiptu na kriva pota, ona dar. se ne zmeni več za svojo sveto vero, ne za svoj V misli patra Benigna, ki rojakinje v spisu redno materin jezik, pa tudi ne za svoje stariše in domače v naziva s »krščanske Slovenke«, se zato ves čas prepletata domovini.«30 verski in narodni vidik posameznikove identitete, ki se kaže že v besednih zvezah: Zato se je zdelo našim misijonarjem pomembno, s kom so Slovenke v Egiptu sklenile zakonsko zvezo. Le v »Ti pa, verna Slovenka, ki se radi resnične potrebe, poroki s Slovencem, katoličanom, so videli jamstvo za po dobrem prevdarku in z dovoljenjem ter ohranitev narodnosti in vere. Snoj je zapisal: blagoslovom svojih starišev odpravljaš v Egipet, imaš tudi resno voljo, da hočeš ostati vedno verna in »Odtod izvira toliko nesrečnih nasledkov, toliko poštena Slovenka.«24 nesrečnih zakonov!! Veliko je v Egiptu različnih »Ne glej v pervi versti na veliko plačo, ampak glej narodnosti, veliko raznoverstnih ver. Pa v vsaki pred vsem na to, če je hiša ali družina taka, da boš narodnosti, v vsaki veri se dobi poročena Slovenka, mogla v njej ostati verna in poštena Slovenka.«25 in še koliko! So poročene s katoličani vseh obredov, so poročene z razkolniki, protestanti, judi in celo s Čeprav naj bi se, kot razodevajo časopisne notice iz turki.«31 časa do prve svetovne vojne, katoliški (»klerikalni«) del slovenskega javnega in političnega življenja bolj Zgornji navedek v kontekstu časovnih razmer morda zavzemal za ohranitev verskih, moralnih in družinskih ne preseneča v delu, kjer avtor problematizira poroke vrednot, liberalni tabor pa v prvi vrsti za ohranitev Slovenk z nekatoličani in s predstavniki nekrščanskih narodne zavesti pri slovenskih izseljencih v Egiptu26, je verstev. Zanimivo pa je njegovo obsojanje porok s gotovo potrebno tudi v katoliških nazorih pri vrednotenju katoličani vzhodnih obredov. To znova potrjuje izseljenstva iskati bistveni poudarek na ohranjevanju ugotovitev, da za misijonarje zgolj ohranitev prave, narodnosti in rodoljubja. Razumevanje vere in narodnosti katoliške vere naših rojakov, ni bila dovolj. Slovenke so v njuni enovitosti je opazno v Snojevi objavi, ki obenem morale ostati zveste tudi svojemu narodu, kar so storile z predstavlja misijonski program vseh slovenskih rojevanjem slovenskih otrok in uporabo slovenskega izseljenskih duhovnikov v Egiptu in drugod v jezika. V tem smislu je o razmerah v Egiptu leta 1927 obravnavanem času. Delovanje Cerkve v izseljenskih pisal tudi pater Ferdinand Zajec: »Silno malo skupnostih zaradi omogočanja rabe narodnega jezika se jih poroči s katoličani. Pa še te so zgubljene za prispeva k ohranjanju narodne identitete izseljencev in k slovenski narod; njih otroci znajo že slabo materni zavedanju njihovih korenin.27 Sramovanje ali zaničevanje jezik.«32 Med izseljenskimi duhovniki je prevladovala maternega jezika je greh, ker odpad od naroda kaže na misel, da je družina osnovna celica narodnega tkiva, zato pomanjkanje posameznikove zvestobe in ljubezni.28 Snoj se narod lahko ohrani le z vzgojo primerne družine. je v svojem pismu močno poudaril pomen jezika za Ženske so imele kot matere nalogo biološke reprodukcije ohranjanje vere in narodne identitete ter spodbujal zdrav naroda, kolikor razumemo narod kot naravno kategorijo, ponos in ljubezen do svoje domovine. Zavračanje kar je bilo značilno vsaj za del slovenskih katoliških narodnega ponosa pomeni tudi odtegovanje verski mislecev na prelomu iz 19. v 20. stoletje. Ženske niso pripadnosti: bile le »posameznice«, ampak tudi predstavnice nacionalnih skupnosti, do katerih so imele naravne »Če tudi si v Egiptu mej tujimi ljudmi, zavedaj se obveznosti.33 vedno, da si Slovenka, in ljubi svoj dom! Mnoge Od tod je sledila skrb duhovnikov za moralno in Slovenke se tu, žal, odtujijo kaker lepemu narodno neoporečnost Slovenk v Egiptu. Prepričani so kerščanskemu življenju, tako tudi svojemu bili, da je osebna čistost žensk metala pozitivno luč na materinemu jeziku. Marisiketera, ki je tu par let, že čistost naroda, ki so ga predstavljale v svetu, kot je bilo noče več znati in govoriti svojega materinega jezika, tedaj zakoreninjeno razmišljanje v širšem evropskem in še zabavlja čez njega; ugaja ji preveč 'sladka' prostoru.34 Šlo je za obliko kolektivne identitete, ki so jo italijanščina. Ti nezvesta Slovenka, kako ti kliče predstavljale ženske v njihovi podobi matere, ki rojeva pesem? Jaz nisem Talijanka, pa tudi ne bom, sem narodno skupnost.35 Snoj je ob navajanju stranpoti vneta Slovenka in ljubim svoj dom!«29 nekaterih izseljenk zapisal, da svojeglave Slovenke delajo škodo ugledu celotne slovenske skupnosti: 24 Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Egiptu 29 Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Egiptu [1. del], 237. [2. del], 273. 25 Prav tam, 240. 30 Prav tam. 26 Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Zgodovinski časopis, »Oblastva morajo 31 Prav tam, 274. korigirati spokorništvo burno živeče aleksandrinke«: časopisne resnice o 32 Zajec, Ferdinand. 1927. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, , Nekoliko aleksandrinkah in aleksandrinstvu do prve svetovne vojne, 167. pojasnila o Aleksandriji, zlasti za služkinje, 82. 27 Riman, Barbara. 2020. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, Slovenski duhovniki in 33 Yuval–Davis, Nira. 2009. Spol in nacija. Ljubljana: Sophia, 43; 60–61. njihovo delovanje v slovenskih društvih na Hrvaškem v prvi polovici 20. 34 Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Dve domovini, Aleksandrinke kot nosilke časti stoletja, 134–135. narodne skupnosti v dopisu Karola Pečnika iz Egipta (1897), 149–150. 28 Grmič, Vekoslav. 1995. V: Koroški koledar 1996, Narodnost in vera, 35 Yuval–Davis, Nira. 2009. Spol in nacija. Ljubljana: Sophia, 73. 94. 357 »Ni čuda torej, da so take izprijene Slovenke vzele uveljavljal na področju urejanja družinskih odnosov in vsem dobro ime! Da, ljudje govore kar splošno: 'Take vzpostavljanja cerkvene moči v javnem življenju.38 so vse!' Da torej, zaradi njih terpe tudi vse poštene in Nadzoru nad žensko emigracijo naj bi poleg nudenja vzgledne Slovenke!«36 pomoči služila tudi omenjena društva, ki so jih ustanovili slovenski patri in prav tako šolska dejavnost slovenskih Slovenski misijonarji so si prizadevali bedeti nad slovenskimi izseljenci z ustanavljanjem društev za šolskih sester.39 Ti nazori vzbujajo podobo Slovence v Egiptu. Bili so odgovorni za delovanje frančiškanskega misijona med izseljenci predvsem kot društev Krščanska zveza Slovenk (1902) in Društvo sv. oblike uveljavljanja moči in gospodovanja nad Cirila in Metoda (1908) ter redna nedeljska srečanja v skupnostjo. dveh zavetiščih šolskih sester. Sodelovali so tudi pri Nasproti temu je smiselno postaviti še drug vidik društvih Sloga (od leta 1898 dalje Slovenska palma ob cerkvenega misijona med Slovenci v Egiptu. Res je Nilu) in Jugoslovanski dom (od 1936). Namen društev, ki so jih ustanovili frančiškanski misijonarji, je bil povezati Cerkev v primeru slovenskih izseljencev »sledila« svojim slovensko skupnost v okviru cerkvenih dejavnosti in tako ljudem40, vendar je pri tem treba upoštevati njen namen. preprečiti odpade od verske in narodne pripadnosti. Iz Celotna slovenska misijonska zgodovina iz 19. in 20. spodnjega zapisa patra Benigna odseva društveni namen stoletja izpričuje, da so misijonarji in misijonarke, ki so medsebojnega srečevanja Slovencev ob utrjevanju vere in po svetu odhajali iz slovenskega prostora, svojo nalogo ljubezni do domovine: razumeli predvsem kot poslanstvo, ki naj služi »Kako lepo je videti ob celovitemu razvoju ljudi, med katere so bili poslani.41 nedeljah popoldne zbranih Vera je v službi človeka in celotne skupnosti. Njena toliko poštenih Slovenek v imenovanih društvih. Tam se po domače mej seboj pogovore, tam čitajo dobre naloga ni gospodovati, ampak biti v pomoč. Tudi Cerkev časnike in knjige, tam je preskerbljeno za pošteno kot institucionalizirano verstvo mora biti v službi ljudi.42 razvedrilo in zabavo, tam se razlega domača pesem, V spisu Benigna Snoja res beremo, da morajo izseljenke tam so obvarovane grešnih priložnosti, tako nevarnih poslušati svojega dušnega pastirja in da ima ta nad njimi zlasti ob nedeljah popoldne. Skerbi torej, draga Slovenka, da boš tudi ti vneta in stanovitna posebno obliko vodenja. To na eni strani izhaja iz društvenica, tako boš tud splošnega pomena duhovniškega poklica, ki ljudi vodi k i vedno dobra in verna Slovenka. Skušnja to poterjuje: Stanovitne duhovnim dobrinam (verski pomen), na drugi strani pa je društvenice so tudi poštene in vzgledne Slovenke.«37 treba upoštevati tudi zgodovinsko dejstvo, da so se domala vsi slovenski izseljenci v Egiptu izrekali za Slovenska društva v Egiptu so za tamkajšnje katoličane in navzočnosti predstavnikov Cerkve v Egiptu Slovence postala središča družabnega, narodnega in niso dojemali kot oblike kontrole in poseganja v zasebno verskega življenja. Njihovo poslanstvo je bilo povsem življenje, ampak kot duhovno in praktično podporo v skladno s ciljem duhovnega in narodnega delovanja slovenskih kuratov v Egiptu ter je obenem predstavljalo novem in neznanem okolju. Misijonarji za rojaki niso varno okolje za rojake, ki so bili med tednom razpršeni hodili zaradi utrjevanja svoje moči ali oblasti cerkvene po različnih delih mesta, v nedeljo pa so obnovili svojo institucije, ampak zaradi temeljnega poslanstva služenja identiteto. ljudem, s katerimi so povsem delili usodo izseljenskega življenja in se z njimi povezali tudi na osebni ravni. Brezštevilna pisna in ustna pričevanja govorijo o 4 MISIJON MED IZSELJENCI: nesebičnih oblikah pomoči slovenskih frančiškanov SLUŽENJE ALI GOSPODOVANJE? rojakom v Egiptu. Slovenke so slovenskega duhovnika v Dodajmo še krajšo razpravo o naravi frančiškanskega Kairu imenovale »naš očka«, samostan šolskih sester pa misijona med Slovenci v Egiptu v razdobju 70 let (1894– »naš dom«.43 Sodobni poznavalci slovenske ženske 1965), ko je bila tam razmeroma velika slovenska emigracije v Egipt pravijo, da so bile šolske sestre tudi naselbina. same »aleksandrinke«44, izseljenke, ki so v dobrem in V nekaterih novejših znanstvenih objavah, ki so sicer slabem živele sredi slovenske skupnosti. Kakor izseljenci, plod argumentiranega premisleka, zasledimo ustvarjanje so se tudi frančiškani in sestre pri zagonu svojih podobe slovenskih duhovnikov in cerkvenih organizacij v dejavnosti srečevali z izzivi lokalnega okolja in Egiptu kot oblikah nadzora oziroma kontrole nad nasprotovanjem cerkvenega vodstva. Potemtakem se pretežno ženskimi izseljenkami. Avtorji v kontekstu zdita besedi »nadzor« ali »uveljavljanje oblasti« pri vrednotenja odnosa nekaterih cerkvenih predstavnikov do govoru o delu cerkvenih predstavnikov med izseljenci v izseljevanja žensk v Egipt pišejo o vlogi duhovnika kot Egiptu preveč negativni in vzbujata enosmerno nadzornika deklet in žena, ki je svojo avtoriteto vrednotenje njihovega misijona. V ospredje je bolje 36 Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Egiptu 40 Riman, Barbara. 2020. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, Slovenski duhovniki in [1. del], 239. njihovo delovanje v slovenskih društvih na Hrvaškem v prvi polovici 20. 37 Snoj, Benigen. 1910. V: Cvetje z vrtov sv. Frančiška, Slovenka v Egiptu stoletja, 135. [2. del], 275. 41 Kolar, Bogdan. 2022. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, Misijonske dejavnosti – v 38 Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Zgodovinski časopis, »Oblastva morajo službi evangelizacije in vzgoje za vrednote, 892. korigirati spokorništvo burno živeče aleksandrinke«: časopisne resnice o 42 Grmič, Vekoslav. 1995. V: Koroški koledar 1996, Narodnost in vera, aleksandrinkah in aleksandrinstvu do prve svetovne vojne, 169. 93. 39 Verginella, Marta. 2011. V: Po aleksandrijskih poteh. Ur. Franco Però 43 Vigred. 1938. Iz Kaire, 155. et al. Aleksandrinke med mitom in resničnostjo, 157. Trst: EUT. 44 Kozinc, Darinka. 2019. Les Slovènes. Trst: Mladika, 5. 358 postaviti pomen služenja in skrbi, ki sta gnali [6] Janžekovič, Janez. 1977. Domoljubni spisi. Zbirka posameznike in posameznice v službi Cerkve. Ne glede Izbrani spisi II. Celje: Mohorjeva družba. na zorni kot pri presojanju vloge slovenskih duhovnikov [7] Kalc, Aleksej. 1996. V: Dve domovini, Ladijske potniške evidence kot vir za zgodovino izseljenstva, v Egiptu lahko mirno trdimo, da so imeli slovenski s posebnim ozirom na izseljenske sezname tržaškega frančiškani veliko zaslug za versko oskrbo in vzdrževanje pristanišča, str. 51–69. narodne zavesti med tamkajšnjimi izseljenci.45 [8] Kalc, Aleksej. 2013. V: Acta Histriae, Vidiki razvoja prebivalstva Goriške-Gradiške v 19. stoletju 5 SKLEP in do prve svetovne vojne, str. 683–706. [9] Kolar, Bogdan. 2022. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, V pastoralnem delovanju slovenskih frančiškanov med izseljenci v Egiptu, ki ga nazorno odraža Misijonske dejavnosti – v službi evangelizacije in in povzema vzgoje za vrednote, str. 891–904. obravnavani zapis Benigna Snoja Slovenka v Egiptu, [10] Koprivec, Daša. 2013. Dediščina aleksandrink in lahko prepoznamo sočasno prizadevanje za prebujanje spomini njihovih potomcev. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. verskega in narodnega življenja med rojaki v obliki [11] Kozinc, Darinka. 2019. Les Slovènes. Trst: Mladika. zasebnega čutenja in javnega izražanja. Izseljenske [12] Krek, Janez Evangelist. 1925. Izbrani spisi. 3. duhovnike je vodilo prepričanje, da človeka naravno in zvezek. Ljubljana: Jugoslovanska tiskarna. [13] Kuhar, Alojzij. 1998. Beg iz Beograda aprila 1941. duhovno opredeljuje narodna pripadnost, ki je most do Ljubljana; Washington: Studia slovenica. sprejemanja vere, saj mora biti človek v polnosti zavezan [14] Mahnič, Anton. 1895. V: Rimski katolik, Deset svoji identiteti, da lahko sprejme vero. Če so hoteli poglavij iz narodnostnega katekizma, str. 36–60. oznanjati vero, so morali utrjevati ljubezen do naroda. [15] Marušič, Branko. 2014. V: Aleksandrinke. Ur. Darja Ljubezen do naroda pa so lahko dosegli s širjenjem Skrt. Prispevki k poznavanju gospodarskih razmer verske zavesti, saj ima vera vlogo povezovanja rojakov in na Goriškem v 19. in v začetku 20. stoletja, str. 59– ustvarja čut pripadnosti z 71. Nova Gorica: Goriški muzej Kromberk. aradi skupnih vrednot in [16] Mermolja, Ace. 1998. Narod in drugi. Trst: ZTT idealov. Oba procesa sta tesno prepletena, saj je človek EST. zasebno in družbeno bitje. [17] Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Dve domovini, Ko je Cerkev za slovenskimi izseljenci v Egiptu in po Aleksandrinke kot nosilke časti narodne skupnosti v vsem svetu pošiljala misijonarje, je pokazala konkretno dopisu Karola Pečnika iz Egipta (1897), str. 143– skrb za njihovo ohranitev istovetnosti, ki so jo pridobili v 156. domovini. Treba je vedeti, da Cerkev v Sloveniji kot [18] Mlekuž, Jernej. 2016. V: Zgodovinski časopis, celota ni nasprotovala izseljevanju v Egipt, čeprav so »Oblastva morajo korigirati spokorništvo burno živeče aleksandrinke«: časopisne resnice o posamezni župniki zaradi strahu pred moralnim aleksandrinkah in aleksandrinstvu do prve svetovne propadom izseljenk ta proces zavirali. Še več, Cerkev je vojne, str. 162–185. ob spoštovanju človekove svobodne izbire kot edina [19] Österreichische Statistik (1881/82-1912). 1912. ustanova iz domovine celo organizirala dejavnosti za Bewegung der Bevölkerung, razni zvezki(1881- izseljence v tujini. Čeprav so bili njeni predstavniki s 1910). Dunaj: Statistische Central-Commission. svojimi idejnimi izhodišči pri delu za Slovence po svetu [20] Pečnik, Karel. 1901. Slovenci v Egiptu. V: Koledar predstavniki določenega zgodovinskega trenutka, nam Družbe svetega Mohorja: za navadno leto 1902, 51– imajo kaj povedati tudi danes. 57. Celovec: Družba sv. Mohorja. [21] Riman, Barbara. 2020. V: Bogoslovni vestnik, REFERENCE Slovenski duhovniki in njihovo delovanje v slovenskih društvih na Hrvaškem v prvi polovici 20. [1] Bardet, Jean-Pierre et al., ur. 1998. Histoire des stoletja, str. 131–144. populations de l‘Europe. II. La révolution [22] Simčič, Andrej. 2006. V: Tretji dan, Pogledi na 19. démographique 1750-1914. 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Is It Not Possible To Buy Children? Drago Č epar† Tomaž ič eva 34 Ljubljana, Slovenia drago.čepar@gmail.čom POVZETEK 1 UVOD – OTROK SE NE DA KUPITI! V prispevku skus amo odgovoriti na vpras anje, ali je V vladnem mandatu 1992-1996 sem kot drž avni sekretar ža odloč anje ža otroke odvisno od denarja in materialnih druž ino od bližu spremljal dogajanje v druž inski politiki in v dobrin. Odgovor je pomemben, ker se evropske in ameris ke njem sodeloval. V ražpravah in ižrač unih so nekateri drž ave sooč ajo s prenižko rodnostjo in posledič no obč utijo utemeljevali svoje predloge ža več je vlaganje v druž insko vedno več jo kadrovsko vržel. Nas odgovor je požitiven. politiko tudi s prenižkim s tevilo rojstev, ki č ež 25 in več let Drž ava in lokalne skupnosti lahko s preudarnimi politikami prinese hu do pomanjkanje ljudi v delovni starosti. Leta ‘94 denarne in drugač ne materialne podpore vplivajo na ali ‘95 je eno od takih ž ivahnih ražprav žaključ il poslaneč - odloč anje mladih parov ža več otrok. Je pa graditev draž ja, predstavnik nasprotnikov več jih vlaganj - ž gromkim: “Otrok bolj žapletena in dolgotrajnejs a od podiranja. Zmanjs anje se ne da kupiti! ” Odloč anje žanje da je odvisno od vrednot. . rodnosti je bilo dosti čenejs e, enostavnejs e in hitrejs e, kot bo S tem etič no dopadljivim sloganom je svoje stalis č e njeno okrevanje. prebrisano žavaroval pred ugovori. Kdo bo oporekal misli, da so vrednote pomembnejs e od umažanega denarja? Sram jih KLJUČNE BESEDE bodi, ki so ž njim hoteli kupovati otroke! Na vladnem odboru smo nekoliko požneje ražpravljali o žakonskem predlogu, ki Demografija, denar, vrednote, rodnost, primanjkljaj rojstev, je dajal mož nost stars em, ki bi to ž eleli, dlje ostati doma pri otroči, delovna starost, vlada, lokalne skupnosti politike, otroku. V svojem nagovoru proti žakonu je žnani poslaneč okolje, kadrovska vržel. poudaril žgled Hudobivs ke Mete iž Prež ihovih Samorastnikov, ki je kmalu po porodu s la na dnino. Spomnimo: “Z najmlajs im v žibelki na glavi pa s e dva, tri ABSTRACT hlač arje ob sebi je odhajala ob prvi žori na delo in prihajala In the paper we try to answer the question, whether dečiding ponoč i domov.” Stalis č e, da se ž denarjem ne da podpreti to have čhildren depends on money and material goods. The odloč anja ža novo ž ivljenje, je preprič alo tudi mnoge, ki answer is important bečause European and Američan vžtrajno in s prižadetostjo opožarjajo, da nas je premalo. nations are fačing too low fertility, and as a čonsequenče also Tako smo na primer v Druž ini [1] nedavno prebrali, da a growing personnel gap. Our answer is positive. With “denar ne pomaga”. smart poličies of finančial and other material support state and ločal čommunities čan influenče young čouples to have Leta 1995 in požneje nekateri niso žnali iž podatkov o more čhildren. Čonstručtion however is more expensive, rojstvih - ne napovedati – prebrati sedanjega hudega more čompličated and takes more time than distručtion. To pomanjkanja ljudi v starosti 25 do 64 let niti njegovega reduče fertility was mučh čheaper, simpler and faster, than poveč evanja ža 12 tisoč letno, č e bi ne bilo migračij; odloč nih its rečovery is going to be. ukrepov ni bilo; in ždaj beremo in poslus amo, kako je ižnenada žmanjkalo na tisoč e in desettisoč e ždravnikov, KEYWORDS s olnikov sočialnih delavčev, natakarjev, varilčev, Demography, money, values, fertility, lačk of births, čhildren, prevžemnikov kmetij, informatikov, gradbenih delavčev…. In working age, government, ločal čommunities, poličies, s e hujs a kadrovska vržel nam groži. V 25 letih se bo s tevilo environment, personnel gap. oseb v delovni starosti žmanjs alo ža 270 tisoč ožiroma 24 odstotkov, č e ne bo migračij [2]. Sedanji premier se žaveda ∗ resnosti tega primanjkljaja; dne 24.5.2023 je v pogovoru na Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Radio Prvi ža gospodarstvo skupaj ž javnim sektorjem povedal: »glavni problem v čelem gospodarstvu je delovna Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or sila …danes govoriti, da je problem nekje drugje, je smes no.« distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice Danes vemo tudi, ne samo, da se otroke dobesedno da kupiti, and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). ampak se jih v kar velikem obsegu dejansko prodaja in Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia kupuje. Vendar poslaneč takrat ni imel v mislih takega © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 361 kupovanja. Hotel je povedati, da ž denarjem ne moremo drž ava vžpostavila svoje sisteme varnosti, pa je ža vis ino vplivati na odloč anje ža novo ž ivljenje. bolnis kega nadomestila in pokojnine pomebna vis ina plač e in s tevilo let žaposlenosti, s tevilo otrok pa ne več . Ko stars i Namen tega prispevka je ražmisliti o vlogi vrednot in otroke spravijo h kruhu, jih drž ava “načionaližira” (tako je pokažati, da se ž denarjem in materialnimi dobrinami da imel navado reč i nekdanji drž avni sekretar na MDDSZ, takrat moč no vplivati na odloč anje posamežnikov. Zakaj je ta največ ji požnavaleč nas ega pokojninskega sistema), da ražmislek pomemben? Prvič , da sploh opožorimo na to polnijo drž avne blagajne, katerih vsebine pa drž ava ne mož nost. Kajti, ko vodilni v posamežnih panogah tarnajo nad raždeljuje v skladu s s tevilom otrok. Sč asoma postane oč itno, primanjkljajem delavčev, se navadno ne spomnejo, da jih je da tisti ž manj otroki dolgoroč no ž ivijo na rač un več jih premalo žato, ker se jih je pred desetletji premalo rodilo, in druž in, da se ž manj otroki bolje ž ivi, in velika več ina ravna da bi bilo danes modro poskrbeti, da jih bo č ež 25 let več . Med račionalno. Blagra, ki ga sičer s e vedno prinas ajo otroči, ne ždravili ža to pomanjkanje niti premier niti UMARjeva č uti več posamežnik, ampak skupnost. Psalmist bi morebiti poroč ila, na primer letos nje [3], ne predlagajo ukrepov ža lahko ždaj žapisal: “blagor narodu, ki jih ima obilo”. več rojstev. Tudi dokumenti Evropske komisije, kot na primer The impačt of demographič čhange – in a čhanging Do sredine prejs njega stoletja je ža rojstva skrbela tudi environment[4] in Harnessing talent in Europe’s regions [5], privlač nost med mos kim in ž ensko, s katero je narava ne. Drugič , žato, ker je poglavitno orodje vlade denar, žagotavljala nadaljevanje č loves kega rodu. Vodila je v prorač un. Tudi pomembni ukrepi ža spodbujanje rojstev, ki spoč etje, spoč etje pa v noseč nost, ki je ožnanjala rojstvo. Ko ne prinesejo denarja neposredno stars em, kot so programi smo to privlač nost loč ili od spoč enjanja in rojevanja, ko vžgoje, ižobraž evanja in podpore druž ini v javnosti, skupnost postelje ne vodi v spoč etje in poslediča spoč etja, č e predstavljajo ža oblast stros ek in žahtevajo svojo do njega pride, ni rojstvo, smo naravo prinesli okrog - kot prorač unsko postavko. Č e se ž denarjem ne da, potem obič ajno seveda v svojo s kodo. To nekateri imenujejo drž avni in lokalnim vladam tega sploh ni mogoč e narediti, in doprinos vrednot liberalne druž be. Vrednote v tem primeru jim žato ni treba: ni jim treba žapravljati in si beliti glave s prispevajo k manj rojstev. Prinesle naj bi svobodo odloč anja, tem, č esar ne morejo spremeniti. “Denar ne pomaga” a so prinesle le njeno slabs o polovičo, svobodo reč i otroku podeljuje vnaprejs njo odvežo vsaki oblasti, ki ne bo naredila “ne”. Drž ave, ki hoč ejo imeti otroke in s tem prihodnost, nič esar ža poveč anje s tevila otrok, in popolni odpustek, poskrbijo tudi ža drugo, boljs o polovičo svobode, svobodo tistim, ki so ža to premalo storile, ter jemlje veter iž jader reč i otroku “da”; in da so tudi stars i delež ni blagra, ki ga vsem, ki si prižadevajo ža tvarne spodbude druž inam. Nas e drž avi prinas ajo njihovi otroči. Kot vsaka stvar, to nekaj sporoč ilo torej bodi: “Ne ižgubite upanja, ne ižgubite volje: stane. Vlaganje v spodbude je čena ža prež ivetje liberalne tudi denar pomaga, pa s e kako!” druž be in sočialne drž ave. Č e je kdo rač unal, da bodo krs č anske vrednote, posebej katolis ke, uspes na protiutež liberaližačiji druž be in njenim sistemom sočialne varnosti ter 2 ČLOVEK ŽIVI TUDI OD KRUHA bodo same poskrbele ža dovolj otrok, se je motil. Najbolj “Č lovek naj ne ž ivi samo od kruha” (Mt 4,4) , brež kruha pa le katolis ke drž ave Italija, S panija, Malta imajo najniž jo rodnost. ne more. Deset žapovedi in ž njimi povežane vrednote nas vodijo tudi v tostranski blagor. Druž inska, “spos tuj oč eta in mater”, je čelo določ no utemeljena s prič akovanim uč inkom 3 KAJ PRAVIJO PODATKI? “da bos dolgo ž ivel in ti bo dobro na žemlji”. Vrednote nam Drž avna vlaganja moč no vplivajo na odloč anje ža otroke. V prinas ajo dobrote. In obratno. Dobrote, ki smo jih delež ni, ko drugi poloviči prejs njega stoletja, v obdobju, v katerem se je ž ivimo v skladu ž vrednotami, jih utrjujejo in potrjujejo. Č e s tevilo rojstev v Sloveniji ražpolovilo, je vlaganje v to vrednote nehajo prinas ati dobrote, jih lahko s e nekaj č asa področ je strmo padlo. Otros ki dodatki so padli od več kot ohranimo, vendar jih naslednji rodovi ž e postopoma 4% tedanjega načionalnega dohodka v petdesetih letih na požabijo. Govorim o ljudeh, kakrs ni po več ini smo, in ne manj kot odstotek BDP; vsi druž inski prejemki - otros ki kakrs ni naj bi bili; ne o ižbrančih, svetnikih in herojih. dodatki, porodnis ke, stars evski dodatki, žavitek ža novorojenča in dodatek ža nego - pa pod 1.7%. Delež Zakaj ima revnejs i Afrič an več otrok kot bogat Evropeječ? upravič enčev do otros kih dodatkov je padel od 100% Tudi žato, ker je v njegovem rodovnem nač inu žagotavljanja žaposlenih brež žemlje v petdesetih letih, na 8% v blaginje in sočialne varnosti jasno (sičer s krepitvijo drž ave osemdesetih. Padla je vis ina posamežne otros ke doklade: v vedno manj jasno, žato tudi rodnost upada), da jo lahko petdesetih letih je povpreč na vis ina žnas ala 27 odstotkov žagotovijo le otroči. Evropejču pa varnost in blaginjo povpreč ne plač e, koneč osemdesetih pa nekajkrat manj. [6]. žagotavlja delo v dobri služ bi ž visoko plač o, pri č emer ga Več o tem bo braleč nas el v monografiji [7]. otroči ovirajo. Tako je ravnanje obeh - eden vlaga v otroke, drugi v plač o - ražlož ljivo s prižadevanjem ža materialno V uč inkovitost denarnih spodbud verjame eden največ jih blaginjo. Pred tri tisoč leti, ko je psalmist žapisal “blagor požnavalčev evropskega gospodarstva in politike, Mario č loveku, ki jih ima obilo, ne bo osramoč en in ne požabljen” Draghi. Ko so ga povabili, naj pride res evat italijansko (Psalm 126), to ni bilo nobeno odkritje, saj je presež ek gospodarstvo sredi najhujs e pandemije, je njegova vlada nemudoma sprejela radodaren žakon v podporo druž inam in njihovega žasluž ka ostal druž ini, ki je predstavljala to vključ ila tudi v italijanski nač rt ža okrevanje in odpornost. ždravstveno, pokojninsko in druge vrste varnosti. Odkar je 362 Ni skrival namena, doseč i več je s tevilo rojstev, in mu ni bilo Pokojninski sistem, od katerega je odvisna blaginja nerodno povedati, da mu gre tudi ža obstoj Italije in s tem stotisoč ev, bo na več stebrih. A vsi so na isti premiči – italijanstva. ukvarjajo se samo ž denarjem in premož enjem – in sistem se bo, tako kot miža, ki jo podpirajo tri noge v eni vrsti, Verjamejo tvorči programov ža žmanjs evanje rodnosti. prekučnil in žrus il. Ne smemo prežreti temeljnega najbolj Memorandum podpredsednika Planned Parenthood nosilnega stebra pokojninskega in vseh sistemov sočialne Federation of Američa iž leta 1969 [8], ki ga je avtor varnosti in gospodarske uspes nosti: ljudi. Stoji žunaj linije pripravil ža mednarodno konferenčo o prebivalstvu, med ostalih stebrov in sistemu žagotavlja stabilnost. Njegov ukrepi ža žmanjs anje rodnosti navaja tudi žmanjs anje kapital se ustvarja ž ižbiro ž ivljenja, povežano s tisoč porodnis kega dopusta, ukinitev davč nih olajs av, davek na drobnimi gospodinjskimi opravili, pleničami in vnetimi otroka, pokojnino ža ž enske ž majhnim s tevilom otrok, ritkami, preverjanjem domač ih nalog in branjem pred žmanjs anje otros kih dodatkov in popolno ukinitev pri več kot spanjem - deli, ki se pri vis ini pokojnine in bolnis kega dveh otrokih. Ne glede na to, kateri predlogi so bili nadomestila sedaj ne upos tevajo. uveljavljeni in v katerih drž avah, je preprič anje strokovnjakov, da so uč inkoviti, oč itno. V potros nis ki druž bi, kjer se ža denar vse dobi, da denar ne pomaga?! O, pomaga, pomaga! Pa s e kako pomaga! Č e ga Otro k v devetdesetih letih res s e ni bilo mogoč e kupovati. Je vlada vlož i dovolj in po pameti, bo žasluž na ža blaginjo, pa žanje tudi takrat bilo treba plač ati, žato so tvarni pogoji, sočialno varnost in gospodarsko uspes nost č ež 25 let in na katere lahko odloč ilno vpliva drž ava, bili in so s e, naprej. bistvenega pomena ža odloč anje žanje. Danes je svet tako želo “napredoval”, da ž e ptič ki č ivkajo, da je otroka mogoč e Treba bo pomagati toliko, da se res požna. Otros ki dodatki v kupiti: ilegalno ali po žakoniti poti na osnovi pogodbe ž vis ini č etrtine povpreč ne plač e, bi morda s tevila rojstev ne nadomestno materjo. Pa tudi posvojitev po žakoniti poti v dvignili na raven iž petdesetih let, bi ga pa krepko poveč ali. več ini primerov prečej stane. Slogan, da se ga ne da kupiti (da Č e bi po žgledu Frančožov odvželi stars em skrb ža denar ne pomaga) torej ne velja ne dobesedno ne v stanovanje, smo skoraj na konju. Vendar: ražlič ni ljudje - prenesenem pomenu. ražlič ne ž elje in potrebe. Naselja neprofitnih stanovanj verjetno niso žanimiva ža prevžemnike kmetij. Kdor ž e ima Graditi je draž je in bolj žamudno kot rus iti. Zato je trend his o, bi morda potreboval spodbudo s področ ja dela in rodnosti res želo tež ko obrniti navžgor. Treba se je potruditi. žaposlitve. S finim obč utkom ža njihove potrebe bo treba Kdor se je res potrudil, je uspel. Ko sem leta 1966 v s vičarski vžpodbujati ražlič ne skupine na ražlič nih področ jih. vasiči St. Sergue ob frančoski meji na benžinski č rpalki BP služ il s tudentski denar ža naslednje s tudijsko leto, je sanjski Pri nač rtovanju spodbud in očenjevanju uč inkov je treba avto bila ž aba, iždelek tovarne Čitroen. Največ ji modeli so upos tevati, da se slovenska druž ina ne primerja ž afris ko ali imeli želo prostoren žadnji del. Frančoži so prihajali natakat tisto ižpred tri tisoč let, ampak ž danas njo sosedovo. Ali ji nov s vičarski čenejs i benžin in tako sem več krat videl, kako iž otrok prinese dodatno blaginjo in druž beni ugled, ki pritič e avta najprej veselo in ponosno vstaneta oč e in mati s prednjih ljudem, žasluž nim žaradi svojega prispevka skupnosti? Bodo sedež ev, potem pa se iž žadnjega dela prikaž e eden, dva, tri, drž avne spodbude toliks ne in taks ne, da bodo stars i ž več s tiri, pet,… otrok. Pravim gospodarju č rpalke, ki je imel dva otroki postali “čarji” in “kul”, vžor, ki mlade in sosede vabi k otroka: “Pri nas pa druž ine s toliko otroki ne pridejo do takih posnemanju? avtov.” On pa: “Tudi v S viči ne. Ampak to so Frančoži. “Les familles nombreuses” so tam čarji. Č e imas tri otroke, lahko O ukrepih je treba doseč i načionalno soglasje, da bi mati pusti služ bo, pri s tirih ali petih pa imas žagotovljeno žakonodaja prež ivela vlade ražlič nih barv. Druž ina je stanovanje in tudi tak avto ni problem”. Ohranili so svoj dolgoroč en projekt. Za odgovorno nač rtovanje in odloč itve moderni sočialni sistem in liberalne vrednote ter rodnost so potrebni žnani pogoji. Vžpodbud in uvedenih ugodnosti nad 2 otroka na ž ensko, v posamežnih letih tudi do 2,1, leta nobeni skupini ne smemo ukinjati ali žmanjs evati: treba je 2022 pa po očeni ČIA 2,03. Res manj, ampak želo, želo malo graditi in podpirati, a žgrajenega ne podirati. Da ne manj od rodnosti enostavnega obnavljanja 2,1. Oč itek spravljamo stars ev v polož aj slalomista, ki mu med vož njo vlaganjem v druž insko politiko - vsak otrok pomeni premikajo vratča. dodatnega brežposelnega - so žavrnili s podatkom, da druž ina s petimi otroki ž materjo doma v 40 letih prinese drž avni blagajni 6 do 9 milijonov frankov dobič ka. [9] Več 4 ZAKLJUČEK ižrač unov in modelov vždrž nosti sočialne drž ave bo braleč Ali je to mogoč e? Je! Desetletni otrok sem videl po notranjski nas el v [10]. Potrudila se je tudi Madž arska in v prejs njem Reki plavat ribe ž navžgor obrnjenimi belimi trebuhi, stars i desetletju ž vlaganji v ustrežno druž insko politiko uspela poveč ati totalno mero rodnosti ž 1,2 na 1,6. Ni s e dovolj, je pa pa so mi prepovedali v njej napajati ž ivino in se kopati. Danes, dokaž, da se da. po skoraj 70 letih, so v Reki spet ribe in ljudje se v njej kopajo. Dosegli smo načionalno soglasje o potrebnosti varovanja Zagotoviti stanovanje, ali ni to ža drž avo predrago? Minister okolja. Na to opožarjajo mediji, uč beniki, politiki, ža ždravstvo je 18.2.2023 povedal, koliko ljudi manjka v gospodarstveniki. Ni hitrih uč inkov, vendar v parlamentu ždravstvu, pa tudi, da ne ve, kje bo katerega nas el. Kamorkoli pred sprejemom obvežno očenijo okoljski uč inek novih ga bo s el iskat, mu bo moral ponuditi stanovanje v Sloveniji. žakonov, drugje to delajo ža nove žgradbe, proižvodnje, . Ali bo politiki kdaj pogled segel tako daleč , da bo spožnala, da Vlagamo velika sredstva. Ljudje in organižačije prejemajo bi bilo vsaj tako smotrno, da bi s stanovanjem tudi nas o pohvale in nagrade ža svoje doprinose. druž ino spodbudila, da poskrbi, da bo č ež 30 let kak ždravnik več ? 363 Več ini Slovenčev narodno prež ivetje in obstoj drž ave, vsaj po ižjavah ob pražnikih sodeč , pomeni vsaj toliko kot vreme in okolje. Posebej, ker se nas prispevek k podnebju meri v desetinkah promila, ža svoje prež ivetje pa moramo stoodstotno poskrbeti sami, da bomo tudi trend odloč anja ža ž ivljenje uspeli obrniti navžgor. Vžpodbujajo nas žgledi drugih. Italijanska premierka je na demografskem vrhu v Budimpes ti 14.9. 2023 svojo druž insko politiko utemeljila ž ižjavo, da morajo ”veliki narodi prevžeti odgovornost ža gradnjo lastne prihodnosti”. Za malos tevilč ne pa je to s e bolj ključ no. Nas li bomo dovolj moč i in sredstev. Kot smo jih ža okolje. In ko bomo desetletja nova ž ivljenja tako podpirali, kot ž e desetletja skrbimo ža okolje, bomo imeli dovolj otrok.Se pa, tako kot pri okolju, želo mudi. Bolj kot kateremukoli drugemu narodu. VIRI [1] A. Pražnik, Nas je premalo ali preveč ?, Druž ina,18. 12. 2022 [2] D. Č epar, Uč inek slepe pege, Slovenski č as, s tevilka 153, str. 8-9, januar 2023 [3] Poroč ilo o ražvoju 2023, UMAR, Ljubljana, julij, 2023 [4] The impačt of demographič čhange – in a čhanging environment, European Čommision, Brussels, 17.1.2023 [5] Harnessing talent in Europe’s regions, European Čommision, Brussels, 17.1.2023 [6] Tine Stanovnik, Stanka Kukar, Medgeneračijski transferji dohodka v Sloveniji: fažno poroč ilo, Ins titut ža ekonomska ražiskovanja, 1995 [7] Tine Stanovnik, Nada Stropnik, Stanislava Kukar, Medgeneračijski transferji dohodka v Sloveniji: ražiskovalno poroč ilo, Ins titut ža ekonomska ražiskovanja, 1999 [8] Frederičk S. Jaffe , “Ačtivities Relevant to the Study of Population Poličy for the U. S”, Memorandum to Bernard Berelson, Marčh 11, 1969. [9] Yannik Bonnet, Deux pilueles ame res, Le Figaro 17 fe vrier 1995. [10] Jačques Bičhot, Quelles retraites pour l’an 2000?,Armand Čolin, 1993 364 Problematična raba alkohola, funkcionalnost v družini ter individualne težave* Problematic use of alcohol, family functionality and individual problems Tanja Pate Katedra za Zakonsko in družinsko terapijo ter psihologijo in sociologijo religije Teološka fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani, Slovenija tanja.pate@teof.uni-lj.si POVZETEK Household (FH). The results showed that unemployed and employed people were most affected by hazardous alcohol use, Tvegana raba alkohola sodi med pomembne dejavnike tveganja while students and retired people were less affected. For za razvoj bolezni in prezgodnjo umrljivost, posledice pitja pa se unemployed participants, problematic alcohol use was associated odražajo tako na ravni posameznika, družine, okolice, kot tudi with poorer functionality in the family of origin. For students, širše družbe. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti povezanost risky alcohol use was statistically significantly associated with tvegane rabe alkohola, družinske funkcionalnosti in poorer functionality in both the original and current family. individualnih problemov glede na status aktivnosti. V raziskavi Among employed and retired people, however, alcohol abuse je sodelovalo 432 udeležencev, podatki pa so bili zbrani s was associated with individual problems. Both current pomočjo z Vprašalnikom o stopnji tveganosti pitja alkohola functioning, as well as families of origin and alcohol abuse, were (AUDIT), Lestvico individualnih problemov in moči (IPS), statistically significant predictors of individual problems. Lestvico izvorne družine (FOO) in Lestvico sedanje družine (FH). Rezultati so pokazali, da so znotraj statusnih skupin po KEYWORDS nevarni rabi alkohola najbolj posegali brezposelni in zaposleni, Alcohol, family relationships, family of origin, individual manj pa študentje in upokojeni. Pri brezposelnih udeležencih, je bila problematična raba alkohola povezana s slabšo problems, employment status funkcionalnostjo v izvorni družini. Pri študentih je bilo tvegano uživanje alkohola statistično pomembno povezano s slabšo funkcionalnostjo izvorne, kot tudi sedanje družine. Pri zaposlenih in upokojenih pa je bila zloraba alkohola povezana z 1 UVOD individualnimi problemi. Tako funkcionalnost v sedanji, kot tudi Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) uvršča rabo alkohola izvorni družini in zloraba alkohola so bili statistično pomembni med pomembne dejavnike tveganja za razvoj bolezni in prediktorji za napovedovanje individualnih težav. prezgodnjo umrljivost ter prispeva k neenakostim v zdravju prebivalcev. Posledice pitja se odražajo tako na ravni KLJUČNE BESEDE posameznika, družine, okolice, kot tudi širše družbe. Po podatkih NIJZ je registrirana poraba alkohola v letu 2019 v Sloveniji Alkohol, družinski odnosi, izvorna družina, individualne težave, znašala 11,05l čistega alkohola na odraslega prebivalca, starega zaposlitveni status 15 in več, in se je v primerjavi z letom prej zvišala za več ko ten ABSTRACT liter (1,06l). Med ranljive skupine pa spadajo moški in ženske z Risky alcohol use is a major risk factor for disease and premature osnovnošolsko izobrazbo ali manj, moški in ženske v starosti od mortality. Consequences of alcohol misuse felt at the level of the 15 do 17 in od 18 do 24 let, moški in ženske, ki živijo brez partnerja, šolajoči se ženske in moški in moški iz spodnjega individual, the family, environment and wider society. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between risky socialnoekonomskega razreda. Podatki iz leta 2018 so pokazali, alcohol use, family functionality and individual problems socio- da je 10,1 % prebivalcev Slovenije, starih 15–64 let, v zadnjih 12 mesecih pilo alkoholne pijače čez mejo manj tveganega pitja, economic activity status. The study involved 432 participants and data were collected using the Alcohol Use Risk Inventory 68,9 % jih je pilo znotraj meje manj tveganega pitja, 21,0 % pa Questionnaire (AUDIT), the Individual Problems and Strengths je bilo abstinentov. Delež abstinentov je bil 1,6-krat višji med Scale (IPS), the Family of Origin Scale (FOO) and the Family ženskami (26,3 %) kot med moškimi (16,0 %). Delež pivcev, ki pijejo čez mejo manj tveganega pitja, pa je bil dvakrat višji med ∗ Doseženi rezultati so delno nastali v okviru projekta št. J5-2570, ki ga je moškimi (13,3 %) kot ženskami (6,6 %) [1]. Tvegano uživanje financirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz alkohola je opredeljeno kot odvisniško vedenje, za katerega za državnega proračuna. značilna visoka motivacija z iskanjem užitka ali s Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or samodekstruktivnimi motivi. Odvisnost od alkohola se odraža v classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed posameznikovem vedenju, mišljenju in čustvovanju, obenem pa for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 365 povzroča tudi trajne spremembe v delovanju možgan, predvsem simptome odvisnosti od alkohola (toleranca, sposobnost vpliva na okrnjeno delovanje frontalnega režnja ter poškodbe v kontrole) in z uživanjem alkohola povezane probleme. nevrotransmitorskem sistemu [2]. Eden od pomembnih Vprašalnik ima 10 postavk. Vprašanja 1-8 se vrednotijo na 5- dejavnikov tveganja za razvoj alkoholizma pa je tudi motnja stopenjski lestvici, vprašanji 9 in 10 pa na 3-stopenjski lestvici. samoregulacije, do katere pride zaradi doživljanja prekomernega Max. rezultat je lahko 40. Višji rezultati kažejo na večjo možnost psihičnega stresa, travmatičnih izkušenj in bolečih izkustev ter nevarne in škodljive rabe alkohola. Rezultat 8 ali več kaže na nefunkcionalnih vedenj v medosebnih odnosih [3, 4]. V ozadju nevarno ali škodljivo rabo alkohola, kot tudi že na možnost zasvojenosti z alkoholom so tako lahko neuspešno regulirane odvisnosti od alkohola [8]. psihične vsebine, ki izhajajo iz preteklih travmatičnih doživetji, odvisnost pa predstavlja način neprimerne regulacije teh Lestvica individualnih problemov in moči (IPS) notranjih stanj [5]. Izkušnje in odnosi s starši in primarnimi Lestvica individualnih problemov in moči (Individual Problems skrbniki v zgodnjem obdobju mehanizem samoregulacije. and Strenghts Scale) je del instrumenta Systemic Therapy Odrasla oseba je tako sposobna učinkovitega uravnavanja svojih Inventory of Change (STIC) [9]. Uporablja se za oceno občutkov, čustev, misli, vedenj, kar pomeni, da spremembo pri posameznikovih problematičnih in močnih področij. Vsebuje 22 sebi zazna, jo prepozna in se zmore nanjo tudi primerno odzvati. postavk, razdeljenih na področja, ki ocenjujejo stanje Osebe s travmatičnimi izkušnjami in zlasti čustveno posameznikovih problematičnih in močnih področij: izraženost zanemarjenostjo v svoji primarni družini, pa imajo pogosto negativnih afektov – depresivnost, anksioznost, odsotnost težave pri samoregulaciji, kar se na čustveni ravni odraža kot inhibicije močnih impulzov, življenjska funkcionalnost, odprtost bodisi pretirano ali odrezano doživljanje čustvenih stanj, na samoizražanja, (ne)fleksibilnost oz. odpornosti, nerazumevanje vedenjski ravni pa kot odvisniško vedenje [6, 7]. samega sebe, zloraba substanc in samosprejemanje. Posamezne postavke udeleženci ocenjujejo na 5-stopenjski lestvici Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, a katera statusna skupina Likertovega tipa. V analizo je bila vključena skupna dimenzija (zaposleni, brezposelni, upokojeni in študentje) poroča o individualnih problemov. Višji kot je rezultat na tej lestvici, več pogostejši rabi alkohola ter v kakšni meri je problematična raba težav oz. individualnih problemov ima posameznik. alkohola povezana z odnosi v izvirni in sedanji družini ter individualnimi težavami. Lestvica izvorne družine (FOO) Odnosi v izvorni družini: Lestvica izvorne družine (Family of Origin) je ena izmed lestvic vprašalnika STIC (Systemic Therapy 2 METODA Inventory of Change) [9], ki vsebuje 22 postavk, razdeljenih na naslednja področja: pozitivnost vzdušja v izvorni družini, 2.1 Udeleženci negativnost vzdušja v izvorni družini, vzajemnost in jasnost V raziskavi je sodelovalo 432 udeležencev s povprečno starostjo pričakovanj v izvorni družini, prisotnost fizične zlorabe v izvorni 37,2 let (SD = 15,0). Najmlajši udeleženec je bil star 18 let, družini, vsiljivost in zlorabo substanc v izvorni družini. najstarejši pa 74 let. Slaba polovica udeležencev (44,5 %, N = 191) je bilo zaposlenih, 8,2 % (N=35) jih je bilo brezposelnih, Lestvica sedanje družine (FH) 36,1 % je bilo študentov in 11,2 % (N=48) je bilo upokojenih. Lestvica sedanje družine (Family/Household) je ena izmed Osnovnošolsko izobrazbo je imelo 3,5 % (N = 15) udeležencev, lestvic vprašalnika STIC (Systemic Therapy Inventory of poklicno izobrazbo je imelo 8,9 % (N =38) udeležencev, Change) [9] in obsega 28 postavk, ki ugotavljajo, kakšna je v srednješolsko izobrazbo je imelo 32,6 % (N = 139) udeležencev, trenutni družini udeleženca stopnja pozitivnega vzdušja, 104 udeleženci so imeli višje oz visokošolsko izobrazbo ali negativnega vzdušja, fizične zlorabe, odločanja, jasnosti mej, izobrazbo prve bolonjske stopnje (24,4 %), enak delež (24,4 %) občutenja nerazumevanja in družinskega ponosa. jih je imelo univerzitetno izobrazbo ali izobrazbo druge bolonjske stopnje, 26 (6,1 %) je imelo specializacijo, znanstveni 2.3 Postopek magisterij ali doktorat. Poročenih je bilo 128 (30,0%) Vzorec je sestavljala splošna populacija ljudi iz Slovenije in udeležencev, v izvezakonski partnerski zvezi je bilo 138 (32,3 Hrvaške. Raziskovalni vprašalnik je bil pripravljen v elektronski %) udeležencev, 125 udeležencev (29,3 %) je bilo samskih, 17 obliki. Povabilo za sodelovanje v raziskavi s povezavo do (4,0 %) je bilo ločenih, 7 (1,6%) je bilo ovdovelih in 12 (2,8%) vprašalnika je bilo poslano na različne naslove (društva udeležencev se ni opredelilo. anonimnih alkoholikov) ter forume (npr. ). V papirnati obliki pa je bil vprašalnik pripravljen za tiste udeležence, ki so se k sodelovanju v raziskavi odzvali na eni izmed klinik za 2.2 Pripomočki zdravljenje alkoholizma. Etičnost raziskave je odobrila Komisija Vprašalnik o stopnji tveganosti pitja alkohola (AUDIT) za medicinsko etiko Republike Slovenije ter vodstvo klinike za Za preverjanje nevarne in škodljive rabe alkohola in zdravljenje alkoholizma. Anketiranje je potekalo od junija 2021 prepoznavanje trenutnih težav s pitjem alkohola (npr. škodljivo do maja 2022. Sodelovanje v raziskavi z izpolnjevanjem rabo alkohola, zlorabo alkohola in odvisnost od alkohola) je bil vprašalnika je bilo prostovoljno, prav tako nismo imeli formalnih uporabljen Vprašalnik o stopnji tveganosti pitja alkohola (The meril za izključitev, razen nesoglasja ali nezmožnosti Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Poleg splošne odgovarjanja na vprašalnike. Metoda vzorčenja je bila priročno dimenzije problematične rabe alkohola meri tri vidike zlorabe vzorčenje v obeh državah. alkohola: nevarno uživanje alkohola (količina in pogostost), Pridobljene statistične podatke smo obdelali s statističnim programom IBM SPSS 26. Izračunali smo osnove deskriptivne 366 statistike ter uporabili Kolmogorov-Smirnov test za preverjanje upokojeni N 49 48 49 normalnosti distribucij dimenzij uporabljenih merskih M 3,06 1,35 2,12 instrumentov, test homogenosti za ugotavljanje linearnosti, SD 3,51 3,01 3,67 Welchev test za preverjanje razlik med skupinami, Pearsonov skupaj N 432 430 433 korelacijski koeficient za ugotavljanje povezanosti med M 4,14 1,34 2,61 variablami. SD 3,38 2,84 4,43 3 REZULTATI Primerjava povprečnih vrednosti na vprašalniku AUDIT med skupinami, ločenimi glede na zaposlitveni status, je pokazala O nevarni rabi alkohola je poročalo 123 udeležencev (28,5 %) , da obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike med skupinami tako na udeležencev. Od teh je bilo 48 % zaposlenih (N = 60), 26,8 % skupni dimenziji vprašalnika AUDIT (p < 0,001), kot pri vseh študentov (N = 33), 16,3 % (N = 20) brezposelnih ter 8,1 % (N = poddimenzijah (p < 0,001) (Tabela 1). Tamhanejev post-hoc test 10) upokojenih. Udeležence smo razdelili v dve skupini, in sicer je pokazal, da obstaja statistično pomembna razlika pri tveganem glede na to, ali je bila pri njih prisotna nevarna raba alkohola ali uživanju alkohola med brezposelnimi in zaposlenimi (Mrazlika = ne. Hi-kvadrat test je pokazal, da se skupine statistično 2,47; p = 0,007), brezposelnimi in študenti (Mrazlika = 3,16; p < pomembno razlikujejo v nevarni rabi alkohola (X2 (3) = 20,266, 0,001) ter brezposelnimi in upokojenimi (Mrazlika = 3,74; p < p < 0,001). Po nevarni rabi alkohola so bolj posegali brezposelni 0,001). Pri odvisnosti od alkohola, so imeli največ težav brezposelni v primerjavi z zaposlenimi (M in zaposleni, manj pa študentje in upokojeni, kar je razvidno tudi razlika = 2,50; p = 0,011), brezposelni v primerjavi s študenti (Mrazlika = 3,81; p < iz slike 1. 0,001), brezposelni v primerjavi z upokojenimi (Mrazlika = 2,79; p = 0,009) in zaposleni v primerjavi s študenti (Mrazlika = 1,31; p < 133 0,001). V problemih, povezanimi z uživanjem alkohola, pa so 140 122 prav tako imeli največ težav brezposelni v primerjavi s študenti 120 (Mrazlika = 5,30; p < 0,001), brezposelni v primerjavi z upokojenimi (Mrazlika = 4,19; p = 0,004) in zaposleni v primerjavi 100 s študenti (Mrazlika = 2,33; p < 0,001). 80 študenkt/-ka 60 60 brezposelna oseba Pri ugotavljanju povezanosti med 39 problematično rabo alkohola 33 40 zaposlen/-a in odnosi v izvorni in sedanji družini ter individualnimi problemi 15 20 upokojen/-a glede na status udeležencev pa smo ugotovili, da se je 20 10 najmočnejša povezava pokazala pri brezposlenih udeležencih, 0 kjer je bila problematična raba alkohola povezana s slabšo NI nevarne JE nevarna funkcionalnostjo v izvorni družini (Tabela 2). Pri študentih je rabe alkohola raba alkohola bilo tvegano uživanje alkohola statistično pomembno povezano s slabšo funkcionalnostjo izvorne, kot tudi sedanje družine. Pri zaposlenih je bilo problematična raba alkohola povezana z več Slika1: Prisotnost (ne)varne rabe glede na zaposlitveni individualnimi problemi. Pri upokojenih pa so bile posledice status zaradi problematične rabe alkohola povezane z več individualnimi problemi. Iz zgornje slike 1 je prav tako razvidno, da je več brezposelnih poročalo o nevarni rabi alkohola. Najmanjši delež udeležencev, Tabela 2: Pearsonovi korelacijski koeficienti med AUDIT ki so posegali po nevarni rabi alkohola, pa so predstavljali vprašalnikom in ostalimi merjenimi spremenljivkami upokojenci. Status IPS Table 1: Opisne statistike za lestvice tveganega pitja alkohola aktivnosti FOO FH PROBLEMI (AUDIT) glede na zaposlitveni status udeležencev AUDIT 0,231** 0,207* -0,093 tvegano AUDIT i uživanje nt tvegano AUDIT AUDIT AUDIT 0,089 0,065 0,008 Status aktivnosti uživanje odvisnost posledice štude odvisnost študenti N 155 155 155 AUDIT 0,105 0,084 0,034 M 3,65 0,33 1,02 posledice SD 2,43 0,68 1,87 AUDIT 0,511** 0,046 0,253 brezposelni N 35 35 35 tvegano M 6,80 4,14 6,31 elni uživanje SD 3,89 4,23 6,17 AUDIT 0,417* -0,052 0,346 zaposleni N 193 192 194 ezpos odvisnost M 4,33 1,64 3,35 br AUDIT 0,526** 0,058 0,252 SD 3,65 3,16 5,09 posledice 367 AUDIT 0,057 -0,130 0,340** raziskav, ki kažejo na to, da pri mladih z boleznimi odvisnosti tvegano veliko bolj prevladujejo vzorci neangažiranega družinskega i uživanje delovanja, starševski stil, ki temelji na zavračanju in pretirani slen zaščiti [10]. Pri zaposlenih in upokojenih pa je bila o AUDIT 0,029 -0,110 0,328** problematična raba alkohola povezana z več individualnimi odvisnost zap problemi, kar lahko vodi v predvidevanje, da prekomerna raba AUDIT 0,056 -0,096 0,373** alkohola postane neučinkovit način regulacije težav. posledice AUDIT 0,038 -0,002 0,131 Številne psihološke teorije predvidevajo, da ljudje uživajo tvegano alkohol kot odziv na negativna in pozitivna čustva. uživanje jeni Metaanalitična razsikava, ki je ugotavljala, ali ljudje zaužijejo ko AUDIT 0,026 -0,113 0,219 več alkohola ob dnevih, ko v vsakdanjem življenju doživljajo več odvisnost upo negativnih in pozitivnih čustev, je ugotovila, , da ljudje ne pijejo AUDIT -0,033 -0,105 0,376** pogosteje na dneve, ko doživljajo visok negativni afekt, vendar posledice pa pogosteje pijejo in veliko pijejo na dneve z visokim pozitivnim afektom. Ljudje, ki so sami poročali o motivacijski nagnjenosti k pitju za obvladovanje in pitju za izboljšanje, so V nadaljevanju pa smo s standardno multiplo linearno regresijo želeli ugotoviti moč prediktorjev AUDIT, FO in FHH na odvisno zaužili več alkohola, vendar ne na dneve, ko so doživljali večji negativni in pozitivni vpliv [11]. Tudi rezultati naše raziskave so variablo individualni problemi. Pogoj za uporabo multiple pokazali, da je problematična raba alkohola statistčno pomemben linearne regresije (linearnost, normalnost in kolinearnost) so bili prediktor pri doživljanju individualnih problemov, prav tako pa izpolnjeni. Rezultati multiple regresije je pokazal, da so manjša sta se izkazala tudi slabša funkionalnost v izvorni in sedanji funkcionalnost v izvorni družini, manjša funkcionalnost v družini. Ugotovitve kažejo na pomen razumevanja uživanja sedanji družini in pogostejša raba alkohola pomembni prediktorji alkohola kot način obvladovanja težavin psiholoških stisk ter za več individualnih problemov. Z omenjenimi prediktorji je bilo poudarjajo pomembnost preteklih in sedanjih družinskih pojasnjene 30,0 % variance individualnih problemov. Od vseh odnosov. prediktorjev ima največjo moč funkcionalnost v sedanji družini, sledi mu pogostejša raba alkohola in funkcionalnost v izvorni ZAHVALA družini. Vsi trije prediktorji pa so se izkazali kot statistično Doseženi rezultati so delno nastali v okviru projekta št. J5- 2570, pomembne. ki ga je financirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna. Tabela 3: Multipla regresijska analiza za napovedovanje individualnih problemov REFERENCES [1] Poraba alkohola in zdravstvene posledice rabe alkohola v obdobju 2013- 2018, trendi. Published 2022. 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DOI: 10.1037/bul0000387 369 Demografske značilnosti zaposlenih v poklicih neotipljivega kapitala: primerjava javnih in zasebnih organizacij Demographic characteristics of employees in intangible capital occupations: a comparison of public and private organizations Tjaša Redek Daša Farčnik Aleš Gorišek Tanja Istenič† Ekonomska fakulteta Ekonomska fakulteta Nova ljubljanska banka, Ekonomska fakulteta Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani d.d. Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija tjasa.redek@ef.uni-lj.si dasa.farcnik@ef.uni-lj.si gorisek@gmail.com tanja.istenic@ef.uni-lj.si POVZETEK employer-employee dataset for 2011-2017. The results show that the average age of employees in intangible V članku analiziramo demografske značilnosti capital occupations is generally lower than that of zaposlenih v poklicih neotipljivega kapitala, kjer ločujemo employees in other occupations, which is particularly (i) organizacijski, (ii) raziskovalno-razvojni in true for employees in informational intangible capital (iii) informacijski neotipljivi kapital. Te značilnosti occupations. At the same time, we find that the share of primerjamo z zaposlenimi ostalih poklicev, ob tem pa ločujemo med women employed in information intangible capital zaposlenimi v zasebnem in javnem occupations is significantly lower than the share of men, sektorju. Analiza je osnovana na podatkih združene amounting to only about 10%, while the share of women baze delodajalec-zaposleni (angl. employer-employee employed in organizational intangible capital dataset) za obdobje 2011-2017. Rezultati kažejo, da je povprečna starost zaposlenih v poklicih neotipljivega occupations even exceeds the share of men. kapitala v splošno nižja kot pri zaposlenih v ostalih poklicih, kar velja predvsem za zaposlene v poklicih KEYWORDS informacijskega neotipljivega kapitala. Ugotavljamo Intangible capital, age, gender differences, public tudi, da je odstotek zaposlenih žensk v poklicih sector, Slovenia. informacijskega neotipljivega kapitala znatno nižji od deleža moških in znaša le okrog 10 %, medtem ko delež žensk, zaposlenih v poklicih organizacijskega 1 UVOD neotipljivega kapitala, celo presega delež moških. Staranje prebivalstva vodi v implementacijo številnih reform, ki zvišujejo udeležbo na trgu dela, KLJUČNE BESEDE predvsem posameznikov v starosti 55–64 let in žensk Neotipljivi kapital, starost, razlike med spoloma, javni [3]. V skladu s tem trendom narašča tudi zanimanje sektor, Slovenija. raziskovalcev za analizo vpliva vključevanja starejših delavcev in žensk na trg dela. Literatura kaže, da lahko staranje prebivalstva pozitivno vpliva na produktivnost ABSTRACT dela, če so starejši delavci zaposleni v panogah z In this paper, we analyse the demographic visokim deležem informacijsko-komunikacijske characteristics of employees in the intangible capital tehnologije (IKT) [5]. Poleg tega lahko robotska occupations, distinguishing between (i) organizational, tehnologija ublaži negativne učinke staranja (ii) research and development, and (iii) informational prebivalstva na rast produktivnosti [6]. Tako lahko intangible capital. We compare these characteristics učinkovito razporejanje resursov, v kombinaciji z with those of employees in other occupations, vseživljenjskim učenjem, pomaga ohranjati distinguishing between employees in the private and produktivnost starejših delavcev [4]. public sectors. The analysis draws on data from the 370 Skozi čas se moški in ženske vse pogosteje odločajo upravljajo poklice kot na primer razvijalci in za podobna področja študija in zaposlitve [2]. Kljub analitiki/razvijalke in analitičarke programske opreme temu je v EU le 20 % diplomantk in 18 % zaposlenih in aplikacij, strokovnjaki/strokovnjakinje za žensk na področjih, povezanih z IKT. Razlika med podatkovne zbirke in računalniška omrežja, spoloma je še bolj izrazita pri znanstvenikih in tehniki/tehnice za telekomunikacije in oddajanje. inženirjih v sektorjih visoke tehnologije [1]. Posamezniki, ki niso razvrščeni v nobeno izmed treh V prihodnosti torej pričakujemo, da se bo delovno skupin neotipljivega kapitala, so zaposleni, ki aktivno prebivalstvo staralo in da bo v njem delež žensk predstavljajo ne inovativno vrsto dela (v nadaljevanju višji. Poleg tega bodo delavci opravljali manj fizičnega »ostali zaposleni«) [9]. in več inovativnega dela. Namen članka je analizirati demografske značilnosti zaposlenih v Sloveniji, pri Ločnica med zasebnim in javnim sektorjem je čemer ločujemo med inovativnimi in ne inovativnimi pravno-organizacijska oblika. Pri tem zasebni sektor poklici. Inovativni poklici so definirani kot poklici predstavljajo gospodarske družbe, samostojni neotipljivega kapitala [8]. Ob tem razlikujemo med podjetniki in zadruge. Vse ostale pravno-organizacijske zaposlenimi v zasebnem in javnem sektorju. S tem oblike predstavljajo javni sektor. pomembno prispevamo k obstoječi literaturi neotipljivega kapitala, ki le redko analizira podatke na ravni javnega sektorja. 3 REZULTATI V letu 2017 je bil, ne glede na vrsto poklica neotipljivega kapitala, delež zaposlenih v teh poklicih v 2 METODOLOGIJA IN PODATKI zasebnem sektorju višji kot v javnem sektorju. Najvišji Analiza je osnovana na podatkih združene baze delež zaposlenih je pripadal poklicem organizacijskega delodajalec-zaposleni (angl. employer-employee neotipljivega kapitala (6,77 % v zasebnem in 5,09 % v dataset) za obdobje 2011-2017 [10]. Pri tem ločujemo javnem sektorju), sledijo raziskovalno-razvojni poklici, tri vrste neotipljivega kapitala: (i) organizacijski, (ii) kjer je bil delež zaposlenih v zasebnem sektorju enak raziskovalno-razvojni in (iii) informacijski neotipljivi 3,21 %, v javnem sektorju pa 2,10 %. Znatno nižji delež kapital. Vrsta neotipljivega kapitala je določena glede zaposlenih, ne glede na sektor, je pripadal poklicem na poklic zaposlenega ter njegovo stopnjo in vrsto informacijskega neotipljivega kapitala, kjer je delež izobrazbe. zaposlenih znašal 0,46 % v zasebnem in 0,27 % v Zaposleni, ki imajo terciarno izobrazbo družbenih javnem sektorju. ved, novinarstva in informacijskih znanosti, ali Tabela 1 prikazuje povprečno starost zaposlenih v poslovnih in upravnih ved ter prava, in opravljajo poklicih neotipljivega kapitala ter povprečno starost poklice kot na primer generalni direktorji/generalne zaposlenih v ostalih poklicih. V splošno je, ne glede na direktorice, člani/članice uprav, sektor in vrsto neotipljivega kapitala, povprečna starost menedžerji/menedžerke, strokovnjaki/strokovnjakinje zaposlenih v ostalih poklicih višja od povprečne starosti za finančno poslovanje, upravljanje procesov dela in v poklicih neotipljivega kapitala. Izjemo predstavljajo ljudi, prodajo, trženje in odnose z javnostjo, pravni zaposleni v poklicih organizacijskega neotipljivega strokovnjaki/pravne strokovnjakinje so tisti zaposleni, kapitala v javnem sektorju, kjer je povprečna starost v ki sodijo v skupino zaposlenih z organizacijskim letu 2017 znašala 43,1 let, medtem ko je bila povprečna starost v ostalih poklicih javnega sektorja 42,9 let. neotipljivim kapitalom. V skupino zaposlenih z raziskovalno-razvojnim V letu 2017 je bila najnižja povprečna starost zaposlenih značilnost poklicev organizacijskega neotipljivim kapitalom sodijo posamezniki s terciarno neotipljivega kapitala, in sicer je ta znašala le 34,1 let v izobrazbo naravoslovja, matematike in statistike in zasebnem in 36,4 let v javnem sektorju. Ob tem pa je iz opravljajo poklice kot na primer tabele 1 razvidno, da so ravno poklici organizacijskega strokovnjaki/strokovnjakinje fizikalnih in zemeljskih neotipljivega kapitala tisti, kjer se je povprečna starost ved, tehnično-tehnoloških strok ali elektrotehnike, v preučevanem obdobju najbolj zvišala, saj je v letu zdravstveni strokovnjaki/strokovnjakinje, 2011 v obeh sektorjih znašala 31,9 let. Ta starost se je tehniki/tehnice tehnično-tehnoloških strok. znatno zvišala že do leta 2012, ko je znašala 33,9 let v V skupino zaposlenih z informacijskim neotipljivim zasebnem in 35,7 let v javnem sektorju. To je možna kapitalom so uvrščeni zaposleni s terciarno izobrazbo posledica varčevalnih ukrepov v času globalne informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije in 371 gospodarske krize, ko so bile organizacije prisiljene v Tabela 2: Delež žensk, zaposlenih v poklicih zmanjšanje števila novo zaposlenih. neotipljivega kapitala, Slovenija, 2011-2017 Zasebni sektor Javni sektor Tabela 1: Povprečna starost zaposlenih v poklicih Leto ORG RR IKT Ostali ORG RR IKT Ostali neotipljivega kapitala, Slovenija, 2011-2017 2011 0,627 0,235 0,057 0,369 0,690 0,437 0,104 0,547 Zasebni sektor Javni sektor 2012 0,632 0,238 0,100 0,370 0,692 0,439 0,178 0,556 Leto ORG RR IKT Ostali ORG RR IKT Ostali 2013 0,634 0,231 0,103 0,368 0,694 0,439 0,152 0,562 2011 38,2 38,9 31,9 40,5 40,3 40,0 31,9 40,7 2014 0,633 0,230 0,098 0,364 0,696 0,440 0,138 0,568 2012 38,4 38,8 33,9 40,7 40,7 40,0 35,7 41,0 2015 0,635 0,231 0,096 0,364 0,703 0,441 0,117 0,571 2013 38,9 39,0 33,8 41,1 41,3 40,1 35,7 41,5 2016 0,634 0,230 0,095 0,366 0,704 0,447 0,114 0,574 2014 39,3 39,1 33,5 41,3 41,6 40,4 35,7 41,9 2017 0,636 0,232 0,097 0,366 0,702 0,451 0,110 0,579 2015 39,7 39,1 33,5 41,4 42,1 40,9 35,4 42,2 *Opomba: Ostali – skupina zaposlenih, ki ni uvrščena v nobeno izmed skupin neotipljivega kapitala; ORG – organizacijski neotipljivi kapital; RR – 2016 40,1 39,1 33,7 41,5 42,6 41,0 35,8 42,6 raziskovalno-razvojni neotipljivi kapital; IKT – informacijski neotipljivi 2017 40,5 39,1 34,1 41,5 43,1 41,3 36,4 42,9 kapital. *Opomba: Ostali – skupina zaposlenih, ki ni uvrščena v nobeno izmed skupin Vir: [10]. neotipljivega kapitala; ORG – organizacijski neotipljivi kapital; RR – raziskovalno-razvojni neotipljivi kapital; IKT – informacijski neotipljivi kapital. 4 ZAKLJUČEK Vir: [10]. V članku analiziramo demografske značilnosti zaposlenih v poklicih neotipljivega kapitala, ki jih primerjamo z zaposlenimi v ostalih poklicih (brez V Tabeli 2 prikazujemo delež žensk, ki opravlja neotipljivega kapitala). Ob tem ločujemo med posamezno vrsto poklica. Rezultati kažejo, da je delež žensk v javnem sektorju zaposlenimi v zasebnem in javnem sektorju. znatno višji kot v zasebnem Rezultati kažejo, da je bila v preučevanem obdobju sektorju, ne glede na poklic. Znatne razlike med javnim 2011-2017 povprečna starost zaposlenih v poklicih in zasebnim sektorjem je zaznati pri ostalih poklicih (brez neotipljivega kapitala), kjer je delež žensk v neotipljivega kapitala v splošno nižja kot pri zaposlenih zasebnem sektorju v letu 2017 znašal 36,6 %, v javnem v ostalih poklicih, kar velja predvsem za zaposlene v poklicih informacijskega neotipljivega kapitala. Hkrati sektorju pa 57,9 %. V raziskovalno-razvojnih poklicih pa so to ravno poklici, kjer se je povprečna starost je delež žensk v javnem sektorju celo približno dvakrat tolikšen kot zaposlenih v preučevanem obdobju najbolj zvišala. v zasebnem sektorju. Te razlike v deležu žensk, zaposlenih v javnem in zasebnem sektorju Ugotavljamo tudi, da je odstotek zaposlenih žensk v , so poklicih informacijskega neotipljivega kapitala znatno verjetno rezultat v splošnem stabilnejše zaposlitve v javnem sektorju ter stabilnejšega nižji od deleža moških in je v letu 2017 znašal le okrog delovnega časa, kar je pomembno predvsem v primeru družine z majhnimi 10 %, medtem ko je delež žensk, zaposlenih v poklicih organizacijskega neotipljivega kapitala, celo presegal otroki [7]. delež moških in znašal 63,6 % v zasebnem in 70,2 % v Iz tabele 2 je razvidno tudi, da je delež žensk, javnem sektorju. zaposlenih v poklicih organizacijskega neotipljivega kapitala znatno višji od deleža moških (63,6 % v zasebnem in 70,2 % v javnem sektorju). Na drugi strani LITERATURA IN VIRI je delež žensk, zaposlenih v poklicih informacijskega [1] EIGE. (2020). Gender Equality Index 2020: Digitalisation and the neotipljivega kapitala, izredno nizek in znaša 9,7 % v future of work. Dostopno na spletnem naslovu: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2020-report zasebnem in 11,0 % v javnem sektorju. Ob tem je potrebno dodati, da se je delež zaposlenih ženk [2] England, P. (2010). The gender revolution uneven and stalled. Gender v teh & Society, 24(2), pp. 149-166. poklicih v zasebnem sektorju znatno zvišal glede na leto [3] European Commission (2021). The 2021 Ageing Report: Economic 2011, ko je znašal le 5,7 %. and Budgetary Projections for the 28 EU Member States (2019-2070). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [4] Lee, J. W., Kwak, D. W. and Song, E. (2022). Can older workers stay productive? The role of ICT skills and training. Journal of Asian Economics, 79, 101438. [5] Lee, J. W., Song, E. and Kwak, D. W. (2020). Aging labor, ICT capital, and productivity in Japan and Korea. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 58, 101095. 372 [6] Park, C. Y., Shin, K. and Kikkawa, A. (2021). Aging, automation, and productivity in Korea. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59, 101109. [7] Pfeifer, C. (2011). Risk Aversion and Sorting into Public Sector Employment. German Economic Review, 12(1), 85–99. [8] Piekkola, H., Bloch, C., Redek, T. and Rybalka, M. (2021). Productivity growth and the intangible divide. In: Domadenik Muren, P. (ed.), Koman, M. (ed.), Redek, T. (ed.). Achieving growth that matters: a new economic paradigm. 1st printing. Ljubljana: Časnik Finance, 2021. pp. 297-313. [9] Piekkola, H., Redek, T., & Farčnik, D. (2020). Intangible assets in the public sector: an extended definition and methodological guide. Dostopno na spletnem naslovu: https://globalinto.eu/papers/deliverables/ [10] Statistični urad Republike Slovenije (2020): Zaščiteni mikro podatki SRDAP, dohodninski podatki. ZAHVALA Delo v okviru tega članka je bilo deloma financirano iz projekta GLOBALINTO, ki je bil financiran s strani programa Evropske unije Horizon 2020, Mehanizem za promocijo pametne, trajnostne in vključujoče rasti, št. projekta 822259. Delo je bilo deloma financirano tudi s strani Javne agencije za znanstvenoraziskovalno dejavnost RS (po pogodbah P5-0128, J5- 4575, V5-2264). Analiza je pripravljena na podlagi podatkovnih baz, ki so dostopne raziskovalcem na Statističnem uradu Republike Slovenije. Ta analiza ne bi bila mogoča brez njihove strokovne podpore. 373 Predstavitev delnih rezultatov raziskave: ocena finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji Presentation of partial research results: Assessment of financial toxicity in cancer patients in Slovenia Marjeta Skubic Katja Vöröš Andraž Perhavec Ivica Ratoša Medicinska fakulteta Medicinska fakulteta Oddelek za kirurško onkologijo Sektor radioterapije, Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Medicinska fakulteta Medicinska fakulteta marjeta.skubic4@gmail.com katja.voros98@gmail.com Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija aperhavec@onko-i.si iratosa@onko-i.si Mojca Bavdaž Petra Došenović Bonča Tjaša Redek Helena Barbara Zobec Logar Ekonomska fakulteta Ekonomska fakulteta Ekonomska fakulteta Sektor radioterapije Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Medicinska fakulteta mojca.bavdaz@ef.uni-lj.si petra.d.bonca@ef.uni-lj.si tjasa.redek@ef.uni-lj.si Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija hlogar@onko-i.si POVZETEK ABSTRACT Finančna toksičnost je pojem, s katerim opredeljujemo Financial toxicity is the term used to define the objective and objektivno in subjektivno finančno breme, ki nastaja zaradi subjective financial burden of an illness and/or treatment that has bolezni in/ali zdravljenja in pomembno vpliva na kakovost a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The aim of the življenja bolnikov. Z raziskavo želimo preveriti, kakšna je study is to estimate the level of financial toxicity among cancer stopnja finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji, in patients in Slovenia and to find out whether specific ugotoviti, ali lahko s posameznimi izboljšavami zdravstvenega improvements in the healthcare system can significantly improve sistema bistveno izboljšamo kakovost življenja bolnikov. Glede the patients’ quality of life. Based on data collected from a na podatke, zbrane od 251 priložnostno izbranih bolnikov, je convenience sample of 251 patients, it is clear that there is a razvidno, da med bolniki z rakom v Sloveniji obstaja zmerna moderate level of financial toxicity among cancer patients in stopnja finančne toksičnosti. Prvi rezultati nakazujejo, da pri Slovenia. Initial results suggest that patients are experiencing a bolnikih zaradi bolezni in zdravljenja prihaja do upada osebnega decline in personal satisfaction with their finances as a result of zadovoljstva s finančno zmožnostjo, hkrati pa beležimo tudi their illness and treatment, while at the same time there is an objektivni upad finančne zmožnosti. Glavni razlogi za slednje so objective deterioration of their financial capacity. The main upad ali izpad dohodka pri bolnikih zaradi bolniškega staleža, reasons for the latter are the decrease or loss of income for zaposlitve za skrajšan delovni čas in delne ali popolne invalidske patients due to sick leave, part-time employment and partial or upokojitve ter dodatni finančni izdatki za dodatke, pripomočke total disability retirement, and the additional financial outlay for in storitve, ki niso v celoti kriti iz zdravstvenega zavarovanja. supplements, aids and services not fully covered by health Med najpogostejšimi so prehranski dodatki, zdravila brez recepta, insurance. The most common are dietary supplements, over-the- samoplačniški pregledi, lasulje in konopljini dodatki. counter medicines, self-pay examinations, wigs and cannabis supplements. KLJUČNE BESEDE Finančna toksičnost, finančno breme, rak, vprašalnik, stroški, KEYWORDS finance, COST-FACIT Financial toxicity, financial burden, cancer, questionnaire, costs, finances, COST-FACIT Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 374 1 UVOD 3 REZULTATI PO SKLOPIH S staranjem prebivalstva in spremembo demografske strukture VPRAŠALNIKA ter naraščajočim deležem ter tudi številom starejšega prebivalstva se bo povečevalo tudi breme raka v družbi. 3.1 Bolezen in zdravljenje Incidenca raka je med prebivalstvom, ki so starejši od 65 let, V obravnavanem obdobju smo prejeli 251 popolno izpolnjenih bistveno višja kot pri mlajših. Rak v tej starostni skupini vprašalnikov, primernih za statistično analizo. Izmed anketiranih predstavlja dobro polovico vseh, v Evropi celo 2,7 od 4,4 se je 55 % (139) oseb identificiralo kot ženski spol, 44 % (110) milijona novih primerov (ocena za 2020), tako da se pri starejših kot moški, 2 osebi na vprašanje nista želeli odgovoriti. Povprečna pojavi skoraj 1900 obolelih na 100 tisoč prebivalcev, v populaciji starost anketiranih je bila 59 (SD ± 13,7) let. Izmed anketiranih kot celoti pa zboli približno 590 oseb na 100 tisoč prebivalcev. S največji delež diagnoz predstavlja rak dojke (24 %), sledi rak staranjem prebivalstva se bo povečevalo tudi družbeno- prostate (19 %), rak materničnega telesa (11 %), rak pljuč (10 ekonomsko breme raka, tako na ravni družbe kot tudi na ravni %), limfomi (9 %), rak debelega črevesa in danke (6 %), rak posameznika [1]. glave in vratu (3 %), kožni rak vključno z melanomom (2 %), rak V literaturi se za objektivne finančne posledice raka požiralnika ali želodca (2 %), ledvični rak (1 %) in rak sečnega (neposredna in posredna finančna bremena) in subjektivne mehurja (1 %). Preostalih 14 % smo uvrstili v kategorijo drugo. finančne skrbi bolnikov uporablja pojem finančna toksičnost [2]. V 92 % je šlo za bolnike, ki so imeli prvič postavljeno diagnozo Po podatkih iz tuje literature je finančna toksičnost povezana s raka, pri 7 % se je bolezen ponovila po več kot enem letu, pri 1 številnimi klinično pomembnimi izhodi bolezni, in sicer % pa po manj kot enem letu. Pri 60 % (151) bolnikov je bila kakovostjo življenja, simptomi bolezni, sodelovanjem pri bolezen odkrita zgolj na osnovi kliničnih simptomov in znakov zdravljenju (komplianca) in preživetjem [3-6]. Ni pa poznano, potrjenih v okviru javnega zdravstva, pri 9 % (22) zgolj na osnovi kako bolniki z rakom v Sloveniji ter družinski člani in/ali kliničnih simptomov in znakov potrjenih na samoplačniškem negovalci občutijo finančno breme med onkološkim pregledu, pri 13 % (33) preko organiziranega presejalnega zdravljenjem in po njegovem zaključku. Namen raziskave je programa, pri 9 % (23) na preventivnem ali rutinskem pregledu. preveriti finančno toksičnost pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji z Preostali bolniki so navajali različne kombinacije. Povzetek razvojem vprašalnika o finančni toksičnosti za slovensko okolje rezultatov, ki upoštevajo tudi kombinacije poti, je prikazan na ter uporabo mednarodno standardiziranih vprašalnikov. Z sliki 1. izsledki raziskave želimo ugotoviti, ali lahko s posameznimi izboljšavami zdravstvenega sistema, predvsem tistimi, ki vplivajo na finančno toskičnost, bistveno izboljšamo kakovost življenja bolnikov z rakom v Sloveniji, ter tako prispevati predloge za spremembe na področju zdravstvene in socialnih politik. 2 METODE Raziskavo izvajamo na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana (OIL) od junija 2023, vključili smo bolnike, ki so imeli v času trajanja raziskave obravnavo na OIL. Raziskava poteka tako, da bolnikom razdelimo anketni vprašalnik, ki poleg vprašanj, ki smo jih za potrebe raziskave zasnovali sami, vsebuje tudi slovenski različici mednarodnih standardiziranih vprašalnikov za oceno finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom “Comprehensive Slika 1: Pot do diagnoze (možnih je bilo več odgovorov) Score for Financial Toxicity - Functional Assesment of Chronic Illness Therapy” (COST-FACIT) in temeljni vprašalnik o kakovosti življenja (angl. Core quality of life Questionnaire, Izmed skupno 32 bolnikov, ki so opravili samoplačniški QLQ - C30) Evropske organizacije za raziskovanje in zdravljenje pregled, jih je največ, slabih 69 % (22), kot razlog navedlo raka (angl. European Organisation for Research and Treatment predolgo čakalno dobo v javnem zdravstvu, 6 slabo of Cancer, EORTC) za oceno kakovosti življenja pri bolnikih z komunikacijo z izbranim osebnim zdravnikom, 2 kakovostnejšo rakom. Vprašalnik COST-FACIT smo prevedli v slovenski jezik obravnavo na samoplačniškem pregledu, 8 bolnikov pa je in ga tudi validirali (vprašalnik je dostopen na povezavi: navedlo druge razloge. Med njimi nihče ni izbral možnosti, da https://www.facit.org/measure-languages/FACIT-F- svojega osebnega zdravnika nima ali pa z njim težko pride v stik. Languages). Vključitveni kriteriji za sodelovanje v raziskavi so Izmed 251 bolnikov jih je bilo v času izpolnjevanja ankete 78 % bili polnoletnost, diagnoza rakave bolezni in zmožnost podati na aktivnem zdravljenju, pri 7 % se uporablja pristop opazuj in osebno privolitev za sodelovanje v raziskavi. V pričujočem čakaj, 13 % ozdravljenih in slaba 2 % na paliativni oskrbi. Za prispevku predstavljamo prve delne rezultate vprašalnikov, ki so enega bolnika podatkov o zdravljenju nimamo. Med bolniki, ki jih izpolnili bolniki na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana od 1. 6. so bili v času anketiranja na aktivnem zdravljenju, je bilo 64 % 2023 do 5. 9. 2023. takšnih, ki so bili zdravljeni multimodalno. 375 3.2 Socialno-ekonomsko stanje Med anketiranimi 13 % (33) oseb živi samih in samostojno, 86 % (216) v gospodinjstvu z vsaj eno osebo, slab odstotek (2) z oskrbo na domu. Pri eni osebi je bila diagnoza, ki so jo podali na začetku vprašalnika, razlog za bivanje v oskrbovanem stanovanju. Oseb iz domov za ostarele med anketiranimi ni bilo. Dobrih 98 % oseb ima sklenjeno obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje, 76 % jih ima poleg obveznega urejeno tudi dopolnilno zdravstveno zavarovanje, 9 % oseb ima sklenjeno dodatno zavarovanje. Ena oseba ima zdravstveno zavarovanje urejeno v tujini, ena ima stroške krite preko začasne zaščite za razseljene osebe, za 2 osebi podatka o vrsti zdravstvenega zavarovanja nimamo. Med drugimi zavarovanji sta 2 osebi navedli zavarovanje za težke bolezni. Anketirance smo prosili, da označijo razpon, v katerem je zajet neto dohodek na člana njihovega gospodinjstva. Ena oseba na vprašanje ni odgovorila, rezultati so predstavljeni na sliki 2. Slika 3: Zadovoljstvo z osebnimi financami pred boleznijo in glede na trenutno stanje. Kot kaže tabela 1, je bilo dobrih 47 % anketirancev pred pojavom bolezni upokojenih ali invalidsko upokojenih, dobrih 43 % pa zaposlenih za polni delovni čas. Ostali so bili v bolniškem staležu, samozaposleni, brezposelni ali še v procesu izobraževanja. 28 % (70) oseb je zaradi bolezni trenutno v bolniškem staležu, dobra 2 % (6) jih dela za skrajšan delovni čas, slab odstotek (2) jih je delno invalidsko upokojenih, dober odstotek (3) pa polno invalidsko upokojenih. Tri osebe so zaradi bolezni izgubile zaposlitev, ena izmed naštetih je zaposlitev v času anketiranja aktivno iskala, dve osebi zaradi bolezni Slika 2. Porazdelitev neto dohodka na člana gospodinjstva. zaposlitve ne želita ali nista zmožni iskati. Tabela 1: Zaposlitveni status anketiranih pred pojavom 3.3 Usmerjena vprašanja finančne toksičnosti rakave bolezni V nadaljevanju anketiranci opredelijo svoje zadovoljstvo z osebnimi financami. Anketirance prosimo, da na petstopenjski Frekvenca Delež lestvici opredelijo zadovoljstvo s svojo finančno zmožnostjo (%) tako pred boleznijo kot tudi trenutno. Primerjava porazdelitve V bolniškem staležu 6 2,4 odgovorov, kjer se bolniki opredelijo glede svojega zadovoljstva Zaposlen_a, samozaposlen_a za polni 109 43,4 s financami pred boleznijo in svojo trenutno finančno delovni čas zmožnostjo, je prikazana na sliki 3. Pri vprašanju, kako so se ob koncu meseca običajno »iztekle« Zaposlen_a, samozaposlen_a za 5 2,0 finance pred pojavom bolezni, je 53 % (132) ljudi odgovorilo, da skrajšan delovni čas jim je nekaj denarja še ostalo, 38 % (96) jih je imelo denarja Brezposeln_a, aktivno iščem 3 ravno dovolj, 9 % (23) pa jih je imelo denarja premalo. Na 1,2 zaposlitev vprašanje, kako se trenutno ob koncu meseca »iztečejo« njihove finance, pa je 37 % (94) oseb odgovorilo, da jim nekaj denarja še Brezposeln_a, zaradi bolezni ne 3 1,2 ostane, 40 % (100) oseb, da imajo denarja ravno dovolj, 23 % želim/ne zmorem iskati zaposlitve (57) oseb pa ima denarja premalo. Delno invalidsko upokojen_a 0 0,0 Polno invalidsko upokojen_a 7 2,8 Upokojen_a 112 44,6 Se še izobražujem 1 0,4 Drugo 5 2,0 376 41 % (103) bolnikov na OIL prihaja z lastnim prevozom in ne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji nekoliko nad uveljavlja potnih stroškov, 25 % (62) jih pride z lastnim polovico, to je pri 26,5 točkah od 44 možnih. prevozom in uveljavlja potne stroške, 24 % (60) jih koristi nenujne ali sanitetne medicinske prevoze, ki jih krije zdravstveno zavarovanje, 10 % (26) pa jih uporablja javni prevoz ali taksi. 4 UGOTOVITVE IN ZAKLJUČKI Bolniki so za mesečne stroške, namenjene prevozu, vključno s Iz do sedaj zbranih podatkov je razvidno, da med bolniki z rakom parkirninami, v času aktivnega zdravljenja navajali celo do 1700 v Sloveniji, ki so sodelovali v raziskavi, obstaja zmerna finančna evrov. toksičnost. Med bolniki beležimo upad osebnega zadovoljstva s Najpogostejši izdatki, ki so jih anketiranci delno ali v celoti finančno zmožnostjo, hkrati pa smo zaznali, da je prišlo med pokrili iz lastnega žepa od odkritja bolezni, so za prehranske bolniki zaradi bolezni in zdravljenja tudi do objektivnega upada dodatke, zdravila brez recepta, samoplačniške preglede, lasulje, finančne zmožnosti. Razlogov za slednje je več, bolniki na eni in konopljine pripravke. Prehranske dodatke je kupilo 49 % (122) strani beležijo izpad ali upad dohodka zaradi bolniškega staleža, anketiranih, od tega jih je 73 % (89) v celoti plačalo samih, pri zaposlitve za skrajšan delovni čas in delne ali popolne invalidske 21 % (26) so bili delno kriti iz zavarovanja, pri dobrih 3 % (4) v upokojitve. Hkrati se pojavijo še dodatni finančni izdatki za celoti iz zavarovanja in slabih 3 % (3) jih je deloma krilo samih. dodatke, pripomočke in storitve, ki jih njihova zavarovalna Za prehranske dodatke so bolniki tekom zdravljenja odšteli od 20 shema ne pokriva. Med najpogostejšimi so prehranski dodatki, do 5000 evrov. slednje jemlje skoraj polovica bolnikov, sledijo zdravila brez Zdravila brez recepta je kupilo skoraj 30 % (74) oseb, 88 % recepta, ki jih jemlje slaba tretjina bolnikov, samoplačniški (65) oseb je tovrstna zdravila v celoti plačalo samih, pri 7 % (5) pregledi, ki jih je opravila petina bolnikov in lasulje ter so bila deloma krita iz zavarovanja, pri 4 % (3) v celoti iz konopljini dodatki, ki jih koristi približno šestina bolnikov. V zavarovanja, ena oseba je stroške deloma krila sama. Za zdravila nadaljnji statistični analizi podatkov se bomo osredotočili brez recepta so ljudje odšteli od 20 do 1200 evrov. predvsem na to, kako na finančno toksičnost vplivajo Samoplačniške preglede je opravilo 20 % (50) bolnikov, zavarovalna shema, vrsta primarnega tumorja, razširjenost konopljine pripravke je kupilo 15 % (39) bolnikov, oba stroška bolezni, večmodalnost zdravljenja ter različni socioekonomski in so vsi anketirani v celoti krili sami. Za samoplačniške preglede demografske profili. Pomembno je poudariti, da trenutni podatki so bolniki odšteli od 30 do 3000 evrov. omogočajo zgolj ocene za obravnavani vzorec, ne pa tudi za 17 % (44) oseb je med izdatki navedlo nakup lasulje, med populacijo. temi jo je pri 73 % (32) delno in pri 16 % (7) v celoti krilo obvezno zavarovanje, 9 % (4) jo je v celoti plačalo samih, ena ZAHVALA oseba deloma. Stroški za lasulje so se gibali med 40 in 1200 evri, Zahvaljujemo se vsem bolnikom, ki so bili pripravljeni povprečno so bolniki za nakup lasulje porabili 229 evrov. sodelovati v raziskavi. Projekt sofinancira ARIS (J7-4575). Rezultati vprašalnika COST – FACIT so predstavljeni v tabeli 2. REFERENCE [1] International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer today. Pridobljeno 23. 9. 2023 iz https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis- Tabela 2: Izračunane točke iz vprašalnika COST-FACIT table?v=2020&mode=population&mode_population=continents&population= 900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=0&statistic=5&pr Točkovanje finančne toksičnosti evalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B %5D=17&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1 Povprečna vrednost [2] Donkor A, Atuwo-Ampoh VD, Yakanu F, Torgbenu E, Ameyaw EK, Kitson- 26,5 Mills D, et al. Financial toxicity of cancer care in low- and middle-income Mediana 27,0 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30(9):7159-7190. Standardni odklon 8,0 [3] Abrams HR, Durbin S, Huang CX, Johnson SF, Nayak RK, Zahner GJ, et al. Financial toxicity in cancer care: Origins, impact, and solutions. Vol. 11, Minimum 6 Translational Behavioral Medicine. Oxford University Press; 2021. p. 2043– 54. Maksimum 44 [4] Meneses K, Azuero A, Hassey L, McNees P, Pisu M. Does economic burden influence quality of life in breast cancer survivors? Gynecol Oncol. 2012;124(3):437–43. Maksimalno število točk, ki jih lahko anketiranci dosežejo [5] Dar MA, Chauhan R, Murti K, Trivedi V, Dhingra S. Development and pri tem vprašalniku, je 44, minimalno pa 0. Pri tem 44 predstavlja Validation of Subjective Financial Distress Questionnaire (SFDQ): A Patient Reported Outcome Measure for Assessment of Financial Toxicity Among nizko finančno toksičnost, 0 pa zelo visoko finančno toksičnost. Radiation Oncology Patients. Front Oncol. 2022;1:1-11. Delni rezultati so pokazali, da je povprečna vrednost finančne [6] Smith J, Yu J, Gordon LG, Chilkuri M. Financial Toxicity and Out-of-Pocket Costs for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Current Oncology. 2023;30(5):4922–35. 377 Razvoj vprašalnika o finančni toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji Development of a questionnaire on financial toxicity for cancer patients in Slovenia Katja Vöröš Marjeta Skubic Mojca Bavdaž Ivica Ratoša Medicinska fakulteta Medicinska fakulteta Ekonomska fakulteta Sektor radioterapije Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija katja.voros98@gmail.com marjeta.skubic4@gmail.com mojca.bavdaz@ef.uni-lj.si iratosa@onko-i.si Petra Došenović Bonča Tjaša Redek Helena Barbara Zobec Logar Ekonomska fakulteta Ekonomska fakulteta Sektor radioterapije Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija petra.d.bonca@ef.uni-lj.si tjasa.redek@ef.uni-lj.si hlogar@onko-i.si POVZETEK ABSTRACT Zaradi vse večje pojavnosti raka v starajoči se populaciji narašča An increasing incidence of cancer in an ageing population leads tudi njegovo finančno breme tako za družbo kot za bolnike. to an increasing financial burden for both the society and patients. Finančna toksičnost ali finančno breme predstavlja vse Financial toxicity includes all objective and subjective financial objektivne in subjektivne finančne posledice, ki jih občutijo consequences that cancer patients feel and negatively influence bolniki z rakom in ki negativno vplivajo na njihovo kvaliteto the quality of their lives. Factors that affect the occurrence of življenja. Dejavniki, ki vplivajo na pojav finančne toksičnosti so financial toxicity are diverse and roughly divided into raznoliki, in jih v grobem lahko razdelimo na tiste, ki so povezani characteristics of the disease, treatment and health system, socio- z značilnostmi bolezni, zdravljenja in zdravstvenega sistema, s economic situation, and direct and indirect costs of the disease. socioekonomskim stanjem ter neposrednimi in posrednimi stroški bolezni. Na pojav finančne tok The occurrence of financial toxicity also depends on sičnosti vplivajo tudi sociodemografske značilnosti bolnika. V Sloveniji finančne sociodemographic characteristics of the patient. Financial toksičnosti še nismo merili. To vrzel smo naslovili z razvojem toxicity has not been measured in Slovenia, yet. We addressed vprašalnika, prilagojenega za slovenske posebnosti, ki upošteva this gap by developing a questionnaire, adapted to Slovenian omenjene dejavnike iz literature in mednarodno uveljavljenih specifics, that considers aforementioned factors from literature vprašalnikov. Slovenski vprašalnik vključuje tudi validirano and internationally recognized questionnaires. The Slovenian slovensko verzijo vprašalnika COST-FACIT. Vprašalnik so questionnaire incorporates a validated Slovenian version of the pregledali strokovnjaki z vsebinskega in metodološko- COST-FACIT questionnaire. The questionnaire was reviewed by statističnega področja in odobrile ustrezne komisije. Testiranje in subject-matter, methodological and statistical experts, and pilot sta bila izvedena na bolnikih, ki so takrat prišli na Onkološki approved by relevant committees. The testing and the pilot were inštitut Ljubljana. Pri tem smo naleteli na določene metodološke conducted on patients that came to the Institute of Oncology izzive; največja težava so bila nekatera prezahtevna anketna vprašanja in obsežnost vprašalnika, kar smo skušali s popravki Ljubljana at that time. We encountered certain methodological omiliti. Končni vprašalnik predstavlja dobro izhodišče za oceno challenges; the main issues were too demanding survey questions finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji. and questionnaire length, which we tried to alleviate with adjustments. The final questionnaire represents a good starting KLJUČNE BESEDE point for estimating financial toxicity for cancer patients in Slovenia. Finančna toksičnost, finančno breme, rak, vprašalnik, stroški, finance, testiranje KEYWORDS Financial toxicity, financial burden, cancer, questionnaire, costs, finances, testing Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full 1 UVOD citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Staranje prebivalstva je eden od ključnih dejavnikov višje Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia incidence in prevalence raka [1] in s tem tudi njenega družbeno- © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). ekonomskega bremena. Med letoma 1990 in 2019 se je pojavnost raka povečala za 129%, pri čemer je delež starejših med vsemi 378 novimi primeri raka narasel z 48,6% na 56,4%, med vsemi 1. značilnosti bolezni, zdravljenja in zdravstvenega sistema; smrtmi zaradi raka pa z 52% na 62%. Do povečanja je prišlo tudi 2. socioekonomsko stanje; zaradi drugih kompleksnih epidemioloških razlogov, vendar pa 3. neposredni in posredni stroški bolezni. so glavni dejavnik hitrega povečevanja števila rakavih obolenj postali demografski trendi, ne več epidemiološki [1]. Med značilnostmi bolezni je treba v prvi vrsti omeniti vrsto Zaradi strmega naraščanja rakavih obolenj in z njimi raka. Dosedanje raziskave so pokazale, da je finančna toksičnost povezanih stroškov dobiva finančno breme za bolnike z rakom močno prisotna med bolniki z rakom glave in vratu [6], vse večjo pozornost v strokovni in znanstveni literature. predpostavljamo pa, da prihaja do pomembnih razlik tudi pri Finančno breme ali finančna toksičnost (angl. financial toxicity) ostalih vrstah rakov. Finančno breme se skozi čas kopiči, zato je vključuje vse stroške, ki padejo na bolnikova ramena zaradi pričakovati večjo finančno toksičnost pri bolnikih, ki jim je bil bolezni [2]. Sem sodijo tako neposredni stroški (npr. (do)plačilo rak odkrit pred več časa. Večjo finančno toksičnost je pričakovati za zdravila, prehranske dodatke, terapije, zdravstvene tudi pri ponovitvi raka. Na finančno toksičnost vpliva tudi vrsta pripomočke, opremo, prilagoditve za življenje doma itd.), kot zdravljenja, saj so različne vrste zdravljenja povezane z tudi posredni (npr. izpad dohodka, nezmožnost napredovanja, različnimi stroški, ki predstavljajo različne obremenitve bolnika. vpliv na družino itd.). Koncept pokriva tudi subjektivne zaznave Tako so npr. za bolnika pričakovani manjši stroški pri finančnih posledic, ki jih občutijo bolniki z rakom po postavljeni operativnem posegu kot pri obsevanju, saj pri slednjem diagnozi in pomembno negativno vplivajo na njihovo kakovost pričakujemo več bolniškega staleža, izdatkov za hrano in potnih življenja, s tem pa tudi na kakovost življenja njihovih družin in stroškov. Na finančno breme zdravstvenega sistema in družbe. posameznika vpliva tudi zgodnje odkritje bolezni, pri čemer Finančna toksičnost se za bolnike z rakom precej razlikuje po igrajo pomembno vlogo presejalni programi, preventivni in državah, saj je finančno breme v veliki meri odvisno od rutinski pregledi, dostopnost do zdravnika ipd. organiziranosti zdravstvenega sistema. V državah, kjer so Na finančno toksičnost nadalje vpliva socio-ekonomsko zdravstvene storitve v večji meri del zasebnega sektorja, je stanje bolnika in njegovega gospodinjstva, ki je odvisno od finančno breme za bolnika precej večje v primerjavi z državami, višine dohodka in njegove razporeditve med družinske člane. ki imajo organiziran javni zdravstveni sistem; prav tako je razlika Enako finančno breme je relativno lažje prenesti, če je v med razvitimi državami in državami v razvoju [3]. Pa vendar je gospodinjstvu več oseb z rednimi oz. visokimi dohodki (npr. raziskava, ki je bila narejena na Japonskem, pokazala, da tudi v redno zaposleni, osebe z rednimi dohodki). Nasprotno, je razvitih državah, ki imajo javni zdravstveni sistem, pomemben finančno breme za bolnika relativno večje, če je sam, če ima v delež bolnikov občuti finančno toksičnost [4]. Pretekle raziskave gospodinjstvu vzdrževane člane ali člane z nerednimi dohodki in so pokazale, da naj bi približno polovica vseh bolnikov z rakom če največ prispeva v skupni proračun. Koliko finančnega po svetu občutila finančno toksičnost [5]. Posledice prevelikega bremena bolezni bo na koncu padlo na ramena bolnika, je finančnega bremena se lahko kažejo kot slabša kakovost odvisno od razpoložljivih in sklenjenih zdravstvenih zavarovanj. življenja, odlaganje zdravljenja in posledično slabši izidi [6], Finančno breme sestavljajo neposredni in posredni stroški. zato ocena finančne toksičnosti predstavlja pomembno Odvisno od vrste raka in zdravljenja nastanejo potrebe, ki vodijo informacijo za zdravstveno in socialno politiko. v neposredne stroške (npr. potreba po lasulji, prilagoditvah Za Slovenijo še ni bilo narejene raziskave, ki bi opredelila kopalnice, terapijah, prevozu do mesta zdravljenja itd.). Koliko finančno toksičnost in ocenila finančno breme za bolnike z teh stroškov bo padlo na bolnika, je odvisno od vrste sklenjenega rakom. S pričujočo raziskavo želimo zapolniti to vrzel. Ob tem zavarovanja. Možno pa je, da ti stroški sploh ne nastanejo, ker si je naša osrednja teza naslednja: »Finančna toksičnost je prisotna jih bolnik ne more privoščiti. Posredni stroški lahko izvirajo iz tudi pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji in pomembno vpliva na poslabšanja zaposlitvenega statusa (npr. skrajšanje delovnega kakovost življenja.« Ker ima finančna toksičnost tudi subjektivni časa, (delna) upokojitev, slabše delovno mesto), bolniškega vidik, je nujno uporabiti raziskovalno metodo, ki bo bolnike staleža in vključevanja (zaposlenih) družinskih članov ali drugih povprašala po mnenju, zaznavah, občutkih ipd. Ker za merjenje spremljevalcev. prisotnosti in vpliva potrebujemo kvantitativne podatke, smo za Poleg navedenih skupin dejavnikov je potrebno upoštevati zbiranje podatkov uporabili anketno metodologijo. V vzorec smo sociodemografske značilnosti bolnikov, ki lahko vplivajo na vključili osebe, starejše od 18 let, ki imajo rakavo obolenje ali so finančno toksičnost (npr. spol, starost, regija, vrsta naselja, bile zdravljene zaradi rakavega obolenja ter so zmožne podati stopnja izobrazba in veroizpoved) in služijo kot kontrolne osebno privolitev za sodelovanje v raziskavi. spremenljivke. V nadaljevanju najprej predstavljamo konceptualni okvir z dejavniki, ki vplivajo na finančno toksičnost, nato predstavimo korake v razvoju anketnega vprašalnika za oceno finančne 3 FAZE RAZVOJA VPRAŠALNIKA toksičnosti in naslovimo metodološke izzive, nazadnje pa Po pripravi konceptualnega okvirja na osnovi pregleda literature podamo predloge za nadaljnje metodološko raziskovalno delo. in opredelitvi pomembnih dejavnikov finančnega bremena smo se lotili oblikovanja anketnih vprašanj. Do končne verzije smo prišli v treh fazah. 2 KONCEPTUALNI OKVIR Z DEJAVNIKI FINANČNE TOKSIČNOSTI 3.1 Dosedanji merski inštrumenti Za celovito obravnavo finančne toksičnosti smo najprej iz V prvi fazi smo opravili pregled obstoječih merskih inštrumentov literature izluščili dejavnike, ki nanjo vplivajo. Te dejavnike za anketno raziskovanje. V tujini je že bilo izvedenih več lahko razvrstimo v tri vsebinske skupine: 379 raziskav, ki so preučevale finančno toksičnost za bolnike z pomagali respondentom pri njihovi pravilni interpretaciji ter si rakom. Na mednarodni ravni so se uveljavila tri orodja: beležili njihove pripombe. Po približno 50 opravljenih intervjujih smo ponovno izvedli skupni strokovni pregled, v katerem so • sodelovali strokovnjaki s področja onkologije, ekonomije, Finančni indeks toksičnosti (angl. Financial Index of Toxicity, FIT) [7] metodologije in statistike ter anketarki. Izkazalo se je, da si je • Celovita ocena finančnega bremena - -Funkcionalna ocena nekaj vprašanj zelo podobnih, zato smo »podvojena« vprašanja zdravljenja kronične bolezni (angl. Comprehensive Score izločili. Nekatera vprašanja pa so bila težje razumljiva, zato smo for financial Toxicity – Functional Assesment of chronic jih še nekoliko spremenili in jim dodali razlago. Ker se vprašanja Illness Therapy, COST-FACIT) [8] vsebinsko niso spremenila in ker so pri večini intervjujev • Anketa za oceno financ pri raku dojke ( Breast Cancer respondenti dobili dodatna pojasnila od anketark, smo se odločili, Finances Survey Inventory, BCFS) [9]. da bomo tudi te začetne intervjuje obdržali v končni analizi. Nobeno od teh orodij ne ponuja celovitega merjenja finančne 3.4 Struktura vprašalnika toksičnosti. Zaradi mednarodne primerljivosti je bil kot del Na osnovi pregleda literature, dosedanjih mednarodno vprašalnika vključen vprašalnik COST-FACIT, ki se osredotoča uveljavljenih vprašalnikov, strokovnih pregledov in testiranj smo na subjektivno doživljanja finančne stiske pri bolnikih z rakom oblikovali anketni vprašalnik s 35 vprašanji. Razporeditev [8]. Sestavljen je iz 12 trditev, ki jih respondenti ocenjujejo na vprašanj po vsebinskih sklopih predstavljamo v Tabeli 1. lestvici od 0 (Sploh ne) do 4 (Zelo). Ostala vprašanja so bodisi prevzeta iz vprašalnikov ali pa predstavljajo nadgradnjo, pri čemer smo upoštevali tudi specifike slovenskega okolja. Tabela 1: Vsebinski sklopi vprašalnika 3.2 Strokovni pregledi Bolezen in zdravljenje Vprašalnik so pred testiranjem pregledali in popravili onkologi Trenutna diagnoza raka in strokovnjaki s področja ekonomije, metodologije in statistike. Čas postavitve diagnoze Prva ali ponovna diagnoza istega raka Odobrile so ga tudi Etična komisija Onkološkega inštituta Način odkritja raka Ljubljana (EK OIL), Komisija za strokovno oceno protokolov Aktivnost zdravljenja raziskav Onkološkega inštituta Ljubljana (KSOPKR) in Vrste terapij Komisija Republike Slovenije za medicinsko etiko (KME RS). Socioekonomsko stanje Pri tem velja izpostaviti, da je za prevod vprašalnika COST- Tip gospodinjstva FACIT organizacija, ki skrbi za mednarodno primerljivost Številčnost skupnega gospodinjstva jezikovnih različic tega vprašalnika (FACIT.org), zahtevala Redno zaposlene osebe v skupnem gospodinjstvu sledenje strogemu protokolu ter dodatne strokovne preglede in Največji prispevek dohodka pred diagnozo odobritve [10]. Postopek se je začel z dvema neodvisnima Največji prispevek dohodka po diagnozi Vrsta zdravstvenega zavarovanja prevodoma v ciljni jezik (slovenščino), ki ju je pregledal tretji Neto mesečni dohodek na družinskega člana prevajalec. Usklajen slovenski prevod je prevedel nazaj v Usmerjena vprašanja finančne toksičnosti angleščino naravni govorec angleščine. Tako dobljeni angleški Subjektivna ocena finančne zmožnosti pred boleznijo prevod smo primerjali z originalnim angleškim vprašalnikom ter Subjektivna ocena trenutne finančne zmožnosti s pomočjo jezikoslovca razčistili pomen posameznih besed ter Iztek financ pred boleznijo odpravili odstopanja. Šele tako pripravljen prevod je bil vključen Trenuten iztek financ v naslednjo fazo testiranja. Zaposlitveni status pred boleznijo Zaposlitveni status po bolezni 3.3 Testiranje Koriščenje bolniškega staleža Vrsta prevoza za prihod na OIL Fazo testiranja smo začeli z vprašalnikom COST-FACIT. Spremljevalci na poti na OIL Trditve smo najprej testirali na 10 bolnikih. Izpolnjevanje Vpliv na delovni čas družinskih članov vprašalnika je potekalo kot intervju 1 na 1, izpraševalec je bil ves Drugi dodatni stroški in višina le-teh čas na voljo za dodatno razlago, vse opombe udeležencev smo si Višina stroškov zdravljenja zapisali, dodali še svoje opombe, ki smo jih med izpolnjevanjem Vprašalnik COST-FACIT zaznali sami, in vprašalnik prilagodili tako, da je bil razumljiv Sociodemografski podatki Spol slovenski populaciji. Vprašalnik je nato potrdila tudi organizacija Starost FACIT.org [10]. Regija bivanja Za nadaljnje korake smo vprašalnik COST-FACIT združili z Vrsta naselja ostalimi anketnimi vprašanji, ki so bila predhodno strokovno Izobrazba pregledana. Celotno anketo smo začeli pilotno izvajati na OIL z Veroizpoved bolniki, ki so prišli na ambulantni pregled, in sicer v obliki osebnih intervjujev s pomočjo dveh anketark, ki sta bili vključeni v razvoj vprašalnika in tako dobro poznali ozadje raziskave ter namen posameznih anketnih vprašanj. Ob vsakem intervjuju sta anketarki skrbno preverjali razumevanje posameznih vprašanj, 380 4 METODOLOŠKI IZZIVI zdravljenje in druge posledice, s čimer pa je povezana tudi finančna toksičnost, ki jo občutijo bolniki. S tem bi deloma Merjenje finančne toksičnosti vključuje vrsto metodoloških naslovili tudi problem prevelike dolžine vprašalnika, ki je bila izzivov. Že sama vsebina združuje dve zelo občutljivi področji, deležna največ kritik. V prihodnje bi bilo zato smiselno izluščiti zdravje in finance. Zdravstveni podatki so zakonsko opredeljeni najpomembnejše dejavnike, ki vplivajo na pojav finančne kot občutljivi osebni podatki. Finančni podatki sicer zakonsko toksičnosti, oz. jih nasloviti na krajši način. Predvidoma bi s nimajo tega statusa, vendar pa se v praksi ravno pri zbiranju krajšim vprašalnikom k sodelovanju privabili večje število tovrstnih podatkov srečujemo z največjimi stopnjami bolnikov, pričakovali bi bolj natančno branje in s tem tudi neodgovora. Ker gre za osebne podatke, je nujno pridobiti pisno točnejše odgovore, z večjim in bolj verodostojnim vzorcem pa bi privolitev za sodelovanje v raziskavi. Pri zbiranju občutljivih izsledke raziskave lažje prenesli na celotno populacijo osebnih podatkov je tudi pomembno vzpostaviti ozračje onkoloških bolnikov. zaupanja, kar je najbolj enostavno doseči z anketiranjem brez Smiselno bi bilo tudi ponoviti anketiranje istih bolnikov čez prisotnosti anketarja. Vprašalnik smo zato pripravili tako v 2-3 leta. Na ta način bi lahko ugotovili, ali se je finančno breme tiskani obliki za samoizpolnjevanje kot tudi v spletni obliki (na spremenilo, saj se nekateri dejavniki, ki vplivajo na pojav platformi 1ka.si). Po prvotni fazi s prisotnostjo anketark je večina finančne toksičnosti pokažejo šele čez čas. Zagotovo so v respondentov odgovore podajala samostojno, predvsem na papir. prihodnje možne dodatne izboljšave vprašalnika, verjamemo pa, Tudi odgovore s papirja smo vnesli v spletno orodje 1ka, da smo da bomo tudi z izsledki na podlagi tega vprašalnika prispevali k lahko podatke obdelovali skupno. razumevanju finančne toksičnosti pri bolnikih z rakom v Povedati je potrebno, da so nekatera vprašanja za respondente Sloveniji in iskanju boljših rešitev znotraj zdravstvenega sistema. še vedno zahtevna, zato ne moremo povsem izključiti merskih napak. En vir napak je spomin, saj se vprašanja lahko nanašajo tudi na večletno časovno obdobje. Drug vir napak izvira iz ZAHVALA terminologije, ki vsem respondentom morda ni domača (dodatne Zahvaljujemo se vsem bolnikom, ki so bili pripravljeni razlaga pa so jim predolge – glej tretji vir). Tretji vir napak je sodelovati v raziskavi. Projekt sofinancira ARIS (J7-4575, P5- sama motivacija za izpolnjevanje, ki pada z dolžino vprašalnika 0441). in zahtevnostjo ter občutljivostjo vprašanj. Za odpravo teh napak je pomembna tudi temeljito izvedena faza urejanja podatkov, saj REFERENCE iz neskladnosti med posameznimi odgovori in ob poznavanju [1] Wen J, Zhen R, Wang S, Zhang S, Zeng H, Chen R, Sun K, Li L, Wei W. The virov napak lahko bistveno izboljšamo kakovost podatkov. Četrti occurence of cancer in ageing populations at global and regional levels, 1990 to 2019, Age and Ageing, 2023 52:9. vir napak so zahtevno zastavljena vprašanja v obliki matrik. [2] Abrams HR, Durbin S, Huang CX, Johnson SF, Nayak RK, Zahner GJ, et al. Tiskani vprašalniki tu ne dajejo veliko manevrskega prostora, Financial toxicity in cancer care: Origins, impact, and solutions. Vol. 11, Translational Behavioral Medicine. Oxford University Press; 2021. p. 2043– zato velja rešitev iskati v spletnem načinu anketiranja. 54. Metodološki premislek zahteva tudi vključitev trditev iz [3] Dar MA, Chauhan R, Murti K, Trivedi V, Dhingra S. Development and vprašalnika COST-FACIT. Čeprav je mednarodna primerljivost Validation of Subjective Financial Distress Questionnaire (SFDQ): A Patient Reported Outcome Measure for Assessment of Financial Toxicity Among močan argument za vključitev, pa trditve izvirajo iz ameriškega Radiation Oncology Patients. Front Oncol. 2022 Feb 2;11.. konteksta, za katerega je značilen zasebni zdravstveni sistem in [4] Honda K, Gyawali B, Ando ; Masashi, Kumanishi R, Kato K, Sugiyama K, et al. Prospective Survey of Financial Toxicity Measured by the Comprehensive zato prisotna bistveno večja finančna toksičnost kot v državah z Score for Financial Toxicity in Japanese Patients With Cancer [Internet]. J javnim zdravstvenim sistemom. Tako se zdijo posamične trditve Global Oncol. 2019. [5] Smith GL, Banegas MP, Acquati C, Chang S, Chino F, Conti RM, et al. za naše okolje brezpredmetne, kar odvrača respondente, ki se v Navigating financial toxicity in patients with cancer: A multidisciplinary možnih odgovorih ne najdejo. management approach. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Sep;72(5):437–53. [6] Smith J, Yu J, Gordon LG, Chilkuri M. Financial Toxicity and Out-of-Pocket Costs for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Current Oncology. 2023 May 1;30(5):4922–35. 5 ZAKLJUČEK [7] Hueniken K, Douglas CM, Jethwa AR, Mirshams M, Eng L, Hope A, et al. Measuring financial toxicity incurred after treatment of head and neck cancer: Ob pomoči tuje literature in že uveljavljenih obstoječih Development and validation of the Financial Index of Toxicity questionnaire. vprašalnikov smo sestavili anketni vprašalnik, ki smo ga dodatno Cancer. 2020 Sep 1;126(17):4042–50 [8] De Souza JA, Yap BJ, Hlubocky FJ, Wroblewski K, Ratain MJ, Cella D, et al. nadgradili in prilagodili za naše okolje. S tem smo dobili prvo The development of a financial toxicity patient-reported outcome in cancer: The orodje za preučevanje finančnih bremen in finančne toksičnosti COST measure. Cancer. 2014 Oct 15;120(20):3245–53. [9] pri bolnikih z rakom v Sloveniji. Kot pri vsaki raziskavi, se tudi Meneses K, Azuero A, Hassey L, McNees P, Pisu M. Does economic burden influence quality of life in breast cancer survivors? Gynecol Oncol. 2012 ta sooča z metodološkimi izzivi, ki terjajo nadaljnji razvoj. Mar;124(3):437–43. Ugotavljamo, da bi bilo smiselno izdelati tudi ožje usmerjen [10] FACIT.org. FACIT Translation & Linguistic Validation Methodology. 2023, Sept 14, https://www.facit.org/translation-linguistic-methodology vprašalnik po posamezni vrsti raka, saj so od diagnoze odvisne 381 The impact of cancer on individuals’ career development Tjaša Redek Petra Došenovič Bonča Mojca Bavdaž Ivica Ratoša School of Economics School of Economics School of Economics Division of Radiotherapy, and Business, and Business, and Business, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia. tjasa.redek@ef.uni-lj.si petra.d.bonca@ef.uni-lj.si mojca.bavdaz@ef.uni-lj.si iratosa@onko-i.si Andraž Perhavec Helena Barbara Marjeta Skubic Katja Vöröš Department of Surgical Logar Zobec Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology, Institute of Division of Radiotherapy, Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia. Oncology Ljubljana of Oncology Ljubljana marjeta.skubic4@gmail.com katja.voros98@gmail.com Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana, Slovenia. aperhavec@onko-i.si hlogar@onko-i.si ABSTRACT analiza, izvedena na 97 člankih iz 68 virov na Web of Science iz obdobja 1995-2023, kaže, da rak dojk in njegovo zdravljenje Breast cancer significantly impacts patients' participation in the kratkoročno vplivata na poklicno pot preko motenj zaradi labour market in the short, medium and long run due to a number zdravljenja, ki lahko povzročijo zmanjšano delovno zmožnost, of reasons, including sick leave, income loss, career disruption, finančno obremenitev in vodijo tudi do morebitnih kariernih reduced work ability, sick leave, early retirement, and premature sprememb. Vrnitev na delo je odvisna tako od posameznika kot mortality. This paper examines the impact of breast cancer on od zdravstvenega in socialnega sistema ter delodajalcev. patients' work lives using bibliometrics, text mining, and Morebitni vpliv bolezni na kariero posameznika in traditional literature review approach to investigate the key diskriminacija na trgu dela dodatno povečata stres zaradi bolezni, aspects of cancer's effect on career development. Bibliometric pri čemer pa so pomembne tudi posameznikove značilnosti. analysis, conducted on 97 Web of Science papers from 68 Razumevanje učinkov raka na trg dela je bistvenega pomena za sources published between 1995 and 2023 shows that breast razvoj politik, ki podpirajo vrnitev bolnikov na delo in poklicno cancer and its treatment impact careers in the short term due to rehabilitacijo. disruptions because of treatment, which can cause reduced work ability, financial strain, and lead also to potential career changes. KLJUČNE BESEDE Return to work depends on both the individual, the health and Rak dojk, zaposlenost, izguba dohodka, poklicni razvoj social system, and employers. Potential career demotion and labour market discrimination further increase the cancer-related stress, as do individual’s characteristics. Understanding the labour market effects of cancer is vital for developing policies to 1 INTRODUCTION support patients’ return to work and occupational rehabilitation. Breast cancer can have a major impact on professional lives of patients. Besides the immediate adverse effects related to sick- KEYWORDS leave, immediate income loss, financial strain due to increased Breast cancer, employment, income loss, career development expenses, and career disruption, the disease can have effects later, after treatment, such as reduced ability to work, career POVZETEK change, workplace accommodation, lower wage, discrimination in the workplace or labour market and even job loss [9, 13, 15]. Rak dojk kratkoročno, srednjeročno in dolgoročno pomembno This paper provides a systematic review of the literature on vpliva na vključenost bolnic in bolnikov na trg dela. Razlogov je več, od bolniške odsotnosti the impact of breast cancer on patient’s work life during and post , izgube dohodka, vpliva na začrtano treatment. The analysis relies on a combination of bibliometric poklicno pot, zmanjšane delovne sposobnosti, bolniške odsotnosti, prezgodnje upokojitve ali celo smrti. Prispevek methods, text mining and standard literature review, which is analizira s pomočjo bibliometrije, tekstovnega rudarjenja in s used to investigate the main impacts of cancer on career tradicionalnim pristopom k pregledu literature vpliv raka dojk na development. poklicno življenje bolnic in bolnikov z namenom identifikacije The results show that cancer, cancer treatment and ključnih vidikov vpliva raka na poklicno pot. Bibliometrična survivorship have a multitude of impacts on individuals’ professional life, where not only the end results is important, but Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or primarily the understanding of the causalities and the classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full transmission mechanisms that can contribute to building policies citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must and networks to enable easier return to work after the disease to be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). different groups of patients. Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). The paper first presents the body of literature using bibliometric and text-mining methods to identify the key topics, 382 authors, outlets, and topic development. In continuing, a standard In terms of cooperation, a strong link between the US and literature review is used to analyse the key topics in the most Australian research was found, while the link between the US relevant references, identify the main findings and provide and the EU was weaker. Also, several strong groups of authors’ guidelines for future (empirical) research. connections were identified, revolving around C.J. Bradley, S.J. Katz and others (Figure 2). 2 BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS Web of Science was selected as the relevant database due to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic. Its core collection, which we referred to, covers almost 22 thousand journals, 143 thousand books and over 300 thousand conferences [12] To identify the core papers, we used “breast cancer” as a key word in combination with one of the labour market-oriented keywords (employment, unemployment, job, career, earning, wage). The search was done in titles of the papers only, in order to identify those papers that indeed focus primarily on this relationship and where working life is not a residual or secondary topic. Of the initial 147 papers, chapters, etc., we used only those in English and excluded 4 papers. In the following step, abstracts were examined in detail, to further identify the papers that are Figure 2: Collaboration network exploring this topic alone, i.e., where the topic is not a residual Source: Authors’ own. or supporting one (Figure 1). Content and topic analysis of the abstract texts was done in • studying the impact of breast cancer on career development in a comprehensive manner focusing on the identification of the key topics and key voids WordStat for Stata, including only terms with a frequency of at Research • dynamics of the development of the field least 30. The co-occurrence analysis shows that the major topics, goals • main outlets (journals) and authors identified in the studied literature expectedly revolve around • Web of knowledge • breast cancer AND (employment OR job OR career OR unemployment OR earning OR wage) (breast) cancer and employment, focusing on different aspects of Data • Type: articles, review or proceedings papers or early access papers, book chapters collection • Language: English the career development (work, job, occupation, employment status, unemployment, quality of life) as well as medical aspects, • Period: till September 2023 Data • Other languages: 4 articles eliminated from treatment, treatment consequences, outcomes and preparation and cleaning survivorship. The linkages are strongest, expectedly between the • 143 papers, but only 97 selected based on abstract analysis terms breast and cancer treatment, employment but the results Dataset characteristic also reveal that the stage is relevant (Figure 3). s • Bibliometric analysis using R and VOSViewer • Visualisation and interpretation, supported by standard literature review of key authors and concepts Analysis and • Abstract text mining results • Conventional literature review approach • Conclusions Conclusions • limitations and guidelines for future research and implications Figure 1: Research steps Source: Authors’ own, but motivated by Roblek et al. [16] The final dataset comprised 97 papers from 68 different sources, published between 1995 and 2023. 92 were articles, 2 were proceedings papers, 1 review and 1 early access paper. The dataset included in total 468 different authors and each paper was on average cited 22.4 times. The topic has become increasingly popular since 2013, when annual production of papers on average first doubled in comparison to the pre-2010 period and earlier and then quadrupled. The most important journals publishing in the field were Supportive care in cancer, Cancer and Journal of Cancer Survivorship as well as Psycho-oncology. C.J. Bradley, V.S. Blinder, S.T. Hawley and S.T. Katz were some of the more productive authors. Bradley was also the co-author of the two most cited papers [5, 6], followed by a paper by Lauzier [11] and Blinder [3]. Schernhammer et al. [17] and Figure 3: Co-occurrence network* Banning et al. [2] as well as a number of other papers made a Source: Authors’ own. *Only linkages between the most important significant impact on the development of the field. terms depicted. Coefficient indicating linkage strength. 383 Table 1: Key topics treatment which are perhaps not covered by public or private insurance impose significant financial strain on the individuals, Coherence related also to lower wages and income inequality. Bradly et al. Topic Keywords Eigenvalue Cases (q) Survivors; employment; financial; [8] find in their longitudinal study on a sample of 6708 women Breast cancer factors; work; treatment; status; 0.969 2.1 78 that breast cancer had a negative impact on employment, related stress; impact; risk; wage; loss; outcomes; job; breast cancer; focusing on ability to work, work hours, wages and earnings and Breast; cancer; women; diagnosed; Breast cancer methods; study; young; age; career; 0.962 2.57 97 get to robust findings that the cancer survivors were affected in study years; Diagnosis; years; after; time; year; their earnings in comparison to the control group. However, they months; status; employment; Employment also stress that there is significant variation in the outcomes, from working; unemployment; age; 0.95 1.9 80 after diagnosis patients; stage; results; having women, where cancer had no adverse effects, in some employment status; Insurance; health; problems; cases even positive due to various reasons. Some women might effects; jobs; reported; women; job; loss; treatment; physical; related; be afraid of the potential discrimination, which might stimulate Cancer income; outcomes; included; 0.94 1.83 86 broader effects young; life; health insurance; job them to work more. As Bradley et al. [7] find, the effect of breast loss; quality of life; related quality (and prostate) cancer is highest 6 months after the diagnosis, of life; young women; Higher; risk; high; low; job; while within 12 and 18 months after the diagnosis many returned compared; ci; lower; income; loss; Higher risks women; jobs; unemployment; job 0.909 2.16 73 to work. However, they highlight the importance of diversity loss; higher risk; job demands; risk of breast cancer; job strain; (especially minorities) as well as insurance coverage. Some patients might face career change and even job loss due Source: Authors’ own. to extended periods of treatment, health related limitations at work and being unable to perform the tasks, they used to do. A WordStat was used also to identify key topics in the abstracts. meta-analysis reports that within 2-14 years after the diagnosis, In total 5 topics were extracted, where the first relates primarily 3/4 of patients retained work, which is a good result, however it around the breast cancer consequences, in particular to work and still implies that that around ¼ did not [4]. The authors stress that employment. Cancer also has broader quality of life effects, surviving cancer is linked to a variety of persistent physical and which were studied in the papers, in particular those related to psychological consequences, encompassing prolonged fatigue, broader quality of life dimensions. Higher risk was a common feelings of depression, ongoing physical discomfort, and term, which referred primarily to two aspects – first, a limitations in cognitive functioning. A review of most relevant comparative one, stating that cancer was related to higher risk of 29 papers (following a detailed study of over 5000 papers) job loss, income loss, unemployment, etc. in comparison to those showed that in different countries, from Brazil, Netherlands, without the disease. Some papers also referred to cancer risk in Canada, USA, Israel, Ireland and other, from 56% of breast medical terms as risk of repetition or higher grade risk. A major cancer survivors were working after 3 years in USA, California, aspect was also studying the medium and longer term effects, to for example 84% in Sweden after 2 years. which is visible in “employment after diagnosis” topic, where It is also important whether the job or workplace can facilitate papers referred to studying the effects for example 6 months, 1 adjustment needed after treatment. Some employees might need year, 5 years after the diagnosis. different tasks due to inability to perform the same tasks as before, Although the literature does not focus solely on the links some, as noted by Aguiar-Fernandez et al. [1] stress also the between employment, work, income and cancer, but also psychological aspect. Namely, as they say, “the physical and addresses some broader well-being aspects, the focus in psychological effects of the treatment undermined survivors' continuing will be primarily on the career development of self-esteem”. Financial strain on the other hand forced the individuals, their work status and material position (earnings). patients to return to work. However, they highlight another important aspect, which is the possible employer attitude and workplace discrimination, also highlighted by Stergiou-Kita et al. 3 THE IMPACT OF CANCER ON CAREER [18]. These aspects come on top of their physical and DEVELOPMENT psychological constraints, problems with job accommodations, Cancer can, according to the literature, have a number of adverse and limited support from various government agencies. effects on individuals and their career status and development, which can be divided into short, medium and long-run effects. In the short run, these negative outcomes of cancer diagnosis and 4 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH treatment are related to the diagnosis itself and the disruption of ORIENTATION individuals’ careers due to treatment [14], which can reduce an The interdisciplinary research in the field of cancer impact on individual’s ability to work and their productivity. Patients may working life of individuals has been developing fast in recent need to be absent from work over an extended period of time, years, leading to a solid body of research results, focusing on may need to reduce working hours during treatment or upon both short and long-term effects. However, the field remains return to work [10] Nielsson et al. [14] stressed that the return to under-investigated with many voids still needed to be addressed work depends on a number of stakeholders (employers, in more detail. Despite the fact that the impact of cancer on work caregivers and the information they share with patients, their life, income and career development on average is negative, there attitudes) as well as adjustments to their needs (for example at has been indication in the literature, that this effect is not the the workplace). same across all occupations, also not all age groups. Furthermore, Absence from work, reduced working ability and work hours diverse impacts can also result from cancer stage and treatment as well as potential impacts of costs associated with cancer 384 type. So both medical and demographic factors should be studied REFERENCES in more detail. [1] Aguiar-Fernández, Francisco, Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro, Mercedes Botija, and Rosana Martínez-Román. 2021. “Experiences of Female Breast Cancer Survivors Concerning Their Return to Work in Spain.” Behavioral Sciences Table 2: Key fields of analysis and guidelines for future 11 (10): 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11100135. 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Revue Canadienne D’ergotherapie 84 (3): 178–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417417701229. 385 Understanding financial barriers to the implementation of new technologies in Slovenian companies Dejan Uršič† Mateja Bodlaj Barbara Čater Management and Organization Marketing Marketing School of Economics and School of Economics and School of Economics and Business Business Business University of Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana, Slovenia dejan.ursic@ef.uni-lj.si mateja.bodlaj@ef.uni-lj.si barbara.cater@ef.uni-lj.si Tomaž Čater Tjaša Redek Management and Organization Economics School of Economics and School of Economics and Business Business University of Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana, Slovenia tomaz.cater@ef.uni-lj.si tjasa.redek@ef.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT / POVZETEK obstacles for new technologies adoption, namely cultural (related to the lack of intellectual capacity and willingness of employees The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of and owners/managers), financial (related to companies’ limited how a lack of financial health, operationalized through value capabilities to finance new technology purchases and added per employee, affects investments in new technologies and implementation), technical (resulting among other things from employee training. Based on the Resource/Capability-Based low-skilled labor), organizational, and governmental. View, we analyze 223 Slovenian companies. The findings Theoretical support for such conceptualization of adoption suggest that financially less healthy companies have lower levels barriers can be found in the Resource/Capability-Based View of digitalization and perceive the costs of implementing new (RCBV), which suggests that, in order to gain competitive technologies as a greater barrier than financially healthier advantage, companies must invest resources and capabilities that companies. Moreover, companies with higher value added invest allow them to operate their chosen lines of business efficiently more in new technologies as well as employee training due to the and effectively [2,3]. implementation of new technologies. Taken together, our paper This paper focuses on only one type of barriers to adopt contributes in complementing the existing stream of research digital technologies, namely the financial ones. Financially focused on internal resources and new technology unhealthy companies, according to the slack resource theorists’ implementation. [4], lack the key foundation for a company to invest in strategically important areas such as new technologies. Financial KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE health therefore plays a key role in allowing companies to Firm performance, financial barriers, digitalization, new undertake investments they would otherwise have to bypass [5– technology implementation 7]. The need for financial health as a key enabler of technological investments also finds a basis in the literature on firm-level financial constraints [8]. Financial constraints that prevent firms 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND from funding desired investment opportunities [9] are not Population ageing in developed countries is expected to enhance directly observable empirically, i.e. no specific items (in the productivity slow-down due to a number of reasons, from accounting statements) or indicators clearly indicate whether a lower labour supply, lower savings, increased tax burden and firm is financially constrained or not [10]. As no consensus has other. Consequently, implementation of new technologies, yet emerged on what constitutes a good measure of financial including robots can help reduce the negative effects of constraint, different measures are applied in the literature as population ageing on productivity and well-being. proxies [11,12]. Authors typically relate financial constraints to Different barriers may prevent companies to adopt new a firm’s liquidity or solvency problems, i.e. the company’s digital-based technologies. Neto et al. [1] discuss a number of inability to settle short- and long-term liabilities [10,13]. Yet, empirical studies also suggest profitability indicators are ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note † important measures of financial constraints because unprofitable Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note firms not only fail to finance their investments from internal Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or sources but also face difficulties obtaining new debt financing at classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed an acceptable cost [11,14]. In this study, the lack of financial for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must health, i.e. the financial barrier to invest in the digital be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). technologies, is operationalized through value added per Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). employee. 386 Previous studies on the links between financial health and Smaller companies were in general less digitalized, measured company investments in new technologies mostly reveal that based on respondents’ self-classification of their firms in terms financially healthy companies are more likely to use new of the stage of digitalization, and based on the number of digital technology than financially weaker companies [15]. This may be technologies used by the firms. Half of the micro companies were due to the fact that financially sound companies perceive the either not yet digitalized or use new technologies or were just same level of investment as a smaller sacrifice. Furthermore, the starting, compared to just 15% among large companies reporting availability of finance enables companies to better withstand (at least) just starting. Size also allows more technologies to be negative consequences if the new technology adoption fails [16]. appropriate or cost-efficient to use. Among large companies even When it comes to securing the financial resources for new 63% reported using 11 or more different technologies (21 were technology usage, large companies usually have an advantage as measured), while among small companies, more than ¾ used 6 they are able to take on more risk than smaller companies [17]. or less technologies, a third even only 1. Manufacturing lagged Thong [18] found that larger companies that possess adequate slightly behind services with 27% of companies being advanced financial and organizational resources are more likely to adopt or digital champions, while in services there were around 36% of new information technology. On the other hand, smaller such companies. Interestingly, there were no major differences companies are less likely to adopt such technology due to between companies that were more intensely involved in exports disproportionately large financial risk [19]. Several other authors (EU15 and other EU markets were either important or very also conclude that difficulties in accessing adequate financing important). [20] and consequently lack of investment capital [21] represent the main barriers for adopting and using new technologies in SMEs. Table 1: Value added per employee (euros) % 2 METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE Less than 11 000 10.5 In order to analyse the characteristics and effects of digitisation, More than 11 000 and less than 21 000 10.0 we developed a questionnaire based on several different sources More than 21 000 and less than 31 000 11.9 [22–28]. The questions were divided into several thematic More than 31 000 and less than 48 000 24.3 strands: More than 48 000 and less than 80 000 31.0 (1) General information about the company, (2) More than 80 000 12.4 Characteristics of digitisation, (3) Drivers of digitisation, (4) Total (n = 223) 100 Analysis of barriers to digitisation, (5) Innovativeness of the firm, (6) Investment in intangible capital, (7) Impact of digitisation, (8) Data: Survey, 2022, own calculations. Strategic aspects and digitalisation, (9) The role of the State. Data were collected through the online platform 1ka. The data In 2022, median value added per employee was 31 thousand was collected in October and November 2022. 223 respondents euros. Results (Figure 1) indicate that companies with higher answered the questionnaire partially or fully, of which 131 were value added (above median) are generally more advanced in fully completed. digitalization. Among sub-median companies, around 50% of The sample comprised 24% of micro enterprises with 9 or companies were either not digitalized or were just beginners, fewer employees, 37% of small enterprises (10-49 employees), while among those with higher value added, there was less than 25% of medium-sized enterprises (50-249 employees). The a third of such companies. Companies with the highest two largest share of enterprises was in manufacturing, almost 35%, classes of value added were using around 9 different technologies, followed by trade with 12.9% and "professional, scientific and while those with less than 31 thousand only around 4. technical activities" with 9.6%, then transport and storage, ICT activities and construction. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Less than 11 000 More than 11 000 and less than 21 000 3 RESULTS More than 21 000 and less than 31 000 The paper studies the relationship between financial barriers to More than 31 000 and less than 48 000 investment and firms’ investment in digital technologies. More than 48 000 and less than 80 000 Table 1 shows the structure of the sample by value added. The value added classes were determined on the basis of population More than 80 000 values using AJPES data and in line with the AJPES definition, Total which defines value added as the difference between gross operating profit, the cost of goods, materials and services, and Not digitalized, no new technologies Beginner Partially digitalized Advanced Digital champion other operating expenses (Agency of the Republic of Slovenia Data: Survey, 2022, own calculations. for Public Records and Services, 2021; AJPES, 2022). The classes represent the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th percentile of Figure 1: The level of digitalization by value added value added in the year 2021 for corporations. Relative to the categories, % population values, there were slightly more productive firms in the sample, but this is also related to the size and industry structure of the sample. 387 In terms of financial barriers to investing in digital Figure 3: Investment in new technologies by value added technologies (Figure 2), there are statistically significant categories, % differences between firms with higher (above 48,000 EUR) and lower value added per employee in terms of lack of internal 100% financial resources, with firms with lower value added seeing this as a greater barrier. Compared to firms with lower value added 80% per employee, firms with higher value added per employee on 60% average agree to a lesser extent with the statement that the costs of introducing new technologies are too high compared to the 40% expected benefits, which means that for firms with higher value added per employee, the costs of new technologies are perceived 20% as a lower barrier to investment. 0% Less than 48,000 EUR More than 48,000 EUR Lack of financial incentives 0% Up to 0.5% 0.5-1% 1-2% More than 2% Lack of internal financial resources Data: Survey, 2022, own calculations. The costs of implementing new technologies are high. Figure 4: Investment in training due to the introduction of new technologies by value added categories, % The costs of introducing new technologies are too high… 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION More than 48.000 EUR Less than 48.000 EUR 4.1 Theoretical implications Data: Survey, 2022, own calculations Our study holds important implications for the research streams of resource management and technology implementation in Figure 2: Financial barriers to investment in new companies. First, the paper corroborates the existing discussion technologies by value added categories of the importance of resources within RCBV theory. The study indicates that internal financial resources play a key role in the successful implementation of new technology, as the results The results also show the difference in investment in new clearly show that companies that had higher availability of technologies (Figure 3) and investment in training due to the financial resources were more inclined to invest in newer introduction of new technologies (Figure 4) by value added technologies [15] and perceived the cost of new technologies as categories. Among firms with lower value added per employee, a lower barrier compared to less financially healthy companies. 14% (compared to 5% of the firms with higher value added) did Access to capital, internal budgeting, and allocation of financial not invest at all in new technologies and 31% (compared to 7% resources for testing and validation of new technology solutions of the firms with higher value added) did not invest in training are critical to successful implementation [29]. In the framework employees due to the introduction of new technologies. On the of RCBV [2,3], we therefore argue that companies must other hand, 11% of firms with lower value added (compared to prioritize the provision of finance in order to first implement and 27% of firms with higher value) invested more than 5% in new afterwards successfully exploit new technologies. technologies and 6% of firms with lower value added (compared Second, our study may be seen as contributing by to 12% of firms with higher value) invested more than 2% in complementing the existing literature on new technology employee training due to the introduction of new technologies. implementation. Existing research already emphasizes the need These results support previous findings that financial barriers for qualified personnel when implementing new technologies play an important role in investments in new technologies. [30,31]. Companies need highly skilled employees that possess sufficient knowledge to operate with new technologies [32]. Our 100% research complements the aforementioned authors by highlighting that financially healthier companies invest more in 80% employee training due to the introduction of new technologies. 60% Thus, such companies promote the development of another important organizational resource, which indirectly leads to 40% higher changes in the successful implementation of new 20% technologies. 0% 4.2 Practical implications Less than 48,000 EUR More than 48,000 EUR Our research provides meaningful insights for practical 0% Up to 0.5% 0.5-1% 1-2% 2-5% More than 5% implications for resource management and new technology implementation. Most importantly, previous research Data: Survey, 2022, own calculations. 388 conclusions stating that companies interested in adopting new studies in Brazil. J Clean Prod 142, (2017), 50–62. 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Tangible Industry 4.0: A Scenario-Based Approach to Learning for the Future of Production . Procedia CIRP, 54 (2016), 13–18. [32] Olan Femi, Ogiemwonyi Arakpogun Emmanuel, Suklan Jana, Nakpodia Franklin, Damij Nadja and Jayawickrama Uchitha, 2022. Artificial intelligence and knowledge sharing: Contributing factors to organizational performance. J Bus Res 145, (2022), 605–615. 390 Blaženje ekonomskega pritiska starajočega se prebivalstva z izboljševanjem izobrazbene strukture Alleviating Economic Pressure of Population Ageing with the Improving Educational Structure Ema Kelin Tanja Istenič Jože Sambt Ekonomski fakultet Rijeca, Ekonomska fakulteta, Ekonomska fakulteta, Hrvatska; Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Ljubljani Ekonomska fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija joze.sambt@ef.uni-lj.si Univerza v Ljubljani tanja.istenic@ef.uni-lj.si ema.kelin@efri.hr ABSTRACT / POVZETEK pressure of an aging population on economic sustainability in the future. V članku preučujemo, ali bi izboljševanje izobrazbene strukture prebivalstva, ki smo mu priča, lahko v prihodnje ublažilo pritisk KEYWORDS staranja prebivalstva na ekonomsko vzdržnost. Z uporabo metodologije računov nacionalnih transferjev (angl. National Labour income, Consumption, Educational level, Population Transfer Accounts, NTA) razčlenimo dohodek iz dela in ageing, Economic sustainability potrošnjo po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe (osnovno izobraženi, srednješolsko izobraženi in terciarno izobraženi). Te rezultate 1 UVOD nato kombiniramo s projekcijami prebivalstva po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe do leta 2060. Ugotovimo, da bo boljša Hitro staranje prebivalstva, ki je posledica nizke rodnosti v izobrazbena struktura v prihodnje pomembno omilila pritisk preteklih štirih desetletjih in hitre rasti življenjskega staranja prebivalstva na ekonomsko vzdržnost. pričakovanja, povzroča zmanjševanje deleža prebivalcev v delovni starosti in povečuje delež starejših, ki so ekonomsko odvisni. Ustaljeni kazalniki kot so koeficient starostne odvisnosti, primerja število starih 65+ in 0 19 s številom KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE BESEDE prebivalcev v delovni starosti (20 64 let). Te starostne meje so Dohodek iz dela, potrošnja, izobrazbena raven, staranje arbitrarno določene in ne upoštevajo, koliko posamezniki v prebivalstva, ekonomska vzdržnost posamezni starosti dejansko proizvajajo in koliko trošijo. Metodologija računov nacionalnih transferjev (angl. National Tarnsfer Accounts, NTA) izračuna dejanski dohodek iz dela in ABSTRACT potrošnjo v posamezni starosti in s tem omogoča mnogo bolj realistično analizo prihodnjih ekonomskih pritiskov staranja In the article, we examine whether the improving educational prebivalstva na ekonomsko vzdržnost. structure of the population, which we are witnessing, could potentially alleviate the pressure of an aging population on Sambt in Istenič [1] na primeru Slovenije prikazujeta, da economic sustainability in the future. Using the methodology of obstajajo velike razlike v dohodkih iz dela in potrošnji tudi med National Transfer Accounts (NTA), we analyse labour income posamezniki z različno stopnjo izobrazbe. V članku analizo and consumption by age and level of education (basic education, razširimo na 15 držav EU, hkrati pa izdelamo projekcije secondary education, and tertiary education). We then combine prihodnjega gibanja dohodka iz dela in potrošnje, upoštevaje these results with population projections by age and level of spreminjajoče se izobrazbene strukture v prihodnje. Trenutne education until the year 2060. We observe that a better mlajše generacije imajo namreč mnogo višjo izobrazbeno raven educational structure will play a significant role in mitigating the kot starejše generacije. V prihodnjih desetletjih se bodo ti, danes mlajši posamezniki z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe, pomikali v višje ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note starostne razrede. Glede na to, da imajo terciarno izobraženi posamezniki bistveno višje dohodke iz dela, njihova potrošnja pa Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or ni višja za enako vrednost [1], bi to v prihodnje lahko blažilo classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full pritisk staranja prebivalstva na zniževanje razmerja med citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must agregatnim dohodkom iz dela in agregatno potrošnjo. Prispevek be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia je razdeljen na štiri dele: najprej predstavimo metodologijo in © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). uporabljene podatke. V tretjem poglavju prikazujemo izračunane 391 starostne profile po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe, ki jih skupini. V analizi torej predpostavljamo, da starostni vzorci NTA kombiniramo s projekcijami prebivalstva, z namenom oceniti za leto 2010 ostanejo nespremenjeni. Na ta način smo dobili vpliv spremenjene izobrazbene strukture na ekonomsko projekcije agregatnega dohodka iz dela in agregatne potrošnje na vzdržnost. Nato sledijo zaključki. ravni države. Pri tem primerjamo projekcije dohodka iz dela in potrošnje (1) brez upoštevanja dimenzije starosti in (2) z upoštevanjem dimenzije starosti. Kot je razvidno iz slike 1, se bo v prihodnje delež terciarno 2 METODOLOGIJA IN PODATKI izobraženih močno povečal. V nadaljevanju bomo prikazali, da ravno terciarno izobraženi posamezniki prejemajo bistveno višje Za porazdelitev dohodka iz dela in potrošnje po starosti smo dohodke iz dela kot ostali, kar bo imelo močan vpliv na rezultate uporabili metodologijo računov nacionalnih transferjev (angl. projekcij, tudi še po tem, ko bomo upoštevali, da je pri terciarno National Transfer Accounts, NTA). Pri tem smo uporabili izobraženih višja tudi njihova potrošnja. podatke na ravni posameznika iz ankete EU SILC 2011 (ki vsebujejo podatke o dohodkih v letu 2010) in iz ankete o porabi Slika 1: Delež prebivalcev s terciarno izobrazbo v celotnem v gospodinjstvih (angl. Household budget Survey, HBS) iz leta prebivalstvu v izbranih EU državah (v %) 2010, ki vsebuje podatke o potrošnji na ravni gospodinjstev v letu 2010. Na koncu dobljene rezultate smo uskladili z agregatnimi podatki o dohodku iz dela in potrošnji iz sistema nacionalnih računov (SNA), in sicer na način, da iz individualnih podatkov dobljena povprečja pomnožimo z ustreznim faktorjem popravka, tako da po množenju s številom prebivalcev po starosti dobimo ravno agregatno vrednost iz SNA. Osnovno metodologijo NTA smo nato dopolnili z razčlenitvijo dohodka iz dela in potrošnje glede na stopnjo izobrazbe posameznikov. Za določitev prebivalstva po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe smo uporabili podatke popisov iz leta 2011 [7]. Podatke smo razčlenili v tri glavne izobrazbene skupine: osnovno izobraženi (kategorije 0 2 po mednarodni standardni Viri: [2], [3]. klasifikaciji izobraževanja ISCED), srednješolsko izobraženi (ISCED kategoriji 3 in 4) in terciarno izobraženi (ISCED kategorije 5 in več). Izračun dohodka iz dela in potrošnje (javne in zasebne) na prebivalca se po stopnji izobrazbe izvede z enakim 3 REZULTATI pristopom kot je to v osnovni verziji NTA (torej nerazčlenjeni po izobrazbi), vendar se poleg starosti upošteva tudi stopnjo izobrazbe. V izračunih uporabimo primerljive starostne profile (tj. povprečja po starosti) dohodka iz dela in potrošnje glede na Javni izdatki za izobraževanje so razdeljeni na podlagi ciljne stopnjo izobrazbe za 15 držav EU, ki so bili za leto 2010 ravni izobrazbe posameznika, ocenjene iz ankete EU SILC. izračunani v okviru AGENTA projekta [4], [5]. Analiza je Zasebni izdatki za izobraževanje so ocenjeni s pomočjo ankete o pokazala, da konvencionalno izračunan dohodek iz dela tvori porabi v gospodinjstvih (HBS). Zasebni izdatki za zdravstvo, zvonasto krivuljo, ki začne naraščati od 15. leta starosti dalje, razčlenjeni po stopnji izobrazbe, so ocenjeni z regresijsko nato doseže vrh in začne v višjih starostnih razredih upadati. analizo, kjer so odvisna spremenljivka izdatki za zdravstvo na Celotna potrošnja (zasebna in javna) se poveča v mladosti, ravni gospodinjstva, pojasnjevalna spremenljivka pa število nekoliko zmanjša v delovni dobi, v starosti pa se ponovno poveča posameznikov v posamezni starosti (konkretno, 10 letnih zaradi višjih izdatkov za zdravstvo in dolgotrajno oskrbo. starostnih skupinah), nadalje razdeljeni v tri izobrazbene skupine. Starostni razpon, v katerem dohodek iz dela presega potrošnjo, se med državami razlikuje in je v veliki meri odvisen od Javnih izdatkov za zdravstvo ni bilo mogoče razdeliti po upokojitvene starosti. V Grčiji, na primer, je dohodek iz dela izobrazbenih skupinah, ker zahtevani podatki niso bili na voljo. večji od potrošnje le v starostnem razponu od 32 do 54 let, torej Zasebna potrošnja, razen izobraževanja in zdravstva, je bila le 23 let, in je od drugih držav manjši zaradi nizke upokojitvene ocenjena glede na starost in izobrazbo z uporabo ekvivalenčne starosti (57 let). Poleg tega dohodek iz dela na tem razponu 23 lestvice. let ne presega bistveno potrošnje, kar nakazuje na možne težave pri financiranju ekonomsko vzdrževanega dela prebivalstva. Za Pri projekcijah ekonomske vzdržnosti uporabimo demografske prikaze rezultatov po državah glej [3]. projekcije, razčlenjene po omenjenih treh stopnjah izobrazbe, ki jih pripravlja Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Rezultati NTA po izobrazbenih skupinah kažejo, da višje Human Capital (WIC). Prej omenjene porazdelitve dohodka iz izobraženi posamezniki zaslužijo in porabijo več, vendar so dela in potrošnje po starosti in izobrazbeni skupini smo množili razlike v potrošnji veliko manjše od razlik v dohodkih iz dela. Pri s številom prebivalcev v posamezni starosti in izobrazbeni terciarno izobraženih posameznikih dohodek iz dela strmeje 392 narašča in je presežek življenjskega cikla (tj. razlika med projekcije kažejo, da se bo razmerje med dohodkom iz dela in dohodkom iz dela in potrošnjo) bistveno višji kot pri potrošnjo v prihodnje bistveno zmanjševalo. srednješolsko in osnovno izobraženih. Terciarno izobraženi tudi Če ne upoštevamo razčlenitve po izobrazbi, bi se skupna delajo najdlje, s tem pa njihov dohodek iz dela presega njihovo potrošnja v prihodnje gibala na približno nespremenjeni ravni potrošnjo v daljšem starostnem razponu. V Litvi, na primer, (slika 3), celotni (tj. agregatni) dohodek iz dela pa bi se od leta presežek dohodka iz dela nad potrošnjo proizvajajo skoraj 2010 do leta 2060 znižal za okrog četrtino. Če je torej v letu 2010 izključno terciarno izobraženi, medtem ko je v Belgiji presežek dohodek iz dela uspel financirati 76 % celotne potrošnje, bi jo v dohodka iz dela nad potrošnjo bolj enakomerno porazdeljen po letu 2060 samo še 60 %, kar predstavlja znatno zmanjšanje izobrazbenih skupinah, čeprav je skupni presežek, ki ga ekonomske vzdržnosti iz naslova demografskih sprememb. Če ustvarjajo terciarno izobraženi, še vedno bistveno višji od pa upoštevamo še razčlenitev po izobrazbi, bi bilo to zmanjšanje presežka srednješolsko in osnovno izobraženih. bistveno nižje. Izobrazbena struktura se bo namreč v prihodnje bistveno izboljšala, hkrati pa terciarno izobraženi prejemajo Slika 2 prikazuje potrošnjo in dohodek iz dela na prebivalca po bistveno višje dohodke iz dela (zaradi višje produktivnosti stopnji izobrazbe za povprečje 15 držav EU. Kot pričakovano, je njihovega dela). dohodek iz dela najvišji za terciarno izobražene, saj terciarno izobraženi zaslužijo bistveno več, hkrati pa je višja tudi njihova Slika 3: Analiza občutljivosti projekcij celotnega dohodka iz stopnja zaposlenosti. Dohodek iz dela je najnižji pri dela (YL) in potrošnje (C) do leta 2060 kot netehtano povprečje posameznikih z osnovno izobrazbo. Enako zaporedje velja tudi preučevanih 15 držav EU za potrošnjo, vendar so razlike tu manjše zaradi davčne progresivnosti in socialnih programov v javnem sektorju. Črni liniji v sliki 2 predstavljata »skupno« povprečje, torej tisto, kjer dimenzije izobrazbe ne uvajamo v analizo (tj. običajni rezultati NTA). Predstavljene rezultate bomo v nadaljevanju uporabili v naših izračunih, hkrati z demografskimi projekcijami po izobrazbi, za kar smo osnovne rezultate prikazali že na sliki 1. Pri tem bomo rezultate, ki jih dobimo upoštevaje dimenzijo izobrazbe, primerjali z običajnimi rezultati NTA, kjer se dimenzija izobrazbe ne upošteva. Slika 2: Starostni profil dohodka iz dela in potrošnje po izobrazbenih ravneh, povprečje 15 držav EU, 2010 Vir: [1], [2], [3], [4], [6]. Na sliki 3 je poleg tega razvidno, da bi ob obstoječih starostnih vzorcih dohodka iz dela in potrošnje ostal celotni dohodek iz dela, ob danih predpostavkah (ne predpostavlja se nobena realna rast) in upoštevaje izobrazbeno strukturo v celotnem obdobju, približno enak kot je bil v letu 2010. Torej bi izboljševanje izobrazbene ravni praktično v celoti kompenziralo negativen učinek staranja prebivalstva na število in delež oseb, ki prejemajo dohodek iz dela. Na drugi strani bi bila tudi potrošnja nekoliko višja, saj posamezniki z višjo stopnjo izobrazbe trošijo nekoliko več, vendar bi bistveno pretehtal učinek višjega dohodka iz dela. Na koncu smo preverili še scenarij, če bi se plačna premija terciarno izobraženih glede na nižje izobražene zmanjšala. Ko se Opomba: YL označuje dohodek iz dela, C pa potrošnjo. bo v prihodnje delež terciarno izobraženih bistveno povečal, Vir: [1], [3], [4]. bodo namreč ti posamezniki vedno manj redki in zato njihov dohodek iz dela mogoče več ne bo za toliko višji glede na nižje Na ta način dobimo rezultate, predstavljene na sliki 3. Določena izobražene kot to velja sedaj oziroma je veljalo v letu 2010. Pri razlika med celotno potrošnjo in celotnim dohodkom iz dela tem smo uporabili OECD-jeve podatke o padajoči plačni premiji obstaja že v izhodiščnem letu 2010, saj se določen del potrošnje visoko izobraženih v preteklosti [6]. Vidimo, da je tudi v tem krije s pomočjo prerazdeljevanja iz naslova sredstev kot so npr. primeru pozitivni učinek izobrazbene strukture na dolgoročno kapitalski dohodki, zadolževanje oz. izposojanje sredstev. ekonomsko vzdržnost še vedno pozitiven (glej sliko 3). Nasploh lahko na dolgi rok vzdržno trošimo nekoliko več kot ustvarjamo z delom, ker imamo od preteklih generacij veliko zalogo (stog) kapitala, ki daje donos. Problem pa je, če nam 393 4 ZAKLJUČEK Z množenjem dohodka iz dela in potrošnje po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe s projekcijami števila prebivalcev po starosti in stopnji izobrazbe smo naredili projekcije prihodnjega gibanja celotnega dohodka iz dela in celotne potrošnje do leta 2060. Rezultate smo izračunali za 15 držav EU, ki so imele na voljo vse potrebne podatke. Z upoštevanjem dimenzije izobrazbe ugotovimo, da bo tekom obdobja projekcij dohodek iz dela bistveno višji kot pa če bi upoštevali samo povprečne vrednosti po starosti, brez upoštevanja dimenzije izobrazbe. Terciarno izobraženi sicer tudi nekoliko več trošijo, vendar je razmerje med celotnim dohodkom iz dela in celotno potrošnjo do konca obdobja projekcij še vedno bistveno višje kot če dimenzije izobrazbe ne bi upoštevali. Izboljšana izobrazbena struktura bo torej v prihodnje pomembno omilila pritisk staranja prebivalstva na ekonomsko vzdržnost. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] J. Sambt and T. Istenič, “Vpliv izboljševanja izobrazbene strukture prebivalstva na javnofinančno vzdržnost,” presented at the Demografske in družinske analize: zbornik 25. mednarodne multikonference Informacijska družba - IS 2022, 12. oktober 2022 : zvezek F, J. Malačič, M. J. Osredkar, and M. Gams, Eds., Insitut Jožef Stefan, oktober 2022, pp. 51–53. [2] W. Lutz, A. Goujon, S. Kc, M. Stonawski, and N. Stilianakis, Demographic and human capital scenarios for the 21st century: 2018 assessment for 201 countries. Publications Office of the European Union, 2018. [3] E. Kelin, T. Istenič, and J. Sambt, “Education as a partial remedy for the economic pressure of population ageing,” Int. J. Manpow., no. ahead-of-print, 2023. [4] “AGENTA Data Explorer,” Sep. 07, 2021. http://www.agenta-project.eu/en/dataexplorer.htm [5] J. Sambt, T. Istenič, and B. Hammer, “The European National Transfer Account : data and application,” in AGENTA, Ageing Europe : an application of National Transfer Account for explaining and projecting trends in public finances, Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography, 2017, pp. 2–9. [6] OECD, “OECD Employment Outlook 2019.” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9ee00155- en [7] Evropski statistični sistem (2023). CensusHub2. https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc =false ZAHVALA Delo v okviru tega članka je bilo deloma financirano s strani projekta AGENTA (Sedmi okvirni program Evropske skupnosti za raziskave, tehnološki razvoj in predstavitvene dejavnosti, po pogodbi 613247) ter s strani Javne agencije za znanstvenoraziskovalno dejavnost RS (po pogodbah P5-0128, J5-4575, V5-2264). Ta članek uporablja podatke Eurostata: Cross sectional EU-SILC UDB, 2011 in HBS, 2010. Za uporabo se avtorji zahvaljujejo Eurostatu in Evropski komisiji. Prav tako se zahvaljujemo skupini Ageing Working Group in nacionalnim timom, ki so nam posredovali podatke o izdatkih za zdravje in dolgotrajno oskrbo. Za vse zaključke, ki izhajajo iz podatkov, so v celoti odgovorni avtorji članka. 394 Telesna neaktivnost kot dejavnik tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni po starostnih razredih Physical Inactivity as Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases across Age Segments Daša Pruš† Armin Paravlić Janez Vodičar Faculty of Sport Faculty of Sport Faculty of Sport University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia dasa.prus@fsp.uni-lj.si armin.paravlic@fsp.uni-lj.si janez.vodicar@fsp.uni-lj.si Petra Došenović Bonča Marko Pahor Maja Zalaznik Daša Farčnik School of Economics and School of Economics and School of Economics and School of Economics and Business Business Business Business University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia petra.d.bonca@ef.uni-lj.si marko.pahor@ef.uni-lj.si maja.zalaznik@ef.uni-lj.si dasa.farcnik@ef.uni-lj.si POVZETEK on the comparison between Slovenia and the world average. Prispevek se osredotoča na telesno neaktivnost, ki povečuje Based on the analysis, we conclude that cardiovascular diseases tveganje za kronična obolenja, predvsem za srčno-žilne bolezni. impact people in different age segments; as such they become Le-te zaznavamo tako med odraslim prebivalstvom kot tudi med one of the important risk factors through aging. Also, physical otroki in mladino. Na podlagi podatkov Inštituta za zdravstvene activity importantly influences behavioral, nutrition and other metrike in vrednotenje se v prispevku osredotočamo na relativna factors, which contribute to cardiovascular diseases. For that tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni po starostnih razredih, spolu in reason, it is very important to systematically analyze and monitor po državah. Pri tem podajamo primerjavo med Slovenijo in these factors to contribute to better guidelines and measures of svetovnim povprečjem. Na podlagi analize avtorji ugotavljamo, policy makers. da se dejavniki tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni v Sloveniji razlikujejo glede na starostne razrede. Ugotavljamo tudi, da KEYWORDS nizka telesna aktivnost ni med prevladujočimi dejavniki tveganja Physical inactivity, relative risk, cardiovascular diseases, za srčno-žilne bolezni, postaja pa s starostjo vse bolj pomemben economic burden of disease dejavnik. Ker telesna aktivnost pomembno vpliva na vedenjske, prehranske in druge dejavnike in je hkrati med dejavniki, ki najbolj vplivajo na nastanek srčno-žilnih bolezni, je spremljanje 1 UVOD navedenih povezav za ukrepe in priporočila zdravstvene politike Po poročanjih [2] so nenalezljive kronične bolezni glavni razlog nujno. za kar 74 odstotkov vseh smrti na globalni ravni in v Sloveniji predstavljajo 11 odstotno verjetnost za prezgodnjo umrljivost. KLJUČNE BESEDE Med njimi so najštevilčnejše srčno-žilne bolezni, ki so razlog za Telesna neaktivnost, relativno tveganje, srčno-žilne bolezni, 39% vseh smrti v Sloveniji. Ustrezna in zadostna raven ekonomsko breme bolezni športno/gibalne aktivnosti je povezana z izrazitim zmanjšanjem ABSTRACT tveganja za prezgodnjo umrljivost in je uveljavljeno sredstvo za zmanjšanje tveganja za mnoga kronična zdravstvena stanja [7, The article focuses on physical inactivity, which increases the 10]. Študije potrjujejo pozitivne učinke tako z vidika fizičnega risk of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, zdravja, kot tudi z vidika drugih kroničnih metabolnih, srčno- among the adult population as well as among children and youth. žilnih, pljučnih in nevroloških bolezni ter psihičnih motenj [3, 7, Based on data from the Institute for Health Metrics and 8, 10]. Pri odraslih telesna neaktivnost oz. nezadostna aktivnost Evaluation, the article reports relative risks of cardiovascular predstavlja kar 20-30 % večje tveganje za umrljivost v disease by age group, gender, and country. In doing so, we focus primerjavi s tistimi, ki se večino dni v tednu ukvarjajo z vsaj 30- minutno zmerno intenzivno športno/gibalno aktivnost. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or V tem prispevku se tako osredotočamo na nezadostno telesno classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed aktivnost kot faktor tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni. Glede na to, for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must da se prevalenca srčno-žilnih bolezni razlikuje glede na starost, be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). smo oblikovali tri starostne razrede: mladostnike (stare od 10 do Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 24 let), delovno aktivno prebivalstvo, ki je v letih, ko je najbolj produktivno (stari med 25 in 49 let) ter starejše (stare med 50 in 395 74 let). Za posamezne starostne razrede poročamo nezmožnosti vedenjski dejavniki (med 49,9-71,6%). Medtem ko so moški prilagojenih letih življenja ( angl. Disability-Adjusted Life Year - bolj izpostavljeni dejavnikom tveganja med starostjo 25-49 let, DALY), kjer Slovenske podatke za leto 2019 primerjamo s se pri ženskah dejavniki tveganja za DALY zaradi srčno-žilnih svetovnimi. Namen prispevka je tako osvetliti problematiko bolezni večinoma pojavljajo po 50. letu starosti. Pri obeh spolih nezadostne telesne aktivnosti kot faktorja tveganja za bolezni in prevladujejo vedenjski dejavniki tveganja in visok sistolični s tem prispevati k diskusiji o pomenu intervencij, ki bi spodbujale tlak, vendar pa opažamo pomembne razlike v prehranskih telesno aktivnost v Sloveniji in ekonomskemu bremenu dejavnikih. V delovno aktivni populaciji prehranski dejavniki neustrezne telesne aktivnosti. Telesna neaktivnost se s starostjo predstavljajo do 14,7% večje tveganje za moške v primerjavi z namreč povečuje in se s tem tveganje za nastanek srčno-žilnih ženskami. Nasprotno pa so starejše ženske (za 14,2%) bolj bolezni tudi povečuje. To pomeni, da bo v luči staranja izpostavljene tem prehranskim dejavnikom. Četudi podatki prebivalstva problem telesne neaktivnosti in s tem ekonomsko Inštituta za zdravstvene metrike in vrednotenje kažejo, da nizka breme telesne neaktivnosti, potencialno še večji. telesna aktivnost nima velikega vpliva na breme bolezni, so predhodne študije [1, 4] dokazale, da le-ta pomembno vpliva na izboljšanje kakovosti življenja. Posledično seveda tudi na 2 METODOLOGIJA IN PODATKI zmanjšanje števila tako vedenjskih, prehranskih in drugih V prispevku uporabljamo metodologijo namenjeno izračunu dejavnikov, ki dokazano vplivajo na breme bolezni. bremena bolezni. Ta se izraža z izračunom nezmožnosti prilagojenih let življenja ( angl. Disability-Adjusted Life Year - DALY), izraženo kot število izgubljenih let zaradi slabega zdravja, invalidnosti ali prezgodnje smrti. DALY je seštevek izgubljenih let življenja zaradi prezgodnje smrti ( Years of Life Lost - YLL) ter letih življenja z invalidnostjo ( Years Lived with Disability - YLD) [11]. Izračuna se kot sedanja vrednost prihodnjih let zdravega življenja, izgubljenih zaradi obolevnosti/invalidnosti, in prihodnjih let življenja, izgubljenih zaradi prezgodnje umrljivosti [5, 9]. Osredotočamo se na nezmožnosti prilagojenih leta življenja srčno-žilnih bolezni. K pojavnosti posamezne bolezni prispevajo različni dejavniki tveganja. Moč povezave med dejavniki tveganja oziroma Slika 1: Dejavniki tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni, po starostnih razredih in spolu v Sloveniji izpostavljenostjo in zdravstvenim izidom, torej boleznijo, merimo z relativnim tveganjem, ki ga izračunamo kot razmerje Vir: Inštitut za zdravstvene metrike in vrednotenje (2019), lastni med tveganjem v skupini, ki izpostavljena dejavniku tveganja in preračuni skupino, ki ni izpostavljena dejavniku tveganja. Glede na to, da se v prispevku osredotočamo na prenizko telesno aktivnost je V starostni skupini od 25 do 49 let imajo visok in razmeroma relativno tveganje izračunano kot razmerje med tveganjem za primerljiv vpliv vedenjski ter prehranski dejavniki (do 5% pojav srčno-žilnih bolezni skupine, ki ni dovolj telesno aktivna razlike), ob enem pa sta visok indeks telesne mase in visok in tveganjem za pojav srčno-žilnih bolezni skupine, ki je dovolj sistolični krvni tlak zelo pomemben dejavnik tveganja za srčno- telesno aktivna. Relativno tveganje in nezmožnosti prilagojena žilne bolezni v Sloveniji, njune vrednosti pa odstopajo od leta življenja zaradi srčno-žilnih bolezni izračunamo po spolu in svetovnega povprečja. Spodbudni podatki kažejo na to, da je treh starostnih skupinah: mladostniki (stari med 10 in 24 let), vpliv nizke telesne dejavnosti v primerjavi s svetovnim delovno aktivno prebivalstvo, ki je v svoji delovno najbolj povprečjem v Sloveniji nekoliko manjši. To je lahko indikator produktivni dobi (25-49 let) in starejšim prebivalstvom (50-74 telesno aktivnejše populacije, v kateri bi lahko s pravim let). Selekcijo starostnih razredov smo izvedli na podlagi pristopom/intervencijami spodbudili povečanje števila telesno sistematične analize za študijo o globalnem bremenu bolezni iz aktivnega prebivalstva ter posledično preko spreminjanja leta 2019. Uporabili smo podatke Inštituta za zdravstvene njihovega življenjskega sloga/navad (uravnotežena prerana, metrike in vrednotenje za leto 2019 (angl. Global Health Data ozaveščanje o dejavnikih tveganja, telesna aktivnost…) Exchange) (Natačen opis podatkov je v [6]. Ustrezna telesna zmanjšali tudi preostale dejavnike tveganja. aktivnost je definirana kot 3000–4500 metaboličnih ekvivalentov minut na teden, prenizka telesna aktivnost je torej nižja aktivnost od 3000 metaboličnih ekvivalentov minut na teden. 3 REZULTATI Dejavniki tveganja v populaciji, ki vodijo v več nezmožnosti prilagojenim letom življenja (DALY) zaradi srčno-žilnih bolezni se med različnimi starostnimi obdobji spreminjajo (Slika 1). Največjo razliko je možno opaziti ravno v obdobju odraščanja in adolescence, kjer je najpogostejši dejavnik tveganja visok indeks telesne mase otrok in mladostnikov, medtem ko v kasnejših obdobjih življenja prednjačijo predvsem 396 Vir: Inštitut za zdravstvene metrike in vrednotenje (2019), lastni REFERENCES preračuni. [1] Bize, R., Johnson, J.A. and Plotnikoff, R.C. 2007. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: A Slika 2: Dejavniki tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni, 25-49 let, systematic review. 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Current služila kot zgled in navdih za druge države in mednarodne Opinion in Cardiology. 32, 5 (Sep. 2017), 541–556. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437. organizacije. [11] World Bank 1993. World Bank: World Development Report, Investing in Health 1993. Oxford University Press. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / ZAHVALA Prispevek je financiran s strani Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije št. V5-2246. 397 Analiza upokojitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov glede na njihove demografske značilnosti An analysis of US consumers' retirement expectations by demographic characteristics Dr. Blaž Frešer Dr. Dejan Romih† Univerza v Mariboru Univerza v Mariboru Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Maribor, Slovenija Maribor, Slovenija blaz.freser@um.si dejan.romih@um.si POVZETEK potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve. V ta namen Zvezna rezervna banka v New Yorku meri, opazuje in spremlja V tem prispevku analizirava upokojitvena pričakovanja v pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede datuma njihove Združenih državah Amerike glede na demografske značilnosti upokojitve [4]. Raziskave kažejo, da pričakovanja ameriških ameriških potrošnikov. Pri tem uporabljava podatke Zvezne potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve vplivajo na njihove rezervne banke v New Yorku, ki meri, opazuje in spremlja odločitve (načrte) glede potrošnje in varčevanja [1]. upokojitvena pričakovanja v Združenih državah Amerike. Izkazalo se je, da so odločitve ameriških potrošnikov glede Ugotovila sva, da so med ameriškimi potrošniki razlike v datuma njihove upokojitve odvisne od marsičesa, še zlasti pa od njihovih upokojitvenih pričakovanjih glede na njihovo starost. privarčevanega denarja (prihrankov) za starost, zato jim strokovnjaki svetujejo, da si naredijo načrt glede potrošnje in KLJUČNE BESEDE varčevanja v drugi in tretji fazi življenja. Na ta način namreč potrošnik, pričakovanje, upokojitev, Združene države Amerike lahko zmanjšajo tveganje revščine po upokojitvi (socialne ogroženosti) [1, 2]. ABSTRACT V tem prispevku analizirava pričakovanja ameriških In this paper, we analyse retirement expectations in the United potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihove States by demographic characteristics of US consumers. We use demografske značilnosti, pri čemer uporabljava podatke Zvezne data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which rezervne banke v New Yorku. S tem dopolnjujeva literaturo v measures and monitors retirement expectations in the US. We slovenskem jeziku o pričakovanjih potrošnikov glede datuma found that there are differences in retirement expectations among njihove upokojitve, ki je aktualna tema tudi v Sloveniji, še zlasti US consumers depending on their age. zaradi negotovosti (glede) politike upokojevanja. Ta prispevek ima v nadaljevanju še tri poglavja. V poglavju KEYWORDS 2 podajava metode raziskovanja, ki jih uporabljava v tem consumer, expectation, retirement, United States prispevku, v poglavju 3 rezultate raziskovanja, pri čemer uporabljava tudi tabele in slike, v poglavju 4 pa razpravo o rezultatih raziskovanja, pri čemer se osredotočava na 1 UVOD najpomembnejše, in sklep. Pričakovanja potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve so aktualna tema v Združenih državah Amerike (ZDA) [1, 2], zlasti zato, ker si marsikateri Američan ne more privoščiti, da bi se 2 METODE upokojil pri zahtevani starosti (67 letih za rojene leta 1960 ali V tem prispevku uporabljava različne metode raziskovanja. pozneje) [3]. Razlog za to je, da nimajo dovolj denarja ali Najprej uporabljava metodo kompiliranja, potem pa metodo drugega premoženja, da bi lahko tudi po upokojitvi zadovoljevali analiziranja in sintetiziranja. V raziskavi, katere rezultate svoje osebne potrebe oz. si zagotavljali ustrezen življenjski podajava v poglavju 3, uporabljava podatke o pričakovanjih standard. Poleg tega ima marsikateri izmed njih tudi dolgove ameriških potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve, ki so (težave z njihovim poplačevanjem), zato odlaša z upokojitvijo. dostopni na spletni strani Zvezne rezervne banke v New Yorku. To med ameriškimi oblikovalci politike povzroča potrebo po merjenju, opazovanju in spremljanju pričakovanj ameriških 3 REZULTATI † Dopisni avtor. V tem poglavju podajava rezultate raziskave o pričakovanjih Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or ameriških potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve glede na classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full njihove demografske značilnosti (spol, starost, raven izobrazbe, citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must raven dohodka). Zanima naju, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih glede Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihove demografske značilnosti. 398 3.1 Pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti. Da bi datuma njihove upokojitve (ne glede na odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test, saj rezultati njihove demografske značilnosti) Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa in Shapiro-Wilkovega testa kažejo, da je opazovana spremenljivka normalno porazdeljena V tem poglavju analizirava gibanje pričakovanj ameriških ( p > 0,05). potrošnikov glede datuma njihove upokojitve (ne glede na njihove demografske značilnosti), pri čemer naju zanimata: – gibanje deleža ameriških potrošnikov, ki pričakujejo, Tabela 1: Rezultati t-testa da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti; 62 let N ȳ t – gibanje deleža ameriških potrošnikov, ki pričakujejo, Moški 28 50,50 –5,651 da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po Ženske 28 55,86 ( p = 0,000) dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti. 67 let N ȳ t Moški 28 33,87 –1,150 Ženske 28 34,69 ( p = 0,255) 70 Vir: Lastni izračuni. 60 Iz tabele 1 je razvidno, da v povprečju 50,5 odstotka žensk 50 pričakuje, da bodo zaposlene za polni delovni čas tudi po tek 40 dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti, kar je za 5,36 odstotne točke manj stod 30 kot pri moških. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da je razlika med O spoloma statistično značilna ( p < 0,05). 20 Iz tabele 1 je razvidno tudi, da v povprečju 33,87 odstotka 10 žensk pričakuje, da bodo zaposlene za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti, kar je za 0,82 odstotne točke manj 0 kot pri moških. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da razlika med spoloma 03 11 07 03 11 07 03 11 07 03 11 07 03 11 4- 4- 5- 6- 6- 7- 8- 8- 9- 0- 0- 1- 2- 2- ni statistično značilna ( p > 0,05). 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 202 202 202 202 202 Leto in mesec 3.3 Pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede 62 let 67 let datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihovo starost V tem poglavju skušava ugotoviti, ali so med ameriškimi Slika 1: Gibanje upokojitvenih pričakovanj ameriških potrošnikov (vir podatkov: [4]) potrošniki, mlajšimi od 45 let, in ameriškimi potrošniki, starejšimi od 45 let, statistično značilne razlike v njihovih S slike 1 je razvidno, da se v zadnjih letih delež ameriških pričakovanjih glede datuma njihove upokojitve. potrošnikov, ki pričakujejo, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni Zanima naju, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, mlajšimi od čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti, in delež ameriških 45 let, in ameriškimi potrošniki, starejšimi od 45 let, statistično potrošnikov, ki pričakujejo, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za čas tudi po 67. letu starosti, zmanjšujeta, kar pomeni, da se delež polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti. Da bi tistih, ki se nameravajo upokojiti pred dopolnjenim 62. oz. 67. odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test, saj rezultati letu starosti, povečuje. Shapiro-Wilkovega testa kažejo, da je opazovana spremenljivka normalno porazdeljena ( p > 0,05). 3.2 Pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede Zanima naju tudi, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, mlajšimi datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihov od 45 let, in ameriškimi potrošniki, starejšimi od 45 let, spol statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu V tem poglavju skušava ugotoviti, ali so med moškimi in starosti. Da bi odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test, saj ženskami statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih rezultati Shapiro-Wilkovega testa kažejo, da je opazovana glede datuma njihove upokojitve. spremenljivka normalno porazdeljena ( p > 0,05). Zanima naju, ali so med moškimi in ženskami statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti. Da bi Tabela 2: Rezultati t-testa odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test (angl. » t-test«), saj rezultati Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa (angl. 62 let N ȳ t »Kolmogorov–Smirnov test«) in Shapiro-Wilkovega testa (angl. Mlajši od 45 »Shapiro–Wilk test«) kažejo, da je opazovana spremenljivka 28 54,34 let 3,013 normalno porazdeljena ( p > 0,05). Starejši od ( p = 0,004) 28 51,65 Zanima naju tudi, ali so med moškimi in ženskami statistično 45 let značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za 67 let N ȳ t 399 Mlajši od 45 bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu 28 36,23 let 6,205 starosti, kar je za 24,9 odstotne točke manj kot pri ameriških Starejši od ( p = 0,000) potrošnikih, ki imajo višjo izobrazbo. Rezultati Mann- 28 31,98 45 let Whitneyjevega kažejo, da je razlika med skupinama statistično Vir: Lastni izračuni. značilna ( p < 0,05). Iz tabele 3 je razvidno tudi, da v povprečju 33,51 odstotka Iz tabele 2 je razvidno, da v povprečju 54,34 odstotka ameriških potrošnikov, ki imajo nižjo izobrazbo, pričakuje, da ameriških potrošnikov, mlajših od 45 let, pričakuje, da bodo bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti, kar je za 2,11 odstotne točke manj kot pri ameriških starosti, kar je za 2,69 odstotne točke več kot pri ameriških potrošnikih, ki imajo višjo izobrazbo. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da potrošnikih, starejših od 45 let. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da je je razlika med skupinama statistično značilna ( p < 0,05). razlika med skupinama statistično značilna ( p < 0,05). Iz tabele 2 je razvidno tudi, da v povprečju 36,23 odstotka 3.5 Pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede ameriških potrošnikov, mlajših od 45 let, pričakuje, da bodo datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihovo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu raven dohodka starosti. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da je razlika med skupinama statistično značilna ( p V tem poglavju skušava ugotoviti, ali so med ameriškimi < 0,05). potrošniki, ki zaslužijo na leto manj kot 60.000 USD, in 3.4 Pričakovanja ameriških potrošnikov glede ameriškimi potrošniki, ki zaslužijo na leto več kot 60.0000 USD, datuma njihove upokojitve glede na njihovo statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih glede datuma njihove upokojitve. raven izobrazbe Zanima naju, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, ki zaslužijo V tem poglavju skušava ugotoviti, ali so med ameriškimi na leto manj kot 60.000 USD, in ameriškimi potrošniki, ki potrošniki, ki imajo nižjo izobrazbo (nimajo diplome), in zaslužijo na leto več kot 60.0000 USD, statistično značilne ameriškimi potrošniki, ki imajo višjo izobrazbo (imajo diplomo), razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni statistično značilne razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih glede delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti. Da bi datuma njihove upokojitve. odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test, saj rezultati Zanima naju, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, ki imajo nižjo Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa in Shapiro-Wilkovega testa izobrazbo (nimajo diplome), in ameriškimi potrošniki, ki imajo kažejo, da je opazovana spremenljivka normalno porazdeljena višjo izobrazbo (imajo diplomo), statistično značilne razlike v ( p > 0,05). njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas Zanima naju tudi, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, ki tudi po dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti. Da bi odgovorila na to zaslužijo na leto manj kot 60.000 USD, in ameriškimi potrošniki, vprašanje, sva uporabila Mann-Whitneyjev test, saj rezultati ki zaslužijo na leto več kot 60.0000 USD, statistično značilne Shapiro-Wilkovega testa kažejo, da opazovana spremenljivka ni razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni normalno porazdeljena ( p < 0,05). delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti. Da bi Zanima naju tudi, ali so med ameriškimi potrošniki, ki imajo odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila Mann-Whitneyjev test, nižjo izobrazbo (nimajo diplome), in ameriškimi potrošniki, ki saj rezultati Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa in Shapiro- imajo višjo izobrazbo (imajo diplomo), statistično značilne Wilkovega testa kažejo, da opazovana spremenljivka ni razlike v njihovih pričakovanjih, da bodo zaposleni za polni normalno porazdeljena ( p < 0,05). delovni čas tudi po dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti. Da bi odgovorila na to vprašanje, sva uporabila t-test, saj rezultati Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa in Shapiro-Wilkovega testa Tabela 4: Rezultati t-testa in Mann-Whitneyjevega testa kažejo, da je opazovana spremenljivka normalno porazdeljena ( p > 0,05). 62 let N ȳ t Manj kot 28 49,30 60.000 USD –7,105 Tabela 3: Rezultati Mann-Whitneyjevega testa in t-testa Več kot ( p = 0,000) 28 56,39 60.000 USD Povprečni Povprečni 62 let N U 67 let N U rang rang Brez Manj kot 35,59 28 16,05 43,500 28 diplome 60.000 USD (ȳ = 35,80) 193,500 ( p = 0,000) Z diplomo 28 40,95 Več kot 21,41 ( p = 0,001) 28 67 let N ȳ t 60.000 USD (ȳ =32,91) Brez Vir: Lastni izračuni. 28 33,51 –3,203 diplome ( p = 0,002) Z diplomo 28 35,63 Iz tabele 4 je razvidno, da v povprečju 49,30 odstotka Vir: Lastni izračuni. ameriških potrošnikov, ki zaslužijo na leto manj kot 60.000 USD, pričakuje, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po Iz tabele 3 je razvidno, da v povprečju 16,05 odstotka dopolnjenem 62. letu starosti, kar je za 7,09 odstotne točke manj ameriških potrošnikov, ki imajo nižjo izobrazbo, pričakuje, da kot pri ameriških potrošnikih, ki zaslužijo na leto več kot 60.000 400 USD. Rezultati t-testa kažejo, da je razlika med skupinama belimi in modrimi ovratniki statistično značilne razlike glede statistično značilna ( p < 0,05). upokojitvenih pričakovanj. V Sloveniji namreč prevladuje Iz tabele 4 je razvidno tudi, da v povprečju 35,80 odstotka mnenje, da so samo beli ovratniki pripravljeni delati po določeni ameriških potrošnikov, ki zaslužijo na leto manj kot 60.000 USD, starosti ali po poteku določenega časa zaposlenosti. pričakuje, da bodo zaposleni za polni delovni čas tudi po Strokovnjaki se strinjajo, da bi morali Slovenci več varčevati dopolnjenem 67. letu starosti, kar je za 2,89 odstotne točke več za starost. Za marsikoga je namreč to edini način, da si zagotovi kot pri ameriških potrošnikih, ki zaslužijo na leto več kot 60.000 ustrezen življenjski standard v tretjem življenjskem obdobju. To USD. Rezultati Mann-Whitneyjevega testa kažejo, da je razlika učijo tudi izkušnje iz ZDA, kjer je socialna varnost manjša kot v med skupinama statistično značilna ( p < 0,05). Sloveniji, kar med zaposlenimi povzroča potrebo po varčevanju za starost. To pomeni, da bi morali v Sloveniji že mlade (novozaposlene) spodbujati k (dolgoročnemu) varčevanju za 4 RAZPRAVA IN SKLEP starost in skrbeti za njihovo finančno opismenjevanje. Rezultati te raziskave ameriškim raziskovalcem omogočajo vpogled v stanje na področju upokojitvenih pričakovanj v ZDA. VIRI Izkazalo se je, da so med ameriškimi potrošniki razlike v njihovih [1] Kézdi, G., & Shapiro, M. D. (2023). Retirement expectations. V upokojitvenih pričakovanjih, kar sva pričakovala. Bachmann, R., Topa, G., & van der Klaauw, W. (ur.), Handbook of Economic Expectations (str. 293–320). Academic Press. Meniva, da bi morali upokojitvena pričakovanja meriti, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822927-9.00017-3 opazovati in spremljati tudi v Sloveniji, kjer marsikdo že taktizira [2] Roach, J. C. (2020). Retirement expectations: whether to retire now or later. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/beyond-bls/retirement- glede datuma njegove upokojitve. Izkušnje iz ZDA učijo, da je expectations-whether-to-retire-now-or-later.htm taktiziranje zaposlenih glede datuma njihove upokojitve [3] Kézdi, G., Lay, M., & Weir, D. (2020). Recent trends in wealth inequality predvsem posledica njihovega gmotnega položaja, ki se lahko among older Americans in two surveys. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 45(3–4), 215–236. https://doi.org/10.3233/JEM-210477 spreminja. Zanimivo bi bilo npr. ugotoviti, ali obstajajo med [4] Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (2023). Survey of consumer expectations. https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/sce#/ 401 402 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek G Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume G Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi Education in Information Society Urednika / Editors Uroš Rajkovič, Borut Batagelj http://is.ijs.si 13. oktober 2023 / 13 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 403 404 PREDGOVOR Pred vami je zbornik 26. konference Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi, ki je potekala 13. oktobra 2023 na Institutu Jožef Stefan v Ljubljani. Letošnja konferenca je bila izjemno uspešna, saj smo imeli priložnost prisluhniti več kot 40 prispevkom iz vseh stopenj izobraževanja, od vrtca do izobraževanja odraslih. Poudarek je bil na uporabi informacijske tehnologije, še posebej smo se osredotočili na najnovejše dosežke na področju generativne umetne intelligence in strojnega učenja. Ko pogledamo nazaj na prejšnje konference, vidimo, kako smo se skozi četrt stoletja trudili iskati sinergijo med človekom in informacijsko tehnologijo v procesih vzgoje in izobraževanja. Vsako leto je bilo posebno, a letošnje je prav gotovo izstopalo. Zakorakali smo v novo šolsko leto brez posebnih zdravstvenih omejitev, ki so nas ovirale v preteklih letih. Hkrati smo bogatejši za izkušnje, ki smo jih pridobili pri izobraževanju na daljavo. Ta izkušnja je odprla nova vprašanja in izzive, predvsem v povezavi s hibridnimi načini poučevanja. Konferenca je ponudila priložnost, da se udeleženci poglobijo v raznolike tematike, ki so bile predstavljene, od pomembnosti digitalnih kompetenc učiteljev, raziskovali smo nove oblike učenja in različne načine poučevanja programiranja in računalniških veščin, razvijali smo digitalne rešitve za izobraževanje, če naj najštejemo le nekaj tem. Konferenca je bila priložnost za deljenje izkušenj in znanj med udeleženci ter za spodbujanje razvoja novih idej in rešitev za izobraževanje v informacijski družbi. Prispevki, predstavljeni na konferenci, so dragocen prispevek k razvoju izobraževanja in izmenjavi najnovejših spoznanj na tem dinamičnem in hitro spreminjajočem se področju. Hvala vsem udeležencem, predavateljem, avtorjem prispevkov ter organizatorjem za njihov prispevek k uspehu letošnjega dogodka. Verjamemo, da smo skupaj naredili korak naprej v razvoju izobraževanja v informacijski družbi. Naj bo ta zbornik vir navdiha in znanja za vse, ki se ukvarjamo s področjem vzgoje in izobraževanja v informacijski dobi. Uredniški odbor 405 FOREWORD Here are the proceedings of the 26th Conference on Education in Information Society, which took place on October 13, 2023, at the Jožef Stefan Institute in Ljubljana, Slovenia. This year's conference was a success, as we had the privilege of listening to over 40 contributions spanning all levels of education, from kindergarten to adult education. The primary focus was on the utilization of information technology, with a special emphasis on the latest advancements in the realms of generative artificial intelligence and machine learning. Reflecting on past conferences, it becomes evident how, over the course of a quarter of a century, we have diligently sought synergies between human beings and information technology in the realms of education and training. Every year has been unique, yet this year has unquestionably stood out. We embarked upon the new school year free from the specific health constraints that have previously hindered us. Simultaneously, we have gained meaningful experience from the realm of distance education, an experience that has unveiled new inquiries and challenges, particularly concerning hybrid teaching methodologies. The conference provided an invaluable platform for participants to delve deeper into a diverse array of topics. These encompassed the significance of digital competences for educators, exploration of innovative learning modalities, diverse approaches to teaching coding and computing skills, and the development of digital solutions for education, among numerous other subjects. This conference offered an opportunity for attendees to exchange experiences and knowledge, fostering the proliferation of novel ideas and solutions for education in our information-driven society. The papers presented during the conference constitute a substantial contribution to the evolution of education and the dissemination of the latest knowledge within this dynamic and swiftly evolving field. Our heartfelt thanks extend to all participants, speakers, authors, and organizers for their invaluable contributions to the success of this year's event. We firmly believe that together, we have taken a significant stride towards the advancement of education in our information- centric society. May these proceedings serve as an enduring source of inspiration and knowledge for all those dedicated to the field of education in the information age. The Editorial Board 406 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Uroš Rajkovič (predsednik / Chair), Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Borut Batagelj (podpredsednik – Vice-Chair), Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Zvone Balantič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Tadeja Batagelj, Svetovalni center za otroke, mladostnike in starše Maribor Igor Bernik, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za varnostne vede Mojca Bernik, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Janez Bešter, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Uroš Breskvar, Elektrotehniško-računalniška strokovna šola in gimnazija Ljubljana Andrej Brodnik, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko in Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije Borut Čampelj, Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport RS Dejan Dinevski, Univerza v Mariboru, Medicinska fakulteta Tomi Dolenc, ARNES Marjan Heričko, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Eva Jereb, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Mirjana Kljajić Borštnar, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Alenka Krapež, Gimnazija Vič Branislav Šmitek, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Srečo Zakrajšek, Fakulteta za medije 407 PROGRAMSKI SVET / STEERING COMMITTEE Matjaž Gams (predsednik / Chair), Institut Jožef Stefan Vladimir Batagelj, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko Saša Divjak, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Ivan Gerlič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko Iztok Podbregar, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Vladislav Rajkovič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede in Institut Jožef Stefan Niko Schlamberger, Slovensko društvo Informatika Franc Solina, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Tomaž Skulj Olga Šušteršič Rado Wechtersbach 408 RECENZENTI / REVIEWERS Alenka Baggia, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Branka Balantič, Šolski center Kranj, Višja strokovna šola Zvone Balantič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Borut Batagelj, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Tadeja Batagelj, Svetovalni center za otroke, mladostnike in starše Maribor Branka Jarc Kovačič, Šolski center Kranj, Srednja tehniška šola Robert Leskovar, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Marko Novaković, Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana Uroš Rajkovič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Gašper Strniša, Šolski center Kranj, Strokovna gimnazija Iva Strniša, Gimnazija Franceta Prešerna, Kranj Iztok Škof, Osnovna šola Toma Brejca Kamnik Marko Urh, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Vladislav Rajkovič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Borut Werber, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Jasmina Žnidaršič, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede 409 410 Spremljanje kakovosti zraka med poukom Air quality monitoring during classes Jaka Albreht Šolski center Kranj Kranj, Slovenija jaka.albreht@sckr.si POVZETEK We found that the concentration of carbon dioxide increases with the presence of students. The longer the students were Dijaki v šoli preživijo kar nekaj časa, zato je pomembno kakšen present, the more the concentration grew. With ventilation, we zrak dihajo. V članku je predstavljeno spremljanje ključnih achieved that the concentration of carbon dioxide decreased to parametrov, ki definirajo kvaliteto zraka. Osredotočili smo se acceptable values. During the ventilation, the humidity and na merjenje koncentracije ogljikovega dioksida, temperature in temperature also dropped a little. vlage. S tem namenom smo razvili merilni sistem, ki vključuje senzorje in krmilno vezje Arduino UNO. V programskem In the article, we wanted to draw attention to the importance of okolju LabView smo razvili aplikacijo s katero lahko regular ventilation of classrooms, because in this way we lower opazujemo gibanje parametrov v odvisnosti od prisotnosti the level of carbon dioxide more noticeably. Long-term dijakov ter spremljamo vpliv zračenja. elevated levels of carbon dioxide can have a negative impact on the health and well-being of students, who are therefore less Ugotovili smo, da se koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida effective in the learning process. povečuje s prisotnostjo dijakov. Dlje časa so bili dijaki prisotni, bolj je koncentracija narasla. Z zračenjem smo dosegli, da se je KEYWORDS koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida znižala na sprejemljive vrednosti. Med zračenjem sta malenkost Carbon dioxide, ventilation, Arduino, LabView padla tudi vlažnost in temperatura. V članku smo želeli opozoriti na pomen rednega prezračevanja 1 UVOD učilnic, saj na ta način opazneje znižamo nivo ogljikovega dioksida. Dlje časa povišane vrednosti ogljikovega dioksida Kakovost zraka je dejavnik, ki vpliva na naše zdravje in lahko slabo vplivajo na zdravje in počutje dijakov, ki so zaradi počutje. Med poukom naši možgani za učinkovito delovanje tega manj učinkoviti v procesu učenja. potrebujejo svež zrak. Še posebej v času korona virusa smo, po priporočilih NIJZ postali pozorni na to, kakšen zrak dihamo. KLJUČNE BESEDE Poleg nošenja mask in skrbi za higieno smo večkrat tudi Ogljikov dioksid, prezračevanje, Arduino, LabView prezračili prostore in na ta način zmanjšali prisotnost morebitnih virusov. Velikokrat pa se zgodi, da pozabimo na pomen prezračevanja učilnic. ABSTRACT V projektu, ki je predstavljen v nadaljevanju nas je zanimalo kako se spreminja kakovost zraka v učilnici med izvajanjem Students spend a lot of time at school, so it is important what kind of air they breathe. The article presents the monitoring of pouka. Merili smo koncentracijo ogljikovega dioksida (CO2), key parameters that define air quality. We focused on ki je dober pokazatelj kvalitete zraka. Dodatno nas je zanimalo measuring carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and tudi kako se spreminjata temperatura in vlaga v prostoru. humidity. With this aim in mind, we developed a measurement S tem namenom je bil izdelan merilni sistem, ki vključuje system that includes sensors and an Arduino UNO control senzorje CO2, temperature in vlage. Podatke prikazujemo na circuit. In the LabView software environment, we have grafih, ki nam podajajo spreminjanje omenjenih parametrov v odvisnosti od časa in prisotnosti dijakov. Prikazan je tudi vpliv developed an application with which we can observe the prezračevanja movement of parameters depending on the presence of students na gibanje CO2, temperature in vlage. Kako torej doseči kvaliteten zrak v prostoru? Najboljša and monitor the influence of ventilation. rešitev je prezračevanje. Največkrat je to naravno prezračevanje, kjer sami po potrebi odpiramo okna. Tak način Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or povzroča izgubo toplote, pojavi se prepih in nihanje kvalitete classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or zraka. Boljša izbira je mehansko prezračevanje, ki je v novejših distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and stavbah že zagotovljeno. the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). V trenutni situaciji se dijaki na naši šoli selijo iz učilnice v Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia učilnico. Dostikrat se zgodi, da pred začetkom nove šolske ure © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). že takoj zaznamo slab zrak, saj je bila prejšnjo uro učilnica 411 polna dijakov. Slednje se rešuje tako, da se odpre okna in Sistem vsebuje senzor CO2 z oznako MH-Z19B (Slika 1, počaka, da se zrak zamenja. levo) [3]. Senzor je bil nameščen približno 1,5 metra nad tlemi, saj je pri tleh koncentracija CO2 običajno višja. Prav tako senzor ne sme biti v bližini oken ali vrat oz. blizu močnejših 2 MERJENI PARAMETRI zračnih tokov. Vlažnost merimo s senzorjem DHT11 (Slika 1, desno) [4], temperaturo pa z 10 kΩ NTC termistorjem (Slika 1, 2.1 Ogljikov dioksid v sredini). Vsi elementi so priključeni na vhode Arduino UNO Najboljši pokazatelj kvalitete zraka je ogljikov dioksid. Gre za plošče. brezbarven plin, ki je prisoten v ozračju. Je težji od zraka, zato se zadržuje pri tleh. Človeško telo pri dihanju sprejema kisik in oddaja ogljikov dioksid. V vdihanem zraku je približno 21 % kisika in 0,04 % ogljikovega dioksida. V izdihanem zraku pa 16 % kisika ter 4 % ogljikovega dioksida. Izdihan zrak je tudi bolj vlažen in topel [1]. Ob povečani aktivnosti se količina CO2 v izdihanem zraku običajno poveča. Prav tako se količina CO2 v prostoru povečuje sorazmerno s številom oseb. Še posebej so problematični majhni zaprti prostori, kjer je hkrati prisotnih veliko ljudi. Tam lahko koncentracija CO2 hitro naraste. Priporočena vrednost CO2 je do 1000 ppm [2]. Pri vrednostih od 1000 do 2500 ppm se lahko pojavijo motnje koncentracije in slabo počutje, nad mejo 2500 ppm pa tudi utrujenost, glavobol Slika 1: Senzorji in zaspanost. 2.2 Vlažnost Poleg CO2 smo pri kvaliteti zraka pozorni tudi na vlažnost. Posebej pozimi pri zračenju prostor napolni mrzel, suh zrak. Preveč suh zrak lahko povzroča zdravstvene težave kot so pekoče in utrujene oči, težave s kožo, izsušena in vneta sluznica. Nasprotno pa preveč vlažen zrak pospeši razmnoževanje plesni, bakterij, pršic in glivic. Slednje lahko povzroči alergijske in astmatične reakcije. Temu se lahko Slika 2: Merilni sistem izognemo z zagotavljanjem ustrezne vlažnosti v prostoru. Primerna relativna vlažnost naj bi bila med 45 in 55 %. Celoten sistem, ki je prikazan na Sliki 2, je preko USB-kabla Obstajajo vlažilci in razvlažilci zraka, ki nam pomagajo povezan na računalnik, na katerem je nameščeno programsko dosegati želeno vlažnost v prostoru. okolje LabView. Slednje omogoča prikaz izmerjenih parametrov na grafu (Slika 3). V sami aplikaciji je možno preko 2.3 Temperatura virtualnih stikal tudi označiti prisotnosti dijakov ali odprtost okna za potrebe zračenja. Ob preseženi koncentraciji CO2 nam Pomemben parameter, ki ga spremljamo je tudi temperatura. Priporočena temperatura v bivalnem prostoru je 22 °C. sistem prikaže obvestilo in prižge rdeč indikator. Med samo Dostikrat je temperatura v zimskem času zaradi pretiranega meritvijo lahko na ločenih grafih spremljamo gibanje ogrevanja višja od omenjene. Slednje ni ekonomično, prav tako temperature, vlažnosti in CO2. Podatki se osvežujejo vsaki 2 ne vpliva dobro na počutje. V poletnem času pa temperatura sekundi. Po končani meritvi pa na dodatnem grafu vidimo kako naraste predvsem v učilnicah v višjih nadstropjih šole, ki imajo se je gibala koncentracija CO2, če so bili v razredu prisotni dijaki in kako smo izvajali prezračevanje. tudi veliko skupno površino oken. Predvsem junija in začetek septembra je slednje lahko moteče, saj učilnice niso klimatizirane. 3 MERILNI SISTEM Kako torej v šoli, kjer ni urejeno mehansko prezračevanje zagotavljati primerno kakovost zraka? V učilnici bi lahko imeli nameščene senzorje CO2, temperature in vlažnosti ter sistem, ki bi nas opozoril na presežene vrednosti in na potrebo po odpiranju oken. Za potrebe spremljanja kakovosti zraka smo razvili prototip merilnega sistema s krmilnim vezjem Arduino in različnimi senzorji. V programskem okolju LabView je bila narejena aplikacija, ki omogoča prikaz različnih parametrov. 412 Slika 4: Gibanje ogljikovega dioksida Slika 3: Aplikacija v LabView Na ločenih grafih lahko vidimo potek vseh parametrov (Slika 4 REZULTATI 5). Opazimo, da se je tekom prvega zračenja, ki je trajalo 5 minut, temperatura znižala za približno 2 °C. Prav tako je padla tudi vlažnost za 5 %. Drugo zračenje je trajalo 15 minut. V tem Oglejmo si rezultat merjenja, ki je bilo izvedeno dne 23. 2. primeru se je temperatura znižala za približno 3 °C, vlažnost pa 2023. Pouk je potekal v učilnici velikosti približno 60 𝑚2, kjer za 10 %. Koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida je po prvem se izvaja praktični pouk. Prisotnih je bilo 15 dijakov. zračenju padla za 1000 ppm, po drugem pa za 2000 ppm. Ugotovimo lahko, da trajanje zračenja vpliva na spremembo merjenih parametrov. Dlje časa bomo zračili, večja bo Tabela 1: Potek meritve sprememba merjenih parametrov. Tudi prisotnost dijakov v učilnici vpliva na dvig ogljikovega dioksida. Dlje časa kot se Zaporedna številka aktivnosti Aktivnost Trajanje bodo dijaki zadrževali v učilnici, večji bo dvig ogljikovega 1 zračenje 5 minut dioksida. Smiselno bi bilo torej izvajati kratko zračenje pred 2 pouk 45 minut začetkom vsake šolske ure. Na ta način bi znižali nivo 3 zračenje 5 minut ogljikovega dioksida, hkrati pa temperatura ne bi preveč padla. 4 prazna učilnica 45 minut Na grafu s Slike 4 je z rdečo barvo prikazano kdaj se je 5 pouk 45 minut izvajalo zračenje. Zelena barva pa prikazuje koliko časa so bili 6 pouk 45 minut dijaki prisotni v učilnici. 7 zračenje 15 minut 8 prazna učilnica 30 minut 9 pouk 45 minut Protokol merjenja prikazuje Tabela 1. Na Sliki 4 pa lahko opazujemo kako se je pri različnih aktivnostih spreminjala vrednost ogljikovega dioksida. 413 nadaljnje delo. Le-to lahko vključuje nadgradnjo merilnega sistema. Razmisliti je potrebno o ustreznosti senzorjev. Lahko bi spremenili lokacijo senzorjev v učilnici, izbrali več senzorjev in računali povprečje meritev. Celoten sistem bi lahko vgradili v plastično ohišje, ki bi ga natisnili s 3D tiskalnikom. Možne so tudi nadgradnje aplikacije v okolju LabView. Projekt se lahko razširi na celoten šolski prostor in v vsako učilnico namesti sistem za spremljanje parametrov. Podatke se nato pošilja na centralni strežnik in preko aplikacije na daljavo dostopa do podatkov. Spremlja se lahko tudi kdaj je bila učilnica zasedena in ali se je izvajalo prezračevanje. V članku smo želeli opozoriti na pomen rednega prezračevanja učilnic in pokazati na potrebo po postopnem uvajanju mehanskega prezračevanja v šolah ali pa vsaj ozaveščanju učiteljev, da je zračenje učilnic pomembno. Slednje vsekakor prispeva k boljšemu počutju in zdravju dijakov ter s tem posledično tudi k bolj učinkovitemu procesu učenja. VIRI Slika 5: Gibanje ogljikovega dioksida, temperature in [1] Wikipedia. Dihanje. Dostopno na naslovu vlažnosti https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihanje (27. 7. 2023) [2] Ashrae. ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.ashrae.org (27. 7. 2023) [3] Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology. Infrared CO2 Sensor 5 ZAKLJUČEK Module (model MH-Z19B) user’s manual. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.winsen-sensor.com/d/files/infrared-gas-sensor/mh-z19b- Z rezultati dela smo lahko zadovoljni, saj nam je uspelo narediti co2-manual(ver1_7).pdf (27. 7. 2023) sistem, ki nam omogoča spremljanje ključnih pokazateljev [4] D-Robotics UK. DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor. Dostopno na naslovu https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf-file/785590/D- kvalitete zraka v učilnici. Postavili smo tudi temelje za Robotics/DHT11/1 (27. 7. 2023) 414 Kreativno kodiranje v digitalnih medijih Creative coding in digital media Davorin Babič Srednja medijska in grafična šola Ljubljana Pokopališka ulica 33, Ljubljana, Slovenija davorin.babic@smgs.si POVZETEK analytical way of solving challenges in the creation of expressive media products. Our goal was to create a professional Pomembnost konceptualnega mišljenja bodočih medijskih programming module of the open curriculum digital media tehnikov je skozi medijsko produkcijo tesno povezana z programming, which would build on the basic programming analitičnim načinom reševanja izzivov pri nastajanju izraznih concepts that students learn in the creative coding module, and at medijskih izdelkov. Naš cilj je bil sestaviti strokovni programski the same time, it would be directly related to the students' further modul odprtega kurikula programiranje digitalnih medijev, s career path. The fundamental guide for its realization was to find katerim bi nadgrajevali osnovne koncepte programiranja, ki jih suitable learning goals, learning activities and methods of dijaki spoznajo pri modulu kreativno kodiranje, hkrati pa bi bil assessment, within the framework of which each student could neposredno povezan z nadaljnjo karierno potjo dijakov. complete a project at the end of the final year alone or in pairs, Temeljno vodilo za njegovo realizacijo je bilo poiskati ustrezne which in his opinion would represent a real task, while at the učne cilje, učne aktivnosti in načine ocenjevanja, v okviru katerih same time preserving the basic and abstract programming bi lahko vsak dijak ob koncu zaključnega letnika sam ali v paru building blocks at the heart of the activity. In addition, for most dokončal projekt, ki bi po njegovem mnenju predstavljal students, using code in 3D modelling and simulation software to resnično nalogo, hkrati pa ohranil osnovne in abstraktne gradnike construct physical products represents a new perspective on the programiranja v središču dejavnosti. Poleg tega za večino work process. Thus, one of the objectives of the module is to dijakov predstavlja nov pogled na delovni proces uporaba kode present how code can enable creativity in the work of a media v programski opremi za 3D modeliranje in simulacijo za technician. In this paper, we will present the implementation and konstrukcijo fizičnih izdelkov. Tako je eden od ciljev modula integration of two tools for continuing learning approaches to predstaviti, kako lahko koda omogoči kreativnost pri delu programming and 3D modelling: Python and Blender. Creative medijskega tehnika. V prispevku bomo predstavili opportunities within this implementation, in contrast to the implementacijo in integracijo dveh orodij za nadaljevalno učenje limitations that existing software tools place on students pristopov programiranja in 3D modeliranja : Python in Blender. accustomed to visual, physical and concrete work and thinking, Ustvarjalne zmožnosti znotraj te implementacije, v nasprotju z suggest the opportunity to use appropriate software tools that omejitvami, ki jih obstoječa programska orodja postavljajo combine procedural and manual creation. It is expected that any dijakom, vajenim vizualnega, fizičnega in konkretnega dela in conclusions derived from this paper will lead to a better mišljenja, predlagajo priložnost za rabo ustreznih programskih understanding of the creative process in the context of integration, orodij, ki združujejo postopkovno in ročno ustvarjanje. Pričakuje which is based on connecting the programming code of one tool se, da bodo kakršni koli zaključki, ki izhajajo iz tega prispevka, and the creative environment of another tool, since mostly the vodili k boljšemu razumevanju ustvarjalnega procesa v visual results of creative coding are not directly predictable in kontekstu integracije, ki temelji na povezovanju programske advance. kode enega in ustvarjalnega okolja drugega orodja, saj večinoma vizualni rezultati kreativnega kodiranja niso neposredno KEYWORDS predvidljivi vnaprej. Programming, Integration, Python, Blender, Modeling KLJUČNE BESEDE Programiranje, integracija, Python, Blender, modeliranje 1 UVOD ABSTRACT Z naraščajočo vseprisotnostjo tehnologije je polje poučevanja medijske produkcije postalo bolj večplastno. Z osredotočenim The importance of the conceptual thinking of future media izobraževanjem o najnovejših tehnologijah in digitalnih technicians through media production is closely related to the metodologijah ter podporo pri razvojnem procesu ustvarjalnega Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or projekta želimo izboljšati spretnosti in kompetence dijakov classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed medijske produkcije na analognem in digitalnem področju, s tem for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full pa razvijati njihovo tehnološko pismenost. Biti tehnološko citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). pismen v kodi velja za ključno sposobnost v današnji družbi. Ta Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia pogled, ki prodira skozi vse dele sodobne kulture, vpliva tudi na © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). izobraževanje v medijski produkciji, hkrati pa dijake spodbuja k preoblikovanju svojih obstoječih spretnosti, da bi ustrezale 415 mediju programske kode, in učitelje, da razvijejo nove tematske V poučevalnem slogu učnega procesa skozi konstruktivno vsebine, ki pomagajo graditi in ohranjati to pismenost. Bodoči usklajevanje iščemo usklajenosti med učnimi cilji, učnimi medijski tehniki se običajno učijo razmišljati zelo odprto in aktivnostmi in ocenjevanjem. Posledično je še vedno potreben konceptualno. Čeprav je to izjemno koristno, se pojavi težava, ko pedagoški pristop, osredotočen na dijake, v katerem je učitelj del znotraj pedagoškega procesa nimajo dovolj razvitih pristopov za podpornega okolja, hkrati pa je avtonomija pomemben analitično reševanje problemov, zaradi česar so v slabšem motivacijski dejavnik v učnem procesu. Praktično delo je položaju, ko se ukvarjajo s tehnologijami, ki jih uporabljajo za opredeljeno kot ključna dejavnost, ki dijakom omogoča, da ustvarjanje lastnih izraznih medijskih izdelkov z ustreznimi postanejo kompetentni v programiranju tovrstnih. vsebinami. Ključnega pomena je, da se programski moduli, ki V procesu učenja ustvarjanja z integracijo obeh omenjenih vključujejo osnovne pristope v programiranju, uvedejo do orodij sloni delo dijakov na treh metodah: zaključka njihove vpetosti v izobraževalni proces in jih • generativni pristopi v ustvarjanju vsebin v modeliranju kot izpostavijo znanju o delovanju njihovih orodij. Programiranje je tudi v fizičnih izdelkih, eno od orodij v njihovi orodjarni, pisanje algoritmov pa lahko • kreativno kodiranje in avtomatizacija v procesu izboljša učinkovitost njihovega dela in preoblikuje njihov konceptualne zamisli in delovni proces. • hibridni pristopi k ustvarjanju in oblikovanju na osnovi besedilne programske kode v izbranem programskem jeziku. 2 METODA DELA Generativni pristop v ustvarjanju vsebin dijakom omogoča, da se približujejo uporabi programske kode kot ustvarjalnega medija, 2.1 Programiranje digitalnih medijev ki daje življenje idejam in ponuja smiselne izhode za izražanje. Poučevanje veščin reševanja problemov je sestavni del Kreativno kodiranje in avtomatizacija v procesu konceptualne računalniškega izobraževanja pri spodbujanju globljega zamisli od dijakov zahteva, da lahko s kreativnimi in razumevanja temeljnih konceptov. Teoretične študije in funkcionalnimi pristopi v uporabi programske kode rešijo tudi praktične analize so pokazale, da je pomanjkanje takšnih konkretne izzive, kar ne spremeni le učinkovitosti v razvoju pristopov povzročilo, da dijaki omejijo svoje razumevanje in iskanja rešitev, temveč vpliva tudi na ustvarjalni proces. Na »namesto da bi dobili celotno sliko računalništva, se zožijo na to, splošno je uporaba programiranja povezana z obstoječo da bi ta program deloval« [1]. To ne velja le za področje programsko opremo za modeliranje, da se takoj izkoristijo računalništva, ampak tudi pri ustvarjalnem delu s programsko možnosti modeliranja in vizualizacije. Ob tem se od dijakov kodo v kreativnih disciplinah. Glede na to, da dijaki na področju pričakuje, da razumejo osnovne koncepte, sintakso in semantiko kreativnega kodiranja pogosto pristopijo k strokovnemu modulu skriptnega jezika ter so sposobni izvajati osnovne tehnike kot programerji začetniki, čeprav imajo določena znanja in kodiranja in skriptiranja kot orodja za vizualizacijo in ustvarjanje veščine v svojih strokovnih spremljajočih disciplinah, je izrazno-estetskih medijskih izdelkov. Programsko kodo je pomembno vključiti ponavljanje, ki jim omogoča, da se »aktivno mogoče uporabiti tudi na začetku procesa načrtovanja, preden je ukvarjajo z vsebino, delajo skozi to z drugimi, povežejo se z njo 3D digitalni model izdelan ali realiziran. Med fazo prehoda iz skozi analizo« [2]. Z vključitvijo učnih primerov, ki namenoma konceptualne zamisli do oblikovanja se programska koda včasih vključujejo takšne strategije reševanja problemov, spodbujamo uporablja za ustvarjanje vrste modelov, ki temeljijo na različnih ustvarjalno delovanje in podpiramo prihodnje samoraziskovanje mehanskih ali fizičnih postopkih, s čimer dijakom omogoča v nadaljnji karierni poti. Za ta namen smo ustvarili programski ustvarjanje, spreminjanje in dodajanje geometrije modelom z modul programiranje digitalnih medijev. Programiranje določeno natančnostjo in ponavljanjem, kar je oboje težko digitalnih medijev je novi strokovni programski modul odprtega predstaviti z ročnimi drsniki na zaslonu. Hibridni pristopi v kurikula, znotraj katerega bodoče medijske tehnike pripravljamo procesu ustvarjanja in oblikovanja pa dijakom omogočajo na integracijo med različnimi programskimi okolji/platformami razumeti 3D navidezni prostor oz. okolje, temeljne koncepte 3D in programskimi jeziki. Obstoječa programska orodja namreč digitalnih modelov, izvajati temeljne tehnike generiranja 3D omogočajo uporabo tehnik hibridnega 2D animiranja in 3D digitalnih objektov z modeliranjem, upodabljati 3D modele za modeliranja s pomočjo različnih skriptov ter običajnega ustvarjanje virtualnih okolij in uporabo usvojenih veščin 3D oblikovanja, s poudarkom na implementaciji in integraciji modeliranja v kombinaciji z lastnim ustvarjalnim prispevkom. S bistvenih tehnik za ustvarjanje izraznih medijskih izdelkov z poučevanjem 3D modeliranja spodbujamo pri dijakih kognitivne edinstvenimi estetskimi slogi. Ena izmed rešitev za to je uporaba sposobnosti za ustvarjanje tako preprostih kot kompleksnih 3D odprtokodne programske opreme Blender za ustvarjanje vsebin digitalnih objektov. Ključno za dijake je usvojiti te temeljne v 3D okolju z več funkcionalnostmi za ustvarjanje tehnike, ki jim bodo kasneje pomagale pri izdelavi ali fotorealističnih digitalnih podobotvorij, realističnem oblikovanju kakršnih koli predmetov, prizorov ali likov v modeliranju, visokokakovostnih animacij in simulacij, različnih izraznih izdelkih. vizualizacij v zabavnih in kreativnih industrijah ter v znanstvene namene in nenazadnje video iger ter njena integracija s skriptnim 2.2 Implementacija in integracija orodij Python jezikom Python. S slednjim se kompleksnost in rokovanje in Blender Blenderjevega vmesnika ublaži, hkrati pa zaradi močne podpore Skripte, napisane v programskem jeziku Python, so vsestranski Pythonu in odprtega vmesnika za programiranje aplikacij (API) način za razširitev funkcionalnosti v Blenderju. Programski se lahko Blender uporablja kot integrirano razvojno okolje za vmesnik aplikacije Blender Python (API) omogoča skriptiranje ustvarjanje novih orodij in spreminjanje obstoječih. večine področij Blenderja, vključno z že omenjeno animacijo, 416 ustvarjanjem objektov, upodabljanjem različnih podobotvorij in Učni cilji, ki jih želimo dosegati s kreativnim kodiranjem v avtomatizacijo nalog. To odpira široko paleto možnosti in ima digitalnih medijih, na informativni ravni obsegajo predvsem številne primere uporabe. API uporabnikom omogoča urejanje razumevanje, kako se lahko programiranje uporablja pri izdelavi vseh podatkov, ki jih lahko premore uporabniški vmesnik, zaradi fizičnih izdelkov kot eno od razpoložljivih orodij v programski česar je primerno orodje za uporabo pri poskusu programskega opremi za 3D modeliranje in razumevanje osnovnih konceptov urejanja parametričnih 3D modelov. Skripte v Blenderjevi programiranja, kot so spremenljivke, seznami, zanke, pogoji in datoteki lahko registriramo za samodejni zagon, ko se datoteka funkcije. Na formativni ravni pa vključujejo delno ročno odpre, kar omogoča izvajanje nalog pred upodabljanjem, ko se ustvarjanje in delno ustvarjanje v programski kodi, z namenom zažene iz ukazne vrstice. Poleg tega pythonske skripte v videti, kako se koda kot orodje primerja z drugimi orodji, Blenderju ohranijo zmožnost izvajanja pogostih nalog, kot je uporaba naključne generacije in fizične simulacije kot orodij za branje ali pisanje v datoteko in izvajanje omrežnih zahtev. konstrukcijo potenciala algoritmov za reševanje izzivov v Ena od res zanimivih možnosti z Blenderjem je, da lahko ustvarjalnem procesu, vizualizacija algoritemskega procesa, tako vizualiziramo algoritem, ko ustvarja in manipulira s 3D sceno, da lahko dijaki spremljajo zmožnosti programske kode, da pokažemo, kako algoritem deluje. Ustvarjalec, v našem izvajanje velikega števila poskusov na modelih ter nato primeru dijak, ima natančen nadzor nad tem, kako se scena preverjanje in razvrščanje modelov za prikaz obsega posodablja, in izvajanje pythonskega skripta je mogoče preprosto algoritemskega potenciala. začasno ustaviti, če postopek teče prehitro, da bi bil viden. Za doseganje ravnovesja med že omenjeno avtonomijo in Primerka integracije pythonskega skripta v Blenderjevem načinom izobraževanja, ki temelji na učiteljevem mentorstvu, vmesniku za pisanje skripta ( Scripting) in z njim 3D programiranje digitalnih medijev temelji na pragmatičnem modeliranem objektom v zgornji ortografski projekciji znotraj dejstvu, da dijaki delajo na vrsti izzivov v generiranju izraznih objektnega pogleda ( Object Mode) prikazuje Slika 1, v medijskih izdelkih. To med drugim vključuje: perspektivni projekciji pa Slika 2. • Praktične vaje delo v tehnološko urejenem učnem okolju, podprto s podrobnimi navodili po korakih o tem, kako rešiti izziv in kako napisati programsko kodo. Vaje se razlikujejo po zahtevnosti. • Naloge s podrobnimi navodili, kako rešiti izziv, ne pa tudi, kako kodirati posamezne korake. Znanje o kodiranju, pridobljeno na praktičnih vajah, se tukaj uporablja in ponavlja. • Projektna naloga, kjer študentje dobijo samo izziv na visoki ravni in ga morajo ustrezno razčleniti in kodirati. Dijaki delajo v parih in se ocenjujejo predvsem z osebno demonstracijo svoje rešitve. Preverjanje praktičnih vaj in nalog je usmerjeno v to, da dijaki ustrezno pojasnijo, kako rešitve danih izzivov delujejo, ocenjevanje pa se izvaja na podlagi odobritve načeloma ustreznih rešitev. Učitelji zagotovljamo sprotne formativne povratne informacije o tem, kako izboljšati pristope Slika 1: Ortografska projekcija generiranega 3D modela s v reševanju naslednjih izzivov. Projektna naloga je predstavljena pythonovskim skriptom na zaključnem seminarju z diaprojekcijo. Menimo, da če lahko dijak dokaže zadostne sposobnosti za zadnje praktične vaje, naloge ali projektno nalogo, potem se je naučil osnov programiranja v implementaciji dveh različnih orodij. Da bi dosegli cilj razumevanja, kdaj in zakaj pisati programsko kodo, smo izzive prilagodili za ponazoritev, kako lahko koda dijakom pomaga doseči stvari, ki jih praktično ne morejo narediti ročno v enem samem orodju/okolju. Ob vsem navedenem smo ne glede na skrbno pripravljene učne situacije opazili tudi nekatere ponavljajoče se težave, ki lahko negativno vplivajo na sodelovanje dijakov v učnem procesu in njihove učne rezultate. Mednje sodijo težja povezljivost same dejavnosti programiranja s svojim delom, nezadovoljstvo zaradi rabe matematike in logike, slabši odziv na pomanjkanje estetske kakovosti v rezultatu, ki ga ustvari njihova Slika 2: Perspektivna projekcija generiranega 3D modela s koda. Nekatere dijake je motilo, ko smo jih opozorili, naj pythonovskim skriptom razmislijo o estetskih vprašanjih v ustvarjanju izraznih izdelkov. Čeprav je treba za doseganje izraznosti in funkcionalnosti razumeti načela oblikovanja, so zelo hitro pozabili, da je njihov glavni cilj naučiti se programirati.Zaznali smo tudi nekaj nejevolje na nekatera pasivna predavanja in na abstraktne, 3 REZULTATI verbalne razlage. Nekaj dijakov pa je od ustvarjalnega dela 417 odvrnila čudna sintaksa in nerazložljiva sporočila o napakah, predvsem v Blenderjevem vmesniku za pisanje pythonovih skriptov. Da bi ublažili te težave, smo vpeljali pedagoško metodo, posebej prilagojeno učnim potrebam dijakov medijske produkcije. Smernice v pedagoškem procesu učnih situacij jasno opredeljujejo naslednje: • povezava med programiranjem in izdelavo vizualnih artefaktov mora biti jasno vidna; • rezultati praktičnih vaj in nalog iz programiranja morajo biti vizualni; • rezultat mora imeti estetsko kakovost, ki ga naredi uporabnega in prodajnega na profesionalni ravni; • dijakom je treba dati fiksne cilje, da se nanje jasno osredotočijo in jim bodo služili kot merilo njihovega napredka; • od dijakov, če ne bo treba, ne bomo zahtevali, da upoštevajo estetska vprašanja, da bi ostali osredotočeni na učenje programiranja; • matematiko in logiko je treba poučevati le, ko učenci naletijo na potrebo po tem, po možnosti tako, da jim dovolimo, da sami raziskujejo temo, pod vodstvom učitelja; • dijaki morajo biti aktivno vključeni v proces programiranja, da pridobijo praktične izkušnje; • dijaki morajo delati v programskem okolju, ki zagotavlja nizek prag (enostaven vstop v uporabo za novince), visok strop (za zahtevnejše uporabnike) in široko steno (majhen, dobro izbran nabor funkcij, ki podpirajo širok razpon možnosti) [3]. 4 ZAKLJUČEK Mnenja smo, da je veliko praktičnega dela osrednja značilnost uvodnih ur pri programiranju digitalnih medijev, vendar je prav tako pomembno najti dobre načine za spodbujanje dijakov, da postanejo bolj usmerjeni v poglobljeno učenje. Na začetku smo se zelo trudili, da bi našli ravnotežje med uporabljenimi izzivi in ohranjanjem osredotočenosti na osnove programiranja. V prihodnosti želimo rahlo spremeniti dejavnosti in metode ocenjevanja, da bi se izognili plitkemu učenju in obravnavali čustveno izkušnjo uvajanja v programiranje. Pričakujemo, da bodo kakršni koli zaključki, ki izhajajo iz tega prispevka, vodili k boljšemu razumevanju ustvarjalnega procesa v kontekstu integracije, ki temelji na povezovanju programske kode enega in ustvarjalnega okolja drugega orodja, saj večinoma vizualni rezultati kreativnega kodiranja niso neposredno predvidljivi vnaprej. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Allan, Vicky. H., M. V. Kolesar. 1996. Teaching Computer Science: A Problem Solving Approach that Works. National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. [2] Fee, Samuel B., Amanda M. Holland-Minkley. 2010. Teaching Computer Science through Problems, not Solutions. Computer Science Education, 20, 129-144 (2010). [3] Resnick, M. et. al. 2005. Design Principles for Tools to Support Creative Thinking in "Creativity Support Tools - A workshop sponsored by the National 418 Učenje analize okoljskih podatkov za vsakogar Learning environmental data analysis for everyone Alenka Baggia, Alenka Michal Kvet Brezavš č ek, Robert Univeršity of Ž ilina Andreana Baeva Motuš ič Leškovar Ž ilina, Slovaš ka European Bušinešš Aššočiation Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta mičhal.kvet@fri.uniza.šk Žagreb, Hrvaš ka za organizačijške vede Frane Urem aba@epu.hr Kranj, Slovenia Univeršity of S ibenik alenka.baggia@um.ši S ibenik, Hrvaš ka frane@vuš.hr POVZETEK develop edučational čontent on data analytičš ušing environmental data aš an example. Data analytičš will be Digitalizačija in zeleni prehod šta v tem trenutku najbolj prešented čomprehenšively in freely available študy aktualni temi mnogih razprav v različ nih organizačijah, šaj ju materialš and will not require prior knowledge of the topič. je Evropška unija poštavila v ošpredje čiljev za našlednje The analyšiš of environmental data will be čarried out on obdobje. V prišpevku predštavljamo Erašmuš Pluš projekt three different pračtičal čašeš ušing the Oračle Analytičš EverGreen, v okviru katerega našlavljamo obe aktualni temi Cloud tool, whičh iš under šome čonštraintš available to ter ju z elimo ušpeš no vključ iti v izobraz evalni pročeš. Glavni študentš through the Oračle Cloud Infraštručture. čilj projekta je priprava izobraz evalnih všebin o podatkovni analitiki na primeru okoljških podatkov. Podatkovna KEYWORDS analitika bo v prošto doštopnih š tudijških gradivih predštavljena čelovito in ne bo zahtevala predhodnega Data Analytičš, Environmental Data, Environmental Data poznavanja teme. Analiza okoljških podatkov bo izvedena na Analyšiš, Oračle Analytičš Cloud, Oračle Cloud Infraštručture treh različ nih primerih iz prakše z orodjem Oračle Analytičš Cloud, ki je za š tudente v omejenem obšegu doštopno v 1 Oračle Cloud Infraštručture. UVOD Po mnenju Evropške komišije (EK) šta dva ključ na izziva, KLJUČNE BESEDE š katerima še morajo drz ave č laniče špopašti v prihodnjih podatkovna analitika, okoljški podatki, analiza okoljških dešetletjih, narediti Evropo bolj zeleno in bolj digitalno [1]. podatkov, Oračle Analytičš Cloud, Oračle Cloud Oba izziva šta med šeboj povezana, šaj je napredek v Infraštručture tehnologiji pogošto predštavljen kot edini moz ni nač in za došego ravnotez ja med gošpodarškim napredkom in ABSTRACT okoljško trajnoštjo. Po drugi štrani pa napredek v tehnologiji in vše š irš a uporaba tehnologije uštvarja vedno več je količ ine Digitališation and the green tranšition are čurrently the mošt podatkov. topičal iššueš in many debateš in variouš organišationš, aš the European Union haš plačed them at the forefront of itš Po podatkih Statište [2] še bo količ ina podatkov iz leta obječtiveš for the next period. In thiš paper, we prešent the 2020 z e do leta 2025 podvojila, v škladu š tem pa še letno Erašmuš Pluš proječt EverGreen, whičh addreššeš both poveč uje tudi poraba energije za obdelavo velikih podatkov topičš and aimš to šuččeššfully integrate them into the in pošlovno analitiko. Očenjujejo, da še bo v obdobju 2023- edučational pročešš. The main obječtive of the proječt iš to 2028 poraba energije poveč ala za 11 % [3]. Tehnologije za analizo podatkov in pošlovno analitiko ter algoritmi na ošnovi umetne inteligenče šo ključ ni "šeštavni deli", ki Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal omogoč ajo pretvorbo šurovih podatkov v uporabne or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice informačije. Te tehnologije pomagajo podjetjem, pa tudi and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of vladam in druz bam, razumeti trende in pašti, graditi this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). napovedne modele in najti reš itve za lokalne in globalne Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia izzive. Analiza podatkov ima torej potenčial reš evanja © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(š). 419 vpraš anj, povezanih š podnebnimi špremembami in vizualizačije. Poleg šploš no doštopnih podatkov še z analizo globalnim šegrevanjem, pa tudi drugih druz benih izzivov. Pri okoljških podatkov ukvarjajo tudi različ ne organizačije, analizi okoljških podatkov zbiramo in analiziramo podatke o podjetja in uštanove, ki z elijo na ošnovi tovrštnih analiz različ nih okoljških kazalčih ter izšledke analiz uporabimo kot izboljš ati švoj okoljški odtiš. Kot primer lahko navedemo ošnovo za šprejemanje upravljavških, finanč nih in Meštno obč ino Kranj, ki š šenzorji na petih različ nih lokačijah škupnoštnih odloč itev (odloč anje na podlagi podatkov). na področ ju obč ine špremlja vrednošti polutantov in meteorološ ke podatke [8]. Vše bolj razš irjena uporaba podatkovne analitike zapošluje nov profil štrokovnjakov, ki razumejo ogromne Kot je jašno, šami podatki ne prinaš ajo dodane vrednošti, količ ine podatkov ter šo špošobni š pomoč jo različ nih orodij pač pa jih je potrebno analizirati, da iz njih pridobimo iz teh podatkov pridobiti korištne informačije za odloč anje. korištne informačije. V primeru okoljških podatkov gre Da bi izobrazili tovrštne štrokovnjake, izobraz evalne največ krat za velike podatke, ogromne količ ine podatkov, ki uštanove potrebujejo tako infraštrukturo kot tudi pedagoš ki jih ni mogoč e uč inkovito analizirati š tradičionalnimi kader, ki bo ušpošobljen za pouč evanje podatkovne analitike. štatištič nimi metodami. Poleg velikega obšega je zanje V okviru Erašmuš+ projekta Inčluding EVERyone in GREEN znač ilna višoka hitrošt generiranja, raznolikošt podatkovnih Data Analyšiš (EverGreen) našlavljamo vrzel med tipov ter problem pravilnošti šamih zapišov. Žaradi povpraš evanjem in ponudbo ušpošobljenih podatkovnih omenjenih znač ilnošti moramo za analizo velikih podatkov analitikov. Ž uvedbo inovativnega škupnega uč nega gradiva, uporabljati pošebna orodja, ki podpirajo uporabo različ nih ki bo na voljo predavateljem in š tudentom, bomo prišpevali podatkovnih tipov, omogoč ajo č iš č enje podatkov pred k razvoju digitalne pripravljenošti, odpornošti in analizo ter šo dovolj zmogljiva za pročeširanje velikih količ in zmogljivošti š tudentov na tem pomembnem, razvijajoč em še podatkov. področ ju. Obštaja nekaj orodji, ki še najpogošteje uporabljajo za V projektu EverGreen šodeluje pet partnerjev: Univerza iz analizo velikih podatkov. Python je na primer programški Ž iline (Slovaš ka), kot vodilni partner, Univerza Pardubiče jezik, ki je zaradi velikega š tevila knjiz nič in orodij za analizo (C eš ka), Univerza v S ibeniku (Hrvaš ka), Inkubator za nove podatkov pogošto prva izbira podatkovnih analitikov [9]. tehnologije in podjetniš tvo Trokut (Hrvaš ka) ter Univerza v C eprav je šintakša programškega jezika Python relativno Mariboru. enoštavna, pa kljub temu uporaba Python okolja zahteva znanje programiranja. Podobno velja tudi za programški jezik R, ki ga uporabljamo v različ nih okoljih, na primer R 2 PREGLED PODROČJA Conšole ali R Studio [10]. Tudi programški jezik R ima š irok Ždruz eni narodi šo leta 2015 predštavili 17 čiljev nabor knjiz nič, ki omogoč ajo uč inkovito analizo podatkov. trajnoštnega razvoja, ki šo vezani na švetovno najbolj pereč o Apačhe Spark je več jezič na platforma, ki poleg programških problematiko š področ ja druz be, gošpodarškega razvoja in jezikov Python in R omogoč a tudi uporabo jezikov SQL, Java okolja [4] in šo prikazani na šliki1. in Sčala za analizo podatkov [11]. Enako kot pri predhodno omenjenih orodjih, tudi Apačhe Spark zahteva poznavanje programških jezikov. Druga vršta orodij, ki jih uporabljamo za analizo podatkov, pa šo orodja, ki uporabljajo grafič ne vmešnike in zato znanje programških jezikov ni potrebno. Med tovrštnimi orodji velja izpoštaviti Tableau [12], SAS [13], Power BI [14], Orange [15], JupyterLab [16] in KNIME [17]. Navedena orodja delujejo na zelo podoben nač in, šo uporabniku prijazna, potek dela je relativno enoštaven, pročeš uč enja uporabe pošameznega orodja pa ni zahteven. Več ina orodij je na voljo kot namizna aplikačija, pri č emer ševeda omogoč a različ ne nač ine deljenja Slika 1: Cilji trajnostnega razvoja [4] podatkov in rezultatov analiz. Leta 2017 šo v škladu š čilji predštavili tudi šeznam kazalnikov, š katerimi je moz no meriti napredek pri 3 ORACLE ANALYTICS CLOUD došeganju pošameznih čiljev. V bazi je tako na voljo več kot Podobne laštnošti, kot šmo jih navedli pri orodjih z 210 različ nih kazalnikov, za katere UN [5] zbira podatke in šo grafič nimi uporabniš kimi vmešniki, lahko pripiš emo tudi prošto doštopni za izvajanje različ nih analiz, š katerimi bi orodju Oračle Analytičš Cloud (OAC), ki ga predštavlja došegli boljš i vpogled v napredek in pošpeš ili došeganje korporačija Oračle [18]. OAC vključ uje š irok nabor orodij za čiljev. Nekaj kazalnikov čiljev trajnoštnega razvoja je na voljo vizualizačijo podatkov, izvajanje analitike po izbiri, pošlovno tudi na platformi Our World in Data [6], poleg tega pa obštaja obveš č anje ter napredno analitiko. Povezovanje z različ nimi tudi špletni šledilnik čiljev trajnoštnega razvoja [7], viri podatkov je zelo preprošto, prav tako je enoštavna interaktivno orodje, š katerim lahko šami izvajamo priprava in tranšformačija podatkov v uštrezno obliko. Ža 420 napovedne vpoglede OAC uporablja metode štrojnega • Okolje za razvoj aplikačij, vključ no z orodji API uč enja. Ena od prednošti platforme je tudi integračija š š irš im Gatewayš, Bločkčhain, Data Sčienče, Digital ekošištemom Oračle, ki zagotavlja varnošt in škalabilnošt. Aššištantš, Oračle MySQL Databaše Serviče. Med Kot pove z e šamo ime orodja, je OAC na voljo kot oblač na orodji velja izpoštaviti tudi Oračle Appličation štoritev, kar bištveno poenoštavi uporabo orodja znotraj Exprešš (APEX) in Višual Builder, ki omogoč ata hiter organizačije in omogoč a delo v okolju le z uporabo in enoštaven razvoj špletnih aplikačij z SQL, PL/SQL brškalnika. Na šliki 2 je prikazana delovna površ ina v okolju in JavaSčript funkčionalnoštmi. OAC. • Baza podatkov, ki vključ uje avtonomno pročeširanje tranšakčij, avtonomno podatkovno škladiš č e, JSON bazo podatkov, bazo podatkov kot oblač no štoritev (virtualni rač unalnik), exadata oblač no štoritev ipd. • Orodja za integračijo, kot šo API Gateway, Appličation Integration, Oračle GoldenGate, Oračle Data Integrator, Oračle Cloud Infraštručture Data Integration, SOA Cloud Serviče. Nadzorna plošča Oracle Analytics Cloud • Orodja za nadzor in upravljanje, ki omogoč ajo belez enje, špremljanje, obveš č anje, upravljanje virov Ža uporabo OAC Cloud moramo imeti doštop do platforme ipd. Oračle Cloud Infraštručture (OCI), ki jo predštavljamo v • našlednjem poglavju. Orodja za povezljivošt in delo v omrez ju, kot šo DNS štrez nik, e-poš ta, FaštConnečt, preverjanje štanja (ang. Health Chečkš), uravnotez enje obremenitev Slika 2: Nadzorna plošča Oracle Analytics Cloud (ang. Load Balančing), virtualno omrez je v oblaku. Ža uporabo OAC Cloud moramo imeti doštop do platforme • Orodja za šhranjevanje, ki omogoč ajo arhiviranje, Oračle Cloud Infraštručture (OCI), ki jo predštavljamo v šhranjevanje v blokih, prenoš podatkov, našlednjem poglavju. šhranjevanje datotek, uporabo lokalnega pomnilnika NVMe SSD, objektno šhranjevanje ipd. 4 ORACLE CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE Na šliki 3 je predštavljen glavni meni š pregledom Oračle Cloud Infraštručture (OCI) je produkt, ki podpira funkčionalnošti, ki jih ponuja OCI. vše arhitekture rač unalniš tva v oblaku (javni, zašebni in hibridni oblak) ter vše vršte oblač nih štoritev (infraštrukturo kot štoritev IaaS, platformo kot štoritev - PaaS, in programško opremo kot štoritev - SaaS). Všebuje reš itve v oblaku, ki šo bile v preteklošti na voljo le lokalno. Reš itev uporablja Oračle avtonomne štoritve, integrirano varnoštno plašt, robuštno funkčionalnošt in tehnike optimizačije ter na ta nač in ponuja š tevilne prednošti pri uporabi vključ enih orodij. Kot najpomembnejš e, OCI ponuja izvrštno lokačijo za avtonomno bazo podatkov Oračle, ki še v oblaku obnavlja, popravlja in dopolnjuje brez potrebnih pošegov škrbnika baze podatkov. Ž uporabo štrojnega uč enja za avtomatizačijo rutinških opravil zagotavlja avtonomna podatkovna baza več jo zmogljivošt, boljš o varnošt in izboljš ano operativno uč inkovitošt ter tako razvijalčem ponudbi več č aša za izdelavo pošlovnih aplikačij [19]. OCI ponuja š irok nabor orodij, ki jih lahko uporabljamo: • Oračle Analytičš uporablja štrojno uč enje in umetno Slika 3: Funkcionalnosti Oracle Cloud Infrastructure inteligenčo za pomoč pri odloč anju. Med drugim ponuja štoritve Oračle Analytičš Cloud, Oračle Big Pri tem OCI uporablja napredne tehnologije, kot je umetna Data Serviče, Oračle Big Data SQL Cloud Serviče, inteligenča, veriga blokov, štrojno uč enje, podatkovna Oračle Data Sčienče in Oračle Cloud Infraštručture znanošt, digitalni pomoč niki ipd. Ža dobro delovanje špletnih Data Flow. reš itev pri uporabi navedenih tehnologij je ključ nega 421 pomena višoka rač unška zmogljivošt ob višoki štopnji odloč anju. Razviti uč ni nač rti in gradiva, ki jih bomo varnošti, škladnošti in upravljanju identitet, ki jih omogoč a pripravili v okviru projekta, bodo prošto doštopni tudi OCI. Tehnologija Oračle Cloud je poštavljena na različ nih mladim, ki nišo vključ eni v formalno izobraz evanje. Gradiva lokačijah po švetu. V Evropški uniji šo podatkovni čentri bodo vključ evala tudi praktič ne vaje, š katerimi bodo fizič no ločirani v Amšterdamu, Žu ričhu in Frankfurtu, od leta udelez enči izobraz evanja š e poglobili švoje znanje. 2021 pa naštajajo tudi novi podatkovni čentri na S vedškem, v Frančiji in Italiji [19]. OCI je prvotno poštavljena za uporabo S tudijška gradiva, ki bodo razvita v okviru projekta, bodo v organizačijah, šaj nač in plač evanja na ošnovi porabe virov poleg ošnovne, angleš ke verzije, prevedena v 4 različ ne za organizačije predštavlja ključ no prednošt z vidika jezike (šlovaš č ina, č eš č ina, hrvaš č ina in šlovenš č ina), da jih optimizačije štroš kov. Poleg plač ljive moz nošti, pa OCI bodo šodelujoč e uštanove lahko ponudile tudi v švojih ponuja tudi štoritev za š tudente v okviru iničiative Oračle lokalnih okolij. Med gradivi bodo predštavljeni 3 realni Cloud Alwayš Free, preko katere lahko š tudenti špoznajo primeri analize okoljških podatkov, na ošnovi katerih bodo ključ ne funkčionalnošti platforme. Uporaba štoritev preko udelez enči izobraz evanja pridobili š e dodaten vpogled v š tudentškega rač una je č ašovno omejena, prav tako pa je iškanje trajnoštnih reš itev okoljških izzivov na lokalnem, omejena tudi uporaba virov. S tudent lahko uporabi: načionalnem in EU nivoju. • dve avtonomni bazi podatkov (1 OCPU in 20GB V okviru projekta bošta izvedena dva teč aja, namenjena diškovnega proštora za všako), izobraz evanju pedagoš kega ošebja, ki bošta udelez enče ušpošobila za izvajanje pedagoš kega pročeša š področ ja • virtualne rač unalnike, analize okoljških podatkov. Však od šodelujoč ih partnerjev bo za oštale partnerje pripravil všebine, ki šo ključ nega • dva blokovna pomnilnika (škupaj 100 GB), pomena za ušpeš no pouč evanje o analitiki okoljških podatkov. Na ta nač in bo pedagoš ki kader pridobil ključ ne • 10 GB objektne šhrambe, veš č ine za pripravo kvalitetnih š tudijških gradiv in ušpeš no ušpošabljanje š tudentov. Konzorčij je v tej fazi projekta z e • 10 GB arhivške šhrambe. pripravil šeznam ključ nih poglavij, ki jih bodo vključ evala š tudijška gradiva in šo predštavljena v tabeli 1. V okviru projekta EverGreen bomo š tudentom predštavili uporabo Oračle Cloud Free Tier, ki ponuja 365-dnevno brezplač no preškuš anje. S tudent ima na voljo brezplač ni Tabela 1: Poglavja v študijskem gradivu EverGreen kredit za uporabo štoritev v oblaku v viš ini 300 USD. Na šliki 4 je predštavljeno ošnovno okno OCI. Št. Naslov poglavja 1 Uvod 2 Uvod v podatkovno znanost 3 Cilji trajnostnega razvoja 4 Osnove uporabne statistike 5 Oblike vhodnih podatkov 6 Orodja za analizo podatkov 7 Analiza podatkov z SQL 8 Podatkovna skladišča 9 Oracle Data Integrator 10 Analiza podatkov s Python-om Slika 4: Domača stran Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 11 Apache Spark 12 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 5 UČNO GRADIVO ZA ANALIZO OKOLJSKIH 13 Uporaba OCI Analytics 14 Vizualizacija podatkov PODATKOV EVERGREEN 15 Primeri podatkovne analitike V okviru projekta EverGreen bomo pripravili nov 16 Izkoriščanje podatkov š tudijški predmet in uč na gradiva o podatkovni analitiki, š 17 Strategija poslovnih podatkov poudarkom na analitiki okoljških podatkov. Na ta nač in 18 Odličnost podatkov z elimo okrepiti digitalno pišmenošt, odpornošt in 19 Zaključek zmogljivošt udelez enčev izobraz evanja ter hkrati graditi na njihovih digitalnih in trajnoštnih kompetenčah. 6 ZAKLJUČEK Ž rezultati projekta z elimo pomagati pri odpravljanju V prišpevku predštavljamo prve korake pri izvajanju vrzeli med znanji in špretnoštmi diplomantov š področ ja IT, Erašmuš Pluš projekta EverGreen. Glavni čilj projekta je ki šo ušpošobljeni za analizo podatkov, zaznavanje trendov, prišpevati k digitalni in zeleni preobrazbi višokega š olštva, napovedovanje in pridobivanje informačij za pomoč pri kar z elimo došeč i z medšektorškim internačionalnim 422 šodelovanjem. Rezultat naš ega dela bo pošodobitev uč nih Accessed: Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. Available: nač rtov na področ ju informačijške tehnologije. V prvi fazi https://ourworldindata.org bomo š pomoč jo dodatnega izobraz evanja razvili digitalne in [7] H. Ritchie, M. Roser, J. Mispy, and E. Ortiz-Ospina, trajnoštne kompetenče pedagoš kega kadra, v drugi fazi pa “Meašuring progrešš towardš the Suštainable izboljš ali zapošljivošt in okoljško zavešt vključ enih Development Goals (SDG-Tračker).” Aččeššed: Sep. š tudentov. 25, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://sdg- tracker.org V trenutni fazi projekta šmo pripravili ošnovno štrukturo [8] Meštna občina Kranj, “Kvaliteta zraka.” Aččeššed: za všebine š tudijškega gradiva ter ošnutke pošameznih Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. Available: poglavij in praktič nih vaj. V š tudijška gradiva bo vključ enih https://www.kranj.si/kranj-moje-mesto/kakovost- tudi nekaj primerov iz realnega okolja. Glavni poudarek zraka š tudijškega gradiva bo uporaba orodja Oračle Analytičš [9] K. Nongthombam and D. Sharma, “Data Analyšiš Cloud, ki je na voljo v okviru Oračle Cloud Infraštručture. ušing Python,” International Journal of Engineering Oblač na štoritev je v omejenem obšegu prošto doštopna Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 10, no. 7, 2021. š tudentom. S pomoč jo pripravljenih š tudijških gradiv bodo [10] J. Chambers, Software for Data Analysis. New York, š tudenti pridobili dodatna znanja na področ ju podatkovne NY: Springer New York, 2008. doi: 10.1007/978-0- analitike ter tako š e poveč ali švoje zapošlitvene priloz nošti. 387-75936-4. [11] The Apačhe Software Foundation, “What iš Apačhe ZAHVALA SparkTM?” Aččeššed: Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. Prišpevek je naštal ob podpori Evropške komišije z Available: https://spark.apache.org nepovratnimi šredštvi v okviru ErašmušPluš projekta 2022- [12] Tableau Software, “Tableau helps people see and 1-SK01-KA220-HED-000089149 Inčluding EVERyone in underštand data.” Aččeššed: Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. GREEN Data Analyšiš (EverGreen). Všebina tega prišpevka Available: https://www.tableau.com ne odraz a nujno štališ č a ali mnenja Evropške komišije. Ža [13] SAS Inštitute, “SAS/STAT Software: State-of-the-art izraz ena mnenja odgovarjajo šamo avtorji in še zato ta ne statistical analysis software for making sound morejo š teti za uradno štališ č e Evropške komišije. dečišionš.” Aččeššed: Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. Available: LITERATURA IN VIRI https://www.sas.com/en_us/software/stat.html [14] Mičrošoft, “Turn your data into immediate impačt.” [1] European Commiššion, “Europe’s Digital Decade: Accessed: Sep. 25, 2023. [Online]. Available: digital targetš for 2030.” Aččeššed: Sep. 25, 2023. https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us/ [Online]. Available: [15] Univeršity of Ljubljana, “Orange: Data Mining https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and- Fruitful and Fun.” Aččeššed: Sep. 25, 2023. 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Available: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal [6] Our World in Data, “Rešearčh and data to make progrešš againšt the world’š largešt problemš.” 423 Izvedba začetnega tečaja programiranja v okolju MS Teams Conducting an introductory programming course in the MS Teams environment Miha Baloh Šolski center Kranj Kranj, Slovenija miha.baloh@sckr.si POVZETEK pouku, večinoma 9. in 10. šolsko uro, ko so se učilnice sprostile. Letos pa je bila šola zelo polna. Nekateri dijaki so imeli na urniku V članku sem predstavil načrt za izvedbo začetnega tečaja še 9. šolsko uro. Nekateri so pouk zaključevali že 7. šolsko uro. programiranja v okolju MS Teams, s poudarkom na učinkoviti in Nekateri imajo popoldan že druge dejavnosti (glasbo, šport in interaktivni izkušnji v obliki dela na daljavo. Tematika, ki jo podobno), zato je pravočasen prihod domov za njih pomemben. obravnavam, je učinkovito poučevanje programiranja v Ravnatelj je predlagal, naj krožek izpeljem preko platforme MS sodobnem okolju, ki vključuje tudi oddaljeno učenje. Glavni cilj Teams, podobno kot smo v času korone izpeljali pouk na daljavo. tečaja je omogočiti udeležencem, da pridobijo osnovna znanja programiranja in razvijajo svoje veščine skozi praktične vaje in sodelovalno delo. Ugotovil sem, da je bil tečaj izpeljan na 2 PRED ZAČETKOM TEČAJA časovno in prostorsko učinkovit način, fizični stik z učenci pa ni Ker so dijaki že imeli šolske spletne in Microsoft račune (spletna bi bistvenega pomena in v tem delu niso bili prikrajšani. domena sckr.si) in so se spoznali z delom v platformi MS Teams KLJUČNE BESEDE že pri rednem pouku informatike, delo v okolju MS Teams ni predstavljalo oviro [2]. Tam sem takoj ustvaril ekipo z imenom oddaljen tečaj, okolje MS Teams, učinkovito in interaktivno Začetni tečaj programiranja in dodal vse prijavljene dijake. poučevanje, Visual Studio, začetni tečaj programiranja Skupno število dodanih dijakov je bilo 44. Vse prijave niso bile resne in vsi niso uspešno opravili tečaja. Prva aktivnost, ki sem ABSTRACT jo ustvaril v ekipi, je bila anketa pred začetkom tečaja. V anketi In the article, I presented a plan for implementing an introductory je bilo potrebno odgovoriti na dve vprašanji. Cilj ankete je bil, da programming course in the MS Teams environment, with an preverim, v kakšni obliki si dijaki želijo izpeljati tečaj emphasis on an efficient and interactive remote learning programiranja, na daljavo ali v šoli. Rezultati so bili sledeči. experience. The theme I addressed is the effective teaching of programming in a modern setting, which also includes remote learning. The main goal of the course is to provide participants with basic programming knowledge and to develop their skills through practical exercises and collaborative work. I found that the course was conducted in a time and space efficient manner, and physical contact with the pupils was not essential and they were not deprived in this aspect. KEYWORDS effective and interactive teaching, introductory programming course, MS Teams environment, remote course, Visual Studio 1 UVOD Slika 1: Prvo obvezno vprašanje V šolskem letu 2022/2023 sem prejel nadpovprečno število prijav na popolnoma prosto izbirno vsebino Začetni tečaj Iz Slike 1 je razvidno, da si dobra polovica dijakov želi imeti programiranja. Na tečaj so se prijavili dijaki 1. in še nekaj 2. krožek v popoldanskem času na daljavo preko video konference. letnikov, in sicer različnih poklicnih smeri: elektrotehniki, Slaba polovica dijakov pa meni, da je stik v učilnici za njih še računalniški tehniki, mehatroniki in dijaki iz strokovne vedno bolj pomemben in da se tako lažje in več naučijo. gimnazije. Prijavljeni dijaki so prihajali iz 9 različnih oddelkov. Kdor je na prvo vprašanje odgovoril z izbiro "Preko okolja Po analizi prijav sem se posvetoval z ravnateljem Srednje MS Teams", se je odprlo naslednje vprašanje. tehniške šole, kako izpeljati krožek za toliko različnih oddelkov. V preteklih letih sem največkrat izobraževanje izvedel takoj po 424 Tečaj je potekal tedensko s pričetkom v sredo, 30. 11. 2022, in zaključkom v četrtek, 23. 2. 2023 [1]. Izvedenih je bilo 10 delavnic. Časovni potek prikazuje dnevnik v Tabeli 1. Potek tečaja so dvakrat prekinile počitnice. Dijakom sem ponudil, da bi lahko tečaj potekal tudi v času počitnic, saj delamo od doma, a si dijaki tega niso želeli. Tudi meni je ustrezalo, da so počitnice namenjene počitku. Tabela 1: Dnevnik začetnega tečaja programiranja 1. srečanje sreda, Prvo okno (2 h) 30. 11. 2022 2. srečanje četrtek, Slika 2: Drugo možno vprašanje Osnovni gradniki (2 h) 8. 12. 2022 3. srečanje četrtek, Iz Slike 2 je razvidno, da od 56 % dijakov, ki so odgovorili Preprosto računalo (2 h) 15. 12. 2022 "Preko okolja MS Teams", jih je 6 odgovorilo, da bi začeli z 4. srečanje petek, video konferencami ob 16. uri in končali ob 17.30, 7 jih je Igra labirint (2 h) 23. 12. 2022 odgovorilo, da bi začeli ob 17. uri in končali ob 18.30 in samo POČITNICE eden dijak je odgovoril, da bi začel ob 15. uri. 5. srečanje četrtek, Iz odgovorov sklepam, da dijaki prihajajo domov po 15. uri Kviz in dejansko točno ob tej uri še ne morejo začeti s tečajem. Sicer (2 h) 5. 1. 2023 pa jim je odgovarjalo, da s tečajem začnemo čim prej, ker se 6. srečanje četrtek, Štoparica veliko dijakov udeležuje tudi drugih dejavnosti, ki pa se začnejo (2 h) 12. 1. 2023 po 18. uri. 7. srečanje četrtek, Različna sporočilna okna Če so v prvem vprašanju odgovorili "V računalniški učilnici", (2 h) 19. 1. 2023 pa se je odprlo naslednje vprašanje (Slika 3). 8. srečanje četrtek, Križci in krožci (2 h) 2. 2. 2023 POČITNICE 9. srečanje četrtek, Dinamično dodeljevanje (2 h) 16. 2. 2023 komponent 10. srečanje četrtek, Galerija slik (2 h) 23. 2. 2023 Delo v okolju MS Teams je potekalo tako, da sem vedno en teden vnaprej napovedal dogodek s krajšim opisom in ga vnesel v koledar (Slika 4). Dijakom se je dogodek pojavil na osebnem koledarju in jih obveščal o pričetku dogodka (Slika 5). Slika 3: Drugo možno vprašanje Od dijakov, ki so na prvo vprašanje odgovorilo "V računalniški učilnici" (44 %), jih je 8 odgovorilo, da bi imeli tečaj "7. in 8. šolsko uro", 3 so odgovorili, da bi lahko imeli tečaj "8. in 9. šolsko uro", nihče pa si ni želele imeti tečaja "9. in 10. šolsko uro". Iz odgovorov sklepamo, da bi dijaki v šoli začeli s tečajem takoj po zaključku rednega pouka in bi radi na tečaj čakali čim manj časa, zato prevlada odgovor s pričetkom 7. šolsko uro. Po zaključeni anketi sem dijake preko MS Teams objave obvestil o dogovoru z ravnateljem in samem načrtu poteka krožka. Dijaki so se na objavo odzvali pozitivno. Slika 4: Objava dogodka v koledar in kanal Splošno 3 POTEK IN IZVEDBA TEČAJA 425 pisal počasi, da bi jo dijaki lahko sproti prepisovali in da sem zraven bolj podrobno razložil posamezne vrstice kode. Dijaki so bili začetniki programiranja in prav veliko kode še niso napisali, zato so potrebovali več razlage. Motivacij za učenje ni manjkalo, saj so na tečaju sodelovali večinoma zainteresirani dijaki in so si tega znanja zelo želeli. Le redki so se na tečaj prijavili izključno zaradi pridobitve potrdila o opravljeni popolnoma prosti izbirni vsebini. Ko se je nekemu dijaku stvar popolnoma zataknila in ni vedel, kako nadaljevati s programiranjem, sva to rešila tako, da je najprej delil svojo zaslonsko sliko. Jaz sem tako najbolj učinkovito izvedel, kaj je konkretno problem ali kaj ne deluje. Z deljenem slike sem veliko lažje pomagal in usmerjal z navodili do rešitve. Ostali dijaki pa se pri tem niso dolgočasili, saj so to Slika 5: Obvestilo o dogodku v kanalu Splošno dogajanje opazovali in se tudi sami iz te situacije nekaj naučili. Nekateri so v istem trenutku imeli enake težave in so kasneje Ob določeni uri in datumu se je dogodke začel. MS Teams je povedali, da jim je bilo to v veliko pomoč. na to opozoril tudi dijake. Po srečanju pa sem vedno tudi objavil zaslonsko sliko aplikacije in kratek opis opravljenega dela (Slika 6). 6 KLEPET MED VIDEO KONFERENCO Veliko rajše kot prekinjanje profesorja med predstavitvijo oz. zastavljanje vprašanj preko mikrofona so dijaki v veliki večini izrabili možnost klepeta. Vse probleme in vprašanja, ki so jih imeli, so večinoma zapisali v klepet. Jaz sem imel vklopljena obvestila za klepet, ki so se mi instantno prikazala. Če je bilo možno, sem takoj prekinil svojo predstavitev in preko mikrofona in slike poskušal odgovoriti na njihova vprašanja. Na Sliki 7 je primer enega izmed pogovorov. Po zaključku video konference pa se v pogovor zapiše povezava do shranjenega posnetka, ki ga je možno kasneje tudi odpreti in si ga ogledati. V klepet se zapiše tudi trajanje video konference. Slika 6: Objava po zaključku video konference 4 SNEMANJE VIDEO KONFERENCE Video konference sem tudi snemal. Saj so tako lahko dijaki zamudniki ali manjkajoči dijaki imeli še tri tedne časa, da si ogledajo posnetek in nadoknadijo zamujeno. Po treh tednih pa se video posnetek žal izbriše, razen če ga preneseš in shraniš na varno mesto. Tako določa MS politika uporabe [3]. Dijaki so si s posnetki pomagali na različne načine. Nekateri so tako lahko lažje nadomestili manjkajoče ure. Nekateri dijaki so povedali, da ko VK poteka v živo, stvari samo spremljajo in poslušajo. Po VK Slika 7: Klepet med video konferenco pa sami poskusijo samostojno ustvariti predstavljeno aplikacijo. Če jim to ne uspe, si lahko pogledajo posnetek za nazaj in ravno ta del jim je bil najbolj všeč. 7 IZVEDBA S POMOČJO VIDEO POSNETKA Dve temi začetnega tečaja programiranja pa nisem izvedel na 5 DELJENJE ZASLONSKE SLIKE način preko video konference. Uporabil sem v naprej posnet Vsako video konferenco sem izpeljal tako, da sem delil celotno video, ki sem ga objavil v glavnem kanalu ekipe. Več sliko mojega namizja in dijaki so lahko natančno spremljali moje podrobnosti je v nadaljevanju. delo. Za začetek sem vedno v orodju za razvoj programske opreme odprl nov prazen projekt in začel graditi aplikacijo od 7.1 Video s kratkimi nasveti začetka. Tako so dijaki lahko opazovali, kako sestavim grafični Eno izmed tem sem izvedel tako, da sem vnaprej pripravil in del aplikacije in kasneje tudi, kako napišem kodo. Kodo sem objavil posnetek s kratkimi nasveti in primeri uporabe. Dijaki so 426 s pomočjo videa izdelali lastno igro. Trike, spoznane v dijaka za vse tedne. Od skupno vključenih 44 dijakov, jih je predstavitvenem videu, so dijaki uporabili na svoj način in začetni tečaj programiranja uspešno opravilo 31 dijakov. Kar je izdelali igro po lastni meri. Še posebej lepo igro Labirinta, največje številko število, odkar izvajam ta tečaj. prikazano na sliki 8, je izdelal eden izmed dijakov. 9 PO ZAKLJUČKU TEČAJA Po zaključku tečaja sem pridobil mnenje in oceno dijakov o kvaliteti izvedbe začetnega tečaj programiranja. To sem pridobil s kratko spletno anketo, ki so jo dijaki rešili s pomočjo svojih telefonov. V anketi je sodelovalo 24 dijakov. Zastavljenih je bilo 8 vprašanj. 9.1 vprašanje: Kako bi ocenili delavnico? S tečajem programiranja so bili dijaki zelo zadovoljni, saj so za splošno oceno vsi označili visoke ocene odlično (5) in prav dobro (4). Povprečna ocena odgovora je bila natančno 4,5. Slika 8: Igra Labirint, izdelana samostojno in po lastni meri dijaka 7.2 Video posnetek celotne aplikacije Temo Križci in krožci sem izvedel tako, da sem vnaprej pripravil video posnetek s celotnim potekom izdelave aplikacije. Posnetek je bil dolg 26 minut. Aplikacijo sem sprogramiral v hitrejšem ritmu, saj so si dijaki lahko sami poljubno zaustavili in predvajali Slika 10: Rezultati 1. vprašanja posnetek po potrebi. Ker sem želel spremljati, koliko jih aktivno sodeluje, sem zahteval, da oddajo izdelan program v dodeljeno 9.2 vprašanje: Ali si se na delavnici naučil kaj nalogo. Dodeljena naloge je rubrika ekipe, ki omogoča oddajo novega? nalog. V tem koraku smo imeli nekaj težav, ker nisem vedel, da Na to vprašanje so dijaki odgovoril številčno, pri čemer je MS Teams ne dovoli oddati izvršljivih »exe« datotek. Potem so pomenila številka 10, da so se naučili ogromno in številka 1, da se dijaki znašli kar sami in mi pošiljali povezave do deljenih map se niso nič naučili. 6 dijakov je odgovorilo z oceno 7/10, 8 preko klepeta ali e-pošte. Iz Slike 9 je razvidno, kako so dijaki na dijakov z oceno 8/10 in potem še skupno 5 dijakov z oceno 9/10 dan krožka prejeli navodila. Čas za oddajo dodeljene naloge je ali 10/10. Bili so tudi 4 dijaki, ki so odgovorili z oceno nižjo od bil dva tedna. 7. Če iz vseh ocen izračunamo (Slika 11) povprečno oceno, koliko so po njihovem mnenju pridobili novega in uporabnega znanja, dobimo povprečno oceno 7,5/10. Slika 9: Objava navodil 8 POROČILO O UDELEŽBI Slika 11: Rezultati 2. vprašanja Po vsaki video konferenci MS Teams pripravi razpredelnico v obliki CSV, ki jo lahko prenesemo na svojo napravo in 9.3 vprašanje: Opiši, kaj si se naučil? pregledamo, kdo in koliko časa je sodeloval v VK. Vidimo tudi, Na to vprašanje so dijaki odgovorili s kratkimi opisnimi če je kdo predčasno zapustil VK. Ker so dijaki na koncu prejeli odgovori, iz katerih lahko povzamem, da so se naučil Potrdilo o udeležbi v obsegu 20 šolskih ur, sem te razpredelnice programskega jezika C#, uporabljati Visual Studio, izdelati shranjeval in jih natančno pregledal. V samem začetku tečaja je preproste vizualne programe, izdelati grafične vmesnike in bilo razloženo, da je obvezna 80 % prisotnost za pridobitev oblikovati okna, izdelati preprosto igro, "programersko potrdila. Tako sem tekom tečaja beležil tudi glavno razpredelnico, v kateri sem vodil prisotnost za posameznega 427 razmišljati" in kako programi delujejo. Lahko sem ponosen, da spoznali novo grafično komponento, ki jo bodo kasneje so v tako kratkem tečaju osvojili toliko znanja. uporabili. 9.4 vprašanje: Kako je potekala delavnica? Na to vprašanje so odgovorili z izbiro enega od možnih odgovorov (Slika 12). Dve tretjini dijakov meni, da je predstavljeni vsebini sledila z lahkoto oz. brez večjih težav, med konferenco pa so lahko tudi zastavili vprašanja (modra in rdeča kosa tortnega grafa). Ena tretjina dijakov pa meni, da je bila snov razložena prehitro (oranžen kos) in eden izmed njih pravi, da se je dolgočasil, verjetno zato, ker ni uspel slediti. Slika 14: Rezultati 7. vprašanja 9.8 vprašanje: Bi se izvedbe krožka na daljavo Slika 12: Rezultati 4. vprašanja še udeležil? Zadnje vprašanje je potrdilo, da je bila odločitev glede izvedbe 9.5 vprašanje: Kako pogosto je predavatelj želel tečaja na daljavo dobra in da je dijakom po pridobljeni izkušnji izvedeti povratno informacijo? tudi ustrezala. Na odgovor »Na daljavo je bilo zelo učinkovito in Iz slike 13 je razvidno, da velika večina dijakov meni (87,5 %), udobno spremljati tečaj« je odgovorilo kar 79 % anketirancev da sem hitro in učinkovito poizvedoval, ali dijaki uspešno sledijo (Slika 15). tečaju in ali rabijo kakšno dodatno pomoč. Kar pomeni, da je bil moj ritem programiranja primeren in da sem imel zadostno število premorov. Slika 15: Rezultati 8. vprašanja 10 ZAKLJUČEK Slika 13: Rezultati 5. vprašanja Z izvedbo začetnega tečaja programiranja imam že dolgoletne izkušnje, a ga na daljavo nisem izvedel še nikoli pred tem. 9.6 vprašanje: Kaj ti je bilo na delavnici najbolj Izvedba v okolju MS Teams, z uporabo video konference in v všeč? naprej pripravljenih posnetkov, se je izkazala za prostorsko in Na to vprašanje so odgovorili s prostimi opisnimi odgovori, iz časovno efektivno metodo izpeljave. Sicer sem pogrešal izvedbo katerih lahko povzamem, da kaj je bilo dijakom na tečaju najbolj v živo, saj po lastnih izkušnjah vem, da tako lahko dobim veliko všeč: na splošno vse, izdelane aplikacije, izdelovanje iger, ogled več povratnih informacije od dijakov, in to med samo izvedbo video konference za nazaj, učenje programiranja, efektivni tečaja. Sicer pa večina dijakov meni, da kontakta v živo ni prenos znanja, kar ni delovalo, je učitelj z veseljem pomagal, da pogrešala. Z anketno raziskavo je bilo ugotovljeno, da zaradi dela je bila snov enostavno razložena in da lahko sedaj sami na daljavo in ne v šoli, dijaki v tem pogledu niso bili prikrajšani. nadaljujejo s programiranjem. Ne glede na vse, je bila to odlična izkušnja, ki je osvežila znanje izvajanja pouka na daljavo, tako za dijaka kot za učitelja. 9.7 vprašanje: Označi aplikacije, ki so ti bile všeč? LITERATURA IN VIRI Na to vprašanje so odgovorili z »označi več možnosti«, ki so vidne na sliki 14. Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da sta jim bili od vseh [1] Krožek programiranja. Dostopno na naslovu aplikacij najbolj všeč igri Labirint in Križci krožci. Med https://sckr.si/sts/obvestila?start=120 (30. 7. 2023) splošnimi aplikacijami, ki niso bile igre, pa so jim bile najbolj [2] Microsoft Teams. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.microsoft.com/en- všeč aplikacija Kviz, Računalo, Štoparica in Galerija slik. Če us/microsoft-teams/download-app (30. 7. 2023). [3] Snemanje sestanka v aplikaciji Microsoft Teams. Dostopno na naslovu pogledamo preostale aplikacije (Prvi projekt, Osnovni gradniki, https://support.microsoft.com/sl-si/office/snemanje-sestanka-v-aplikaciji- Sporočilna okna, Dinamični stolpci in vrstice), so bile dejansko microsoft-teams-34dfbe7f-b07d-4a27-b4c6-de62f1348c24 (30. 7. 2023) namenjene predvsem temu, da so pridobili novo znanje ali 428 Naj bodo jezikovni priročniki zares priročni Make language handbooks really handy Živa Blatnik OŠ Bežigrad Ljubljana, Slovenija ziva.blatnik@guest.arnes.si The article presents the discussion of some language content in POVZETEK Slovenian language lessons, with an emphasis on developing the Sodobna informacijska tehnologija omogoča rabo raznih oblik in ability to use online language portals or specifically, web metod dela ter omogoča učitelju pripravo inovativnega gradiva language handbooks. After the frontal treatment of language za doseganje številnih ciljev, zapisanih v učnem načrtu. Učenje s content about idioms as well as the process of learning about the pomočjo sodobne tehnologije učence in učenke večinoma meaning and use of language handbooks, students were motivira in tako omogoča hitrejše in kakovostnejše doseganje thoughtfully divided into heterogeneous groups. In groups, they učnih ciljev. Ko IKT povežemo še s sodelovalnim in solved problem-structured tasks, where they had to apply the problemskim učenjem, učenci razvijajo tudi druge pomembne acquired theoretical knowledge to new practical examples. The kompetence 21. stoletja. instructions led them to make critical use of online language V prispevku je predstavljena obravnava nekaterih jezikovnih handbooks and at the same time influenced the development of vsebin pri pouku slovenščine, s poudarkom na razvijanju new skills. Pupils exhibited greater confidence in utilizing the sposobnosti uporabe spletnih jezikovnih portalov oz. v ožjem Franček portal, which was designed to creatively introduce the smislu spletnih jezikovnih priročnikov. Po frontalni obravnavi Slovenian language to the youth. While encountering more jezikovnih vsebin o stalnih besednih zvezah oz. frazemih in challenges in using the online version of the 'Dictionary of the procesnem učenju o pomenu in rabi jezikovnih priročnikov, so Slovenian Standard Language' and the 'Slovene Orthography bili učenci premišljeno razdeljeni v heterogene skupine. V Dictionary,' they managed to overcome these difficulties through skupinah so reševali problemsko strukturirane naloge, pri čemer collaborative learning and under the guidance of the teacher. It so morali pridobljeno teoretično znanje uporabiti na novih became evident that the chosen didactic methods aligned with the praktičnih primerih. Navodila so jih vodila h kritični uporabi established learning objectives, as pupils became more self- spletnih jezikovih priročnikov in ob tem vplivala na razvijanje assured and independent when working with web language novih spretnosti. Učenci so bili bolj suvereni pri uporabi portala handbooks. Franček, ki je bil ustvarjen z namenom, da slovenski jezik inovativno približa mladim. Pri uporabi Slovarja slovenskega KEYWORDS knjižnega jezika, Slovenskega pravopisa v spletni obliki so imeli Online language handbooks, Fran, Franček, 21st-century skills, več težav, ki pa so jih premostili s sodelovalnim učenjem in ob digital literacy usmeritvi učitelja. Izkazalo se je, da so izbrane didaktične metode ustrezale zastavljenim učnim, saj so učenci postali samozavestnejši in samostojnejši pri delu s spletnimi 1 UVOD jezikovnimi priročniki. Učitelji 21. stoletja smo postavljeni pred izziv, kako v svoje učilnice vpeljati čim več inovativnih pedagoških pristopov, KLJUČNE BESEDE preko katerih bi ustvarili učne priložnosti, ki postavljajo učenca Spletni jezikovni priročniki, Fran, Franček, kompetence 21. kot aktivnega udeleženca v središče učnega procesa. V učenca stoletja, digitalna pismenost usmerjen pouk namreč omogoča njegovo sodelovanje pri načrtovanju sebi lastnih ciljev, skupnem postavljanju kriterijev, izbiri učne poti in s tem spodbuja prevzemanje odgovornosti za ABSTRACT lastno znanje [1]. Modern information technology enables the use of various forms Inovativne metode dela naj bi bile usmerjene k spodbujanju and methods of work and allows the teacher to prepare razvoja ključnih kompetenc, ki so bile s strani Evropskega innovative material to achieve the many goals outlined in the parlamenta in Sveta Evropske unije leta 2006 opredeljene in curriculum. Learning through modern technology generally sprejete v priporočilu o ključnih kompetencah za vseživljenjsko motivates pupils and enables them to reach educational goals učenje. Kompetence so v tem dokumentu opredeljene kot » /.../ more swiftly and with higher quality. When ICT (Information kombinacija znanja, spretnosti in odnosov /.../«, ki ustrezajo and Communication Technology) is combined with collaborative okoliščinam. Ključne kompetence so tiste, »ki jih vsi ljudje and problem-based learning, pupils also develop other crucial potrebujejo za osebno izpopolnitev in razvoj, dejavno 21st-century skills. državljanstvo, socialno vključenost in zaposljivost.« Referenčni okvir določa osem ključnih kompetenc, ki se štejejo za enako 429 pomembne, naštete pa so v naslednjem vrstnem redu: zgodovina, etimologija. Portal tako preko odgovorov na sporazumevanje v materinem jeziku, sporazumevanje v tujih vprašanja združuje vsebine različnih slovarjev, prikazane na jezikih, matematična kompetenca ter osnovne kompetence v poenostavljen način, a z jasno navedbo vira, s čimer učence znanosti in tehnologiji, digitalna pismenost, učenje učenja, postopno uvaja na ustrezno razumevanje kompleksnejših socialne in državljanske kompetence, samoiniciativnost in priročnikov [5]. podjetnost ter kulturna zavest in izražanje [2]. Nato posamezni učenci na računalniku v učilnici poiščejo Ob obravnavi stalnih besednih zvez oz. frazemov in razlago številnih frazemov, ki jih nihče od sošolcev ni znal jezikovnih priročnikov pri pouku slovenščine v 7. razredu se je pojasniti. Nagovorjeni so tudi, da nekaj pomenov stalnih porajala dilema, kako učence čim bolj učinkovito opolnomočiti, besednih zvez poiščejo doma. da bodo znali sami najti razlago za njim nove oz. nerazumljive Naslednji dve šolski uri sledi delo v heterogeno oblikovanih besede oz. besedne zveze, poiskati pravopisno rešitev, preveriti skupinah z uporabo IKT (tablični računalnik oz. mobilni telefon). in odpraviti svoje pravopisne napake in nenazadnje preveriti tudi Posamezna skupina prejme problemsko zasnovane naloge, sklanjanje t. i. kritičnih samostalnikov. Ob zavedanju, da je primer: mogoče znanje in spretnosti najlažje usvojiti ob problemskem in izkustvenem učenju, je nastalo nekaj didaktičnih metod, ob 1. Poišči naslednje frazeme v Frančku in jih razloži. katerih so učenci razvijali istočasno več omenjenih kompetenc - biti bolj počasne pameti (sporazumevanje v maternem jeziku, digitalna pismenost, učenje - ne priplavati po juhi učenja, socialna in državljanska kompetenca). Pri pripravi - pretakati krokodilje solze omenjenih metod se je izhajalo iz učnega načrta. V skladu s standardi znanja naj bi namreč sedmošolec znal razložiti frazeme Si razlagal pregovore ali rekla? Utemelji. iz besedila in jih smiselno uporabiti v novih okoliščinah in besedilih ter znal uporabljati slovarske priročnike v knjižni in 2. Frazeme iz prve naloge uporabi v smiselnih povedih. elektronski obliki. V zadnjih dveh razredih OŠ je še posebej priporočljivo, da si pri jezikovnem pouku učenci pomagajo z 3. a) Kaj pomenijo spodnji pregovori? Poišči jih v SSKJ. raznimi jezikovnimi svetovalnicami ter s pravopisnimi priročniki - Boljši je vrabec v roki kot golob na strehi. v knjižni in elektronski obliki [3]. - Več glav več ve. V nadaljevanju prispevka bo natančneje predstavljena - Po toči zvoniti je prepozno. obravnava stalnih besednih zvez in slovarskih ter pravopisnih priročnikov v okviru obravnave jezikovnih vsebin pri pouku b) Spomni se (ali poišči) še nekaj pregovorov, ki vsebujejo slovenskega jezika. Natančneje bodo prikazane dejavnosti, ki so besede za živali, hrano, dele telesa ali naravne pojave. učence spodbudile k sodelovalnemu delu, reševanju problemov, raziskovanju in obenem k aktivni rabi spletnih jezikovnih 4. a) Razlagam dopiši ustrezen frazem. Išči v Frančku pod portalov. geslom ROKA. - biti pošten, brez krivde - biti zelo zaposlen - ujeti, aretirati koga 2 OBRAVNAVA JEZIKOVIH VSEBIN b) Izpiši še vsaj 5 frazemov, ki vsebujejo besedo ROKA. 2.1 Stalne besedne zveze oz. frazemi V zadnjem obdobju zaznavamo upad bralne pismenosti, kar so c) Pripravi se, da boš 3 frazeme s pantomimo prikazal sošolcem. pokazali tudi izsledki mednarodne raziskave bralne pismenosti PIRLS 2021[4]. Ker so učenci v povprečju manj naklonjeni Da se učenci uspešno prebijejo skozi zastavljane naloge, branju, je osiromašen njihov besedni zaklad, kar pomeni tudi morajo pokazati osnovno znanje slovaropisja (npr. da so porast nerazumevanja besednih zvez v prenesenem pomenu slovarska gesla zapisana v imenovalniku ednine; kje iskati (frazemov). Posledično že nekaj let iskanje razlage besed, frazeme v SSKJ), razvite morajo imeti digitalne kompetence za raziskovanje večpomenk ipd. na jezikovnih portalih Fran in uspešno rabo spletnih jezikovnih portalov, pokazati morajo Franček nadgrajujemo z iskanjem razlag stalnih besednih zvez. najvišjo taksonomsko stopnjo znanja in frazeme uporabiti v novi Učenci so tako vajeni, da za vse nerazumljivo besedišče znajo situaciji, zmožni morajo biti sodelovalnega učenja, ob prikazu s poiskati razlago. pantomimo pa izražajo tudi zmožnost umetniškega izražanja. Učencem je teorija o stalnih besednih zvezah najprej Poleg naštetega skupinsko delo in rokovanje z IKT-orodji učence predstavljena frontalno, ob številnih primerih. Z risanjem visoko motivira. Učenci kaj hitro dobijo povratno informacijo o dobesednih pomenov frazemov uzaveščajo, da so njihovi pomeni svojem napredku pri učenju spretnosti uporabe jezikovnega nenapovedljivi in se jih lahko le naučimo skozi čim več portala, prevzemajo odgovornost za učenje in ob pomoči besedilnih izkušenj. Učencem nato ob PPT-projekciji spletnega sošolcev zapolnjujejo vrzeli v znanju. Najpomembneje pa je, vsi portala Fran demonstriramo, kje v SSKJ se nahajajo frazemi in učenci aktivno vključeni v učni proces. njihove razlage. Pokažemo jim tudi, kako hitreje in lažje najdejo večino nestavčnih frazemov – na Frančku, jezikovnem portalu za učence in dijake. Na Frančku slovarske vsebine niso prikazane po slovarjih, ampak glede na informacije o posameznih besedah: pomen, sinonimija, pregibanje, izvor, frazeologija, narečja, 430 Slika 1: Učenci v trojicah raziskujejo frazeme s pomočjo 2. Uporaba Slovenskega pravopisa spletnih portalov Fran in Franček a) V Slovenskem pravopisu poišči kraj Polhov Gradec. Naslednji povedi ustrezno dopolni in ju v celoti zapiši v zvezek. - Prebivalci Polhovega Gradca se imenujejo _______________, prebivalke pa ________________. - Še nikoli nisem bil ____ Polhovem Gradcu. b) Poišči besedo jaka/Jaka in odgovori oz. ustrezno izpiši. - Kaj pomeni beseda jaka (z malo začetnico)? - Izpiši svojilni pridevnik, ki ga tvorimo iz osebnega imena Jaka, in je jezikovno pravilen. - Izpiši svojilni pridevnik, ki ni pravilen in ga ne smemo uporabljati. 3. Uporaba Amebis Besane Na spletni strani Amebis Besana preveri: a) kako je slovnično pravilno zapisana naslednja poved in jo izpiši: Medtem, ko me ni bilo doma me je obiskal božiček. b) in izpiši, kako se pregiba samostalnik kost v dvojini, dajalnik. 2.2 Jezikovni priročniki Delo s spletnimi jezikovnimi priročniki v učilnici pokaže, da marsikateri učenec na spletu ne bi znal samostojno najti e-SSKJ V uvodu učnega sklopa o jezikovnih pripomočkih učenci v in e-Pravopisa. Prav tako so redki učenci, ki si med frontalno učilnici slovenščine in v šolski knjižnici dobijo vpogled v knjižne razlago in demonstracijo zapomnijo, kje najti Amebis Besano in izdaje Slovarja slovenskega knjižnega jezika, Slovenskega kje na omenjeni spletni strani lahko besedila pravopisno pravopisa, različnih slovnic (šolskih in znanstvenih) in slovarjev preverijo in prepričajo o pregibanju pregibnih besednih vrst. (npr. etimološki ali slovar tujk). Delo s spletnimi jezikovnimi priročniki, ki so namenjeni tako Ob pregledovanju slovarjev sledi procesno učenje, ko ob znanstvenemu kot šolskemu raziskovanju jezikovnega sistema, pomoči učitelja ugotovijo, da nam jezikovni priročniki se za osnovnošolce pričakovano izkaže za precej zahtevno. pomagajo, da naš jezik čim bolj ustreza okoliščinam, v katerih ga Vendar premišljeno strukturirane naloge in heterogeno uporabljamo, in namenu, ki ga imamo z njim (znamo prav oblikovane skupine učencev omogočajo, da učenci s skupnimi izgovoriti, naglasiti, zapisati, poznamo pomen besed …). V močmi uspešno rešijo zastavljene probleme ob minimalnem nadaljevanju se natančneje posvetimo slovarskima člankoma v usmerjanju učitelja in tako dosežejo zastavljen cilj – razvijajo SSKJ in Slovenskem pravopisu – njuni zgradbi, specifičnim spretnosti. oznakam ipd. V fazi utrjevanja učenci številna gesla iščejo na računalniku v učilnici; sošolci njihovo raziskovanje in učenje spremljajo na PPT-projekciji. Ob skupinski diskusiji analizirajo članke, iščejo število pomenov, frazeološko in terminološko 3 ZAKLJUČEK gnezdo, pravopisno pravilne in napačne besede. Nekaj nalog za utrjevanje rešijo tudi v domačem okolju. Kot narekuje učni načrt, je ključnega pomena, ne le da učenec Ker je snov 7. razreda tudi sklanjanje samostalnikov, pri ve, čemu so namenjeni jezikovni priročniki, temveč da jih zna katerih se pojavljajo posebnosti, se učenci spoznajo tudi z uporabljati. Dandanes so spletni jezikovni priročniki namreč avtomatsko lektorico Amebis Besano. Ugotovijo, da jim orodje dobesedno »pri roki« (4. pomen v SSKJ: lahko, hitro dostopen) omogoča pregibanje pregibnih besednih vrst in avtomatski oz. na dosegu roke, naloga pedagogov in odraslih je le, da jezikovni pregled njihovih besedil. usmerjamo in spodbujamo njihovo rabo. V okviru ključnih Urjenje v uporabi jezikovih priročnikov se nadaljuje v kompetenc 21. stoletja bi lahko govorili o kombinaciji znanja naslednjih dveh šolskih urah. Učenci so ponovno razdeljeni v (pomen jezikovnih priročnikov) in spretnosti (učinkovita premišljene heterogene skupine. Vsaka izmed njih prejme uporaba). Pedagogi pa uporabo znanja pojmujemo kot eno višjih tablični računalnik in problemsko zastavljene naloge: taksonomskih stopenj v procesu učenja. Predstavljene inovativne metode učenja od učitelja 1. Uporaba SSKJ nedvomno zahtevajo ogromno priprave, še posebej ko želi vsaki V SSKJ2 poišči besedo OKNO. skupini pripraviti različne izzive. V času izpeljave problemsko a) Izpiši geslo ali iztočnico. zastavljenega skupinskega dela pa je razbremenjen in celo b) Katerega spola je beseda? Kje lahko to razbereš? nagrajen z aktivnimi in motiviranimi učenci, ki jim uporaba IKT c) Koliko pomenov ima beseda? pri pouku predstavlja poseben izziv. Vsi udeleženi želijo končati č) Izpiši en primer rabe besede pri prvem pomenu besede. z nalogami, večkrat ponavljajo procese iskanja in se učijo iz d) V kateri stroki uporabljajo izraz bazilikalno okno? napak. e) Iz frazeološkega gnezda izpiši en frazem. Sistematično učenje rabe spletnih jezikovih priročnikov se je f) Frazem, ki si ga izpisal v nalogi e, uporabi v smiselni povedi. izkazala kot učinkovita metoda za uvajanje učencev v delo s spletnimi slovarji in spletnimi slovničnimi priročniki. Učenci so ugotovili, da je jezik živ sistem, ki se nenehno spreminja in da 431 niti učitelj slovenščine o jeziku ne ve vsega. Odkar zanjo uporabljati spletne priročnike, so v učilnici vsakodnevno v uporabi. Izgubili so strah in sram, ko besede/besedne zveze ne znajo razložiti, in kar tekmujejo, kdo bo raziskal pomen določenega izraza. V oddelkih so nastali tudi oddelčni slovarski snopiči, kamor zapisujejo nove besede in besedne zveze, na katere naletijo med branjem raznovrstnih besedil. Lahko bi zaključili, da niso le razvili sposobnosti raziskovanja jezikovnih priročnikov, temveč so to aktivnost celo vzljubili. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] https://www.inovativna-sola.si/inovativni-pouk/ (8. 8. 2023). [2] https://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018 :sl:PDF (8. 8. 2023). [3] Učni načrt (posodobljena izdaja). 2018. Program osnovna šola, Slovenščina. Ljubljana, Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. [4] https://www.gov.si/novice/2023-05-16-rezultati-mednarodne-raziskave- bralne-pismenosti-cetrtosolcev-pirls-2021/ (8. 8. 2023). [5] K. Ahačič. 2021. Portal Franček kot učno orodje in leksikografski izziv. Zbornik povzetkov za okroglo mizo Novi izzivi pri jezikovnem pouku slovenščine. Dostopno na naslovu: http://projekt.slo-na-dlani.si/wp- content/uploads/01_Zbornik-povzetkov.pdf (8. 8. 2023). 432 Premor pred odgovorom: vzpodbujanje usvarjalnosti pri poučevanju Interneta stvari Enhancing Creativity with Pause, Ponder, and Open New Avenues Technique: for teaching Inter net of things Samo Božič Ivan Škrlec IT-SI info d.o.o. IT-SI info d.o.o. Ljubljana, Slovenija Kog, Slovenija samo_bozic@yahoo.com.com ivan.skrlec@gmail.com POVZETEK building upon similar strategies employed in various technological organizations, cognitive analysis, and training, the PPO - Premor Pred Odgovorom, oziroma razmisli, preden PPO method seeks to enhance cognitive processes. spregovoriš (v nadaljevanju PPO) je enostavna intuitivna metoda Our implementation of the PPO method is elegantly za spodbijanje ustvarjalnosti in divergentnega razmišljanja. simple yet impactful. Instead of rushing to respond immediately, Metodo PPO sva Samo Božič in Ivan Škrlec uporabila we advocate for a moment of pause, allowing for contemplation in razvijala v času izvajanja praktičnega izobraževanja študentov and creating a space for silence to cultivate creative discourse. s področja IoT (Interneta stvari). Pri izvajanju praktičnega This deliberate pause not only triggers heightened neurological izobraževanja se je izkazalo, da je ustvarjalnost pri izvajanju connections within the Broca-Wernicke area of the brain but also konkretnega projekta odvisna od tega, ali smo študente na to nurtures an environment where original ideas can flourish. pripraviti že prej, med predavanji. Metoda je zasnovana na Practical and proven, the PPO technique has shown its Kahnemanovem sistemu 1 in 2, in podobni pristopi pa se že efficacy. Its utility is particularly pronounced within vocational uporabljajo v številnih tehnoloških organizacijah pri treningih in schools, where it not only stimulates valuable creativity but also kognitivnih analizah. empowers students to hone their skill sets. Metodo PPO izvajamo tako, da ne odreagiramo takoj, To illustrate its application, we provide two concrete temveč pri odgovorih vsilimo čas za premislek, spodbudimo examples of how the PPO technique has been seamlessly tišino in omogočimo kreativni dialog. S tem pa spodbujamo integrated into our lecture settings, seamlessly enhancing the nevrološke povezave v Broca-Wernickejevem področju learning experience and encouraging students' unique možganov.Metoda je praktična in učinkovita, še posebej pa je contributions. primerna v strokovnih šolah, saj spodbuja uporabno ustvarjalnost in s tem pripomore k dodatnemu razvoju sposobnosti študentov. KEYWORDS V nadaljevanju sta podana dva konkretna primera uporabe PPO med predavanji. Internet of things, Kahneman system1 and 2, enhancing creativity KLJUČNE BESEDE Internet stvari in poučevanje, Kahnemov sistem, vzpodbujanje 1 UVOD ustvarjalnosti Spremembe, ki smo jim priča, nas postavljajo pred ABSTRACT izziv, kako poučevati informatiko, Internet stvari. Kompetence, ki jih prenašamo na naslednje generacije, morajo preko The PPO technique, short for "Pause Before inovativne uporabe tehnologije zagotavljati konkurenčnost in s Answering," is a straightforward yet potent approach designed to tem našo blaginjo. Kreativnost je ena ključnih kompetenc za spark creativity and foster divergent thinking. Also referred to as zagotavljanje globalne konkurenčnosti. "think before you speak," this method offers an intuitive way to Metodo PPO smo razvili, ko smo kot prvi v Sloveniji ignite innovative thoughts and encourage more profound insights. pred desetletjem začeli poučevati Internet stvari v okolju Originating from collaborative efforts between višješolskega laboratorija na VSŠ Telekomunikacije, z students, Ivan Škrlec and myself, the PPO technique was born reševanjem praktičnih izzivov. Metoda PPO je enostavna in out of the practical teaching of IoT (Internet of Things). Our intuitivna metoda spodbujanja ustvarjalnosti, ki jo z malo vaje experiences highlighted the need to instill creativity in students uporablja vsak inštruktor ali predavatelj. Gradnike in from an early stage, directly within the framework of lectures. programsko opremo študenti sestavijo v internet naprav, stvari, Drawing inspiration from Kahneman's System 1 and 2, and ki jih v nek koristen sistem povezujejo telekomunikacije. Teoretična osnova za metodo PPO je povzeta po knjigi Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or »Thinking slow and fast« nobelovca Kahnemana [12]. Prevod te classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed klasike »Razmišljanje, hitro in počasno« je prejel na Slovenskem for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full knjižnem sejmu nagrado za najboljšo poslovno knjigo po izboru citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Gospodarske zbornice Slovenije in Združenja Manager za leto Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2016. Daniel Kahneman po desetletjih raziskav razdeli © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). razmišljanje na dva osnovna načina, sistema. Naše odločitve izvirajo iz prepletanja teh dveh načinov, sistemov mišljenja, tako 433 pri vsakodnevnem običajnem odločanju kot pri dolgoročnem sistem 2 smo spodbudili s tem, da smo uporabili metodo načrtovanju strategij. »Vprašaj 3, preden vprašate mene« (ask 3 before me, tudi ask Naše odzive, ki so hitri in avtomatični, brez napora in 3b4 me). Ta tehnika verbalnega protokola izhaja iz 3B (Brain, brez zavestne kontrole, Kahneman poimenuje sistem Books, Buddies) oz. vprašaj možgane, knjige oz. literaturo in razmišljanja 1. kolege [19]. V delovnem okolju se je poenostavila v to, da kadar Nasproti temu Kahneman postavi razmišljanje, ko nekomu nekaj ne gre, se mu zatakne ali delo ne steče, se zavestno usmerjamo pozornost na določeno temo in se posameznik posvetuje najprej s kolegi, šele potem vpraša poglobimo v snov. Ta način razmišljanja poimenuje sistem 2; je strokovnjaka ali nadrejenega. počasnejši, bolj premišljen in bolj logičen. Na Newyorški politehniki (NYU, New York PPO metoda prestavi sistem razmišljanja 1 v sistem 2. University), kjer sem poučeval, je kolega profesor imel Njen cilj je, da že v predavalnici in pozneje med praktičnim in medvedka kar na stolu pred pisarno. Pravil mi je, da se je projektnim poučevanjem v laboratorijih spodbudimo študentom ob ubesedenju – verbalizaciji problema pogosto že poglobljeno razmišljanje z namenom inoviranja. utrnila rešitev in konzultacije niso bile potrebne. »Povej medvedku« (Tell it to your Teddy bear) [18] je tudi tehnika eksternalizacije, besednega opisovanja notranjega dogajanja [23] 2 PREGLED LITERATURE oz. prisilni vklop prej omenjenega sistema 2. V svoji knjigi Razmišljanje, hitro in počasno Daniel Kahenman Na začetku prakse v prvem letu je bilo nekaj dvomov, loči sistem 1: takojšen, spontan odgovor, od sistema 2: počasnega tudi odpora. Študenti so pričakovali pasivno podajanje snovi in in mentalno napornega razmisleka. Misliti – zdeti se še ni sledenje navodilom. Toda ob doslednem uveljavljanju navodil razmišljati oz. poglobiti se, kot bi rekli po domače. udeležencem tudi ni preostalo drugega kot sodelovanje in postalo Srž večine uveljavljenih metod ustvarjalnega je zabavno. razmišljanje je ločitev generacije izmišljevanja in »fantaziranja« idej od selekcije in izbire ene, najboljše [14] Viharjenje 3.2 Uporaba PPO v predavalnici možganov ali možganska nevihta (brainstorming) [8] uporablja Po prvem letu smo prenesli izkušnje iz vaj v predavanja. sistem 1 za generacijo različnih, tudi nepovezanih, divergentnih Kahnemanov sistem 2 smo med predavanji uporabljali s tehniko idej. Sledi spraševanje, iskanje itd. in končno sklep, izbira in ločevanja vprašanj od odgovorov. Torej postavimo vprašanje za akcijski načrt. Slednje pa je domena sistema 2. diskusijo ali izziv za premislek. Takoj zavrnemo vse odgovore, Prav zaradi miselnega ukvarjanja z neko tematiko ki so izstreljeni kot iz topa. Spodbujamo premislek, na primer prakticiranje sistema 2 omogoča globlje razumevanje materije. tako, da uporabimo pregovore, npr. »Prvo speci, potem pa reci« Dokazano omogoča več ohranjanja znanja [1]. Možganske itd. Doseči moramo, da namesto sprovociranega odziva na povezave v Broca-Wernickejevem področju se namreč krepijo in stimulus ne odgovorimo nekaj na prvo žogo, da ne odreagiramo, povezave na abstraktnih nivojih integrirajo [24],[2] temveč spodbudimo tišino, premor in razmislek. V praksi pa so se že uveljavile tehnike, ki krepijo ustvarjalnost direktno s sistemom 2 in ki so nam služile kot 3.2.1 Prvi primer PPO: kapital in tehnologija osnova za PPO. Tako se na primer v organizacijah uporablja Pri predmetu »Ekonomika podjetja«, kjer je Internet stvari VPA (Verbal Protocol Analysis) oz. protokol besedne analize predstavljen iz uporabnega, tržnega vidika, smo naredili [15]. Po končani nalogi, rešenem izzivu ali zaključku se eksperiment. Po nobelovcu Tobinu je 80 % ekonomije udeležence zaprosi, da se ustavijo, premislijo in ubesedijo produktivnost. Ker zaposleni dela 8 ur dnevno in ker je fiziološko utrinke in uvide. Pri kognitivnih raziskavah se podobna tehnika omejen, je ves napredek skozi zgodovino le v tehnologiji, ki – TAP (Think Aloud Protocol) oz. protokol mišljenja na glas – zaobjema tudi načine dela in mišljenja. uporablja za posredno opazovanje in analize miselnih procesov Anatole Kaletsky je pred časom izjavil, da delavec [7]. Na tečajih in treningih, ki vsebujejo veliko vaj, pa se včasih zapravi, kar dobi, lastnik kapitala pa dobi, kar ne zapravi, ali pa podobna tehnika poimenuje s tujko de-roling oz. verbalni pregled dobi, kar zapravi [13]. Kaj je bolj prav, če sploh kaj? vlog (roles), ki jih je v vaji uporabljal udeleženec [10]. Ker je Kapitalist pač dobi, kar delavec zapravi – jasno! Toda posameznik prisiljen premisliti notranje dogajanje in zunanjo kaj pa je donos na kapital, na tehnologijo, na proizvodnjo? Kaj dinamiko, s tem krepi sistem 2. Ta namerna prekinitev rutin in pa je vlaganje in zakaj je kapital pregovorno »plaha ptica«? V avtomatizmov z refleksijo prekine navade. Novi pogledi in večini primerov je diskusija pripeljala do vprašanja, kaj pa je morda novi načini reševanja problemov pa spodbujajo zaslužek lastnikov podjetij oz. kapitala, in seveda do želenega ustvarjalnost. zaključka, da je »varčnost« najboljša posameznikova naložba. Le Pomen kritične refleksije, samoopazovanja svojih tako lahko nekdo pobegne »podganji tekmi« hedonističnega miselnih procesov, kot ključ za napredek našega razumevanja in »treadmilla« oz. tekočih stopnic: ustvarjanja umetnih in vedno spreminjanje sveta, v svojem vplivnem delu Logika večjih želja, včasih celo potreb [9]. Diskusija odpre nove poglede znanstvenega odkritja poudarja Karl Popper [20]. Vklop sistema na to, kaj tehnologija je in kaj ustvarjamo s tem ko povezujemo 2 je morda prvi korak k temu napredku. Tudi Yuval Harari v naprave v internet. knjigi »21 lekcij za 21. stoletje« [11] izpostavlja, da je poleg kritičnega in sistemskega razmišljanja prav ustvarjalno mišljenje 3.2.3 Drugi primer PPO: podatkovna analiza največkrat našteta spretnost, ki bo zanimiva v 21. stoletju, in Če na primer študent položi na banko 1000 evrov in banka posodi opisana tehnika PPO te spretnosti razvija. denar naprej z obvezno rezervo, koliko denarja »je« oz. ljudje »mislijo«, da je v ekonomskem sistemu? Namreč posameznik ima ta denar na banki, banka pa ga tudi ima! Očitno se zdi, da ga 3 REZULTATI »je« vsaj 2000, a banka denar posodi naprej. Neskončno tega 3.1 Uporaba PPO v laboratoriju denarja ne more biti, koliko pa ga je? Študenti uganjujejo in Praktični pouk Interneta stvari je potekal od 2014 do pandemije argumentirajo. Sledijo Excelove razpredelnice in šele na nato covida. Udeležence samo spodbujali, da najdejo praktične aritmetična – Gaussova rešitev in po geometrijski rešitvi s probleme in koristne rešitve zanje. Refleksijo oz. Kahnemanov podobnimi trikotniki še intuitivna razlaga. Zakaj je rezultat te 434 osnovne enačbe financ vedno enak? Kaj pove Zenov paradoks o informacije, omogočimo, da se na nezavedni ravni le-te povežejo limitah, kaj so eksponencialni fenomeni in kaj je Eulerjevo z že obstoječimi informacijami in skozi premislek v sintezo število oz. osnova naravnih algoritmov? Diskusija pripelje do novih uvidov. Spet drugi predavatelji pa uporabljamo razmisleka o vlaganju, donosnosti tehnologije in pomena »Sokratsko« metodo spraševanj za spodbujanje kritičnega investicij v časa in denarja v nove ponudbe. mišljenja. Premori imajo potencial, da spodbudijo miselne 3.3 Zakaj uporabiti metodo PPO? procese. Način razmišljanja lahko prav s tišino in izzivi dvignemo na Kahnemanov sistem 2, na raven poglobljenega 3.3.1 PPO omogoča izogibanje »obrambi« v komunikaciji premisleka. Poenostavljeno je vsaka izzvana komunikacija ali reakcija ali pa Dokazano metoda PPO oz. »ločevanja vprašanj od kreacija [3]! Ali odreagiramo ali pa kreiramo, ali se odzovemo odgovorov« tudi olajša uvide v lastne miselne procese in s tem tudi izboljšuje znanje o sebi « [16], [21]. na slišano ali pa se miselno oddaljimo in odgovorimo z drugega Na višjih strokovnih šolah so projekti povezani s stališča, gledišča ali zornega kota oziroma okvira. To preseneti praktično in koristno tehnologijo, ki jo stroka uporablja. Študenti, sogovornike in pogosto vodi na »tangento«, v nepričakovano praktiki, lahko na svojem konkretnem področju z ustvarjalnostjo smer, ali odpre nove poglede na komunicirano. prispevajo največ. Namreč bolj ko so stvari abstraktne, Ob reakcijah se sogovornik pogosto postavi v bran odmaknjene od stvarnosti, več učenja je potrebno, dlje traja in svojih stališč, še posebno če ima občutek, da je njegova manj je oprijemljivega [6]. Posledično »ustvarjalnost« pri samopodoba, status, položaj ali predstava o samem sebi pod visokih abstrakcijah ni tako enostavna ali hitra, kot je pri vprašajem. Pogovor se nato razvije v napad ali v obrambo in vodi konkretnih, praktično naravnanih vsebinah[17]. v iskanje argumentov na osebni ravni (ad homini). Ne glede kdo Če želimo v Sloveniji ohraniti življenjski standard in prevlada ali kdo se potegne nazaj, diskusije ni in redko kdo tekmovati s hitro rastočim vzhodom in prenaseljenim jugom, bomo pač morali še okrepiti Krpanovo »znajdenje«, ribničansko spremeni stališče, se pa kopičijo zamere [22]. S kreacijo, »svetovljanstvo« in »iznajdljivost« desetega brata. V času nadgrajevanjem, se konfliktom lahko izognemo in omogočimo bombardiranja oglasnih sporočil, polresnic, socialnih medijev … dialog. Manj prepirov pomeni tudi več sodelovanja in pa sta ustvarjalnost in kritični razmislek nujno potrebna za razvoj ustvarjalnih uspehov v timskem delu. in prosperiteto tako posameznika kot družbe. In metoda PPO, ki je enostavna za uporabo, praktična 3.3.2 PPO spodbuja prispevke introvertiranih posameznikov in teoretsko podkrepljena, je eno izmed orodij, ki tudi lahko in posameznic prispeva k doseganju teh ciljev. Na tehnične strokovne šole se pogosto vpišejo študenti in študentke, ki so praktično naravnani. Značilnost nekaterih od teh ZAHVALA posameznikov pa je introvertiranost. Ti ljudje nabirajo energijo, Avtorja se zahvaljujeta VSŠ Telekomunikacije in ravnatelju ko so stran od družbe in zato niso vidni, glasni ali vsiljivi. Dragu Zupančiču da je omogočil prvo šolanje interneta stvari na Introvertni posamezniki potrebujejo predvsem čas, da sodelujejo. praktičnih nivojih višjih šol Susan Cain v svoji knjigi Tihi : moč introvertnih ljudi v svetu, ki ne zna molčati [5] poudarja, da prav ti posamezniki in LITERATURA IN VIRI posameznice pogosto blestijo v vlogah, ki zahtevajo globoko [1] Allen D. (2005). Unframing through externalization. Interaction Design osredotočenost, raziskovanje in ustvarjalnost. Metoda PPO pa and Architecture(s) Journal, 7, 48-57 [2] jim daje tako prostor in čas za njihov prispevek. Ardila A., Sechenov I.M., Bernal B. in Rosselli M. (2016). The Role of Wernicke’s Area in Language Comprehension. Psychology and Neuroscience 9(3) [3] Beebe S.A., Beebe S.J. in Redmond M.V. (2016). Interpersonal Communication: Relating to Others (8 izdaja). Pearson 4 ZAKLJUČEK [4] Belsky S. (2018). The Messy Middle: Finding Your Way Through the V Metoda PPO s spodbujanjem časovne distance in ločevanjem Hardest and Most Crucial Part of Any Bold Venture. Portfolio, 129 [5] Cain S. (2017). Tihi : moč introvertnih ljudi v svetu, ki ne zna molčati. med izzivom in odgovorom spodbuja razmislek in nove poglede Mladinska knjiga na izzive. Kreativnega razmišljanja se moramo navaditi [4] in s [6] Csikszentmihalyi M. (2013). Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Perennial, 77-82 prekinjanjem rutinskih odzivov vzpostavljamo pogoje za razvoj [7] Eccles D.W. in Arsal G. (2017). The think aloud method: what is it and ustvarjalnosti. how do I use it? Contemporary Views and Provocations PPO je zasnovana na študijah nobelovca Kahnemana [8] Dyer J., Gregersen H. in Christensen C. M. (2011). The Innovator's DNA: Mastering the Five Skills of Disruptive Innovators. Harvard Business in njegovi delitvi razmišljanja v hitro, površno intuicijo – sistem Review Press 1 in načrtno, poglobljeno razmišljanje – sistem 2. PPO prehod iz [9] Easterbrook G. (2004). The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better sistema 1 v 2 oz. v razmišljanje izven okvirov v laboratoriju While People Feel Worse Paperback. Random House [10] Glaveski S. (2019). Where Companies Go Wrong with Learning and dosežemo z eksternalizacijo miselnih procesov, v predavalnici pa Development, HBR z izzivanjem dialogov. [11] Harari Y. N. (2019). 21 nasvetov za 21. stoletje. Mladinska knjiga Intuitivno to že pogosto počnemo v našem vsakdanu. [12] Kahneman D. (2016). Razmišljanje, hitro in počasno. UMco Oglejmo si primere. Nekdanja direktorica banke, sicer nekadilka, [13] Kaletsky A. (2011). Capitalism 4.0 The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis. Public Affairs mi je potarnala, da na sestankih s prepovedjo kajenja ni mogla [14] Kimbell, L. in Stables, K. (2013). Developing Creative Thinking Through več prižgati cigarete, da bi si »kupila čas«. Čas, potreben za Teaching. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(1), 48–71 razmislek, poglobitev v povedano in predvsem čas, ki odpre [15] Kinoe Y. (1989). The VPA method: a method for formal verbal protocol analysis. Proceedings of the third international conference on human- prostor novim uvidom, idejam in rešitvam. Čas za nekaj novega, computer interaction on Designing and using human-computer interfaces konstruktivnega. and knowledge based systems (2nd ed.) 735–742 Predavatelji velikokrat intuitivno spodbujamo [16] Krantz, J. M. (1995). The Cognitive Power of Pausing and Reflection . razmislek pri slušateljih z uporabo premorov. Z odpiranjem časa, Educational Leadershi p, 52(7), 46–49 [17] Land G. in Jarman B. (1998). Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the v katerem imajo slušatelji možnost ponotranjiti slišane Future Today. Leadership 2000 Inc. 435 [18] Ousterhout J. (2014). A Philosophy of Software Design. Yaknyam 39-48 [22] Satir V. (1990). Peoplemaking Paperback. Souvenir Press Ltd. [19] Pfahl T.W. in Alderson U. (2006). Rethinking Classroom Participation: [23] Vegt V.D. in Brink G.V.D. (2007). Unframing Through Externalization: Listening to Silent Voices" An analysis of its principles in action . International Journal of Knowledge [20] Popper, K. (1998). Logika Znanstvenega Odkritja. Studia Humanitatis and Learning, 3(3-4), 259-275 [21] Radwa Khalil R., Godde B. in KarimA.A. (2019). The Link Between [24] Viola, M., in Zanin, E. (2017). The standard ontological framework of Creativity, Cognition, and Creative Drives and Underlying Neural cognitive neuroscience: Some lessons from Broca’s area. Philosophical Mechanisms. Neural Circuits 13 Psychology, 30(7), 945–969 436 Spoznavanje jezikovnih priročnikov v e-obliki s pomočjo spletnega orodja Google Forms in igre soba pobega* Getting to Know Language Manuals in e-form Using Google Forms and Escape Room Games Katja Brezovnik Osnovna s ola Vransko-Tabor Vransko, Slovenija katja.brezovnik@guest.arnes.si POVZETEK skills. However, since students prefer to learn through play, we connected everything with the "escape room" game, Knjiz nica je prostor, kjer ljudje navadno is c emo knjige za which was created using the Google forms web tool. branje v prostem c asu, is c emo in brskamo pa tudi za podatki, ki jih potrebujemo v vsakodnevnem z ivljenju. Toda knjiz nica KEYWORDS je dobila konkurenco med spletnimi viri, zato smo se morali temu prilagoditi tudi s olski knjiz nic arji, saj lahko na spletu language manuals, web portal Fran, Google Forms in v s olski knjiz nici najdemo razlic ne slovarje (Slovar slovenskega knjiz nega jezika, jezikovne slovarje, etimolos ki 1 UVOD slovar ipd.) ter druge zanimive podatke. V c lanku bom predstavila, kako lahko referenc no gradivo V prispevku bo predstavljen primer dobre prakse uc ne ure v uc encem predstavimo s pomoc jo razlic nih spletnih orodij. 8. razredu osnovne s ole, kjer v okviru knjiz nic no Spletna orodja se v zadnjem c asu razvijajo s svetlobno informacijskih znanj izvajamo uc ne ure, namenjene hitrostjo in ponujajo najrazlic nejs e moz nosti za uporabo, spoznavanju jezikovnih priroc nikov v fizic ni in spletni obliki. zato mora biti knjiz nic ar v koraku s c asom z njimi dodobra Ker pa se uc enci raje uc ijo skozi igro, smo vse skupaj povezali seznanjen. z igro »soba pobega«, ki je izdelana v spletnem orodju Google Forms. 2 JEDRO KLJUČNE BESEDE Kot knjiz nic arka na osnovni s oli se z uc enci posameznega jezikovni priroc niki, spletni portal Fran, Google Forms oddelka srec ujem nekajkrat letno (najmanj s tiri krat), zato se mi zdi s e toliko bolj pomembno, da v tistih urah, ko uc enci ABSTRACT posameznega oddelka skupaj obis c ejo s olsko knjiz nico, A library is a place where people usually look for books to pripravim take ure, ki bodo uc ence motivirale za read in their free time, but also search and browse for pridobivanje novih znanj , hkrati pa bodo tudi zabavne, saj si information that we need in our daily lives. However, the uc enci tako bolje zapomnijo nova znanja. Obenem pa naj bi library faced competition from online resources, so school bila knjiz nica prostor, ki jih bo vabil in pouc eval vse do librarians also had to adapt to this, as we can find various odrasle dobe in kamor bodo (upam da) radi zahajali tekom dictionaries online and in the school library (Dictionary of celega z ivljenja. the Slovenian Literary Language, language dictionaries, etymological dictionary, etc.) and other interesting V poplavi informacij, ki nas dnevno obkroz ajo z vseh strani, information. je pomembno, da uc ence c imbolj pripravimo, da bodo znali The article will present an example of good lesson practice in poiskati prave informacije, tiste, ki jih potrebujejo. Informacijsko opismenjevanje se v osnovni s oli zac ne z e na the 8th grade of primary school, where we conduct lessons aimed at getting to know language manuals in physical and samem zac etku osnovnos olskega izobraz evanja. Uc enci online form within the framework of library information obiskujejo s olsko knjiz nico v okviru pouka vec krat mesec no, v knjigah is c ejo podatke ter so do pridobljenih podatkov tudi ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note kritic ni. Vse to poskus amo razvijati vse do konca osnovne s ole, saj so to ves c ine, ki jim bodo koristile tudi v odrasli dobi. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal Tako v prvih razredih osnovne s ole brskamo bolj po knjiz nih or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice virih, kasneje, ko uc enci z e bolj spoznavajo tudi delo na and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of rac unalniku, pa uporabljamo tudi spletne vire in skus amo this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia uc ence pripraviti na kritic no vrednotenje le-teh. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 437 Uc enci 5. razreda spoznajo spletni portal Franc ek, malo starejs i uc enci pa z e portal Fran. 3 OSMOŠOLCI IN REFERENČNO GRADIVO V KNJIŽNI IN E-OBLIKI Med operativnimi cilji knjiz nic no-informacijskih znanj za 8. razred najdemo med drugimi tudi naslednje cilje: • uc enec najde definicijo besede, pravilno pisavo in izgovorjavo besede, etimologijo besede, • uc enec spozna in loc i razlic ne vrste slovarjev, • uc enec zna uporabiti razlic ne slovarje za doloc en namen. [2] Jezikovni priroc niki so Slovar slovenskega knjiz nega jezika, Slovenski pravopis, razlic ni jezikovni slovarji (tudi slikovni) in podobno. Spadajo med referenc no gradivo, to gradivo pa je navadno v knjiz nicah shranjeno na posebnem mestu in ima UDK s tevilko 0. To gradivo ni namenjeno izposoji na dom, temvec je namenjeno temu, da uc enci v c italnici knjiz nice gradivo prelistajo in tam pois c ejo informacije, ki jih potrebujejo. Č italnis ki nac in dela je namenjen predvsem uc encem zadnje triade. Gre pa predvsem za predpripravo na srednjo s olo, kjer je tak nac in uc enja s e bolj pogost kot v osnovni s oli. Slika 1: UL Učimo se uporabljati jezikovne priročnike Uc enci se v 8. razredu pri pouku slovens c ine uc ijo o jezikovnih priroc nikih. V ta namen uc enci vec krat med letom obis c ejo knjiz nico, kjer se s temi priroc niki v okviru ur knjiz nic no-informacijskih znanj tudi podrobneje spoznajo. Uc enci ob prvem obisku knjiz nico spoznajo jezikovne priroc nike v fizic ni obliki. Med pogovorom z uc enci ugotovimo, da priroc nikov v fizic ni pozna malo uc encev, niti jih nimajo doma. Uc enci povedo, da nima smisla imeti teh knjig doma, ko pa je vse to dostopno na spletu. Uc enci se v tej uri razdelijo v skupine, vsaka izmed skupin pa spozna drug jezikovni priroc nik. Uc enci brskajo po priroc nikih, spoznajo njegovo zgradbo in sami s pomoc jo uc nega lista is c ejo gesla, razvozlavajo krajs ave in podobno. Trudim se, da so gesla, ki jih is c ejo, zabavna, da se iz njih tudi nekaj nauc ijo. Uc enci spoznavajo priroc nike tako v fizic ni kot Slika 2: UL Niko Grafenauer, Skrivnosti (spoznajmo tudi spletni obliki ter primerjajo uporabo obeh razlic ic. frazeološki slovar) Uc enci v evalvaciji ure povedo, da je na spletu iskanje Za zakljuc ek leta pa pripravim ponovitev snovi, ki so jo podatkov laz je pa tudi spletni slovarji so bolj posodobljeni in uc enci spoznali skozi s olsko leto, in sicer z igro soba pobega. v njih najdemo z e kaks ne novejs e, sodobnejs e besede, ki jih v Soba pobega se v s olske namene uporablja z e nekaj c asa in starejs ih verzijah jezikovnih priroc nikov v fizic ni obliki ni. predstavlja zabaven nac in dela z uc enci. Soba pobega je druz abna igra, v kateri mora skupina uc encev v doloc enem V naslednjem obisku knjiz nice povez emo jezikovne c asu res iti vse zastavljene uganke in se tako res iti iz zaprtega priroc nike z domac im branjem. Osmos olci za domac e branje prostora, v nas em primeru iz knjiz nice. S sobo pobega lahko berejo pesmi iz zbirke Skrivnosti pesnika Nika Grafenauerja. predvsem ponovimo z e usvojeno snov, ni pa primerna za Pesmi so dostopne na Wikiviru, kjer jih uc enci tudi preberejo. usvajanje nove snovi. Uc enci nato v pesmih is c ejo fraze. Pri tem si pomagajo s spletnim frazeolos kim slovarjem, dostopnim na povezavi: Za pripravo sobe pobega sem uporabila spletno orodje https://fran.si/192/janez-keber-frazeoloski-slovar- Google forms. Orodje Google forms je orodje za ustvarjanje slovenskega-jezika. spletnih obrazcev, anket, kvizov, vabil in podobnega. Je popolnoma brezplac en ter preprost za uporabo. V samem 438 orodju lahko izbiras med razlic nimi vrstami vpras anj, lahko knjiz nic arja, da pozna vsebine, da dobro timsko sodeluje s spreminjas barvo ali pisavo, dodajas slike in podobno. predmetnim uc iteljem. Poznati pa mora tudi spletna orodja, v tem primeru spletno orodje Google forms. Uc enci se v tej uri sprehodijo skozi vse jezikovne priroc nike, ki so jih spoznavali skozi vse s olsko leto. REFERENCES [1] Knjižnično-informacijsko znanje. Zavod RS za šolstvo. Dostopno na Uc enci v skupinah na s tirih rac unalnikih tekmujejo drug naslovu: https://www.zrss.si/projektiess/gradiva/posgim/GRA_Knjiznicno_i proti drugemu, kdo bo uspel prvi razvozlati geslo, ki odklepa nformacijsko_znanje.pdf (16. 8. 2023) knjiz nico, in se res iti. [2] Knjižnična informacijska znanja, učni načrt, Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- sola/Ucni-nacrti/Drugi-konceptualni- Soba pobega je zasnovana tako, da uc enci odgovarjajo na dokumenti/Knjiznicna_inf_znanja.pdf (16. 8. 2023) vpras anja. Pravilen odgovor na prvo vpras anje jih vodi do [3] Wikivir. Niko Grafenauer. Skrivnosti. Dostopno na naslovu: https://sl.wikisource.org/wiki/Skrivnosti (16. 8. 2023) drugega vpras anja in tako vse do zadnjega vpras anja, ki da [4] Spletni portal Fran. Dostopno na naslovu: https://fran.si/ (16. 8. res itev za pobeg. 2023) Ob zakljuc ku ure sledi refleksija ure. Uc encem je po vec ini tak nac in dela vs ec , saj gre tako za tekmovalnost, uporabljajo pa lahko tudi splet in rac unalnik, ki je danas njim generacijam definitivno zelo blizu. Slika 3: Soba pobega o orodju Google Forms 4 ZAKLJUČEK Spletni portali za spoznavanje jezikovnih in drugih priroc nikov ter razlic na Google orodja predstavljajo odlic en nac in, kako popestriti pouk knjiz ne ali knjiz nic ne vzgoje. Igra soba pobega ponuja moz nosti za sodoben nac in pouc evanja, ki je lahko zasnovan in izpeljan na mnogo razlic nih nac inov in z razlic nimi vsebinami. Seveda pa mora biti knjiz nic ar fleksibilen in pripravljen na dolgotrajen proces izdelave take igre, saj mora biti zelo natanc en pri pripravi vpras anj, da dobi ustrezne odgovore, upos tevati mora cilje knjiz nic no informacijskih znanj in cilje predmeta, s katerim se povezuje (v nas em primeru je to slovens c ina), kar zahteva od 439 Tekmovanje Bober za učence od 2. do 5. razreda v Sloveniji Bebras Competition for students from grade 2 to 5 in Slovenia Špela Cerar Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija spela.cerar@pef.uni-lj.si Matej Zapušek Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija matej.zapusek@pef.uni-lj.si POVZETEK ABSTRACT Bober je mednarodno tekmovanje iz računalniškega mišljenja, ki Bebras is an international computational thinking competition v Sloveniji poteka že od leta 2011 in je namenjeno učencem that has been held in Slovenia since 2011. It is aimed at primary osnovnih in srednjih šol. Učenci od drugega do petega razreda and secondary school students. Pupils from grades 2 to 5 of osnovne šole naloge rešujejo na papir, njihove rezultate pa primary school solve tasks on paper and their results are učitelji podajo v obliki končnega seštevka točk. Iz tega razloga reported by their teachers in the form of a final score. In this organizatorji nimamo vpogleda v to, kako uspešni so učenci pri way, we have no insight into how well pupils do on each task. posameznih nalogah. Prav tako nimamo povratnih informacij, ki We also have no feedback that sheds light on other important bi osvetljevale druge pomembne vidike izvedbe tekmovanja, kot aspects of the competition, such as whether the students like the competition, whether or how the preparation for the npr. ali je učencem tekmovanje všeč, ali oz. kako potekajo competition is organised and which tasks the students find priprave na tekmovanje in katere naloge so učencem zanimive. interesting. To this end, we conducted a survey among the V ta namen smo izvedli raziskavo med učitelji-mentorji teacher-mentors of the Bebras competition in Slovenia to gain tekmovanja Bober v Sloveniji, da bi dobili vpogled v navedene insight into these aspects. In this paper we present the results of vidike. V prispevku predstavljamo rezultate omenjene raziskave the survey and also present a qualitative analysis of the factors in kvalitativno analizo faktorjev, ki prispevajo h kompleksnosti that contribute to the complexity of the more difficult tasks pri identificiranih težjih nalogah. Analiza vključuje dolžino identified. The analysis includes the length of the task text, the besedila nalog, kompleksnost uporabljenega jezika, računalniško complexity of the language used, the computer science ozadje in veščine računalniškega mišljenja, ki jih je potrebno background and the computational thinking skills that need to uporabiti za pravilno rešitev naloge. Rezultati so pokazali, da be applied to solve the task correctly. The results show that students have difficulty understanding long texts, understanding imajo učenci težave pri razumevanju daljših besedil, dolgih in long and connected rules, interpreting ambiguous symbols and med seboj povezanih pravil, interpretaciji nepoznanih simbolov applying several different computational thinking skills ter hkratni uporabi več različnih veščin računalniškega mišljenja simultaneously to solve problems. We found that they were pri reševanju problemov. Ugotovili smo, da se jim zdijo najbolj most interested in tasks that contained game elements and that zanimive naloge, ki vključujejo elemente iger in da jim je they liked the Bebras competition. The results of the survey will tekmovanje Bober všeč. Rezultati raziskave bodo v pomoč help task designers in the coming years and teacher mentors to sestavljavcem nalog v prihodnjih letih in učiteljem-mentorjev, ki gain insight into the aspects they need to support in computer bodo dobili vpogled v vidike, ki jih morajo podpreti v okviru science teaching. računalniškega izobraževanja. KEYWORDS KLJUČNE BESEDE Bebras competition, computational thinking, lower primary school, task difficulty. Tekmovanje Bober, računalniško mišljenje, nižji razredi osnovne šole, težavnost nalog. 1 UVOD V Sloveniji se tekmovanje iz računalniškega mišljenja Bober, ki je del mednarodne iniciative Bebras, uspešno odvija že od leta Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or 2011. Tekmovanje je namenjeno učencem osnovnih in srednjih classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed šol ter je razdeljeno v tri kategorije: Bobrček (2. – 5. razred), for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full Mladi Bober (6. – 9. razred) ter Izkušeni Bober (srednja šola). citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Vsako leto mednarodna skupnost ustvarjalcev nalog pod Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia okriljem iniciative Bebras pripravi nabor nalog, posamezne © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). države pa iz njega naredijo specifičen izbor, ki ga uporabijo za izvedbo tekmovanja v svoji državi. Način izvedbe si lahko 440 države prilagodijo glede na svoje specifične zahteve in bistvene komponente, ki jih povzemajo tudi druge pomembne okoliščine. Organizatorji tekmovanja Bober v Sloveniji so se od taksonomije iz tega področja. Model razdeli računalniško samega začetka odločili, da učenci v najmlajši kategoriji naloge mišljenje na naslednje komponente: 1) algoritmično rešujejo na papir, starejši pa s pomočjo računalnika. S tem so razmišljanje, 2) dekompozicija, 3) posploševanje želeli ustvariti enakost pogojev, saj se stopnja obvladovanja (prepoznavanje vzorcev), 4) abstrahiranje in 5) vrednotenje. uporabe računalnika v tej starostni skupini pomembno razlikuje Algoritmično razmišljanje, kot je opredeljeno v tem modelu, med učenci. Reševanje na papir omogoča tudi več svobode pri zajema kognitivne sposobnosti za pristop k reševanju problemov podajanju odgovorov in posledično raznolikosti nalog, kar je z oblikovanjem natančnih in sistematičnih korakov. Vključuje priročno pri sestavljanju nalog za to starostno skupino. sposobnost razmišljanja v smislu logičnih zaporedij in pravil ter Reševanje na računalnik je omejeno na izbiro med predlaganimi se osredotoča zlasti na oblikovanje in izvajanje algoritmov. odgovori, medtem ko lahko učenci, ki rešujejo na papir npr. Dekompozicija je kognitivna sposobnost prepoznavanja prikažejo pot, ki jo opisuje algoritem, ali pa v skladu s sestavnih delov sistema ali problema in dojemanja le-tega kot postavljenimi pravili pobarvajo sliko. Kljub bolj raznolikim zbirke medsebojno povezanih, neodvisnih sestavnih delov. možnostim reševanja pa se problem pojavi pri pridobivanju Razdelitev zapletenih sistemov na manjše obvladljive enote povratne informacije. Reševanje na računalniku omogoča omogoča globlje razumevanje in posledično reševanje pridobivanje podrobne statistike, saj je ocenjevanje avtomatično, problemov. Posploševanje (prepoznavanje vzorcev) se nanaša na podatki pa se shranijo v sistem. Rešitve na papirju učitelji proces prepoznavanja ponavljajočih podobnosti in povezav. To ocenjujejo ročno in za posameznega učenca podajo zgolj končni omogoča reševanje problemov, ki so konceptualno podobni seštevek točk. Na ta način organizatorji ne dobijo vpogleda v to, prejšnjim izkušnjam. Vključuje prepoznavanje podobnosti in kako uspešno so učenci reševali posamezne naloge. Posledično razlik med sedanjimi in preteklimi problemi ter prilagajanje je nemogoče ugotoviti, katere naloge so učencem predstavljale algoritmov za reševanje širšega nabora podobnih problemskih izziv in so jih reševali slabše, katere so se jim zdele zanimive in situacij. Abstrahiranje predstavlja sposobnost poenostavljanja katere so se izkazale za enostavne. zapletenih problemov oz. sistemov z odstranjevanjem V tem prispevku bomo predstavili izsledke raziskave, ki smo nepotrebnih podrobnosti in predstavljanje informacij v bolj jo izvedli med učitelji mentorji tekmovanja Bober, s katero smo obvladljivi obliki. S tem se ohranijo ključni elementi problema, želeli nasloviti izpostavljen problem. V okviru raziskave nas je ta postane bolj preprost in ga lažje naslovimo. Vrednotenje je zanimalo njihovo mnenje o tem, katere naloge so se učencem postopek ocenjevanja kakovosti in ustreznosti rešitve na podlagi zdele najbolj zanimive, katere so jim predstavljale izziv in ali jim relevantnih kriterijev. Ti kriteriji so odvisni od značilnosti in je bilo tekmovanje všeč. Zbrane podatke smo uporabili pri analizi konteksta problema. Vrednotenje vključuje upoštevanje faktorjev, za katere smo menili, da lahko vplivajo na težavnost lastnosti, kot so pravilnost, učinkovitost, uporabnost in nalog. Pri tem smo upoštevali dolžino besedila naloge, stopnjo uporabniška izkušnja. Zahteva sprejemanje kompromisov in kompleksnosti uporabljenega jezika v besedilu in komponente posvečanje pozornosti podrobnostim. računalniškega mišljenja, ki jih je potrebno uporabiti za pravilno Menimo, da z uporabo tega modela zagotavljamo zanesljiv rešitev naloge. teoretični okvir za analizo nalog na tekmovanju Bober, ki nam Izsledki raziskave so nam omogočili vpogled v uspešnost bo omogočila celovito razumevanje načel računalniškega reševanja posamezne naloge in ugotavljanje vzrokov, zakaj je mišljenja v praksi. neka naloga za učence težka. Menimo, da je raziskava pomembna z vidika nadaljnje organizacije tekmovanja, saj osvetljuje razloge za slabe rezultate reševanja posameznih nalog, 3 REZULTATI predvsem pa daje vpogled v vidike računalniškega mišljenja, ki so za učence težavni. Rezultati so pomembni za organizatorje 3.1 Mnenja učiteljev o tekmovanju Bober za tekmovanja, saj bodo lahko na ta način bolj informirano izbirali učence od 2. do 5. razreda OŠ naloge v prihodnje, prav tako pa za učitelje mentorje, ki bodo izvedeli, katere vidike morajo v okviru podajanja računalniških 3.1.1 Vzorec znanj najbolj podpreti. Vzorec v raziskavi vključuje 71 učiteljev-mentorjev, ki so sodelovali na tekmovanju Bober v Sloveniji v šolskem letu 2022/23. Ti mentorji so bili izbrani med vsemi aktivnimi učitelji- 2 PREGLED LITERATURE mentorji v Sloveniji prek javnega povabila k sodelovanju k Računalniško mišljenje je kognitivni proces, ki vključuje logično reševanju ankete v spletnem sistemu 1ka. Vzorec zajema različne sklepanje, kritično razmišljanje ter uporabo računalniških skupine učiteljev: 36 (51 %) je razrednih učiteljev, 29 (41 %) je konceptov [2]. Predstavlja edinstven in učinkovit pristop k učiteljev računalništva in 10 (14 %) poučuje druge predmete reševanju problemov, saj posamezniku omogoča, da preoblikuje (fizika, matematika, tehnologija) ali pa delujejo kot kompleksne, zapletene in delno opredeljene probleme v obliko, računalničarji in organizatorji informacijskih dejavnosti (ROID). ki jo je mogoče učinkovito obdelovati z računalnikom. Na ta Med vključenimi učitelji jih je 36 mentoriralo učence 2. razreda, način vzpodbuja globlje razumevanje in širši pogled na digitalne 35 jih je mentoriralo 3. razrede, 50 jih je mentoriralo 4. razrede tehnologije ter izboljša sposobnost analize in razsojanja o in 51 učiteljev je bilo mentorjev 5. razredom. Na tem mestu bi naravnih, družbenih in umetnih sistemih in procesih [3]. želeli pojasniti, da je lahko nek učitelj mentor v več razredih Računalniško mišljenje zajema različne komponente, ki so jih hkrati. Med vsemi učitelji na razredni stopnji, ki jih je bilo 36 skušali identificirati različni avtorji. V tem članku uporabljamo (100 %) je bilo 22 (61 %) takih, ki so mentorirali učence ene za analizo nalog model opisan v [1], saj menimo, da zajema razredne stopnje, 14 (39 %) pa jih je mentoriralo v več razrednih 441 stopnjah. Med 29 (100 %) vključenimi učitelji računalništva pa zabava«, v 3. razredu »Rojstnodnevna zabava« in »Robotska je bil zgolj eden (3 %) tak, ki je mentoriral na eni razredni stopnji, čebela«, v 4. razredu »Majini sosedi« in »Vijaki z matico«, v 5. medtem ko je preostalih 28 (97 %) mentoriralo na več razrednih razredu pa »Šifra 8« in »Zaporedje kamenčkov«. Slika 1 stopnjah. prikazuje podrobnejše podatke analize težavnosti nalog. Iz nje je razvidno, kako se ocenjena težavnosti v višjih razredih 3.1.2 Ocena zadovoljstva učencev s tekmovanjem zmanjšuje. V okviru ankete smo pridobili vpogled v stališča učiteljev glede tega, ali je bilo učencem tekmovanje Bober všeč. To smo preverjali s stopnjo strinjanja s trditvijo »Učencem je bilo tekmovanje všeč.«, pri čemer so učitelji izbirali med tremi možnostmi: »se strinjam«, »se ne strinjam« in »nimam mnenja«. Od 65 (100 %) veljavnih odgovorov se jih je 62 (95 %) strinjalo s trditvijo, da je bilo učencem tekmovanje všeč. Dva učitelja (3 %) se s trditvijo nista strinjala, en učitelj (1 %) pa ni izrazil mnenja. Rezultati kažejo na visoko raven soglasja med učitelji, ko gre za ocenjevanje všečnosti tekmovanja za učence. Ti podatki potrjujejo našo hipotezo, da je sodelovanje na tekmovanju Bober za učence pozitivna in prijetna izkušnja. Čeprav je število učiteljev, ki niso delili mnenja večine relativno majhno, pa ti rezultati kažejo na pomembnost razmisleka o morebitnih področjih za izboljšavo. 3.1.3 Analiza priprav na tekmovanje Bober: metode, vsebine in organizacijski vidiki Eden od ciljev ankete je bil ugotavljanje, ali so učitelji-mentorji izvedli priprave na tekmovanje Bober in, če so jih, na kakšen način so potekale. Od vseh 65 (100 %) veljavnih odgovorov je Slika 1: Mnenje učiteljev o zahtevnosti nalog na tekmovanju 59 (91 %) učiteljev odgovorilo, da so priprave izvedli, medtem Bober 2022 od 2. do 5. razreda ko 6 (9 %) učiteljev priprav ni izvedlo. Vprašanje o načinu izvedbe je bilo odprtega tipa. Odgovore smo razvrstili v tri Učitelji so navajali različne potencialne vzroke za višjo sklope: 1) organizacijski vidik, 2) vsebinski okvir in 3) težavnost nekaterih nalog. V 2. razredu so izpostavljali, da učenci uporabljene metode poučevanja ter didaktične strategije pri niso vajeni takšnega tipa nalog. Pri nalogi »Robotska čebela« so izvedbi priprav. navajali, da je način spreminjanja smeri čebele drugačen, kot so Z organizacijskega vidika so učitelji večinoma priprave ga vajeni iz matematike. Pri nalogi je bilo obračanje relativno izvedli v okviru šole. V višjih razredih so jih izvajali pri glede na trenutno pozicijo, medtem ko pri matematiki neobveznem izbirnem predmetu računalništvo, računalniškem uporabljajo absolutne premike. Predvsem jih je to motilo v krožku in dodatnem pouku. V nižjih razredih pa so jih izvedli v primerih, ko se je morala čebela obrniti in nato premakniti naprej. okviru obšolskih dejavnosti. Nekaj učiteljev je poročalo, da so Zmotno so mislili, da puščica za premika označuje dve akciji: priprave organizirali tako, da so učencem dali naloge, ki so jih obrat in premik, medtem ko je dejansko označevala zgolj obrat, morali opraviti doma. premik v trenutni smeri pa je določala naslednja puščica. Pri Kar zadeva vsebinski vidik priprav na tekmovanje Bober, so nalogi »Gozdna zabava« pa so opažali, da učenci ne znajo brati učitelji večinoma odgovarjali, da so uporabili naloge iz prejšnjih tabel ter upoštevati omejitev. Vsaka žival na zabavi je lahko izvedb tekmovanja Bober. Poudarili so prednost tega, da so namreč pojedla največ tri jedi, teh pa ni bilo mogoče deliti. naloge prosto na voljo. Vendar je pa zgolj en učitelj omenil, da V 3. razredu so učitelji opažali, da otroci nimajo ustrezno je pri pripravah uporabljal knjižico z nalogami in rešitvami, ki so razvitih sposobnosti bralnega razumevanja in posledično težko iz opremljene z razlago in dodatnimi pojasnili. besedila povzamejo ključne zahteve naloge. Pri nalogi Z vidika uporabljenih učnih metod in didaktičnih strategij so »Rojstnodnevna zabava« so imeli težave pri upoštevanju učitelji priprave organizirali tako, da so učenci delali samostojno, vrstnega reda opravil, kar pa je ključno za pravilno rešitev. Prav hkrati pa so bili ves čas dosegljivi za podajanje razlag in pojasnil, tako so izpostavili, da je bila to zadnja naloga na tekmovanju in ko je bilo to potrebno. Pri zahtevnejših nalogah so uporabili da je do takrat mnogo učencem že popustila koncentracija. frontalno učno obliko, v okviru katere so nalogo skupaj z učenci Učitelji so navajali, da so imeli težave z bralnim razumevanjem rešili na tablo. V tem procesu so spodbujali razpravo o možnih tudi učenci 4. razreda. Ugotavljali so, da je v tej starostni skupini pristopih k reševanju ter vrednotenju uporabljenih rešitev. še vedno precej učencev, ki berejo počasi in da so bila zato besedila nekaterih nalog predolga. Eden od učiteljev je zapisal, 3.1.4 Najbolj zahtevne naloge (po mnenju učiteljev) da se učenci pri veliki količini besedila ustrašijo in ga v celoti Učitelji so v anketi dobili seznam nalog iz tekmovanja za razrede, izpustijo. Težave z branjem besedil so opažali tudi učitelji- ki so jih mentorirali. Med temi so morali označiti tiste, ki so bile mentorji učencev v 5. razredu. Večkrat se je namreč zgodilo, da za učence najtežje in so posledično pri njih dosegali najnižje učenci niso prebrali navodil, ampak so iz slike skušali uganiti kaj število točk. Učitelji-mentorji v teh razredih so odgovorili, da sta od njih zahteva naloga. V primeru, da niso takoj našli ustrezne v 2. razredu to bili nalogi »Robotska čebela« in »Gozdna strategije za reševanje naloge, pa so hitro odnehali. 442 3.1.5 Najbolj zanimive naloge (po mnenju učiteljev) je bila del nabora nalog za tekmovanje v 2. in 3. razredu. Podobno kot v zgornjem primeru, smo učitelje prosili, da Običajno so v 2. razredu učitelji na glas prebrali besedilo naloge. označijo naloge, za katere menijo, da so bile učencem najbolj zanimive. Slika 2 prikazuje njihove odgovore. Opazimo lahko relativno velik razkorak med prvo in drugo najbolj zanimivo nalogo v posameznem razredu. Slika 3: Naloga »Robotska čebela« Veščina računalniškega mišljenja, ki je potrebna za rešitev te naloge je algoritmično razmišljanje. Računalniško ozadje naloge pa je sledenje nizu ukazov. Naloga je relativno kratka, saj obsega okvirno zgolj 50 besed. Delovanje ukazov je ponazorjeno z grafičnimi simboli in kratkimi besedilnimi opisi. Menimo, da so učenci slabše reševali nalogo, ker so narobe interpretirali grafična simbola za obrat v desno oz. levo. Učitelji so navajali, da so bile rešitve usklajene z napačnim razumevanjem, da simbol pomeni premik naprej, obrat in še en premik v tej smeri. Iz tega Slika 2: Mnenje učiteljev o zanimivosti nalog na je razvidno, da se učenci zelo zanašajo na grafično ponazoritev tekmovanju Bober 2022 od 2. do 5. razreda in ne na besedilo. Posledično pa je potrebno veliko pozornosti nameniti oblikovanju teh elementov. Analiza nalog, ki so jih učitelji iz svojih opažanj ocenili kot 3.2.2 Rojstnodnevna zabava najbolj zanimive za učence pokaže, da gre za enostavnejše Pri nalogi »Rojstnodnevna zabava« je potrebno ustrezno naloge. Npr. naloga »Barvanje robotov« od učencev zahteva, da razvrstiti opravila za organizacijo rojstnega dne. Opravila so pobarvajo različne dele robota. Pri tem morajo upoštevati predstavljena v tabeli, pri čemer je za vsako opisano, katera preprosti pravilo, da je izbran del robota (npr. kapa) pobarvan z druga opravila morajo biti zaključena, preden je mogoče to barvo, ki je nima noben drug od podanih treh robotov. Pri nalogi opravilo izvesti. Učenec lahko izbira med štirimi ponujenimi ni veliko besedila in je zastavljena kot uganka. Naloga odgovori in si tudi na ta način olajša reševanje. »Abeceda« je od učencev zahtevala, da iz kombinacije dveh simbolov ugotovijo črko. Možne kombinacije so bile shranjene v tabeli, cilj pa je bil na ta način ugotoviti besedo. Iz priložene slike je bilo mogoče brez branja besedila sklepati, kaj naloga od nas zahteva. Pri nalogi »Smučarska vas« je bilo potrebno z upoštevanjem enostavnih izjav, ki so bile prikazane s simboli ugotoviti, v kateri hiški stanuje vsak od treh mladih bobrov. Pri nalogi »Robot Smetko« so morali učenci narisati pot robota, ki vedno pobere najbližjo smet in na ta način pospravi sobo. V 4. razredu je bila naloga »Robotska čebela« podobna, vendar težja od tiste v 2. oz. 3. razredu, saj je vključevala večjo mrežo, po kateri se je robot premikal in dodaten ukaz. Vendar je bila kljub temu za učence razumljiva in zanimiva. Podobno se je zgodilo pri nalogi »Gozdna zabava«, ki je bila za učence 2. razreda težka, učencem 5. razreda pa je bila zanimiva. 3.2 Analiza izbranih nalog na tekmovanju Bober v letu 2022 3.2.1 Robotska čebela Pri nalogi »Robotska čebela« je potrebno najti ustrezno Slika 4: Naloga "Rojstnodnevna zabava" kombinacijo ukazov, ki čebelo na 3x3 mreži pripelje od njene začetne pozije do rumenega panja. Čebelo lahko usmerjamo s Veščine računalniškega mišljenja, ki so potrebne za rešitev te pomočjo treh ukazov: »naravnost«, »desno« in »levo«. Ta naloga naloge so: algoritmično razmišljanje, posploševanje in 443 abstrahiranje. Računalniško ozadje je razvrščanje procesov. kompleksnosti naloge tudi zadnje pravilo, saj se navezuje na Besedilo naloge je relativno kratko, saj obsega 79 besed in prejšnje. vsebuje primer interpretacije ene vrstice v tabeli. Menimo, da težavnost naloge izhaja iz branja podatkov v tabeli, s čemer otroci v tej starostni skupini še nimajo veliko izkušenj. Še 4 ZAKLJUČEK posebej, če niso pozorni na besedilo v glavi tabele, ki pojasnjuje V članku smo predstavili izsledke raziskave med učitelji- pomen prikazanih simbolov. mentorji slovenskega tekmovanja Bober v letu 2022 za učence od 2. do 5. razreda osnovne šole. Cilj raziskave je bilo ugotoviti 3.2.3 Vijaki z matico kakšno je njihovo mnenje o tem, katere naloge so bile Naloga "Vijaki z matico" zahteva, da v skladu s pravili določimo najzahtevnejše in katere najbolj zanimive za učence. Prav tako zaporedje matic in vijakov na tekočem traku, ki omogoča nas je zanimalo ali je bilo po njihovem mnenju učencem uspešen zaključek procesa, pri tem pa upoštevamo posebni tekmovanje všeč, ter ali so organizirali priprave na tekmovanje, situaciji, ki prekineta postopek. kakšne vsebine so obravnavali v okviru priprav in katere učne metode, oblike ter strategije so pri tem uporabili. Pri analizi nalog, ki so jih mentorji izpostavili kot težke smo ugotovili, da je pomembno, da je opis naloge jasen in nedvoumen ter da se pri predstavitvi kombinira besedilni in vizualni opis. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da imajo učenci nižjih razredov težave pri branju podatkov iz tabel. Menimo, da ti učenci še nimajo dovolj izkušenj s takšnim načinom podajanja podatkov, zato bi bilo smiselno pri pripravah na tekmovanje temu učnemu cilju posvetiti posebno pozornost. Poleg tega smo ugotovili, da imajo učenci težave pri bralnem razumevanju. To postane še posebej očitno pri nalogah, ki vsebujejo daljša in bolj kompleksna navodila. Te težave niso omejene zgolj na dolžino celotne naloge, saj se pojavijo tudi takrat, ko so posamezna pravila bolj zapletena in obsežna. Priporočilo, ki izhaja iz te ugotovitve je, da naj bodo opisi nalog jasni in razumljivi, pravila pa kratka in Slika 5: Naloga "Vijaki z matico" specifična, brez nepotrebnega nanašanja na druga pravila. Zelo Veščini računalniškega mišljena, ki sta potrebni za pravilno pomembno je tudi, da so uporabljeni vizualni simboli rešitev te naloge sta: algoritmično razmišljanje in abstrahiranje. nedvoumni. To je razvidno iz naloge »Robotska čebela«, pri Računalniško ozadje je koncept potisnega avtomata, tj. avtomata, kateri se je izkazalo, da so nekateri učenci napačno interpretirali ki uporablja sklad. Besedilo naloge je relativno dolgo, saj obsega ukaz za obračanje v levo oz. desno. V takih situacijah, zlasti če 135 besed, kar pridoda k težavnosti. Pri reševanju naloge je gre za naloge v nižjih razredih, priporočamo uporabo primera, ki potrebno upoštevati štiri pravila in dve izredni situaciji, ki vizualno ponazori delovanje ukazov. Iz analize rezultatov ni povzročita napako, kar je za učence lahko kompleksno. mogoče zaključiti, katera veščina računalniškega razmišljanja povzroča učencem v tej starostni skupini največ težav. Vendar pa 3.2.4 Majini sosedi pri zahtevnejših nalogah v višjih razredih opazimo, da je za Naloga "Majini sosedi" zahteva, da ugotovimo, kje živijo bobri, pravilno rešitev potrebno združiti več različnih veščin. Menimo, pri čemer moramo upoštevati pravila, opredeljena v nalogi. da kombiniranje različnih veščin prispeva k težavnosti nalog. Ugotovili smo, da so najbolj zanimive naloge tiste, ki vključujejo elemente igre, na primer uganke ali barvanje. Učenci pri reševanju takšnih nalog uživajo. Še posebej je to pomembno v nižjih razredih, saj želimo, da je zanje učenje zabavno in hkrati poučno. Na ta način bomo lahko pridobili več otrok k sodelovanju na tekmovanje Bober. To je ob dejstvu, da v Sloveniji nimamo obveznega predmeta, v okviru katerega bi se poučevale računalniške vsebine, izjemnega pomena, saj na ta način otroci lahko pridejo v stik s temi vsebinami. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Csizmadia Andrew, Paul Curzon, Mark Dorling, Simon Humphreys, Slika 6: Naloga "Majini sosedi" Thomas Ng, Cynthia Selby and John Wollard, 2015. Computational thinking – a guide for teachers. Project report, University of Veščine računalniškega razmišljanja, ki jih moramo uporabiti Southhampton, United Kingdom. Dostopno na naslovu: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/424545/ (21. 8. 2023) za pravilno rešitev naloge so: abstrahiranje, logično sklepanje in [2] Rodríguez del Rey Yailem Arencibia, Cawanga Cambinda Isabel dekompozicija. Računalniško ozadje so lastnosti grafa. Besedilo Nissandra, Deco Claudia, Bender Cristina, Avello-Martínez Raidell and Villalba-Condori Klinge Orlando, 2021. Developing computational je relativno kratko, saj obsega 53 besed. Menimo, da lahko poleg thinking with a module of solved problems. Computer Applications in kombiniranja treh veščin računalniškega mišljenja prispeva h Engineering Education 29, 3, 506-516. DOI:10.1002/cae.22214. [3] Wing Jeannette, 2006. Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM 49, 3, 33-35 (March 2006). DOI:10.1145/1118178.1118215. 444 Starostnikom prijazna informacijsko-komunikacijska rešitev Age-friendly information and communication solution Aila Civić Anastasiya Nikolaeva Tim Prevodnik Univerza v Mariboru Stoyanovich Univerza v Mariboru Kranj, Slovenija Univerza v Mariboru Kranj, Slovenija aila.civic@student.um.si Kranj, Slovenija prevodnik.tim@gmail.com? ? NE anastasiya.s@student.um.si VEM ŠOLSKEGA GMAILA POVZETEK Študentski projekt z naslovom Multiplikativni učinki novih KEYWORDS načinov zdravstvene samopomoči starostnikov, je bil izveden z Elderly, Health school, exercise, information and namenom združevanja različnih vidikov zdravstvene communication solution samopomoči, kot možnosti , da starostniki z vodeno aktivnostjo bistveno vplivajo na izboljšanje svojih psihofizičnih sposobnosti in identifikaciji informacijsko komunikacijske rešitve prilagojene starostnikom. 1 UVOD S pomočjo predavanj, ki jih je Letos je potekal študentski projekt z naslovom Multiplikativni podal dr. Nikolay Grishin in raziskave, izvedene na vzorcu udeležencev Šole zdravja učinki novih načinov zdravstvene samopomoči starostnikov. Na , je bila projektu je sodelovalo osem študentov iz različnih fakultet, dva izdelana učinkovita in starostnikom prijazna informacijska rešitev pedagoška mentorja iz Fakultete za organizacijske vede, , za izobraževanje za potrebe zdravstvene samopomoči Univerze v Mariboru in partner Šola zdravja iz negospodarstva. starostnikov na daljavo. Informacijska rešitev bo v pomoč tistim starostnikom, ki se ne morejo udeležiti skupinskih delavnic. Informacijska rešitev V projektu smo izvedli raziskavo na starostnikih, ki so člani Šole je pripravljena tudi z namenom motiviranja zdravja. S pomočjo analize njihovih odgovorov smo razvili starostnikov, k spreminjanju svojih življenjskih in zdravstvenih informacijsko-komunikacijsko rešitev primerno za uporabo navad v smeri aktivnosti, ki bi jim čim dlje omogočale aktivno in samostojno življenje glede na njihove zmožnosti uporabe računalnika. V nadaljevanju smo podali predloge za nadgradnjo spletne strani, ki bi v prihodnje starostnikom omogočila lahko in učinkovito KLJUČNE BESEDE iskanje želenih informacij. Starostniki, Šola zdravja, vadba, informacijsko-komunikacijska rešitev 2 TEORETIČA IZHODIŠČA Ob vse hitrejšem staranju prebivalstva raziskovalci veliko ABSTRACT pozornosti namenijo človeški aktivnosti starostnikov (Lentzas and Vrakas, 2020). Starostniki se velikokrat spopadajo z The student project entitled Multiplier effects of new ways of različnimi boleznimi, katere skušajo omiliti z vnosom različnih medical self-help of the elderly was carried out with the purpose zdravil kar zavira gibljivost (Factor et al., 2019). of combining various aspects of medical self-help and improving psychophysical activity of the individual and finding an Zmanjšana gibalna sposobnost privede do zmanjšane kakovosti information and communication solution tailored to the elderly. življenja, kar nenazadnje vpliva na povečano obremenitev družine in okolja ( Wen Xiangtian and Wenyi, 2022). Lavinger With the help of lectures conducted by Dr. Grishin and the in drugi (2020) ugotavljajo, da so vadbe v parku, ki jih izvajajo research carried out on a sample of participants of the Health starostniki lahko učinkovita rešitev za ohranjanje in izboljšanje School of Health created an effective IT solution for distance dobrega počutja in telesnih funkcij. health self-help education. The IT solution would help those individuals who cannot attend group workshops and motivate Razvite so številne metode telovadb, ki večinskem delu those who have not yet taken a step towards improving their life populacije, omogočajo aktivno preživljanje časa. Pri starostnikih and health habits. sta intuitivna interakcija in vadbena rutina ključni za ohranjanje gibljivosti (Fernandez et al., 2018). Schwenk in drugi (2019) 445 ugotavljajo, da programi funkcionalne vadbe uspešno svežini in zelenju in so stran od mestne naglice, hrupa in urbanih pripomorejo k zmanjšanju padcev. pritiskov. Zaporedni dnevi poležavanja doma na dolgi rok povzročajo Število članov v posamičnih vadbenih skupinah je različno, prekomerno telesno nedejavnost (Aung et al., 2020). Levinger in vendar smo opazili, da vadbo obiskujejo večinoma ženske. Vodja drugi (2018) poudarjajo, da ima gibanje na prostem blagodejen na vadbi prikazuje pravilno izvedbo vaj, članice pa mu sledijo. vpliv na telesno in duševno zdravje ljudi. Med vajami je zastopana disciplina, saj potekajo v tišini, kjer sta ključna predanost in posvečena aktivnost. Skupaj z ostalimi člani društva so tudi študentje izvajali vaje in kasneje ugotavljali, da je vadba vplivala na njihovo celotno počutje tekom dneva. 3 METODE DELA Glede na problematiko starostnikov smo na Fakulteti za organizacijske vede že dlje časa razvijali zamisel o ustanovitvi Ob izvajanju vaj so študentje opazovali vadeče starostnike in kakovostne spletne strani, ki bo starostnikom omogočala Ugotavljali, da nekateri člani vaje izvajajo težje kot drugi, vendar učinkovite nasvete glede samopomoči in ohranjanju aktivnega jim ne primanjkuje upornosti in energije za izvedbo vaj. življenja. V Sloveniji je več kot dvesto petdeset skupin društva Študentje ugotavljajo, da nekateri starostniki veliko vaj ne Šole zdravja, ki vsako jutro aktivno telovadi v zelenju in naravi izvajajo ali pa jih ne izvajajo pravilno, saj so delno gibalno (Društvo Šola zdravja, 2021). omejeni, vendar to ne spremeni dejstva, da se trudijo in želijo iz vadbe potegniti samo najboljše. Telovadba se izvaja v vseh letnih časih in tako omogoča aktivno življenje starostnika ne glede na zunanje vplive. Vaje so Študentje trdijo, da so udeleženci Šole Zdravja z veseljem primerne vsem ne glede na starost vendar v njih največkrat privolili v intervju in suvereno odgovarjali na vprašanja. Vsak od zasledimo starostnike. Vsak si lahko na dan privošči študentov je imel nalogo anketirati dva člana skupine, s skupno produktivnih trideset minut v katerih si razgiba vsak del telesa. sedemnajstimi vprašanji iz vnaprej sestavljenega vprašalnika. Delo je bilo izvedeno na daljavo, saj je tako bil zagotovljen čas Intervju je bil sestavljen sistematično, z namenom pridobivanja za uspešno usklajevanje projektnega dela in prostega časa. informacij o njihovem zdravstvenem stanju, zadovoljstvu z Projekt je na študente imel pozitiven vpliv, saj smo s pomočjo delovanjem Šole zdravja, razlogih za njihovo članstvo in njega razvili kompetenco timskega dela. vprašanj, ki so jim bila v pomoč za pripravo in razvoj informacijsko komunikacijskega sistema, primernega za starostnike. V okviru projekta Šola zdravja so študentje uspešno razvili in 4 OD ZASNOVE DO IZVEDBE implementirali inovativno informacijsko - komunikacijsko Predavanja dr. Alekseya Grishina so nam poleg predstavite rešitev, ki je bila zasnovana z mislijo na potrebe in izzive, s spoznanj z medicinskega vidika, omogočila razumeti, zakaj je katerimi se srečujejo starostniki. Glavni cilj projekta je bil gibanje pomemben del samooskrbe vsakega človeškega zagotoviti prilagojeno in enostavno dostopno rešitev za izvajanje organizma, še posebej organizma starostnika. Dr Grishin vadbe na daljavo, z namenom starostnikom omogočiti aktivno in poudarja, da je socialna nterakcija starostnika ključnega pomena zdravo življenje. za fizično in mentalno zdravje, saj skozi druženje in igro pride do afizičnih in socialnih aktivnosti, kart pa je željeni cilj. V ta namen so študentje ustvarili spletno učilnico (slika 3.1) za razvoj so uporabili WordPress. Ta inovativna rešitev predstavlja S pomočjo praktičnih primerov, ki jih je demonstriral dr. Grishin enega od ključnih dosežkov projekta Šola zdravja in je smo dojeli pomen aktivnega gibanja, ki v bistvu telo namenjena izboljšanju življenjskega sloga starostnikov. Spletna razbremenjuje. Ena od metod dr. Grishina je metoda učilnica omogoča enostaven dostop do vadbenih programov, samopomoči 23+5, ki predstavlja 23 različnih vaj in 5 ključnih navodil in vsebin za izboljšanje telesne kondicije. točk na telesu, ki jih je treba razbremeniti oziroma zaktivirati. Dr. Grishin trdi, da morajo starostniki na vadbah odpraviti čustveno napetost, ki posledično zmanjšuje odprtost telesa in s tem negativno vpliva na vse procese, ki potekajo v telesu. Eden od razlogov, zakaj vadbe potekajo v naravi, je pridobivanje energije in miru, ki ga ponuja narava. Dr. Grishin je opozoril, da je človek del sveta in, da lahko z dobrimi vadbenimi praksami v naravi pozitivno vplivamo na podzavest večine starostnikov. V sklopu projekta so se tudi študentje udeležili jutranje vadbe v Šoli zdravja. Študentje trdijo, da se pozitivnega vzdušja in zadovoljstva ob prvem stiku članov Šole zdravja s študenti ne da opisati z besedami. Kraji kjer udeleženci vsakodnevno telovadijo so nadvse vabljivi. Narava in parki, kar dišijo po 446 ZAHVALA Zahvaljujemo se sofinancerjem ___________________, ki so nam omogočili delo na projektu ter pedagoškima mentorjema dr. Goranu Vukoviču in dr. Urošu Rajkoviču za vse napotitve in pomoč pri izdelavi informacijsko-komunikacijske rešitve. VIRI IN LITERATURA Factor, S. A., Burkhard, P. R., Caroff, S., Friedman, J. H., Marras, C., Tinazzi, M., & Comella, C. L. (2019). Recent Slika 3.1 Primer spletne učilnice developments in drug-induced movement disorders: a mixed picture. The Lancet Neurology, 18 (9), 880–890. Pridobljeno dne 23. 8. 2023 iz Poudarek je bil na uporabniški izkušnji, ker mnogi starostniki https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474- nimajo znanj za uporabo informacijske tehnologije. S 4422(19)30152-8/fulltext starostnikom prijazno informacijsko - komunikacijsko rešitvijo so študentje starostnikom iz Šole zdravja, olajšali učenje in Lentzas, A., & Vrakas, D. (2019). Non-intrusive human activity omogočiti postopno pridobivanje veščin za uporabo spletne recognition and abnormal behavior detection on elderly people: učilnice . a review. Artificial Intelligence Review. Pridobljeno 23. 8. 2023 iz https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10462-019-09724-5 Zgoraj omenjeno bistveno prispeva k razvoju kompetenc Wen Xiangtian ,W. and Wenyi, N. (2022). Correlation between starostnikov in jim omogoča neodvisnost pri uporabi sodobne Disability and Basic Movement Ability in Elderly People. informacijske tehnologije. Omenjenana iformacijsko- Chinese General Practice, 25 (28), 3502-3507.Pridobljeno 23. 8. komunikacijska rešitev ima velik potencial za izboljšanje 2023 iz https://www.chinagp.net/EN/Y2022/V25/I28/3502 kakovosti življenja starostnikov, saj spodbuja aktivno , samostojno življenje in hkrati omogoča ohranjanje stika s Društvo šola zdravja. (2021). Šola zdravja. Pridobljeno 18. 8. sodobno tehnologijo. 2023 iz https://solazdravja.com/ Levinger, P., Panisset, M., Dunn, J., Haines, T., Dow, B., Batchelor, F., … Hill, K. D. (2020). Exercise interveNtion 4 ZAKLJUČEK outdoor proJect in the cOmmunitY for older people – results Starostniki so lastniki velike količine znanja in izkušenj iz from the ENJOY Seniors Exercise Park project translation research in the community. BMC Geriatrics, 20 ( 1). Pridobljeno različnih strokovnih področij. Znanje, ki ga imajo je potrebno 23. 8. 2023 iz skrbno negovati in ohranjati. Glede na to, da se število https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877- starostnikov iz leta v leto povečuje, jim je potrebno za njihovo 020-01824-0 čim daljšo življenjsko samostojnost ponudit metode in tehnologijo ki bi omogočila ohranjanje in posodabljanje Fernandez-Cervantes, V., Neubauer, N., Hunter, B., Stroulia, E., njihovega intelektualnega kapitala. & Liu, L. (2018). VirtualGym: A kinect-based system for seniors exercising at home. Entertainment Computing, 27, 60–72. Študentje trdijo, da je gospodarski in zdravstveni sistem Pridobljeno 23. 8. 2023 iz preobremenjen, zato mora vsak posameznik čim dlje ostati https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875952117 300666?casa_token=NoDCbBgOEaAAAAAA:u3_F42z2yHF samostojen. Vključevanje starostnikov v Šolo zdravja je ena izmed učinkovitih rešitev, ki uspešno WHy3MhSEfhnw4fKNWXTu1X3OX3qnbtBfntSlZHBqoz85k pripomorejo k ohranjanju UbkGYlJ6tK6LN1E6tg zdravja in dobrih medčloveških odnosov. Schwenk, M., Bergquist, R., Boulton, E., Van Ancum, J. M., Kakovostna spletna stran, bo tudi gibalno oviranim starostnikom Nerz, C., Weber, M., … Hawley-Hague, H. (2019). The Adapted omogočila dostop do video posnetkov, ki uspešno pripomorejo k Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise Program for Preventing ohranjanju zdravega duha v zdravem telesu. Ker so starostniki Functional Decline in Young Seniors: Development and Initial manj vešči uporabe spleta študentje predlagajo dodatno Evaluation. Gerontology, 65 (4), 362–374. Pridobljeno 23. 8. nadgraditev trenutne informacijske-komunikacijske rešitve z 2023 iz https://karger.com/ger/article/65/4/362/148707/The- virtualno osebo, ki bo ponudila pomoč pri iskanju vsebin. Adapted-Lifestyle-Integrated-Functional V raziskavi so zasledili tudi, da pojma osamljenosti pri starejših Aung, M. N., Yuasa, M., Koyanagi, Y., Aung, T. N. N., ne smemo zanemariti, zato predlagajo ustanovitev klepetalnice, Moolphate, S., Matsumoto, H., & Yoshioka, T. (2020). kjer bodo starostniki z izmenjavo izkušenj in znanja glede Sustainable health promotion for the seniors during COVID-19 outbreak: a lesson from Tokyo . The Journal of Infection in samopomoči ohranjali človeške stike. 447 Developing Countries, 14 (4), 328–331. Pridobljeno 23. 8. 2023 iz https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/32379708 Levinger, P., Sales, M., Polman, R., Haines, T., Dow, B., Biddle, S. J. H., … Hill, K. D. (2018). Outdoor physical activity for older people-the senior exercise park: Current research, challenges and future directions. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 29 (3), 353–359. Pridobljeno 23. 8. 2023 iz https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hpja.60 448 Zagotavljanje znanja za zdravstveno samopomoč starostnikov Providing Knowledge for Health Self-Care for Older People Aila Civić † Anastasiya Nikolaeva Doris Tahirović Faćulty of Organizational Stoyanovich Faćulty of Organizational Sćienćes Faćulty of Organizational Sćienćes University of Maribor Sćienćes University of Maribor Kranj, Slovenia University of Maribor Kranj, Slovenia aila.ćivić@student.um.si Kranj, Slovenia doris.tahirovic@student.um.si anastasiya.s@student.um.si POVZETEK In the aging proćess itself, our body ćhanges. Therefore, V samem proćesu staranja se nas e telo spreminja. Zato je v during this period, regular exerćise is even more ćrućial. The tem obdobju redna vadba kljuć nega pomena. Telo z leti body bećomes less powerful and flexible over the years. It is postane manj zmogljivo in fleksibilno. Zelo je pomembno, da very important to inćlude exerćise in your daily habits at a very early age and maintain this habit later. As part of the v svoje dnevne navade vkljuć imo telovadbo z e zelo zgodaj ter projećt, we attended gymnastićs at the Health Sćhools kasneje to navado ohranjamo. V sklopu projekta smo se Assoćiation and interviewed partićipants in various groups udelez ili telovadbe v drus tvu S ole zdravja in opravili around Slovenia. We have found that older people most often intervjuje z udelez enći v razlić nih skupinah po Sloveniji. struggle with problems related to joints, spine and thyroid Ugotovili smo, da se starejs i najveć krat spopadajo s tez avami gland. Partićipants of the Health Sćhool are somewhat povezanimi z sklepi, hrbtenićo in s ć itnićo. Udelez enći S ole disadvantaged when performing exerćises, bećause over the zdravja se pri izvajanju vaj nekoliko prikrajs ani saj z leti se years, enduranće and strength dećrease slightly. In addition vzdrz ljivost in moć nekoliko zmanjs ata. Poleg aktivne to aćtive partićipation in the Health Sćhool, partićipants also udelez be v S oli zdravja se udelez enći posluz ujejo tudi drugih use other forms of self-help sućh as walking, swimming, oblik samopomoć i kot so hoja, plavanje, uporaba razlić nih using various aććessories and more. The reasons for joining a morning exerćise vary from age, illness to death of a spouse. dodatkov in drugo. Razlogi za prikljuć itev k jutranji telovadbi The positive shifts they perćeive during regular workouts are so razlić ni od starosti, bolezni do smrti zakonskega partnerja. better well-being, flexibility, flexibility and elimination of Pozitivni premiki, ki jih zaznavajo ob rednih vadbah so boljs e existing problems. They state that human relationships are poć utje, gibć nost, fleksibilnost ter odprava obstojeć ih tez av. ćrućial in these years and that the assoćiation talks about Navajajo da so medć loves ki odnosi kljuć ni v teh letih in da se various topićs. We also found that the interviewees are less v drus tvu pogovarjajo o razlić nih tematikah. Ugotovili smo skilled at using information and ćommunićation tećhnology, tudi, da so intervjuvanći manj ves ć i uporabe informaćijsko- and we tried to ćreate a website appropriate to their needs. komunikaćijske tehnologije pri ć emer smo se potrudili ustvariti spletno stran primerno njihovim potrebam. KEYWORDS Health sćhool, Seniors, 3. Gym KLJUČNE BESEDE S ola zdravja, Starejs i, 3. Telovadba 1 UVOD ABSTRACT Redna telesna aktivnost in konstantno gibanje pripomoreta k posameznikovem boljs em poć utju na već ih podroć jih. S pomoć jo gibanja ohranjamo nas e telo zmogljivo ter zdravo. ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note Hkrati pa tudi lahko vplivamo na nas e poć utje. Vsakdanje †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note gibanje lahko vpliva tako na nas e fizić ne sposobnosti, kot tudi na nas e psihić no stanje. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice Iz vidika fizić nih sposobnosti nam redna telovadba in telesna and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). aktivnost pomagata pri boljs i kondićijski formi ter dobri Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia gibljivosti. Z gibljivostjo lahko prepreć imo nastajanje novih © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 449 pos kodb v telesu ali pa morebitne oziroma z e obstojeć e ne sme ustaviti, ravno nasprotno. Telo je potrebno s e posebej pos kodbe omilimo in odstranimo. v letih razgibavati , saj tako lahko podaljs amo nas o gibljivost. Ena izmed uć inkovitih res itev za razgibavanje je prav S ola Dobra kondićijska zmogljivost in zdravo telo posledić no zdravja katero je ustanovil Nikolay Grishin, dr. med. (S ola vpliva tudi na nas e psihić no poć utje. Z rednim gibanjem nas e Zdravja, 2021). telo ohranjamo v vrhunskem stanju, kar pa posledić no vpliva na nas o samozavest in zadovoljstvo v svojem telesu. 3 RAZISKAVA V sklopu projekta S ole zdravja smo z eleli ugotoviti kako V raziskavi smo zajeli odgovore devetih intervjuvanćev, ki so starejs i ć lani z rednim obiskom jutranjih telovadb S ole del S ole zdravja v razlić nih skupinah po Sloveniji. Odgovarjali zdravja omilijo obolenja. so ustno na sedemnajst zastavljenih vpras anj s podroć ja medć loves kih odnosov, bolezni, telovadb in s tevilnih drugih S ola zdravja starejs im ć lanom pomaga pri razumevanju podroć ij. doloć enih gibov, ki lahko vplivajo na razlić ne predele telesa in jih usmerja kako lahko na razlić ne nać ine ohranjajo svoje Na podlagi analize manjs ega odstotka udelez enćev S ole telo zdravo ter aktivno. zdravja smo pris li do zakljuć kov, s katerimi najpogostejs imi zdravstvenimi tez avami se sreć ujejo starejs i. Med V okviru nas e raziskave smo z eleli ugotoviti s katerimi najpogostejs imi zdravstvenimi tez avami so boleć ine v hrbtu, zdravstvenimi tez avami se sreć ujejo starejs i, katere osteoporoza, boleć ine v sklepih, visok krvni tlak, z elodć ne nepravilnosti se pojavljajo pri izvajanju vaj v S oli zdravja in tez ave in tez ave s s ć itnićo. Boleć ine v hrbtu in sklepih kako te v nadaljevanju odpravijo, kaj ć lani poleg s ole zdravja pomembno vplivajo na funkćionalnost posameznika in s e uporabljajo za samopomoć , kateri so razlogi za kakovost z ivljenja. Osteoporoza je bolezen, pri kateri pride prikljuć itev drus tvu s ole zdravja, kaks ne pozitivne premike do izgube kostne gostote in poveć anega tveganja za zlome zaznavajo ć lani S ole zdravja ob rednih vadbah, kaks no vlogo kosti, tez ave z ravnotez jem in gibanjem. vodijo medć loves ki odnosi v samem drus tvu in kaks en vpliv ima na njihovo aktivnost informaćijsko – komunikaćijska Najpogostejs e tez ave, s katerimi se udelez enći sreć ujejo pri tehnologija. izvajanju vaj, sta pomanjkanje moć i in premajhna vzdrz ljivost. Posamezniki so izpostavili nekatere vaje, ki jih Analizo nas e raziskave smo izvedli s pomoć jo pridobljenih izvajajo zelo dobro ali pa jim predstavljajo tez ave zaradi odgovorov, na podlagi izvedenih intervjujev. Udelez ili smo se zdravstvenih razlogov. Najpogostejs e problematić ne vaje so nekaj jutranjih telovadb, kjer smo se s ć lani S ole zdravja tiste, ki zahtevajo moć , vaje, povezane z nogami, pri katerih pogovorili o zdravstvenem stanju, telovadbi in drugem. obić ajno ć utijo boleć ino ali pomanjkanje vzdrz ljivosti. Namen nas e raziskovalne naloge je ozaves ć ati o pomenu Pomanjkanje moć i in ravnotez ja sta dva glavna vzroka, gibanja vseh generaćij s poudarkom na starejs ih. zaradi katerih udelez enći tez ko izvajajo vaje. Poleg S ole zdravja se udelez enći posluz ujejo tudi drugih oblik 2 TEORETIČNE OSNOVE pomoć i. Najveć krat so omenili hojo kot glavni vir Druz ba je postala vse bolj dolgoz iva, rodnost pa se je samopomoć i. Zasledili smo, da se nekateri udelez enći poleg zmanjs ala. Vse već je starejs ih in potrebno je sistem in okolje S ole zdravja udelez ujejo dodatne telovadbe ali joge. Nekateri prilagoditi njihovim potrebam (UMAR, 2017). Starejs i so izmed udelez enćev se posluz ujejo tudi zdravilnih rastlin, velika zakladnića znanja in imajo tako svoje prednosti kot plavajo ter koristijo dodatke k prehrani in vitamine. slabosti. V organizaćijah je potrebno delovna mesta ergonomsko prilagoditi starejs im, da lahko efikasno Razlogi za prikljuć itev v drus tvo S ole zdravja so razlić ni. Pri opravljajo delovne naloge. Ergonomska prilagoditev pa ni nekaterih je odloć ilen dogodek bil vstop v penzijo in potrebna le v podjetjih temveć tudi zunaj njega. predvsem starost. Drugi so navajali tudi selitev druz inskega ć lana in smrt zakonskega partnerja. Zdravstveno stanje se Starejs i se morajo zavedati, da njihova produktivnost z leti razlikuje od ć lana do ć lana. Nekateri navajajo, da so imeli upada in, da njihov organizem potrebuje spremembe (S et, zdravstvene tez ave drugi pa ne. Kljuć no, kar poudarjajo vsi 2015). Veliko pozornost je v starosti potrebno posvetiti udelez enći pa je, da so s telovadbo zadovolji in, da so bolj prelomnim dogodkom, ki nas obdajajo. Razlić ne z ivljenjske gibć ni ter polni energije. Udelez enći navajajo, da jutranja okolis ć ine nas pripeljejo do razmis ljanja ali je starost zares telovadba vpliva na ćelotno poć utje tekom dneva. Starostniki taks na kakor na prvi pogled deluje. Staranje prinas a veliko menijo, da je potrebno već pozornosti posvetiti pojmu odprtih vpras anj na z ivljenjskem podroć ju, katera so kljuć na osamljenosti ter psiholos kem in soćialnem stanju ć loveka. za obvladovanje vse već jega s tevila starejs ih prebivalćev (S tandeker, 2021). Ko govorimo o izboljs anju njihovih medć loves kih odnosov, lahko opazimo, da već ina udelez enćev v S oli zdravja opaz a Glede na zgodovino se je odnos do starejs ih veliko spremenil. pozitivno spremembo s sklepanjem novih poznanstev, Civilizaćija se mora zavedati staranja in vzpostaviti uć inkovit izmenjavo izkus enj, s ć imer si s irijo obzorja ob druz enju odnos do le tega (S tandeker, 2023). Z ivljenje v penzionu se izven dejavnosti S ole zdravja. Tisti, ki razlike ne opazijo, to 450 pojasnjujejo s tem, da so z e pred udelez bo na vajah imeli in 5 ZAKLJUČEK negovali medosebne odnose, pri tem pa so se izogibali Motivi za vkljuć itev v S olo zdravja so izboljs anje zdravja, pa konfliktom. tudi pomanjkanje druz enja in z elja po izboljs anju druz benega z ivljenja oziroma laić na odloć itev posameznika, Uporaba spletnih vsebin je prisotna pri pribliz no polovići da se vkljuć i v aktivnosti. Vaje pomagajo izboljs ati mobilnost anketiranih. Tisti, ki ga ne uporabljajo in tudi v prihodnje ne in proz nost ter lajs ajo boleć ine, ki so pogoste pri tej starostni bi uporabljali bolj inovativnih spletnih vsebin, navajajo, da skupini. Ugotovili smo da udelez enći obć utijo pozitivne nimajo dovolj znanja za uporabo rać unalnika ali pa se ga spremembe na podroć ju svoje fleksibilnosti in se zato izogibajo. Kot slabosti navajajo posledić no zmanjs anje stika poć utijo bolj sreć ne in zadovoljne. z ljudmi in naravo. Prednosti se kaz ejo v samostojnosti posameznika pri vadbi. Poleg fizić ne aktivnosti gre tudi za krepitev mentalnih sposobnosti. Z navezovanjem stikov, spoznavanjem in 4 DISKUSIJA druz enjem se poveć uje obć utek sprejetosti in spros ć enosti. Njihove jutranje aktivnosti v S oli zdravja pozitivno vplivajo Udelez enći S ole zdravja so pogosto starejs i ljudje, kar se na njihovo vsakodnevno delovanje in poć utje ć ez dan, dobijo odraz a po obić ajnih starostnih tez avah, kot so tez ave s energijo, ki jo potrebujejo za aktivnost skozi ves dan. kostmi in s tem omejena gibljivost in sposobnost gibanja. Pri odpravljanju tovrstnih zdravstvenih tez av pomagajo vaje, ki Ugotavljamo, da sta druz enje in uć inkovito prez ivljanje so zastopane v dejavnostih S ole zdravja. Te vaje zajemajo prostega ć asa pomembna motiva udelez enćev za vkljuć itev v usmerjene vadbe, ki pripomorejo k krepitvi hrbtnih mis ić, S olo zdravja. Negativno psihić no stanje ć loveka lahko raztezanju in izboljs anju telesne drz e. povzroć i izgubo volje do dela na sebi, lahko povzroć i anksioznost, depresijo, kognitivne tez ave. Udelez enći po Nepravilno dihanje pri izvajanju vaj ne daje uć inkovitih vadbi izmenjujejo informaćije o vsakdanjih dogodkih, rezultatov, zato je treba posvetiti pozornost posameznikom izkus njah, poveć ujejo interakćijo in odpravljajo obć utek in se posvetiti izboljs anju njihove aktivne udelez be. osamljenosti in ne pripadnosti. Pomembno je omeniti, da lahko pri nepravilni izvedbi pride ćelo do negativnih uć inkov. Potrebno je udelez enće opozoriti, Starejs a generaćija je manj ves ć a dela z rać unalnikom zato da je bolje izvesti manj pravilnih poskusov v seriji vaj kot već smo poskus ali razviti spletno stran, ki bo enostavna za poskusov, ki niso izvedeni po pravilih. Vsako vajo se je treba uporabo. Na spletni strani bodo naloz eni razlić ni ć lanki, lotiti temeljito, da bi od nje lahko prić akovali efikasno konć no znanstveni prispevki, videi pravilne izvedbe vaj, klepetalnića res itev. in s e veliko koristnih vsebin. Intervjuvanći sićer vztrajajo na ohranjanju osebnega stika v naravi vendar je vzpostavitev Nekateri ne opazijo nepravilnosti pri izvajanju vaj, tisti, ki pa informaćijsko-komunikaćijske res itve kljuć na za tiste, kateri jih opazijo pa se o njih dodatno poduć ijo z viri objavljenimi so zaradi fizić nih zmoz nosti delno ali v ćeloti prikrajs ani. na spletni strani S ole zdravja. Već ina udelez enćev se poleg aktivne udelez be v S oli zdravja posluz uje tudi daljs ih REFERENCES pohodov, vadbe kot je joga, plavanja ter uz ivanje prehranskih [1] Društvo šola zdravja. (2021). Šola zdravja. Pridobljeno 10. 8 2023 iz dopolnil in vitaminov. https://solazdravja.com [2] https://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/kratk e_analize/Strategija_dolgozive_druzbe/Osnutek_SDD_april_2017_pra Medosebni odnosi v skupini so zelo pomembni in va_verzija.pdf udelez enćem na nek nać in predstavljajo podporo in [3] Šet, Vida (2015). Starajoči se delaveć in delazmožnost. Delo in varnost, motivaćijo. Poleg interakćije med aktivnostmi v S oli zdravja letnik 60, številka 3, str. 37 – 41. Pridobljeno 10. 8. 2023 iz https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-C6613S0N so posamezniki medsebojne stike ohranjali tudi izven teh [4] Štandeker, N. (2023). Starost in staranje v časovnem in zgodovinskem aktivnosti. Z organizaćijo skupnih aktivnosti poleg S ole kontekstu. Kakovostna starost, 26 (1), 35 – 43. Pridobljeno 10. 8. 2023 iz zdravja, kot so sprehodi, odhodi na kavo, izleti, jim pomaga https://www.proquest.com/openview/73292311b01a7c5f861a139 nenehno razvijati soćialni segment njihovega z ivljenja, kar 9693bf312/1?cbl=1436344&pq-origsite=gscholar prećej pripomore k njihovemu splos nemu zadovoljstvu. [5] UMAR (2017). Strategija dolgožive družbe. Pridobljeno 10. 8. 2023 iz https://www.umar.gov.si/fileadmin/user_upload/publikacije/kratk Zmanjs a se obć utek osamljenosti, poveć uje se zadovoljstvo in e_analize/Strategija_dolgozive_druzbe/Osnutek_SDD_april_2017_pra izpolnjenost, volja in trud za lasten napredek. va_verzija.pdf Starejs i ljudje velikokrat bivajo stran od svojih najbliz jih druz inskih ć lanov, kar lahko nenazadnje negativno vpliva tudi na osamljenost. Osamljenost se velikokrat pojavi tudi ob izgubi z ivljenjskega sopotnika, ki je bil desna roka v ćelem odnosu. Pomen osamljenosti velikokrat zanemarjamo vendar v praksi ni ravno tako nedolz en pojav, saj lahko terja pojav razlić nih bolezni. 451 Krepitev digitalne suverenosti nevladnih organizacij s podpornim okoljem za uporabo odprtokodne programske opreme – Na-prostem.si Strengthening the digital sovereignty of NGOs through a supportive environment for the use of open source software - Na-prostem.si mag. Simon Delakorda Kristijan Tkalec Eduard Filipas Zavod Inštitut za elektronsko Društvo Rampa Zavod Rhea, tehnologija za participacijo Ljubljana, Slovenija kakovost življenja Novo mesto Ljubljana, Slovenija Novo mesto, Slovenija simon.delakorda@inepa.si kristijan.tkalec@biotehna.org eduard.filipas@rhea.si Sabina Janičijević Beletrina, Zavod za založniško dejavnost Ljubljana, Slovenija sabina.janicijevic@beletrina.si POVZETEK ABSTRACT Digitalna suverenost predstavlja pomemben vidik digitalne Digital sovereignty is an important aspect of the digital preobrazbe nevladnega sektorja. Suverenost organizacij in transformation of the NGO sector. Sovereignty for posameznikov v digitalnem okolju pomeni samostojno in organisations and individuals in the digital environment informirano odločanje o uporabi strojne in programske means making autonomous and informed decisions about opreme ter spletnih storitev. Rezultati raziskave o uporabi in the use of hardware, software and online services. The potrebah v povezavi z odprtokodnimi programi kažejo, da se results of the survey on the use and needs related to open nevladne organizacije (NVO) zavedajo prednosti source software show that non-governmental organisations odprtokodne programske opreme pri zagotavljanju digitalne (NGOs) are aware of the benefits of open source software in suverenosti, vendar pa jo pri svojem delu uporabljajo v ensuring digital sovereignty, but use it to a lesser extent in manjši meri. Prispevek predstavlja digitalno storitev their work. This paper presents the digital service www.na- www.na-prostem.si, ki deluje kot podporno okolje za prostem.si, which acts as a supportive environment for informiranje, neformalno usposabljanje in pomoč pri information, informal training and assistance in the use of uporabi preverjenih odprtokodnih in prosto dostopnih proven open source and freely available software and programov ter storitev. Hkrati prispeva k digitalni services. At the same time, it contributes to the digital vključenosti NVO in prostovoljskih organizacij ter njihovih inclusion of NGOs and voluntary organisations and their uporabnikov v družbo z donacijami obnovljene računalniške users in society by donating refurbished computer opreme, kjer je nameščen Linux operacijski sistem. Podporno equipment running the Linux operating system. The Na- okolje Na-prostem.si je bilo prepoznano kot pozitiven prostem.si support environment has been recognised as a premik za leto 2022 v Sloveniji pri izvajanju zavez Berlinske positive development for 2022 in Slovenia in implementing deklaracije o digitalni družbi in digitalni vladi, ki temelji na the commitments of the Berlin Declaration on a Digital vrednotah. Society and a Digital Government based on Values. KLJUČNE BESEDE KEYWORDS Digitalna suverenost, nevladne organizacije, odprtokodna Digital sovereignty, NGOs, open source software, enabling programska oprema, podporno okolje environment 1 UVOD Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are NVO[1] so eden izmed ključnih gradnikov civilne družbe, ki not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies pomembno prispevajo k družbenem razvoju, porastu bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third- party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact družbene blaginje, kakovosti življenja, družbeni povezanosti the owner/author(s). in solidarnosti ter uresničevanju načel pluralnosti in demokracije[2]. V Sloveniji je registriranih 27.470 NVO, od Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 452 tega 23.322 društev, 3.893 (zasebnih) zavodov in 255 od tehnoloških korporacij in monopolov« (72 %) in so ustanov, ki zaposlujejo nekaj več kot 12.000 ljudi[3] in »razviti na pravičnih, etičnih in trajnostnih načelih« (65,6 %), povezujejo večino izmed 226.000 prostovoljcev[4]. Največ »spodbujevalec sodelovanja posameznikov in skupnosti pri NVO deluje na področju športa, kulture, sociale, razvoju programov in storitev« (64 %) ter »varni z vidika izobraževanja, varstva okolja ter zaščite, reševanja in zaščite podatkov in zasebnosti« (52 %). pomoči. Kljub relativno visoki stopnji zavedanja o prednostih Podobno kot ostali sektorji družbe, se tudi NVO odzivajo odprtokodne programske opreme pri zagotavljanju digitalne na organizacijske, procesne in komunikacijske spremembe, suverenosti pa je njihova uporaba med NVO dokaj skromna. ki jih prinašajo digitalne tehnologije. Digitalizacija Podatki raziskave med anketiranimi NVO kažejo, da jih: nevladnega sektorja v ožjem pomenu naslavlja uporabo digitalnih tehnologij pri delovanju, poslovanju in • 23,8 % uporablja pisarniški paket LibreOffice, zagovorništvu NVO. Širša posledica digitalizacije je digitalna preobrazba organizacij, ki poleg tehnoloških prinaša tudi • 21,4 % program za urejanje grafike GIMP, procesne, komunikacijske in kulturne spremembe. Pomemben vidik digitalne preobrazbe NVO sektorja je • 20,6 % videokonferenčno storitev Jitsi Meet, zagotavljanje njegove digitalne suverenosti[5], ki pomeni • 18,2 % Linux operacijski sistem, njihovo zmožnost, da se zaščitijo pred digitalnim nadzorom državnih akterjev, da zavarujejo svoje podatke pred • 15,9% e-poštni program Mozilla Thunderbird, poslovnimi modeli podatkovnega kapitalizma ter da se samostojno in informirano odločajo o uporabi strojne in • 11,9 % oblačno storitev za skupno urejanje dokumentov programske opreme ter spletnih storitev[6]. Nextcloud in Pomembni uporabniški prednosti preverjene • 2,4 % video platformo PeerTube. odprtokodne (prosto dostopne) programske opreme za digitalizacijo NVO sta dostopnost in prilagodljivost, ki Precej večji delež NVO uporablja spletni brskalnik Mozilla izhajata iz proste uporabe licence brez licenčnine za Firefox (50,8 %) in program Wordpress za izdelavo spletnih neomejeno legalnih kopij. Da je nek računalniški program strani (48,4%). prosto programje, mora uporabniku zagotavljati naslednje pravice oz. svoboščine: pravico, da program prosto uporablja Na vprašanje o posameznih pogojih, ki bi prepričali za kakršen koli namen; pravico, da prosto preuči, kako anketirane NVO, da bi začele uporabljati odprtokodni program deluje - za ta namen mora biti na voljo izvorna koda; program oz. storitev, sta bila najpogostejša odgovora pravico, da program prosto prilagodi svojim željam in »enostavnost uporabe in zanesljivo delovanje« (94,4 %) in potrebam – tudi za ta namen mora biti na voljo izvorna koda; »pokrivanje delovnih potreb« (91,3 %). Kot tretji ter pravico, da program in svoje spremembe na njem prosto najpogostejši pogoj so respondenti navedli »enake ali boljše širi naprej[6]. funkcionalnosti od zaprtokodnih (plačljivih) programov« (88,1 %). Naslednja po pomembnosti sledita pogoja, ki se Naštete svoboščine odprtokodne programske opreme nanašata na zagotavljanje digitalne suverenosti kot sta omogočajo NVO-jem preprečevanje t.i. »priklenitve na »zagotavljajo zasebnost in ne sledijo uporabnikom« (86,5 %) prodajalca« (ang. vendor lock-in) programske in strojne in »ustrezne informacije in vsebine o odprtokodnih opreme ter digitalnih storitev. V primeru priklenitve na programih/storitvah« (82,5 %). prodajalca gre za porabo zasebnih in javnih sredstev za digitalne produkte, od katerih javnost nima praktično nič. Predstavljeni rezultati raziskave o uporabi in potrebah Boljšo alternativo predstavlja poraba sredstev NVO za NVO v povezavi z odprtokodnimi programi kažejo na njihov odprtokodno in prosto dostopno programsko opremo in pragmatični odnos do programske opreme. Programska storitve, ki omogočajo ponovno rabo in (re-)investicije v oprema mora v prvi vrsti izpolniti pričakovanja NVO glede skupno dobro[7]. Na takšen način NVO zmanjšujejo lastno uporabnosti oz. t.i. »funkcionalne pogoje«. V povezi s tem so odvisnost od programov in storitev tehnoloških respondenti kot pomembne pogoje za začetek uporabe korporacij[8]. odprtokodnega programa oz. storitve navedli tudi t.i. »podporna pogoja« kot sta »urejen servis in podpora pri prehodu na odprtokodne programe/storitve« (80,2 %) in 2 POTREBE IN ODNOS DO ZAGOTAVLJANJA »hitra in učinkovita pomoč uporabnikom« (79,4 %). DIGITALNE SUVERENOSTI NEVLADNEGA SEKTORJA 3 PODPORNI SPLETNI SERVIS NA- Raziskava[9] o uporabi in potrebah NVO v povezavi z PROSTEM.SI odprtokodnimi programi, ki je bila izvedena v okviru projekta Na-prostem.si, je pokazala precejšen delež Prispevek lahko vsebuje slike in tabele. V delu besedila strinjanja respondentov s trditvami, da odprtokodni prispevka, kjer opisujete sliko oz. tabelo, je potrebno navesti programi in storitve »omogočajo neodvisnosti uporabnika sklic nanjo Rezultati raziskave so predstavljali koristno 453 vodilo razvijalcem spletne podporne storitve za uporabo • Peertube je prosto dostopni pretočni servis za video odprtokodne programske opreme med NVO. Spletni servis vsebine po zgledu Youtube. Uporabniku omogoča Na-prostem.si (Slika 1) sestavljajo gradniki preverjenih shranjevanje in objavljanje video vsebin. Peertube prilagaja odprtokodnih in prosto dostopnih programov in spletnih prikaz video vsebin na prijazen način glede na pretočno storitev. Pri združevanju različnih odprtokodnih storitve v zmogljivost internetne povezave gledalca. Spletni servis Na- enotno spletno platformo so si razvijalci pomagali z nasveti prostem.si uporablja storitev Peertube za objavljanje video in izkušnjami slovenske odprtokodne skupnosti. vodičev za uporabo odprtokodne programske opreme in storitev, video predstavitev projekta in video posnetke dogodkov[13]. • Discourse Forum je pogosto uporabljen ter stilsko in vsebinsko dovršen spletni razpravni forum. Omogoča enostavno namestitev na strežnik in preprosto komunikacijo med uporabniki. Storitev je zelo dodelana s strani razvijalcev, zaradi priljubljenosti omogoča izbiro med različnimi vizualnimi prikaze in vsebinskih dodatkih. Forum Na- prostem.si je namenjen pomoči uporabnikom in pogovoru o odprtokodni programski opremi[14]. • MediaWiki (wikipedija) je prosto dostopna aplikacija za urejanje spletne enciklopedije. Wikipedija vsebuje različne razširitve, s katerimi lahko prilagajamo tako izgled kot dodajamo funkcionalnosti. Ima široko razvejano skupnost razvijalcev in uporabnikov po celem svetu. Wikipedija Na- prostem.si[15] na poljuden in razumljiv način razlaga teme in pojme is področja odprtokodne in prostodostopne računalniške opreme. • Storitev za enotno prijavo (SSO) je namenjena uporabnikom spletne storitve Na-prostem.si, da nemoteno in varno dostopajo do različnih odprtokodnih aplikacij, ki jih Slika 1: Vstopna stran digitalne storitve www.na- potrebujejo za svoje delo v NVO ter urejajo vsebine na prostem.si spletnem servisu. V nadaljevanju predstavljamo posamezne odprtokodne • Sledilnik zahtevkov za pomoč uporabnikom (Request storitve in programe ter njihove uporabniške možnosti, ki tracker) omogoča podajanje in evidentiranje zahtevka sestavljajo spletni servis Na-prostem.si: uporabnika za podporo ali pomoč pri uporabi odprtokodne programske opreme ali storitve. Sledilnik omogoča iskanje • Drupal je program za postavitev spletne strani. poljubno izbranih izrazov in izvajanje skript za Namenjen je uporabnikom, ki se ukvarjajo s spletnimi avtomatizacijo pri vodenju in preglednosti podanih vsebinami. Njegove prednosti so modularnost, prilagodljive zahtevkov. teme, redne posodobitve, sledenje varnostnim standardom in široka izbiro dodatkov. Spletni servis Na-prostem uporablja Drupal za objavljanje vsebin kot so novice s 4 DONACIJE OBNOVLJENE RAČUNALNIŠKE področja odprtokodnih programov[10], primerjalnik OPREME Z LINUX OPERACIJSKIM alternativ odprtokodnih in zaprtokodnih programov[11] ter SISTEMOM opisi priljubljene in preverjene odprtokodne programske opreme in storitev[12]. V okviru projekta in podpornega okolja Na-prostem.si je v sodelovanju z Društvom Duh časa vzpostavljen tudi sistem • Nextcloud je spletna aplikacija, ki je namenjena donacij obnovljene računalniške opreme z nameščeno Linux hranjenju datotek na strežniku in sinhronizaciji z lokalnim distribucijo KDE Neon[16]. Cilj projektnih donacij je podariti odjemalcem. Nextcloud je uporaben za upravljanje datotek, 50 računalnikov NVO in 150 računalnikov njihovim slik, anket, poslovnega in/ali zasebnega koledarja ter stikov, posameznim uporabnikom. Prejemnikom donacij so na voljo ki jih je mogoče sinhronizirati s telefonom. Dostop do datotek tudi brezplačna usposabljanja za osnovno uporabo prejetega je urejen preko skupin ali samo na ravni uporabnika. računalnika. Aplikacija zagotavlja zasebnost s tem, da administrator nima dostopa do vsebine uporabnika brez njegovega izrecnega 5 dovoljenja. NEFORMALNA USPOSABLJANJA ZA UPORABO PREVERJENIH ODPRTOKODNIH PROGRAMOV IN STORITEV 454 Koncept usposabljanja za uporabo odprtokodne programske • pisarna za pripravo dokumentov (LibreOffice Writer, opreme predstavlja ključno komponento pri uvajanju novih LibreOffice Calc in LibreOffice Impress), oblikovanje slik tehnoloških orodij v sodobno družbo. Skoraj tri četrtine (74,4 (Gimp, Krita, Inkscape, Darktable), %) respondentov v raziskavi o porabi in potrebah NVO v povezavi z odprtokodnimi programi, je kot pomemben pogoj • urejanje videa (Kdenlive, Pitivi, Open Shot), za uporabo odprtokodnega programa/storitve navedlo brezplačna usposabljanja za njihovo uporabo. V okviru • oblačne storitve (Nextcloud, Jitsi Meet za spletne podpornega okolja Na-prostem.si je bilo razvito interaktivno konference in Etherpad za skupno urejanje dokumentov), neformalno izobraževanje, ki temelji na izkušnjah preteklih izvajanj organizacij, kot so Rampa, Kersnikova, Duh Časa, • komunikacija prek e-pošte in novičnikov Mailtrain, INePA, Beletrina, Ljudmila in drugih. Matrix in Thunderbird), Na usposabljanjih[17] se uporabljajo različne metode, • odprtokodni operacijski sistemi (Linux Mint in KDE med katerimi izstopajo pristopi »naredi sam« (DIY), Neon), »naredimo skupaj« (DITO) in »poskusi znova« (fail better). • objavljaje na spletu (Open Broadcaster Software, Peer Vsak mentor, ki vodi usposabljanje, prejme temeljito Tube, Calibre-Web in Scribus) in usposabljanje za mentorje, kjer se nauči, kako učinkovito izvajati usposabljanje, vključiti omenjene metode, spremljati • tehnično risanje (FreeCAD, KiCAD n PrusaSlicer). udeležence in prilagajati potek usposabljanja glede na njihove potrebe. Cilje je izvesti skupno 102 usposabljanji za NVO in njihove uporabnike po celotni Sloveniji. Celoten proces usposabljanja je razdeljen na tri dele, pri čemer sta prvi in tretji del enaka pri vseh usposabljanjih, medtem ko se drugi del prilagaja glede na specifično odprtokodno programsko opremo, ki je predmet izobraževanja. Razvoj usposabljanj je privedel do vzpostavitve različnih scenarijev, ki določajo potek usposabljanja za posamezno programsko opremo. Vsak scenarij je prilagojen specifičnim značilnostim programske opreme kar omogoča udeležencem, da sistematično napredujejo skozi različne faze usposabljanja. Pomemben del usposabljanja predstavlja tudi naloga za udeležence, ki vključuje majhen, a ključen izziv. Ta izziv spodbuja udeležence k raziskovanju (DIY), sodelovanju (DITO) ter k soočanju z možnostjo neuspeha (fail better), kar se hitro spremeni v uspeh. Takšen pristop spodbuja udeležencev k praktičnemu preizkušanju in učenju z lastnimi Slika 2: Usposabljanje za osnovno uporabo računalnika izkušnjami. Rezultat je najvišja oblika učenja in pomnjenja, za članice Društva upokojencev Rakitna saj se udeleženci učijo z uporabo pristopa »učenje z uporabo« (learning by doing). 6 IZKUŠNJE Z IZVAJANJEM NEFORMALNIH Z interaktivnim neformalnim izobraževanjem, prilagajanjem metod in scenarijev ter spodbujanjem USPOSABLJANJ aktivnega sodelovanja udeležencev se doseže optimalno Mentorji se na usposabljanjih v okviru projekta srečujejo z učenje in razumevanje, kar vodi k uspešni in trajnostni različni skupinami udeležencev, njihovo predznanje se ne uporabi odprtokodne programske opreme v modernem razlikuje zgolj med skupinami, ampak tudi med posamezniki digitalnem okolju. v samih skupinah. Izrednega pomena je, da se mentorji zavedajo različnih nivojev znanja in potreb posamezne Neformalna usposabljanja v okviru podpornega okolja skupine, ter usposabljanje prilagodijo tako, da udeleženci na Na-prostem.si potekajo za naslednje pakete preverjene usposabljanjih pridobijo veščine, ki jim bodo koristile tako odprtokodne programske opreme in storitev[18]: pri delu kot v vsakdanjem življenju. V praksi se je izkazalo, da se morajo mentorji na usposabljanja dobro pripraviti ne zgolj • uvod v odprtokodno programsko opremo in storitve, s pedagoškega, ampak tudi tehničnega vidika, saj prostori, v • osnovna raba računalnika, katerih potekajo usposabljanja, niso vedno opremljeni z dovolj velikim številom vtičnic, pogosto manjka projektor, • spletne strani in analitika (Wordpress, Drupal, Plausible internetna povezava pa je pogosto slaba. Analytics, Matomo), 455 Pred vsakim usposabljanjem udeleženci na svoje http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO7129 /21. 8. računalnike - če teh nimajo, jih dobijo v okviru projekta, 2023) naložijo tisto prosto programsko opremo, za katero se bodo [2] Strategija razvoja NVO in prostovoljstva do leta 2023. Dostopno na usposabljali. Med starejšo populacijo, ki se je udeležila naslovu usposabljanj, se je izkazalo, da je potrebno več časa nameniti https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MJU/SNVO/Prostovoljstvo/ učenju osnovne uporabe računalnika. V skupinah z Strategija-razvoja-NVO-in-prostovoljstva.pdf (21. 8. 2023) ustreznim predznanjem, se več časa posveti praktičnim [3] nalogam, da se pridobljeno znanje čim bolj utrdi. Pomembno NVO sektor: dejstva in številke. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.cnvos.si/nvo-sektor-dejstva-stevilke/ (21. 8. 2023) je tudi, da udeleženci po zaključku usposabljanja niso prepuščeni sami sebi, saj jim je na spletnem servisu Na- [4] Skupno poročilo o prostovoljstvu v Republiki Sloveniji za leto 2022. prostem.si, vedno na voljo tako pomoč mentorjev kot širše Dostopno na naslovu skupnosti. Pomemben del usposabljanja je zato prikaz https://www.prostovoljstvo.org/prostovoljstvo-danes (21. 8. 2023). delovanja omenjenega servisa in vseh njegovih storitev, [5] Termin »digitalna suverenost« je podrobneje razložen v spletni vključno s podporo. Dosedanje izkušnje so pozitivne, knjižnici Na-prostem.si . Dostopno na naslovu https://wiki.na- udeleženci pa so izrazili veliko zanimanja za nadaljnja prostem.si/wiki/Digitalna_suverenost 21. 8. 2023) izobraževanja. [6] Simon Delakorda. 2023. Prednosti odprtokodnega programja za digitalno preobrazbo nevladnih organizacij. Inštitut za elektronsko 7 participacijo, Ljubljana. Dostopno naslovu https://www.na- ZAKLJUČEK prostem.si/clanek/prednosti-odprtokodnega-programja-za- Ob pomanjkanju tovrstnih usposabljanj in projektov ne priča digitalno-preobrazbo-nevladnih-organizacij (21. 8. 2023) zgolj veliko zanimanje med nevladniki, ampak tudi drugo [7] Matija Šuklje. 2022. Kaj je prosto programje/odprta koda/FOSS? poročilo Evropske komisije o napredku izvajanja zavez Društvo uporabnikov Linuxa Slovenije – LUGOS. Dostopno na naslovu Berlinske deklaracije o digitalni družbi in digitalni vladi. https://www.na-prostem.si/clanek/kaj-je-prosto-programje- Glede na skupne vrednote, ki jih izpostavlja tudi projekt Na- odprta-koda-foss. (21. 8. 2023) prostem.si: Prosto programje za digitalno vključenost NVO in [8] Matija Šuklje in Kristijan Tkalec. 2022. Pobuda za vključitev uporabnikov je Evropska komisija za leto 2022 v Sloveniji odprtokodne programske opreme in storitev med upravičene stroške pripoznala projekt kot pozitiven premik na področju na javnih razpisih. Delovna skupina za prosto programje in storitve spodbujanja temeljnih pravic in demokratičnih vrednost na pri Mreži nevladnih organizacij za vključujočo informacijsko družbo. digitalnem področju. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.informacijska- druzba.org/2022/03/11/pobuda-za-vkljucitev-odprtokodne- programske-opreme-in-storitev-med-upravicene-stroske-na-javnih- Vse našteto daje pozitiven signal, da bomo zgodbo Na- razpisih/ (21. 8. 2023) prostem.si pisali še naprej. Kljub temu, da se projekt s koncem leta 2023 izteka, projektna ekipa že gleda v leto [9] V raziskavi o uporabi in potrebah NVO v povezavi z odprtokodnimi 2024, ko bo projekt prerasel v pravno-formalno NVO, ki bo programi je bila pomočjo odprtokodnega spletnega vprašalnika EUSurvey izvedena na nenaključnem vzorcu 125 NVO med delovala kot skupnost uporabnikov, zagovornikov, februarjem in aprilom 2022. Dostopno na naslovu strokovnjakov ter programerjev prostega programja in https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/runner/ProstoprogramjeNVO (21. 8. storitev. Z ustanovitvijo zadruge ciljamo na doseganje 2023) dolgoročnih učinkov projekta ter na povečano rabo prostih programov in storitev v Sloveniji. [10] Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/novice (21. 8. 2023) ZAHVALA [11] Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/primerjalnik (21. 8. 2023) Zahvaljujemo se koordinatorici projekta Na-prostem.si Maši Malovrh (Beletrina, Zavod za založniško dejavnost) za [12] Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/paketi (21. 8. uredniški pregled prispevka. 2023) Projekt Na-prostem.si je financiran s strani Ministrstva za [13] Dostopno na naslovu https://video.na-prostem.si/ (21. 8. 2023) (21. 8. 2023) javno upravo v okviru javnega razpisa za digitalno preobrazbo nevladnih in prostovoljskih organizacij ter [14] Dostopno na naslovu https://forum.na-prostem.si/ (21. 8. 2023) povečanje vključenosti njihovih uporabnikov v informacijsko družbo 2021-2023. Vsebina članka je izključno odgovornost [15] Dostopno na naslovu https://wiki.na-prostem.si/wiki/Glavna_stran avtorjev in ne predstavlja stališč Ministrstva za javno upravo. (21. 8. 2023) [16] LITERATURA IN VIRI Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/donacije (21. 8. 2023) [1] NVO v Republiki Sloveniji so pravne osebe zasebnega prava, ki so jih ustanovile izključno domače ali tuje fizične ali pravne osebe [17] Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/usposabljanje (21. zasebnega prava. NVO delujejo nepridobitno in neprofitno ter 8. 2023) neodvisno od drugih subjektov. Niso organizirane kot politična stranka, cerkev ali druga verska skupnost, sindikat ali zbornica [18] Dostopno na naslovu https://www.na-prostem.si/paketi (21. 8. (Zakon o nevladnih organizacijah). Dostopno na naslovu 2023) 456 Analiza ravni digitalnih kompetenc učiteljev po evropskem okviru digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu Analysis of teachers' digital competence levels according to the DigCompEdu European Framework of Digital Competences for Educators Marko Ferjan Mojca Bernik UM, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede UM, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Kranj, Slovenija Kranj, Slovenija marko.ferjan@um.si mojca.bernik@um.si POVZETEK KEYWORDS V prispevku obravnavamo digitalne kompetence učiteljev. Teachers, digital competences, European Framework for the Izhajali smo iz dokumenta »Evropski okvir digitalnih Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu. kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu (angl.: European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu.) V naši raziskavi smo uporabili dobesedne formulacije: področij kompetenc učiteljev, vsebin opisov posameznih področij in opisov ravni kompetenc. Opravili smo 1 UVOD spletno anketiranje. Anketne vprašalnike smo maja 2023 poslali Uporaba računalnika v izobraževanju ima že zelo dolgo vodstvom 26 šol v Gorenjski regiji in jih prosili, naj tam zgodovino. Živ dokaz za to je konferenca »Vzgoja in zaposlene povabijo k sodelovanju v spletni anketi. Po enem izobraževanje v informacijski družbi,« ki poteka letos že 26. leto mesecu smo prejeli 57 v celoti rešenih vprašalnikov. Rezultati zapored. Skozi vsa ta leta se je razvijala strojna oprema, kažejo, da je raven kompetenc učiteljev pod našimi programska oprema in tudi metodološki pristopi uporabe pričakovanji, saj v povprečju ne dosega nivoja »strokovnjak« računalnikov v izobraževanju. KLJUČNE BESEDE V naši raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšna je današnja raven digitalnih kompetenc učiteljev. Vzporedno z razvojem Učitelji, digitalne kompetence, Evropski okvir digitalnih strojne in programske opreme so se namreč morale razvijati tudi kompetenc izobraževalcev. digitalne kompetence učiteljev. Ena izmed študij, ki je preučevala uporabo računalniške opreme pri poučevanju ABSTRACT učiteljev in kompetence učiteljev se je odvijala v letih od 2015- In this paper, we look at the digital competences of teachers. The 2018 na Švedskem [1]. Rezultati študije so pokazali, da je poleg research is based on the document "European Framework for the pomanjkanja časa za uporabo računalniške opreme in slabe Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu" platforme v učilnicah, ravno digitalna usposobljenost učiteljev (DigCompEdu).In our research we have used the literal tisti izziv, s katerim se bodo najbolj ukvarjali v prihodnjih letih. formulations: domains of teachers' competences, content Pomembnost uporabe digitalne tehnologije pri pouku se iz descriptions of the domains and descriptions of the levels of leta v leto povečuje, saj omogoča hitrejši, predvsem pa drugačen competences. We conducted an online survey. In May 2023, we pristop do novega znanja. V Nemčiji so tako med novembrom sent the questionnaires to the management of 26 schools in the 2021 in februarjem 2022 s pomočjo raziskave, ki je zajela 145 Gorenjska region and asked them to invite their staff to učiteljev prišli do zaključka, da je diferenciacija in participate in the online survey. After one month, we received 57 opolnomočenje učencev pozitivno povezano z učiteljevo fully completed questionnaires. The results show that the level of uporabo tehnologije za izboljšanje kakovosti pouka [2]. Do teachers' competences is below our expectations, as on average podobnih zaključkov so prišli tudi v študiji, ki je bila izvedena v it does not reach the level of "expert". Švici med junijem in septembrom 2020 in je zajela 2011 učiteljev [3]. Rezultati so namreč pokazali, da so mnenja učiteljev o njihovih digitalnih kompetencah pozitivno povezana z njihovo uporabo tehnologije pri poučevanju. V Sloveniji je Zavod RS za šolstvo v času pred koncem zaprtja šol v obdobju covida-19 izvedel raziskavo, katere izsledki Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed so objavljeni v spletni monografiji z naslovom Analiza for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full izobraževanja na daljavo v času prvega vala epidemije covoda- citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must 19 v Sloveniji [4]. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da imajo be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia učitelji strokovnih šol v Sloveniji v primerjavi z gimnazijskimi © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). učitelji večje težave na področju zagotavljanja podporne tehnologije, nimajo ustreznega prostora za delo, niso vešči 457 različnih digitalnih orodij in ne morejo doseči na daljavo POUČEVANJE IN UČENJE - Poučevanje (Načrtovanje in nekaterih učencev. vpeljava digitalnih naprav in virov v proces poučevanja); Vodenje (Raba digitalnih tehnologij in storitev za izboljšanje komunikacije z učenci); Sodelovalno učenje (Raba digitalnih 2 EVROPSKI OKVIR DIGITALNIH tehnologij za spodbujanje in izboljšanje sodelovanja med KOMPETENC IZOBRAŽEVALCEV učenci.); Samouravnavnje učenja (Raba digitalnih tehnologij za DIGCOMPEDU podporo samouravnavanja učenja). V našem prispevku smo kot teoretični okvir raziskave uporabili VREDNOTENJE (EVALVACIJE) - Strategije vrednotenja Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: (Raba digitalnih tehnologij za vrednotenje);Analiza dokazov DigCompEdu [5]. (Ustvarjanje, izbira ter kritična analiza in razlaga digitalnih Da smo kot izhodišče v množici različnih pristopov k dokazov o učenčevih dejavnostih, uspešnosti ter napredku); preučevanju kompetenc uporabili ravno ta dokument, seveda Povratne informacije in načrtovanje (Raba digitalnih tehnologij obstajajo utemeljeni razlogi. Dokument »Evropski okvir za ciljno usmerjene in pravočasne povratne informacije učencem. digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu« je OPOLNOMOČENJE UČENCEV - Dostopnost in relativno nov, saj je bil objavljen leta 2018. Vsaj na ravni držav vključenost (Zagotavljanje dostopa do učnih virov in dejavnosti Evropske unije trenutno velja za sprejet in splošno veljaven. V vsem učencem); Diferenciacija in personalizacija (Raba primeru, da bomo našo raziskavo še razširili, bodo možne tudi digitalnih tehnologij za naslavljanje različnih učnih potreb mednarodne primerjave. Cilj okvirja DigCompEdu je prikaz in učencev); Aktivno vključevanje učencev (Raba digitalnih opis digitalnih kompetenc, specifičnih za izobraževalce. tehnologij za spodbujanje aktivnega in ustvarjalnega sodelovanja Predlaganih je 22 osnovnih kompetenc, ki so razporejene v 6 učencev). področij. Okvir vključuje tudi model napredovanja, s pomočjo VODENJE IN PODPORA UČENCEM PRI katerega lahko izobraževalci ocenijo in razvijejo svoje digitalne PRIDOBIVANJU DIGITALNIH KOMPETENC - kompetence. Opisuje šest različnih ravni razvoja, skozi katere Informacijska in medijska pismenost (Vključevanje učnih izobraževalec običajno pridobi digitalno kompetenco, in tako dejavnosti, nalog ter različne vrste vrednotenj, ki od učencev izobraževalcu pomaga prepoznati trenutno raven njegove zahtevajo, da izkažejo potrebo po informacijah); Komuniciranje kompetence ter določiti in izbrati korake, potrebne za njeno in sodelovanje (Vključevanje učnih dejavnosti, nalog ter izboljšanje. vrednotenja, ki od učencev zahtevajo učinkovito in odgovorno rabo digitalnih tehnologij za Izdelovanje vsebin); Izdelovanje digitalnih vsebin (Vključevanje učnih dejavnosti, nalog in 3 PODROČJA KOMPETENC UČITELJEV vrednotenja, ki od učencev zahtevajo, da se izrazijo prek digitalnih sredstev); Odgovorna raba (Zagotavljanje ukrepov za Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev dobro počutje učencev v fizičnem, psihičnem in družbenem DigCompEdu kompetence učiteljev razvršča v 6 področij smislu); Reševanje problemov (Vključevanje učnih dejavnosti, (Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: nalog ter vrednotenja, ki od učencev zahtevajo, da prepoznajo in DigCompEdu, 2018): rešijo tehnične težave ali tehnološko znanje ustvarjalno 1. poklicno delovanje; uporabijo v novih situacijah.). 2. digitalni viri; 3. poučevanje in učenje; 4. vrednotenje (evalvacije); 4 OPISI RAVNI KOMPETENC 5. opolnomočenje učencev; 6. Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev vodenje in podpora učencem pri pridobivanju digitalnih kompetenc. DigCompEdu vključuje tudi model napredovanja, s pomočjo Znotraj 6 področij Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc katerega lahko izobraževalci ocenijo in razvijejo svoje digitalne izobraževalcev DigCompEdu je predlaganih 22 vsebin osnovnih kompetence. Opisuje šest različnih ravni razvoja, ki so prikazane kompetenc, ki so znotraj področij razporejene takole (Evropski v tabeli 1. Poimernovanja ravni so prikazana v tabeli 2 [5]. okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu, 2018): Tabela 1: Ravni kompetenc po Evropskem okviru digitalnih POKLICNO DELOVANJE - Organizacijsko komuniciranje kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu [5]. (Raba digitalnih virov za komuniciranje z učenci, starši, idr.); Strokovno sodelovanje (Raba digitalnih tehnologij za RAVEN SAMOOCENA sodelovanje z drugimi izobraževalci); Reflektivna praksa, 1 SEM ZAČETNIK: Zavedam se potenciala (kritična presoja ter aktiven razvoj lastne digitalne pedagoške digitalnih tehnologij za izboljšanje pedagoške in prakse); Stalno strokovno spopolnjevanje (Raba digitalnih virov poklicne prakse, vendar imam z digitalnimi in sredstev za stalen strokovni razvoj. tehnologijami zelo malo stika ter jih uporabljajo DIGITALNI VIRI - Izbiranje (Prepoznavanje, vrednotenje in predvsem za pripravo učnih ur, administracijo ali izbiranje digitalnih virov za poučevanje in učenje.); Izdelovanje organizacijsko komuniciranje. Pri razširitvi in poustvarjanje (Poustvarjanje in nadgrajevanje obstoječih virov uporabe ter prenosu svojih obstoječih digitalnih z odprtimi dovoljenji ter drugimi viri, kjer je to dovoljeno. kompetenc na pedagoško področje potrebujejo Izdelava ali soustvarjanje novih); Upravljanje, zaščita, deljenje vodenje. (Organizacija digitalnih vsebin ter zagotavljanje dostopa). 2 SEM RAZISKOVALEC: Digitalne tehnologije sem začel uporabljati na določenih področjih 458 3 SEM VKLJUČEVALEC: Na ravni vključevanja info@gimnazija-skofjaloka.si; info@egss.si; info@scsl.si; preizkušam digitalne tehnologije v različnih info@vgs-bled.si okoljih in za različne namene ter jih vključujejo v V roku enega meseca smo prejeli 57 pravilno in v celoti številne od svojih praks. vrnjenih vprašalnikov, 15 je bilo moških in 42 žensk. Povprečna 4 SEM STROKOVNJAK: Na ravni strokovnosti starost je bila 48 let, najmlajši anketiranec je imel 28 let, uporabljam nabor digitalnih tehnologij najstarejši 68 let. samozavestno, ustvarjalno in kritično. Digitalne tehnologije za določene situacije izbiram namensko ter poskušam razumeti prednosti in 7 INSTRUMENT pomanjkljivosti različnih digitalnih strategij Raziskavo smo izvedli z spletne ankete v okolju 1KA. Kot 5 SEM VODITELJ: Na ravni vodenja pri rabi teoretični okvir raziskave in s tem tudi vprašalnika (področja digitalnih tehnologij kompetenc učiteljev, vsebine opisov posameznih področij Sledim doslednemu ter celovitemu pristopu za kompetenc in opisi ravni kompetenc) smo uporabili dobesedne izboljšanje pedagoških in poklicnih praks. formulacije iz slovenskega dokumenta: Evropski okvir 6 SEM POBUDNIK: Na ravni pobudništva se digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu Izdajatelj: sprašujem o ustreznosti sodobnih digitalnih in Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo, Ljubljana, 2018, ki je pedagoških praks. Zanimajo me omejitve ali prevod Angleškega izvirnika: European Framework for the pomanjkljivosti teh praks ter sledim ciljem Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu, avtorica: nadaljnjih inovacij. Christine Redecker, urednik: Yves Punie, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc, © European Union, 2017. Tabela 2: Poimenovanje ravni kompetenc po Evropskem okviru digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu 8 REZULTATI RAZISKAVE (Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu, 2018). V tabeli 3 prikazujemo aritmetične sredine in standardne odklone za vseh 22 vsebin kompetenc. ODGOVOR OZNAKA IME RAVNI RAVNI Tabela 3: Aritmetične sredine in standardni odkloni za 22 1 A1 ZAČETNIK vsebin kompetenc po Evropskem okviru digitalnih 2 A2 RAZISKOVALEC kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu (n=57). 3 B1 VKLJUČEVLAEC 4 B2 STROKOVNJAK PODROČJE/VSEBINA MEAN STD. 5 C1 VODITELJ 6 KOMPETENCE DEV C2 POBUDNIK POKLICNO DELOVANJE 1. Organizacijsko 3,58 1,034 komuniciranje 5 NAMEN RAZISKAVE 2. Strokovno sodelovanje Z raziskavo, smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšna je raven digitalnih 3,42 1,164 kompetenc učiteljev. 3. Reflektivna praksa, 3,30 1,309 4. Stalno strokovno 3,28 1,236 6 OPIS VZORCA Maja 2023 je bilo vabilo k sodelovanju po elektronski pošti DIGITALNI VIRI poslano na naslove 26 izobraževalnih ustanov na področju 1. Izbiranje 3,35 1,142 Gorenjske regije. Vodstva šol smo prosili , prosili, naj tam 2. Izdelovanje in zaposlene povabijo k sodelovanju v spletni anketi. Vabilo je bilo 3,09 1,286 poustvarjanje ( poslano na elektronske naslove, ki so uradno objavljeni kot elektronski naslovi šol: solagorje@osgorje.si; os- 3. Upravljanje, zaščita, bled@guest.arnes.si; info@os-antonajanse.si; o- 3,09 1,299 deljenje atlr.kr@guest.arnes.si; os-tone.cufar@guest.arnes.si; dekanat@fzab.si; info@gimjes.si; info@poldestrazisar.si; o- POUČEVANJE IN UČENJE 16decmojstr.kr@guest.arnes.si; osjvkg.tajnistvo@siol.net; 1. Poučevanje 3,21 1,250 info@o-lesce.kr.edus.si; os-bohinj@guest.arnes.si; tajnistvo- os.trzic@guest.arnes.si; tajnistvo@os-naklo.si; 2. Vodenje 3,30 1,180 tajnistvo@osjpcenter.si; info@ossklm.si; uprava@os- zelezniki.si; ravnatelj.osziri@krajnik.si; info@os-ivantavcar.si; 3. Sodelovalno učenje 3,05 1,141 tajnistvo@osdj-cerklje.si; gimnazija.kranj@gimkr.si; 459 4. Samouravnavnje Analiza odgovorov je nadalje pokazala, da na nobenem učenja 3,00 1,165 področju kompetenc ni več kot 5% anketirancev na ravni »pobudnik« Najvišjo raven kompetenc smo ugotovili za VREDNOTENJE (EVALVACIJE) področje „poklicno delovanje.“ Pri nobenih od vsebin tega 1. Strategije vrednotenja področje ni začetnikov več kot 8%. Kljub temu povprečna raven 2,77 1,350 kompetenc niti na tem področju ni dosegla ni dosegla ravni 2. Analiza dokazov 2,77 1,254 „strokovnjak“ Za primer si vzemimo področje kompetenc »poklicno 3. Povratne informacije 2,95 1,260 delovanje«, vsebino kompetence »Organizacijsko in načrtovanje komuniciranje« (Raba digitalnih virov za komuniciranje z učenci, OPOLNOMOČENJE UČENCEV starši, idr.) Frekvence odgovorov prikazuje tabela 4. 1. Dostopnost in vključenost 3,23 1,180 Tabela 4: Aritmetične sredine in standardni odkloni za 22 vsebin kompetenc po Evropskem okviru digitalnih 2. Diferenciacija in kompetenc izobraževalcev DigCompEdu 2,96 1,068 personalizacija frekvenca Delež (%) 3. Aktivno vključevanje ZAČETNIK 2 3,5 učencev 3,19 1,172 RAZISKOVALEC 5 8,8 VODENJE IN PODPORA UČENCEM PRI VKLJUČEVALEC 18 31,6 PRIDOBIVANJU DIGITALNIH KOMPETENC STROKOVNJAK 24 42,1 1. Informacijska in VODITELJ 6 10,5 3,07 1,348 medijska pismenost POBUDNIK 2 3,5 SKUPAJ 57 100,0 2. Komuniciranje in 3,05 1,260 sodelovanje Raven kompetence »Organizacijsko komuniciranje« (ki sodi v področje „poklicno delovanje.“ je glede na ostale vsebine 3. Izdelovanje digitalnih 2,89 1,398 kompetenc ocenjena zelo visoko, celo najbolje od vseh vsebin kompetenc (aritmetična sredina odgovorov je 3,58). Vrednost 4. Odgovorna raba aritmetične sredine je nižja od 4, kar pomeni nižja od ravni 3,09 1,184 strokovnjak. Kljub temu med 57 anketiranci kar 25 dosega nižjo 5. Reševanje problemov raven od ravni »strokovnjak« 2,82 1,054 Najnižjo raven kompetenc smo ugotovili za področje „vrednotenje, konkretno za kompetenci“ • Strategije vrednotenja (Raba digitalnih tehnologij za 9 ZAKLJUČEK vrednotenje). Naša raziskava ima omejitev v velikosti vzorca. Raziskava je • Analiza dokazov (Ustvarjanje, izbira ter kritična bila zastavljena tako, da bi bil vzorec reprezentativen in tudi analiza in razlaga digitalnih dokazov o učenčevih dejavnostih, dovolj velik. K sodelovanju smo namreč povabili kar 26 različnih uspešnosti ter napredku) šol. To glede na število šol predstavlja približno eno tretjino vseh Pri obeh kompetencah je aritmetična sredina 2,77. šol v Gorenjski regiji. Vzorec ni bil izbran naključno, pač pa z Pri vsebinah »Strategije vrednotenja« je 17,5% anketirancev vplivanjem Pri izbiri vzorca šol smo bili pozorni na to, da smo na ravni »začetnikov«, pri kompetenci »analiza dokazov« pa je vabili različne vrste šol: osnovne šole, poklicne šole, srednje na ravni začetnika 14,0% anketirancev. strokovne šole, gimnazije, višje šole in eno fakulteto. Šole so bile locirane v večjih mestih in na podeželju. Da bi bila zagotovljena Zelo nizko raven kompetenc učiteljev smo prepoznali tudi na anonimnost anketirancev, nismo spraševali po vrsti šole, niti ne področju »vodenje in podpora učencem pri pridobivanju po lokaciji šole. Na koncu smo prejeli samo 57 popolnih digitalnih kompetenc«. odgovorov. Zlasti nizka raven je pri vsebinah kompetenc: Ne glede na to lahko iz naše raziskave izluščimo nekatere • Izdelovanje digitalnih vsebin (Vključevanje učnih zaključke: Raziskava je pokazala, da so digitalne kompetence dejavnosti, nalog in vrednotenja, ki od učencev zahtevajo, da se učiteljev na ravni „vključevanja.“ Ta raven je nižja od ravni izrazijo prek digitalnih sredstev) 9 od 57 vprašanih je pri pripravi »strokovnjak.« Menimo, da je taka raven skrb zbujajoča. digitalnih vsebin na ravni začetnika. Frekvence in deleži Anketiranci ne sodijo v populacijo, ki jih teorija šteje za odgovorov v tabeli 5. »starejše osebe«. Povprečna starost anketirancev je bila 48 let, • Reševanje problemov (Vključevanje učnih dejavnosti, kar pomeni, da anketirance v povprečju čaka še vsaj 15 let nalog ter vrednotenja, ki od učencev zahtevajo, da prepoznajo in delovne dobe. Statistična analiza je pokazala, da je pri večini rešijo tehnične težave ali tehnološko znanje ustvarjalno vsebin kompetenc raven kompetenc pri do 8 % anketirancev še uporabijo v novih situacijah.) Samo 11 od 57 vprašanih je ocenilo, vedno na nivoju »začetnik«. Tak delež najnižje ravni kompetenc da bi na ravni strokovnjaka ali bolje znalo rešiti tehnične težave se nam zdi velik. učencev. Frekvence in deleži odgovorov v tabeli 5 IN6. 460 komponente Krepitev kompetenc, zlasti digitalnih in tistih, ki jih Tabela 5: Frekvence in deleži odgovorov na vprašanje o zahtevajo novi poklici in zeleni prehod (C3 K5), za ukrep kompetenci »Izdelovanje digitalnih vsebin« (n=57) investicija F. Izvajanje pilotnih projektov, katerih rezultati bodo frekvenca Delež (%) podlaga za pripravo izhodišč za reformo visokega šolstva za ZAČETNIK 9 15,8 zelen in odporen prehod v družbo 5.0: projekt Pilotni projekti za RAZISKOVALEC 15 26,3 prenovo visokega šolstva za zelen in odporen prehod. VKLJUČEVALEC 18 31,6 STROKOVNJAK 7 12,3 LITERATURA IN VIRI VODITELJ 4 7,0 [1] Lindberg, O., Olofsson, A., Fransson, G., (2017). Same but different ? An POBUDNIK 4 7,0 examination of Swedish upper secondary school teachers' and students' views and use of ICT in education. International Journal of Information SKUPAJ 57 100,0 and Learning. Volume: 34 (2), Special Issue: SI, pp. 122–132 [2] Runge, I., Lazarides, R., Rubach, C., Richter, D., Scheiter, K. (2023). Teacher-reported instructional quality in the context of technology- Tabela 6: Frekvence in deleži odgovorov na vprašanje o enhanced teaching: The role of teachers’ digital competence-related kompetenci »Reševanje problemov« (n=57) beliefs in empowering learners. Computers & Education. Vol. 198. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104761. Pridobljeno 30.8.2023 frekvenca Delež (%) na ZAČETNIK 3 5,3 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131523000386? RAZISKOVALEC 21 36,8 via%3Dihub [3] Antonietti, C., Cattaneo, A., Amenduni, F. (2022). Can teachers’ digital VKLJUČEVALEC 22 38,6 competence influence technology acceptance in vocational education? STROKOVNJAK 6 10,5 Computers in Human Behavior. Vol. 132. Doi: VODITELJ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107266 . Pridobljeno 30.8.2023 na 4 7,0 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563222000887? POBUDNIK 1 1,8 via%3Dihub Patricia S. Abril and Robert Plant, 2007. The patent holder's SKUPAJ 57 100,0 dilemma: Buy, sell, or troll? Commun. ACM 50, 1 (Jan, 2007), 36-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1145/1188913.1188915. [4] Rupnik Vec, T., Slivar, B., Zupanc Grom, R., Deutsch, T., Ivanuš Grmek, Ocenjujemo, da smo z našo raziskavo kljub majhnosti vzorca M., Mithans, M., Kregar, S., Brunauer Holcar, A., Preskar, S., Bevc, V., prepoznali problem. Ugotovljena raven digitalnih kompetenc Logaj, V., Musek Lešnik, K. (2020). Analiza izobraževanja na daljavo v času prvega vala epidemije covida-19 v Sloveniji. Ur. Rupnik Vec, T. učiteljev je daleč pod pričakovanji. Tudi, če je vzorec še tako Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. Pridobljeno 30.8.2023 na majhen, ugotovljene digitalne kompetence učiteljev ne bi smele https://www.zrss.si/pdf/izobrazevanje_na_daljavo_covid19.pdf [5] Evropski okvir digitalnih kompetenc izobraževalcev: DigCompEdu biti na ravni, ki je nižja od ravni »strokovnjak«. (prevod) Izdajatelj: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo, Ljubljana, 2018. Angleški izvirnik: European Framework for the Digital Competence ZAHVALA of Educators: DigCompEdu EUR 28775 EN, ISBN 78-92-79-73494-6, doi:10.2760/159770, JRC107466 Avtorica: Christine Redecker, , Projekt sofinancirata Republika Slovenija, Ministrstvo za Urednik: Yves Punie, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc © European Union, 2017Ian Editor visoko šolstvo, znanost in inovacije, in Evropska unija – (Ed.). 2007. The title of book one (1st. ed.). The name of the series one, NextGenerationEU. Projekt se izvaja skladno z načrtom v okviru Vol. 9. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. razvojnega področja Pametna, trajnostna in vključujoča rast, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-09237-4. 461 Umetna inteligenca v izobraževanju Artificial Intelligence in Education Andrej Flogie Borut Čampelj Zavod Antona Martina Slomška Ministrstvo za vzgojo in izobraževanje Maribor, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija andrej.flogie@z-ams.si borut.campelj@gov.si POVZETEK Artificial intelligence, education, teacher training Namen šol v sodobni družbi se v tem desetletju 1 UVOD radikalno spreminja na eni strani zaradi hitrega razvoja digitalnih tehnologij in umetne inteligence, Smo v dobi že 4. vala razvoja umetne inteligence, v po drugi strani pa tudi zaradi vse večjega pritiska s katerem med drugih novo nastajajoče e-storitve in strani naprednih oblikovalcev politik, vodstev šol, aplikacije s pomočjo pametnih naprav zbirajo, raziskovalcev, učiteljev in tudi učencev, ki so v procesirajo in uporabljajo ogromno podatkov o razvojnih projektih v preteklih letih učinkovito razvili uporabnikih (ljudje, internet stvari), njihovih nove celovite pristope poučevanja in učenja, potrebah, navadah, prava tako pa tudi o dosedanjih velikokrat tudi skupaj s kolegi iz Evrope in širše. V dognanjih človeštva ipd. Pri tem se je treba vprašati, članku so tako predstavljeni nekateri vidiki ali se in kako zaradi tega spreminja vloga šole, umestitve umetne inteligence v izobraževanju, učitelja in učenca. Smo pa tudi v desetletju, v prihajajočih tehnologij, vloga učitelja in učenca. katerem želijo napredni oblikovalci politik, vodstva Predstavljen je tudi projekt Umetna inteligenca za šol, raziskovalci, pa tudi učitelji in tudi že učenci sami učitelje ter aktualne smernice in priporočila na sistemski ravni trajno prispevati k nujnim povezana z uporabo umetne inteligence v spremembam, ki so jih nakazali in tudi preizkusi izobraževanju. uspešni razvojni projekti zadnjih let v Sloveniji, predvsem pa tudi evropski projektih. Naloga KLJUČNE BESEDE sodobne šole je tako, da navdušuje in učencem pomaga prepoznati njihovo edinstvenost, da bi lahko umetna inteligenca, izobraževanje, usposabljanje v polnosti razvili svoje potenciale. Spodbujati mora učiteljev kritično razmišljanje in ustvarjalnost ter opolnomočiti učence, da razvijajo spretnosti in zmožnosti, ki jih potrebujejo v živ ABSTRACT ljenju [17]. Ključno vprašanje za sodobno šolo torej je, kako prepoznati spretnosti in zmožnosti, ki jih bodo naši otroci potrebovali v The purpose of schools in modern society is življenju. Hkrati pa se postavlja vprašanje, kako v changing radically in this decade, on the one hand, koncept sodobne šole umestiti neprestan razvoj due to the rapid development of digital technologies digitalne tehnologije (še posebej umetne and artificial intelligence, and on the other hand, inteligence), socialnih kompetenc naših otrok in kako due to increasing pressure from progressive s naprednimi metodami in načini poučevanja policymakers, school leaders, researchers, teachers vzpodbuditi in zagotoviti holističen razvoj naših otrok and also students who participated in development na vseh področjih (od znanja, odnosov, digitalnih projects over the past years and effectively kompetenc in temeljnih znanj računalništva in developed new comprehensive approaches to informatike do zmožnosti njihovega teaching and learning, often together with samouravnavanje ipd.). Izpostavljen je pomen colleagues from Europe and beyond. The article izgradnje znanja znotraj nekega konteksta, s thus presents some aspects of artificial intelligence posebnim poudarkom na socialnih odnosih med and upcoming technologies, the role of the teacher učečimi se. Psihološki procesi, ki se razvijajo v and the student. The Artificial Intelligence for posamezniku ter družbeno-situacijski vidiki, ki Teachers project and current guidelines and vplivajo na učenje, so razumljeni kot refleksivno in recommendations for using artificial intelligence in enakovredno povezani [6]. Nova paradigma razume education are also presented. učenje in kognicijo kot interaktivno dejavnost med posameznikom in situacijo, za znanje pa pravi, da je KEYWORDS “umeščeno, proizvod dejavnosti, konteksta in 462 kulture, v kateri se razvija in v kateri je uporabljeno” neučinkovit, bodo tudi učenci, deležni njegovega [4]. Učenje se razume kot “participacija” oziroma procesa poučevanja, slabše napredovali, ne glede “družbeno pogajanje”. V tem kontekstu učitelj na kognitivne razlike med njimi [10]. pripravlja učna okolja, kjer: - se spodbuja konstruktivno, samoregulacijsko Tudi Wright, Horn in Sanders se strinjajo, da je prav učenje, učitelj najpomembnejši dejavnik, ki vpliva na - je učenje senzibilno na kontekst, uspešnost učenja učencev [27]. John Hattie v sklopu - je učenje sodelovalno, usmerjeno na učenca. svoje obširne metaanalize podkrepi ta spoznanja in Učenje ni več pasivno, ampak aktivno, socialno gre še korak naprej. Ugotovil je, da je močna okrepljen proces izgradnje znanja. Znanje se ne kolektivna učinkovitost učiteljev (collective efficacy) more prenesti na učenca, temveč ga mora sam eden pomembnejših dejavnikov, ki vpliva na zgraditi oziroma si ga ustvariti v procesu učenja. dosežke učencev [9]. Do enakih spoznanj je prišla Sodobno izobraževanje tako temelji na inovativnih tudi Jenni Donohoo, ki prav tako izpostavlja metodah in pristopih poučevanja, med katerimi je kolektivno učinkovitost učiteljev kot enega treba izpostaviti ([10]: najpomembnejši dejavnikov kvalitete poučevanja - sodelovalno delo, učitelja [7]. Skupaj s Stefani Arzonetti Hite postavi - problemsko pouk, model »A Model for Leading Colletive Teacher - personalizacijo učenja, Efficacy«, kjer izpostavita neposredno korelacijo - problemsko učenje z avtentičnimi nalogami (ang. med dosežki učencev in kolektivno učinkovitostjo problem based learning), učiteljev [1]. - raziskovalni pouk s poudarkom na razvoju kritičnega mišljenja ipd. Kvaliteta učiteljevega dela v razredu je pogojena Aktivnosti sodobnega izobraževanja so usmerjene tako z znanjem in izkušnjami, ki jih bodoči učitelji na učenca, njihov cilj pa je, da vsi učenci dosežejo dobijo v času študija, kot permanentnim predpisano raven znanja in kompetence (čim višje usposabljanjem na delovnem mestu [23]. Hkrati taksonomske ravni zastavljenih ciljev). Tovrstno mednarodne raziskave kažejo, da so metode in učenje pa se ne odvija le v šolskih prostorih, temveč pristopi, ki jih učitelji uporabljajo v razredu, bolj kot od se dotika tudi naših interesov in izkušenj. Pri tem je njihove izobrazbe odvisne od okolja in kulture pomembno aktivno sodelovanje tudi zunanjih poučevanja, v kateri so zrasli. Le redki učitelji deležnikov v vseh fazah učenja. Vloga učitelja je pri prerastejo način poučevanja, v katerem so bili sami ključna, saj se mora povezovati tako s sodelavci na poučevani [22]. šoli preko medpredmetnih aktivnosti, iskati izzive, s katerim se ukvarjajo deležniki v lokalnem in širšem Učitelj, rutiniran strokovnjak, ki se izobražuje znotraj prostoru. Učitelji so tisti, ki skupaj z zunanjimi znanih okvirjev se mora spremeniti v inovativnega deležniki učence usmerja in jim svetuje ter jim vseživljenjsko se učečega strokovnjaka, ki išče predstavi orodja in jim pokaže, kaj je ozaveščenost. navdih, znanje in podporo. Razvoj trdne poklicne identitete je prvi korak k uspešnemu sodelovanju v 2 VLOGA UČITELJA relevantnih strokovnih mrežah, kjer učitelj dobi nove ideje in skupaj z drugimi išče odgovore na nove Da je v procesu dviga kvalitete poučevanja in učenja izzive, ki jih je zmožen prevesti v lokalni kontekst. učencev prav učitelj v sodelovanju z zunanjimi Inovativni učitelj je: izvajalci najpomembnejši dejavnik, je sprejeto - kompetenten in strasten profesionalec, ki v dejstvo, ki je podkrepljeno s številnimi raziskavami sodelovanju z drugimi išče najboljše rešitve za [27], zato v tem valu umetne inteligence le-ta ne poučevanje svojih učencev; zmore zamenjati učitelja pri pripravi, izvedbi in - ima pozitiven odnos do raziskovanja in evalvaciji celovitega procesa poučevanja in učenja. vseživljenjskega učenja; - namerno in s ciljem sodeluje v različnih Bandura v svoji učni teoriji dokazuje, da sta kvaliteta strokovnih skupnostih, ter se z dragocenimi poučevanja ter strokovna usposobljenost učitelja dva vpogledi vrača v svojo učilnico; ključna poudarka na področju dviga kvalitete celotne - je povezan z razvojem družbe, še posebej šole [2]. V tem duhu o kvaliteti šole razmišlja tudi digitalno transformacijo in hkrati ceni kulturno Ernest Boyer: “Ko govorimo o izboljšanju šole v raznolikost bistvu govorimo o dvigu učinkovitosti učiteljev. To je - vse več odgovornosti in lastništva edina pot za dvig kvalitete šole in s tem šolskega izobraževanja prenaša tudi na učence same. sistema…” [3]. Rivkin, Hanushek in Kain so ugotovili, da bi lahko sodelovanje skupine dobrih učiteljev V poročilu The Digital Transformation of Education: močno pripomoglo k zapolnitvi obstoječih vrzeli v Connecting Schools, Empowering Learners [20] dosežkih različnih skupin učencev. Če je učitelj UNESCO prepoznava učitelje kot pomembne 463 dejavnike digitalne transformacije, seveda ob zgoraj naštetih izobraževalnih pristopov tudi za predpostavki, da s posodobitvijo in prenovo umetno inteligenco. profesionalnega razvoja učiteljev zagotovimo, da bodo le-ti zmožni izkoristiti tehnologijo v podporo Obstaja niz delitev in razvrstitev tehnologij izobraževalnemu procesu. Poudarek torej ni na povezanih z umetno inteligenco, odvisno od tehnologiji in povezanosti - ta je le pogoj, ki skupaj z področja. V izobraževanju je s področja umetne kompetentnim učiteljem v procesu digitalne inteligence tehnološko gledano smiselno izpostaviti transformacije pouka učencem omogoča tri tehnološka področja in sicer: sodelovanje v učnih priložnostih, torej izvajanje tistih - govorne tehnologije (sinteza glasbe, dejavnosti, ki omogočajo vključujoč in učinkovit razpoznavalnik govora, razhroščevalnik proces učenja. govorca, razvrščevalnik starosti govorca, razpoznava živalskih glasov, razpoznava 3 VLOGA DIGITALNE TEHNOLOGIJE glasbe ter sinteza govora); IN AI V IZOBRAŽEVANJU - . obdelave besedil (razpoznava imen, razvrščevalnik besedilnih vrst, prevajalnik, semantična analiza, upravljalnik dialoga, Richard E. Mayer je učenje s tehnologijo opisal kot slovnično lektoriranje ter analizo sentimenta); “učne situacije, v katerih izkušnjo poučevanja ustvarjamo s pomočjo fizičnih - strojni vid (zaznava oseb, zaznava obrazov, naprav, kot sta razvrščevalnik barve kože, razvrščevalnik računalnik in internet” [12]. Hkrati je opozoril na čustvenih stanj, razvrščevalnik starosti osebe, bistveno razliko med dvema pristopoma k učenju s razvrščevalnik objektov ter zaznava objektov). tehnologijo: - v tehnologijo usmerjeno učenje razume kot Seveda bi lahko dodali k temu še več pomembnih aktivnost, katere cilj je uporabiti tehnologijo pri področij kot so analitični sistemi, poučevanju in je tehnologija senzorske tista, ki zagotavlja tehnologije ipd., vendar za podorčje izobraževanja dostop do poučevanja; (didaktika poučevanja) niso ključnega pomena. - v učenca usmerjen pristop učenja s tehnologijo pa je tisti, ki pomaga pri učenju, katerega cilj je Za boljše razumevanje različnih vidikov uporabe torej prilagoditi tehnologijo za spodbujanje umetne inteligence v izobraževanju, vključno s tem, učenja. kako se poučuje o njej, kako se uporablja za izboljšanje izobraževalnega procesa in kako se Hattie [14] je v svojem seznamu 150 vplivov na učne pripravlja posameznike za kariere, ki vključujejo dosežke, ki ga je sestavil na osnovi raziskave več kot uporabo AI pa bi bilo smiselno uporabiti naslednjo 800 metaanaliz razvrstil tudi nekatere vplive, ki so delite: povezani z uvajanjem tehnologije. Sam dostop do tehnologije torej še ne pomeni, da bo učenje samo - poučevanje o umetni inteligenci tudi učinkovitejše, čeprav nekateri dokazujejo, da - poučevanje z umetno inteligenco - poučevanje za umetno inteligenco. uporaba tehnologije, ki jo učenci uporabljajo v vsakdanjem življenju, pri pouku poveča njihovo motivacijo in občutek vključenosti Poučevanje o umetni inteligenci je ključno za [8]. digitalno transformacijo in digitalno pismenost naših učencev. Pod tem terminom podrazumevamo Vpliv tehnologije na učinkovitost učenja je odvisen tudi od načina njene uporabe. Pri tem obstajajo razumevanje osnovnih konceptov umetne inteligence, njenih aplikacij in etičnih vprašanj, različni modeli, s katerimi lahko učitelji preverijo smiselnost in učinkovitost uporabe tehnologije. povezanih z njo. Pouk o umetni inteligenci omogoča, da posamezniki razvijejo ozaveščenost o tej Smiselno je izpostaviti vsaj dva in sicer odločitveni tehnologiji in njeno vlogo v družbi. Hkrati spodbuja model podjetja Microsoft: »Uporabiti tehnologijo pri razmišljanje o etičnih vidikih uporabe umetne pouku ali ne« [16] in pa štiristopenjski SAMR model inteligence ter spodbuja kritično razmišljanje o njenih (substitution, augmentation, modification, vplivih na delovna mesta, družbo in gospodarstvo. O redefinition) [18]. osnovnih terminih in konceptih s področja umetne inteligence bi bilo smiselno pripraviti izobraževalni 3.1 AI v izobraževanju program za učitelje, ki bi bili zmožno predstaviti to področje učencem glede na njihovo starostno Lahko rečemo, da je digitalno tehnologijo treba obdobje. uporabljati smiselno in mora biti v podporo učitelju pri njegove delu v razredu na učenca usmerjenega Poučevanje z uporabo umetne inteligence je nekako pristopa poučevanja. Če izmed celotnega nabora tisto področje, o katerem je največ govora tudi v tem digitalne tehnologije izpostavimo umetno članku. Poučevanje z uporabo AI učiteljem omogoča inteligenco, veljajo prav vsi poudarki uporabe in 464 podpreti njihove inovativne metode poučevanja z smiselno izpostaviti virtualne učitelje/avatarje, ki digitalno tehnologijo. S takšnim pristopom je možno omogočajo učencem, da sodelujejo v realnem času pri učenci dosegati višje taksonomske ravni v skupini, ki premore eksperta z določenega njihovega znanja oziroma zastavljenih ciljev. S tem področja in lahko z njih diskutira ter sprejema se spreminja vloga učitelja, ki postaja usmerjevalec odločitve. in tutor ter ne več le transmitor znanja. Problemski pouku predstavlja kombinacijo različnih Poučevanje za umetno inteligenco pa pomeni metod in pristopov poučevanja. Vsekakor je pripravo posameznikov za kariere in delovna mesta, reševanje avtentičnih nalog in problemov smiselno povezana z razvojem, implementacijo in izvajati v skupinah, kjer ima vsak posamezen učenec vzdrževanjem umetne inteligence. To vključuje določeno vlogo/mesto. S pomočjo prilagojenih učenje programiranja, obvladovanje podatkovnih aplikacij podprtih z AI je močno prilagodi naloge in znanj, razumevanje algoritmov in strojnega učenja izzive glede na stopnjo sposobnosti učencev, s čimer ter sposobnost kritičnega razmišljanja o uporabi AI v se zagotovi, da so izzivi ustrezni za vsakega različnih panogah. Poučevanje za umetno posameznika oziroma skupino. Učitelj lahko s inteligenco je ključno za izoblikovanje delovne sile, ki pomočjo analiz spremlja napredek posameznika in bo znala izkoristiti prednosti in izzive, ki jih prinaša ta skupine, ter jim nudi usmerjene nasvete in povratne tehnologija v prihodnosti. Nekako to področje najbolj informacije za izboljšanje reševanja težav. nagovarja srednješolski prostor. Vloga UI v sodobni šoli ni omejena le na učence in Umetna inteligenca kot del digitalne tehnologije torej učitelje. Pomaga tudi pri upravljanju šolskih sistemov ima ključno vlogo pri podpori učiteljev pri različnih in načrtovanju izobraževalnih politik. Z analizo metodah in oblikah dela v razredu, kot so obsežnih podatkov lahko UI pomaga identificirati sodelovalno delo, problemski pouk, individualizacija vzorce v uspešnosti šolskih programov in predlaga in personalizacija, problemsko učenje z avtentičnimi izboljšave. nalogami ter raziskovalni pouk s poudarkom na razvoju kritičnega mišljenja. 3.2 Uigrani učitelj - projekt Umetna inteligenca za učitelje (AI4T) V prvi vrsti je vsekakor treba izpostaviti personalizacijo izobraževanja. S pomočjo analize Cilj projekta AI4T, Umetna inteligenca za in z učitelji podatkov o učečih se in modelov ter algoritmov ( angl. ArtificiaI intelligence – for and by teachers; strojnega učenja (kot del AI) lahko učitelji bolje 2021 – 2024, Erasmus+; www.ai4t.eu), je razvoj razumejo potrebe vsakega posameznega učenca. celovitega programa usposabljanja učiteljev in Takšen vpogled jim omogoča personalizacijo drugih strokovnih delavcev, njegova poskusna oziroma kreiranje učne poti, glede na specifične izvedba ter na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov potrebe, želje in sposobnosti vsakega učenca. S tem priprava smernic za različne deležnike. Ciljna se doseže boljša učna izkušnja in poveča motivacija skupina so predvsem učitelji angleščine, matematike za učenje. To brez podpore AI ni možno, saj ima in tudi nekateri ravnatelji na srednjih šolah, ki učitelj povprečno v razredu 25 učencev in tega poučujejo dijake v starostnem obdobju od 15 do 17 enostavno ne zmore. AI namreč lahko pomaga let. Od januarja do junija 2023 se je v vseh učiteljem pri ustvarjanju interaktivnih personaliziranih partnerskih državah (Slovenija, Francija, Italija, učnih poti (s prilagajanjem nalog, ipd). Virtualni Irska, Luksemburga) udeležilo usposabljanj 1.004 pomočniki in tutorji, ki temeljijo na UI, lahko nudijo učiteljev iz 315 šol. Na podlagi celovite evalvacije se takojšnjo pomoč učencem pri reševanju težjih nalog oblikujejo priporočila za različne ključne deležnike, ali vprašanjih. Prav tako omogočajo avtomatizirano od ravnateljev do snovalcev politik. ocenjevanje, kar razbremeni učitelje in jim omogoča, da se osredotočijo na bolj individualno mentorstvo in Izmed rezultatov je v prosti uporabi spletni priročnik spodbujanje kritičnega razmišljanja. v vseh petih jezikih projekta, ki zajema šest področij, kmalu pa bo na voljo spletni tečaj. V Luksemburgu Sodelovalno delo je prav tako eden izmed bo 18. in 19. januarja 2024 zaključna konferenca inovativnih pristopov poučevanja. AI lahko pomaga projekta, po koncu projekta pa bodo vsem na voljo učiteljem pri oblikovanju učnih skupin z raznolikimi tudi ostali rezultati projekta, vključno s programi in spretnostmi in interesi ter spodbuja sodelovalno delo gradivi izvedenih usposabljanj, kar bo lahko med učenci. Nekatere raziskave izpostavljajo prispevalo k opolnomočenju drugih učiteljev kot pozitivne vidike sodelovalnega dela podprtega s ozaveščene uporabnike virov umetne inteligence sodobno digitalno tehnologijo (AI), ki vzpodbuja (UI). sodelovanje in interakcijo med člani skupine na temelju igrifikacije. Prav tako je na tem mestu 465 V Sloveniji imamo v projektu AI4T aktivno vlogo - Kje so stranpoti ljudi (vojne, uničevanje, kraje, sodelavci Službe za digitalizacijo izobraževanja namerno zavajanje, čustveno izsiljevanje), ali Ministrstva za vzgojo in izobraževanje, lahako umetna inteligenc prispeva k nadaljnjem Pedagoškega inštituta in Fakultete za naravoslovje u razvoju človekovih možganov in koliko nas je in tehnologije Univerze v Mariboru. V projektu morda UI že “podjarmila”? sodeluje 17 partnerjev – ministrstev, univerz, raziskovalnih ustanov ter izvajalcev usposabljanj iz LITERATURA IN VIRI Francije, Italije, Irske, Luksemburga in Slovenije. Konzorcij je nastal z namenom povezovanja, da [1] Arzonetti Hite, S., & Donohoo, J. (2020). Leading izobraževalne institucije, učitelji in ravnatelji srednjih Collective Effiacacy; Powerful Stories of Achievement and Equity. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press. šol razblinijo predsodke, razvijajo kompetence in [2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. spodbudijo učinkovito in smiselno uporabo UI. New York: Freeman. [3] Berg, E. (2019). The connective teacher: Network learning for a sustainable profession. 4 ZAKLJUČEK [4] Brown, J., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher, 18, 32-42. Učenje in poučevanje prihodnosti je mogoče [5] Čampelj, Borut in Eva Jereb, 2023, »Report on Smart Education in the Republic of Slovenia. Smart Education in realizirati le, če učitelji skupaj z drugimi strokovnjaki China and Central & Eastern European Countries. Lecture sledijo na eni strani tehnološkemu razvoju, po drugi Notes in Educational Technology, ur. Rongxia Zhu-ang idr., 293-319. Springer: Singapore, 2023. strani pa dejanskim potrebam mladih pri enakopravni [6] Cobb, P., & Yackel, E. (1998). A Constructivist Perspective vključitvi v družbo in tudi na trg delovne sile ne le v on the Culture of the Mathematics Classroom. V F. Seeger, & U. Waschescio , TheCulture of the Mathematics Sloveniji ampak tudi drugje. Sodobna družba Classroom (str. 158-190). Cambridge: Cambridge zahteva spremembo procesa poučevanja in učenja, University Press. [7] Donohoo, J. A. (2016). Collective Efficacy: How Educators' v katerem učenci ozaveščeno aktivno in Beliefs Impact Student Learning. Thousand Oaka: Corwin. enakopravno prispevajo tudi lastništvu [8] Francis, J. (2017). The Effe cts Of Technology On Student Motivation And Engagement In Classroom-Based izobraževanja oz. lastne učne poti. Pri tem je Learning. Pridobljeno iz University of New England. učiteljem in drugim na voljo že veliko primerov iz DUNE: DigitalUNE: http://dune.une.edu/theses/121 [9] Hatti, J. (2016). Third Annual Visible Learning Conference prakse (dobre in manj dobre) in e-skupnosti, v (subtitled Mindframes and Maximizers). Washington, DC. katerih lahko diskutirajo o izzivih, ki se pojavljajo z [10] Flogie, A. (2016): Vpliv inovativnega izobraževanja in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije na spremembe novimi tehnologijami in tudi novimi pričakovanju pedagoške paradigme : doktorska disertacija, Univerza v mladih generacij. Uporabljajo tudi smernice, Mariboru. priporočila, ki jih oblikujejo strokovnjaki na lokalni, [11] Miao, F., Holmes, W. 2023, Smernice za uporabo generativne umetne inteligence v izobraževanju in regionalni, nacionalni, evropski in širši ravni, kot npr. raziskovanju - Guidance for generative AI in education and research, UNESCO, 2023. Dostopno na naslovu Nadgrajen okvir digitalnih kompetenc za evrospkega https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693 državljana [25], Nacionalni program spodbujanja [12] Mayer, R. E. (2013). Učenje s tehnologijo. V H. Dumont, D. Istance, & F. Benavides (Ured.), O naravi učenja: razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence [24], vidiki uporaba raziskav za navdih prakse. ZRSŠ. izobraževanja prihodnosti (ang. Smart Education, [13] Godzicki, L., Godzicki, N., Krofel, M., & Rachel, M. (2013). Increasing motivation and engagement in elementary and [5]), Umetna inteligenca za otroke [26] ter Middle school students through Technology-Supported navsezadnje tudi transparentnost umetne learning environments. Chicago: Sant Xavier University. inteligence ter algoritmične pravice in zaščita otrok [14] Hattie, J. (2018). Vidno učenje za učitelje: maksimiranje učinka na učenje. Griže: Svetovalno-izobraževalni (ang. Algorithmic Rights and Protections for Children centerMI. [15]. [15] Ito, M, Cross, R., Dinakar, K., Odgers, K. 2022. Introduction: Algorithmic Rights and Protections for Children, The MIT Press. Dostopno na naslovu Za konec si postavimo vprašanji, ki bosta zagotovo https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13654.001.0001 [16] Microsoft Corporation. (2017). Education Transformation povezani z novimi prihajajočimi valovi umetne Framework. United States, http://www.is- inteligence in digitalne tehnologije, kar bo toolkit.com/documents/EducationTransformation Framework.pdf. pomembno za razumevanje in nadaljnji razvoj [17] OECD. (2013). Innovative Learning Environments. OECD človeka samega in posledično tudi njegove Publishing. Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264203488- en. izobraževalne procese: [18] Puentedura, R. (2014). Technology In Education: An - Ali je človek res tako superioren, kot se ima, Integrated Approach. [19] Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J. (2005). Teachers, glede na to, kako mu umetna inteligenca Schools, and Academic Achievement. Econometrica, 417- nastavlja ogledalo. Na primer, ChatGPT 458. [20] Sepúlveda, A. (september 2020). The digital odgovarja precej podobno (in celo brez transformation of education: connecting schools, sovražnega govora) kot človek, tj. od celovitih empowering learners. Pridobljeno iz UNESCO: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374309 in pravilnih odgovorov do nepravilnih in [21] Sparks, D. (1984). Staff Development and School blefiranja ter tudi redko enako odgovori na isto Improvement: An Interview with Ernest Boyer . Journal of vprašanje, podobno kot ljudje Staff Development, 32-39 zaradi stalnega [22] Stigler, W. J., & Hiebert, J. (2009). The Teaching Gap: intelektualnega razvoja? Best Ideas from World's Teachers for improving education in classroom. New York: Free Press. 466 [23] Vičič Krabonja, M., & Šverc, M. (2019). Znamo li koristiti [26] World Economic forum, 2022. Artificial Intelligence for IKT u svrhu podrške uvođenju inovativnog okružja za Children, Toolkit, 2022. Dostopno na naslovu učenje. Politehnika: Časopis za tehnički odgoj i https://www.weforum.org/reports/artificial-intelligence-for- obrazovanje, 3(2), pp. 7-17. children [24] Vlada RS, 2021. Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja [27] Wright, S., Horn, S., & Sanders, W. L. (1997). Teacher and in uporabe umetne inteligence. Dostopno na naslovu Classroom Context Effects on Student Achievement: https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MDP/DID/NpUI-SI- Implications for Teacher Evaluation. Journal of Personnel 2025.docx Evaluation in Education, 57-67. [25] Vuorikari, Riina, Simona Kluzer in Yves Punie, 2022. .DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens - With new examples of knowledge, skillsand attitudes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022. Slvoenski prevod je dostopen na naslovu https://www.zrss.si/digitalna_bralnica/digcomp-2- 2-okvir-digitalnih-kompetenc-za-drzavljane-z-novimi- primeri-rabe-znanja-spretnosti-in-stalisc/ 467 Postopek izdelave elektronske prijavnice s pomočjo Microsoftove aplikacije Forms Creating an electronic application form using the Microsoft Forms application Aleksandra Frelih Šolski center Kranj Kidričeva cesta 55, 4000 Kranj aleksandra.frelih@sckr.si POVZETEK KEYWORDS Na šolskem centru Kranj se kot koordinator projekta Erasmus+ Electronic application, Cloud 365, Erasmus+, mobility, Forms, mobilnosti, na področju poklicnega izobraževanja in Excel usposabljanja, vsako leto srečujem z izzivom učinkovite priprave in izpeljave razpisa, s katerim bom omogočila opravljanje praktičnega usposabljanja na delovnem mestu v tujini za dijake 1 UVOD in usposabljanja ali poučevanja v tujini za strokovne delavce, zaposlene na Šolskem centru Kranj. Z željo biti v koraku s časom Na šolskem centru Kranj že vrsto let, vse od akcijskega programa sem zaradi dela od doma in vse večjega zanimanja za projekt Leonardo da Vinci, postopoma povečujemo število zaposlenih in mobilnosti ustvarila elektronsko prijavnico s pomočjo Microsoft dijakov, ki jim omogočimo opravljanje prakse v tujini. S Oblaka 365, natančneje aplikacijo Forms. V prispevku opišem pridobitvijo Listine kakovosti v letu 2018 in Akreditacije postopek izdelave samega obrazca, s katerim sem si kasneje Erasmus+ v letu 2020 smo se zavezali h kakovostni izvedbi olajšala tudi obdelava podatkov. Za pripravo obrazca imam že mobilnosti in sprotnemu merjenju kratkoročnih in dolgoročnih pripravljene kriterije, ki sem jih določila s pomočjo ravnateljev učinkov na delovanje celotnega šolskega centra. Zaposleni in in dijaške skupnosti. Kriterij predvidi, da lahko posamezen dijaki se na mobilnost prijavijo v času internega razpisa, ki ga kandidat doseže največ 100 točk, ki ga uvrstijo na določeno izpeljemo v drugi polovici šolskega leta, za naslednje šolsko leto. mesto za odobritev ali zavrnitev opravljanja praktičnega Kot koordinator projekta mobilnosti zberem več dokumentov, ki usposabljanja v tujini. Po zaključku razpisa prenesem prijavnice jih nato skupaj z izbrano komisijo pregledam in razvrstim po kandidatov v Excel datoteki, ki jo s pomočjo spajanja ustreznosti. Žal niso vsi prijavljeni kandidati tudi izbrani, kar dokumentov prenesem v Word datoteko, da je pripravljena za postavi postopek izbire in pregleda posameznih oddanih ogled in nadaljnjo obdelavo. dokumentov v še večji pritisk, da je le ta izvedena objektivno. Da je bila potrebna prevetritev načina prijave sta bila ključna dva KLJUČNE BESEDE dejavnika: delo na daljavo in želja po poenostavitvi pregleda podatkov. Ustvarila sem enostavno obliko oblačne prijavnice, ki Elektronska prijavnica, Oblak 365, Erasmus+, mobilnosti, mi je pri delu na projektu mobilnosti precej olajšala delo. Forms, Excel Elektronska prijavnica pa je skladna tudi z okolju prijazno prakso ABSTRACT Zeleni Erasmus+, saj je popolnoma brezpapirna in ima manjši ogljični odtis. At Šolski center Kranj, where I work as the coordinator of the Erasmus+ je program, ki omogoča izmenjavo dobrih praks na Erasmus+ mobility project for vocational education and training, območju celotne Evrope, za njegovo izvajanje v Sloveniji skrbi I am faced every year with the challenge of effectively preparing Center Republike Slovenije za mobilnost in evropske programe and conducting an Erasmus call, which will enable practical izobraževanja in usposabljanja (CMEPIUS). Program v okviru training abroad for students and training or teaching abroad for ključnega ukrepa 1 (KA1) omogoča posameznikom mobilnost v School Center Kranj employees. With the desire to keep in step tujini. Te so namenjene osebnemu in strokovnemu razvoju with the times, when working from home and with the increasing vključenih posameznikov [1]. Naš projekt mobilnosti v interest in the mobility project, I created an electronic application form with the help of Microsoft Cloud 365, more precisely the poklicnem in strokovnem izobraževanju, ki je del ključnega Forms application. In the paper, I describe the process of creating ukrepa Erasmus+ KA1, smo po pridobitvi Listine kakovosti v the form itself, which later made all the data processing easier. I letu 2018 poimenovali Nadgradimo znanje z izkušnjami. Z have already prepared the criteria for the preparation of the form, imenom želimo povedati, da omogočamo dijakom in which I determined with the help of the principals and the strokovnemu osebju nadgrajevanje na poklicnem in strokovnem students. The criterion stipulates that an individual candidate can področju. Praktično usposabljanje v tujini omogoča dijakom achieve a maximum of 100 points, which places him in a certain pridobivanje kompetenc na strokovnem področju in osebnem, position for approval or rejection of practical training abroad. kot na primer na področju komunikacije v tujem jeziku, After the call has ended, I download the candidates' application načrtovanja in organizacije, ter na področju vseživljenjskega forms in an Excel file, which I transfer to a Word file by merging učenja. Enako omogočamo tudi zaposlenim na šolskem centru, the documents so that it is ready for viewing and further processing. da izpopolnijo svoje znanje v tujini v obliki senčenja na delovnem mestu ali s poučevanjem v tujem jeziku. 468 Na Šolskem centru Kranj imamo okoli 2200 dijakov in 150 Vpisi v eAsistenta Vpis pohvale +10 pedagoških delavcev. S posodobljenim programom v letu 2020 Vzgojni ukrep -5 smo pridobili tudi novo Akreditacijo Erasmus+, ki nam omogoča Neopravičena ura -1 kvalitetnejše izvajanje mobilnosti v večjem številu. V šolskem letu 2021/2022 smo na projektu izkušnjo dela v tujini omogočili Razpis je za zaposlene objavljen istočasno, vendar pa imajo kar 59 dijakom, v preteklem šolskem letu 2022/2023 pa 42 zaposleni na voljo več časa za oddajo, saj se na razpis prijavi dijakom. Razpis in izbirni postopek sem v letih od prve občutno manj kandidatov, ki so v večini na projektu že sodelovali mobilnosti do danes izpopolnila, da poteka po ustaljeni in ga dobro poznajo. Kot obvezno prilogo priložijo le časovnici. motivacijsko pismo, kjer jasno opredelijo osebne in strokovne cilje in zapišejo kako bodo izkušnjo mobilnosti posredovali naprej, ter svoj življenjepis v angleškem jeziku. 2 POSTOPEK RAZPISA IN IZBORA Pred objavo razpisa na spletni strani Šolskega centra se sestane najprej vodstvo, ki določi komisijo in potrdi časovnico, 3 ELEKTRONSKA PRIJAVNICA predlagano z moje strani, kot koordinatorja projekta. Po objavi razpisa imajo dijaki mesec dni časa, da oddajo vse potrebne 3.1 Microsoft Forms aplikacija dokumente. Dijaki izpolnijo vprašalnik, pridobijo mnenje Aplikacija Microsoft Forms je na voljo vsem uporabnikom razrednika, napišejo motivacijsko pismo in izdelajo življenjepis Microsoftovega oblaka 365 in je del paketa, ki ga izobraževalne v tujem jeziku. Vse našteto poteka v elektronski obliki. Za pomoč ustanove lahko pridobijo preko zavoda Arnes. Z aplikacijo lahko pri izdelavi življenjepisa jim je omogočena delavnica Europass ustvarimo ankete in kvize, ki jih rešujejo povabljeni v katerem CV, ki jo vodi koordinatorka za Europass s Centra RS za koli spletnem brskalniku ali na mobilni napravi. Ko rezultate poklicno izobraževanje (CPI). oddajo uporabimo vgrajeno analitiko odgovorov in izvozimo Posamezni dijak lahko, glede na oddano, doseže 100 točk, ki rezultate v Excel za dodatno analizo in razvrščanje [2]. so razdeljene na sedem ključnih kriterijev prikazanih v Tabela 1. Pred začetkom oblikovanja elektronskih dokumentov se mi V kolikor sta dva dijaka na meji z enakim številom točk, je zdelo ključno, da je dokument smiselno razdelan. Elektronska lahko dodatne točke pridobita na podlagi individualnega prijavnica mora imeti vse podatke, ki jih za potrebe prijave razgovora. potrebujem, hkrati pa kandidata ne smemo preobremeniti, saj se lahko zaradi kompleksnosti prijavnice tudi premisli in odstopi. Podatki, ki jih nujno potrebujemo so: ime in priimek, razred, Tabela 1: Obrazec za točkovanje dijakov razrednik, izobraževalni program, ter kontaktni podatki (elektronski naslov in številka mobilnega telefona). Dodatno pa Kriterij Opredelitev Št. so ravno tako ključni za točkovanje kandidata: učni uspeh, ocena točk pri predmetu angleškega jezika, sodelovanje pri promociji in Splošni učni Odličen uspeh 15 dejavnosti izven pouka. Mnenje razrednika pridobim ločeno, uspeh za zadnje Prav dober 10 zato je bilo ključno, da dijak v prijavnici zapiše ime in priimek zaključeno šolsko leto Dober uspeh 5 razrednika. Znanje tujega Odlično ali prav 10 Ko imamo razdelane bistvene kriterije se odločim za obliko jezika dobro Forms dokumenta. Dobro 5 Motivacijsko Odlično in izvirno 10 3.2 Oblikovanje elektronske prijavnice pismo in življenjepis izdelano Takoj ob kliku na logotip aplikacije nas le ta vpraša po obliki Povprečno izdelano 5 samega vprašalnika. Ustvarimo lahko nov kviz ali nov obrazec. Sodelovanje pri Tri ali več dogodkov 20 Ker bomo odgovore kandidatov točkovali glede na vsebino promociji šole Dva dogodka 10 oddanega, bi se lahko odločili za kviz, kjer točke vnaprej tudi En dogodek 5 nastavimo, vendar pa so pri kvizu možnosti bolj namenjene Vključevanje v Tri ali več 20 šolskemu ocenjevanju, kot pri obrazcu, zato se raje odločimo za obšolske dejavnosti Dve dejavnosti 10 obrazec, ki ga bomo ob koncu izvozili, kot Excel datoteko. (število dejavnosti na Ena dejavnost 5 teden) Mnenje Vestnost pri 5 3.2.1 Nastavitve obrazca razrednika izpolnjevanju Ob kliku na Nov obrazec se nam pokaže osnovna oblika ankete. obveznosti Obrazec poimenujem, poigram se lahko s temo in dodam tudi Motiviranost za 5 slike, ki se navezujejo na projekt ali šolo. Možnosti za pridobivanje znanj, oblikovanje samega izgleda obrazca je več. ustvarjalnost, razgledanost Nekaj ključnih nastavitev lahko nastavimo že pred dodajanjem Odnos do sošolcev 5 vprašanj ali pa se k njim vrnemo ob koncu oblikovanja. V kotu in zaposlenih aplikacije so skrivajo tri pike, ko kliknemo na ikono se odpre Komunikativnost in 5 spustni seznam v katerem izberem nastavitve, prikazano na Slika sodelovanje pri pouku 1. V nastavitvah določim kdo lahko odgovarja na vprašanja v 469 obrazcu. Ker imajo dijaki dodeljen šolski elektronski naslov 8. Odsek (vprašalnik lahko razdelimo na več delov v izberemo možnost: Le ljudje v moji organizaciji. Na ta način se kolikor imamo več sklopov) izognem morebitnemu vdoru nepovabljenim osebam. Omogočim lahko le en odgovor tako, da obkljukam možnost: En 3.3.1 Besedilo odgovor na osebo. Ker je čas za oddajo prijavnice točno določen Ob začetku prijavnice od kandidatov želim pridobiti osnovne s časovnico, v nastavitvah določim začetni in končni čas podatke: ime, priimek, razred, izobraževalni program in možnosti oddaje odgovorov. Prijavnico lahko ustvarim vnaprej, kontaktne podatke. Smiselna izbira vrste vprašanja za te podatke ker pa smo nastavili začetni čas je nihče pred tem rokom ne bo je možnost: Besedilo. Pri tej možnost mora anketiranec vtipkati mogel niti odpreti. Prav tako bo prijavnica nedostopna po odgovor v okvir pod vprašanjem, kot je prikazano na Slika 2. V končanem datumu. S to možnostjo izključim vse, ki niso kolikor pričakujemo daljši odgovor nam vprašanje ponudi pravočasno oddali svojih odgovorov. možnost: Dolg odgovor, kar omogoči vnos do 4000 znakov. To možnost uporabim na primer pri vprašanju o sodelovanju na šoli, kot je prikazano na Slika 2. Anketiranec lahko navede vse svoje obšolske dejavnosti oziroma načine sodelovanja pri promociji šole. Slika 1: S spustnega seznama izberemo nastavitve Slika 2: Primer besedilnega vprašanja s kratkim in dolgim odgovorom. 3.3.2 Ocena Nastavitve nam ponujajo prilagoditev zahvalnega sporočila kamor lahko zapišem datum, ko bom kandidate obvestil Za podatke, kjer pridobivam številko, kot je na primer ocena a o zaključnega uspeha ob koncu šolskega leta ali ocena pri rezultatih razpisa in se jim zahvalila za sodelovanje. predmetu tujega jezika uporabim možnost vprašanja: Ocena. Pri 3.2.2 Obvestilo o obdelavi osebnih podatkov tej možnosti določimo najvišjo raven ocene in način prikaza. Kot S posodobitvijo zakona o varovanju osebnih podatkov je postalo je razvidno na Slika 3 izbiramo med številko ali obliko zvezde. ključno, da so posamezniki, ki delijo kakšne koli osebne podatke Ker gre za oceno, ki je v redovalnici dijaka zapisana s številko je obveščeni o njihovem hranjenju in obdelavi. Da se izognem smiselna izbira le te. Zvezdo bi lahko izbrali pri anketi, ko kasnejšemu morebitnemu zapletu zaradi obdelave podatkov sprašujemo o zadovoljstvu izkušnje. kandidate še pred začetkom reševanja ankete opozorim na obdelavo in hranjenje vseh odgovorov, ter o morebitni objavi podatkov na javnem mestu. V obliki besedila s pojasnilom pod naslovom obrazca. 3.3 MOŽNOSTI OBLIK VPRAŠANJ Obrazcu dodajam vprašanja tako, da kliknemo na znak: +Dodajte novo. Ob kliku se nam ponudi več možnosti, kot so: 1. Slika 3: Primer vrste vprašanja – ocena Izbira (anketiranec imam možnost le izbrati med ponujenim) 2. 3.3.3 Nalaganje datoteke Besedilo (tip odprtega vprašanja, kjer anketiranec lahko poda kratek ali daljši odgovor) Zelo pomembni pri prijavnici so priloženi dokumenti. Ker ne 3. želim da so dokumenti oddani ločeno od same prijavnice nam Ocena (anketiranec lahko oceni izkušnjo) 4. obrazec ponuja možnost: Želite naložiti datoteko?, ki se nam Datum (zaprt tip vprašanja, kjer lahko anketiranec odgovori z datumom) odpre po kliku na škarjice ob koncu ikon. Tretja na spustnem 5. seznamu je možnost nalaganja datotek. Aplikacija nas najprej Razvrstitev (anketiranec ponujene odgovore razvrsti v določen vrstni red, tako, da jih s klikom miške prenese opozori, da bomo ustvarili novo mapo na svojem oblaku višje ali nižje na lestvici) OneDrive, kjer se bodo oddane datoteke hranile. Število, vrsto in 6. velikost datoteke lahko nastavimo pri samem vprašanjuError! Likert (likertova lestvica omogoča zbiranje kvantitativnih podatkov o stališčih, prepričanjih in Reference source not found. . Na oddajo primerne datoteke mnenjih ljudi ipd. [3]) opozorim s podvprašanjem, kjer anketirancu dodatno pojasnim 7. kaj točno oddaja na tem mestu. Izbiram lahko med oblikami, kot Želite naložiti datoteko? (izbrana možnost omogoča nalaganje datotek) so Word, Excel, PPT, PDF, Slika, Videoposnetek in Zvok. Ker želim, da kandidat naloži svoj življenjepis izberem format PDF in/ali Word. Datoteke, ki jih kandidat naloži se avtomatsko 470 shranijo v mapo ustvarjeno na oblaku z elektronskim naslovom 3.5 OBDELAVA PODATKOV kandidata v imenu datoteke. Na ta način imam v mapi takojšen Tekom odprtega razpisa lahko spremljam oddane odgovore tako, pregled oddanih dokumentov. da odprem ustvarjen obrazec in vidim število oddanih odgovorov. Ob zaključku razpisa, določenem ob začetku, v 3.3.4Odsek nastavitvah, se anketa zapre. Aplikacija ima že vgrajeno analitiko Zadnja ikona na spustnem seznamu je odsek. Z dodanim odgovorov in nam zbere podatke v Excel datoteko in izračuna odsekom lahko obrazec razdelim na več delov. Vprašanja tako povprečen čas reševanja ankete. na primer razdelimo na: Za nadaljnjo obdelavo podatkov jih bomo najprej izvozili v • prvo stran, kjer se nahajajo ključni osebni podatki Excel datoteko. To naredimo preprosto s klikom na možnost: • drugo stran, kjer imamo vprašalnik o ocenah in Odpri v Excelu. Datoteka je na prvi pogled nepregledna, saj je sodelovanju pri pouku ter izven njega oblikovanje pri tabeli generično. Z malo spretnosti oblikujem • tretjo stran pa namenimo oddaji dokumentov in morebitni izgled tabele, da je uporabniku prijaznejša. Izberemo med dodatni možnosti, kjer anketiranec poda svojo pobudo, možnostmi preloma besedila in nastavitve širine posameznih mnenje ali vprašanje celic tabele. Tabelo lahko naprej, s pomočjo spajanja V kolikor bi pripravili enostavnejšo obliko vprašalnika to dokumentov, uvozimo tudi v Word datoteko, v kolikor nam je možnost izpustimo in izdelamo obrazec brez odsekov. delo v Wordu lažje. Sama sem uporabila čarovnika za spajanje in podatke uvozila 3.4 ZBIRANJE ODGOVOROV v Wordov dokument. Tako sem za posameznega kandidata Vprašalnik s prijavnico je izdelan, pripravljen na objavo v ustvarila posamezen dokument, ki je bil nato tudi ocenjen, glede besedilu razpisa. na podane znane kriterije. V zgornjem desnem kotu obrazca je poleg teme obarvan gumb, kjer piše: Zbiranje odgovorov, kot vidimo na Slika 4. Po 4 ZAKLJUČEK kliku na gumb se odpre pasica z desne strani, kjer izberem možnost posredovanja ankete. Ena izmed ponujenih možnosti je V elektronsko prijavnico je vključenih več let izpopolnjevanja URL naslov ankete, ki ga skrajšamo z obkljukanjem na možnost: oblike prijavnice, saj od kandidatov ne želimo podatkov, ki jih Skrajšaj URL. Naslov preprosto kopiramo in dodamo v besedilo ne potrebujemo, kljub temu, pa so zaradi vse večjega števila razpisa ali objavimo na spletnih straneh, kjer bo razpis objavljen. prijavljenih dijakov kriteriji, po katerih dijake ocenjujemo, vse bolj strogo določeni. Tako je izredno pomembno, da dobimo čim več podatkov o dijakovi udeležbi pri pouku, ter izven njega, saj to kaže na njegovo pripadnost šoli in voljo do dodatnih izzivov, kar je za mobilnost v tujini ključno. Elektronska prijavnica je bila sestavljena, v duhu Zelenega Erasmusa, saj podpira brezpapirno poslovanje in je trajnostno naravnano. Arhiv prijavnic je hranjen na oblaku in na ta način dostopen z vsake elektronske naprave, ki je povezana s spletom. Iz oblaka je omogočena obdelava podatkov tako na delovnem mestu, kot pri delu na daljavo, ne da bi s seboj nosili težke vložne mape z vsemi podatki. Prispevek je namenjen vsem, ki si želijo poenostaviti delo s prijavnicam in potrebujejo idejo, kako se dela lotiti oziroma katero aplikacijo uporabiti. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Izobraževanje in usposabljanje v tujini. Erasmus+ KA1. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.cmepius.si/mednarodno-sodelovanje/moznosti- sodelovanja/erasmus/erasmus-ka1/ (2. 8. 2023). [2] Kaj je Microsoft Forms? Dostopno na naslovu https://support.microsoft.com/sl-si/office/kaj-je-microsoft-forms- 6b391205-523c-45d2-b53a-fc10b22017c8 (5.8. 2023). [3] Dr. Melita Moretti, blog. Likertova lestvica – kje in kako se uporablja. Slika 4: Zbiranje odgovorov. Dostopno na naslovu https://statisticneanalize.com/likertova-lestvica (10. 9. 2023). Na dnu Slika 4 vidim tri okrogle ikone, ki nam ponujajo [4] James cook university, Australia. Microsoft Forms: Quick Guide. možnost delitve obrazca. Prva možnost ponuja vnos Dostopno na naslovu https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/653140/Microsoft- elektronskega naslova, kjer izbranec dobi vabilo v svoj Forms-Quick-Guide.pdf (10. 9. 2023). elektronski poštni predal. To možnost bi izbrali, če bi želeli posredovati svojo anketo sodelavcu v pregled. Druga okrogla ikona nam generira QR kodo s katero dostopamo do ankete, tretja možnost pa nam ponudi da vdelamo kodo v našo spletno stran [4]. 471 Izpeljava delavnic za dvig digitalnih kompetenc v osnovni šoli Idrija Conducting workshops to improve digital competence in primary school Idrija Nejc Grošelj Osnovna šola Idrija Idrija, Slovenija nejc.groselj@os-idrija.si POVZETEK and videos, using an app for outdoor lessons, create video guides and edit short clips. Osnovna šola Idrija je v zadnjih letih sodelovala v dveh večjih projektih, s pomočjo katerih je izboljšala digitalne kompetence KEYWORDS učiteljev in učencev ter vzporedno nadgradila IKT opremo na digital competences, teacher workshops, digital vertical, šoli. Ta dva projekta sta bila Inovativna pedagogika 1:1 in Dvig DigiComp 2.1 competences, Selfie tool digitalne kompetentnosti. V obeh projektih so učitelji pri učencih izboljšali skupno izbrana področja iz okvira digitalnih kompetenc za državljane DigiComp 2.1. Izpeljane so bile 1 UVOD številne delavnice za učitelje, kjer so različni učitelji razredne in Na osnovni šoli Idrija se zavedamo, da trenutni učni načrt ne predmetne stopnje prikazali primere dobrih praks uporabe zagotavlja ustreznega sistematičnega digitalnega digitalnih orodij pri pouku. Vsak učitelj je moral izpeljati na letni opismenjevanja otrok skozi celotno devetletko. Zato si že več let ravni vsaj 4 ure pouka z uporabo digitalnih kompetenc, s čimer izmenjujemo izkušnje z ostalimi šolami znotraj različnih smo poskusili razvijati digitalne kompetence učencev skozi projektov. V projektu Inovativna pedagogika 1:1 je šola celotno vertikalo devetletke. Napredek pri učencih predmetne stopnje in njihovih učiteljih smo evalvirali z orodjem Selfie. V sodelovala od leta 2018 do 2022 kot partnerska šola in pridobila kar nekaj dragocenih izkušenj. Ker smo po koncu projekta čutili prispevku boste dobili nove ideje, kako izdelati uporabne anketne vprašalnike, kvize za preverjanje in ocenjevanje znanja, potrebo po vzpostavitvi vertikale digitalnih kompetenc na celotni šoli, smo se vključili v projekt Dvig digitalnih kompetenc, ki ga stripe, virtualno sobo pobega, uporabiti 3D očala pri ogledu uspešno zaključujemo z letošnjim šolskim letom. poučnih 360° fotografij in posnetkov, uporabiti aplikacijo za Poleg sodelovanja z drugimi šolami nam je še bolj pomembno pouk na prostem, izdelati video vodiče in zmontirati kratke povezovanje učiteljev in izmenjava izkušenj s smiselno uporabo posnetke. IKT-ja na šoli. Vsi učitelji so bili seznanjeni s področji digitalnih KLJUČNE BESEDE kompetenc za državljane DigiComp 2.1. V skupnem dogovoru smo se odločili, da bomo pri učencih po celotni vertikali razvijali digitalne kompetence, delavnice za učitelje, digitalna vertikala, sklope digitalnih kompetenc kot so digitalna pismenost, kompetence DigiComp 2.1, orodje Selfie komuniciranje in sodelovanje, izdelovanje digitalnih vsebin in ABSTRACT varnost. Ravni doseganja kompetenc pa bomo prilagodili starostni skupini otrok [1]. In recent years Primary school Idrija participated in two major Hvaležni smo, da imamo kot velika šola z dvema zaposlenima projects, with the help of which it improved the digital računalničarjema prednost, saj nam le to omogoča lažjo pomoč competences of teachers and students and simultaneously učiteljem na različnih področjih. V letu 2022 smo pridobili novo upgraded the school's ICT equipment. These two projects were računalniško učilnico, ki omogoča da vsak učenec dela s svojim Inovativna pedagogika 1:1 and Dvig digitalnih kompetentnosti. računalnikom. Prav tako nam je sodelovanje v različnih projektih In both projects, teachers together selected areas from the the omogočilo nakup tabličnih in prenosnih računalnikov za dve Digital Competence Framework for Citizens DigiComp 2.1, to improve the knowledge of students. A number of workshops for mobilni učilnici. Zavedamo se, da je bolj kot na opremi potrebno teachers were held, where teachers of different subjects and delati na uporabnem znanju učiteljev, ki ga lahko prenesejo na teaching levels demonstrated examples of good practices of the učence. Zato je razširjen projektni tim učiteljev različnih use of digital tools in lessons. Every teacher had to conduct at predmetni področji pripravil skupno 10 delavnic, kjer se je vsak least 4 hours of lessons using digital competences on an annual učitelj moral udeležiti najmanj dveh delavnic tekom leta. Hkrati basis, with which we tried to develop the digital competences of je moral vsak učitelj pri svojem predmetu smiselno uporabiti students throughout the entire primary school. We evaluated the pridobljeno znanje pri najmanj 4 urah pouka, kjer so učenci progress of older students age between 10 and 13 and their aktivno uporabljali IKT tehnologijo. V nadaljevanju bodo na teachers using the Selfie tool. In this article, you will get new kratko predstavljene aplikacije iz izpeljanih delavnic za učitelje ideas how to create useful survey questionnaires, quizzes for in njihov namen, ki učitelju omogočajo boljšo izpeljavo pouka. checking and evaluating knowledge, comics, a virtual escape room, use of 3D glasses when viewing interactive 360° photos 472 2 DELAVNICE ZA UČITELJE 2.4 Google Forms Čeprav si informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija nezadržno Številni učitelji so že kdaj izdelali spletno anketo za učence, utira pot v pore vsakdanjega življenja, se šolski prostor temu sodelavce ali pa starše s pomočjo orodja Google forms. Zato smo pohodu nekoliko upira. Kar se zdi prav. Poudarjanje nujnosti se med vsemi anketnimi orodij odločili prav za tega. V dveh osmišljene uporabe IKT pri pouku, ki je ciljna in osredotočena različnih delavnicah so učitelji spoznali kako se izdela s tem na učenca, je namreč ključno. Vse prehitro se lahko tehnologija orodjem enostaven kviz in bolj napredno virtualno sobo pobega. pri pouku spremeni v poceni zabavljaštvo, navidezno lažje, bolj Orodje namreč poleg navadnih anketnih vprašanj ponuja sestavo zabavno, a površinsko učenje in manj zahtevno poučevanje [2]. vprašanj, ki se jih lahko točkuje, prav tako pa lahko iz enega Zato predlagamo kritično presojo pred smiselno uporabo pri vprašanja glede na izbran ali vpisan odgovor skočite na poljuben pouku kot nadgradnjo ali izboljšavo obstoječih ur. Vsaka izmed razdelek in s tem izdelate zanimivo sobo pobega. Vsak razdelek delavnic je potekala 4 šolske ure, pri čemer je učitelj prikazal lahko predstavite kot novo sobo, ki vam sporoči ali ste pravilno primere izdelkov iz pouka, nato pa učitelje podučil kako razvozlali uganko na predhodnem razdelku. V primeru, da vam uporabljati aplikacijo. Delavnice smo razdelili po zahtevnosti, je to uspelo, dobite novo vprašanje, v primeru napačnega tako da so učitelji z različnim predznanjem lahko izbirali med odgovora pa se morate vrniti nazaj na prejšnji razdelek z različnimi delavnicami. vprašanjem in ponovno odgovoriti na vprašanje. Vsa vprašanja je dobro opremiti z zanimivo tematsko zgodbo, ki ima rdečo nit 2.1 Napredna uporaba prosojnic in vas skozi vprašanja vodi do konca kviza. Sobo pobega lahko Večina učencev šole se nauči izdelovati elektronske prosojnice učitelj uporabi, da popestri preverjanje znanja ali da učenci bolje proti koncu razredne stopnje. V delavnici iz napredne uporabe utrdijo osvojeno znanje. prosojnic v programu Powerpoint so učitelji spoznali še nekaj dodatnih naprednih trikov, kot so izdelava fotoalbuma z glasbeno 2.5 Uporaba 3D kartonastih očal podlago v ozadju. Izdelek je s strani učiteljev velikokrat Ker šola nima zadostnih sredstev za uporabo aktivnih 3D očal z uporabljen, ko želijo da se samodejno predvajajo slike šolskih integriranim zaslonom, smo se odločili za uporabo cenovno bolj dogodkov v jedilnici ali hodniku šole. Učitelji so prav tako dostopnih 3D kartonastih očal. Ker je Google ukinil zelo poučno spoznali kako se prilagodi matrico diapozitiva v unikatno ozadje aplikacijo Expeditions, učitelji naravoslovnih predmetov sedaj prosojnic in izdela s prosojnicami kviz, ki ti z internimi največkrat uporabljajo podobno brezplačno aplikacijo hiperpovezavami na ponujene odgovore avtomatsko sporoči, ali Expeditionspro. Učenci pri tem vstavijo svoje mobilne telefone je izbran odgovor pravilen ali ne. v kartonasta očala in se povežejo preko istega brezžičnega omrežja z učiteljevo tablico, na kateri le ta upravlja potek 2.2 Izdelava kviza v Kahootu prikazovanja 360° fotografij ali pa video posnetkov. Pri tem ima Le kdo ne pozna tega enostavnega in zabavnega orodja, ki učitelj vpogled kam na sliki gledajo učenci, ko imajo nadeta 3D omogoča da pri učencih preverite njihovo znanje v obliki kviza očala. Če učenci svojega telefona ne smejo ali pa nočejo imeti, je z več možnimi odgovori. Učitelj poda učencem PIN kodo, s ogled slik možen tudi preko aplikacije na šolskih tablicah. Očala katero dostopajo preko aplikacije na tablici ali strani so na šoli največkrat v uporabi pri pouku geografije, biologije, www.kahoot.it iz računalnika. Kviz lahko učenci rešujejo tako v zgodovine ali astronomije, saj lahko učitelj bolj nazorno živo kot tudi na daljavo v obliki domače naloge. Učenci nabirajo razložimo določeno snov na tak način. Aplikacija zaradi točke in ves čas lahko spremljajo na katerem mestu so. Zelo jim nekaterih varnostnih omejitev ne deluje pravilno preko Eduroam je všeč tudi glasbena podlaga in izbira emotikona, ki se med omrežja, zato je potrebno pred njeno uporabo vzpostaviti kvizom pojavi poleg njihovega imena. Učitelji uporabljajo to dodatno dostopno točko, ki ni vezana na to omrežje. orodje predvsem za preverjanje znanja ali uvodno motivacijo v vseh starostnih obdobjih šolanja. 2.6 Snemanje video vodičev V času pouka na daljavo so za učence postale izjemno zanimive 2.3 Interaktivna vsebina H5P video razlage, ki jih sedaj lahko uporabljamo za dopolnitev Z naprednim vtičnikom H5P lahko uporabniki ustvarijo, delijo in pouka. Učitelji so v malo bolj zahtevni delavnici spoznali uporabljajo interaktivne vsebine, ki imajo mnogo elementov brezplačni del orodja ActivePresenter, s pomočjo katerega lahko igrifikacije in vizualizacije študijskega procesa. Vsebine so posnamete na Windows ali iOS napravah vašo razlago zaslona pripravljene na podlagi HTML5, zato je zagotovljena podpora ali pa sebe. Orodje ima prednost pred nekaterimi podobnimi delovanja na različnih vrstah (mobilnih) naprav. Vtičnik je orodji za zajem ekrana, da lahko v njem hkrati tudi montirate zgrajen na podlagi odprtokodne tehnologije (licenca MIT), tako video posnetek. Njegova slabost je, da so nekatere funkcije da je tudi uporaba in sodelovanje v spletni skupnosti z ostalimi plačljive. Učitelji so se z brezplačnimi funkcijami naučili kako uporabniki brezplačna. Uporaba orodij je zelo intuitivna in izrezati posamezne dele razlage, dodati naslovno in odjavno podprta z nazornim grafičnim vmesnikom, zato poglobljeno špico, slikovno grafiko, podnapise, približati posnetek na računalniško oz. programersko znanje ni potrebno [3]. posamezen del ekrana in samemu posnetku dodati ambientalno Učitelji z vtičnikom v svoji spletni učilnici ali spletni strani glasbo. Vse skupaj so na koncu delavnice izvozili iz programa na največkrat izdelujejo kvize, interaktivne video posnetke, računalnik v obliki mp4 formata. Svoje video posnetke so nekoč interaktivne prosojnice ali spominske karte. V času pouka na učitelji nalagali na Youtube video platformo, a sedaj predvsem daljavo so učitelji velikokrat uporabljali to orodje, sedaj pa se ga na Arnes video portal, ki vam omogoča brezplačno nalaganje poslužujejo v primeru utrjevanja snovi ali bolj raznolike razlage. poljubno dolgih video posnetkov, brez motečih reklam med samim predvajanjem. 473 2.7 Izdelava stripov uporabljajo kratke trditve in vprašanja ter preprosta lestvica odgovorov od 1 do 5. Za vprašanja in izjave je potrebnih Če želimo biti pri risanju stripa čim bolj kreativni, potem se približno 20 minut [5]. bomo lotili le tega ročno ali vsako sliko posebej narisali v Ko primerjamo rezultate obeh vprašalnikov opazimo, da so pri izbranem grafičnem programu. Če pa želimo z njim sporočiti le večini vprašanj tako učitelji kot tudi učenci izbrali boljše ocene neko zgodbo je uporaba namenskih aplikacij bolj enostavna. ob končnem reševanju ankete v primerjavi s prvim poskusom Učitelji tujih jezikov dobro vedo, kako pomembno je, da lahko pred enim letom. Po mnenju učiteljev in vodstva so najboljša zgodbo povemo v enostavni a vseeno zabavni obliki. Še nekaj področja šole infrastruktura in oprema (4,6) in možnost časa nazaj so zato uporabljali orodje Pixton, ki vam s številnimi profesionalnega razvoja učitelja (4,2). Najslabše rezultate učitelji liki omogoča, da hitro izdelate posamezne figure z ustrezno dosegajo na področju implementaciji pridobljenih digitalnih obrazno mimiko in kretnjami ter jim dodate ustrezen napis v znanj v razredu (3,4) in spremembi klasičnega načina oblaku namenjenemu za govor. Na žalost ima orodje sedaj samo ocenjevanja (3,0). 14-dnevno brezplačno preizkusno obdobje, zato lahko uporabite Učenci so kot najboljša področja ocenili infrastrukturo in opremo kako drugo brezplačno alternativo kot je Canva. V osnovi (4,0) ter podporo in vire, ki jim jih omogočajo učitelji s pomočjo brezplačno spletno orodje vam omogoča, da spremenite digitalnih orodij (3,8). Po drugi strani si učenci želijo več posamezne pred pripravljene predloge za stripe na hiter in sodelovanja in mreženja s pomočjo digitalnih tehnologij (3,2) in enostaven način. V ospredju izdelave stripa pride predvsem modernejše načine ocenjevanja (3,1). Zanimiva je tudi končna zgodba in ne toliko kreativnost pri risanju, zato boste učitelji primerjava znanja digitalnih kompetenc učencev. Učitelji in likovne vzgoje morali poiskati kak drug način izdelave stripa. vodstvo šole meni z oceno 4,3 da je znanje učencev zelo dobro, medtem ko so učenci z oceno 3,4 do sebe bolj kritični. 2.8 Osnove video montaže Pri široki izbiri orodij za montažo video posnetkov smo se ozirali za enostavnim orodjem, s pomočjo katerega se lahko učitelji ali 4 ZAKLJUČEK učenci začetniki v kratkem času naučijo video montaže. Zaradi Rezultati ankete Selfie kažejo, da je šola na področju digitalnega tega razloga smo izbrali učencem dobro poznano orodje CapCut, razvoja naredila korak naprej. Učitelji so od pandemije Covid 19 saj nekateri že sami preko njega objavljajo zmontirane posnetke naredili velik napredek pri osvojenih znanjih na področju na svoja socialna omrežja. Orodje lahko uporabljate kot spletno digitalnih kompetenc, le te pa bo potrebno v večji meri v razredu različico za urejanje slik ali video posnetkov, okrnjeno mobilno smiselno uporabiti. Prav zaradi razkoraka ocene digitalnih različico na mobilnih napravah iOS in Android ali pa polno kompetenc med učenci in učitelji menimo, da bo v prihodnje namizno različico na platformi Windows. Za potrebe delavnice potrebno nadaljevati s sistematičnim izobraževanjem učiteljev, smo izbrali slednjo verzijo programa. Učitelji so se naučili kako jim nuditi podporo pri pedagoškem procesu in jih ustrezno dodati naslovno in odjavno špico, ustrezno porezati posnetek, mu pohvaliti oziroma nagraditi ob njihovem napredku. Potrebno jih dodati slikovne efekte, neopazne prehode, uporabiti brezplačno bo spodbujati, da ta znanja smiselno uporabijo v razredu, se med ponujeno glasbeno podlago in vse skupaj shraniti v ustrezno sabo povezujejo in s tem vzpostavijo vertikalo digitalnih znanj obliko za nalaganje posnetka na Arnes video portal. pri učencih skozi celotno devetletko. 2.9 Aplikacija za raziskovanje okolice šole ZAHVALA Pri izbiri aplikacije TeachOut za raziskovanje lokalnega okolja, Kot šola se zahvaljujemo vsem učiteljem, ki so pripravljeni deliti smo se oprli na Zavod za turizem Idrija. Naravoslovna igra na svoje ideje z drugimi. Predvsem pa gre zahvala ravnateljici Ivici prostem (ali preprosto TeachOut) je poučna igra, zasnovana za Vončina za vso podporo pri izpeljavi različnih projektov ter rabo na sistemih Android in iOS. Aplikacija je razvita kot orodje javnih razpisov v sodelovanju z Arnesom, s katerim smo za izboljšanje poučevanja, ki skupaj s sistemom CMS omogoča pridobili kar nekaj opreme in izpeljali brezplačne tečaje na šoli. učiteljem, da izdelajo in objavijo zunanje igrice o znanosti, ki jih Zahvala gre tudi g. Radovanu Kranjcu, ki na Zavodu za šolstvo bodo njihovi učenci igrali na pametnih telefonih, pri tem pa se na svetuje vsem šolam kako dvigniti raven digitalnih kompetenc. ekskurzijah učili in zabavali. [4] Velika zahvala gre tudi vsem društvom in podjetjem kot so Duh Aplikacijo za potrebe pouka uporabljajo tako učiteljice časa, Kolektor, Rotary klub Idrija in Zavarovalnica Sava, ki so v razrednega kot predmetnega pouka, pri čemer se na šolske tablice preteklih letih donirala materialna ali pa finančna sredstva za predhodno prenese igra, da lahko le to uporabljamo brez posodobitev in razširitev IKT opreme na šoli. mobilnih podatkov izven šolskih prostorov. LITERATURA IN VIRI 3 REZULTATI [1] Digitalne kompetence za državljane. Osem ravni doseganja kompetenc in primeri rabe. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.zrss.si/pdf/digcomp-2-1- Pri začetni evalvaciji projekta Dvig digitalnih kompetentnosti okvir-digitalnih-kompetenc.pdf (18. 8. 2023) [2] Lipovec A., M. Krašnja in I. Pesek, 2019. Izzivi in dileme osmišljene maja 2022 in končni evalvaciji projekta ob junija 2023 smo uporabe IKT pri pouku. Univerzitetna založba Univerze v Mariboru. vsakič uporabili isti anketni vprašalnik narejen v orodju Selfie. [3] Moodle UM: Interaktivna vsebina – HP5. Dostopno na To je orodje, zasnovano za pomoč šolam pri vključevanju https://didakt.um.si/oprojektu/projektneaktivnosti/Documents/navodilaH 5P_v2_dec19.pdf (18. 8. 2023) digitalnih tehnologij v procese poučevanja, učenja in preverjanja [4] Idrijčani imajo aplikacijo, ki staršem zapre usta. Dostopno na naslovu znanja. Orodje anonimno zbira stališča učencev (v našem https://www.delo.si/polet/idrijcani-imajo-aplikacijo-ki-starsem-zapre- usta/ (5. 2. 2021) primeru zadnje triade), učiteljev in predstavnikov vodstva šole [5] Selfie – a tool to support learning in the digital age. Dostopno na: glede uporabe tehnologije na njihovih šolah. V tem postopku se https://education.ec.europa.eu/sl/selfie (18. 8. 2023) 474 PREDSTAVITEV RAVNIKARJEVEGA IN TAVČARJEVEGA LETA Z UPORABO SPLETNIH ORODIJ THE YEAR OF THE RAVNIKAR AND TAVČAR WITH THE USE OF ICT Kristina Gruden Reya OŠ Dobrova Dobrova, Slovenija grudenreya@gmail.com POVZETEK KEYWORDS V članku Predstavitev Ravnikarjevega in Tavčarjevega leta z Edvard Ravnikar, Ivan Tavčar, architect, realism, modernism, uporabo spletnih orodij bom predstavila, kako so učenci in Power Point, Filmora učenke ovrednotili in predstavili leto pisatelja Ivana Tavčarja in arhitekta Edvarda Ravnikarja ter kako so se lotili tega leta, ki ga je predlagalo Ministrstvo za kulturo Republike Slovenije. Namen 1 UVOD izbranih slovenskih umetnikov in ustvarjalcev je, da bolj V članku bom predstavila, kako so učenci in učenke osmih natančno orišemo njihovo delo, ustvarjanje ter vpliv, ki ga imajo razredov s pomočjo IKT predstavili Tavčarjevo in Ravnikarjevo na današnji čas. Z učenci smo se odločili, da bodo predstavitve delo. Letošnje leto je namreč Ministrstvo za kulturo Republike lahko v obliki Power Pointa, video posnetkov, narejenih s Slovenije razglasilo za leto Tavčarja in Ravnikarja, saj pomočjo aplikacije Filmora, ali pa bodo izbranega avtorja obeležujemo 100- oziroma 30-letnico njune smrti. Tavčarja predstavili na klasičen način v obliki govornega nastopa. Pri tem poznamo kot enega najpomembnejših slovenskih pisateljev so medpredmetno sodelovali (izbirna predmeta Filmska vzgoja realizma, Ravnikar pa je znan kot začetnik modernizma v in Multimedija). Na ta način so poglobili svoje znanje tako o slovenski arhitekturi. Tavčarju in Ravnikarju kot tudi nadgradili znanje informacijsko- Tavčar je tudi vključen v Učni načrt za slovenščino za 8. razred, komunikacijske tehnologije. Učenje je bilo tudi sodelovalno, saj saj v tem razredu obravnavamo realizma kot so delali v skupinah. literarnozgodovinsko obdobje.[1] Primerna in zanimiva se mi je zdela ideja, da obletnico obeh KLJUČNE BESEDE znanih in ustvarjalnih Slovencev vključim v učni proces. Učenci so se razdelili v skupine in se dogovorili, Edvard Ravnikar, Ivan Tavčar, arhitekt, realizem, modernizem, na kakšen način se bodo lotili raziskovanja. Pri tem so Power Point, Filmora medpredmetno sodelovali (Filmska vzgoja, Multimedija). Z ABSTRACT rezultati dela smo bili zadovoljni, učenci so na svež način In the article entitled Ravnikar's and Tavčar's year using predstavili ustvarjalno pot pisatelja in arhitekta, tudi z uporabo information and communication technology, I will present how spletne aplikacije Filmora. Delo so v razredu tudi predstavili. the students evaluated and presented the year of the writer Ivan Tavčar and the architect Edvard Ravnikar and how they tackled this year, which was proposed by the Ministry of Culture of the 2 OBDOBJE REALIZMA Republic of Slovenija. The purpose of the selected Slovenian Realizem je literarno obdobje, ki se je začelo v Franciji okrog artists and creators is to more accurately present their work, 1830, na Slovenskem pa se je razmahnilo šele v drugi polovici creation and the influence they have on today. Together with the 19. stoletja in je trajalo do začetka 20. stoletja. Beseda realizem students, we decided that the presentations could be in the form izhaja iz latinskega pojma realis, kar pomeni stvaren. of Power Point, movies made with the help of the Filmora Realizem pomeni dvoje: obdobje ali pa književno metodo. application, or the selected author would be presented in a classic Realizem kot književna metoda se pojavlja v vseh književnostih way in the form of a speech. In doing so, they collaborated cross- od antike do danes. Stvarnost prikazuje tako, kot v resnici je ali curricularly (elective courses Film Education and Multimedia). pa bi lahko bila po zakonu verjetnosti. Realizem kot obdobje se In this way, they deepened their knowledge of both Tavčar and je v posameznih književnostih razvil ob različnem času in v Ravnikar, as well as upgraded their knowledge of information različnih političnih in kulturnih razmerah, zato ni bil čisto enotno and communication technology. Learning was also collaborative, književno obdobje. as they worked in groups. 475 Realizem se je do 1848 razmahnil v Angliji, Rusiji in deloma Nemčiji. Prvo obliko je predstavljal romantični realizem, ob njem pa so se pojavili še zametki psihološkega in socialnega realizma. V Franciji velja Balzac za začetnika realizma z delom Človeška komedija. Prvi primer psihološkega realizma je Roman je najdaljša prozna oblika. Ima številna Stendhalovo delo poglavja, Rdeče in črno. V Rusiji je prehod iz romantike dogajanje je zapleteno in po navadi zajema daljše časovno v realizem izvedel Nikolaj V. Gogolj z deli Plašč, Mrtve obdobje. V njem nastopa množica književnih duše, Revizor. Najpomembnejša pisca ruskega realizma sta oseb, značaj osrednje pa se razvija v samem dogajanju romana. Dostojevski in Tolstoj. Po letu 1848 se je pojavil objektivni V romanu odsevajo medčloveški odnosi in družbene razsežnosti realizem. Socialni realizem je v angleški književnosti časa ter kraja dogajanja. Glede na snov poznamo pustolovske, uveljavil Dickens z delom Oliver Twist. [2] ljubezenske, znanstvenofantastične, kriminalne, biografske, Glavna predstavnika realizma na Slovenskem sta Janko psihološke, vojne romane. Pri Visoški kroniki, ki je zgodovinski Kersnik (Kmetske slike, Jara gospoda) in Ivan Tavčar (Cvetje v roman, Tavčar mojstrsko opiše dogajanje v 16. stoletju, jeseni, Med gorami, Visoška kronika.). Poleg njiju pa še Anton čarovniški proces, kamor vključi še ljubezensko zgodbo med Aškerc, Simon Gregorčič, Fran Levstik in Josip Jurčič. Agato in Jurijem ter Izidorjem. V učnem načrtu za slovenščino za osnovno šolo so navedeni standardi znanja za jezik in književnost. Med cilji za književnost v osmem razredu osnovne šole je predvideno, da učenec 2.1 IVAN TAVČAR prepozna dogajanje, motiv, temo, književni čas in kraj ter Ivan Tavčar (1851–1923) je bil pisatelj, odvetnik, politik, pripovedovalca določenega besedila. K operativnim ciljem pa poslanec in župan (Slika 1). Aktiven je bil tako na umetniškem uvršamo zmožnost razumevanja dogajanja, razumevanje kot na političnem področju. književne perspektive, interpretativno branje in govorno Šolanje je začel leta 1858 v Poljanah. Izobraževanje je nadaljeval nastopanje. Poleg tega še učenci navajajo bistvene značilnosti na normalki v Ljubljani, končal jo je leta 1863. Nato se je leta litararnozgodovinskih obdobij in smeri ter izbrane predstavnike 1863 vpisal na gimnazijo v Ljubljani. Književnost ga je in njihova dela. Slovenske avtorje tudi razvrščajo v navdušila že v dijaških letih in tudi sam se je kmalu preizkusil v literarnozgodovinska obdobja in smeri ter predstavljajo njihovo pisanju. Po koncu gimnazije leta 1871 se je vpisal vlogo v razvoju slovenskega jezika in književnosti. na pravo na Dunaju in začel objavljati v raznih revijah Pri Tavčarju so se učenci večinoma odločali za predstavitev v (mariborska Zora, Stritarjev Zvon, Ljubljanski zvon, Slovan). obliki Power Pointa. Njegovo življenje in ustvarjanje so Leta 1875 je postal odvetniški pripravnik v Ljubljani. Tu je leta predstavili kot govorni nastop. 1884 odprl lastno odvetniško pisarno. V letih od 1886 do 1902 je predsednikoval Dramatičnemu društvu. Politično kariero je začel v kranjskem deželnem zboru, kjer je bil skupaj s političnim somišljenikom Ivanom Hribarjem. V letih 1901 do 1907 je bil državnozborski poslanec, med letoma 1911 in 1921 je bil tudi ljubljanski župan. Kot besedni umetnik je začel s pesnenjem, nadaljeval pa s prozo. Pisateljevanje je začel z ljubezensko prozo, nadaljeval pa s realističnimi črticami v zbirki Med gorami (Slika 2). V tem ciklu je 12 črtic: Holekova Nežika, Gričarjev Blaže, Tržačan, Moj sin, Kako se mi ženimo, Kalan, Kobiljekar, Grogov Matijče, Posavčeva češnja, Šarevčeva sliva, Kočarjev gospod, Miha Kovarjev. Piše v prvi osebi ednine, vendar ne gre za osebno izpoved, ampak je predstavljena usoda ljudstva. Govori o revščini, krutosti in brezobzirnosti ljudi. [3] Pri pouku književnosti smo obravnavali Tržačana iz zbirke zgodb Med gorami in zgodovinski roman Visoška kronika (Slika Slika 1: Ivan Tavčar Slika 2: Med gorami 3). Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s) 476 podobno kot je njegova lastna arhitektura svojevrstna sinteza tradicije in moderosti,« so zapisali v objavi za javnost Ministrstva za kulturo RS. [5] 3.1.1 UREDITEV TRGA REPUBLIKE IN NOVE GORICE Za najpomembnejše Ravnikarjevo delo v Ljubljani velja urbanistično in arhitekturno celostno zasnovani kompleks Trga revolucije, ki je bil zasnovan leta 1960. Ta poleg ploščadi obsega različno visoke ter različno oblikovane stavbe: tristrani stolpnici TR2 in TR3, blagovnico Maximarket in Cankarjev dom (Slika 5,6). Trg republike je največja ploščad in trg v Ljubljani. Dolga leta je Slika 3: Visoška kronika bilo na njem javno parkirišče, po prenovi, zaključeni leta 2014, pa je trg spet vzpostavljen kot glavni mestni in državni trg. Med letoma 1962 in 1982 je bila opravljena večja arhitekturna pozidava ožjega območja trga in okolice, ki jo je opravila skupina arhitektov pod vodstvom arhitekta Edvarda Ravnikarja. Leta 3. OBDOBJE MODERNIZMA V ARHITEKTURI 1963 so začeli graditi parkirno hišo, oktobra 1964 je bila gradnja začasno prekinjena zaradi pomanjkanja denarja. Leta 1965 je bil zgrajen prizidek h Gimnaziji Jožeta Plečnika, leta 1971 Moderna arhitektura je obdobje v arhitekturi, v katero uvrščamo stavbe 20. stoletja s podobnimi značilnostmi. Najpogosteje so blagovnica Maximarket in stolpnica Nove Ljubljanske banke s oblike poenostavljene in število ornamentov je zmanjšano. prizidkom in ploščadjo. Leta 1975 je bilo urejeno območje Arhitekti so začeli preoblikovati stare oblike in jih prilagajati nekdanjega »nunskega vrta« in postavljen spomenik revoluciji. potrebam sodobne družbe. Po drugi svetovni vojni in v evropskih Leta 1976 je bila dograjena še stolpnica TR3 s prizidkom. državah že pred njo je ta slog postal dominanten, predvsem se je Cankarjev dom so začeli graditi leta 1979 in ga končali 1981 uveljavil v javnih stavbah, pri tovarnah in večjih kompleksih. (Slika 7). [6] Izraz moderna arhitektura se v pisnih virih pojavi že leta 1902, in Prav tako pomembno Ravnikarjevo delo je urbanistični načrt sicer v naslovu knjige Otta Wagnerja. za Novo Gorico (Slika 8). Zasnovan je kot mreža. Graditi so jo začeli leta 1947, vendar urbanističnega načrt nikoli niso izvedli Nekateri zgodovinarji začetek modernizma v arhitekturi v celoti. V Ravnikarjevem opusu najdemo tudi Moderno galerijo, opisujejo kot posledico družbenih in političnih revolucij v 19. Fakulteto za gradbeništvo ali geodezijo, stanovanjski kompleks stoletju, drugi večji pomen pripisujejo razvoju tehnike in Ferantov vrt in objekte v Kranju. tehnologije. Razpoložljivost novih gradbenih materialov kot so jeklo, železo, železobeton in steklo z začetkom industrijske revolucije je omogočila nastanek novih gradbenih tehnik. V Franciji je bil predstavnik tega obdobja tudi Le Corbusier. Pokazati je hotel svoje navdušenje nad čistimi geometrijskimi oblikami strojev. Hotel je, da se njegove hiše toliko razlikujejo od običajnih, da bi ustvarile nov način gradnje. [4] 3.1 EDVARD RAVNIKAR Slika 4: Edvard Ravnikar Slika 5: TR2 in TR3 Arhitekt Edvard Ravnikar (1907–1993), predstavnik modernistične arhitekture na Slovenskem, je s študijem arhitekture začel na Dunaju in ga nadaljeval v Ljubljani pri arhitektu Jožetu Plečniku (Slika 4). Njegov najožji sodelavec je bil še dve leti po diplomi. Zanimanje za tedanjo umetnost ga je Slika 6: Cankarjev dom vodilo v Pariz, v atelje arhitekta Le Corbusiera. V Parizu je ostal nekaj mesecev, do vojne. »Čeprav se je Ravnikar v formalnem pogledu oddaljil od Edvard Ravnikar je dobil več pomembnih nagrad, Prešernovo Plečnikove arhitekture, je ostal najbolj občutljiv in izviren 1961 in 1978 (za življenjsko delo), Župančičevo 1965, prenašalec njegovega izročila. Ravnikar je med Plečnikovo šolo Plečnikovo nagrado 1975 in 1987 (jubilejno), jugoslovanski in Le Corbusierovim ateljejem odkril presenetljive podobnosti, nagradi Borbe in Avnoja (1982) in dunajsko Herderjevo 477 nagrado (1988). Postal je dopisni član Jugoslovanske akademije predstavljal kar velik izziv. Ponuja prednastavljene predloge in v Zagrebu (JAZU, 1963), Slovenske akademije znanosti in samodejno sinhronizacijo utripov za izdelavo videa v nekaj umetnosti (SAZU: dopisni član 1969, redni 1979), 1985 je dobil korakih. Filmora ima tudi zeleni zaslon, ključni okvir ter številne naslov zaslužnega profesorja ljubljanske univerze. [7] funkcije in učinke, ki so enostavni za uporabo. [8] Učenke so najprej izbrale gradivo o življenju in delu arhitekta in urbanista. Nato je ena od njih to gradivo prebrala in se pri tem snemala. Tako je nastala avdio podlaga za posnetek. Izbrale so tudi glasbo, ki se na nekaj mestih pojavi kot dodatno avdio gradivo. Odločile so se tudi, da bodo prikazale načrte za stavbe in nekaj fotografij zgradb, ki jih je Ravnikar projektiral. Vse skupaj so nato smiselno povezale v kratek video. Filmora omogoča preprosto urejanje videa in podpira široko paleto formatov datotek, vključno z Apple ProRes, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVCHD in izvornimi formati fotoaparatov, kot sta Canon in Sony RAW. 5 ZAKLJUČEK Letos obeležujemo 30. obletnico smrti arhitekta Edvarda Ravnikarja (1907 – 1993) in 100. obletnico smrti pisatelja Ivana Tavčarja (1851 – 1923). Zaradi tega je Vlada Republike Slovenije na pobudo Ministrstva za kulturo leto 2023 razglasila Slika 7: Skica Gallusove dvorane za leto arhitekta Edvarda Ravnikarja in pisatelja Ivana Tavčarja. Odločila sem se, da bodo delo in življenje obeh ustvarjalcev učenci dodatno predstavili. Pri pouku slovenščine smo se z učenci odločili, da predstavimo življenje in delo slovenskega pisatelja, predstavnika realizma Ivana Tavčarja ali pa arhitekta Edvarda Ravnikarja. Predlagala sem, naj se dela lotijo tako, da naredijo Power Point predstavitev, govorni nastop ali katero drugo možnost, ki vključuje uporabo IKT. Skupina učenk se je odločila za uporabo aplikacije Filmora in nam tako v besedi, glasbi in siki predstavila delo Edvarda Ravnikarja. Dekleta so pri tem medpredmetno sodelovala (izbirni predmet Multimedija). Slika 8: Skica trga v Novi Gorici Učenci in učenke so se dogovarjali glede vsebine predstavitev dveh avtorjev in s tem izvajali sodelovalno učenje. Z uporabo informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije so pripravili zanimive predstavitve. Izstopala je predstavitev s Filmoro, kjer 4 UPORABA SPLETNE APLIKACIJE FILMORA IN so uporabljali novo spletno aplikacijo, računalnik in lastno IZDELAVA POSNETKA znanje. S tem so razvijali svoje digitalne kompetence in bili aktivno vključeni v šolski proces. Tak način predstavitve avtorja in njegovega dela bomo naslednje šolsko leto vključili v učni proces. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- Slika 9: Logotip Filmora sola/Ucni-nacrti/obvezni/UN_slovenscina.pdf [2] Janko Kos: Pregled svetovne književnosti. Ljubljana: DZS, 2005. Skupina učenk, ki so vpisne tudi na izbirni predmet Multimedija, [3] Janko Kos: Primerjalna zgodovina slovenske literature. Ljubljana: se je odločila za uporabo spletne aplikacije Filmora, ki vključuje Mladinska knjiga, 2001. zvok, sliko in še glasbeno podlago v ozadju (Slika 9). Spletno [4] https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/drugo/arhitektura-jugoslovanskega- modernizma-o-casu-tehnologiji-umetnosti-in-skupnih-idealih/467576 aplikacijo so si prenesle na računalnik. Za določeno časovno [5] https://www.gov.si/novice/leto-2023-razglaseno-za/ obdobje je aplikacija brezplačna, v nadaljevanju pa je plačljiva. S prepletom oz. montažo vseh treh elementov so pripravile zelo [6] https://www.odprtehiseslovenije.org/objekt/stolpnica-tr3-in-trg- zanimiv posnetek o delu Edvarda Ravnikarja. Z učenci smo si ga republike-v-ljubljani/ ogledali v razredu in na zaključni prireditvi. Filmora je video urejevalnik za začetnike. Učenke pred tem [7] https://www.sazu.si/clani/edvard-ravnikar videoposnetkov na tak način še niso urejevale in jim je [8] https://filmora.wondershare.net/filmora-video-editor.htm 478 Analiza jezikovnih napak pri prevajanju iz slovenščine v nemščino s pomočjo strojnih prevajalnih programov Analysis of language errors in translations from Slovenian to German using machine translation programs Juliane Hofer Brigita Kacjan Filozofska fakulteta UM Filozofska fakulteta UM Maribor, Slovenija Maribor, Slovenija juliane.hofer@gmail.com brigita.kacjan@um.si POVZETEK literally or transferred syntactic structures from Slovenian to German. Errors in gender, agreement, and pronoun usage were V raziskavi smo preučevali vpliv uporabe spletnih orodij za also influenced by the first language. The use of MT tools strojno prevajanje na produkcijo pisnih besedil v nemščini. 13 reduced errors but limited the diversity of translations, producing udeležencev raziskave je prevedlo dve besedili iz prvega oz. syntactically similar outputs. The study contributes to a better učnega jezika (slovenščina) v nemščino. Pri analizi smo se understanding of the complex relationship between language osredotočali na kolokacije, spol samostalnikov in ustrezajoči learners and MT tools. It highlights the significance of targeted zaimki ter a uporabo člena. Za kodiranje napak smo uporabili language instruction and conscious use of MT tools in foreign digitalna orodja Translog II (keystroke-logging) in MAXQDA. language writing. Rezultati so pokazali, da so udeleženci slovenske kolokacije velikokrat prevedli dobesedno ali prevzeli slovenske sintaktične KEYWORDS strukture v nemški prevod. Napake pri spolu, ujemanju zaimkov Machine translation, language learning, German as a foreign s spolom samostalnikov in pri ustrezni uporabi členov so prav language, written text production, teaching and learning tako bile posledice vpliva prvega jezika. Uporaba strojnih strategies prevajalskih programov je zmanjšala število tovrstnih napak, je pa istočasno zmanjšala tudi raznolikost prevodov, kar je privedlo do sintaktično zelo podobnih ciljnih besedil. Raziskava omogoča 1 UVOD boljše razumevanje zapletenega odnosa med učečimi (študenti Pri učenju tujih jezikov se spletna orodja za strojno prevajanje nemščine) in spletnimi strojnimi prevajalnimi orodji in poudarja uporablja že vrsto let, a do pred letom ali dvema so bili takšni pomen ciljno usmerjenega tujejezikovnega pouka in premišljene prevodi nenatančni z velikim številom napak, zaradi česa niso uporabe orodij za strojno prevajanje pri pisanju v tujem jeziku. bili ravno uporabni in jim učitelji, ki so takšne prevode zlahka KLJUČNE BESEDE prepoznali, niso namenjali posebne pozornosti. V preteklih letih je uvedba nevronalnega strojnega prevajanja Strojno prevajanje, učenje jezika, Nemščina kot tuji jezik, drastično izboljšala sposobnosti programov strojnega prevajanja pisanje besedil/pisna besedila, strategije poučevanja in učenja in s tem tudi povečalo atraktivnost in uporabnost pri učenju tujih jezikov – predvsem pri učečih. Zaradi tega skokovitega kvalitativnega preskoka tako nastalih besedil se upravičeno ABSTRACT poraja skrb, da bi to izboljšanje spletnega strojnega prevajanja This study examines the influence of machine translation (MT) lahko negativno vplivalo na učenje tujih jezikov. tools on the production of written texts in the German language. Ali je ta skrb upravičena ali ne, se bo pokazalo v prihodnosti, Two texts from the first language, Slovenian, were translated into nedvomno pa moramo že zdaj preveriti, kakšen vpliv ima German by 13 participants. The analysis focused on collocations, uporaba strojnega prevajanja na učenje tujih jezikov. Ta gender and agreement, and article usage. Translog II (keystroke- tehnološki izziv, ki bo nedvomno spremenil učenje in logging) and MAXQDA were used for error coding. Results poučevanje tujih jezikov, je večplasten in prepleten, odnose in revealed that participants sometimes translated collocations odvisnosti posameznih elementov pa še zdaleč nismo v celoti zaznali in razumeli. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Prvi majhen korak na poti k razumevanju sprememb, ki se classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full trenutno dogajajo na področju učenja in poučevanja tujega jezika, citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must je, da poskusimo razumeti, kaj pomeni uporaba spletnega orodja be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia za strojno prevajanje oz. kakšne so razlike v besedilih, kadar se © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). pri prevajanju določenega besedila uporablja strojno prevajanje ali pa se prevaja brez te pomoči. 479 Zaradi obsežnosti področja učenja tujega jezika (v raziskavi je bil fokus na nemškem jeziku) in velikem številu aktualnih vidikov, ki jih moramo pri raziskovanju pouka tujega jezika upoštevati, je raziskava omejena na spretnost pisanja besedil oz. 2 IZHODIŠČA RAZISKAVE ožje na prevajanje besedil iz prvega ali učnega jezika v tuji jezik nemščina. Raziskali smo tri lingvistične pojave, ki pri pisanju 2.1 Pregled literature besedil in tudi pri prevajanju velikokrat povzročajo odstopanja, Stein je že leta 2009 pisal o strojnem prevajanju, njegovem ki se pokažejo bodisi kot dejanske napake ali kot različne razvoju in tudi zgodovini [1]. Za prispevek posebej zanimiv je jezikovne rešitve. Zanimale so nas stalne besedne zveze oz. njegov pogled na pomen strojnega prevajanja v tistem času: kolokacije, opredelitev spola pri samostalnikih in ustrezna »Die Idee der formalen Manipulation von Sprachen geht auf uporaba zaimkov ter uporaba ustreznih členov. die philosophischen Traditionen von Geheim- und Kolokacije oz. stalne besedne zveze (na tem področju obstaja Universalsprachen, wie sie Ramon Llull oder Gottfried Wilhelm po besedah Hausmanna [9] neke vrste »terminološka vojna«, Leibniz begründet haben, zurück. Bis heute ist die Maschinelle zato sta v prispevku oba pojma uporabljena kot sinonima), so Übersetzung (MÜ) Königsdisziplin der Sprachverarbeitung pomemben del jezika, a istočasno predstavljajo problematično geblieben: Die Fortschritte seit den ersten praktischen področje pri učenju in uporabi tujega jezika. Zato sta bili za Versuchen sind auf den ersten Blick nur bescheiden. Dabei poskus izbrani dve izhodiščni besedili, ki so vsebovali nekaj haben sich im Verlauf der Jahrzehnte zahlreiche slovenskih kolokacij, ki jih je nekoliko težje prenesti oz. prevesti unterschiedliche Ansätze zur MÜ gebildet.« [1] v nemščino. Predvidevali smo (hipoteza 1), da bodo udeleženci Njegov pregled razvoja je zanimiv – posebej iz stališča poskusne skupine, ki so pri prevajanju uporabljali spletni strojni današnjega uporabnika strojnega prevajanja –, saj so ga takrat prevajalnik, uporabili dobesedni prevod slovenskih kolokacij pri oklicali za »kraljevo disciplino« digitalne obdelave jezika, mu pa manj kolokacijah (posebej zato, ker imajo v različnih jezikih pravilno pripisali le malo napredka pri razvoju … Danes pa ta različne idiosinkratične značilnosti) kot udeleženci kontrolne »kraljeva disciplina« dosega neslutene dosežke in izredno hitri skupine (brez uporabe spletnega strojnega prevajalnika). nadaljnji razvoj. Spol samostalnikov in skladnost zaimkov je bilo drugo Zaradi podvrženosti strojnih prevajalnikov napakam, tako področje raziskovanja: Spol in skladnost zaimkov znotraj jezika vsebinskim kot strukturnim, in manjše ali celo neobstoječe (slovenščina ali nemščina) večinoma ni problematična. Problem digitalizacije šol in pouka, se strojni prevajalniki v prvi dekadi nastane pri prevajanju, če se spol samostalnika v obeh jezikih ne novega tisočletja niso oz. so se le izjemoma uveljavili pri pouku ujema, npr. sonce je v slovenščini srednjega spola, v nemščini pa tujega jezika. Danes je zadeva drugačna: Učeči se poslužujejo ženskega. Posledično se dogaja, da učeči v nadaljevanju uporabe spletnega strojnega prevajanja na vseh možnih področjih učenja, te besede uporabijo napačen osebni zaimek, npr. es namesto sie zato tudi učitelji tujih jezikov ne smejo »spregledati« te novosti, za samostalnik die Sonne. Iz tega je izhajala hipoteza 2: temveč jo morajo spoznati, se na tem področju izobraževati in ga Udeleženci poskusne skupine (z uporabo spletnih strojnih smiselno vključiti v moderno poučevanje tujega jezika. Učitelj in prevajalnikov) bodo imeli manj napak pri uporabi ustreznih sam pouk tujega jezika sta zelo aktualni temi, a v tem prispevku zaimkov (glede na spol samostalnika). niso predmet raziskave, prispevek se prav tako ne bo ukvarjal z Za slovenske učeče uporaba člena v nemščini predstavlja natančno opredelitvijo ali definicijo spletnega strojnega velik problem, saj ga slovenščina ne uporablja na enak način kot prevajanja – vse to je deziderat za bližnjo prihodnost. V nemščina. Ker nemščina pozna tudi možnost uporabe nadaljevanju bo obravnavan le vzorec učečih (študenti samostalnikov brez člena, imamo pri uporabi členov v nemščini germanistike) in njihova uporaba spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov. kar nekaj pasti: Ali ga uporabljamo s členom ali brez njega, člen Dejstvo, da spletni strojni prevajalniki niso vedno učinkoviti za kateri spol (in število) je pravilen, ali moramo uporabiti pripomočki pri učenju tujega jezika, je Briggs predstavil leta določni ali nedoločni člen itd.? Hipoteza 3 tako predpostavlja, da 2018, ko je v raziskavi o sposobnosti korejskih študentov pri bodo udeleženci poskusne skupine (z uporabo spletnega dodelavi strojno prevedenih besedil v angleščini ugotovil, da ti strojnega prevajalnika) naredili manj napak pri rabi členov kot niso prepoznali očitnih jezikovnih napak in da tudi niso bili kontrolna skupina. sposobni ustrezno urediti strojno prevedena besedila z očitnimi Na podlagi ugotovitev pri navedenih hipotezah, bomo napakami tako, da bi te opazne napake odpravili [2]. odgovorili na naslednja raziskovalna vprašanja: (1) Katere Danes je strojno prevajanje na neprimerno višjem nivoju in kot napake oz. predloge prevodov lahko opredelimo kot posledico uporabno in učinkovito orodje vstopa v proces učenja, ne pa tudi vpliva prvega/učnega jezika? (2) Kakšna je vloga podobnosti in v proces poučevanja tujega jezika. Nedvomno lahko ima strojno razlik med jezikoma? (3) Kaj lahko opredelimo kot posledico prevajanje pozitivni vpliv na učenje tujega jezika: Različne strojnega prevajanja? raziskave so pokazale, da se npr. s pomočjo strojnega prevajanja lahko zmanjša število napak na področjih besedišča in slovnice [3, 4, 5, 6], in da se kakovost besedila v celoti izboljša, če so 2.3 Raziskovalni inštrumenti učeči pri pisanju besedila lahko uporabljali spletne strojne Poskusa se je udeležilo 13 študentov germanistike, od tega 8 prevajalnike [7, 8]. magistrskih in 5 dodiplomskih, 11 je bilo Slovencev, dva pa Ne- Slovenca (makedonski in hrvaški državljan – to smo upoštevali pri interpretaciji rezultatov raziskave). Vsi udeleženci so prevedli 2.2 Raziskovalna metodologija isti dve besedili in so za to imeli na razpolago 60 minut časa (le en udeleženec je izjavil, da je imel premalo časa). V poskusni 480 skupini (uporaba spletnega strojnega prevajalnika dovoljena) je besedo in pravopisno napako (»den nicht *gewollten *Balast bilo 7 udeležencev, v kontrolni skupini (brez spletnega strojnega aufräumst«). prevajalnika) pa 6. »… zimi pomahamo v slovo« je na prvi pogled zelo Poskusna skupina je lahko uporabila spletna strojna enostavna izjava, ki pa je zaradi raznovrstnih prevodov posebej prevajalnika DeepL in/ali Google translate (izbrana sta bila na zanimiv. Spletna strojna prevajalnika enotno ponudita prevod podlagi dostopnosti in kompatibilnosti s programom Translog »dem Winter Lebewohl zu sagen«, kar so 3 člani poskusne II). Vsi udeleženci so opravili prevod istočasno na računalnikih skupine tudi uporabili. 4 člani so od tega prevoda odstopali: v računalniški učilnici z nameščenim računalniškim programom Beseda »Lebewohl« je v nemški kolokaciji enkrat bila Translog II (uporaben in učinkovit program za opazovanje nadomeščena z besedo »Tschüss« (slov. »adijo«) in enkrat z »auf prevajalskih praks posameznih udeležencev), ki je bil uporabljen Wiedersehen«, oba izraza uporabljamo za slovo, prvo se pri analizi končnih izdelkov. S pomočjo tega programa je bila uporablja pri tikanju, drugo pa pri vikanju. Dva člana očitno nista uporabljena metoda Keystroke-Logging, ki omogoča podrobno uporabila spletnega prevajalnika in sta se osredotočala na besedo analizo celotnega procesa prevajanja vsakega posameznika. »pomahati«, saj sta uporabila »winken«. Enkrat pravilno »dem Prednost te metode pred intervjuji in slikovnim zajemom je, da Winter zum Abschied zu winken« in enkrat s slovničnima je vsaka sprememba besedila sledljiva in trajno zabeležena [10]. napakama »*den Winter *für Abschied zu winken«. Poleg tega smo primerjali prevode med sabo: Primerjali smo Kakšen je torej vpliv spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov? Na prevode 13 izbranih kolokacij, vse napake pri spolu in ustreznih podlagi ugotovitev (analiza vseh 13 kolokacij in njihovih zaimkih, uporabo členov in še nekatere druge posebnosti. Pri prevodov) ugotavljamo, da so prevodi kolokacij pri uporabi primerjanju ciljnih besedil smo uporabili program MAXQDA spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov jezikovno bolj pravilni, ni pa tako (Version Plus 2022) za računalniško podprto kvalitativno analizo velike raznolikosti prevodov, kot je to vidno pri prevajanju brez podatkov in besedil, saj lahko s tem programom kodiramo pomoči spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov. Rezultat uporabe besedila. spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov so sintaktično zelo podobna ciljna besedila. 3 REZULTATI Poskusna skupina je lahko uporabljala spletne strojne 3.2 Spol in ustrezni zaimki prevajalnike po želji, izkazalo se je, da so jih nekateri uporabljali Po pričakovanju je na področju spola samostalnikov in veliko – dva udeleženca sta celotni besedili prevedla s spletnimi uporaba ustreznih zaimkov prišlo do številnih napak. Pri strojnimi prevajalniki –, drugi le izjemoma. Ta problem je bil poskusni skupini smo – pričakovano – zaznali manj napak pri naslovljen tako, da smo pri kodiranju delov besedil dodali kode sami uporabi spola, saj je to nekaj, česar so strojni prevajalniki »z spletnim strojnim prevajalnikom« in »brez spletnega vešči. So pa člani poskusne skupine naredili tudi nekaj napak pri strojnega prevajalnika«. izbiri ustreznih zaimkov, npr. »… der Frühling … Mit *ihr …«, V nadaljevanju so predstavljeni rezultati za področje ali »… das Wiedererwachen der Natur, *die …«. Zelo podobno, kolokacij, spol in ustrezni zaimki in uporaba členov. vendar malce več primerov nepravilne rabe osebnih zaimkov smo zaznali pri kontrolni skupini, npr. »Der Weg … es …«, »… 3.1 Kolokacije die *Erwachung der Natur, *dass …«, ali »… einen Blick auf V izhodiščnih besedilih smo identificirali 13 kolokacij ali fraz, ki *wunderschönen Safranfeld werfen«. bi po naših pričakovanjih udeležencem lahko povzročali težave, Kontrolni prevod obeh besedil je pokazal, da je spletni strojni spletni strojni prevajalniki pa bi jih morali pravilno prenesti oz. prevajalnik pravilno podal vse člene in pripadajoče zaimke, kar prevesti v ciljni jezik (nemščino). Izpostavili bomo le nekatere pomeni, da so udeleženci na tem področju delali napake, ki niso zanimive ugotovitve: posledica uporabe prevajalnika, temveč neuporabe le-teh pri Ugotovili smo, da so za slovensko kolokacijo »lepo označena poskusni skupini in nezmožnost uporabe le-teh pri kontrolni (pot)« vsi člani poskusne skupine uporabili ustrezna prevoda skupini. Ker napake pri uporabi osebnih zaimkov niso nepravilna »gut ausgeschildert« (5x) ali »gut markiert« (2x), medtem ko so določitev spola samostalnika, na katerega se osebni zaimki 3 člani kontrolne skupine naredila dobesedni prevod: »schön nanašajo, lahko govorimo le o površnosti udeležencev pri markiert« (druga polovica te skupine je zapisala ustrezen prevod pripravi oz. pregledovanju prevodov. »gut markiert«). Na področju uporabe pravilnega spola in ustreznih oblik v Drugo besedilo, del horoskopa, je vseboval napotek, da različnih sklonih ter pri uporabi pravilnih osebnih zaimkov v tej »pospraviš nepotrebno prtljago« (mišljeno je vse nepotrebno, kar zvezi lahko zaključimo, da so spletni strojni prevajalniki dobri te teži). Večina članov poskusne skupine (6 od 7) si je pomagala pripomočki, ki zmanjšujejo število napak. s spletnim prevajalnikom in zapisala »sich von unnötigem Ballast zu befreien«, kar je tudi najprimernejši prevod. En član v tem primeru ni uporabil spletnega prevajalnika, saj noben od 3.3 Uporaba členov spletnih prevajalnikov ne poda dobesednega prevoda »das Za učeče s prvim jezikom slovenščina je, glede na naše unnötige Gepäck aufzuräumen«, ki iz linvističnega stališča v dolgoletne izkušnje, področje nemških členov zelo kritično. Prav danem kontekstu ni ustrezen. Veliko bolj pester je bil prevod pri to se je tudi pokazalo v analizi prevodov. Strojno generirani kontrolni skupini: Le v enem primeru je bil prevod popolnoma kontrolni prevodi (kar smo naredili še preden so udeleženci ustrezen (»unnötigen Ballast loszuwerden«), dvakrat je bil opravili svoje delo) na področju členov in njihove uporabe niso zapisan dobesedni prevod, enkrat je bil uporabljen drug izraz naredili nobene napake, zato moramo vse tovrstne napake članov (»dass du es löst«) in enkrat pravilna kolokacija z napačno 481 poskusne skupine pripisati temu, da niso uporabili ali pa so Na vprašanje, kakšna je vloga podobnosti in razlik obeh spremenili predlog strojnega prevajalnika. Je pa opazna razlika jezikov pri prevajanju, lahko zaključimo, da smo pričakovali, da pri številu tovrstnih napak: Člani kontrolne skupine so naredili se predvsem razlike na vseh treh področjih bistveno več in zelo različnih napak pri pripravi prevodov. Tako manifestirajo/pokažejo kot napake v nemškem besedilu. Tudi v so 3 člani poskusne skupine (od 7) naredili 11 tovrstnih napak, tej majhni raziskavi velja splošno pravilo, da pozitivnega pri čemer je šlo v 7 od 11 primerih za manjkajoč člen, v ostalih transferja med jeziki le stežka identificiramo, opazimo pa vsak primerih so člene uporabili na različne neustrezne načine, npr. negativni transfer, t. i. interferenco, torej napake in neobičajne »… im guten Wetter …«, »… in einen schönen Wetter …«. Pri načine izražanja, kar se je posebej izrazito pokazalo pri kontrolni skupini smo zasledili 19 napak pri uporabi členov, od kolokacijah. tega je 10 krat manjkal člen, enkrat je bil dodan člen tam, kjer ga Kaj pa lahko opredelimo kot posledico uporabe spletnega ne potrebujemo, in enkrat je bil napisan določni člen namesto strojnega prevajalnika? Kot smo že pri analizi izpostavljali, je pri potrebnega svojilnega zaimka (»dass wir den Abschied vom uporabi spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov opazno manj napak pri Winter nehmen«. Pri ostalih 7 napakah je razvidno, da udeleženci izbiri pravilnih kolokacij, pri določanju spola samostalnikov in ne obvladajo uporabe končnic pri atributivni rabi členov in ustrezni rabi osebnih zaimkov za te samostalnike. Posebej pridevnikov. Vzrok za te napake torej ni spletni strojni uspešno so se zmanjšale napake pri členih v nemščini, seveda le, prevajalnik, temveč znanje oz. manjkajoče ali prešibko znanje če so udeleženci uporabljali prevajalnike. Ne smemo pa udeležencev. spregledati, da je uporaba spletnega strojnega prevajalnika Iz navedenega izhaja, da bi spletni strojni prevajalniki lahko zmanjšala raznolikost prevodov, kar pa je nekoliko manj zaželen odpravili številne tovrstne napake, če bi jih udeleženci ustrezno učinek. vključevali v prevajanje oz. pisanje besedil. Opozoriti moramo na nekaj pomanjkljivosti spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov, ki so se pokazale v raziskavi: Če pogledamo kontrolne prevode iz slovenščine v nemščino, opazimo, da 4 ZAKLJUČEK prevodi niso vedno najbolj primerni, predvsem pri prenesenih Na začetku raziskave smo postavili tri hipoteze, za katere pomenih in pri geografskih imenih imajo strojni prevajalniki še bomo v nadaljevanju preverili ali jih lahko potrdimo, ali jih veliko težav (kar velja tudi za izrazito strokovna besedila!), zato moramo ovreči. mora uporabnik teh pripomočkov nastali prevod zelo natančno Prva hipoteza je bila, da bodo člani poskusne skupine ob pregledati in po potrebi tudi popraviti ali spremeniti, da bo tudi možnosti uporabe spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov uporabili manj nemško besedilo izrazilo to, kar je bilo izraženo s slovenskim krat dobesedni prevod slovenskih kolokacij kot člani kontrolne besedilom. Umetniška svoboda, v kolikor je dovoljena, je prav skupine, ki niso uporabljali spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov. tako nekaj, kar strojni prevajalniki še ne obvladajo na ustrezni Besedila, pri katerih so bili uporabljeni spletni strojni ravni, posledica so sintaktično in vsebinsko podobna besedila, prevajalniki so v veliki meri vsebovala bistveno manj napak pri kjer se zlahka izgubi čar kreativno napisanega besedila, ki te prevajanju kolokacij, kot pri tistih, ki so manj ali pa sploh niso resnično pritegne. Izhodiščni besedili bralca nagovarjajo oz. uporabljali prevajalnike. Na podlagi predstavljenih ugotovitev vabijo k aktivnostim, nemški strojni prevodi tega ne prenesejo v lahko prvo hipotezo potrdimo. celoti, vsebujejo tudi vsebinske napake, ki niso opazne, če ne Druga hipoteza je predpostavila, da bodo člani poskusne primerjaš obe besedili. Kot zanimivost naj omenimo še, da je skupine, ki so lahko uporabljali spletne strojne prevajalnike, eden od uporabljenih spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov imel izrazite naredili manj napak pri spolu samostalnikov in ustrezni rabi težave pri vikanju v nemščini: Večinoma je pravilno uporabljal osebnih zaimkov za te samostalnike. Hipotezo na podlagi vikanje, na enem mestu je namesto tega uporabil tikanje, kar ugotovitev ne moremo v celoti potrditi, saj so tudi člani poskusne bralcu takoj pade v oči, ko pride do tega mesta v besedilu. skupine naredili številne napake na tem področju, ki jih sicer Kaj pa vse navedene ugotovitve pomenijo za učenje tujega pripisujemo temu, da so pri teh primerih ali spreminjali predloge jezika nemščine v slovenskih šolah? Spletni strojni prevajalniki prevajalnika ali pa jih sploh niso uporabili, razlika v številu so uporabni pri prevajanju besedil in s tem tudi pri pisanju napak te vrste in podobnost napak pri obeh skupinah pa ne besedil, a pomembno je, da učeče – ne glede na starost – čim prej omogočajo enoznačnega odgovora. in čim bolje naučimo pravilnega ravnanja s spletnimi strojnimi Tretja hipoteza, da bodo člani poskusne skupine naredili manj prevajalniki in jih senzibiliziramo za nenehno preverjanje napak pri členih, lahko potrdimo. Napake te vrste so naredili vsi ciljnega besedilna na ustreznost povedanega oz. napisanega. To člani kontrolne skupine, a le 3 od 7 članih poskusne skupine. seveda pomeni, da tudi učitelji morajo oz. moramo obvladati Omenjeni trije člani poskusne skupine so bili tisti, ki so strojno pravilno in učinkovito uporabo spletnih strojnih prevajalnikov – prevajanje uporabljali le občasno. Kot vir opaženih napak lahko a to je že tema druge raziskave … identificiramo prvi oz. učni jezik udeležencev. Oblikovali smo tudi tri raziskovalna vprašanja, na katere ZAHVALA bomo odgovorili v nadaljevanju. Zahvaljujemo se udeležencem raziskave, da so bili pripravljeni Glede vpliva prvega oz. učnega jezika na prevode lahko sodelovati in so tako omogočili to raziskavo. rečemo, da je vpliv prvega/učnega jezika zelo opazen, manj kot Prispevek je nastal v okviru raziskovalne skupine Slovenska so udeleženci uporabljali spletne strojne prevajalnike, bolj so identiteta in kulturna zavest v jezikovno in etnično stičnih prenašali slovenska pravila in načine izražanja v nemško prostorih v preteklosti in sedanjosti (P6-0372) na Filozofski besedilo. Kadar so uporabljali spletne strojne prevajalnike, je fakulteti Univerze v Mariboru. vpliv prvega/učnega jezika bil bistveno manjši. 482 LITERATURA IN VIRI [6] Shu-Chiao Tsai, S.-C.. 2019. 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In: Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 157– 175. doi:10.1080/09588221.2018. 1553186 483 Sodelovalno ustvarjanje tabelske slike Miro Collaboratively creating a Miro table Katarina Jagič ŠC Kranj, Višja strokovna šola, Kidričeva 55, Kranj, Slovenija katarina.jagic@sckr.si POVZETEK Digitalne veščine so ključne za uspešno delovanje v s 1. UVOD odobni družbi. Mnoga delovna mesta Digitalizacija pri pouku prinaša številne prednosti in priložnosti in tudi družbeni sistem, v katerem živimo, tako za učitelje kot za učence. Razlogov, zakaj naj bi pedagoški zahtevajo razumevanje in uporabo digitalnih orodij, zato delavci stremeli k uporabi digitalnih orodij in tehnologije pri je uporaba digitalizacije pri pouku postala že kar stalnica. Ker se svet zaradi tehnološkega napredka hitro spreminja, pouku, je vedno več. S pomočjo digitalizacije, ki omogoča bodo učenci, dijaki, študenti bolje pripravljeni na prihodnost, če bodo razvili različne načine komunikacije – z besedilom, zvokom, kompetence, ki jih digitalizacija omogoča. Članek opisuje videoposnetkom, slikami, lahko učenje prilagodimo različnim enega od možnih pristopov k poučevanju, ki lahko pomaga povečati učnim stilom. Digitalna orodja omogočajo pestrost pouka in angažiranost učencev, dijakov, študentov in morebitnih sodelovalno učenje. Učitelj z njimi lažje organizira projektno drugih vključenih ter olajšati razumevanje kompleksnih konceptov delo, diskusije, viharjenje možganov. Splet omogoča hitro iskanje pri informacij, ne glede na temo, obenem pa ob tem urimo svoje obravnavanju snovi. Miro je digitalno sodelovalno središče, ki kritično razmišljanje in se učimo o verodostojnosti pridobljenih predstavlja orodje za sodelovalno delo in vizualno upravljanje virov. Vizualni elementi, različne grafike in videoposnetki projektov na spletu. Delovni ekipi omogoča skupno ustvarjanje, pomagajo pri lažjem razumevanju kompleksnih nalog in vsebin, deljenje idej in informacij na virtualnem platnu, obogatenem s lažje tudi prilagodimo učno snov posameznim skupinam ali celo predlogami in drugimi funkcijami za ustvarjanje interaktivnih in posamezniku, veliko lahko prihranimo tudi na času. Z uporabo vizualnih desk. interaktivnih vaj in drugih inovativnih metod, ki jih vključujemo v Ključne besede poučev anje, pa naredimo učenje zanimivejše in privlačnejše. Digitalizacija, digitalno orodje, Miro, projekt, tabelska slika, Informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija (v nadaljevanju IKT) ustvarjalnost, učenje, vešč že pomembno vpliva na izvedbo pedagoških procesov in učnega ine okolja, posledično pa tudi na pridobivanje znanja pri učencih. Kot ugotavljajo tudi strokovnjaki Univerze v Ljubljani v svoji študiji, morajo današnji pedagogi poleg digitalnih kompetenc ABSTRACT imeti tudi didaktične kompetence, ki vključujejo IKT [4]. Šele ustrezna Digital skills are essential for successful functioning in modern didaktična uporaba IKT omogoča kvalitetno izvedbo pouka, za society. Many jobs, as well as the social system in which we live, katero pa je v celoti odgovoren učitelj. Poznavanje pristopov za require the understanding and use of digital tools, which is why ustrezno uporabo orodij, ki jih vključuje v svoj delovni proces, je the use of digitization in lessons has already become a regular ključno za uspešno delo, je pa ob množičnem naboru spletnih feature. As the world is rapidly changing due to technological orodij in storitev vsak dan težje slediti tovrstnemu napredku. progress, students will be better prepared for the future if they develop the competencies made possible by digitization. The 2. TABELSKA SLIKA article describes one possible approach to teaching that can help Orodja za pisanje po zaslonu ali kot jih poznamo pod imenom increase the engagement of pupils, students and any other »Whiteboards« so v šolski prostor aktivno vstopila v času involved and facilitate the understanding of complex concepts. epidemije COVID-19. Gre za novodobno orodje simulacije Miro is a digital collaboration center that presents a tool for pisanja po tabli, saj se ustvarjena tabelska slika prenese v collaborative work and visual project management online. It digitalno okolje. OneNote, Miro, Microsoft Whiteboard so allows the work team to co-create, share ideas and information on primeri, ki smo jih in jih še večinoma uporabljamo na Šolskem a virtual canvas enriched with templates and other features for centru Kranj, drugod, kot navaja Univerza v Ljubljani v svoji creating interactive and visual whiteboards. raziskavi [1], so aktualni tudi Jamboard Google, uporaba Whiteboarda v Zoomu, Whiteboard chat, tabelske slike v Moodlu. Keywords 2.1 Značilnosti orodij za pisanje po beli tabli Creativity, digitization, digital tool, learning, Miro, project, skills, Univerza v Ljubljani je v raziskavi poudarila nekatere skupne spreadsheet značilnosti omenjenih orodij [1]. Na osnovi lastnih izkušenj, uporabe nekaterih in spoznanj so podane slednje: • Interaktivno sodelovanje: več uporabnikov lahko istočasno sodeluje na isti tabli ali dokumentu, kar omogoča realno 484 časovno sodelovanje in komunikacijo med uporabniki. Obenem je omogočena možnost, da učitelj sam določi, koga od učencev, dijakov, študentov bo vključil v delo, kar pomeni, da v nekaterih orodjih lahko lastniki dokumentov dodelujejo različne stopnje dovoljenj za urejanje, ogled in sodelovanje. • Shranjevanje in sinhronizacija: običajno se dokumenti in tabele shranjujejo v oblak, kar pa omogoča enostaven dostop in sinhronizacijo med različnimi napravami. Nekatera orodja imajo celo možnost shranjevanja zgodovine in posledično sledenja spremembam (kdo je naredil kaj). Končni izdelek lahko učitelj deli z učenci, dijaki, študenti ali obratno. • Dopolnjevanje – tabelsko sliko lahko ustvarjamo tekom pouka, predavanj, vaj ali projektnega dela. Možna je naknadna ali ponovna priključitev k ustvarjanju in smo tako neodvisni od časa in prostora. • Raznolikost in urejanje vsebin – orodja omogočajo ustvarjanje različnih vizualnih struktur - tabel, grafov, slik, vsebin, njihovo označevanje in poudarjanje. Uporabniki lahko enostavno dodajajo, premikajo, spreminjajo velikost in urejajo različne vizualne elemente na tabli, lahko prosto Slika 1 : Viharjenje možganov (vir: lasten) rišejo ali pišejo. Nekatera orodja ponujajo predstavljene predloge za različne vrste projektov – brainstorming, planiranje … O Miro-jevih funkcijskih zmogljivostih piše tudi Zarqoon Amin. • Najbolj osnovne so neskončnost platna, vsestranske predloge Velikost table – običajno neomejena velikost prostora za , ustvarjanje (v obliki neskončne table, zvezka) z možnostjo interaktivni elementi, pametno risanje, vgrajen klepet, časovnik, dodajanja novih drsnic. skupna raba zaslona, povezovanje z drugimi napravami [5]. Primer vsestranske predloge predstavljata slika 2 in slika 3. 2.2 Aplikacija Miro Digitalna tabla Miro je orodje za skupinsko sodelovalno delo in interaktivno upravljanje nalog (projektov, sestankov). Ekipam, ki z njim delajo, omogoča ustvarjanje, sodelovanje in deljenje idej ter informacij v obliki prispevkov na virtualnem platnu. Aplikacija Miro izpolnjuje vse zgoraj navedene karakteristike, s poudarkom na zelo širokem naboru vsebin, ki jih lahko dodajamo, o tem pišejo tudi pri TechAcute [3]. Navajajo tudi, da Miro nudi sedem različnih vrst primerov uporabe, vsaka pa vodi do 40 ali več inovativnih predlog. V primeru, da je predlog premalo, so na voljo tudi plačljive. Sicer je aplikacija za učitelje brezplačna, potrebna je le registracija učitelja. Študenti tablo lahko uporabljajo kot aktivni ali neaktivni uporabniki. V prvem primeru se morajo v aplikacijo prijaviti, saj jim prijava omogoča ustvarjanje vsebine, v drugem primeru prijava v aplikacijo ni potrebna, vendar je vsebina le na vpogled. 2.2.1 Uporaba tabelske slike Miro Tabelska slika Miro na videz resnično deluje kot neskončna tabla. Slika 2: Glasovanje (vir: lasten) O tem piše tudi vodja trženja pri Miro-ju Natalie Nedre in poudarja, da Miro omogoča shranjevanje vsega na neskončnem Na sliki 2 je predstavljen primer glasovanja. Skupina, ki je platnu, ta pa ponuja helikopterski pogled na celotni projekt. Vsak glasovala za najboljšo idejo, je s krogci, ki so posamezniku član ekipe z dostopom lahko kadarkoli odpre tablo in preveri pripadali, na samolepilnem lističu označila najboljše ideje. Ideja z trenutno stanje katere koli datoteke, ne da bi mu bilo potrebno največ pikami je najboljša. V primeru, da ima več idej isto število iskati po mapah, preklapljati pri prijavi ali se premikati med pripadajočih glasovalnih krogcev, se glasovanje ponovi, vendar v zavihki. Hkrati avtorica prispevka poudarja, da ima Miro vedno ožjem krogu idej. Glasovanje in druge naloge lahko časovno večji nabor dodatkov za sodelovanje in vizualizacijo [2]. Eden od omejimo s pomočjo odštevalnika časa. orodij, ki je zelo primeren za izvedbo brainstorminga, so samolepilni lističi. Primer je prikazan na sliki 1. Na Medpodjetniškem izobraževalnem centru ŠC Kranj smo razmišljali o temi novega Erasmus + projekta. 485 - sledimo kazalcu oz. puščici, kjer se posameznik premika; - zapisujemo komentarje; - družno dopolnjujemo vsebino v dokumentu; - vklopimo video klepet. V primeru, ko ne uporabljamo predlog, je zelo priročna funkcija v Miro-ju tudi pametno risanje, ki nam omogoča poljubno ustvarjanje različnih miselnih vzorcev, slik, tabel, grafikonov. Slika 5 prikazuje primer miselnega vzorca, ki je bil del ene delovne plošče, namenjene izdelavi diplomske naloge. Poleg miselnega vzorca si študenti na tej delovni plošči lahko ogledajo in si prenesejo naložene dokumente, s pomočjo predloge za razvijanje ideje pa skupaj z mentorjem poiščejo končen naslov. Slika 3 : Seznam opravil (vir: lasten) Na sliki 3 je predstavljena predloga seznama opravil, ki jo določata trud in pomembnost naloge. Prednastavljene vrednosti na vseh predlogah seveda lahko poljubno spreminjamo, prav tako tudi barve in oblike samolepilnih lističev in glasovalnih likov, ki jih skupina lepi na posamezno okno. Slika 5: Miselni vzorec (vir: lasten) 2.2.2 Učne koristi tabelske slike Tabelske slike omogočajo bolj jasno in strukturirano organizacijo Slika 4: Ravnanje z dokumenti (vir: ŠC Kranj) podatkov. Pri delu s študenti smo ugotavljali, da je v primeru, če je tabelska slika dobro zasnovana, iz nje lahko hitro in enostavno razbrati informacije, opaziti vzorce, trende ali pa relacije med Slika 4 predstavlja ravnanje z dokumenti. Vsi udeleženci skupine, podatki. Tudi zato se lahko lažje razume kompleksne koncepte. ki imajo pravice do urejanja, namreč lahko na tabli delijo Prednost je tudi ta, da kar na enem mestu lahko preverimo razlike projektne datoteke, jih komentirajo, uporabljajo emoje … Vsi in podobnosti med različnimi vrednostmi in naredimo hitro dokumenti so berljivi (pdf, word, excel, powerpoint …). Ko se analizo. Kadar razpolagamo z veliko količino podatkov, nam nanje postavimo z miško, jih lahko v celoti prelistamo, tabelske slike omogočajo večjo preglednost, obenem pa lahko s premikamo, označujemo … Če je potrebno, dokumentu lahko podatki manipuliramo, jih razvrščamo in jih analiziramo, s čimer prilepimo tudi povezavo do uradne spletne strani, kjer se nahaja, spodbujamo aktivno razmišljanje in sodelovalno učenje. Učeči se kar je iz slike tudi razvidno. z njihovo pomočjo učijo ocenjevati podatke, preverjati njihovo Ustvarjamo lahko direktno na platnu, lahko pa platno razdelimo verodostojnost in jih interpretirati, kar pa spodbuja razvoj na delovne plošče (framei), s pomočjo katerih lahko ločimo kritičnega mišljenja. posamezne teme, dokumente, analize … Vsaka delovna plošča ima ena 3. ZAKLJUČEK k nabor ustvarjalnih orodij. Znotraj Digitalizacija ne sme nadomestiti klasičnih učnih metod. Če ekipe tako lahko vsi, ki v skupini delajo, uporabljajo razpoložljiva orodja za izražanje želimo doseči najboljše rezultate pri poučevanju in učenju, jih svojih idej in mnenja. Lahko se sprehajamo po celotni tabli ali pa po posamezni delovni plošči. Če uporabimo mora le dopolnjevati in prilagajati. Omogočati mora izboljšanje možnost učnih pristopov ter prilagajanje učenja sodobnim potrebam in @omembe nekoga na naloženi sliki ali dokumentu, Miro takoj pošlje obvestilo omenjenemu. Tako lahko sodelujoči takoj trendom. Tabelska slika Miro in njej podobna orodja so se v vidijo komentar, komunikacija in odziv sta posledično hitrejša, praksi izkazala kot dobra orodja za učenje, saj vizualno podprejo učne cilje. projekt pa zato hitreje napreduje. Pri skupnem ustvarjanju tabelne Miro je uporaben za različne scenarije - timsko delo, slike lahko delu posameznika sledimo na tri načine: projektno delo, design thinking … Izboljšuje sodelovalno delo in omogoča bolj vizualno in interaktivno upravljanje idej in 486 projektov. Informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija spreminja [3] Shalinn Da (2021) Miro: Digitalna tabla, ki podpira proces izobraževanja tako s prostorskega kot časovnega vidika, sodelovanje, preslikavo misli in še več (online). (Najdeno 27. obenem pa vpliva tudi na organizacijo učenja. Vlogo učitelja je 6. 2023). Najdeno na spletnem naslovu močno spremenila, saj učitelj mora, če želi uresničevati svoje https://techacute.com/miro-the-digital-whiteboard/ poslanstvo, skladno z njenim razvojem, slediti napredku, ob tem [4] Urbančič, M. idr. Strokovne podlage za didaktično uporabo v pa predvsem samoiniciativno iskati, se učiti uporabljati in izobraževalnem procesu za področje družboslovja in preizkušati nova orodja za učinkovito uporabo pri pouku in jih humanistike (onine) . (Najdeno 10. 8 . 2023). Najdeno na kritično vrednotiti. spletnem naslovu file:///C:/Users/Katarina/Downloads/Strokovne%20podlage %20za%20didakti%C4%8Dno%20uporabo%20IKT%20v% 20izobra%C5%BEevalnem%20procesu%20za%20podro%C 4. VIRI IN LITERATURA 4%8Dje%20druzboslovje%20in%20humanistika.pdf [1] Ali ste se v zadnjih mesecih posluževali orodij za (sodelovalno) ustvarjanje tabelske slike? (online) (Najdeno [5] Zarqoon Amin (2023). 12 best whiteboard apps and software 27. 6. 2023) Najdeno na spletnem naslovu (web and desktop) (online). (Najdeno 14. 8. 2023). Najdeno https://digitalna.uni-lj.si/2021/05/11/orodja-za-ustvarjanje- na spletnem naslovu https://squeezegrowth.com/sl/best- tabelske-slike/ whiteboard-apps-software/ [2] Natalie Nedre. Interaktivna kolaborativna tabla Miro (online). (Najdeno 14. 8. 2023). Najdeno na spletnem naslovu https://miro.com/blog/features/use-cases-to-speed- up-collaboration-in-your-team/ 487 sBiblos - novost v naši šolski knjižnici sBiblos - novelty in our school library Katarina Jesih Šterbenc Ime Priimek Srednja vzgojiteljska šola, Naziv institucije gimnazija in umetniška gimnazija Kraj, Država Ljubljana email@email.com Ljubljana, Slovenija katarina.jesih.sterbenc@svsgugl.si POVZETEK digitalni prostor za učenje v šoli, v katerem so branje, poizvedovanje, raziskovanje, razmišljanje, domišljija in Besedilo opisuje ter predstavlja šolsko knjižnico gimnazije ter ustvarjalnost bistveni za pot učencev od informacij do znanja ter novost – storitev izposoje e-knjig prek aplikacije sBiblos, kar je za njihovo osebno, družbeno in kulturno rast«[2]. V naslednjem kot pilotni projekt omogočilo pristojno ministrstvo. Prikazane in poglavju bo predstavljena naša šolska knjižnica. predstavljene so podrobnosti vpeljave novosti v šolsko knjižnico, izvedba pouka za dijake, sama izposoja e-knjig ter statistični podatki o izposoji e-knjig. 2 ŠOLSKA KNJIŽNICA SREDNJA VZGOJITELJSKA ŠOLA, GIMNAZIJA IN KLJUČNE BESEDE UMETNIŠKA GIMNAZIJA LJUBLJANA Šolske knjižnice, e-branje, sBiblos, motivacija, IKT Šolska knjižnica na gimnaziji ni več samo prostor, v katerem so ABSTRACT shranjene knjige in se te izposojajo v strogi tišini. “Tradicionalno pojmovanje šolske knjižnice se je spremenilo: knjižnica ni The article describes and introduces secondary school library and skladišče knjig, ampak središče, kjer se znanje, zapisano na the new e-book lending service through the sBiblos application, različnih nosilcih, razpršuje, knjižnica je torej bolj križišče poti, which was made possible by the ministry responsible for education as a pilot project. The details of the introduction of the po katerih se pretaka znanje” [3]. Šolska knjižnica na Srednji innovation in the school library, the implementation of the vzgojiteljski šoli, gimnaziji in umetniški gimnaziji Ljubljana lessons for students, the e-book lending itself and the statistics (dalje SVŠGUGL) se nahaja na dveh lokacijah, tako kot tudi on e-book lending are presented and discussed. sama šola. Večina gradiva se nahaja v matični stavbi na naslovu Kardeljeva ploščad 28 A (Slika 1), manjši del gradiva, ki je KEYWORDS namenjen izključno programu predšolska vzgoja na naslovu School libraries, e-reading, sBiblos, motivation, ICT Kardeljeva ploščad 16. 1 UVOD Šolske knjižnice v Sloveniji so pomemben del vzgojno- izobraževalnega sistema ter vsakega zavoda oziroma šole. Svojim uporabnikom nudijo dostop do različnih tiskanih in elektronskih virov (knjige, referenčna gradiva, serijske publikacije) in drugih informacijskih materialov, ki jim pomagajo pri učenju, raziskovanju in razvijanju bralnih navad. Šolsko knjižnico določa 68. člen Zakona o organizaciji in financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja [1], v katerem piše, da ima šola knjižnico, v kateri se zbira, strokovno obdeluje, hrani, predstavlja in izposoja knjižnično gradivo ter opravlja informacijsko-dokumentacijsko delo kot sestavino vzgojno- izobraževalnega dela v šoli. Torej je šolska knjižnica sestavni del vzgojno- Slika 1: Pogled na police v naši šolski knjižnici izobraževalnega dela v šoli in je namenjena vzgojno- izobraževalnemu procesu ter potrebam učencev in delavcev šole, Poleg omenjenih dveh lokacij knjižnice, imamo tudi bralni zato je pomembno, da se vključuje v delo na šoli (Medved, 2020, kotiček, to je prostor nad plesnimi dvoranami, ki je namenjen str. 4). S svojimi nalogami, dejavnostmi, aktivnostmi in počitku in neformalnemu druženju. V tem prostoru imajo dijaki gradivom pospešuje ter razvija kulturne navade, krepi veselje do na razpolago gradivo, ki je prosto dostopno in ga lahko branja pri učencih ter nudi mnogo možnosti za pridobivanje uporabljajo kadarkoli. Tudi v času njihovih popoldanskih izkušenj ter novega znanja. Šolska knjižnica je torej »fizični in treningov. Posebnost bralnega kotička je v tem, da dijaki 488 soustvarjajo prostor in soustvarjajo ponudbo gradiva. Ta prostor dijake. Prav tako sem izvedla reklamo med sodelavci in dijaki. je kot neke vrste knjigobežnica, uporabniki prinesejo svoje Ugotavljam, da je zelo pomembno, da naše dijake seznanimo in gradivo in lahko vzamejo gradivo, ki so ga prinesli predhodniki. jim omogočimo uporabo e-knjig. V naši šolski knjižnici smo dijakom v okviru organiziranih Vsaka šolska knjižnica ima knjižnično gradivo, kar aktivnosti predstavili sBiblos ter jim po korakih razložili predstavlja zbirko gradiv, ki se redno dopolnjuje, ureja in hkrati prednosti [6]. tudi izloča. Knjižnično gradivo [4] so publikacije in dokumenti v Na kratko bom predstavilo eno izmed ur pouka knjižnično- knjižnični zbirki, ki jim je knjižnica dodala knjižnično informacijskega znanja (KIZ), ki sem ga letos izvajala prvič na informacijo: UDK-vrstilec za opredelitev vsebine, s katerim je to temo. predmet obravnave lahko opredeljen tudi s krajevno, časovno in Z dijaki drugega letnika smo preizkusili uporabo platforme metodološko oznako, in signaturo za oznako lokacije publikacije šBiblos. Predstavila sem jim platformo, načine iskanja, v knjižnični zbirki ter inventarno številko kot lastninsko oznako navigacijo ter navodila za uporabo, ki so objavljena na spletni [5]. Knjižnično gradivo je tudi neknjižno gradivo – to so posebne strani sBiblos. Dijaki so si na svoje mobilne naprave namestili brste gradiva, ki za uporabo potrebujejo določene naprave. Med aplikacijo ter uporabljali tudi aplikacijo mCOBISS ali Mojo neknjižno gradivo sodijo kasete, cd in dvd plošče in razni knjižnico. Uporabo aplikacije mCOBISS smo že prejšnje ure predmeti ter drugo. Z leti in z razvojem sodobne tehnologije ter KIZ že uporabljali in se je naučili uporabljati. Dijaki so začeli z e-poti pa so knjižnično gradivo postale tudi e-knjige. V Sloveniji izposojo e-knjig v sistemu sBiblos, kar je bilo razvidno v je nekaj ponudnikov le-teh, a za potrebe knjižnične izposoje se je statistiki izposoje COBISS3 (Grafikon 1). razvil Biblos. Za potrebe šolskih knjižnic pa se je v lanskem letu Kot že omenjeno, je po navodilih Ministrstva za vzgojo in razvila platforma sBiblos. Več o tem v naslednjem poglavju. izobraževanje, IZUM vsem šolskim knjižnicam sBiblos vključil v COBISS3 ter v lokalne baze dodal ustrezne bibliografske zapise e-knjig. Tako je imela vsaka šolska knjižnica pripravljeno 3 KAJ JE SBIBLOS zalogo ter nabor naslovov e-knjig. Ministrstvo za izobraževanje znanost in šport (sedaj Ministrstvo za vzgojo in izobraževanje) je v sodelovanju z več strokovnimi službami in zavodi (Zavod RS za šolstvo, IZUM …) omogočilo 100 81 brezplačen dostop do e-knjig (prek aplikacije sBiblos) učencem 72 80 3. vzgojno izobraževalnega obdobja osnovnih šol, srednješolcem 59 ter otrokom in mladostnikom s posebnimi potrebami. 60 48 49 Ker gre za enoletni pilotni projekt, so si na pristojnem 36 40 ministrstvu želeli, da bi se vse šolske knjižnice vključile ter 23 23 pričele z uporabo platforme sBiblos (https://www.sbiblos.si) in 20 svojim uporabnikom ponudile brezplačen dostop do e-knjig 0 (Slika 2). MVI po zaključku projekta napoveduje evalvacijo, ki februar marec april maj bo prikazala rezultate ter usmeritve za nadaljnji razvoj ter uporabo platforme sBiblos v šolskih knjižnicah. Št. izposoj Št. naslovov Grafikon 1: Prikaz statistike izposoje Na grafikonu so vidni statistični prikazi števila izposoj (posamezni uporabniki oziroma dijaki naše šole) ter število naslovov, ki so se v določenem mesecu izposojali. Gre za mesece od februarja do maja 2023. Kot je razvidno iz grafikona, je izposoja počasi naraščala iz meseca v mesec. E-knjige so dostopne vsak čas dneva, ne glede na odprtost knjižnice. Tako so nekateri dijaki ugotovili, da so si pozabili izposoditi tikano knjigo v knjižnici ali pa so bili že vsi izvodi Slika 2: Zaslonska slika vstopne strani sBiblos določenega naslova izposojeni, zato so si lahko pomagali s platformo sBiblos ter na ta način prišli do gradiva (še posebno se je to pokazalo pri obveznem domačem branju, ko vsi dijaki 4 STATISTIČNI PREGLED IZPOSOJE morajo prebrati izbrane naslove). SBIBLOS Dijake sem tudi na kratko anketirala o sami platformi, uporabnosti ter rokovanju in pridobila koristne informacije, ki so Na SVŠGUGL smo se hitro odločili in uredili vse bile del poročanja na zaključni konferenci ob koncu šolskega formalnosti, da smo lahko pristopili k projektu in našim dijakom leta. ponudili možnost brezplačnih e-knjig. Kot šolska knjižničarka Ravno tako sem se odločila ter s pridobljenimi podatki sem poskrbela za vse formalnosti ter za predstavitev projekta pripravila dopis z evalvacijo in opisom ter predlogi za pristojno vodstvu, pri čemer sem izpostavila pomen projekta za naše ministrstvo. 489 5 ZAKLJUČEK LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Zakon o organizaciji in financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja (ZOFVI). (2007). Uradni list RS, št. 16/2007 – uradno prečiščeno besedilo, 36/08, V prispevku je bila predstavljena novost preteklega šolskega leta, 58/09, 64/09 – popr., 65/09 – popr., 20/11, 40/12 – ZUJF, 57/12 – ZPCP- ki jo je za vse šolske knjižnice v Sloveniji uvedlo Ministrstvo za 2D, 47/15, 46/16, 49/16 – popr., 25/17 – ZVaj in 123/21. vzgojo in izobraževanje. Vpeljava in ideja o platformi sBiblos za [2] FLA – Smernice za šolske knjižnice (2. dop. izd.). (2019). Zveza bibliotekarskih društev Slovenije. http://www.zbds- šolske knjižnice je nastala in se izkazala za nujno med posebnimi zveza.si/sites/default/files/dokumenti/ifla_guidelines.pdf (Original dela šolskimi leti, ki jih je v preteklosti zaznamovala pandemija izdan v angleščini junija 2015) [3] Rebolj, V. (2008). E-izobraževanje: skozi očala pedagogike in didaktike. COVID-19. Didakta. Dijakom se je platforma zdela uporabna in pregledna, vendar [4] Steinbuch, M. (ur.). (2010). P osodobitve pouka v gimnazijski praksi: Knjižnično informacijsko znanje. Zavod RS za šolstvo. so bili razočarani nad izborom e-knjig. Ugotovili so, da niso našli [5] Zakon o knjižničarstvu (ZKnj-1). (2001). Uradni list RS, št. 87/2001, ustrezne literature za svoje domače branje. O tem bom pripravila 96/2002 – ZUJIK, 92/2015. tudi obvestilo za pristojno ministrstvo, morda bodo pri evalvaciji [6] Fekonja, R. (2022). Vloga šolske knjižnice – od skladišča do središča branja in stičišča medpredmetnega povezovanja. V R. Fekonja (ur.), upoštevali primernost že ponujenega gradiva ter razmislili o širši Šolska knjižnica kot središče branja in stičišče medpredmetnega ponudbi. povezovanja (str. 14–15). Zavod RS za šolstvo. 490 Poučevanje in učenje s pomočjo IKT pri pouku športne vzgoje Teaching and learning with ICT in P. E. classes Anže Jurgele Šolski center Kranj Kranj, Slovenija anze.jurgele@sckr.si POVZETEK kakovostno športno vadbo prispevamo k skladnemu bio- psihosocialnemu razvoju mladega človeka, sprostitvi, V današnjem času nas informacijo-komunikacijska tehnologija nevtralizaciji negativnih učinkov večurnega sedenja in drugih (IKT) spremlja na vsakem koraku. Je zaščitni znak sodobne nezdravih navad. Ob sprotni skrbi za zdrav razvoj ga vzgajamo družbe in človeku danes vsekakor omogoča prijaznejše in učimo, kako bo v vseh obdobjih življenja bogatil svoj prosti življenje, ter mu olajša marsikateri napor. Razvoj interneta in čas s športnimi vsebinami. Z zdravim življenjskim slogom bo IKT spreminjata proces učenja in poučevanja tudi v srednji šoli. tako lahko skrbel za dobro počutje, zdravje, vitalnost in Učitelji pri poučevanju vse pogosteje uporabljajo IKT, dijaki življenjski optimizem [1]. pa pri učenju. Sodobna tehnologija dopolnjuje in nadgrajuje izobraževanje. Učitelj lahko pouk s pomočjo IKT naredi Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) zadnja leta opozarja zanimivejši in kvalitetnejši, hkrati pa pripravi dijake k na alarmantno stanje, saj so kar štirje od petih mladostnikov sodelovanju in tako tudi dodatno motivira. V prispevku je med 11. in 17. letom starosti premalo telesno aktivni in preveč predstavljena uporaba IKT (programa CoachNow), ki služi kot na telefonih. Zaradi nezadostne aktivnosti je ogroženo zdravje pomoč in popestritev pri poučevanju nekaterih športnih vsebin otrok, kot tudi razvoj njihovih možganov in družbenih veščin, pri predmetu športna vzgoja. opozarja WHO. Otroci bi se morali gibati najmanj uro na dan, neaktivnost pa je pogostejša med dekleti. Tudi v Sloveniji je KLJUČNE BESEDE slika podobna; v letu 2016 je bilo telesno nedejavnih 80 odstotkov mladostnikov, kar je 0,1-odstotne točke manj kot leta IKT, športna vzgoja, video analiza 2001. Športna vzgoja je v primerjavi z drugimi učnimi predmeti res nekaj posebnega. Gibanje je uporabljeno kot medij za ABSTRACT pridobivanje znanja. Učenec, ki ima sicer težave na področju pridobivanja akademskega znanja, je lahko zelo uspešen na Nowadays, information and communication (ICT) is present področju športne vzgoje. Vendar pa športna vzgoja ne pomeni wherever we go. It is a trademark of the modern society and it le gibanja samega po sebi, zabave in sprostitve, ampak je to certainly helps a person to have a nicer life and makes many predmet, pri katerem zasledujemo gibalne in vzgojne cilje ter efforts easier. The development of the Internet and ICT is cilje razvoja temeljnih gibalnih sposobnosti. Je tudi predmet, changing the process of learning and teaching in secondary pri katerem je potrebno vedeti kako se kaj varno in tehnično schools as well. Teachers are increasingly using ICT for pravilno (s tem tudi energetsko ekonomično) izvede, da bomo teaching, as much as the students are for learning. Modern uspešni. To pa je pogoj, da bomo kasneje v življenju to radi technology enhances and upgrades education. With the help of počeli. Športna vzgoja spodbuja tudi razvijanje spretnosti ICT, the teacher can make lessons more interesting and or vodenja oz. nudi veliko možnosti za medsebojno sodelovanje. higher quality, and the same time, we can also encourage Že v naravi predmeta je torej ideja po pridobivanju znanja in students to participate, which provides more motivation. The spretnosti za življenje [2]. paper presents the implementation of CoachNow which serves as an aid and a tool in order to enrich some sports content in Športni način življenja je sistem vrednot, ki jih postopno physical education. pridobimo v življenju in postanejo naš osebni življenjski slog. Življenjski vzorci postanejo individualna potreba posameznika, KEYWORDS katera prihaja iz njega samega, vzpostavi se notranja disciplina, daje nam univerzalno življenjsko energijo, in s tem odpira nove ICT, Phyisical Education, video analysis razsežnosti bivanja [3]. 2. KAJ JE INFROMACIJSKO- KOMUNIKACIJSKA TEHNOLOGIJA 1. UVOD (IKT)? Šolska športna vzgoja je nenehen proces bogatenja znanja, Elston pojem informacijsko-komunikacijsko tehnologijo (v razvijanja sposobnosti in lastnosti ter pomembno sredstvo za nadaljevanju IKT) opredeli kot tehnologijo, ki se uporablja za oblikovanje osebnosti in odnosov med posamezniki. Z redno in 491 upravljanje z informacijami in kot pomoč pri komunikaciji [4]. 2.2 UPORABA IKT PRI PREDMETU IKT je skupen izraz različnih računalniških, informacijskih in ŠPORTNA VZGOJA komunikacijskih naprav, ki so postale naš vsakdanji spremljevalec [5]. Tehnološki napredek je zajel tudi področje Učenje in poučevanje s pomočjo IKT, svetovnega spleta in šolstva, zato so se bile šole primorane informatizirati. IKT je virtualnih okolij, je vsekakor tudi pri pouku športne vzgoje postal nepogrešljiv pripomoček pri učenju in poučevanju. dobrodošlo in potrebno, saj ponuja številne priložnosti za Glavni cilji vključevanja IKT v pouk so informacijska kvalitetnejše usvajanje zastavljenih ciljev ter doseganje čim pismenost, nove spretnosti in bogatejše izkušnje. Za ustrezno in boljših rezultatov učenja. Uporaba IKT nadgradi in bogati smiselno rabo IKT pri pouku je odgovoren usposobljen učitelj. klasično poučevanje in naj ne bo predmet učenja ali orodje za Tehnologija omogoča učiteljem, da pouk načrtujejo bolj učenje, temveč medij, ki pomaga pri pridobivanju znanja. učinkovito, od učencev pa zahteva, da so pri pouku aktivni in Največkrat se pri športni vzgoji uporablja video kamera ali motivirani [6]. fotoaparat, razna CD in DVD gradiva, svetovni splet, merilnike srčnega utripa, štoparice in prenosni računalnik [12]. Enotne definicije, ki bi natančno opredelila IKT ni, vsem pa je skupno to, da se v opredelitvi omenja beseda komunikacija. V Učitelj športne vzgoje ima možnost uporabiti IKT v učnem literaturi je mogoče zaslediti več opredelitev IKT. procesu pri: 2.1 IKT V IZOBRAŽEVANJU - načrtovanju pouka: priprava na pouk, letna delovna priprava, program športnih dni, interesnih dejavnosti, šole IKT je danes del učnega načrta srednjih šol. Uporablja se lahko v naravi zgolj kot eden od učnih pripomočkov ali pa se IKT poučuje pri - ustvarjanju spodbudnega učnega okolja: motivacija ločenem oziroma posebnem predmetu [7]. Proces vpeljevanja učencev pri vzdržljivostnih aktivnostih z merilci utripa, IKT v srednjih šolah se je pri nas začel s projektom spremljanje napredka učencev računalniške pismenosti. V projektu, ki se je izvajal leta 1972, - pripravi materialov – učnih lističev in kartonov je sodelovalo 30 šol. V času projekta so se izvajala - teoretični nadgradnji praktičnega pouka: predstavitve izobraževanja za učitelje. Izdana sta bila tudi učbenika za informacij z možnostjo večkratnega dostopa, ponovitev, učitelje in učence [8]. sprotnega dopolnjevanja - vodenje in spremljanje tekmovanj: razredna in šolska Nove tehnologije podpirajo izobraževanje, ga nadgrajujejo in tekmovanja, lige naredijo bolj fleksibilnega. Omogočajo učinkovitejšo - komuniciranju z učenci, starši in drugimi učitelji ter komunikacijo učitelja z učenci, ki pred uporabo IKT ni bila njihovemu informiranju mogoča [9]. - učenju na daljavo Cilji uvajanja sodobne IKT v izobraževanje se lahko razdelijo - analizi stanja znanja in gibalnih ter funkcionalnih sposobnosti otrok v različnih fazah učnega procesa v tri sklope: - iskanju različnih virov informacij, zbiranju in obdelavi - pridobivanje določenih znanj in spretnosti vezanih na podatkov [13]. sodobne tehnološke procese pri poznejšem vključevanju v delo; Z aktivnimi metodami dela in ob vseh možnostih, ki jih IKT tehnologija omogoča, učitelji motivirajo učence in dijake za - zagotavljanje ključnih informacij o IKT, njenem delovanju in posledicah vsem učencem; športno udejstvovanje v šoli in vsakdanjem življenju. Ob tem naj upoštevajo njihove individualne zmožnosti ter - izboljšanje pogoje učenja in poučevanja [10]. razpoložljivost, ustreznost in dostopnost opreme. Vpliv IKT je v izobraževalno okolje prinesel številne nove učinkovite metode, hkrati pa je nova tehnologija omogočila 2.2.1 GIMNASTIKA razvoj novih učnih metod, ki so jih glede na zastavljene cilje izobraževanja oblikovali učitelji [11]. Gimnastika je oblika telesnih vaj, katerih glavna značilnost je natančno izpolnjevanje časovnih in prostorskih elementov Uvedba IKT v pouk ima naslednje pomembne vplive na gibanja. Je sistem izbranih vaj in metodičnih postopkov [14]. izobraževanje: Gimnastična vadba ima zaradi raznovrstnih učinkov pomemben vpliv na otrokov razvoj, saj otrok pridobiva - razvijanje spretnosti učencev, ki so potrebne za osnovna gibalna znanja, izboljšuje gibalne sposobnosti, se 13 življenje in delo v 21. stoletju; nauči nadzorovati svoje telo v različnih položajih in smereh - učitelje spodbuja k spremembi načina učenja v gibanja, oblikuje pravilno držo, hkrati pa pridobiva tudi razredu z interaktivnimi in dinamičnimi viri; občutek za lepoto gibanja [15]. - za učence zagotavlja bogatejšo izkušnjo učenja in več motivacije [8]. Gimnastika je umeščena v učne načrte športne vzgoje na vseh ravneh in oblikah šolanja, tako da je izbor ciljev, vsebin in 492 standardov znanja prilagojen stopnji razvoja učencev ali dijakov [14]. 2.2.2 UČENJE OSNOVNIH AKROBAT- SKIH PRVIN S POMOČJO IKT Pri poučevanju osnovnih akrobatskih prvin (preval naprej, preval nazaj, preval letno, premet v stran, stoja na rokah, stoja na lopaticah …) si lahko pomagamo s programom/aplikacijo CoachNow. Slednji nam omogoča video analizo gibanja na dva načina: - predstavitev pravilne izvedbe posamezne vaje v počasnem posnetku, - vsak vadeči si lahko po opravljenem gibanju, le-to ponovno ogleda v počasnem posnetku in tako vidi vse svoje morebitne pomanjkljivosti ter napake same izvedbe. Slika 2. Analiza gibanja pri stoji na rokah Dijaki prvega letnika so si pred izvedbo posamezne osnovne akrobatske prvine, le-to ogledali v počasnem posnetku. Tako so vsi poleg teoretične razlage dobili tudi vizualno predstavo pravilne izvedbe. Po zaključenem ogledu, ogrevanju in vadbi predvaj, je sledila njihova praktična izvedba končnega gibanja. Končno izvedbo vsakega dijaka smo tudi posneli, da so si jo lahko tudi sami ogledali (Slika 1 in 2). 3. ZAKLJUČEK Pri urah športne vzgoje lahko uporaba IKT prinaša veliko pozitivnih učinkov tako učiteljem kot tudi dijakom, a vseeno je potrebno posvetiti pozornost temu, da njeno vnašanje v pouk ni prekomerno in le takrat, kadar je smiselno. Uporaba IKT naj ne bo za vsako ceno in vsekakor ne namesto praktičnega dela pouka. Predvsem naj bodo sredstva IKT praktičnemu pouku športne vzgoje v pomoč in dopolnitev. Uporablja naj se Slika 1. Analiza gibanja pri prevalu nazaj predvsem tam, kjer učiteljem olajša in skrajša čas priprav na delo in kjer se zaradi uporabe kažejo boljši rezultati znanja. 4. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Kovač, M., Markun Puhan, N., Lorenci, B., Novak, L., Planinšec, J., Hrastar, I., … Muha, V. (2011). Učni načrt , osnovna šola, športna vzgoja. Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport: Zavod RS za šolstvo. [2] Body and Mind. Pridobljeno (17. 2. 2020), s http://publications.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?resID=2591 9. [3] Bizjak, M. (1999). Šport od mladosti k zrelosti. Ljubljana: Karantanija. [4] Elston, C. (2007). Using ICT in the primary school. London: Paul Chapman publishing. [5] Zuljan, D. (2014). Tehnološka pismenost v obdobju zgornjega učenja. Koper: Univerzitetna založba Annales ludus. 493 [6] Bokal, Ž. (2017). Uporaba informacijsko komunikacijske [12] Markun Puhan, N. (2010). Športna vzgoja in IKT . tehnologije v družboslovju od 1. do 5. razreda. Pridobljeno s (Magistrska naloga, Pedagoška fakulteta). Pridobljeno s http://skupnost.sio.si/course/view.php?id=5529. http://pefprints.pef.uni-lj.si/4791/. [13] Sotošek, G. (2008). Možnosti za uporabo sredstev IKT [7] Tišler, T., Černilec, B., Vehovec, M., Korošec, D., pri pouku športne vzgoje. Pridoblljeno s Brezovar, D. in Pungartnik, S. (2006). Vodenje za http://svz.splet.arnes.si/gradiva-in-prispevki-clanov- spodbujanje informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije skupine/ na šolah. Ljubljana: Evropski socialni sklad. [14] Novak, D., Kovač, M., Čuk, I. (2008). Gimnastična [8] Brečko, B. N., Vehovar, V. (2008). Informacijsko- abeceda. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za komunikacijska tehnologija pri poučevanju in učenju v šport, Inštitut za šport. slovenskih šolah. Ljubljana: Pedagoški inštitut. [15] Bučar Pajek, M. (2003). Dejavniki uspešnosti programa [9] Dawes, L. (2001). What stops teachers using new akrobatike za študentke na Fakulteti za šport. Doktorska technology? V: Leask, M. (2001). Issues in teaching disertacija, Ljubljana: Fakulteta za šport. using ICT. London: Routledge. [10] Gerlič, I. (1998). Informacijska družba in sodobna šola, vzročno-posledična razmerja. Novo Mesto: Pedagoška obzorja, letnik 13, št. 3/4. [11] Rebolj, V. (2008). E-izobraževanje: skozi očala pedagogike in didaktike. Radovljica: Didakta. 494 Digitalne veščine s poštevanko v medgeneracijskem okolju Digital skills with multiplication in intergenerational environment Anja Kotnik Lebar Anja Kotnik Lebar Anja Kotnik Lebar OŠ Toma Brejca OŠ Toma Brejca OŠ Toma Brejca Kamnik, Slovenija Kamnik, Slovenija Kamnik, Slovenija anja.kotnik.lebar@ostb.si anja.kotnik.lebar@ostb.si anja.kotnik.lebar@ostb.si POVZETEK The goals of our intergenerational lessons for the third-grade pupils were to revise their knowledge of multiplication with the Učenje poštevanke v tretjem razredu je za marsikaterega učenca help of tablets, to motivate them to practice at home and to boost velik izziv. Cilj ob koncu tretjega razreda je, da učenec their self-confidence when using information and poštevanko avtomatizira. Prav tako pa je pomembno, da poleg communications technology. Ninth-grade pupils helped memoriziranja rezultatov otrok poštevanko tudi razume. achieving the previously mentioned goals while practising their Učitelji za učenje poštevanke uporabljamo različne metode in skills of patience and motivation during the lessons. Not only the didaktične pristope, s katerimi poskušamo učence navdušiti. Kar third-grade pupils, but also the ninth-grade pupils revised their nekaj naših učnih ur, ki so bile namenjene poštevanki, je bilo knowledge of multiplication while encouraging younger pupils izvedenih v družbi devetošolcev. and being good motivators. Cilji naših medgeneracijskih druženj so bili, da učenci tretjega The multiplication tasks were carried out with the help of the razreda utrdijo znanje poštevanke s pomočjo tabličnih application Quizlet. The result of our intergenerational lessons računalnikov, dobijo veselje za vajo doma in postanejo were better knowledge of multiplication and higher motivation samozavestnejši pri uporabi informacijsko to study it. The goals were achieved successfully by good -komunikacijske mentorship of the older pupils and by using modern information tehnologije. Pri doseganju ciljev so jim pomagali devetošolci, ki and communications technology which diversified lessons. so skozi vsa srečanja urili svojo potrpežljivost in motivatorske vrline. Tudi devetošolci so v vlogi motivatorjev in KEYWORDS spodbujevalcev utrdili svoje znanje poštevanke. multiplication, intergenerational socialising, tablet, mentorship, Naloge so bile izvedene s pomočjo aplikacije Quizlet. Rezultata modern information and communications technology naših medgeneracijskih druženj sta bila boljše znanje poštevanke in višja motivacija za njeno učenje. K temu sta zagotovo botrovala uporaba sodobne informacijsko-komunikacijske 1 UVOD tehnologije, ki je popestrila učne ure, ter dobro mentorstvo Medgeneracijsko povezovanje, združeno z starejših učencev. utrjevanjem poštevanke, prinaša znanje, ki je v KLJUČNE BESEDE življenju pomembno. Tega se zavedajo tako poštevanka, medgeneracijsko druženje, tablični računalnik, tretješolci kot tudi devetošolci, ki se vsakič znova mentorstvo, informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija razveselijo novih nalog in izzivov. Nekateri izzivi so lažji, spet drugi veliko težji. Toda lažje jih ABSTRACT premostimo, če imamo ob sebi nekoga, ki nas Learning multiplication in the third grade can present a huge spodbuja in verjame v nas. Mojim tretješolcem je challenge for many a pupil. The goal at the end of the third grade is for a pupil to automatise it. Furthermore, it is important for a uspelo uspešno opraviti vse naloge in izzive. Pot ni pupil not only to memorise the results, but also to understand bila enostavna, toda z vajami in nalogami, ki so njim multiplication. pisane na kožo, jim je odlično uspelo. Seveda pa ne When teaching multiplication, teachers use different methods smemo pozabiti, da so to otroci generacije Z, ki and didactical approaches to motivate pupils. Quite a few lessons komaj čakajo, da je učna ura začinjena s pravo mero dealing with multiplication have been carried out in the company IKT. of the ninth graders. Mnogi bi rekli, da je učenje poštevanke ˝piflarija˝. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Zagotovo je pred avtomatizacijo poštevanke classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed potrebnih veliko konkretnih ponazoril, vaje, for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must predvsem pa različnih tipov didaktičnih iger, preko be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia katerih se učenci poštevanko učijo z večjo © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). motivacijo. Naloga učitelja je, da poučevanje in učenje poštevanke prilagodi potrebam učencev. 495 2 GENERACIJA Z Slika 1: Medgeneracijsko utrjevanje poštevanke v telovadnici Učence, ki jih poučujem, lahko poimenujemo tudi otroci generacije Z, saj so rojeni med letoma 1996 in Z učiteljico angleščine Bredo Banovšek že več let 2018. Za otroke generacije Z je značilno, da so se medgeneracijsko povezujeva svoje učence. rodili v času pametnih telefonov in tablic. Malčkom Medgeneracijsko povezovanje učence bogati, krepi generacije Z ni tuje sestaviti sestavljanko na telefonu njihovo duševno zdravje, jim ponuja občutka svojih staršev, svoje prve glasove in besede lahko sprejetosti in varnosti, spodbuja empatijo in skrb za povedo v pametni telefon, da jih slišijo stari starši na druge. Starejši učenci v času skupne šolske ure drugi strani linije. [2] Če povzamem: Ti učenci so prevzamejo določeno mero odgovornosti, se trudijo, obkroženi z elektronskimi napravami, rokovanje z da bi bili dobri mentorji, motivatorji in zgled mlajšim. njimi pa jih zanima. In zagotovo je to povezano z Mlajši učenci že pred poukom pozdravljajo svoje visoko stopnjo motivacije učencev, ko pri pouku starejše znance in prijatelje. Večkrat jih objamejo in uporabljamo tablične računalnike ali uro izvedemo v z njimi izmenjajo nekaj besed. Eden od temeljnih računalniški učilnici. ciljev naših medgeneracijskih druženj je tudi to, da starejši učenci pomagajo mlajšim pri učenju, jih 3 MEDGENERACIJSKO DRUŽENJE IN naučijo, kako se učiti in utrjevati učno snov. UPORABA APLIKACIJE QUIZLET PRI V preteklem šolskem letu je bila glavna nit naših UTRJEVANJU POŠTEVANKE medgeneracijskih srečanj utrjevanje poštevanke. Tudi pedagoška stroka je naklonjena uporabi IKT pri Ponavljanje in utrjevanje je potekalo na različnih pouku. Meni, da uporaba IKT pri poučevanju krajih: v učilnici, naravi, na bližnjem hribu, v šolski omogoča več sodelovanja in povezovanja, učenje je telovadnici in računalniški učilnici. bolj aktivno, spodbuja pa tudi vseživljenjsko učenje. Učne ure, ko so bili v uporabi tudi tablični [3] računalniki, so bile še posebno zanimive. Učencem Strinjam se z Dušico Kunaver, ki pravi, da mora sem s pomočjo aplikacije Quizlet pripravila vaje za učitelj znati zbuditi zanimanje za učno snov. Jo utrjevanje in ponavljanje poštevanke. oživiti z drobnimi zanimivostmi in ob tem učenca 3.1 Utrjevanje poštevanke z aplikacijo Quizlet naučiti, kako naj se uči. [4] Včasih so te drobne zanimivosti didaktične igre, ki imajo pri pouku zelo Quizlet je aplikacija, s pomočjo katere lahko učitelji pomembno vlogo (Slika 1). Diane Ackerman pravi, pripravimo kartice, teste in igre za preverjanje in da je igra najljubši način učenja naših možganov. utrjevanje snovi. Ena od pozitivnih strani omenjene Učenje poštevanke je zabavnejše, če poteka skozi aplikacije je, da učenec lahko spremlja svoj igro. Nekatere igre so namizne, nekatere napredek. [5] računalniške. Učitelji moramo hoditi v koraku s Na začetku šolske ure si je vsak tretješolec izbral časom. Večkrat se je že pokazalo, da stvari, ki so devetošolca, s katerim bo tisto uro sodeloval. učence motivirale nekoč, danes učencev ne Devetošolci so mlajšim učencem pomagali pri motivirajo več. prevzemu tabličnega računalnika in njegovi uporabi. O uporabi elektronskih naprav smo se večkrat pogovarjali pri pouku. Pred omenjeno učno uro sem učence seznanila s primernim obnašanjem in spoštljivim ravnanjem s tabličnim računalnikom. Pokazalo se je, da v mojem oddelku tretjega razreda veliko otrok doma nima na razpolago tablice, zato je bila pomoč starejših učencev zelo dobrodošla. Učenci so k nalogam pristopili s skeniranjem QR- kode, ki so jo videli na tabli. Skeniranje QR-kode je bila naloga tretješolcev, ki so to naredili pod budnim očesom devetošolcev (Slika 2). Vsak par se je vpisal z imenoma obeh, da je lahko pozneje spremljal svoj napredek. 496 nujno pravilen. Naloga učencev je bila, da čim hitreje ugotovijo, na kateri tablici je ustrezen rezultat, in ga kliknejo. Pri tej nalogi sta se čutila skupinski duh in sodelovanje. Misim, da sta obe vrlini pomembni na mnogih področjih v življenju (v učilnicah, na delovnih mestih in v družinah.) Slika 2: Skeniranje QR-kode Ena od nalog je bila zastavljena tako, da se je učencem na tabli izpisal račun poštevanke in različno obarvani rezultati. Naloga učencev je bila, da na tablicah čim hitreje kliknejo barvo, ki prikazuje pravilen rezultat. Motivacija je bila ob prikazu najhitrejše dvojice višja (Slika 3). Devetošolci so se trudili, da so tretješolce med računanjem spodbujali in jih usmerjali. Včasih jim je bilo težko zadržati pravilno rešitev zase, toda vedeli so, da glavni cilj ure ni tekmovanje, temveč utrjevanje in medgeneracijsko povezovanje. Po končani aktivnosti Slika 4: Mešane skupine tekmujejo v znanju poštevanke so tretješolci izračunali nekaj računov, ki so jim jih zastavili devetošolci. Vse to je pomagalo, da so bili Ob koncu ure so devetošolci pohvalili svojega pri naslednji nalogi bolj motivirani, bolj ˝ogreti˝ in še tretješolca. V učilnici je prevladovalo prijateljsko hitrejši. vzdušje. Tudi starejši učenci so priznali, da jim utrjevanje poštevanke koristi. Nekateri so povedali, da so presenečeni nad hitrostjo računanja tretješolcev. Cilj učne ure je bil dosežen. Učenci so z veseljem in visoko stopnjo motivacije reševali naloge in na njim zanimiv način utrdili svoje znanje poštevanke. 4 ZAKLJUČEK Medgeneracijsko povezovanje, združeno z utrjevanjem poštevanke, prinaša znanje, ki je v življenju pomembno. Tega se zavedajo tako tretješolci kot tudi devetošolci, ki se vsakič znova razveselijo novih nalog in izzivov. Nekateri izzivi so Slika 3: Na tabli prikazan napredek parov med utrjevanjem lažji, spet drugi veliko težji. Toda lažje jih premostimo, če imamo ob sebi nekoga, ki nas Druga naloga je potekala znotraj večjih mešanih spodbuja in verjame v nas. Mojim tretješolcem je skupin, ki jih je izbral računalnik na podlagi vpisanih uspelo uspešno opraviti vse naloge in izzive. Pot ni dvojic (Slika 4). Vsi, starejši in mlajši, so se bila enostavna, toda z vajami in nalogami, ki so njim razveselili živalskega imena skupine, ki jim ga je pisane na kožo, jim je odlično uspelo. Seveda pa ne dodelila aplikacija. S tablicami so tudi tokrat delali smemo pozabiti, da so to otroci generacije Z, ki mlajši učenci. Na tabli se je prikazal račun, na vsakem tabličnem računalniku pa en rezultat, ki ni bil 497 komaj čakajo, da je učna ura začinjena s pravo mero LITERATURA IN VIRI IKT. [1] Učni načrt MATEMATIKA. Program osnovna šola. Ljubljana (2011). Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport. Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. Dostopno na naslovu https://dun.zrss.si/#/ (18. 8. 2023). ZAHVALA [2] Dostopno na naslovu https://si.aleteia.org/2018/04/19/generacija-z- poznate-znacilnosti-mladih-rojenih-med-letoma-1995-in-2010/ (17. 8. Velika zahvala gre sodelavki in prijateljici Bredi Banovšek, ki 2023). svoje ure večkrat prilagodi tako, da lahko izvedeva [3] Sara Gluk. 2012. Stališča učiteljev do uporabe didaktičnih računalniških iger pri učenju poštevanke. Univerza v Ljubljani. Pedagoška fakulteta. medgeneracijska druženja. Hvala tudi vodstvu šole, ker ima Pridobljeno na naslovu https://repozitorij.uni- posluh za nakup IKT-opreme. lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=26744&lang=slv (15. 8. 2023). [4] Dušica Kunaver. Učim se poučevati. Ljubljana (2008). [5] Dostopno na naslovu https://resitve.sio.si/quizlet/ (17. 8. 2023). 498 Prednosti samostojnega e-učenja strokovnih vsebin pri pouku angleščine za višješolske študente informatike The benefits of self-directed e-learning of professional content in the English course for IT students at higher education level Alenka Luštrek Šolski center Kranj, Višja strokovna šola Kranj, Slovenija alenka.lustrek@sckr.si POVZETEK Množični odprti spletni tečaji (ang. Massive Open Online 1 UVOD Courses) so oblika e-izobraževanja, namenjena množični Množični odprti spletni tečaji (ang. Massive Open Online udeležbi in vsakomur dostopna prek spleta. Prispevek predstavlja Courses, s kratico MOOC) so tečaji, namenjeni udeležbi in vključevanje takšnih tečajev v izobraževalni proces pri predmetu odprtemu dostopu prek spleta. V prispevku bomo za množične strokovna terminologija v angleščini za študente informatike na odprte spletne tečaje uporabljali poimenovanje s kratico iz višji strokovni šoli kot primer dobre prakse. Predstavljeni so tudi angleškega poimenovanja, torej MOOC, ali pa tečaji MOOC. rezultati študije zadnjih štirih študijskih let, ki prikažejo, katere So del e-izobraževanja, omogočajo pa veliko število strokovne vsebine in katere ponudnike tečajev študenti izbirajo udeležencev, ki v izobraževalnem procesu lahko sodelujejo ter predvsem, kakšne so prednosti te prakse. Študenti tečaje hkrati [1]. Uporabnikom omogočajo prost dostop in neomejeno kritično presojajo, največkrat so z njihovo izvedbo in doseženimi udeležbo pri katerem koli tečaju po lastni izbiri. Na voljo so cilji zelo zadovoljni. Cenijo, da imajo prosto izbiro tem in lahko najrazličnejša tematska področja, tako bolj splošna (tečaji pridobijo strokovna znanja, ki jih sami želijo. Opravljeni tečaji različnih veščin) kot tudi področja posameznih strok (tečaji so popestritev izobraževalnega procesa, nadgradnja znanja strokovnih znanj). Poleg običajnih načinov poučevanja, kot so strokovne angleščine, omogočajo sledenje hitremu napredku predavanja, videoposnetki in bralno gradivo, omogočajo MOOC informatike, hkrati pa predstavljajo podporo izobraževanju in tudi platformo za interaktivne forume. študiju tudi strokovnih vsebin. Začetni tečaji MOOC so bili za udeležence brezplačni, v zadnjih letih pa je vse več ponudnikov, pri katerih je potrebno KLJUČNE BESEDE plačati neko pristojbino ali plačati za dostop do vaj in/ali Množični odprti spletni tečaji, e-izobraževanje, jezik stroke, certifikatov. Med najbolj popularnimi in znanimi ponudniki so informatika, strokovna znanja. coursera, edX, Future Learn, iversity, Udacity itd. Z njimi sodelujejo ugledne svetovne univerze in podjetja, npr. Harvard ABSTRACT University, Stanford Universty, Massachusetts Institute of Massive Open Online Courses are a form of e-learning designed Technology, IBM, Google itd. for mass participation and accessible to everyone online. This Prosto dostopne spletne tečaje na VSŠ Kranj vključujemo v paper presents the integration of such courses into the okvir predmeta Strokovna terminologija v angleščini v programu educational process of the course Professional Terminology in Inženir informatike že 11 let. Začeli smo torej približno štiri leta English for IT students at a technical college as an example of po prvem spletnem tečaju (Connectivism and Connective good practice. The results of the study over the last four academic Knowledge, ki sta ga ustvarila George Siemens in Stephen years are also presented, showing which professional content and Downs leta kot kreditni predmet na univerzi v Manitobi), leta which course providers students choose and, above all, the 2012, ko so se MOOC zares razmahnili, precej pred letom 2018, benefits of this practice. Students critically evaluate the courses, ko je v javnem razpisu Inovativne in prožne oblike poučevanja and are mostly very satisfied with their performance and the in učenja Ministrstvo RS Slovenije za šolstvo in šport pozvalo objectives achieved. They appreciate having a free choice of univerze, da v svoje programe usposabljanja akademskega topics and being able to acquire the expertise they want. The osebja vključijo tudi spletne tečaje MOOC [2], le da smo jih courses are an enrichment of the educational process, they namenili za študente. upgrade the knowledge of professional English, allow to keep up V nadaljevanju je predstavljena vključitev MOOC v študij kot with the rapid progress of informatics, and at the same time primer dobre prakse, predstavimo pa tudi rezultate študije, ki support the education and study of professional subjects. zajema izvedbo predstavitev opravljenih tečajev v zadnjih štirih študijskih letih. Raziskali smo, katere strokovne teme študenti KEYWORDS najpogosteje izbirajo, katere ponudnike tečajev največkrat Massive Open Online Courses, e-learning, language of the izberejo, predvsem pa, kako so zadovoljni z izvedbo tečajev ter profession, informatics, professional skills. kaj so iz njih pridobili oz. kakšne so najpomembnejše prednosti takšnega e-izobraževanja. 499 2 VKLJUČEVANJE TEČAJEV MOOC V Vključenost predavateljev in učencev po vsem svetu odpira DEJAVNOSTI PREDMETA STROKOVNA možnosti za uporabo inovativnih in izboljšanih pedagoških ANGLEŠČINA tehnik. Mreža, ki je ustvarjena znotraj vsakega tečaja, omogoča izmenjavo znanja in odprto povezovanje na svetovni ravni. Prosto dostopne spletne tečaje MOOC na VSŠ Kranj Lahko se jih uporablja kot orodje v programu kombiniranega vključujemo v okvir predmeta Strokovna terminologija v tujem učenja, kjer lahko učenci dostopajo do več informacij, kot jih je jeziku - angleščina, ki ga na tem mestu skrajšano poimenujemo na voljo v razredu [4, 5]. z izrazom strokovna angleščina. E-izobraževanje predstavlja večjo prilagodljivost glede na Namen uvedbe MOOC kot dodatnega vira za dosego čas, prostor, učni stil in dinamiko posameznika. Zaradi izobraževalnih ciljev je bil spodbuditi študente, da za interaktivnosti omogoča hitrejši dostop do raznolikih virov in do predstavitve strokovnih tem v tujem jeziku izberejo vir, ki znanja ter omogoča razvoj novih znanj in kompetenc [6]. zagotavlja strokovnost in je sodoben. Od študentov se pričakuje, da izbrano temo predstavijo kritično, na ustrezni zahtevnostni 3.1 Tečaji MOOC s stališča študentov ravni, obenem pa poglobijo znanje angleščine ter pridobijo nova znanja in kompetence na področju informatike [3]. Iz rezultatov nekaterih raziskav lahko na splošno izvemo, kaj Katalog znanja za predmet strokovna angleščina predpisuje študenti cenijo v tečajih MOOC. V nadaljevanju bodo prikazane študentom 36 ur samostojnega dela za izdelavo seminarja. V paralele z rezultati študije, ki jo predstavlja ta prispevek. Pred okviru teh ur opravijo tečaje MOOC, obvezno s področja tem pa je predstavljeno, katere strokovne vsebine in katere informatike. Med udeležbo na tečaju ustvarjajo zapiske o poteku ponudnike tečajev študenti izbirajo. tečaja, o svojih opažanjih, o pridobljenih novih strokovnih Kot je zapisano v poglavju 2, je edina obveznost študentov, znanjih, oblikujejo svoje mnenje o samem tečaju in ga ocenijo z da izberejo temo tečaja s področja informatike, izbira točne teme ocenami od 1 do 5. Po končanem tečaju pripravijo predstavitve in ponudnika pa je prosta. Iz pogovorov s študenti po svojih tečajev in zapišejo evalvacijo, nato pa vsebino in potek predstavitvah izhaja, da je razlog za izbiro določene teme vedno izbranega MOOC in izkušnje z njim delijo s kolegi in osebna želja po določenem novem znanju ali poglabljanju oz. predavateljico v okviru seminarskih vaj. dopolnjevanju predhodno pridobljenega znanja. Veliko študentov s to obliko e-izobraževanja še ni V rezultatih študije zadnjih štirih študijskih let so zastopane seznanjenih, zato so uvodne kontaktne ure predmeta namenjene najrazličnejše teme: programiranje, računalniška strojna in predstavitvi tečajev MOOC in podrobnim navodilom za izbiro programska opreme, oblikovanje spletnih strani, kibernetska tečaja, pripravo in izdelavo predstavitve ter oddajo le-te kot tudi varnost, kodiranje, obdelovanje podatkov, mreženje, oddajo evalvacije tečaja v ustrezni obliki v e-učilnico. V e- oglaševanje, računalniška tehnična podpora, ustvarjanje glasbe učilnici so zato ves čas na voljo natančna navodila, zgledi, roki računalniških iger, umetna inteligenca, internet stvari, trgovanje za oddajo ter logotipi nekaterih ponudnikov MOOC s s kriptovalutami, socialna omrežja, računalništvo v oblaku, hiperpovezavami do njihovih spletnih, kot jih prikazuje Slika 1. super-računalništvo in še bi lahko naštevali. Po pogostnosti smo teme razvrstili v štiri skupine. Daleč v ospredju sta temi programiranje (36%) in spletne strani (23 %), s po 3 odstotki sta zastopani še temi omrežja in kibernetska varnost, vse ostale teme, ki so zastopane le enkrat ali dvakrat, pa so uvrščene v skupino »ostalo« (Slika 2). Slika 1: Logotipi s hiperpovezavami do ponudnikov MOOC Ure seminarskih vaj s predstavitvami študentov so vedno izredno pestre, raznolike in zelo zanimive. Pogosto se med študenti po predstavitvah razvijejo poglobljene strokovne debate, ki seveda potekajo v angleščini, kar predstavlja dodatno priložnost za aktivno rabo jezika stroke za vse udeležene. Slika 2: Izbira teme tečaja 3 PREDNOSTI TEČAJEV MOOC Statistike kažejo, da so v svetu med ponudniki MOOC Splošno priznane prednosti tečajev MOOC so, da so na voljo najpogosteje izbrani coursera na prvem mestu, FutureLearn na širokemu in raznolikemu občinstvu po vsem svetu, in sicer drugem in edX na tretjem mestu [7]. brezplačno (z izjemami, navedenimi v uvodu prispevka – op. a.), Študenti informatike v predstavljeni študiji pa so največkrat ter so tako postali javna dobrina. Ponujajo jih profesorji izbrali ponudnika coursera, nato edX, ponudnik FutureLearn pa najboljših šol in univerz. Uspešnost učencev je mogoče preprosto je skupaj z Udacity, iversity, RIT, Open2study in Khan Academy spremljati s pomočjo sprotnih ocenjevanj in povratnih v preostalih 3 odstotkih, ki so bili izbrani enkrat do trikrat v vseh informacij. Prav tako je možno pridobiti podatke o motivaciji, štirih študijskih letih. Med razlogi za izbiro študenti navajajo spletni interakciji, skupinskem sodelovanju in učnih navadah dostopnost točno določene teme pri ponudniku pa tudi udeležencev. 500 popularnost posameznih ponudnikov na socialnem omrežju certifikata. Nekateri ponudniki so še vedno podelili brezplačen TikTok. Izbira ponudnikov v odstotkih je prikazana na Sliki 3. certifikat, ena študentka pa se je odločila za nakup certifikata, ker je ocenila, da ga bo lahko uveljavila kot prednost pri zaposlitvi. Na sliki certifikata študenta smo zakrili njegovo ime zaradi varstva osebnih podatkov (Slika 5). Slika 3: Izbira ponudnika MOOC Nekateri teoretiki so skeptični do tega, da se povprečni študenti lahko spopadejo s tem izobraževalnim slogom, vendar Slika 5: Certifikat študenta raziskava New York Times kaže, da so študenti hvaležni za izzive in strukturo, ki jih ponujajo MOOC. Nekateri študenti med Večina študentov navaja, da so pričakovano strokovno znanje drugim cenijo, da »lahko delajo s tehničnimi nalogami v učnem usvojili ali poglobili. Nekaj jih je žal izbralo premalo zahtevne okolju, povezanem z oblakom. Drugi študenti, ki objavljajo na ali preveč zahtevne tečaje in zato niso pridobili dovolj določenih forumih MOOC, pogosto komentirajo "osebnostne" strokovnega znanja. Marsikdo je izrazil namero, da bo kasneje ali vodstvene lastnosti profesorjev, ki izvajajo te tečaje, kar je izven študijskih obveznosti v skladu s svojo željo opravil še smiselno, saj si lahko bolj spodobni izobraževalni stili pomagajo kakšen MOOC. pri izzivu dostopa do izobraževanja« [8] . 3.2 Tečaji MOOC s pedagoškega stališča Evalvacije študentov v predstavljeni študiji so večinoma Način delovanja in interakcijo vsej deležnikov v spletnih tečajih pozitivne, tečaji so jim všeč in v glavnem izpolnijo njihova ilustrira t.i. Okvir za oblikovanje in vrednotenje MOOC pričakovanja. Skupaj 70% študentov je tečaje ocenilo kot zelo »Framework for the design and evaluation of MOOCs«, ki ga je dobre (50%) ali odlične (20%). Natančneje so ocene razvidne iz razvil laboratorij Lytics Lab na univerzi Stanford [9] in je Slike 4. prikazan na sliki 6. Slika 4: Ocene tečajev Pozitivni komentarji se nanašajo na zanimivost teme, dobro Slika 6: Okvir za oblikovanje in vrednotenje MOOC [9] in razumljivo razlago predavateljev, dobre kvize, interaktivnost, uporabnost pridobljenega znanja v praksi, možnost posvetovanja Tečaji MOOC predstavljajo, če povzamemo prikaz na sliki, z drugimi udeleženci. Nekateri povedo, da so na tečaju uživali, interaktivno učno okolje, v katerem je učenje pogojeno s drugim je bilo všeč, da so govor predavateljev v video posnetkih predznanjem in željo oz. namero učenca. S pomočjo tehnološke lahko spremljali tudi v obliki podnapisov. Cenijo tudi, da so infrastrukture so vsebine, navodila in ocene znotraj skupnosti lahko izvajanje aktivnosti tečaja prilagodili svojim urnikom in posredovane učencu. Učenje temelji na dokazih in zagotavlja sposobnostim. izboljšanje znanja. Med negativnimi komentarji zasledimo slabe razlage, Na podlagi tega razumevanja je s pedagoškega vidika angleščino z izrazitim naglasom, slabšo razumljivost, slabo vključevanje MOOC v samostojno delo višješolskih študentov odzivnost strani, odsotnost interaktivmosti, predolge ali pri predmetu strokovna angleščina smiselno, saj je inovativno, prekratke lekcije, preveč informacij. Nekaterim so se tečaji zdeli izkustveno in učinkovito in je dobrodošlo kot pomoč pri preveč ali premalo zahtevni, včasih nesistematični. Večino pa je doseganju izobraževalnih ciljev višješolskega kurikula tako pri zelo motilo, da so bili nekateri deli (vaje, povratne informacije strokovni angleščini kot tudi pri usvajanju novega in ali certifikat) plačljivi kljub temu, da je bil tečaj označen kot poglabljanju obstoječega strokovnega znanja študentov, kar prosto dostopen. To je bil tudi razlog, da so nekateri sicer odlične zagotavlja tudi medpredmetno povezovanje študijskih vsebin. tečaje ocenili z oceno 4 ali celo 3 in da jih večina ni pridobila 501 Pri predstavitvah vsak študent tudi posreduje znanje svojim tečaj, pač pa tudi za njegove kolege in nenazadnje za predavatelja kolegom, kar je prednost zanj, ker na ta način svoje znanje še strokovne angleščine, katerega osnovna profesionalna usmeritev utrdi, kot za kolege in tudi predavatelja strokovne angleščine, ki večinoma ni informatika. slišijo raznolike nove vsebine s področja stroke. Študenti cenijo, da imajo prosto izbiro, saj so tečaji MOOC Aktivna raba strokovne angleščine študentov med priložnost za pridobitev tistih znanj, ki jih želijo imeti, a jih iz sprejemanjem vsebin samih tečajev MOOC, pri reševanju nalog različnih vzrokov v okviru institucionalnega izobraževanja še ter pri sporazumevanju s predavatelji in soudeleženci tečaja pri niso uspeli usvojiti. Izbirajo najrazličnejše strokovne teme, študentih pomembno in opazno nadgrajuje znanje angleščine prevladujejo pa tečaji s področja programiranja in oblikovanja stroke. Enako velja tudi pri nastopih za predstavitve tečajev in spletnih strani. strokovnih debatah, ki se po njih pogosto razvijejo med kolegi. Tečaji so jim večinoma zelo všeč iz različnih razlogov, npr. Z gotovostjo lahko trdimo, da opisani primer dobre prakse zanimivosti in kvalitete predavanj, vaj in video vsebin, zagotavlja doseganje izobraževalnih ciljev predmeta, kot so: interaktivnosti ter možnosti prilagajanja svojemu urniku in razvijanje samoiniciativnosti, ustvarjalnosti in natančnosti, svojemu stilu učenja. Nekateri študenti žal naletijo tudi na tečaje, komuniciranje s strokovnjaki s področja informatike v tujem ki so po njihovem mnenju manj zanimivi, katerih razlage so manj jeziku, uporaba literature v tujem jeziku pri reševanju problemov razumljive, ki so preveč ali premalo zahtevni, najbolj pa jih moti, s področja informatike, spremljanje razvoja stroke s da so nekateri deli tečajev plačljivi. poznavanjem in spremljanjem strokovne literature v tujem Večina študentov navaja, da so pridobili pričakovano jeziku, razvijanje pripravljenosti za sodelovanje pri skupinski strokovno znanje ali ga poglobili. Marsikdo je izrazil namero, da izvedbi nalog. Zagotovljeno je tudi doseganje predmetno- bo kasneje izven študijskih obveznosti v skladu s svojo željo specifičnih ciljev, da znajo pripraviti kvalitetno predstavitev, opravil še kakšen MOOC. opisovati postopke, delovno okolje, poznajo različna področja S pedagoškega stališča poleg omenjenega vključitev MOOC informatike Oddani in evalvirani pisni izdelki študentov prav v dejavnosti predmeta strokovna angleščina kot oblika tako uresničujejo cilj, da znajo tuj jezik uporabljati slovnično in izkustvenega učenja predstavlja tudi dobrodošlo podporo pri pravopisno pravilno. uresničevanju številnih izobraževalnih ciljev, obenem pa Nenazadnje so predstavljene vsebine tečajev MOOC tudi popestri tako samostojne dejavnosti študentov kot tudi pomemben vir za zagotavljanje poznavanja novosti s področja seminarske vaje predmeta. stroke, kar je ob rapidnem razvoju sodobne tehnologije zelo pomembno za študente kot strokovnjake in kar precejšen izziv za LITERATURA IN VIRI predavatelja, katerega osnovna poklicna usmeritev največkrat ni [1] Mohorič, Maruša. 2020. MOOC-i, neizkoriščen potencial, ki se ga počasi informatika. le zavedamo! Dostopno na naslovu https://epale.ec.europa.eu/sl/blog/mooc-i-neizkoriscen-potencial-ki-se- ga-pocasi-le-zavedamo (22. 7. 2023) [2] Cvetek, dr. Slavko. 2021. Kaj se dogaja z masovnimi odprtimi spletnimi 4 ZAKLJUČEK predmeti? Dostopno na naslovu https://www.akadem.si/akademske- zadeve/kaj-se-dogaja-z-masovnimi-odprtimi-spletnimi-predmeti/ (17. 7. Študija dosežkov in zadovoljstva študentov z vključevanjem 2023) tečajev MOOC v dejavnosti predmeta strokovna terminologija v [3] Šubic, Marija. 2015. Angleška strokovna terminologija terciarnega izobraževanja v množičnih odprtih spletnih izobraževanjih. Dostopno na angleščini v zadnjih štirih študijskih letih je pokazala, da gre za naslovu http://up.sckr.si/2015/ (17. 7. 2023) primer dobre prakse. [4] Advantages & Disadvantages of MOOCs for Learning. 2022. Dostopno na https://www.infoprolearning.com/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages- Vključevanje samostojnega e-učenje strokovnih vsebin s of-moocs-massive-open-online-courses-for-learning/ 16. 7. 2023 področja informatike v okviru predmeta strokovna angleščina v [5] Wu, Kerry. 2013. Academic Libraries in the Age of MOOCs. Dostopno na obliki množičnih spletnih tečajev MOOC prinaša številne https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&con text=ulib_fac (16. 7. 2023) prednosti za višješolske študente informatike. Na opravljenih [6] Habjanič, Darja. 2013. Analiza pripravljenosti visokošolske izobraževalne tečajih na zanimiv in inovativen način pridobijo nova strokovna inštitucije na uvedbo e-izobraževanja. Magistrsko delo. Dostopno na naslovu habjanic4575.pdf (uni-lj.si) (22. 7. 2023) znanja, obogatijo obstoječe strokovno znanje, hkrati pa [7] Shah, Dawal. 2020. By The Numbers: MOOCs in 2020. Dostopno na nadgradijo znanje strokovne angleščine. naslovu https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-stats-2020/ (19. 7. 2023) Predstavitve tečajev, njihovih vsebin in izkušenj študentov [8] Kaj pomenijo množični odprti spletni tečaji (moocs) za izobraževanje? pomenijo aktivno rabo strokovne angleščine za študente in 2023. Dostopna na naslovu https://sl.theastrologypage.com/what-do- njihove kolege, saj spodbujajo strokovne debate med njimi v massive-open-online-courses-mean (19. 7. 2023) [9] Grover, Shuchi, Paul Franz, Emily Schneider, Roy Pea. 2013. The MOOC angleščini. Obenem so tudi vir dodatnega znanja in spremljanja as Distributed Intelligence: Dimensions of a Framework & Evaluation of novosti na področju informatike, ne le za študenta, ki je opravil MOOCs. Dostopno na https://repository.isls.org/bitstream/1/1940/1/42- 45.pdf 19. 8. 2023. 502 Računalniški kognitivni treningi za otroke z motnjo pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo Computer – based cognitive training for children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder Sara Mičič Svetovalni center za otroke, mladostnike in starše Maribor Maribor, Slovenija sara.micic@guest.arnes.si deficit, impulsivity, lack of behavioural and emotional inhibition, POVZETEK planning and organization skills, and working memory. Računalniški kognitivni trening za otroke z motnjo pozornosti s Executive functions deficit represents a great share of attention hiperaktivnostjo so namenjeni premagovanju specifičnih deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms and possibly primanjkljajev in zmanjševanju simptomov, povezanih z motnjo represents the basis for other symptoms of the disorder. There are pozornosti. Tovrstni treningi postajajo vse bolj pogosto many studies of computer-based cognitive training that assumes uporabljeni in raziskani, vendar pa še ni povsem jasno kako that improving those functions can reduce attention deficit and učinkovito vplivajo na generalizirane funkcionalne primanjkljaje hyperactivity disorder symptoms. In general, they show that na področju izvršilnih sposobnosti, kot so težave na področju computer-based cognitive training has the potential to improve pozornosti, impulzivnosti, zmanjšane inhibicije na področju cognitive functioning of children with attention deficit and vedenja in čustvovanja, primanjkljaje na področju načrtovanja in hyperactivity disorder. Some studies also showed reduction of organizacije ter delovnega spomina. Primanjkljaji na področju dysfunctional and impulsive behaviour. The purpose of this izvršilnih sposobnosti, predstavljajo pomemben del motnje paper is to review those articles and to evaluate effectiveness of pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo in morda tudi osnovo za ostale different types of computer-based cognitive training and options simptome motnje. V literaturi lahko pogosto zasledimo of practical implementation for working with children with računalniške kognitivne treninge izvršilnih sposobnosti in attention and hyperactivity disorder. delovnega spomina, ki predpostavljajo, da lahko s pomočjo izboljšanja teh izvršilnih sposobnosti zmanjšamo simptome KEYWORDS motnje pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo. V splošnem kažejo na to, Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, computer-based da imajo računalniški kognitivni treningi potencialno pozitiven cognitive training, executive functions, working memory učinek na kognitivne sposobnosti otrok z motnjo pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo, prav tako so nekatere študije pokazale tudi ugoden vpliv na zmanjšanje disfunkcionalnega in impulzivnega 1 UVOD vedenja. Namen prispevka je predstavitev tovrstnih raziskav in preučitev učinkovitosti različnih tipov računalniškega 1.1 Motnja pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo ali kognitivnega treninga ter s tem možnosti uporabe treningov pri brez nje praktičnem delu z otroki z motnjo pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo. Motnja pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo (ADHD; angl. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) ali brez nje (ADD; angl. attention KLJUČNE BESEDE deficit disorder) je motnja, ki se praviloma pojavi v otroštvu in Motnja pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo, računalniški kognitivni jo označuje vzorec težav na področju pozornosti, impulzivnosti trening, izvršilne sposobnosti, delovni spomin in/ali hiperaktivnosti, pogosto pa se nadaljuje tudi v kasnejših razvojnih obdobjih [1]. Predstavlja eno izmed najpogostejših ABSTRACT motenj v obdobju otroštva [2]. Motnja pozornosti je kompleksna Computer cognitive training paradigms for children with in heterogena motnja, ki se od posameznika do posameznika attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are designed for lahko razlikuje v stopnji izraženosti simptomov, starosti ob overcoming specific deficits and reduction of symptoms of the začetku motnje, situacijsko povezanim pojavljanjem simptomov disorder. Such trainings are becoming more and more used and in v stopnji sopojavnosti z drugimi motnjami [1]. researched, but it is not entirely clear how they affect generalized functional deficits of executive functions, such as attention 1.2 Primanjkljaji na področju izvršilnih sposobnosti pri otrocih z motnjo pozornosti Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed s hiperaktivnostjo for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must Izvršilne sposobnosti predstavljajo širok konstrukt, ki se nanaša be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). na različne procese, med katere spada pozornost, delovni Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia spomin, fleksibilnost mišljenja, načrtovanje in regulacija ciljno © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). usmerjenih vedenj [3]. Izvršilne sposobnosti omogočajo posameznikovo regulacijo vedenja, mišljenja in čustvovanja [4]. 503 Obstaja predpostavka, da so primanjkljaji na področju izvršilnih nalogo manj skupnih značilnosti in je možnost, da pride do sposobnosti osnova za simptome, s katerimi se srečujejo otroci z transfera na te naloge, manjša [16]. ADHD in igrajo pomembno vlogo pri pojasnjevanju težav, s Računalniški kognitivni treningi (npr. računalniški kognitivni katerimi se otroci s to diagnozo vsakodnevno srečujejo [5]. Kljub treningi delovnega spomina) so pogosto raziskana in vse temu, da raziskave večinoma potrjujejo, da se pri otrocih z pogosteje uporabljena metoda za zmanjšanje simptomov in s ADHD statistično pomembno pogosteje pojavljajo primanjkljaji simptomi povezanih primanjkljajev pri otrocih z ADHD [17]. na področju izvršilnih sposobnosti, pa se primanjkljaji na Študije, ki vključujejo računalniške kognitivne treninge za otroke področju izvršilnih sposobnosti ne pojavljajo pri vseh otrocih z z ADHD, uporabljajo različne metodološke pristope. V splošnem diagnosticirano ADHD, kar kaže na to, da primanjkljaji na se tovrstne intervencije osredotočajo na kognitivne treninge z področju izvršilnih sposobnosti niso nujno povezani z vsemi eno domeno (npr. delovni spomin), vendar pa študije kažejo, da simptomi motnje [6]. Raziskave [6, 7, 8], ki preučujejo delež imajo otroci z ADHD primanjkljaje na različnih področjih posameznikov z ADHD, ki imajo primanjkljaje na področju kognitivnega funkcioniranja, še posebej na področju izvršilnih izvršilnih sposobnosti, so poročale o deležu med 30% in 50%. Ti sposobnosti. Izvršilne sposobnosti, pri katerih se pojavljajo z podatki kažejo na veliko heterogenost motnje z vidika tovrstnih motnjo povezani primanjkljaji, pa so vezane na različna primanjkljajev. možganska področja [18]. Zato nekateri raziskovalci menijo, da Simptomi ADHD, predvsem simptomi na področju lahko trening, ki se nanaša na različne izvršilne sposobnosti, pozornosti, se pogosto povezujejo s primanjkljaji na področju potencialno predstavlja najbolj učinkovito metodo pri delovnega spomina [9]. Delovni spomin predstavlja sposobnost zmanjšanju primanjkljajev na področju izvršilnih sposobnosti ki začasnega shranjevanja omejenega števila informacij [10] z se pojavljajo pri ADHD. namenom aktivnega upravljanja s temi informacijami. Omogoča V nadaljevanju prispevka je pregled literature o vplivu opravljanje različnih vrst kompleksnih aktivnosti, kot so učenje, računalniških kognitivnih treningov na različne vidike sklepanje in odločanje [11]. Učinkovito delovanje delovnega funkcioniranja otrok z ADHD, s poudarkom na tem katere vrste spomina predstavlja osnovo za delovanje različnih kognitivnih treningov so se do sedaj izkazale kot najbolj učinkovite in kateri funkcij, zato je ključnega pomena za uspešno funkcioniranje v dejavniki vplivajo na to, da je računalniški kognitivni trening vsakdanjem življenju. učinkovit. Primanjkljaji na področju inhibicije čustvenega odziva in neprimernega vedenjskega odziva so v literature pogosto omenjeni kot nevropsihološka značilnost posameznikov z 2 PREGLED LITERATURE ADHD [12]. Pri posameznikih z ADHD tako lahko govorimo o zmanjšani inhibiciji na kognitivnem, vedenjskem in/ali 2.1 Vrste računalniškega kognitivnega treninga čustvenem nivoju [13]. Regulacija čustev je proces nadzorovanja, za krepitev izvršilnih funkcij vrednotenja in prilagajanja čustvenih reakcij [14]. Čustvena Študije, ki preučujejo računalniške kognitivne treninge za otroke impulzivnost se nanaša na hitrost in verjetnost, s katero se bo z ADHD kažejo različne rezultate (glej tabelo 1). Eden izmed posameznik odzval s primarnim (najpogosteje negativnim) razlogov za razhajanja so zagotovo različne kognitivne čustvom kot odziv na situacijo, v primerjavi z ostalimi v enakem sposobnosti, katere računalniški kognitivni treningi trenirajo. razvojnem obdobju [1]. Primarna čustvena reakcija Med najpogosteje uporabljenimi računalniškimi treningi so posameznikov z diagnozo ADHD ne odstopa v intenziteti, računalniški kognitivni treningi delovnega spomina [3, 9, 10, temveč v manjši zavedni samoregulaciji čustev [1]. 19], prav tako se v literature pojavljajo računalniški kognitivni treningi pozornosti [20, 21]. Nekoliko manj raziskav je takšnih, 1.3 Računalniški kognitivni trening za otroke z ki se osredotočajo na računalniški kognitivni trening več motnjo pozornosti s hiperaktivnostjo različnih kognitivnih funkcij (multimodalni računalniški Raziskave kažejo, da izvršilno funkcioniranje in s tem kognitivni trening) [2]. povezana možganska aktivnost ni nespremenljivo, ampak se Med najpogosteje uporabljenimi računalniškimi kognitivnimi lahko spreminjajo s pomočjo ponavljanja nalog ali treningom treningi delovnega spomina je Cogmed (angl. Cogmed working [15]. Kognitivni trening temelji na konceptu nevroplastičnosti, memory training; CWMT), ki razvija sposobnost vzdrževanja ki predpostavlja, da imajo možgani zmožnost spremembe in informacij v verbalnem in vidno-prostorskem delovnem spominu reorganizacije na podlagi novih izkušenj [2]. Raziskovalci, ki [22]. Program temelji na formatu računalniške igre in prilagaja preučujejo učinek kognitivnega treninga na različne kognitivne težavnost glede na uspešnost posameznikov [9]. Nekatere sposobnosti posameznikov predpostavljajo, da lahko na podlagi predhodne študije, ki uporabljajo CWMT so pokazale, da se je učinkov treninga zmanjšamo simptome in izboljšamo pri otrocih z diagnozo ADHD s pomočjo treninga zmanjšalo funkcioniranje posameznika [2]. Pri uporabi kognitivnega število simptomov, povezanih z diagnozo. V eni izmed raziskav treninga za izboljšanje funkcioniranja posameznika s [3], ki je preučevala vpliv CWMT na oceno funkcioniranja otrok primanjkljaji na različnih področjih je glavni cilj doseči z ADHD s strani staršev so ugotovili, da so udeleženci izboljšali izboljšanje na neposredno treniranih funkcijah, kot so pozornost svoje sposobnosti ohranjanja pozornosti, načrtovanja in in delovni spomin (bližnji transfer) in, še pomembneje na delovnega spomina, prav tako so starši po treningu ocenili kognitivnih funkcijah in simptomih, ki niso bile trenirane (daljni pomembno zmanjšanje števila simptomov ADHD, vendar pa transfer) [2]. Naloge, ki predstavljajo »bližnji transfer« so naloge, rezultati niso pokazali pomembnega izboljšanja simptomov, ki imajo z nalogo, ki je bila vključena v trening več skupnih ocenjenih s strani učiteljev. V drugi raziskavi [10] so preučevali značilnosti kot naloge »daljnega transfera«, ki imajo s trenirano učinek CWMT na vzorcu otrok z ADHD, pri čemer so ugotovili, da je trening vplival na napredek na trenirani nalogi, prav tako pa 504 so otroci napredovali na netrenirani nalogi delovnega spomina in za otroke in njihove družine [2], saj je večina treningov potekala izboljšali rezultat na Ravenovih progresivnih matricah, ki v domačem okolju. Nekatere raziskave pa kažejo, da so treningi, predstavlja neverbalni test kompleksnega mišljenja. Ob tem so ki trajajo skupno vsaj 8 ur pogoj za uspešnost treninga delovnega avtorji izmerili tudi motorično aktivnost na podlagi pogostosti spomina [15]. Po drugi strani pa so v drugi raziskavi [19] premikov glave med računalniškim testom in ugotovili, da se je prepoznali pozitivne učinke (na vizualno-prostorski kratkoročni motorična aktivnost pomembno zmanjšala v skupini, ki je bila in delovni spomin) računalniškega kognitivnega treninga, ki vključena v trening delovnega spomina. Motorična aktivnost, temelji na principu računalniške igre, le po treh 30 minutnih izmerjena s pomočjo tovrstne metode je v predhodnih raziskavah treningih. Avtorji ugotavljajo, da lahko z uporabo treninga v otrok z ADHD korelirala z vedenjskimi ocenami hiperaktivnosti obliki računalniške igre, manjše število treningov privede do [10]. podobnega napredka kot večje število treningov drugega formata. V raziskavi, kjer so preverjali učinek računalniškega Uspešnost kognitivnega treninga lahko v tem primeru v večji kognitivnega treninga pozornosti pri otrocih z ADHD [20], so meri pripišemo motiviranosti udeležencev za opravljanje uporabili računalniški program, ki je sestavljen iz štirih setov treninga, ki je v formatu računalniške igre in zato za udeležence strukturiranih nalog, ki so namenjene treniranju sposobnosti bolj privlačen in zanimiv. ohranjanja pozornosti, selektivne pozornosti, usmerjanja pozornosti in izvršilne pozornosti. Program se prilagaja glede na 2.3 Motivacija za opravljanje nalog uspešnost udeležencev. Udeleženci so statistično pomembno računalniškega kognitivnega treninga pri napredovali na netrenirani nalogi bralnega razumevanja in otrocih z motnjo pozornosti s prepisovanja, prav tako pa so starši poročali o zmanjšanju hiperaktivnostjo simptomov ADHD, povezanih s pozornostjo. V pilotni študiji, kjer so preverjali učinek računalniškega kognitivnega treninga Tudi druge raziskave potrjujejo, da se trening izvršilnih pozornosti za funkcioniranje otrok z ADHD [21] so ugotovili, da sposobnosti v obliki računalniške igre kaže kot možnost za so starši otrok poročali o zmanjšanju intenzivnosti simptomov višanje motivacije in učinkov samega treninga pri otrocih z ADHD. Učitelji in učenci sami niso prepoznali nobenih ADHD [23]. To pojasnjujejo s tem, da igranje iger dviguje nivo pomembnih razlik v funkcioniranju pred in po treningu sproščanja dopamina v striatalnih možganih, kar poviša pozornosti. dolgoročno potenciacijo nevralnih povezav v striatumu in vpliva Kljub predpostavkam, da so treningi, ki trenirajo več različnih na povečanje motivacije in zmožnosti učenja. kognitivnih funkcij uspešnejši od tistih, ki trenirajo samo eno, Najpogostejši računalniški kognitivni treningi za otroke z nekatere raziskave te predpostavke ne potrjujejo. V raziskavi [2], ADHD uporabljajo postopke, s katerimi avtomatsko prilagodijo ki preučuje učinek računalniškega kognitivnega treninga težavnost naloge, da bi nenehno stimulirali udeleženca, da različnih kognitivnih funkcij, kot so ohranjanje pozornosti, doseže meje svojih sposobnosti [24]. Prilagajanje težavnosti inhibicija odziva, kognitivna fleksibilnost, delovni spomin, vpliva na motivacijo udeležencev, saj preprečuje znižanje prepoznavanje vzorcev in formiranje kategorij, rezultati niso motivacije zaradi prevelike težavnosti naloge in posledičnega pokazali statistično pomembnega učinka na skorajda nobeno občutka frustracije ob reševanju, prav tako pa preprečuje preverjeno področje funkcioniranja (npr. motorične sposobnosti, zmanjšanje motivacije ob reševanju naloge, ki je za udeleženca pozornost, prostorski delovni spomin, inhibicija odziva itd.). preveč enostavna. Avtorji so ugotovili, da ima intervencija učinek le na sposobnost Nagrajevanje je eden izmed dejavnikov, s katerim lahko načrtovanja, izboljšanje na tem področju pa so prepoznali tudi izboljšamo zunanjo motivacijo udeležencev za opravljanje nalog dlje časa po zaključku treninga (po 12. in 24. tednih). računalniškega kognitivnega treninga. Ker so ojačitve v obliki nagrajevanja v veliki meri povezane z nivojem motivacije, 2.2 Trajanje računalniškega kognitivnega raziskave predpostavljajo, da nizek nivo notranje motivacije vpliva na slabšo izvedbo pri otrocih z diagnozo ADHD. Študije treninga kažejo, da je visoko intenzivno ojačanje v obliki nagrajevanja Eden izmed dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na uspešnost računalniškega učinkovitejše pri izboljšanju izvedbe na nalogah pri otrocih z kognitivnega treninga je najverjetneje tudi trajanje kognitivnega ADHD v primerjavi z otroki brez diagnoze ADHD [25]. Otroci treninga. V študiji [9], kjer so uporabili 5 tednov trajajoč trening z ADHD preferirajo takojšnjo nagrado, v primerjavi z odloženo. (znotraj 5 tednov 25 treningov po 30-45 minut) se je rezultat Raziskovalci menijo, da je rešitev za izboljšanje motivacije za računalniškega treninga delovnega spomina (CWMT) pokazal na izvedbo računalniškega kognitivnega treninga pri otrocih izboljšanju verbalnega in neverbalnega delovnega spomina. V dodajanje elementov računalniške igre v naloge treninga. Otroci drugi študiji [10], kjer so prav tako uporabili 5 tednov trajajoč z ADHD izkazujejo višji nivo motivacije za naloge izvršilnih trening (izvajal se je vsak dan po 25 minut) pa se je kot učinek sposobnosti z elementi računalniške igre, v primerjavi z računalniškega treninga delovnega spomina pokazalo izboljšanje nalogami izvršilnih sposobnosti brez elementov računalniške pri reševanju nalog delovnega spomina, prav tako pa se je pojavil igre. Raziskava je pokazala, da so otroci pri nalogi z elementi transfer na sposobnost kompleksnega mišljenja in zmanjšane računalniške igre vztrajali dlje časa, tudi brez nadzora odrasle motorične aktivnosti. osebe [19]. V želji po povečanju učinka treninga so nekatere študije podaljšale čas trajanja treninga, ob predpostavki, da bo večja 2.4 Vpliv računalniškega kognitivnega treninga količina treningov prinesla večji napredek udeležencev, vendar na vedenje otrok z motnjo pozornosti s te predpostavke na podlagi rezultatov treninga niso uspeli hiperaktivnostjo potrditi [2]. Menijo, da je morda izboljšanje celo bolj verjetno pri nekoliko krajšem treningu, saj predstavlja manjšo obremenitev 505 Nekateri avtorji so tako želeli preveriti ali lahko računalniški inhibicija odziva, kognitivni treningi vplivajo na vedenje otrok z ADHD [20, 26]. vedenje V raziskavi [26], kjer so preučevali učinek računalniškega RKT = računalniški kognitivni trening; DS = delovni spomin; kognitivnega treninga delovnega spomina pri otrocih z ADHD KS = kratkoročni spomin; RPM = Ravenove progresivne na disfunkcionalne vedenjske vzorce, povezane z motnjo, so matrice ugotovili, da je trening pripomogel k pomembnemu zmanjšanju z ADHD povezanega disfunkcionalnega vedenja, kar so avtorji Večina raziskav, vključenih v pregled literature s področja ocenjevali s pomočjo opazovanja odkrenljivosti od zastavljene računalniških kognitivnih treningov se osredotoča na treniranje naloge (usmerjanje pogleda stran od naloge) in opazovanjem delovnega spomina. Kljub temu, da smo v pregled literature igranja s predmeti, ki niso del naloge. Prav tako pa so se zajeli raziskave, ki uporabljajo enak tip treninga, pa le-te izboljšale sposobnosti na nalogah delovnega spomina. Vendar pa preiskujejo različna možna področja, na katera trening rezultati niso pokazali nobenih statistično pomembnih izboljšanj potencialno vpliva in se pri njih kažejo različni izsledki. V v ocenah vedenja s strani staršev udeležencev. splošnem, raziskave, ki smojih vključili v pregled literature kažejo, da lahko računalniški kognitivni trening delovnega spomina (Cogmed) potencialno vpliva na zmanjšanje zaznanih 3 REZULTATI simptomov ADHD, ocenjeni s strani staršev [3] in na delovni V tabeli 1 so natančneje predstavljeni izsledki raziskav, ki spomin [9]. Podoben napredek se kaže tudi na računalniških preverjajo učinek računalniškega kognitivnega treninga na kognitivnih treningih delovnega spomina drugačnega tipa na različne kognitivne sposobnosti otrok z ADHD. delovni spomin (bližnji transfer), kompleksno mišljenje in zmanjša motorično aktivnost [10], ki se značilna za otroke z ADHD. Računalniški kognitivni trening delovnega spomina, ki Tabela 1: Učinek računalniškega kognitivnega treninga je zasnovan kot računalniška igra pa ob napredku na področju glede na vrsto trenirane naloge delovnega spomina kaže tudi napredek na področju motivacije [19]. Rezultati študij, ki preverjajo učinek računalniškega Trening Testirana Napredek/učinek kognitivnega treninga pozornosti [20, 21] pa v večji meri področja treninga preverjajo učinek na zaznane simptome ADHD in potrujejo RKT DS DS, Pozornost, Simptomi ADHD predvsem učinek treninga na zaznavanje prisotnosti simptomov (Cogmed) simptomi ADHD (ocena staršev) ADHD s strani staršev. Multimodalni trening, vključen v pregled literature med različnimi vidiki funkcioniranja otrok z ADHD RKT DS DS, akademski DS prepoznavna napredek treninga le na področju prostorskega (Cogmed) dosežki, načrtovanja [2], kar kaže na to, da multimodalni trening ni pozornost, vplival na izboljšanje več različnih kognitivnih funkcij v aktivnost, primerjavi s treningi, ki se osredotočajo le na eno trenirano impulzivnost področje. RKT DS DS, kompleksno DS, kompleksno mišljenje (RPM), mišljenje (RPM), 4 ZAKLJUČEK motorična motorična Raziskave na področju računalniških kognitivnih treningov za aktivnost aktivnost otroke z ADHD kažejo, da tovrstni treningi vplivajo na izboljšanje nekaterih kognitivnih sposobnosti, kot so sposobnost RKT DS (rač. Vizualno- DS, motivacija načrtovanja, delovnega spomina, kratkoročnega spomina, Hkrati igra) prostorski KS in pa kažejo tudi pozitiven učinek na spretnosti, ki so vezane na DS, motivacija akademske sposobnosti in vpliv na zmanjšanje pojavljanja simptomov, ki so vezani na ADHD. RKT pozornosti Akademska Sposobnost Na podlagi predhodnih raziskav torej lahko do neke mere uspešnost, bralnega sklepamo o dejavnikih, ki vplivajo na uspešnost računalniških vedenje razumevanja in kognitivnih treningov pri otrocih z ADHD. prepisovanja, Glede na dosedanje raziskave ni povsem jasno, ali je najboljša simptomi ADHD strategija za treniranje kognitivnih sposobnosti prav (ocena staršev) multimodalni računalniški kognitivni trening. Nekateri avtorji [2] sicer predpostavljajo, da je sočasno treniranje več različnih RKT pozornosti ADHD simptomi ADHD simptomi izvršilnih sposobnostibolj učinkovito (še posebej za prenos (ocena staršev) učinkov na vsakdanje življenje) kot pa treniranje enega tipa izvršilne sposobnosti v posameznem treningu, saj tudi Multimodalni Motorične načrtovanje funkcioniranje v vsakdanjem življenju zahteva uporabo različnih RKT (več sposobnosti, izvršilnih sposobnosti hkrati. Vendar pa rezultati raziskave, ki različnih pozornost, DS, preverja razliko med testiranjem enega in več izvršilnih kognitivnih prostorsko sposobnosti [18] kažejo, da treniranje treh različnih izvršilnih funkcij) načrtovanje, sposobnosti znotraj enega treninga nima večjega učinka na 506 vsakodnevno funkcioniranje kot treniranje dveh različnih [9] Chacko, A., Bedard, A. C., Marks, D. J., Feirsen N., Uderman, J. Z., izvršilnih sposobnosti. Chimiklis, A., Rajwan, E., Cornwell, M., Anderson, L., Zwilling, A. in Ramon, M. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of Cogmed Working Pregled raziskav potrjuje, da med pomembne dejavnike za Memory Training in school-age children with ADHD: a replication in a uspešnost računalniškega kognitivnega treninga spada tudi diverse sample using a control condition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55(3), 247–255. DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12146 trajanje treninga, vendar pa raziskave kažejo, da dlje časa [10] Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H. in Westerberg, H. (2002). Training of trajajoči treningi niso nujno uspešnejši od krajših treningov. Working Memory in Children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical and Pozitiven učinek treninga se lahko pojavi že pri krajšem treningu, Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(6) 781–791. [11] Baddeley, A. D. in Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of vendar pri tem pomembno vlogo igra motivacija posameznika za Learning and Motivation, 8, 47–89. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452- opravljanje treninga [19]. Računalniški kognitivni trening, ki 1 [12] Sonuga-Barke, E. (2005). Causal Models of Attention- vsebujejo komponente računalniške igre, naj bi vplivali na Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: From Common Simple Deficits to povečanje motivacije in s tem izboljšali možnost napredka pri Multiple Developmental Pathways . Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1231– 1238. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.008 otrocih z ADHD. [13] Solanto, M. V. (2018). Executive function deficits in adults with ADHD, Pri oblikovanju in načrtovanju računalniškega kognitivnega v Barkley (ur.) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A Handbook for treninga za otroke z ADHD je potrebno upoštevati heterogenost diagnosis & treatment. Fourth edition. New York: The Guilford Press. [14] Forslund, T., Brocki, K., Bohlin, G., Granqvist P. in Eninger, L. (2016). skupine otrok s tovrstno motnjo in različno izražene The heterogeneity of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms primanjkljaje na različnih področjih. 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Dosedanje študije računalniškega kognitivnega treninga za Computer-based Cognitive Training for ADHD A Review of Current otroke z ADHD kažejo nekatere zelo obetavne rezultate in Evidence. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 23, 807–824. potrjujejo pomemben vpliv na izboljšanje nekaterih kognitivnih [18] Dovis, S., van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W. in Prins, P. J. M. (2015). Improving Executive Functioning in Children with ADHD: Training in vedenjskih značilnosti in primanjkljajev, ki so vezani na Multiple Executive Functions within the Context of a Computer Game. A ADHD. Vendar pa so rezultati študij kljub temu precej Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. PLoSONE, 10(4), 1– 30. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0121651 nekonsistentni, zaradi česar je potrebnih več raziskav, preden bi [19] Prins, P. J. M., Dovis, S., Ponsioen, A., Ten Brink, E., in van der Oord, S. lahko bil kognitivni trening uveljavljen kot eden izmed (2011). 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Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1424–1435. 507 E-knjige in dijaki E-books and students Tina Mlakar Gimnazija Moste Ljubljana, Slovenija tina.mlakar@gmoste.si POVZETEK smartphones, so we also conducted the testing in this way. Before that, it was necessary to edit the database of emails, as šBiblos is Biblos je spletni portal za nakup in izposojo knjig, v katerega so connected to the Cobiss software, which is used by most school vključene slovenske splošne knjižnice in knjigarne. Ministrstva libraries today. We advertised the project through posters and the za vzgojo in izobraževanje je zagnalo pilotni projekt šolski website. We also encouraged the use with professors, especially Biblos ali ŠBiblos, ki od novembra 2022 osnovnim in srednjih in the case of Slovenian language casses, as some home readings šolam zagotavlja izposojo elektronskih knjig. Projekt traja eno are available on the platform and this is also the main incentive leto, glede nadaljevanja še ni zagotovil, se bo pa verjetno pri for establishing access to schools. In the article, we will present odločanju preverjalo odzive šol oziroma dijakov in statistiko some findings and different opinions of the students, as well as izposoje. V prispevku bomo predstavili, kako smo na Gimnaziji the borrowing statistics. Moste odzvali in pripravili na projekt, saj smo delovanje preizkusili z dijaki v razredu. Ministrstvo predlaga, da naj bi KEYWORDS dijaki e-knjige prebirali preko pametnih telefonov, zato smo tudi testiranje izvedli na ta način. Pred tem je bilo potrebno urejanje E-books, home readings, ICT, library information skills, digital podatkovne baze elektronskih naslovov, saj je šBiblos povezan s literacy. programsko opremo Cobiss, ki jo danes uporablja večina šolskih knjižnic. Projekt smo oglaševali preko plakatov in spletne strani. 1 UVOD Uporabo smo spodbujali tudi pri profesorjih, predvsem pri slovenščini, saj so na platformi voljo nekatera domača branja in Doba digitalizacije je prinesla preobrazbo v načinu dostopa do je to tudi glavna spodbuda za vzpostavitev dostopa šolam. V informacij in njihove uporabe. Med mnogimi spremembami prispevku bomo predstavili nekatere ugotovitve in različna izstopa vzpon elektronskih knjig ali e-knjig, ki so prinesle mnenja dijakov ter statistiko izposoje. revolucijo v svet književnosti. Kljub temu, da so e-knjige prisotne že kar nekaj časa, pa je njihov prihod v slovenskem KLJUČNE BESEDE prostoru zakasnjen, saj na majhnem trgu ni bilo nekega večjega tržnega motiva [4]. Približno pred desetletjem so se slovenske Domača branja, e-knjige, knjižnično informacijska znanja, založbe začele ukvarjati z idejo ponudbe e-knjig. Kasneje so se digitalno opismenjevanje. temu trendu pridružile seveda še splošne knjižnice, šolske ABSTRACT knjižnice pa ne kaj dosti. Čas zaprtja šol in izvajanja pouka na daljavo v koronskem času, je bil dodatna spodbuda za Biblos is an online portal for buying and borrowing books, which vzpostavitev dostopa do e-knjig in v šolah predvsem dostop do includes Slovenian public libraries and bookstores. The Ministry domačih branj. V nadaljevanju bomo raziskali svet e-knjig in of Education launched a pilot roject, called ŠBiblos, which njihovo uporabo v šoli ter vpliv na mlade bralce. provides electronic books to primary and secondary schools from November 2022. The project lasts for one year, and there are no guarantees regarding its continuation, but it is likely that the 2 E-KNJIGE responses of the schools or students and the borrowing statistics will be checked when making a decision. In this paper, we will Obstaja več definicij e-knjige. Za namen prispevka se po present how we reacted and prepared for the project at Gimnazija pregledu različnih definicij naslanjam na Bibliotekarski Moste, as we tested the platform with students in the class. The terminološki slovar, ki pravi, da je elektronska knjiga Ministry suggests that students should read e-books via monografska publikacija v elektronski obliki na elektronskem mediju, predvsem na optičnem disku, internetu, ki se jo lahko uporablja le s temu namenjeno posebno programsko opremo na Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or osebnem računalniku oz. prenosni napravi za listanje in branje classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full [3]. citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must Poenostavljeno lahko rečemo, da gre pri e-knjigi za vsebino, be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). ki je bila izdana v elektronski obliki (in ne za napravo, ki je Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). nosilec vsebine). Torej tiskane knjige naj se nebi razlikovale od e-knjig, samo medij prenosa je drugačen. 508 2.1 Prednosti e-knjig 3 PONUDNIKI E-KNJIG Z vidika uporabnika je gotovo poglavitna prednost e-knjig praktičnost in prenosljivost v primerjavi s klasičnimi tiskanimi 3.1 Biblos knjigami, kar predvsem pride prav na potovanjih, ko smo Najbolj znana ponudnika knjig v tujini sta seveda vodilna omejeni s prtljago. Nakup e-knjig je enostaven, če le imamo Amazon in Barnes&Noble. Poleg tega so na voljo tudi odprte nekaj tehničnega znanja, enako enostavno je omogočena tudi strani kot Gutenberg project, Google Books, Open Library itd. V izposoja. Torej nas od branja loči le nekaj klikov in nam ni Sloveniji šele v zadnjih letih dohitevamo angleško govoreča potrebno hoditi v knjigarno ali knjižnico, prav tako nam ni področja pri ponudbi knjig. Sprva so se založbe tega lotile potrebno skrbeti glede zamudnine, saj se vračilo e-knjige zgodi postopno, tako da e-knjige ponujajo neposredno prek svojih avtomatsko [1]. spletnih strani ali partnerjev, končno pa so z vzpostavitvijo E-knjige so predrugačile branje, še posebej med mladimi. največje spletne knjigarne Biblos prišle v sliko tudi knjižnice in Njihova digitalna narava se dobro ujema z generacijo, ki je naposled šolske knjižnice. navajena tehnologije, saj ponujajo udobje in prilagodljivost. Biblos je prva slovenska eknjižnica in eknjigarna, ki ponuja Mladi bralci imajo s pomočjo e-knjig lahko celotno knjižnico kar e-knjige v formatu epub. Biblos je projekt študentske založbe v žepu, kar omogoča branje na poti brez težav. Poleg tega e- Beletrina. Portal sodeluje s knjižnicami in knjigarnami, kar bralniki in aplikacije za branje omogočajo uporabnikom pomeni, da si lahko elektronske knjige kupimo in obdržimo ali spreminjanje velikosti pisav, označevanje odlomkov ter izposodimo preko knjižnice kjer smo vpisani, in jih potem seveda takojšnje iskanje definicij, kar izboljšuje izkušnjo branja. V tudi vrnemo oz. se vračilo izvede avtomatsko. E-knjige lahko izobraževalne namene lahko e-knjige vključujejo animacije, odpiramo na računalnikih, bralnikih, tablicah ali pametnih videoposnetke in interaktivne kvize, ki poučevanje naredijo bolj telefonih. V nekaterih knjižnicah tudi ponujajo možnost izposoje privlačno in učinkovito [6]. bralnikov. Tudi dostopnost je s pomočjo e-knjig močno napredovala. Mladi bralci z okvaro vida ali učnimi težavami imajo na voljo 3.2 Pilotni projekt šolski Biblos prilagodljive oblike besedila in funkcijo branja besedila v govor. Ministrstva za vzgojo in izobraževanje je 1. 11. 2022 odprlo Poleg tega e-knjige rušijo geografske ovire in omogočajo mladim pilotni projekt ŠBILOS, ki osnovnim in srednjih šolam ter bralcem dostop do raznolikega nabora naslovov, ki morda niso zavodom omogoča izposojo e-knjig. Izposoja poteka preko bili na voljo v lokalnih knjigarnah. Rečeno velja pa predvsem za platforme sBiblos (https://www.sbiblos.si/), ki ga upravlja tujino, v Sloveniji je omejenost z jezikom slabost, je pa res, da ponudnik Beletrina. Stroške izposoje krije nosilec projekta. ogromno Slovencev bere v angleščini. Platforma sBiblos je povezana s sistemom COBISS, ki ga Prav tako e-knjige delujejo brez papirja in so prijaznejše do upravlja zavod IZUM. Uporaba je tako omogočena tistim šolam, e-okolja, če seveda predpostavljamo, da bralne naprave ob katerih šolske knjižnice so vključene v sistem COBISS in imajo zaključeni življenjski dobi primerno zavržemo ali recikliramo. v ta namen urejeno dokumentacijo. Nabor dostopnih e-knjig je Način objave knjige brez tiskanja tudi omogoča nepoznanim bil izbran na javnem razpisu Ministrstva za vzgojo in avtorjem lažje in ugodnejše izdajanje del. izobraževanje Izgradnja zbirke e-knjige za domače branje za izposojo v šolskih knjižnicah. Nekatere knjige, ki se jih 2.2 Slabosti e-knjig obravnava za domača branje še niso dostopna, ponavadi je v Nemalo bralcev ima veliko raje tiskano knjigo, saj jim prinaša takšnih primerih vzrok neurejenot avtorskih pravic, namreč posebno izkušnjo že v vonjem, listanjem, morda izmenjavo ali vsaka e-knjiga je posebej izdana v elektronski obliki, zato je obdarovanje s knjigo med prijatelji. Pojavljajo se tudi težave s potreben celoten uredniški postopek. piratstvom ter skrbi glede zbiranja osebnih podatkov in preferenc Ministrstvo je z okrožnico Pospešitev izposoje e-knjig za uporabnikov, ki jih morda beležijo aplikacije. Omenili smo že domače branje v šolskih knjižnicah knjižničarjem naložilo velik jezikovno omejitev, ki je v slovenskem prostoru slabost, saj je trg zalogaj dodatnega dela, ker pa smo po naravi knjižničarji majhen in niso vse knjige dostopne v e-obliki. Mladi so radovedni in delovni, smo se v novem projektu hitro in dobro izpostavljeni angleškim vsebinam in tako posegajo tudi po e- znašli. Ministrstvo predlaga, da se v projekt vključijo tudi knjigah v angleščini. profesorji slovenščine. Pri pouku slovenščine naj bi obravnavali Janežič [1] opozarja predvsem odvisnosti od naprav: vsaj eno domače branje v obliki e-knjige in s tem testirali mehanske poškodbe naprav ob trkih, baterija in pomnilnik, ki sta uporabo ter ugotavljali dobre in slabe lastnosti e-knjig. odvisna od zmogljivosti naprave, s tem pa je tudi povezan finančni vidik, saj si ne more vsak privoščiti najboljšega in najdražjega bralnika. Dodatna slabost na slovenskem trgu so dražje e-knjige, saj je trg manjši, dodatno pa je zakonodaja takšna, 4 PRIPRAVA IN IZVEDBA PROJEKTA da je e-knjiga v Evropi višje obdavčena [5]. ŠBIBLOS Sicer pa je tudi nekaj zdravstvenih pomislekov, saj danes Na Gimnaziji Moste smo se na projekt odzvali proaktivno. večina mladih bere e-knjige preko telefonov, ki imajo LCD Najprej sem se knjižničarka udeležila izobraževanja in se na delo zaslone. Prav tako je branje na telefonu lahko odvrača pozornost, z dijaki temeljito pripravila. Beletrina in IZUM sta pripravila saj se pojavljajo obvestila, sporočila, e-pošta ipd. kar bralce izobraževanja na to tematiko. Pri razlagi so nam nudili podporo, ponese na druge aplikacije. V šolstvu si prav gotovo ne želimo, odgovore na nemalo vprašanj, a sem kljub nisem počutila da bi mladi preživeli več časa pred telefoni. popolnoma gotovo kako bom zadevo izpeljala in razložila dijakom. Delo sem razdelila v naslednje faze. 509 4.1 Promocija projekta predstavili platformo, po korakih uredili dostope Moje knjižnice in nato vpis v sBiblos. Dijaki so pri tem uporabljali telefone, saj Za spodbujanje ozaveščenosti o projektu in o dostopu smo je takšno uporabo predlagalo ministrstvo. Skupaj z dijaki smo uporabili več pristopov, med katerimi so bila obvestila in plakati, pregledali ponudbo, preizkusili izposojo in se pogovorili o ki smo jih oblikovali sami. Informativne plakate smo obesili po dobrih in slabih lastnostih e-knjig. Prav tako smo dijakom nudili šoli ter v prostorih šolske knjižnice, objavili na spletni strani šole, individualno pomoči pri vzpostavitvi in uporabi storitve, če so le obveščali preko kanala eAsistent, Facebook in Instagram. to potrebovali v razredu ali so zanjo prosili v šolski knjižnici. Aktivnosti so bile izvedene za 2. in 3. letnike prejšnjega šolskega 4.2 Testiranje leta, v vsakem letniku imamo po pet oddelkov kar znaša po 150 Seznanjanje z uporabo aplikacije je bilo nujno za pripravo na dijakov v letniku. V jeseni pa načrtujemo še izvedbo za 2. in 1. uro ali bolje rečeno delavnico, ki je potekalo skozi podrobno letnikih novega šolskega leta. razlago in je omogočila dijakom praktično delo. Z namenom To je glavna faza izvajanja projekta, saj med njo poteka zagotoviti kakovostno izkušnjo in preveriti delovanje, smo neposredna komunikacija in knjižničar najlažje pridobi povratne izvedli testiranje z manjšo skupino dijakov v šolski knjižnici. informacije. Več o tem bomo opisali v naslednjem poglavju. Med testiranjem so dijaki preizkusili funkcionalnosti aplikacije in podali povratne informacije, ki so mi pomagale pri pripravi 4.5 Težave pri delu in povratne informacije ure v razredu. dijakov 4.3 Urejanje podatkovne baze v Cobissu in Dijaki so podaljali komentarje glede uporabe spletne platforme sBiblos med samim potekom pouka, ko smo zadevo zagotavljanje dostopa za dijake in zaposlene preizkušali. Prva kritika se je nanašala na registracijo, ki jo je Dostop do platforme je omogočen na dva načina. Prvi je potrebno opraviti preko spletne strani, pred uporabo aplikacije za preko Moje knjižnice. Uporabnik si nastavi geslo in uporabi branje, saj niso našli možnost za registracijo neposredno preko enako geslo tudi za sBiblos. Pri tem mora šolski knjižničar v aplikacije. Opozorili smo jih da to naredijo le enkrat in so potem program Cobiss vnesti vse e-poštne naslove dijakov, da se lahko ves čas prijavljeni v aplikacijo. Nekateri dijaki so imeli težave z zgodi nastavitev gesla in povezava. Drugi način je bil delovanjem aplikacije na novejših telefonih, pri tem Biblos zagotovljen s 1. 1. 2023 in sicer prijava preko AAI računa. ponuja rešitev, vendar je potrebno aplikacijo naložiti preko druge Predvsem ta način se mi zdi zelo prijazen za uporabnika, saj povezave. Pri tem mora biti knjižničar oz. izvajalec pouka dobro dijaki že imajo AAI dostop za e-učilnice. Vendar pa se je pri tem podkovan, da zazna vse težave in ponudi nanje rešitve. Nekateri na naši soli pojavil problem. Namreč e-pošta in domena za so se pritožili zaradi počasnega nalaganja in občasnega dostop se razlikujeta. Konkretno to pomeni, da je naša domena zmrzovanja aplikacije in so predlagali naj aplikacijo nadgradijo »gmoste.si«, e-poštni naslovi, ki jih uporabljamo zaposleni in jih za boljšo izkušnjo uporabnika. Zelo dober je predlog nadgradnje, tudi dobijo dijaki, pa imajo v končnici domeno »gimoste.si«. ki vključuje funkcijo pretvorbe besedil v zvok kar bi omogočilo Druga težava pa je tudi ta, da dijaki šolskih e-poštnih naslovov poslušanje knjig z izbiro glasu in hitrosti branja. ne uporabljajo, temveč imajo svoje osebne. To smo ugotovili pri Med komentarji so izpostavili tudi preference glede branja na prvih neuspelih poskusih dostopa v testni fazi. Po komunikaciji papirju v primerjavi z branjem na zaslonih. Presenetljivo veliko s podporo na IZUM-u, smo ugotovili, da dokler se domene ne število dijakov se je odzvalo, da so fizične knjige bolj prijetne za poenotijo ostanemo pri prvem načinu dostopa. branje in omogočajo izklop od elektronskih naprav brez motečih Dostop preko Moje knjižnice poteka tako, da si nastavimo dejavnikov. Morda je ta kritika povezana s tem, da so dijaki svoje poljubno geslo. Do nastavitve gesla pridemo lahko preko uporabljali telefon. Če bi imeli na voljo bralnike bi verjetno klika na Moja knjižnica/Pozabljeno geslo (pri čemer mora biti e- hitreje vzljubili e-knjige. V vsakem razredu smo preverili ali naslov ki ga uporabimo enak vnesenemu e-naslovu v Cobissu). imajo doma na voljo bralnik prilagojen za branje e-knjig. V Pri vnašanju e-naslovo v v sistem Cobiss, sem ugotovila, da ob 2.letnikih so naznanili, da imajo doma bralnike štirje dijaki. V uvozu podatkov članov avtomatsko pošlje povezavo za 3.letnikih pa je le ena dijakinja povedala, da imajo bralnik doma nastavitev gesla. To je zelo dobro in smiselno, slaba stran tega pa starši. Torej kot vidimo so bralniki še premalo razširjeni, da bi e- je, da pošlje to le tistim, ki naslovov še niso imeli vnesenih. knjige v šolah dobile polni zagon. Dijakom, ki so imeli vnesene naslove že ob vpisu, pa tega ob Kljub nekaterim kritikam so se dijaki med pogovoriom ponovnem vnosu e-naslova ne pošilja avtomatsko, zato sem odzvali tudi pozitivno. Povedali so, da je dobro imeti dostop do morala ročno »poklikati« ukaze za pošiljanje sporočila za e-knjig, saj se včasih spomnejo na domača branja šele med nastavitev gesla. Ker poslana povezava velja le 24 ur, sem te vikendom, ko nimajo dostopa do knjižnice. Prav tako so nekateri naslove vnašala tik pred izvedbo ure, tako da so dijaki imeli izrazili pomen prilagajanja besedila (velikost in tip pisave) zaradi zagotovljeno delujočo povezavo. Ko imamo urejene dostope do slabšega vida. Tisti dijaki, ki so aktivni bralci in že koristijo e- Moje knjižnice, lahko nadaljujemo s prijavo v sBiblos z enakim knjige pa so izpostavili prednosti branja e-knjig. Zlasti berejo geslom, uporabniško ime pa je generirano iz združenega knjige v angleščini, ki jih lahko dobijo brezplačno. Ob pregledu akronima šolske knjižnice in številke člana. ponudbe so dijaki izrazili željo po večji izbiri knjig, zlasti tistih, ki jih potrebujejo za domače branje. Obrazložili smo jih, da se 4.4 Delo z dijaki seznami gradiv počasi večajo, vendar je postopek upočasnjen Projekt smo vključili v ure pouka KIZ (knjižnično zaradi urejanja avtorskih pravic, ki morajo biti ob e-izdaji informacijsko znanje), torej v sklopu dejavnosti obveznih ponovno pridobljene. izbirnih vsebin. Dijakom smo obrazložili na kratko kaj je namen Težave s katerimi smo se srečevali pri izvajanju projekta so pilotnega projekta, ki ga je sprožilo ministrstvo. V razredu smo bile povezane s komunikacijo, saj na nekatera tehnična vprašanja 510 pri uporabi aplikacije nismo dobili jasnega odgovora s strani smo tudi predstavili platformo ostalim zaposlenim na pedagoški Izum-a ali Beletrine. Pri samem delu v razredu smo imeli zelo konferenci, kar je okrepilo ozaveščenost o možnostih uporabe. raznolike izkušnje. V nekaterih oddelkih je delo steklo tekoče, Učitelji slovenščine so zadevo preizkusili, vendar imajo ponekod pa smo porabili ogromno časa za vzpostavljanje nekateri pomisleke glede uporabe z dijaki, saj zagovarjajo registracije, nalaganje aplikacije in reševanje težav z dobrobiti branja fizičnih knjig. Zagovarjajo namreč stališče da ob nekompatibilnimi telefoni. branju na papirja tem možgani delujejo drugače kot pri branju z zaslonov. Kar zadeva delovanje možganov, so nekatere raziskave res nagnjene k temu, da bi lahko bilo branje na papirju 4.6 Pregled izposoje bolj globoko in refleksivno, medtem ko bi lahko branje na Dodajam še pregled izposoje e-knjig. Sezname izposoje zaslonih spodbudilo bolj površinsko branje in hitro skeniranje pridobimo iz Cobissa, izpis z oznako E-STA-IO1 nam poda sliko informacij. Vendar pa menimo, da je to odvisno predvsem od o elektronskih virih. Tabela 1 in tabela 2 prikazujeta porast individualnih preferenc in navad bralca. Gotovo pa je precejšna izposoje e-knjig, vendar je to verjetno posledica uporabe pri urah razlika pri branju s telefonov ali z bralnikov, ki pa še niso dovolj pouka KIZ, ki smo jih izvedli. razširjeni med dijaki. Učitelje slovenščine bomo spodbujali naj dostop uporabijo vsaj za eno domače branje pri pouku in šele nato ugotavljajo Tabela 1: pregled izposoje na dan 17. 4. 2023 učinkovitost branja z zaslonov. Vendar pa lahko učitelje razumemo, da se izogibajo navodilom ministrstva naj dijaki pri pouku uporabljajo telefone, saj najverjetneje veliko dijakov hitro preklopi pozornost na druge vsebine, ki jih imajo na telefonih. Tabela 2: pregled izposoje na dan 19. 5. 2023 5 ZAKLJUČEK Gotovo je dobro in nujno, da se dijakom predstavi in ponudi šBiblos, saj moraj ovedeti da imajo na voljo e-domača branja, čeprav niso še vsa na voljo. Vendar pa dijaki zaenkrat vseeno raje posegajo po klasični knjigi v tiskani obliki, česar smo knjižničarji veseli, saj se s tem ohranja obiskovanje knjižnic in s tem Podobno ugotavlja pri svojem delu z dijaki tudi knjižničarka spodbujanje branja ter izposoje. Statistika izposoje to trditev na drugi šoli [2], kjer so prav tako izvajali pouk z uporabo podpira. Seveda pa bomo na šoli spodbujali k izposoji e-knjig aplikacije. Nadaljnje preverjanje izposoje, ki ga prikazuje tabela kadar bi bil tiskan izvod izposojen, dostopen pa v elektronski 3, prikazuje le eno izposojeno e-knjigo več. V vmesnem času so obliki. Prav tako menimo, da bi e-domača branja v izobraževanju bile v večjem delu poletne počitnice, zato morda razlog v lažje zaživele, če bi imeli dijaki na voljo zmogljive bralnike, ki neizposoji, saj dijaki med počitnicami ne posegajo po domačih bi jim omogočili prijetnejšo bralno izkušnjo. Dodaten dejavnik branjih. uporabe bo v prihodnje še dopolnitev aplikacije, kot so komentirali dijaki. Dobro je da smo se izvajanja projekta lotili Tabela 3: pregled izposoje na dan 10. 8. 2023 spodbudno, saj smo s tem pridobili nove izkušnje in povratne informacije dijakov pri dejanski uporabi sBbiblosa.. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Janežič, N. 2014. Predstavitev e-knjige in njih deležnikov [Diplomsko delo]. Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede. Dostopno na Iz tega lahko predpostavljamo tudi, da na sBiblosu morda še http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/diplomska_dela_1/pdfs/mb11_janezic-nina.pdf ni dovolj raznolikega gradiva, ki bi dijake pritegnilo za branje v [2] Jesih Šterbenc, K. 2023. sBiblos v šolski knjižnici srednje vzgojiteljske prostem času, saj tisti, ki berejo posegajo po angleški literaturi. šole, gimnazije in umetniške gimnazije Ljubljana. Knjižničarske novice. Dostopno na https://knjiznicarske-novice.si/sbiblos-v-solski-knjiznici- Ugotavljam, da bo v prihodnje potrebno več spodbude in srednje-vzgojiteljske-sole-gimnazije-in-umetniske-gimnazije-ljubljana/ sodelovanja z učitelji slovenščine. [3] Kanič, I., Leder, Z., Ujčič, M., Vilar, P., in Vodeb, G. 2009. Bibliotekarski terminološki slovar. Zveza bibliotekarskih društev Slovenije; Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica. Dostopno na naslovu https://knjiznica.zbds- zveza.si/knjiznica/article/view/5949/5597 4.7 Sodelovanje z učitelji slovenščine [4] Kovač, M. 2011. Slovenske e-knjige so še v embrionalni fazi. Dostopno na naslovu https://misli.sta.si/1697270/miha-kovac-za-sta-slovenske-e- Vključevanje učiteljev se je začelo z uvodno predstavitvijo knjige-so-se-v-embrionalni-fazi [5] Kalc, M. 2023. Lastnosti, dostopnost in uporaba e-knjg ter e-bralnikov. pilotnega projekta profesorjem slovenščine. Sledilo je ureditev Rezultati raziskave. Knjižničarske novice. Dostopno na dostopa in tehnična pomoč pri registraciji ter prikazu nalaganja https://knjiznicarske-novice.si/lastnosti-dostopnost-in-uporaba-e-knjig- e-knjig na računalnik ali bralnik. En bralnik smo naročili prav za ter-e-bralnikov-rezultati- raziskave/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter_1340&utm_ca učitelje slovenščine. S tem smo zagotovili, da imajo na voljo vsa mpaign=nova-welcome-to-nuk orodja s katerimi lahko preizkušajo uporabo e-knjig. Dodatno [6] Rocner, D. 2016. E-knjige in bralne naprave v izobraževanju [Diplomsko delo]. Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko. Dostopno na https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=88690&lang=slv 511 Uporaba aplikacije Photomath pri matematiki Using Photomath in Mathematics Vesna Mrkela Osnovna šola Draga Kobala Maribor Maribor, Slovenija vesna.mrkela@osdk.si POVZETEK Using Photomath, I want students to evaluate data. In the introductory lessons, I and the students test whether we can Živimo v dobi digitalne tehnologije in tudi izobraževanju ni completely trust the application. I also direct students to find prizaneseno. Digitalna tehnologija je tukaj in z njo se moramo other applications for solving the previously mentioned math naučiti živeti. Naučiti se moramo uporabljati tehnologijo tako, da problems. This allows students to browse the web for relevant, si jo podredimo, ne pa, da nas zasvoji. V prispevku želim suitable resources. If students work in pairs, in the eighth and prikazati uporabo aplikacije Photomath, in sicer kako učence ninth grade, they collaborate using digital technology as well as naučiti uporabljati na videz matematično aplikacijo v različnih they explore solutions to various problems. Thus, I divide the situacijah. Učence moramo navaditi, da si lahko samostojno development of digital competences into smaller sections, where preverjajo naloge in vadijo na različne načine, ki so jim blizu. we get to know and develop each of them from the sixth to the Seveda ne smemo pozabiti tudi na preverjanje usvojenega znanja ninth grade. in diferenciacijo pouka v razredu. Čeprav je ime aplikacije It turned out that the students acquired knowledge better than popolnoma matematično, jo lahko uporabljamo tudi pri drugih in the group where the tasks were solved with the help of the predmetih, kjer prihaja do računanja matematičnih izrazov ali Photomath application. The students found the lessons more enačb. interesting, and they themselves tried to find an equation that Z uporabo aplikacije Photomath želim, da učenci vrednotijo Photomath could not solve. With the help of ICT, students began podatke. Učence tudi usmerim v iskanje drugih aplikacij za to collaborate and set mutual challenges. This makes the lessons reševanje prej omenjenih matematičnih problemov, s tem učenci very varied and much more attractive for the students. brskajo po spletu in iščejo ustrezne primerne vire. V kolikor učenci delajo v paru, v osmem in devetem razredu, sodelujejo z KEYWORDS uporabo digitalne tehnologije in raziskujejo rešitve različnih zastavljenih problemov. application, diversifying learning, offloading computation Izkazalo se je, da so učenci bolje usvojili znanje kot v skupini, kjer so naloge reševali s pomočjo Photomath aplikacije. 1 UVOD Učencem so bile ure bolj zanimive, sami pa so poskusili najti enačbo, ki je Photomath ne bi znal rešiti. Učenci so začeli Učenci neprestano uporabljajo telefone in različne aplikacije. sodelovati in si postavljati medsebojne izzive. Ure so za učence Prej znajo uporabljati aplikacije kot pisati in brati. V šolstvu se tako zelo pestre in veliko bolj privlačne. moramo spremeniti in prilagoditi novim generacijam. Učenci se spreminjajo, v šole dobivamo učence, ki so veliko bolj vešči KLJUČNE BESEDE uporabe tablic in telefonov, kot pa držanja barvic. Učenci nimajo številskih predstav in ne znajo brati in pisati, lažje jim gre aplikacija, popestritev pouka, lajšanje računanja tipkanje in tapkanje po različnih digitalnih napravah. A je to ABSTRACT lahko zastrašujoče? Mogoče. Vendar na učiteljih je, da jih We live in the age of digital technology and education is not vpeljemo v svet tako pisanja in branja kot smiselne uporabe spared either. Digital technology is here and we have to learn to digitalne tehnologije. live with it. We must learn to use technology in such a way that Zaradi sprememb pri učencih moramo tudi učitelji narediti we subdue it without making us addicted. Digital technology korak naprej in prilagoditi pouk novim generacijam [1]. should make our lives easier. In this paper, I want to demonstrate Spreminja se svet, ne samo učenci, tukaj je digitalna tehnologija, the use of the Photomath application, namely how to teach ki se svetlobno hitro razvija, učenje in pouk pa ostajata enaka. Pa students to use a seemingly mathematical application in various temu ni nujno potrebno, da je tako. Res je, da prilagoditve pouka situations. We have to get students used to being able to ne smejo posegati in spreminjati učnega načrta [3], kar bi bilo independently check assignments and practice in different ways nujno potrebno, ampak moramo v danih okvirjih najti nove poti, that are close to them. Of course, we must not forget about the kako učence motivirati za delo in jih usmeriti na pravo pot. Ena verification of acquired knowledge and the differentiation of od teh poti bo prikazana v nadaljevanju, kjer lahko digitalno lessons in the classroom. Although the name of the application is tehnologijo izkoristimo tako, da si z njeno pomočjo olajšamo completely mathematical, it can also be used in other subjects reševanje matematičnih problemov, z malo spretnosti, pa lahko where mathematical expressions or equations occur. prikazano prenesemo tudi na druga predmetna področja. 512 2 PREDSTAVITEV APLIKACIJE IN kot preverjanje postopkov računanja. Z uporabo aplikacije UPORABA PRI POUKU nadaljujemo pri računanju z decimalnimi števili, kjer pri raziskovanju poti do rešitve aplikacija natančno prikaže tako 2.1 Predstavitev aplikacije podpisovanje pri seštevanju in odštevanju kot tudi premik decimalne vejice pri deljenju in upoštevanje vejice pri množenju. Photomath je aplikacija, ki deluje tako na operacijskem sistemu V aplikaciji uporabljamo tudi možnost pretvarjanja decimalnih Android kot tudi na iOS [4]. Deluje v različnih jezikih, žal v števil v ulomke in obratno. slovenščini še ni na voljo, vendar pa to na uporabo ne vpliva. Tako kot v šestem razredu uporabljamo Photomath tudi v Matematika je svetovni jezik, kjer poznavanje jezika za uporabo sedmem razredu pri računanju z ulomki. Aplikacija omogoča lep aplikacije ni nujno potrebno. Seveda je smiselno, če aplikacijo pregled nad koraki računanja tako si učenci sami lahko preverjajo uporabljamo pri pouku, da učencem povemo, kaj pomeni katera rešitve in korake računanja tako v šoli kot tudi doma. nastavitev. Med nastavitvami aplikacija omogoča različne zapise V osmem razredu so učenci že vešči uporabe aplikacije ulomkov, kakor tudi različne postopke množenja. Na mestu Photomath v večini jo imajo že naloženo na svojih napravah, tako decimalne vejice lahko izbiramo med uporabo decimalne vejice uporaba šolskih naprav skoraj ni več potrebna. Veliko ur znova ali decimalne pike. Pri ponavljajočem decimalnem zapisu lahko namenimo uporabi aplikacije same, kjer aplikacijo uporabljamo med nastavitvami nastavimo, kakšen zapis ponavljajočih števk za reševanje enačb, računskih izrazov, razstavljanju in želimo ali s črtico nad števkami, kot se učimo v šoli, ali pikami. poenostavljanju zapisanih izrazov. Aplikacija omogoča tudi različne zapise binomskega koeficienta. V devetem razredu je veliko časa namenjenega reševanju Vse opisane nastavitve omogoča brezplačna različica aplikacije, enačb, kjer učenci s pridom uporabljajo aplikacijo pri reševanju ki je dovolj obširna in primerna za uporabo v osnovni šoli, domačih nalog, pri preverjanju rezultatov in postopkov reševanja menim pa, da tudi višje. enačb. Photomath uporabljamo tudi pri linearni funkciji, saj V brezplačni različici obstajata dve možnosti uporabe lahko z aplikacijo izrisujemo različne grafe, hkrati pa vidimo tudi aplikacije: ali uporabljamo aplikacijo kot kalkulator, ali pa postopek risanja grafov. slikamo matematični problem (enačbo, izraz,…). V obeh Ker učence učimo uporabe aplikacije je smiselno, da to tudi primerih nam aplikacija izračuna vrednost zapisanega. Zakaj je preverjamo in ocenjujemo. To naredimo tako pri ustnem kot Photomath bolje uporabljati kot preprosto uporabiti le pisnem ocenjevanju znanja. kalkulator? Odgovor je preprost. Ko za rešitev težave uporabimo Photomath, imamo le en klik do razlage postopka, kako pridemo do rešitve. Tako pri zapletenih izrazih ali enačbah učenec dobi 3 UGOTOVITVE povratno informacijo, kje je naredil napako pri reševanju naloge. Pri slikanju enačb in izrazov je pomembno tudi to, da je lahko Izkazalo se je, da so učenci veliko bolj motivirani, če uporabljajo izraz zapisan ročno in aplikacija prepozna zapis. Seveda je digitalno tehnologijo pri pouku in doma, kot pa samo svinčnik in pomembno, da se potrudimo in čim lepše zapišemo izraz. papir. Pri urah matematike je veliko več učencev sodelovalo in Brezplačna verzija podpira tudi načrtovanje nekaterih grafov in delalo domače naloge, kot pa v skupini, kjer jim nismo iskanje rešitev s pomočjo narisanega grafa, vendar pa v predstavili aplikacije Photomath. Ko so učenci ugotovili, da brezplačni različici ne moremo samo risati grafa. lahko nalogo rešujejo s pomočjo aplikacije, so nalogo opravili V kolikor se odločimo za plačljivo verzijo aplikacije nam prav vsi, v skupini, kjer so nalogo morali rešiti samostojno, pa se aplikacija omogoča različne dodatke, kot so: učitelji lahko je izkazalo, da večina učencev naloge ni rešila. Hitro se je ustvarjajo razrede in učencem dodelijo naloge, različni virtualni razvedelo, da si pri reševanju nalog lahko pomagajo z aplikacijo pripomočki (risanje grafov, grafični prikaz računanja z Photomath in je tudi skupina, kjer aplikacije niso imeli ulomki,…), reševanje besedilnih nalog (če so le te v jeziku, ki ga predstavljene, začeli uporabili aplikacijo in rešili nalogo. Menim, aplikacija podpira), različni nasveti in matematične definicije. da je bolje, če učenci nalogo rešijo s pomočjo, kot da je sploh ne rešijo. Aplikacija namreč vedno reši enačbe in izraze po enakem postopku, tako učenec utrjuje enak postopek znova in znova. Po 2.2 Uporaba aplikacije Photomath pri pouku večkratnih ponovitvah, si postopek tudi zapomni. Seveda se je smiselno vprašati, kako preverjati znanje učenca. Aplikacijo Photomath lahko začnemo uporabljati že zelo zgodaj V ta namen pri pisnem preverjanju in ocenjevanju znanja imajo [2]. Kakor hitro se učenci srečajo z računskimi operacijami, jim učenci nalogo, ki je samostojno ne morejo rešiti, saj presega lahko pokažemo, kako račun izračuna Photomath. Sama učim njihov nivo znanja, lahko pa jo rešijo s pomočjo aplikacije. učence od šestega do devetega razreda, tako da se moji učenci, Zadnjih pet minut pri preizkusu znanja lahko učenci uporabijo če ne prej, srečajo z aplikacijo v šestem razredu. Pri pouku aplikacijo. V kolikor imajo svoje naprave, uporabijo svojo uporabimo aplikacijo najprej za preprosto računanje, potem pa napravo, če pa svojih naprav nimajo, jim v šoli zagotovimo ugotavljamo, kako nam aplikacija še lahko pomaga pri reševanju šolske tablice. Učenec se lahko odloči ali reši nalogo in pokaže matematičnih težav. svoje znanje uporabe aplikacije ali pa si s pomočjo aplikacije V šestem razredu začnemo z uporabo in spoznavanjem pomaga pri drugih nalogah in se odpove točkam pri težji nalogi. aplikacije Photomath. Aplikacijo začnemo spoznavati že na Seveda je potem tudi ocena ustrezna, saj učenec ne prikaže začetku šolskega leta pri računskih izrazih v naravnih številih [3]. celotnega znanja. Tukaj učenci uporabljajo tako kalkulator na aplikaciji kot tudi Drug način preverjanja in ocenjevanja usvojenega znanja pa možnost slikanja izrazov. Enako naredimo pri enačbah [3]. je pri ustnem preverjanju in ocenjevanju, kjer ima učenec na Aplikacija prikaže tudi postopek reševanja, zato lahko zelo izbiro ali nalogo reši samostojno ali s pomočjo aplikacije pripomore k učiteljevi razlagi. Aplikacija nam v začetku služi le 513 Photomath, lahko pa je vprašanje zastavljeno tudi tako, da učenec mora uporabiti aplikacijo. Ugotavljamo, da na ta način učence uvajamo v svet digitalizacije, kjer jim prikažemo smiselno uporabo aplikacij, ne samo za igro, ampak tudi kot pripomoček, ki te pripelje k hitrejši rešitvi. Ob koncu šolskega leta vedno naredimo tudi anketo o delu med letom. V anketi so učenci zapisali, da so spoznali veliko novega pri matematiki, predvsem pa, kako digitalno tehnologijo uporabljati tako, da si olajšajo težave. V anketi sodelujejo vsi učenci šole in izkazalo se je, da jim je drugačen način dela ljubši in bližji. Učenci razumejo, da morajo znati marsikaj rešiti tudi samostojno brez uporabe digitalne tehnologije, z digitalno tehnologijo si lahko zastavljene probleme olajšajo. 4 ZAKLJUČEK Menim, da je aplikacija zelo uporabna pri reševanju matematičnih problemov tako v osnovni šoli kot tudi kasneje. Učitelji moramo učence vpeljati v smiselno uporabo digitalne tehnologije in jim pomagati, da jo uporabljajo v svoj prid. Tukaj je tudi že umetna inteligenca, ki če jo želimo smiselno uporabljati, jo moramo poučevati in uporabljati že od osnovne šole naprej. V vseh učnih načrtih imamo zapisano, da moramo razvijati digitalne kompetence pri učenci, a le učitelji smo tisti, ki to res lahko osmislimo in učencem prikažemo digitalne kompetence, kot nekaj uporabnega. V prispevku je prikazana uporaba aplikacije pri matematiki. Aplikacija Photomath je uporabna tudi pri drugih predmetih. Pri geografiji jo lahko uporabimo že v šestem razredu, saj računamo razdalje na zemljevidu in v naravi, pri fiziki imamo nič koliko enačb in nam lahko aplikacija pomaga najti pot do pravilne rešitve. Photomath lahko uporabljamo tudi pri kemiji, kjer računamo masni delež in rešujemo različne kemijske enačbe. Pravzaprav lahko Photomath uporabimo povsod, kjer potrebujemo kalkulator ali moramo poenostaviti ali izračunati dani izraz ali rešiti enačbo. Enačbe ne rabimo zapisovati v matematični jezik, saj aplikacija prepozna ročni zapis. Aplikacija omogoča reševanje in zapis takšen, kot ga potrebujemo. Menim, da učencem damo veliko, a zavedati se moramo, da bomo morali na nivoju države nekaj spremeniti, da bomo otroke uvedli v nov svet poln ovir in preizkusov. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Ala-Mutka K. 2011. Mapping Digital Competence: Towards a Conceptual Understanding. Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso Spain. DOI=ftp://jrc.es/pub/EURdoc/JRC67075_TN.pdf [2] Stephanie Carretero, Riina Vuorikari, Yves Punie. 2017. Digital Competence Frameword for Citizens. European Uninion. DOI=Europa.eu/!Yg77Dh [3] Različni avtorji. 2011. Učni načrt za matematiko v osnovni šoli. Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. DOI=https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- sola/Ucni-nacrti/obvezni/UN_matematika.pdf [4] Aplikacija Photomath DOI= https://photomath.com/ 514 (Za)Kaj je nova eTorba? What and Why is new eTorba (eSchoolBag)? Mirjam Oblak Ministrstvo za vzgojo in izobraževanje Republike Slovenije Ljubljana, Slovenija mirjam.oblak@gov.si POVZETEK not, and are also important for the accessibility for learners who are dyslexic, visually impaired or have reading difficulties. With Leta 2022 je Ministrstvo za šolstvo, znanost in šport s sustainable tools and platforms that are well thought out, we can partnerjema Akademsko raziskovalno mrežo Slovenije develop and deliver quality electronic learning resources to raise (Arnesom) in Inštitutom informacijskih znanosti (IZUM-om) the quality of teaching in Slovenia. pristopilo k projektu »E-torba 2023: E-vsebine, e-storitve za podporo uvajanju novih pristopov v vzgoji in izobraževanju«. V KEYWORDS okviru projekta nastaja nacionalna platforma za elektronske učne Electronic learning resource, e-textbook, interactive textbook, vire (platforma eTorba), poteka razvoj eUrejevalnika ter nadgradnja obstoječih elektronskih učbenikov in gradiv. Pri eTorba, eUrejevalnik (eEditor), eBralnik (eReader), cognitive razvoju platforme in njenih orodij je potrebno upoštevati theory of multimedia learning najsodobnejše tehnične standarde in obenem sodobna spoznanja o naravi učenja z elektronskimi učnimi viri, vključno s teorijo 1. UVOD kognitivne obremenitve in kognitivno teorijo multimedijskega učenja. Kakovostna elektronska učna gradiva in okolje za Dvajseta leta 20. stoletja. Thomas Alva Edison, eden največjih njihovo branje nudijo nove priložnosti in načine učenja, ki jih izumiteljev vseh časov, izrazi prepričanje, da prihaja revolucija tiskana gradiva ne omogočajo, obenem pa so pomembni tudi z v izobraževanju: učbenike, ki kraljujejo v šolskih klopeh, bodo vidika dostopnosti za učence, ki imajo disleksijo, so slabovidni nadomestile učinkovitejše gibljive slike. ali imajo težave z branjem. S premišljeno pripravljenimi trajnostnimi orodji in platformami lahko pripravimo in Natanko sto let pozneje, v dvajsetih letih 21. stoletja, so v šolskih ponudimo kakovostne elektronske učne vire ter tako dvignemo torbah in na klopeh učbeniki še vedno zelo domači. Pa je kakovost pouka v Sloveniji. vendarle kaj drugače? Je. Tiskane učbenike danes dopolnjujejo elektronski učni viri, v njih pa so svoje mesto našle in obdržale KLJUČNE BESEDE tudi gibljive slike. Elektronski učni vir, e-učbenik, i-učbenik, eTorba, eUrejevalnik, Zakaj učbeniki ostajajo glavno učno sr eBralnik, kognitivna teorija multimedijskega učenja edstvo digitalni revoluciji navkljub? In kakšno je stanje na področju elektronskih učnih ABSTRACT virov v Sloveniji? Kakšne doprinose lahko pričakujemo v slovenskem šolstvu z novo eTorbo? Na ta vprašanja odgovarja In 2022, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, together pričujoči prispevek with its partners Arnes and IZUM, started the project »E-torba . 2023: e-content, e-services to support the introduction of new 2. approaches in education and training«. The project includes the ZAKAJ VLAGATI V RAZVOJ creation of a national platform for electronic learning resources ELEKTRONSKIH UČNIH GRADIV? (eTorba platform), the development of an eEditor and the upgrading of existing electronic textbooks and materials. The V zadnjih sto letih se je izobraževalna tehnologija razvijala development of the platform and its tools should take into hitreje kot kdaj koli. Če so jo, tudi Edison, sprva razumeli account the state-of-the-art technical standards and at the same predvsem v smislu medija, jo danes Association for Educational time the current knowledge on the nature of learning with Communications & Technology (AECT) definira kot »študij in electronic learning resources, including the cognitive load theory etičn[o] uporab[o] teorije, raziskav in najboljših praks za and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. High-quality napredovanje znanja ter posredovanje in izboljšanje učenja in electronic learning resources and their reading environment offer uspešnosti s strateškim načrtovanjem, upravljanjem in new opportunities and ways of learning that printed textbooks do izvajanjem učnih in izobraževalnih procesov in virov.«[1], [2] Izobraževalna tehnologija ni le medij, ampak opravlja tri vloge: vlogo vira, vlogo upravljanja in organiziranja ter vlogo sredstva Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed za učenje.[3] Kadar uporabljamo tehnologijo s ciljem for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full spodbujanja učenja, govorimo o učenju s tehnologijo.[4, str. 164] citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tako kot se tehnologija stalno spreminja, se spreminja tudi © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). učenje s tehnologijo. Od prvih začetkov, ko so v pouk vključevali radio in televizijo, se je ob prihodu računalnikov razširil s 515 priložnostmi za obdelovanje besedila, programiranjem in nato (slik, besedila), njihovo medsebojno usklajevanje in integriranje tudi računalniškimi simulacijami. Dostop do svetovnega spleta – med drugimi načela za zmanjšanje nepotrebnega procesiranja je povečal dostop do virov in novih načinov komunikacije. Danes med učenjem z multimedijo predstavljajo raziskave Richarda zmožnosti umetne inteligence, vstopanje v virtualno in Mayerja.[4, str. 170] [15] navidezno resničnost, 3D-tisk ter drugi viri in orodja omogočajo načine učenja, kakršnih v zgodovini še ni bilo. Kaj torej elektronski učni viri omogočajo, kar ni bilo mogoče že prej? Navajamo nekaj priložnosti: Ko uvajamo tehnologijo v izobraževanje, se ne osredotočamo 1. Uporabo multimedije. Mayerjeva kognitivna teorija nanjo, ampak na gradnjo kakovostnih učnih okolij. V ospredju je multimedijskega učenja temelji na hipotezi, da imamo učinkovito učenje, torej takšno, ki » ustvari pri učencih zavzetost ljudje ločena kanala za obdelovanje verbalnih in za učenje in […] je dobro uravnavano. «[5, str. 139] Pri tem se vizualnih podob/informacij, in opažanjih, da imamo zavedamo, da raziskave težko pokažejo očiten učinek na omejeno kapaciteto za količino informacij, ki jo lahko rezultate učenja zaradi svoje kompleksnosti in ker pripomore k posamezen kanal sprejme naenkrat. Z multimedijo obvladovanju kompleksnih kognitivnih zmožnosti, ki jih učenec sprejema tako vizualne kot besedilne standardizirani testi ne morejo določiti.[6], [7], [8, str. 77] Poleg tega je učenje bolj kot od učnih pripomočkov in učil odvisno od (verbalne) informacije. Le-te v delovnem spominu organizira in poveže, kar vodi v boljše učenje. metod poučevanja. Metode so namreč tiste, ki sprožajo učenje, in enake metode poučevanja so lahko učinkovite z uporabo Multimedijsko načelo pravi, da » se ljudje učijo globlje, različnih učnih pripomočkov in učil. Uporaba sodobne kadar jih spodbujamo k povezovanju slik in besed«,[4, tehnologije tako postane pomembna takrat, ko omogoča metode, str. 177] kar je značilno npr. za animacijo. ki sicer ne bi bile izvedljive.[4, str. 172], [9, str. vii] Tudi Neil 2. Povratne informacije imajo enega najpomembnejših Selwyn poudarja, da mora biti eno glavnih vprašanj, ki si jih učinkov na učne dosežke.[5, str. 124], [16, str. 182], zastavljamo: Kaj tehnologija omogoča, kar ni bilo mogoče prej? . [17], [18, str. 85] Učencu in učitelju pomagajo [10, str. 174] razumeti, kje na poti doseganja učnega cilja se učenec nahaja, kakšen je njegov napredek, določiti Pri načrtovanju in izvajanju pouka učitelju in pri samostojnem primanjkljaje v znanju, nerazumevanje, s tem pa tudi učenju učencu pomagajo učbeniki. Kakovosten učbenik odziv, ki izboljša učenje. Da lahko to dosežemo, mora omogoča vpogled v temeljno znanje predmetnega področja biti povratna informacija čim prejšnja (ampak ne (predstavlja legitimno obliko znanja [11, str. 685]), hkrati pa vedno: raziskave kažejo, da so takojšnje povratne spodbuja raziskovalne aktivnosti, zastavlja probleme in napeljuje informacije najkoristnejše za proceduralno znanje ali k uporabi drugih informacijskih virov. [12, str. 177 in 182] ko je naloga precej nad učenčevimi zmožnostmi, v drugih primerih pa se kot učinkovitejša kaže povratna Pravilnik o potrjevanju učbenikov določa, da je učbenik lahko v informacija z zamikom [5, str. 129]), konstruktivna, tiskani obliki, v elektronski obliki ali tiskani in elektronski obliki, specifična in povezana z učnim ciljem. [19], [20] pri čemer učbenike v elektronski obliki razvršča v dve ravni: Tehnologija pomaga učitelju pri podajanju povratne • v prvi ravni so digitalizirani učbeniki (d- informacije s samodejnimi odzivi o pravilnosti učbeniki), »ki so elektronske izdaje tiskanih odgovora in namigi, povratnimi informacijami o učbenikov in vsebujejo samo besedilo in stanju, o tem, kje učenec potrebuje podporo idr. slike«,[13] takšen učbenik tudi ne zahteva Umetna inteligenca danes te možnosti še razširja in neposrednega vpisovanja in podajanja rešitev ter lahko učenca med učenjem z elektronskimi učnimi viri odgovorov na vprašanja; spremlja in podpira (npr. Khanmigo na Khan Academy • v drugi ravni pa so interaktivni učbeniki (i- [21]). Še posebej se kot pomembne kažejo povratne učbeniki), »ki vključujejo interaktivne elemente, informacije in namigi pri vodenem odkrivanju med in konstrukcije in interaktivne naloge z večkratno po reševanju problema.[20] Elektronski učni viri povratno informacijo v besedilo. I-učbenik lahko omogočajo spremljanje napredka učenca ter takojšnji omogoča shranjevanje odgovorov in spremljavo odziv v primeru napačnega razumevanja in težav. uporabnika.«[13] 3. Interaktivnost. Učbenik se odziva na učenčeva Osnovna načela učbenika v elektronski obliki po Zmazek idr. so, dejanja in prinaša interaktivne zglede, primere, da pokriva vsebino učnega načrta, je interaktiven, vključuje prikaze, konstrukcije in že omenjene interaktivne naloge s samodejno povratno informacijo o uspehu pri multimedijo, prinaša induktivni pristop, z rdečo nitjo drži učenčevo pozornost in motivacijo od začetka do konca, je reševanju. unikaten in upošteva vse didaktične principe, ki veljajo tudi za 4. Poudarjanje bistvenega (označevanje) je eno od načel, ki po Mayerju zmanjša nepotrebno procesiranje tiskana gradiva.[14, str. 129–130] Takšen učbenik od učenca in s tem izboljša učinkovitost učenja. pričakuje, da svojo pozornost razporedi med različne vrste [4, str. 175], [15] podatkov, in če ti niso ustrezno razporejeni, je lahko učenje manj V Sloveniji si namreč učenci učbenike izposojajo v učinkovito, kot bi bilo s tiskanim gradivom. Zato strokovnjaki učbeniških skladih, zato po njih ne smejo pisati, poudarjajo pomen razporeditve in zaporedja elementov učbenika učbeniki v elektronski obliki pa te ovire nimajo. 516 5. Načelo samorazlage. Ena od tehnik učinkovitega izobraževanju.«[28] V njegovem okviru so z vidika elektronskih učenja je, da učenec razlaga vsebino samemu sebi, s učnih virov pomembni sledeči cilji: svojimi besedami.[15], [18] V učbeniku, ki je v • »poenotenje in povezovanje vsebin, katalogov in elektronski obliki, si lahko takšno razlago učenci orodij, e-storitev v celovito okolje (Slovensko izobraževalno zabeležijo ali jo celo posnamejo. omrežje) z vidika izobraževalca in učečega se na vseh področjih 6. Načelo individualizacije. Pomembna je možnost izobraževanja in usposabljanja; prilagajanja učnega procesa posamezniku, • [17], [22] virtualno okolje posameznika za personalizirano in kar se še posebej nujno kaže pri prilagajanju učencem sodelovalno učenje in poučevanje; […] • nadgradnja obstoječih in izdelava novih e-vsebin na s posebnimi potrebami. vseh področjih izobraževanja ter njihovo redno vzdrževanje; 7. Lastna hitrost učenja. Na učenje pozitivno vpliva • zagotoviti e-vsebine za podporo izobraževanju in učenčev nadzor nad potekom multimedijske nadaljnjem usposabljanju strokovnih delavcev v izobraževanju; predstavitve.[22] • vzpodbujati izdelavo in uporabo prosto dostopnih učnih virov (OER) ter razvijati učinkovite poslovne modele za 3. KAKŠEN JE RAZVOJ zagotavljanje OER in licenčnih e-gradiv.«[28] ELEKTRONSKIH UČNIH VIROV V SLOVENIJI? Leta 2022 je ministrstvo skupaj s partnerjema Akademsko raziskovalno mrežo Slovenije (Arnesom) in Inštitutom Prva elektronska učna gradiva so v Sloveniji nastala že v informacijskih znanosti (IZUM-om) pristopilo k projektu »E- devetdesetih letih, zagon pa so dobila po letu 2006 (obsežnejša torba 2023: E-vsebine, e-storitve za podporo uvajanju novih e-gradiva) in 2011 (interaktivni učbeniki). Ministrstvo, pristopov v vzgoji in izobraževanju« (v nadaljevanju: E-torba odgovorno za šolstvo, je vanje investiralo z namenom, da širijo 2023), katerega namen je »izboljšanje učnega procesa, ki bo nove načine poučevanja in učenja ter tako prispevajo k razvoju temeljil na uporabi inovativnih pristopov in večji uporabi izobraževalnega sistema.[23] Potrjevanje učbenikov v možnosti, ki jih omogoča sodobna IKT pri procesih elektronski obliki je bilo uvedeno leta 2010, pri čemer pa je lahko izobraževanja«,[27, str. 7] cilj pa »izboljšanje kompetenc in kot elektronski učbenik potrjen že samo digitalizirani tiskani dosežkov mladih ter večja usposobljenost izobraževalcev preko učbenik. Danes se takšna rešitev kaže kot manj primerna, saj večje uporabe sodobne IKT pri poučevanju in učenju, in sicer na številne raziskave kažejo, da branje na elektronskem mediju področju izobraževalnih e-storitev in e-vsebin«.[27, str. 7] Tako poteka drugače kot na papirju. To pomeni, da bi morali biti se v okviru projekta nadgrajujejo obstoječi interaktivni učbeniki učbeniki v elektronski obliki ustvarjeni z mislijo na to, kako se in nekatera elektronska gradiva, poleg tega pa pripravlja pet učimo s tehnologijo in kako izkoristiti prednosti, ki jih ponuja za novih elektronskih gradiv za nove pedagoške modele. Za še učinkovitejše učenje. nadgradnjo in pripravo elektronskih učnih virov se razvija eUrejevalnik, za njihovo objavo in uporabo pa portal eTorba, v Leta 2011 je bila izdana publikacija Izhodišča za izdelavo e- okviru katere deluje eBralnik elektronskih učnih virov. učbenikov,[24] na podlagi izhodišč so bili izdelani tudi e- učbeniki v nadaljnjih projektih ministrstva.[25] Tehnična 4. KAJ OMOGOČA eUREJEVALNIK? izhodišča za pripravo interaktivnih učbenikov so bila Kot smo ugotovili, za kakovosten učbenik v elektronski obliki ni pripravljena leta 2011 v okviru projekta E-učbeniki za dovolj, da tiskano gradivo prenesemo v digitalno obliko, ampak naravoslovne predmete. Med drugim so določala, da se bodo mora upoštevati naravo učenja z elektronskimi gradivi. To se je interaktivni učbeniki uporabljali na različnih napravah in da učne upoštevalo tudi pri razvoju novega eUrejevalnika, ki ga razvija enote sestavljajo osnovni gradniki.[26, str. 56] Vsa gradiva so IZUM. bila dana v uporabo pod licenco Creative Commons. V eUrejevalniku gradivo nastaja skladno s sodobnimi Izdelani elektronski učni viri se po letu 2015 niso več tehnološkimi standardi v HTML-obliki. Zaradi časovnih nadgrajevali, primanjkljaj pa se je še povečal v času epidemije omejitev projekta smo se pri določitvi specifikacij eUrejevalnika covid-19 in zaradi novih tehničnih standardov za uporabo in osredotočili predvsem na elemente in gradnike, ki so jih prikazovanje (ukinitev Flasha in uveljavitev HTML5).[27] vsebovala obstoječa e-gradiva, in jih mestoma dopolnili – npr. ob kolažu slik smo ponudili možnost galerije slik, saj te s prikazom Leta 2019 je Programski svet za digitalno izobraževanje dobil enega slikovnega elementa naenkrat zmanjšajo kognitivno nalogo priprave novega Akcijskega načrt digitalnega obremenitev učenca. eUrejevalnik omogoča tudi vstavljanje izobraževanja (ANDI). V njem je predstavljena vizija interaktivnih in multimedijskih elementov, pri čemer digitalnega izobraževanja v Sloveniji, in sicer »vzpostavljeno interaktivne naloge nudijo ne le povratno informacije o izobraževanje in usposabljanje, ki posameznike pripravlja na pravilnosti rešitve, ampak tudi pojasnila in namige (nabor kakovostno življenje in delovanje v digitalni in zeleni družbi, gradnikov je razviden na Sliki 1). Zaradi potreb slabovidnih primerljivo z najuspešnejšimi državami.«[28] Tako ANDI učencev je zahtevan vnos opisa slike (atribut alt). naslavlja šest področij. Namen področja Ekosistem digitalnega izobraževanja je »zagotoviti celovit, zmogljiv, delujoč, varen in motivacijski podporni ekosistem za vsakega deležnika v 517 5. KAKO eBRALNIK SPODBUJA UČENJE? Do elektronskih vsebin bodo učenci torej dostopali na portalu eTorba, nacionalnem portalu za e-vsebine. Vizija ministrstva je, da bi učenci na njem dostopali do vseh zanje relevantnih elektronskih učnih virov. Prijava za uporabo portala ni potrebna, je pa priporočena, saj omogoča uporabo naprednih funkcij eBralnika (označevanje, shranjevanje nalog). Učenci se prijavijo z AAI-računom. Svojo eTorbo si lahko prijavljeni učenci personalizirajo: Slika 1: Gradniki v eUrejevalniku zaenkrat lahko shranijo (kasneje pa tudi arhivirajo) najljubša gradiva in spremenijo svojo uporabniško sliko ter dostopajo do Bistveni element vsakega učbenika sta njegova vizualna podoba svojih zaznamkov. in struktura. Učenec mora takoj videti in razumeti, kako so informacije organizirane in kakšna bo njegova navigacija po gradivu. Enotna oblikovna in uporabniška podoba je pri elektronskih učnih virih še pomembnejša kot pri tiskanih.[29, str. 33–34] Zato so pripravljene grafičnooblikovne predloge, in sicer za drugo vzgojno-izobraževalno obdobje, za tretje vzgojno- izobraževalno obdobje ter za srednješolsko in višješolsko izobraževanje, vsaka v svetli in temni izvedbi. Privzeta grafična vrednost gradnika je razlagalno besedilo, avtor pa lahko izbira tudi med drugimi možnostmi: • definicija (za definicije in pomembne poudarke), Slika 2: Zajem zaslona v testni različici portala eTorba • razlaga besede (npr. pojma, tujke, neznane besede, prevod besede v učbenikih tujih jezikov), Tako kot pri razvoju eUrejevalnika smo tudi pri razvoju • vir (npr. besedilo, zgodovinski vir ali drugo eBralnika upoštevali naravo učenja z elektronskimi viri. Med ponazorilo, na katerega se navezujejo naloge), drugim upoštevali tudi kazalnike (sicer narejene za tiskane • učbenike), ki so bili oblikovani v okviru projekta Za kakovost dodatno (npr. zanimivost, dodatna informacija, namig, slovenskih učben povzetek, spodbuda), ikov,[30] še posebej za prilagoditev otrokom z • dejavnost (naloga), disleksijo. • odlomek (npr. iz časopisov, citat) in • Če pri interaktivnih učbenikih iz prejšnjih projektov poznamo skrita vsebina. fiksno, na tiskani učbenik spominjajočo se postavitev (prednost V tako oblikovanem elektronskem učnem viru učenec takoj vidi, le-te je, da lahko natančno določimo postavitev strani), smo se v »kaj mora znati«, metapodatki pa bodo koristni tudi pri eBralniku odločili za drugačen pristop. Postavitev sledi nadaljnjem razvoju eBralnika (lahko bo na primer omogočil, principom odzivnega oblikovanja, kar pomeni, da se stran da bi se učencu na njegov ukaz prikazale samo vse definicije ali vse prilagodi velikosti in ločljivosti zaslona.[30] S tem omogoča uporabo na različnih zaslonih (npr. računalniški zaslon, telefon, razlage besed oziroma pojmov). tablica …), nastavljanje pogleda in vključevanje različnih filtrov, Vsak gradnik ima svojo identiteto (identifikacijsko številko, npr. npr. glede na standarde znanja (temeljna raven, minimalna raven, zahtevnejša raven) ali na izbirnost vsebine (splošna znanja, #m254818, #m254821). Avtor jih lahko oblikovno ali vsebinsko povezuje med seboj, identifikacijska številka pa omogoča tudi, posebna znanja, izbirne vsebine). Z nastavitvami pogleda se stran da lahko učitelj učenca usmeri neposredno na izbrani gradnik prilagodi glede na izbran tip pisave (npr. Arial, Dyslexic), razmik elektronskega učnega vira. Gradniku je mogoče tudi dodajanje med vrsticami, velikost pisave, višino vrstice, razmik med znaki, ključnih besed, ki ga dodatno vsebinsko opisujejo in omogočajo širino stranskih robov vsebine in skrite vsebine (npr. če učenec kasnejšo lažjo orientacijo in učinkovitejše učenje (npr. z uporabo označi, da se mu prikazujejo samo splošna znanja, se mu izbirna iskalnika v eBralniku). in posebna ne bodo prikazala) in drugim nastavitvam. Te prilagoditve in način postavitve vplivajo na boljšo berljivost besedila, še pose Izdelan elektronski učni vir je mogoče izvoziti na portal eTorba bej pa pomagajo otrokom z disleksijo [31] in slabovidnim otrokom. Funkciji izboljšanja b ali na lokalni server avtorja gradiva (izvoz HTML5). Predvideno erljivosti sledi tudi je branje na portalu eTorba s pomočjo posebej razvitega možnost izbire temnega ali svetlega pogleda. eBralnika, ki omogoča tudi uporabo naprednejših funkcij za Prilagodljiv način zaslona je pomemben tudi zaradi kognitivne prikaz in shranjevanje vsebine. obremenitve, saj je navigacija po strani lažja – vsebina je praviloma postavljena v enem stolpcu, zaradi česar je pozornost bolj osredinjena, pot branja bolj predvidljiva, naenkrat je tudi prikazana manjša količina podatkov. Ima pa takšna postavitev 518 lahko, v primeru, da avtorji ne upoštevajo narave učenja z usposabljanje za spretnosti in vseživljenjsko učenje z razvojem elektronskimi učnimi viri, tudi slabost. Ljudje si namreč, ko infrastrukture za izobraževanje in usposabljanje; specifični cilj beremo, ustvarjamo nekakšne kognitivne zemljevide – 10.3.1: izboljšanje kompetenc in dosežkov mladih ter večja umeščamo podatke na stran.[32] Pri prilagodljivem načinu usposobljenost izobraževalcev preko večje uporabe sodobne IKT zaslona, kjer ni vsa vsebina prikazana naenkrat, ampak se pri poučevanju in učenju. spreminja s tem, ko drsimo navzdol, si takšne mentalne slike težje ustvarjamo. Rešitev, ki jo zato morajo upoštevati avtorji, je, da pripravljajo več krajših učnih enot – vsebin, ki so prikazane na eni stani. eBralnik omogoča večjo individualizacijo in aktivnosti pri učenju kot tiskani učbeniki iz šolskih skladov, saj učenca spodbuja k podčrtovanju in dodajanju zaznamkov. Prav tako pa Zahvaljujemo se sodelavcem na IZUMU, ki razvijajo platformo si lahko pomaga tudi z razlago besede v Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika Fran eTorba, eUrejevalnik in eBralnik, ter sodelavcem na Arnesu, ki [33] oziroma Franček,[34] kar je še posebej nam nudijo potrebno podporo. Za oblikovno podobo projekta je dobrodošlo za učence, ki jim slovenščina ni prvi jezik. S tem tudi poskrbel Unibrand d.o.o., za oblikovne predloge e-učbenikov pa učence navaja in spodbuja k rabi Slovarja slovenskega knjižnega Barbara Jenko. jezika in drugih jezikovnih priročnikov ter krepi njihov besedni zaklad in jezikovno zmožnost. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definition and Terminology Committee: The definition of Educational 6. ZAKLJUČEK Technology, 2004. [2] The Definition and Terminology Committee. 2023. Association for Educational Communications and Technology. 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[30] KaUc | Za KAkovost slovenskih UČbenikov. Dostopno na naslovu: https://kauc.splet.arnes.si/ (19. 9. 2023). [31] Gregor Torkar, Milena Košak Babuder in Milena Ivanuš Grmek. 2022. Končno poročilo o analizi kakovosti potrjenih učbenikov za naravoslovne, družboslovne in humanistične predmete spilotno različico kazalnikov kakovosti učbenikov. Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport, Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani. Dostopno na naslovu: https://kauc.splet.arnes.si/files/2022/05/Ucbeniki_KKU_koncno_porocil o_2022.pdf (19. 9. 2023). [32] Eugene A. Lovelace in Stephen D. Southall. 1983. Memory for words in prose and their locations on the page. V Memory & Cognition 11, 5 (1983), 429–434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196979. [33] Fran. Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Dostopno na: https://fran.si/ (19. 9. 2023) [34] Franček. Dostopno na https://www.franček.si (19. 9. 2023). Daniel Light. 2008. Evaluating Educational Technology Interventions: How do we know its working. Center for Children and Technology, Education Development Center, Inc. Dostopno na naslovu: http://cct.edc.org/sites/cct.edc.org/files/publications/Evaluating%20Educ ational%20Technology.pdf (26. 5. 2017). 520 Nove poti pridobivanja veščin in delovnih izkušenj v mednarodnem sodelovanju z industrijo pri študentih New Forms of Upskilling in International Cooperation between Students and Industry Duško Odić Urška Mrgole Marjeta Trobec Institut »Jožef Stefan« Institut »Jožef Stefan« Institut »Jožef Stefan« Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija dusko.odic@ijs.si urska.mrgole@ijs.si marjeta.trobec@ijs.si POVZETEK kot katalizatorja za integracijo akademskega sveta v poslovne prakse in tehnične rešitve tudi v prihodnosti. Na Institutu “Jožef Stefan” večina trenutnih praks prenosa znanja med študenti in industrijo vključuje posredno udeležbo študentov KLJUČNE BESEDE v sodelovanje med industrijo in raziskovalci. Podjetniške izkušnje pri študentih, ki so povečini vezane na izobraževalne Projekt INDUSAC, mednarodno sodelovanje, sodelovanje delavnice, običajno ne upoštevajo geografskega ravnovesja ali študenti-industrijo, pridobivanje veščin. enakosti med spoloma in redko vključujejo pridobitev veščin ABSTRACT skozi konkretno sodelovanje z industrijo. V projektu Horizon Europe INDUSAC je glavni cilj razviti in potrditi preprost in At the Jožef Stefan Institute, most of the current practices of uporabniku prijazen mehanizem sodelovanja med industrijo in knowledge transfer between students and industry involve the študenti v kratkoročnih, 4–8 tednov trajajočih soustvarjalskih indirect participation of students in cooperation between industry projektih, ki temeljijo na industrijskih izzivih. Prenos znanja iz and researchers. Entrepreneurial experiences for students, which industrije je tako razširjen z raziskovalcev tudi na študente, ki so are mostly gained through educational workshops, usually do not dodatno motivirani tudi s finančno podporo. Uravnotežena take into account geographical or gender balance, and rarely zastopanost spolov in mednarodni značaj sta zagotovljena s involve upskilling through direct engagement with industry. In pogoji, določenimi v razpisu za študente in raziskovalce. the Horizon Europe INDUSAC project, the main objective is to Poudarek je na pridobivanju novih veščin, ki se doseže z develop and validate a simple and user-friendly collaboration iskanjem rešitev za realne izzive, s katerimi se sooča industrija. mechanism between industry and students through short-term, 4- Potek dela vključuje registracijo na spletni platformi INDUSAC, 8 week co-creation projects based on industrial challenges. The objavo izziva s strani podjetij, sestavljanje soustvarjalskih ekip, transfer of knowledge from industry is thus extended from in oddajo motivacijskih pisem za prijavo na reševanje izziva. Ko researchers to students, who are additionally motivated by so motivacijska pisma ocenjena, izbrane ekipe s pomočjo financial support. Gender balance and international character are podjetja nadaljujejo z reševanjem izziva. Po zaključku procesa ensured by the conditions set out in the call for students and podjetja in ekipe oddajo poročila in povratne informacije o researchers. The focus is on upskilling, which is achieved by procesu v smislu izkušenj s soustvarjalskim projektom ter finding solutions to real-life challenges facing the industry. The pridobivanje veščin in poznavanja izbranih podjetniških področij. workflow includes registration on the INDUSAC online platform, Delovni tok (razpis) bo do konca trajanja projekta INDUSAC publishing of a challenge by companies, formation of co-creation izveden trikrat, s čimer bo tudi omogočeno hitro in dinamično teams, and submission of motivational letters for applying to reševanje izzivov ter na povratnih informacijah temelječa solve the challenge. After the submissions are evaluated, selected izboljšava samega procesa. Z reševanjem izzivov podjetij bodo teams proceed to solve the challenge with assistance by the študenti pridobili izkušnje mednarodnega sodelovanja ter company. After the completion of the project, companies and podjetniške veščine, dostop do podjetij iz EU in pridruženih teams submit reports and feedback on the process in terms of držav ter reference za prihodnje mreženje. Mehanizem experience with the co-creation project, and upskilling and INDUSAC bo s podporo vsaj 300 mednarodnim soustvarjalskim gained knowledge on selected entrepreneurial areas. The ekipam in ustvarjanjem dinamične skupnosti deležnikov iz workflow will be carried out three times during the INDUSAC industrije in akademskega sveta vzpostavil sistem soustvarjanja project, which will enable quick and dynamic seeking of solutions to challenges and feedback-based improvement of the process itself. By solving business challenges, students will gain experience in international cooperation and entrepreneurial skills, Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or access to companies from the EU and associated countries, and classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full references for future networking. By supporting at least 300 citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must international co-creation teams and creating a dynamic be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). community of stakeholders from industry and academia, the Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). INDUSAC mechanism will establish a system of co-creation as 521 a catalyst for the integration of academia into business practices in je pomanjkanje sredstev med glavnimi ovirami za sodelovanje and technical solutions well into the future. univerz z industrijo [1-2]; zato se nenehno išče sheme in mehanizme financiranja, da bi spodbudili majhne kratkotrajne KEYWORDS projekte raziskav in razvoja; te možnosti ponujajo evropski INDUSAC project, international cooperation, student-industry projekti. cooperation, upskilling V trenutnem projektu Obzorja Evropa INDUSAC (Quick Challenge-driven, Human-centred Co-Creation mechanism for INDUStry-Academia Collaborations, števika EU projekta 1 UVOD 101070297), ki se je začel septembra 2022 (www.indusac.eu), Prednosti sodelovanja med industrijo in univerzami v naslavljamo zgornjo problematiko. Glavni cilj projekta je razviti sodelovalnih inovacijskih aktivnostih vključujejo povezanost in in potrditi preprost in uporabniku prijazen mehanizem povečano bazo znanja, združevanje različnih zornih kotov, sodelovanja med industrijo in študenti, ki bo omogočil kratke izkušenj, veščin in znanja, spodbujanje interdisciplinarnih soustvarjalske projekte, ki temeljijo na industrijskih izzivih. interakcij, in spodbujanje prenos veščin in znanja [1]. Univerze Proces omogoča razvoj rešitev, ki obravnavajo potrebe in pridobivajo podjetniški značaj in v tem sklopu spodbujajo ne le interese podjetij, študentov v EU, s posebnim poudarkom na raziskovalce, pač pa tudi študente, k podjetniškemu državah, ki na področju raziskav, razvoja in inovacij zaostajajo udejstvovanju. Povezovanje študentov z industrijo lahko poteka (v nadaljevanju: widening države1), in pridruženih državah2. V na več načinov; v Sloveniji se lahko študenti, če želijo sami projektu je prenos znanja osredotočen na študente, ki so za postati podjetniki, vključijo v izobraževalne programe npr. Javne uspešno opravljen soustvarjalski projekt finančno nagrajeni, agencije RS za spodbujanje investicij, podjetništva in uravnotežena zastopanost spolov pa je zagotovljena s pogoji, internacionalizacije SPIRIT ali Ljubljanskega univerzitetnega določenimi v razpisu za študente in raziskovalce. Poudarek je na inkubatorja, lahko pa se vključijo v sodelovanje z industrijo; na pridobivanju veščin, ki se doseže z iskanjem rešitev za tem področju je med predstavniki univerz veliko zanimanja in vsakodnevne izzive, s katerimi se sooča industrija. V tudi sicer še veliko prostora za izboljšanje in iskanje novih nadaljevanju navajamo delovni tok soustvarjalskega projekta za načinov povezovanja [2]. Institut »Jožef Stefan« (IJS) kot študente, je pa sicer projekt namenjen tudi raziskovalcem. največja slovenska javna raziskovalna organizacija skozi vsakoletne Dneve odprtih vrat, tedenske obiske šol na Institutu 2 METODOLOGIJA IN ORODJA in občasne šolske projekte (npr. H2020 projekt STEM4Youth, 2016-2018) spodbuja povezovanje med mladimi in znanostjo, Platforma INDUSAC. Za potrebe izvajanja soustvarjalskega nekoliko manj pa se ukvarja z neposrednim povezovanjem projekta je vzpostavljena spletna platforma kot uporabniku študentov z industrijo. V okviru aktivnosti obiskovanja podjetij, prijazno in intuitivno orodje za objavo industrijskih izzivov, ki jih je v sklopu promocije tehnologij Instituta izvajal Center za sestavljanje soustvarjalskih ekip, prijavo na razpise za reševanje prenos tehnologij in inovacij, so bili mladi raziskovalci občasno izzivov, ter oddajo poročil. vabljeni na obisk v podjetje, študenti pa se z delom v podjetju Delovni tok na projektu. Delovni tok (Slika 1) se začne z lahko spoznajo posredno (npr. kadar sodelujejo z raziskovalnimi registracijo podjetja na platformi INDUSAC in objavo odseki, ki sodelujejo z industrijo). Poleg tega izpopolnjevanje na podjetniškega izziva (npr. določen problem, ki ga je treba rešiti). področjih splošnih podjetniških veščin, kot so trženje, razvoj Študenti se prav tako registrirajo na platformi, izberejo izziv za produkta ali izdelava poslovnih modelov, pogosto ni del rednega reševanje, sestavijo ekipo (ki lahko vključuje tudi raziskovalce) študijskega programa, pridobivajo pa takšni ciljani programi vse in predložijo t. i. motivacijsko pismo. Če so izbrane, ekipe bolj na pomenu [3]. O teh veščinah se lahko študenti na Institutu nadaljujejo z reševanjem izziva in po opravljenem delu oddajo poučijo na občasnih tematskih dogodkih (vsakoletni dogodek ustrezna poročila ter izpolnjene vprašalnike o izkušnjah in Mladi upi) in krajših podjetniških delavnicah, ki se jih običajno pridobljenih veščinah. izvaja v okviru namenskih projektov za spodbujanje podjetništva Registracija na platformi INDUSAC. Preden se lahko (SPIRIT/MGRT projekt SIO 2018-2019) ali izobraževanja izvajajo soustvarjalski projekti, se morajo podjetja, študenti in mladih (H2020 projekt NOCMOC 2018), pa še tedaj ne v obliki raziskovalci registrirati na platformi. Registracija omogoča prakse oziroma reševanja konkretnih izzivov v obliki podjetju, da ustvari profil in objavi izziv, študentom pa omogoči raziskovalnih nalog. Študentsko-industrijske iniciative pogosto oddajo motivacijskih pisem, sestavljanje ekip in oddajo poročil. potečejo brez posebne pozornosti do geografske uravnoteženosti Objava industrijskih izzivov. Oktobra 2023 bodo podjetja ali enakosti med spoloma, in na nacionalni, ne pa mednarodni povabljena, da objavijo izziv tako, da izberejo eno od devetih ravni, čeprav se prednosti mešanih ekip in sodelovanja v vnaprej določenih predlog za potencialne izzive, ki zajemajo mednarodnih ekipah kažejo npr. v povečani dobičkonosnosti predvsem podjetniške veščine in obsegajo teme od razvoja sredstev in finančni učinkovitosti v podjetju, pridobivanju novih izdelka, tržne analize in strategije ter razvoja idej za veščin in znanj, ter povečanju regionalne kompetitivnosti (npr. storitve/izdelke do priprave poslovnega načrta in poslovnega [4-6]). In končno, sodelave med študenti in industrijo v obliki modela. Izziv bo poleg opisa težave (brez zaupnih informacij) raziskovalnih nalog same po sebi pogosto niso finančno podprte navedel tudi pričakovanja podjetij glede rešitev in glede 1Widening države: Bolgarija, Hrvaška, Ciper, Češka, Estonija, Grčija, Madžarska, 2 Pridružene države: Albanija, Armenija, Bosna in Hercegovina, Ferski otoki, Latvija, Litva, Malta, Poljska, Portugalska, Romunija, Slovaška, Slovenija (vir: Gruzija, Islandija, Izrael, Kosovo, Moldavija, Črna Gora, Severna Makedonija, https://rea.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-committed-research-and-innovation-through- Norveška, Srbija, Tunizija, Turčija, Ukrajina, Maroko, Velika Britanija (vir: horizon-europe-widening-programme-2022-08-29_en#) https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021- 2027/common/guidance/list-3rd-country-participation_horizon-euratom_en.pdf). 522 Slika 1: Poenostavljeni delovni tok projekta INDUSAC sposobnosti soustvarjalske ekipe. Podjetje določi največje število soustvarjalsko ekipo prejmejo izključno študenti (ne pa tudi ekip, ki so lahko izbrane za reševanje izdanega izziva. morebitni raziskovalci v ekipi), po zaključku projekta. Predložitev motivacijskih pisem. Kot del tekoče kampanje Proces soustvarjanja. INDUSAC bo soustvarjalskim osveščanja so študenti z javnih univerz seznanjeni s projektom ekipam zagotovil seznam izročkov, metod in orodij za reševanje INDUSAC s promocijo s strani konzorcija INDUSAC in univerz izziva, vključno s t. i. mentorskim načrtom. V okviru 4-8 tednov samih prek družabnih omrežij in letakov. Novembra 2023 se trajajočega procesa bo podjetje sklicalo uvodni sestanek, in po bodo študenti lahko prijavili na razpis, ki vključuje sestavo potrebi nadaljnje vmesne sestanke z ekipo. Študenti bodo soustvarjalske ekipe in pripravo skupnega motivacijskega pisma. preučili podrobnosti in metode izziva ter podrobneje raziskali Motivacijsko pismo vključuje opis motivacije in veščin ekipe za podjetje. Na prvem vmesnem sestanku s podjetjem bodo ekipe rešitev izziva. predstavile začetne rezultate. Nadaljnje delo se bo nato Upravičenost soustvarjalskih ekip in članov ekipe. osredotočilo na razvoj rešitve. Na zaključnem sestanku bodo Soustvarjalska ekipa mora imeti najmanj tri do največ šest ekipe predstavile končno rešitev in prejele povratne informacije članov. Študenti morajo imeti državljanstvo in/ali urejen od podjetja, ki jih bodo upoštevale pri pripravi in oddaji rezidentski status / biti rezidenti v državah članicah EU ali končnega poročila. pridruženih državah. Člani ekipe morajo biti iz vsaj treh različnih Za zagotovitev nemotenega poteka bo proces soustvarjanja držav članic EU ali pridruženih držav in vsaj 60 % članov ekipe spremljal tudi konzorcij INDUSAC, in sicer na podlagi mora biti iz widening držav. Ves čas trajanja dejavnosti morajo omenjenega mentorskega načrta, v katerem so natančneje biti študenti vpisani na javne univerze. Posamezni študent bo opredeljeni posamezni koraki pri reševanju določenega tipa lahko sodeloval v več kot eni soustvarjalski ekipi, vendar največ izziva. Mentorski odbor beleži napredovanje glavnih mejnikov v treh različnih oddanih motivacijskih pismih. Ekipa mora biti in morebitne težave; v vsaki fazi lahko mentorski odbor preveri uravnotežena po spolu, in vključevati vsaj dve od naslednjih treh in svetuje glede elementov, kot so jasnost smernic INDUSAC, opredelitev: [moški], [ženska] in [ne želi razkriti]. V vsaki ekipi upoštevanje rokov, pravočasno posredovanje rezultatov ter mora biti vsaj en študent, tj. nobena ekipa ne sme biti sestavljena komunikacija med podjetjem in soustvarjalsko ekipo. izključno iz raziskovalcev. Če bo v procesu nastala kakšna oblika intelektualne lastnine Ocenjevanje motivacijskih pisem. Kot je navedeno zgoraj, (IL; npr. patentna prijava), bodo delitev lastništva pravic IL, vrsta lahko podjetje za reševanje izziva izbere več kot eno IL in upravljanje z njo, urejene z ustreznimi pogodbami med soustvarjalsko ekipo. Motivacijska pisma ocenjuje predstavnik podjetjem in soustvarjalsko ekipo izven projekta INDUSAC. podjetja na podlagi številnih kriterijev – motiviranosti in Poročanje soustvarjalskih ekip. Po zaključku entuziazma ekipe, ustreznosti pristopa, potencialnega vpliva soustvarjalskega projekta ekipe predložijo poročila o izvajanju, rešitve na trg, kakovosti ekipe, razporeditve virov in transverznih vključno s povzetkom/opisom rezultatov (tj. rešitev izzivov), kriterijev. Če število prejetih motivacijskih pisem na izziv končnimi rezultati, kot je opredeljeno v izzivih, izpolnjenimi preseže 200 % števila ekip, s katerimi je podjetje pripravljeno vprašalniki o pridobljenih veščinah in vprašalniki o poznavanju sodelovati, ocenjevalni odbor INDUSAC (ki ga sestavljajo člani podjetniških metod (po enega pred projektom in enega po konzorcija INDUSAC) izvede predizbor na podlagi istih meril, projektu), ter kratke prispevke o izkušnjah. Rešitve za izzive po katerih bodo motivacijska pisma ocenjevala tudi podjetja. ocenjujejo ocenjevalni odbor in podjetje, ter vključujejo ocene Ocenjevalni odbor INDUSAC podjetju posreduje toliko glede kakovosti izročkov, kazalnikov poslovne uspešnosti, motivacijskih pisem, kolikor jih ustreza 150 % števila ekip, s kazalnikov tehnične uspešnosti, in upoštevanja rokov. Proces katerimi je podjetje pripravljeno sodelovati v okviru soustvarjanja se zaključi, ko ocenjevalni odbor in podjetje posameznega izziva. ocenita in potrdita poročilo o izvedbi in študenti prejmejo Podpis izjave FSTP. Če je motivacijsko pismo odobreno, finančna sredstva. soustvarjalska ekipa podpiše Izjavo o finančni podpori tretjim Poročanje podjetij. Poleg soustvarjalskih ekip podjetje osebam (ang. “financial support to third parties”, FSTP). FSTP v zagotavlja tudi povratne informacije v obliki ocene kakovosti višini do 1.000 EUR bruto na študenta in do 3.000 EUR bruto na rešitve izziva, vključno s kakovostjo izročkov, poslovno 523 uspešnostjo, tehnično zmogljivostjo in upoštevanjem rokov. ki ne dosegajo 70% povprečnega indeksa raziskovalne Podjetje izpolni tudi vprašalnik, v katerem navede svoje izkušnje odličnosti 3 . K temu pripomore objavljanje širokega nabora med projektom. različnih vrst izzivov, kar omogoča raznolikost vsebin in Časovna dinamika projekta. Industrijski izzivi se bodo področij dela, možnosti posameznikov pa poveča tudi možnost kontinuirano objavljali sproti. Motivacijska pisma bo tudi možno sodelovanja v več kot eni soustvarjalski ekipi. oddajati kontinuirano, vendar bodo ocenjena po treh presečnih Soustvarjalska ekipa mora biti tudi uravnotežena glede na datumih (januarja 2024, maja 2024 in oktobra 2024). Štiri tedne spol, pričakovani rezultat pa je vsaj 50-odstotna zastopanost po zaključku razpisa soustvarjalske ekipe prejmejo odločitev o žensk v soustvarjalskih projektih, kar bo prispevalo k premiku svojih prijavah. Če je motivacijsko pismo odobreno, mora ekipa trenutnega trenda zaostajanja žensk za moškimi v podjetništvu v roku enega tedna podpisati izjavo o prejetju financiranja; potem [12-13]. Poleg enakosti spolov pa je projekt močno naravnan tudi pa se lahko začne reševanje izziva. Individualni soustvarjalski na študente, saj mora vsaka ekipa vključevati vsaj enega projekti bodo trajali 4–8 tednov. Tri mesece po prvem presečnem študenta. Status študenta, ki se potrdi med registracijo, je še datumu bodo ekipe pozvane, da predložijo končna poročila v posebej pomemben, saj mehanizem INDUSAC daje poudarek na revizijo; dva tedna kasneje ocenjevalni odbor potrdi seznam podporo mlajšim generacijam pri pridobivanju izkušenj pri delu študentov iz soustvarjalskih ekip, ki bodo prejeli finančno z industrijo. K poudarjeni motiviranosti študentov prispeva tudi podporo; mesec dni kasneje vsi študentje s seznama prejmejo dejstvo, da denarno podporo prejemajo le študenti, ne pa tudi sredstva. raziskovalci. Kombinacija geografskega ravnovesja in zahteve po sodelovanju študentov predstavlja tudi edinstveno priložnost za študente, da začnejo ustvarjati mednarodne mreže na svoji 3 RAZPRAVA karierni poti. Industrijska vlaganja v raziskave in razvoj so med Celoten proces je pomembno podprt z dejstvom, da eden najpomembnejšimi gonilniki gospodarske rasti in razvoja, glavnih rezultatov projekta, platforma INDUSAC, omogoča, da sodelovanje med industrijo in univerzami pa je strateško večina dejavnosti poteka priročno in uporabniku prijazno na pomembno za povečanje učinkovitosti in vpliva teh vlaganj [7]. enem mestu. Produktivnost razvoja in tehnološki portfelj v industriji sta Bolj kot specifični tehnološki dosežki in izumi, je pri projektu marsikdaj povečana zaradi udeležbe univerz [8-9], ki imajo poleg INDUSAC osrednja tema prenosa znanja pridobivanje veščin. podjetij osrednjo vlogo v procesih inovacije [1]. Javne Soustvarjalske ekipe izpolnijo vprašalnike za izpopolnjevanje in raziskovalne organizacije zato vse bolj razširjajo svoje poznavanje področij pred začetkom projekta in po koncu poslanstvo s pomočjo pisarn za prenos tehnologij, licenciranja, projekta. Cilj soustvarjalskega projekta je izboljšati pravic IL, raziskovalnega sodelovanja, inkubatorjev in veščine/izkušnje študentov pri delu v mednarodnem okolju, delu odcepljenih podjetij; poleg izobraževanja in raziskav se s podjetji, reševanju konkretnih nalog, pomoči v skupini pri vključujejo tudi v regionalni razvoj, za kar morajo postati tudi dogovoru o vsestransko sprejemljivi rešitvi, delu v skupini pri vse bolj podjetniško naravnane, in podjetništvo promovirati tudi prepoznavanju skupnih ciljev, in dovzetnosti za upoštevanje med študenti [10]. Pristop INDUSAC se skozi vključevanje predlogov. Komunikacijske in pogajalske veščine, k rezultatom študentov v neposredno sodelovanje z industrijo vklaplja v usmerjeno razmišljanje, ustvarjalnost, kritično in analitično obstoječo shemo oblik prenosa znanja in prinaša številne razmišljanje, upravljanje s časom in učinkovito načrtovanje ter prednosti. Prvič, razpisi za reševanje izzivov v okviru projekta so vodenje so med veščinami, ki jih projekt INDUSAC najbolj pripravljeni s posebnim poudarkom na geografski spodbuja, saj se izkažejo za pomembne tako pri zaposlitvah kot uravnoteženosti in enakovredni zastopanosti spolov, da bi tudi pri povečanju produktivnosti v industriji 4.0 in digitalni povečali vključenost. Razlike v vlaganju v raziskovalno razvojno transformaciji proizvodnje [14]. Namen projekta je zlasti dejavnost (v % BDP) med državami EU so lahko tudi do izboljšati poznavanje metod, kot so analiza SWOT, analiza šestkratne [11] in zagotavljanje, da morajo biti člani uporabnosti, analiza trendov, analiza stroškov in koristi, analiza soustvarjalske ekipe iz vsaj treh različnih držav, poveča možnosti portfelja izdelkov / BCG Matrix, ustvarjanje tržnih strategij, za vključitev tudi tistih z nižjim razvojnim potencialom; poleg analiza ponudbe vrednosti, razvoj poslovnega načrta, priprava tega geografska oddaljenost predstavlja eno najmanjših ovir pri poslovnega modela ter analiza ciljnih skupin, med študenti. vzpostavitvi sodelovanja z industrijo [2]. Pogoj geografske Koncept, tj. kratkotrajnost soustvarjalskih projektov in trije pestrosti članom ekipe zagotovi tudi izkušnje z delom v ločeni presečni datumi, spodbujajo iskanje hitrih in dinamičnih mednarodnih ekipah ter omogoči izmenjavo znanja in izkušenj rešitev z možnostmi naprednega reševanja problemov s med posamezniki iz različnih okolij, ki se združijo v želji po podaljšanjem primarnega izziva v naslednji razpis. skupnem ustvarjanju in inoviranju. To sodelovanje je dodatno Posebni kontrolni koraki (predizbire in ocene), kot so okrepljeno s procesom, ki vključuje več kontrolnih točk in opredeljeni v metodologiji projekta INDUSAC, zagotavljajo, da povratnih informacij med ekipo in podjetjem. To udeležence proces soustvarjanja ni le vključujoč, temveč tudi spodbuja k podajanju konstruktivnih kritik, predlogov in mnenj visokokakovosten: postopek ocenjevanja zagotavlja visoko na različnih stopnjah. Iteracije in dodelave idej na podlagi kakovostno ureditev sodelovanja. Posebne zahteve za poročila prejetih povratnih informacij zagotavljajo stalne izboljšave in (tj. vnaprej določena struktura in vsebina dela) zagotavljajo uspešne rezultate. Pogoj, da mora biti vsaj 60 % članov ekipe iz kakovostno opravljene naloge. Poleg tega se z vzpostavitvijo treh widening držav, dodatno poudarja podporo, namenjeno regijam, zaporednih presečnih datumov v razpisu za študente in 3 Widening države po definiciji Evropske komisije dosegajo manj kot 70% povprečnega indeksa raziskovalne odličnosti držav Evropske unije (povzeto po https://quantera.eu/spreading-excellence/). 524 raziskovalce proces nenehno izpopolnjuje z izboljšavami University Perspective. EC University-Business cooperation in Europe; metodologije INDUSAC, ki temeljijo na povratnih informacijah. Country Reports – Slovenia [3] Ironside T. 2022. Pivoting university course offerings to upskill the Z izkušnjami podpore vsaj 300 mednarodnim soustvarjalskim workforce. Times Higher Education Campus Newsletter. Link: ekipam in ustvarjanjem dinamične skupnosti deležnikov iz https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/pivoting-university- course-offerings-upskill-workforce industrije in javnih raziskovalnih organizacij skozi celotno [4] Cavero-Rubio JA, A Collazo-Mazón, A Amorós-Martinez. 2019. Public življenjsko dobo projekta bo mehanizem INDUSAC vzpostavil recognition of gender equality in the workplace and its influence on firms' performance. Women’s Studies International Forum 76: 102273 sistem soustvarjanja kot katalizator za integracijo akademskega [5] Chang T-LS, C-M Chuang, W-S Jan. 1998. International Collaboration of sveta v poslovne prakse in tehnične rešitve. Pričakuje se, da bo Law Firms: Modes, Motives and Advantages. Journal of World Business najmanj 70 % sodelujočih študentov poročalo o vsaj eni temeljni 33, 3: 241-262 [6] Ratten V. 2016. International Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer strokovni transverzalni in podjetniški veščini, ki se je znatno among Universities and Firms Affecting Regional Competitiveness. izboljšala skozi sodelovanje v projektu INDUSAC. Pričakuje se Thunderbird International Business Review 58, 1: 91-93 [7] Cunningham JA, A Link. 2014. Fostering University‐Industry R&D izboljšan nabor veščin študentov za vsaj 30 % v primerjavi s Collaborations in European Union Countries. International stanjem pred začetkom projekta, kar jim bo omogočilo, da bodo Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 11, 4; DOI:10.1007/s11365- v kratkem času hitro razširili svoj nabor spretnosti in postali bolj 014-0317-4 [8] Leyden DP, AN Link. 2013. Knowledge Spillovers, Collective pripravljeni na poslovno okolje. Po nekaterih podatkih skoraj Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: The Role of Universities. Small polovica mladih navaja, da bi raje kot zaposleni delali kot Business Economics 41: 797-817 [9] Link AN, J Rees. 1990. Firm Size, University-Based Research, and the podjetniki, skoraj polovica univerzitetnih študentov pa navaja, da Returns to R&D. Small Business Economics 2: 25-31 nameravajo postati podjetniki v petih letih po zaključku študija [10] Fonseca L, M Salomaa. 2020. Entrepreneurial Universities and Regional [12]. Če bo projekt INDUSAC uspešen, bo predstavljal Innovation: Matching Smart Specialisation Strategies to Regional Needs? DOI:10.4018/978-1-7998-0174-0.ch014 V knjigi: Examining the Role of pomemben prispevek k uresničevanju teh ciljev in preko Entrepreneurial Universities in Regional Development, IGI Global priporočil snovalcem politik tako na evropski kot na nacionalni [11] European Commission. 2019. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. Eurostat Newsrelease, 5/2019, January ravni tudi vzpodbudno pobudo za podobne prakse prenosa znanja 2019 med industrijo in šolstvom v prihodnosti. [12] Bosma N, S Hill, A Ionescu-Somers, D Kelley, J Levie, A Tarnawa, the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). 2020. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM 2019/2020 Global Report. Global ZAHVALA Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School, Regents Park, London Delo, predstavljeno v članku, financira program Obzorje Evropa [13] Goorha S. 2021. Overcoming some of the barriers to women Evropske Unije s Pogodbo št. 101070297 o sofinanciranju entrepreneurship. Forbes Business Council post, September 21, 2021. Link: izvedbe operacije. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/09/21/overcom ing-some-of-the-barriers-to-women-entrepreneurship/?sh=4f96d36f2780 LITERATURA IN VIRI [14] Perez LD, A Prades Nebot, AB Capmany, G Dima, A Mula, P Gonzalez, Ž Piligrimiene, V Pilinkiene, A Riccio, L Fattore. 2020. National reports [1] Morisson A, M Pattinson. 2020. University-Industry Collaboration. Lille: on the labour market soft-skills IO1.A3. Link: Interreg Europe Policy Learning Platform. https://www.academia.edu/92808691/National_Reports_on_the_Labour_ [2] Ejubovic A, G Cerinsek, T Davey, A Meerman, V Galan-Muros, B Market_Soft_Skills_Io_1_A_3 Orazbayeva. 2017. State of University-Business Cooperation: Slovenia - 525 UPORABA IKT PRI IZVAJANJU PRAKTIČNEGA USPOSABLJANJA Andrej Prašnikar Strokovni izobraževalni center Ljubljana Ptujska ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana andrej.prasnikar@siclj.si POVZETEK Pri napotitvi dijaka na praktično usposabljanje This article aims to provide an understanding of z delom (v nadaljevanju PUD) se organizatorji the procedures involved in the implementation PUD-a soočajo z veliko količino of a PUD for teachers educating students, their dokumentacije, ki je potrebna za uspešno parents/guardians and mentors in employers' napotitev dijakov na PUD, za izvajanje, companies. zaključek in uspešno izvedbo PUD. V prispevku je predstavljen način napotitve KEYWORDS dijakov na PUD, pri čemer, organizatorji Practical training with work – PUD, zahtevamo, da priprava dokumentacije, organizer of practical training with work, izdelava učne pogodbe, dnevniki dijakov in employer, potrdila poteka s pomočjo uporabe kompetenc s information and communication technology - področja IKT. Članek je namenjen razumevanju ICT postopkov pri izvajanju PUD-a za učitelje, ki izobražujejo dijake, njihove starše oziroma 1 UVOD skrbnik in mentorjem v podjetjih delodajalcev. Pri izvedbi PUD smo organizatorji PUD-a v preteklosti uporabljali dokumentacijo, KLJUČNE BESEDE ki so jo sestavljali univerzalni formularji, ki jih Praktično usposabljanje z delom – PUD, je bilo potrebno ročno izpolnjevati. organizator praktičnega usposabljanja z delom, Izpolnjevanje so opravljali dijaki, organizatorji delodajalec, PUD-a, administratorji v podjetjih, mentorji v informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija podjetjih. Najprej smo začeli uporabljati - IKT različna orodja za izpolnjevanje, pripravo in hranjenje dokumentacije organizatorji PUD, v ABSTRACT naslednjem koraku pa na uporabo spletnih When placing a student on a practical training iskalnikov, izpolnjevanje posameznih with work placement (hereinafter "PUD"), PUD formularjev v elektronski obliki zahtevamo tudi organisers are faced with a large amount of od dijakov. V nadaljevanju so predstavljeni documentation that is necessary for the posamezni koraki napotitve dijakov na PUD, successful placement of students on a PUP, for hranjenje dokumentacije in načini zagotavljanja the implementation, completion and successful varstva osebnih podatkov. delivery of the PUD. This paper presents how students are placed on PUDs, whereby the organisers require that the preparation of documentation, the learning contract, the students' diaries and the certificates are done using ICT competences. 526 2 TEORETIČNI PREGLED 2.3 Organizator praktičnega izobraževanja Na srednjih poklicnih in strokovnih 2.1 Praktično izobraževanje šolah je za urejanje dokumentacije in Praktično izobraževanje v poklicnih povezovanja podjetij in izobraževalne ustanove srednjih šolah se izvaja kot PRA-praktični sistematizirano delovno mesto organizator pouk, ki poteka v šoli in PUD-praktično praktičnega izobraževanja [3]. Organizator usposabljanje z delom, ki se izvaja pri PUD je zadolžen za vse aktivnosti, ki vodijo k delodajalcih. V tem članku bom kot organizator povezovanju dijaka in delodajalca, pripravo in PUD-a namenil načinu izvajanja PUD, vodenje dokumentacije, vrednotenje spremljajočo dokumentacijo in prizadevanja za primernosti posameznega delodajalca, uporabo IKT pri vseh udeležencih PUD-a, spremljanje dijaka med opravljanjem PUD-a, organizatorjih PUD-a, delodajalcih, kjer dijaki reševanju konfliktov in težav s strani dijaka in opravljajo PUD in dijakih, ki jih na PUD delodajalca v povezavi z opravljanjem PUD-a. pošiljamo. Šola določi v skladu s predpisanim Na koncu pa ocenjevanje uspešnosti in hranjene programom posameznega izobraževanja obseg dokumentacije. Organizator PUD-a je tudi in termin izvajanja PUD-a. S temi podatki so vezni člen med podjetji, ki sporočajo kakšna dijaki seznanjeni o obsegu že pred samim znanja potrebujejo, kakšen profil dijakov želijo vpisom v posamezni program, s terminom in šolo. V tej vlogi nastopa kot promotor šole in PUD-a pa na začetku šolskega leta za tekoče poklicev, ki jih šola izobražuje. V tej vlogi šolsko leto. Dijaki se na osnovi predpisane lahko naredi veliko koristi in obratno s svojo dokumentacije vključijo v delovni proces pri odzivnostjo, komunikacijo, nastopom in izbranem delodajalcu pod vodstvom mentorja v ravnanjem. Zato stremimo k čim boljši podobi podjetju in nadzorom organizatorja PUD-a kot šole in poklicev, ki jih pokrivamo. Pri svojem zastopnika šole. Med samim PUD-om dijak delu mora organizator PUD-a dobro poznati vodi dnevnik izvršenih del in nalog v podjetju. poklicne standarde, zahtevana znanja pri Po zaključku PUD-a pa organizator PUD-a na posameznih poklicih, prav tako pa minimalne osnovi dnevnika in potrdila oceni dijakovo standarde za izvajanje PUD-a. Organizator uspešnost v e redovalnico po dvostopenjski PUD-a na začetku šolskega leta z razredniki lestvici opravil/ni opravil. obvesti dijake o pomenu PUD-a, trajanju, terminu in seveda o pripadajoči dokumentaciji 2.2 Najpomembnejši cilji PUD in pomenu le te. Dijakom predstavi podjetja in • pridobivanje praktičnih izkušenj v možnost predlaganja novih. Dijake spodbuja, k proizvodnem procesu in povezave med samostojnemu iskanju ustreznih podjetij, pridobljenim znanjem v šoli in praktičnimi navezovanju stikov in pridobivanju nalogami, dokumentacije, ki omogoča opravljanje PUD. • uporaba šolsko pridobljenega znanja v Dijakom je na voljo tudi Centralni register realnem delovnem procesu, učnih mest [2]. Dijakom, je organizator PUD-a • pridobivanje znanj in spretnosti v delovnem dolžan zagotoviti točne informacije in navodila, procesu, saj so večino časa med opravljanjem PUD-a • izkušnje v medsebojnih odnosih in prepuščeni mentorjem v podjetjih in sebi. spoznavanje novega načina pridobivanja znanja, 2.4 Priprava dijakov in napotitev na PUD • seznanitev z pripomočki, napravami in orodji Organizator PUD dijake seznani z idr., dokumentacijo, ki je potrebna za izvedbo • učenje sodelovanja in timskega dela ter PUD-a, nalogo posameznega dokumenta, in komunikacije in nastopa pred strankami in pomenom posameznega dokumenta. Pri sodelavci, pojasnjevanju izpostavimo možnosti za iskanje • razvijanje odgovornosti za opravljeno delo, informacij, izpolnjevanje dokumentov, kakovost dela in upoštevanje predpisov. komunikacijo in hranjenje dokumentov z uporabo IKT in spletnih orodij za iskanje informacij in podatkov. 527 Organizator PUD dijakom posreduje tudi 3.2 Kolektivna učna pogodba informacije pot do podrobnejših informacij na Kolektivno učno pogodbo pripravi spletnih straneh CPI, kjer so zelo podrobno organizator PUD-a. Omenjena pogodba je opisani postopki naloge in namen pri izvajanju dogovor med delodajalcem in šolo o PUD. Navodila so navedena za dijake, mentorje opravljanju PUD za določenega dijaka v in organizatorje PUD-a. dogovorjenem terminu in je določena z zakonom [4]. V tem delu organizator PUD-a 2.5 Poročilo o delu dijaka pripravi pogodbo, ki je v e obliki, zakonsko pa Organizator PUD-a opozori dijake (na mora obstajati v fizični obliki, zato je natisnjena delovnem srečanju pred odhodom na PUD), da in fizično ožigosana s strani šole in delodajalca. so dolžni voditi dnevnik oziroma poročilo o Pogodba se v fizični obliki hrani na šoli, poteku izvajanja PUD-a. Skupek vseh poročil običajno pa tudi pri delodajalcu, ki v primeru bo njihov pisni izdelek praktičnega nadzora izkazuje upravičenost prisotnosti usposabljanja z delom in pomembna dijaka v podjetju. informacija o količini in kakovosti poteka in hkrati tudi podlaga za oblikovanje zaključne 3.3 Delovno poročilo ocene. Dijaki med PUD-om vodijo dnevnik z Delovno poročilo ali dnevnik vodi dijak možnostjo dodajanja vsakodnevnih poročil o med opravljanjem PUD-a. Spodbujamo delu ali vodijo mapo oziroma poročila v pripravo delovnih poročil v elektronski obliki. elektronski obliki. Žal so vsa poročila še vedno v fizični obliki, vendar vedno več dijakov ugotavlja prednost 3 UPORABA IKT V PROCESU IZVEDBE izdelave poročil s pomočjo IKT, zato te trend PUD-a narašča. V prihodnosti, želim, da bi splošna 3.1 Najava PUD navodila zahtevala izdelavo in oddajo poročil v Dokument imenovan najava se elektronski obliki v vidu napredka in uporablja, za potrditev delodajalca za ekološkega ravnanja in enostavne hrambe pripravljenost sprejema dijaka v določenem delovnih poročil. terminu in obsegu na PUD. Dijak dobi najavo v šoli od organizatorja PUD-a. Spodbujamo 3.4 Nadzor PUD dijake, da si sami najdejo ustreznega V času, ko je dijak na PUD-u delodajalca, saj si s tem povečajo možnost organizator PUD-a izvede nadzor pri razvoja svojih kompetenc v željeni smeri. delodajalcu. Vmesni preizkus je določen z Običajno si dijaki iščejo delodajalce, ki so v zakonom [6] S tem dosežemo, da se delodajalec bližini njihovega bivanja. Dijake poučimo o zaveda, da je pomemben člen v izvedbi PUD-a načinu iskanja ustreznega delodajalca s in da dijak n prepuščen sam sebi ampak je pod pomočjo spletnih orodij. V primeru nadzorom organizatorja PUD-a. Dijaki, pa se neuspešnega iskanja ustreznega delodajalca zavedajo, da bo njihovo ravnanje in kakovost organizator PUD-a predlaga posamezna dela neposredno sporočena organizatorju PUD- podjetja. Dijake pripravimo na pisanje prošnje a. S tem dosežemo manjše število nepravilnosti za opravljanje PUD v e obliki. Predvsem pa in napak, ki jih povzročijo dijaki. osebno spodbujam fizični stik, navezavo stikov in pogovor z odgovornimi v podjetju. Sklepam, 3.5 Potrdilo PUD da osebni stik poveča samozavest dijaka, Potrdilo PUD izda delodajalec dijaku in možnost za odobritev PUD-a. Tak postopek s tem izkazuje, da je dijak opravil zahtevano tudi kasneje koristi dijakom kot izkušnja, pri kvoto ur v delovnem procesu. Vsa potrdila so še iskanju zaposlitve. Dijaki pri tem delu vedno v fizični obliki, čeprav je vse uporabljajo različne možnosti IKT povezav, pripravljeno, za možnost uvedbe in izdelave e mobilni telefon, elektronska sporočila, pa tudi potrdil, ki bi poenostavila pošiljanje, hrambo in različna družabna omrežja. evidenco potrdil. 528 S shranjenimi potrdili in podpisanimi in Zavedam se, da bodo v prihodnosti ta znanja za ožigosanimi pogodbami izkazujemo opravljen naše dijake nujno potrebna, če se želimo stopati PUD za posameznega dijaka. Z evidencami pa v korak s sodobno družbo, se obnašati varčno in lahko enostavno poiščemo in posredujemo ekološko, k čemur strmijo tudi napredna in informacije o terminih in delodajalcih za sodobna podjetja, ki bodo v prihodnosti posameznega dijaka v preteklosti. zaposlovale naše dijake. 3.6 Hranjenje dokumentacije PUD in LITERATURA IN VIRI zagotavljanje varstva osebnih podatkov [1] CPI Center RS za poklicno Pri hranjenju dokumentacije, ki je izobraževanje zakonsko obvezna [5] pri izvedbi PUD-a ločimo –Praktično izobraževanje dve vrste hranjenja: https://cpi.si/poklicno- • Fizična hramba, ki pride v poštev za izobrazevanje/prakticno-izobrazevanje/ pogodbe in potrdila o opravljenem [2] MIZŠ RS Centralni register učnih mest PUD in CRUM https://crum.cpi.si/ • E shramba, ki se nahaja na šolskem [3] Pravilnik o normativih in standardih za strežniku, kopije pa tudi na drugih izvajanje izobraževalnih programov in lokacijah s pomočjo orodij za varovanje vzgojnega programa na področju srednjega šolstva podatkov. V e shrambi shranjujemo ( 35. člen) http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa? vso ostalo dokumentacijo o izvedbi id=PRAV10249 PUD-a (najava, razpored dijakov po [4] Zakon o poklicnem in strokovnem posameznih delodajalcih, zapisniki in izobraževanju (ZPSI-1) (člen 33) komunikacija s posameznimi https://zakonodaja.com/zakon/zpsi- delodajalci. S tem pridobimo možnost 1/33-clen-ucna-pogodba vpogleda administratorjev v šoli in [5] Praktično usposabljanje pri delodajalcu organizatorjev PUD-a v evidence (Pud) poteka opravljanja PUD za https://cpi.si/wp- posameznega dijaka, podjetja ali content/uploads/2020/12/2_Dolores- delodajalca. Pri tem pazimo na varstvo Kes.pdf osebnih podatkov dijakov in [6] Zakon o poklicnem in strokovnem delodajalcev. Na varstvo podatkov, izobraževanju (ZPSI-1) (člen 40) opozarjamo tudi dijake. https://zakonodaja.com/zakon/zpsi- 1/33-clen-ucna-pogodba 4 ZAKLJUČEK V prispevku sem predstavil prizadevanje organizatorjev PUD-a šole za uporabo IKT znanj na področju praktičnega usposabljanja z delom. Ta članek je namenjen, kot pomoč ostalim učiteljem za lažje razumevanje postopka izvedbe PUD-a in prizadevanja organizatorjev PUD-a po čim večji uporabi IKT kompetenc, ki jih dijaki pridobijo v šoli. Na eni strani se trudimo organizatorji PUD-a povečati uporabo IKT na področju iskanja informacij, izdelave dokumentacije, komunikacije in hranjenja zahtevane dokumentacije. Na drugi strani pa stremimo k čim večji uporabi omenjenih znanj pri dijakih. 529 Oblikovanje digitalne pesniške zbirke z aplikacijo CEWE Creating a digital poetry collection with CEWE application Mateja Pučnik Belavič OŠ Toma Brejca Kamnik, Slovenija belavic.pucnik@email.com POVZETEK designing. The student explored the CEWE tool independently, develop her skills and build her confidence. She had no problems V 5. razredu sem imela nadarjeno učenko, ki piše pesmi in bi jih using the app. She was happy to present her edited poetry rada predstavila sošolcem, prijateljem in sorodnikom. Pri collection to her classmates. Her classmates were impressed by dodatnem pouku sva tako iskali možnost za objavo, vendar v the product and were interested to know how to make such a digitalnem okolju in ne klasično tiskano oziroma fotokopirano book. At the next lesson, she taught her classmates how to use verzijo. Seznanila sem se z brezplačno aplikacijo CEWE za the app. The ICT presented is not only useful in everyday life, oblikovanje foto knjige in jo pokazala učenki, saj drugih but also for educational purposes. It is important to give students možnosti za oblikovanje pesniške zbirke žal nisva našli. the opportunity to use different applications, to develop and Aplikacija je precej enostavna za uporabo in uporabniku encourage their talents and to help them on the way to achieving omogoča številne možnosti pri oblikovanju. Učenka je their goals. samostojno raziskovala CEWE orodje, razvijala sposobnosti in gradila svojo samozavest. Uporaba aplikacije učenki ni KEYWORDS predstavljala prav nobenih težav. Urejeno pesniško zbirko je z veseljem predstavila sošolcem. Sošolci so bili navdušeni nad Poetry, ICT, extra lessons, talented student, stimulating learning izdelkom in jih je zanimalo, kako se naredi takšna knjiga. Na environment, CEWE application naslednji uri je sošolce naučila uporabljati aplikacijo. Predstavljena informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija ni 1 UVOD uporabna samo v vsakdanjem življenju, ampak tudi za izobraževalne namene. Pomembno je, da učencem ponudimo Dodatni pouk je v OŠ namenjen učencem, ki pri posameznih možnost uporabe različnih aplikacij, da razvijamo in spodbujamo predmetih presegajo določene standarde znanja. Tu otroci njihove talente in jim pomagamo na poti k uresničitvi njihovih razvijajo svojo ustvarjalnost, poglabljajo in nadgrajujejo znanja, ciljev. pridobivajo in povezujejo različne izkušnje in jih prenašajo v vsakdanje življenje. Učiteljeva vloga je, da samoiniciativne otroke, ki si želijo nekaj več, podpre. Spodbudno učno okolje daje učencu občutek lastne vrednosti KLJUČNE BESEDE in v njem spodbudi še večjo zavzetost za delo. Pomembno je, da Poezija, IKT, dodatni pouk, nadarjeni učenec, spodbudno učno se učenec počuti varnega, sprejetega in slišanega. Učitelj je na tej okolje, aplikacija CEWE poti le usmerjevalec in spodbujevalec. Raziskave različnih disciplin z nevroznanostjo vred (OECD) pojasnjujejo, da je za učinkovit učni proces pomembna tudi vključenost učencev s ABSTRACT čustvi in zaupen odnos [3]. I have a talented student in 5th grade who writes poems and would Poezija pri učencih ni tako priljubljena za branje in like to present them to her classmates, friends and relatives. So, povzemanje kot proza ali dramatika, ker je učencem pogosto in extra lessons, we were looking for a way to publish them, but nerazumljiva, težje prepoznajo bistvo in sporočilnost pesmi. V in a digital environment rather then the traditional printed or drugem izobraževalnem obdobju učenci doživljajo in zaznavajo photocopied version. I was introduced the free CEWE photo poezijo tudi tako, da pesmim dodajajo verze, ki se rimajo, tvorijo book design app to my student, because unfortunately we asociacije ob besedi, preproste primere in nenavadne besedne couldn’t find any other options for designing a poetry collection. zveze [4]. Od učencev se ne pričakuje, da samostojno tvorijo The app is quite easy to use and gives the user a lot of options for pesmi. Učenka je skozi celotno šolsko leto ustvarjala svojo poezijo in pesmi zapisovala v dnevnik. Pri tvorjenju lastne poezije se je Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or srečevala s samo seboj, vnašala svoja čustva in razvijala classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full domišljijo. Besedno sporazumevanje je s pomočjo IKT citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must tehnologije povezala tudi z nebesednim (likovnim in be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia računalniškim opismenjevanjem). © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 530 V nadaljevanju prispevka bo natančneje predstavljen potek Pesmi je pretipkala, izbrala ustrezen slog in velikost pisave, ustvarjanja in oblikovanja digitalne pesniške zbirke z brezplačno postavitve in ozadja (Sliki 3, 4). Pri oblikovanju se je poigravala aplikacijo CEWE. z barvami in poskušala povezati sporočilnost pesmi z likovno podobo (Slika 5). 2 USTVARJANJE IN OBLIKOVANJE DIGITALNE PESNIŠKE ZBIRKE 2.1 Načrtovanje Učenka je pesmi pisala v svoj dnevnik in me sredi šolskega leta prosila, da preberem njene pesmi. Priznati moram, da v svoji pedagoški karieri še nisem imela stika z učencem, ki bi napisal toliko zanimivih pesmi. Vedela sem, da je spretna v izražanju, pisanju, ustvarjanju, nisem pa vedela, da piše pesmi (Slika1). Sliki 3, 4: Urejanje Slika 1: Učenkin dnevnik Pri dodatnem pouku sem ji podala povratno informacijo in ji svetovala, naj se poigrava z besedami, domišljijo, zvočnostjo, prenesenimi pomeni in naj se ne osredotoča toliko na samo obliko. Zaupala mi je, da si želi, da bi njene pesmi prebrali tudi drugi in da bi rada imela svojo knjigo. 2.2 Kaj je aplikacija CEWE? Slika 3: Oblikovanje Aplikacija CEWE je brezplačna aplikacija za oblikovanje foto knjige. Omogoča uporabo najrazličnejših orodij, predlog, Na koncu sva skupaj pregledali verze in pravopis. V tej vstavljanje fotografij, posnetkov in besedil. Aplikacijo lahko začetni fazi ustvarjanja avtorskih besedil damo prednost spreminjamo in dopolnjujemo. Različni ponudniki pa kasneje ohranjanju interesa za umetnostna besedila in razvijanju ponujajo tudi tiskanje foto knjige, ki pa ni brezplačno. Učenki ustvarjalnosti. sem pokazala nekaj primerov foto knjige. Učenka je na šolski prenosni računalnik po navodilih najprej prenesla programsko opremo in se seznanila z orodji in predlogami (Slika 2). 3 REZULTAT Učenka je s svojo digitalno pesniško zbirko navdušila tudi ostale učence, ki so doma staršem povedali za omenjeno aplikacijo in jo tudi sami preizkušali (Slika 5). Slika 2: Aplikacija CEWE Slika 5: Predstavitev digitalne pesniške zbirke in aplikacije sošolcem 2.3 Urejanje in oblikovanje v aplikaciji CEWE 531 Sošolci so si z veseljem ogledali njeno digitalno pesniško Poezija je umetnost, ki ima posebno vrednost, če jo spozna zbirko in prebrali njene pesmi. Večini so se njene pesmi dopadle tudi širša publika. Najenostavnejši način je zagotovo in so presenetljivo hitro razbrali sporočilnost pesmi. Učenci so predstavitev v digitalni obliki. bili pri branju in analizi njenih pesmi bistveno bolj motivirani za Ustvarjena digitalna pesniška zbirka predstavlja novo delo, kot so sicer pri urah književnosti. izkušnjo in idejo, kako lahko poezijo približati širši publiki. Pesniška zbirka v digitalni obliki učenki omogoča, da dodaja Želim si, da bi učenka to ljubezen do ustvarjanja in pisanja pesmi in spreminja oblikovanje. Za spomin na peti razred sem ji poezije še naprej ohranjala in prenesla tudi v kasnejše življenjsko ob zaključku podarila tudi natisnjeno foto knjigo. obdobje. Neprecenljivo je videti otroka s solzami v očeh in začutiti neizmerno hvaležnost. Takrat je ves trud poplačan. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Odkrivanje in delo z nadarjenimi učenci. Dostopno na naslovu 4 ZAKLJUČEK https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- sola/Ucni-nacrti/Drugi-konceptualni- V prispevku sem predstavila individualni pristop dela z dokumenti/Odkrivanje_in_delo_z_nadarjenimi_ucenci.pdf (21. 8. 2023) nadarjeno učenko. Takšen pristop nama je omogočal, da sva se [2] Strokovna izhodišča posodobitve Koncepta odkrivanja nadarjenih otrok, učencev in dijakov ter vzgojno-izobraževalnega dela z njimi. 2018. Zavod spoznavali bolj poglobljeno. Pri podpori in usmerjanju je bilo RS za šolstvo. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.zrss.si/wp- pomembno, da sem upoštevala učenkine posebne sposobnosti in content/uploads/2021/01/strokovna_izhodisca_nadarjeni.pdf (21. 8. 2023) interese, da sem poznala njene želje in cilje in da mi je učenka [3] Varno in spodbudno učno okolje. Zavod RS za šolstvo. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.zrss.si/stiki-s-prakso/aktualno/varno-spodbudno- zaupala. ucno-okolje/ (21. 8. 2023) Uporaba aplikacije CEWE se je izkazala kot enostavna in [4] Učni načrt. 2018. Program osnovna šola, Slovenščina. Ljubljana, Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. preprosta za uporabo in kot odličen pripomoček tudi za Dostopno na naslovu https://dun.zrss.augmentech.si/#/ (21. 8. 2023) vsakdanjo rabo. Delo je potekalo precej lažje, ker je imela učenka že usvojene osnovne digitalne veščine. 532 Vključevanje tehnologije IKT v pouk športne vzgoje* Integration of ICT Technology into Physical Education Lessons Polona Rajher III. gimnazija Maribor, Slovenija polona.rajher@gmail.com POVZETEK into a špecific thematic, not only theoretically, but alšo practically. The goal iš for our študentš to develop a healthy Podatki Nacionalnega inš tituta za javno zdravje o lifeštyle on their own. We ušed many different rešearch z ivljenjškem šlogu šlovenških mladoštnikov šo naš pritegnili methodš: dišcuššionš, queštionnaireš, experimentš, analyšiš, v takš ni meri, da šmo še odloc ili dijake ozaveštiti o the študy of literature and practical exercišeš. The študentš pomembnošti zdravja š pomoc jo IKT tehnologije. Na naš i š oli actively participated aš project work haš proven to be an dijake ošveš c amo o zdravju in škuš amo špodbujati zdrav adequate way of teaching. The goal we šet for our project nac in z ivljenja na razlic ne nac ine: š š portnimi dejavnoštmi, week haš been met. predavanji, delavnicami ter projektnimi tedni. Temeljni namen teh dejavnošti je, da dijake celoštno pouc imo o KEYWORDS pomembnošti telešnega in duš evnega zdravja, zato pogošto šodelujemo š štrokovnjaki z razlic nih podroc ij. Projektno phyšical activity, ICT technology, nutrition, project week, delo nam daje moz nošt, da še poglobljeno ukvarjamo z health, healthy lifeštyle doloc eno tematiko, ne šamo teoretic no, temvec tudi praktic no. Zaštavljeni cilj je bil, da dijaki šami ozaveštijo 1 UVOD pomen zdrave prehrane in gibanja. Pošluz ili šmo še razlic nih raziškovalnih metod: pogovor, anketa, ekšperiment, analiza, Pomen zdrave prehrane je kljuc en za zdrav razvoj, šaj telo za š tudij literature, praktic ne vaje. Dijaki šo aktivno šodelovali, izgradnjo notranjih ogranov, miš ic, koštnine in z ivc evja projektno delo še je izkazalo za uštrezno obliko uc enja, nujno potrebuje hranila, ki jih všebuje hrana. V zgodnjem zaštavljeni cilj je bil došez en. otroš tvu otrokov jedilnik doloc ajo štarš i oz. škrbniki, ki še praviloma trudijo in poškrbijo za pešter izbor z ivil na KLJUČNE BESEDE otrokovem kroz niku. Všaj v vec ini primerov, otroci kot pošamezniki ne morejo vplivati na izbor z ivil in uz ivati zgolj gibanje, IKT tehnologija, prehrana, projektni teden, zdravje, hrane, ki jim je vš ec . V c ašu pubertete pa mladoštniki poc aši z ivljenški šlog zac nejo šami doloc ati švoj jedilnik in pri tem vec krat ne ABSTRACT upoš tevajo šmernic zdravega prehranjevanja. Nepravilen izbor z ivil in njihovo uz ivanje lahko pušti pošledice, ki še Data from the National Inštitute for Public Health on the pokaz ejo kot nepravilna, neenakomerna rašt za vše z ivljenje, healthy lifeštyle of Slovenian adolešcentš have intrigued uš prav tako lahko vpliva na oblikovanje prehranjevalnih navad to the point, where we wanted to inform our študentš about v kašnejš em z ivljenju (NIJZ, 2020). the importance of a healthy lifeštyle with the uše of ICT technology. At the III. gynašium Maribor, we try to raiše awarenešš about health and encourage our študentš to live a 2 OPIS STANJA NA III. GIMNAZIJI MARIBOR healthier lifeštyle with different športš activitieš, šeminarš, workšhopš and project weekš. The purpoše of theše Na naš i š oli imamo vec kot 900 dijakov in dijakinj. Pedagogi activitieš iš that we teach them about the importance of both imamo poleg štrokovnega dela tudi moz nošt, da dijake phyšical and mental health, hence why we often work with pouc ujemo oz. jih ošveš c amo z razlic nimi zanje pomembnimi expertš from both fieldš. Project work allowš uš to dive deep všebinami. Mednje všekakor šodijo tudi teme o zdravem nac inu z ivljenja. Zaradi upada upoš tevanja šmernic zdrave ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note prehrane škozi obdobje pubertete je bila pošledic no †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note opravljena raziškava katere namen je bil ugotoviti prehranške navade mladoštnikov. V njej šo šodelovali dijaki Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or tretjih letnikov III. gimnazije Maribor. Dijaki šo šprva distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice izpolnili vpraš alnik, ki je preveril njihove prehranške navade, and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). nato šo preko didaktic ne delavnice, pri kateri šo uporabljali Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia interaktivni aplikaciji, ki mladoštnike špodbudita k boljš em © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 533 razumevanju pomena zdrave prehrane in njene prešnove, rezultatom. Cilji naj bi bili konkretni, došegljivi, prilagodljivi, špoznavali nac ela zdravega prehranjevanja. Z vidika prepoznavni v aktivnoštih, c ašovno opredeljeni in merljivi varovanja zdravja je namrec zdrava prehrana za mladoštnike (Atlagic , 2006). Zelo pomembna faza je nac rtovanje izredno pomembna, šaj imajo ravno v tem obdobju veliko projektnega dela, od njega šo odvišni potek in rezultati vec je potrebe po beljakovinah, vitaminih in mineralih ter celotnega proceša. Vloga dijakov pri projektnem delu v energiji. primerjavi š klašic nim poukom je moc no špremenjena, šaj morajo opravljati tudi tište dejavnošti, ki jih pri klašic nem pouku opravljajo le uc itelji (Z uz ej, 1991), pri tem pa moramo 3 PROJEKTNO DELO paziti, da naš ne zavedejo le intereši dijakov, šaj moramo Projektno delo je zelo pomembno pri povezovanju teorije in došec i zaštavljene uc ne cilje. Všakemu je treba dodeliti vlogo, prakše v poklicnem in štrokovnem izobraz evanju, c ešar še ki je v škladu z njegovimi ošebnoštnimi znac ilnoštmi, zavedamo, zato še všako š olško leto potrudimo, da izpeljemo znanjem in š špošobnoštmi, pri c emer še mora však tak teden. To je priljubljena oblika neformalnega uc enja, ki jo pošameznik zavedati odgovornošti, ki jo je š tem dobil dijaki dobro šprejemajo. Tudi med profešorji je to utec ena (Atlagic , 2006). oblika, tako da še vedno znova poizkuš amo nadgrajevati in izboljš evati. Pri delu šodelujemo š štrokovnjaki iz razlic nih podroc ij, z zdravštvenimi delavci, š prehranškimi švetovalci, 4 PROJEKTNI TEDEN NA TEMO ZDRAVJE aktivnimi š portniki, š portnimi trenerji, itd. Povabimo jih v 4.1 Izbira teme gošte oz. še z njihovim delom šeznanimo na njihovem Temo izberemo profešorji š portne vzgoje, prav tako škupino delovnem meštu. Vedno šo pripravljeni šodelovati in naš dijakov, ki jo bomo vodili škozi tednen. Obic ajno ši profešorji prijazno šprejmejo. Však projekt je enkratna in c ašovno dodelimo tišto škupino dijakov, ki jih pouc ujemo, kar pa ni omejena organizacijška tvorba, ki ima švoj zac etek in konec, pravilo. ko šo došez eni zaštavljeni cilji (Atlagic , 2006). Projektno delo je nac eloma timško, pri c emer imajo dijaki moz nošt nauc iti 4. 2 Postavitev ciljev še šodelovati z drugimi in še špoprijemati z odpravljanjem Pomembno je, da ši poštavimo realne cilje in jih prilagodimo šporov, ki še ob delu porajajo. Uc itelj ima pri projektnem delu škupini, š katero delamo. Cilji, ki jim šledimo šo: pomembno ušmerjevalno in intervencijško vlogo, ki zajema - Ozaveštiti dijake o pomembnošti zdravega šloga z ivljenja. tudi pripravo na delo z dijaki in uštvarjanje c im boljš e klime Dijakom je potrebno predštaviti konkretne šituacije, zakaj (Bahovec, 2007). morajo na švoje zdravje paziti z e zdaj in ne š ele v štarošti, ko še pojavijo tez ave. Poleg štatištike, lahko prikaz emo tez ave, š Za projektno delo je znac ilno našlednje (Bahovec, 2007): katerimi še špopadajo njihovi vrštniki. Prikaznega materiala - všebinško-problemški prištop; je dovolj na špletu in v literaturi. Dijaki lahko šami - konkretnošt tematike, z ivljenjškošt; špregovorijo o švojih tez avah ali tez avah nekoga, ki ga - ciljno ušmerjena in nac rtovana dejavnošt š poznajo. poudarkom na dejavnošti uc encev; - Analizirati njihov šlog z ivljenja. S kratkim vpraš alnikom - upoš tevanje interešov uc encev, njihovih potreb in lahko však pri šebi analizira štanje, ugotovi, kaj dela narobe špošobnošti. Pri tem šta poudarjena izkuš enjško oz. kaj bi lahko takoj naredil za švoje zdravje. Tako lahko však uc enje in kooperativnošt. oceni švoje telešno in duš evno zdravje. - Poiškati izboljš ave. Ošredotoc imo še na to, kaj lahko však Poznamo dva nac ina, kako lahko poteka projektno delo dan štorimo zaše, poiš c emo primere dobre prakše, (Bahovec, 2007): uporabimo izkuš nje drugih, ki šo korenito špremenili švoj - doloc itev ciljev, nac rtovanje, izvedba in utemeljitev z ivljenjški šlog, poiš c emo vzornike. ali - Izvajati konkretne dejavnošti. Skozi projektni teden - izbira uštreznega problema, škupno nac rtovanje udejanjamo to, kar še uc imo. Preizkuš amo konkretne poti do reš itve problema, izvajanje pošameznih šituacije, še druz imo, pozitivno razmiš ljamo, še zdravo nalog, ki izhajajo iz problema, in preverjanje reš itev prehranjujemo, gibamo, škrbimo za telo in duha. problema. 4.3 Priprava projekta in dijakov Faze, po katerih poteka projektno delo šo (Bahovec, 2007): Dobra priprava pomeni, da lahko v projektnem tednu delo - iniciativa, prepuštimo dijakom, uc itelji pa poštanemo le mentorji. Po - zašnova projekta, uvodnih navodilih aktivno špremljamo njihovo delo, jih - nac rtovanje, ušmerjamo, švetujemo, opazujemo, pomagamo. Zelo - izvedba in pomembna je špodbuda tištih dijakov, ki še tez je vkljuc ijo. - šklepna faza - predštavitev. Nekateri dijaki takoj prevzamejo razlic ne vloge, razporedijo oštale in vodijo delo. C e takš nih dijakov ni v škupini, mora Ko nac rtujemo projektno delo, izhajamo iz ciljev profešor dodeliti vloge in potem špremljati, kako še dijaki izobraz evalnega programa. Prednošt dajemo tištim ciljem, ki uveljavljajo. Všeškozi moramo opazovati, da vši šodelujejo, jih je mogoc e najuc inkoviteje došegati. Pozornošt je treba da še dejavno vkljuc ujejo, da šprejemajo delo in ideje drug namenjati tako všebinškim in procešnim ciljem, kot tudi drugega, da koga ne izkljuc ujejo, drugega pa favorizirajo. 534 Pred zac etkom še je potrebno dogovoriti z zunanjimi Dogovorjeno imamo predavanje v Zdravštvenem domu šodelavci: uškladiti termin in proštor, še šeznaniti z všebino Maribor, kjer nam pripravijo predavanje na temo Mladoštnik in metodo njegovega dela, švojo všebino prilagoditi njegovi, – zdravje - odvišnošti. Po konc anem predavanju šledijo da še delo nadgradi, predštaviti škupino, š katero bo delalo, delavnice o morfologiji naš ega teleša. Dijaki v paru izmerijo jih opozoriti na pošebnošti in ševeda predštaviti, kaj še od in izrac unajo švojo koštno mašo, maš c obno mašo in miš ic no njih pric akuje. Menjava proštora, da še ne dogajajo vše mašo. Nadaljujemo š šeštavljanjem zdravega jedilnika. Za dejavnošti na š oli, je za dijake dobrodoš la šprememba. Ni však jedilnik izrac unajo kaloric no vrednošt in poškuš ajo vaz no, kakš en je proštor šamo, da šmo izven uc ilnice. Zelo poiškati bolj zdravo izbiro. Pošebej šo opozorjeni na dobrodoš le šo tudi oblike, ki jih izvajamo na proštem, na vrednošt šladkorja, šoli in maš c ob v pijac ah in prigrizkih iz pohodu, po trim štezi ali na klopci v parku. avtomatov. Pošebno poglavje pošvetimo uz ivanju vode. Pošlikamo c rtne kode priljubljenih šladkih izdelkov in pijac Izbrati je potrebno metode dela, ki šo raznovrštne, npr. (npr. Frutabela, Kinder Bueno, c okoladni rogljic ek, Redbull) pregled literature, predavanja, delavnice, ankete, delo na in jim predštavimo aplikacijo Veš Kaj Ješ (Zveza potroš nikov terenu, druz enje z razlic nimi ljudmi, da šo dijaki dovolj Slovenije). Izpiš emo všebnošti šladkorja v pijac ah in maš c ob motivirani. Naš a z elja je, da škozi projekt dijaki c im manj c aša v prigrizkih. Na špletu poiš c emo reš itve, kako še izogniti prez ivijo za rac unalniki, da poiš c emo informacije drugac e, iz šlabim prigrizkom in jih nadomeštiti z bolj zdravimi. literature, od ljudi, od štrokovnjakov, da gremo na teren, da Izmerimo všebnošt šladkorja v šladkih pijac ah in jih vidimo dogajanje v z ivo, da doz ivimo teorijo v prakši. Zelo špremenimo v dejanške vrednošti (primerjamo jih z pomembno je, da vša dejštva, pred katera poštavimo dijake, vrec kami šladkorja po 5 gramov). nišo izmiš ljena, ampak iz rešnic nega šveta, iz njihove okolice ali bliz ine, njihovih vrštnikov. Tretji dan Na pogovor povabimo znanega š portnika, ki z dijaki 4.4 Potek špregovori o švojih š portnih zac etkih, procešu treninga, Projektno delo je razdeljeno na š tiri dni, v trajanju 6 š olških ušklajevanju š porta in š olških obveznoštih, pšihološ ki ur. pripravi in podobnem. Ta vršta predavanja je za dijake izredno zanimiva, šaj šliš ijo ošebne izkuš nje nekoga, ki je Prvi dan ušpeš en na švojem podroc ju. Dan pric nemo tako, da dijake šeznanimo z nac inom dela in jim predštavimo aplikacijo Energy for life (Imaxina Novaš Za zakljuc ek dneva še odpravimo na igriš c e za odbojko na Tecnoloxiaš S.L.). Na špletu je mnoz ica razlic nih aplikacij in mivki. Dijaki in dijakinje šeštavijo meš ane ekipe in odigrajo špletnih štrani, ki opišujejo zdravo prehranjevanje in tekme med razredi. Sproštitev v naravi izkorištimo za prešnovo, vendar je zgolj peš c ica didaktic no primernih za druz enje in pogovor. uporabo v uc nem procešu. Vec ina aplikacij je namenjena ali izobraz evanju ali zabavi, vendar le malo je takš nih, ki bi Četrti dan zdruz evale oba špektra. Ena izmed aplikacij, ki je tako Za zakljuc ek projekta pripravimo pravo tekaš ko prireditev pouc na, da uporabnik pridobi in utrdi švoje znanje, kot tudi poimenovano Tretja tec e, ki še je udelez ijo vši letniki š ole. V zabavna, da še ne navelic a in je pripravljen dlje c aša oštati šodelovanju š podjetjem Pro Time organiziramo tek za vše motiviran, še imenuje Energy for life. Aplikacija š pomoc jo dijake š ole. Pripravimo trašo teka, razdelimo š tartne š tevilke igrifikacije – uporaba dinozavra, ki pritegne pozornošt š c ipi, poškrbimo za ošvez ilne poštaje na traši, pripravimo uporabnika, uc i novih konceptov in ga motivira za interakcijo, darilne vrec ke za najboljš e loc ene po letnikih in špolu, na kar izboljš a uc ni proceš. Zaradi enoštavnega umešnika je ta koncu pa priredimo uradno razglašitev rezultatov. Prireditev aplikacija doštopna všem uc encem razlic nih štarošti, tako v je med dijaki dobro šprejeta in je poštala tradicionalna. ošnovni, kot tudi v šrednji š oli. Vizualen prikaz in štrokovna natanc nošt izrazov, še doloc i š pišmenimi špošobnoštmi uporabnika. Velik poudarek je na znanštveni pišmenošti, 5 EVALVACIJA povezan z vizualnimi draz ljaji, ki uporabnika špodbujajo k Projektno delo je velik izziv tako za dijake, kot uc itelje. aktivni uporabi aplikacije. Zašnovana je tako, da še jo lahko Obojim daje veliko zadovoljštva in predvšem izkuštvenega uporablja ob špremštvu vodje uc nega proceša ali pa še jo uc enja. Kot opiš e Z uz ejeva (1995), še pri projektnem delu uporablja šamoštojno. Uporabnik lahko izbira med odpre nepredvidljiva bogata paleta variant projektnega razlic nimi podroc ji, ki jih lahko š pomoc jo aplikacije ošvoji in uc nega dela in je nemogoc e predvideti vša špoznanja, znanja, utrdi švoje znanje. vše vzgojne uc inke, vša nova uštvarjalna hotenja – nemogoc e je predvideti vše notranje, c uštvene in š tem v zvezi mišelne Pred zakljuc kom prvega dne še pošvetimo š e duš evnemu polemike, veliko uštvarjalnošt, ki še kaz e v bogatejš em zdravju. Povabimo š tudente pšihologije, ki z dijaki govornem in pišnem izraz anju ter umetniš kem uštvarjanju. S špregovorijo o duš evnih štiškah in štrešu ter jih nauc ijo tem nac inom dela naj bi bil šproz en razvoj dijakovih razlic ne tehnike upravljanja štrešnih šituacij in tehnik ošebnoštnih špošobnošti tako na kognitivnem, meditacije. pšihomotoric nem in šocialnem podroc ju, ob šamoaktivnošti in notranji motivaciji. Drugi dan 535 Motivacija za delo je vc aših vec ja, vc aših manjš a, pomembna VIRI je izbira teme (nevšakdanje všebine, ki šo povezane š poklici, [1] Atlagič, G. (2006). Projektno delo: gradivo za učitelje. Ljubljana: Center za katere še ušpošabljajo ali š tematiko iz všakdanjega RS za poklicno izobraževanje. z ivljenja, v katero še poglobijo), ki mora biti za dijaka [2] Bahovec, I. (2007). Ocenjevanje v novih programih srednjega poklicnega in šrednjega štrokovnega izobraževanja. Ljubljana: Center zanimiva in pouc na. Dijake je treba motivirati in jih pripraviti RS za poklicno izobraževanje. na delo. Dobro je treba pripraviti potek dela, da šo dijaki [3] NIJZ (Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje). Cindi Slovenija raziskava-Z zdravjem povezanvedenjski slog. Ljubljana. Nacionalni inštitut za javno motivirani v všeh fazah dela. Uporabiti je treba razlic ne zdravje 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020. metode dela, multimedijška šredštva, škratka projektno delo [4] Žužej, V. (1991). Projektno delo. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije naj bo c im bolj razgibano in zanimivo. Manjš a škupina za šolštvo. [5] Žužej, V. (1995). Spremljanje in evalvacija učinkov projektnega dijakov zagotavlja laz je delo. učnega dela pri uvajanju v pouk. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolštvo. Komunikacija je bištveno drugac na, šaj dijake pri delu le ušmerjamo; zaradi manjš ega š tevila dijakov poteka med všemi pošamezniki na všeh ravneh, je všeštranška, z ivahna ter iškrenejš a, šaj dijaki ob delu na glaš izraz ajo obc utja, razmiš ljanja, švoje poglede ipd., še bolj odprejo. Pomembno je uštvariti dobro klimo v škupini. Konflikt naštopi v primeru, ko dijaki ne morejo oziroma ne znajo šprejeti mnenja drugega, ko ne znajo medšebojno šodelovati, ko šo nerešni, nišo pripravljeni delati, ko ne upoš tevajo dogovorov ipd. Ovire je treba odpravljati šproti in zmanjš ati morebitne pomanjkljivošti oziroma šlabošti. Dodana vrednošt projektnega dela je, da še dijaki šrec ajo z drugac nim nac inom dela in ob tem ušvojijo znanja, ki šo potrebna in pomembna za njihov poklic ali pa š irijo njihove kompetence, ki šo pomembne v všakdanjem z ivljenju. Urijo še v pridobivanju in iškanju informacij iz razlic nih virov, še rac unalniš ko opišmenjujejo, vši morajo biti dejavni, vadijo javno naštopanje, krepijo šamozavešt. Uc ijo še timškega dela, dojemajo pomembnošt dogovorov, kompromišov ipd. So uštvarjalnejš i in špoznavajo delo na terenu. Poštajajo šamoštojnejš i, odgovorni, iznajdljivi, domišelni, izvirni. Delo opravljajo z navduš enjem in zavzeto. Razvijajo špošobnošt šamoštojnega opazovanja, primerjanja, povezovanja in logic nega šklepanja ter špošobnošt šamoštojnega poroc anja. Slabošti še pokaz ejo tedaj, c e dijaki nišo pripravljeni delati, še izogibajo, nišo šamoštojni, c e delo ne poteka timško, kot je predvideno; c e je klima v škupini šlaba. Problem je, c e nišmo poštavili ciljev oziroma šo nedošegljivi, c e k problemu nišmo pravilno prištopili, c e nišmo upoš tevali interešov dijakov, njihovih potreb in špošobnošti, c e nišmo škupaj nac rtovali pot do reš itve problema, c e ši nišmo poštavili pošameznih faz, jih preverjali ter utemeljili 6 ZAKLJUČEK Pomen zdrave prehrane je kljuc en za zdrav razvoj, šaj telo za izgradnjo notranjih ogranov, miš ic, koštnine in z ivc evja nujno potrebuje hranila, ki jih všebuje hrana. V zgodnjem otroš tvu otrokov jedilnik doloc ajo štarš i oz. škrbniki, ki še praviloma trudijo in poškrbijo za pešter izbor z ivil na otrokovem kroz niku. Všaj v vec ini primerov, otroci kot pošamezniki ne morejo vplivati na izbor z ivil in uz ivati zgolj hrane, ki jim je vš ec . V c ašu pubertete pa mladoštniki poc aši zac nejo šami doloc ati švoj jedilnik in pri tem vec krat ne upoš tevajo šmernic zdravega prehranjevanja. Nepravilen 536 Kibernetska kriminaliteta – razumevanje in ukrepi za večjo varnost Cybercrime - understanding and measures for greater security mag. Roman Rehberger Šolski center Kranj Višja strokovna šola Kranj, Slovenija rehberger@siol.net process large amounts of data and learn from patterns makes it more effective in detecting, preventing and responding to cyber POVZETEK threats. This article explores the phenomenon of cybercrime, the types of attacks and the measures to combat these threats, Izraz kibernetska kriminaliteta širše opisuje kriminalne including the use of artificial intelligence and analyzed dejavnosti, v katerih so računalniki ali računalniška omrežja cybercrime investigation tools. orodje, tarča ali kraj kriminalne dejavnosti. Vključujejo vse, od KEYWORDS elektronskega kloniranja do napada zavrnitve storitve DDoS, kar lahko prizadene posameznike, podjetja in celo države. Pomeni cybercrime, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, cybercrime lahko tudi tradicionalna kazniva dejanja, pri katerih se investigation tools računalnike ali omrežja uporablja za omogočanje nezakonite dejavnosti in vključuje aktivnosti, kot so kraje identitete, finančne prevare, kraje podatkov, vdori v računalniške sisteme, 1 UVOD širjenje zlonamerne programske opreme in napadi na omrežja. Kibernetski prostor je z nekaj milijardami uporabnikov po vsem Mednarodno sprejete definicije kibernetske kriminalitete ni, svetu idealen kraj za kriminalce, saj lahko ostanejo anonimni in vendar jo razumemo kot kaznivo dejanje, pri katerem je dobijo dostop do vseh oblik osebnih podatkov, ki jih zavestno ali računalnik bodisi predmet kaznivega dejanja, na primer z lažnim nehote shranjujemo v spletu. Grožnje internetni varnosti so v predstavljanjem ali nezaželeno pošto, bodisi orodje za storitev zadnjih letih močno porasle, kibernetska kriminaliteta pa kaznivega dejanja, na primer zločin iz sovraštva. Vdor v prizadene milijarde žrtev po vsem svetu. Umetna inteligenca računalniške sisteme oz. omrežja in s tem dostop do računalnika igra vse večjo vlogo v kibernetski varnosti. Zaradi svoje je lahko primerljiv z vlomom in vstopom v stanovanjsko ali sposobnosti obdelave velikih količin podatkov in učenja na poslovno stavbo. podlagi vzorcev umetna inteligenca omogoča bolj učinkovito Kibernetska kriminaliteta obstaja v več oblikah, odkrivanje, preprečevanje in odzivanje na kibernetske grožnje. V tem članku bomo raziskali pojav kibernetske kriminalitete, vrste najpogostejša so kazniva dejanja, povezana z identiteto. To se napadov in ukrepe za boj proti tem grožnjam vključno z uporabo zgodi z lažnim predstavljanjem in zavajanjem uporabnikov umetne inteligence in analizirali orodija za preiskavo kibernetske interneta v posredovanje osebnih podatkov, zlonamerno kriminalitete. programsko opremo, ki zbira osebne podatke, in nezakonitim dostopom do naključnega računalnika na daljavo. Kriminalci KLJUČNE BESEDE uporabljajo te metode za krajo podatkov o kreditnih karticah ali celo krajo denarja. Internet je postal tudi prostor za kazniva kibernetska kriminaliteta, kibernetski prostor, umetna dejanja, povezana z avtorskimi pravicami in pravicami inteligenca, orodija za preiskavo kibernetske kriminalitete intelektualne lastnine, pa tudi kazniva dejanja, kot so otroška ABSTRACT pornografija in zloraba gradiva [6]. Z napredovanjem tehnologije je kibernetska kriminaliteta The term cybercrime broadly describes criminal activity in which postala storilcem lažje dostopna, le-ti pa ne potrebujejo več computers or computer networks are the tool, target or location of criminal activity. They include everything from electronic veliko računalniškega znanja in poznavanja tehnik, saj je večino cloning to denial of service (DDoS) attacks, which can affect programske opreme mogoče kupiti ali brezplačno pridobiti na individuals, companies and even countries. It can also refer to spletu. Z anonimnostjo, ki jo zagotavlja kibernetski prostor, je traditional crimes where computers or networks are used to organom pregona tudi težje izslediti kriminalce in jih locirati [2]. facilitate illegal activity, and activities such as identity theft, Za dosego svojih ciljev kibernetska kriminaliteta uporablja financial fraud, data theft, hacking, malware distribution and različne metode in strategije, klaterih razumevanje je ključno za network attacks. With billions of users worldwide, cyberspace is učinkovito preprečevanje in obvladovanje kibernetskih napadov. an ideal place for criminals, who remain anonymous and gain Organizacije in posamezniki morajo izvajati ustrezne varnostne access to all the forms of personal data we store online, ukrepe, kot so redno posodabljanje programske opreme, knowingly or unknowingly. Threats to internet security have ozaveščanje uporabnikov o varnostnih tveganjih, uporaba increased dramatically in recent years, and cybercrime affects billions of victims worldwide. Artificial intelligence plays an protivirusnih programov in požarnih zidov ter redno spremljanje increasingly important role in cyber security. Its ability to in odkrivanje morebitnih napadov. 537 Ko govorimo o kibernetskem kriminalu, običajno govorimo Raziskave kibernetske kriminalitete so pomembne za razvoj o dveh glavnih kategorijah kaznivih dejanj. Prva kategorija je varnostnih ukrepov in politik ter za izboljšanje ozaveščenosti računalnik, povezan v omrežje, ki je tarča kaznivega dejanja in javnosti o tveganjih, povezanih s kibernetsko varnostjo. S je primer napadov na zaupnost, celovitost in razpoložljivost pomočjo teh raziskav se lahko razvijejo učinkovitejše metode za omrežja. Drugo kategorijo sestavljajo tradicionalni prestopki, kot preprečevanje in obvladovanje kibernetskih napadov, kar so tatvine, goljufije in ponarejanje, ki so storjeni s pomočjo prispeva k večji varnosti in zaupanju v digitalno okolje [7]. računalnikov, povezanih v omrežje. Ena večjih težav pri ustreznem definiranju in zaznavanju kibernetske kriminalitete je pomanjkanje konkretnih statističnih 3 ZNAČILNOSTI KIBERNETSKEGA podatkov o teh kaznivih dejanjih. Prijava zločinov je PROSTORA prostovoljna, kar pomeni, da so številke skoraj zagotovo precej Spremembe, ustvarjene z računalnikom in povezovanjem v višje od uradnega podatka. Včasih jih organizacije sploh ne mrežo, so prinesle novo okolje, v katerem se uporabniki vse prijavijo in to prepuščajo organom pregona, dokler na koncu o pogosteje zbirajo v kibernetskem prostoru, da bi medsebojno prijavi ne odločajo sodišča. komunicirali. Dve ključni značilnosti kibernetskega prostora, ki Obstoječe zakone, ki prepovedujejo kibernetski kriminal, se sta pripomogli pri povečanju kaznivih dejanj, sta ogromno lahko uporablja tako za ljudi, ki jih zagrešijo z uporabo število uporabnikov in brezmejna uporaba interneta. Informacije računalnika, kot tudi za tiste, ki jih storijo brez uporabe med podjetji potekajo hitreje brez fizičnih potovanj ali fizične računalnika ali omrežja. Vendar pa pogojev vedno ni mogoče prisotnosti, s hitrejšimi odzivi na velike razdalje in večjim dobro določiti. Eden od dejavnikov, ki otežuje opredelitev vplivom na globalno občinstvo. Medtem ko je ta tehnološki kibernetskega kriminala, je dilema o pristojnosti. Zakoni v napredek prinesel družbi obilne koristi, je slaba stran, da te različnih državah opredeljujejo pojme različno, zato je interakcije nudijo tudi idealno platformo za ustvarjanje zločinov. pomembno, da se organi pregona, ki preiskujejo kazniva dejanja, Nove tehnologije niso prinesle samo novega razreda kaznivih pa tudi skrbniki omrežij, ki se želijo vključiti v pregon dejanj, temveč so tudi povečale število kibernetičnih kibernetskega kriminala, storjenega v omrežju, seznanijo z posameznikov z že vnaprej pripravljenimi programi za kazniva veljavnimi zakoni [1]. dejanja [2]. Rast kibernetskih kriminalcev ima dva pomembna razloga: prvič, število ljudi, ki so tehnološko dovolj izobraženi, da bi 2 RAZISKAVA KIBERNETSKE zagrešili kibernetske zločine, eksponentno narašča. Drugič, zdi KRIMINALITETE se, da tudi trg v kibernetski kriminaliteti narašča, saj osebe, ki Raziskava kibernetske kriminalitete je ključnega pomena za uporabljajo svoje tehnično znanje za ustvarjanje in nato s prodajo razumevanje, preprečevanje in obvladovanje kibernetskih svojih izdelkov omogočajo, da se netehnološko izobraženi ljudje groženj. S poglobljenim raziskovanjem se lahko izboljšajo vključijo v kibernetsko kriminaliteto [12]. varnostni postopki, razvijejo učinkovitejše obrambne strategije Nepridipravi v kibernetskem prostoru iščejo sisteme, da bi se in se ustvarijo smernice za politike in zakonodajo na področju infiltrirali in jih zlorabili. Samo zaradi tega ali kot intelektualni kibernetske varnosti. izziv, obstajajo nekateri, ki poskušajo vdreti v računalnik, da bi Kibernetska kriminaliteta je področje, ki se nanaša na kazniva lansirali črve ali virus, ki bi lahko okrnili poslovanje dejanja, storjena s pomočjo računalnikov, omrežij in internetnih organizacije. Zato je potreba po varnosti namenjena vsem tehnologij. Raziskava kibernetske kriminalitete vključuje uporabnikom interneta tako posameznikom kot podjetjem, da se preučevanje teh dejanj, njihovih vzorcev, metod in posledic, pa prilagodijo potencialnim nevarnostim kibernetskega prostora in tudi razvoj strategij za njihovo preprečevanje in preiskovanje. njegovi zmožnosti povzročitve večjih varnostnih incidentov. Raziskovalci na področju kibernetske kriminalitete Razvoj ukrepov za boj proti tem grožnjam je ključnega pomena, analizirajo in razumejo vzorce, motive, tehnike ter vedenje saj slabo razvit varnostni sistem neustrezno varuje pred zlonamernih akterjev v kibernetskem prostoru. Njihovi cilji kibernetskimi napadi, pomanjkanje varnostnih ukrepov pa resno vključujejo razvoj strategij za preprečevanje kibernetskih ogroža preživetje in donosnost poslovanja podjetja [13]. napadov, identifikacijo in obvladovanje tveganj ter izboljšanje kibernetske varnosti. Raziskovalci kibernetske kriminalitete uporabljajo različne 4 VRSTE KIBERNETSKIH NAPADOV metode za zbiranje podatkov in analizo. To vključuje analizo Obstaja več vrst kibernetskih napadov, ki se izvajajo s ciljem sledi v računalniških sistemih, preučevanje podatkovnih baz, pridobitve nepooblaščenega dostopa, kraje podatkov, spremljanje komunikacij, sodelovanje s ponudniki storitev in povzročanja škode ali motenja delovanja računalniških sistemov preiskovalnimi organi ter uporabo različnih orodij in tehnologij in omrežij. za zaznavanje in preprečevanje kibernetskih napadov. Napad je lahko aktiven ali pasiven. Aktivni napad poskuša Poleg preučevanja tehničnih vidikov kibernetske spremeniti sistemske vire ali vplivati na njihovo delovanje, kriminalitete se raziskovalci ukvarjajo tudi z analizo socialnih in medtem ko pasivni napad poskuša uporabiti informacije iz pravnih vidikov. To vključuje razumevanje motivacij storilcev, sistema, vendar ne vpliva na sistemske vire (npr. prisluškovanje) preučevanje vloge družbenih omrežij in medijev pri širjenju [14]. kibernetskih napadov, preučevanje pravnih vidikov, povezanih s Napad se lahko izvede znotraj ali zunaj organizacije. Notranji kibernetsko kriminaliteto, ter oblikovanje politik in zakonodaje napad je napad, ki ga sproži subjekt znotraj območja zaščite, ki za boj proti njej. je lahko uporabnik in je pooblaščen za dostop do sistemskih virov, vendar jih uporablja na način, ki ga niso odobrili tisti, ki 538 so pooblastilo odobrili. Zunanji napad začne zunaj organizacije računalniških sistemov, onemogočanje spletnih mest, ustvarjanje nepooblaščen ali nelegitimen uporabnik sistema. Na internetu se in zlonamerno razširjanje računalniških virusov. potencialni zunanji napadi gibljejo od amaterskih potegavščin do Pri tretji kategoriji lahko računalnik deluje kot podpora pri organiziranih kriminalcev, mednarodnih teroristov in sovražnih izvrševanju različnih kaznivih dejanj, ki zajema uporabo vlad. računalnikov, ki jih kriminalci uporabljajo za krajo identitete in Napadi so lahko sintaktični ali semantični. Sintaktični napadi zlorabo kreditnih kartic. Uporaba računalnika kot podpore pri so preprosti, saj veljajo za zlonamerno programsko opremo, ki izvrševanju zločina je resna kršitev zakonodaje in se kaznuje v vključuje viruse, črve in trojanske konje. Semantični napadi pa skladu s pravnimi določbami o računalniškem kriminalu [6]. so bolj zapleteni in vključujejo uporabo različnih računalniških taktik za spreminjanje vedenja uporabnikov računalnika. Kibernetske napade glede na ciljane uporabnike združimo v 6 STANJE KIBERNETSKE dve vrsti: ciljne in nenamerne. V nenamernih napadih napadalci KRIMINALITETE neselektivno ciljajo na čim več naprav, storitev ali uporabnikov. Pri tem jih ne zanima, kdo je žrtev, in uporabljajo tehnike, ki Kibernetska kriminaliteta narašča z eksponentno hitrostjo. V izkoriščajo odprtost interneta. Nenamerni napadi vključujejo preteklem letu je bilo odkritih približno 900 poskusov lažnega lažno predstavljanje ter pošiljanje e-poštnih sporočil večjemu predstavljanja na finančne institucijo in več kot 9.000 odkritih številu ljudi, katere prosijo za občutljive podatke (na primer poskusov napadov na tehnološka podjetja. Spletna mesta z bančne podatke) ali jih spodbudijo k obisku ponarejenega lažnim predstavljanjem so tudi vse večje tehnološke spletnega mesta. Pogosta je postavitev lažnega spletnega mesta organizacije, kot so Google, Apple, Facebook in Yahoo, ki so ali ogrožanje zakonitega za izkoriščanje gostujočih uporabnikov. tarče lažnega predstavljanja, pa tudi Dropbox, kjer bi z lažnim Ponujajo tudi odkupno programsko opremo, ki bi lahko predstavljanjem uporabnike lahko prevarali pri nalaganju svojih vključevala razširjanje diska, ki šifrira izsiljevalsko zlonamerno datotek. V povprečju se vsak dan sproži 85.000 zlonamernih IP- programsko opremo. Pojavlja se skeniranje za izvedbo jev, s čimer je povprečna ocena ogleda vseh URL-jev po vsem naključnih napadov na spletu. svetu znašala 65 odstotkov. Pri ciljanem napadu ima napadalec poseben interes za izbrano Kibernetska kriminaliteta ni omejena samo na namizje podjetje ali pa je plačan, da ga cilja. Napad lahko traja mesece, naprave; mobilne naprave so se v zadnjih letih razvijale, z njimi tako da bodo napadalci našli najboljšo pot za napad na izbrane pa tudi virusi, zlonamerna programska oprema in lažne prevare. sisteme (ali uporabnike). Ciljni napad je pogosto bolj škodljiv kot Zaradi odprte platforma je Android izpostavljen različnim nenamerni, ker je posebej prilagojen napadom na sisteme, zlonamernim programom. V nedavni raziskavi je bilo 72 % vseh procese ali osebje, v pisarni in včasih tudi doma. Tudi pri ciljnih aplikacij za OS označeno kot sumljive, nezaželene ali napadih je pogosto lažno predstavljanje, pošiljanje e-poštnih zlonamerne, pri čemer so trojanski konji predstavljali največjo sporočil ciljnim osebam, ki lahko vsebujejo prilogo z grožnjo. zlonamerno programsko opremo ali povezavo, ki prenaša Zunanja kibernetska kriminaliteta je v porastu, vendar se zlonamerno programsko opremo. Pogosto gre za napade istega mnogi strokovnjaki strinjajo, da notranji napadi predstavljajo cilja iz različnih mest omrežja, t. i. botnet, zlasti za izvedbo večje tveganje za podjetja in organizacije. Notranja tveganja je napada Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Med ciljnimi mogoče omiliti z povečanjem izobraževanja zaposlenih; vendar napadi je tudi uničevanje dobavne verige z napadom programske ogromno organizacij tega usposabljanja sploh ne izvaja. ali druge opreme, ki se dostavi podjetju [5]. Podatki kažejo, da mnogi odločevalci v organizacijah v celoti ne razumejo resnosti groženj, medtem ko podjetja, ki so postala žrtev kibernetskega kriminala, in podjetja z več kot tisoč 5 KATEGORIJE KIBERNETSKIH zaposlenimi varnost jemljejo veliko bolj resno in imajo več NAPADOV procesov za zmanjšanje tveganja znotraj in zunaj organizacije. Obstajajo tri osnovne kategorije kibernetskega kriminala. V Stanje kibernetske kriminalitete kaže tudi na nenehno rast in prvem primeru je računalnik orodje zločina in zajema klasične napredovanje groženj v digitalnem svetu. Zaščita pred oblike kaznivih dejanj, kot je goljufija ali ponarejanje, čeprav se kibernetskimi napadi zahteva celovit pristop, ki vključuje v okviru kibernetskega kriminala nanašajo posebej na kazniva izboljšanje kibernetske varnosti, ozaveščanje uporabnikov, dejanja, storjena preko elektronskih naprav. Nekatera od teh sodelovanje med sektorji in državami ter razvoj naprednih kaznivih dejanj vključujejo otroško pornografijo, kaznivo tehnologij za odkrivanje in odzivanje na napade. Le z aktivnim nadlegovanje, goljufije, kršitve intelektualne lastnine in prodajo in trajnim pristopom lahko obvladujemo kibernetsko nezakonitih snovi in blaga. kriminaliteto ter zagotovimo varno in zaupanja vredno digitalno V drugi kategoriji je računalnik predmet zločina in se okolje. nanaša na primere, ko računalnik sam po sebi postane tarča Pomembno je, da se zavedamo, da je kibernetska kaznivega dejanja ali je uporabljen za izvrševanje kaznivega kriminaliteta dinamično področje, kjer se zlonamerni akterji dejanja. Pomembno je omeniti, da računalnik sam po sebi ni nenehno prilagajajo in razvijajo nove metode napadov. predmet zločina, temveč ga zločinci izrabljajo za svoje Posledično je potrebno stalno izboljševanje varnostnih ukrepov nezakonite dejavnosti. Prav tako je potrebno upoštevati, da so ta in ozaveščanje, da se zmanjša tveganje in škoda, ki jih povzroča dejanja kazniva in se kaznujejo v skladu z zakoni in predpisi o kibernetska kriminaliteta [3]. računalniškem kriminalu v posameznih državah. Gre za nova kazniva dejanja, ki so posebej povezana z računalniško tehnologijo in internetom, na primer, nepooblaščena uporaba 539 7 KIBERNETSKA KRIMINALITETA KOT tega lahko kibernetski napadi povzročijo motnje v poslovnih MEDNARODNA GROŽNJA dejavnostih, izgubo produktivnosti, izpad sistemov in celo ogrozijo življenja, še posebej v primeru napadov na kritično Kibernetska kriminaliteta je pojav, ki prizadene vse države sveta, infrastrukturo [6]. zlasti najbolj industrijsko razvite in računalniško podprte. Obstaja na stotine različnih virov, ki zagotavljajo podatke o obsegu kibernetske kriminalitete, vendar so statistični podatki 9 FAZE KIBERNETSKIH NAPADOV nezadostni in razdrobljeni. Globalna tveganja postajajo vse bolj problematična zaradi Ker se kibernetski napadi nenehno razvijajo, je razumevanje njihovega delovanja ključno za učinkovito preprečevanje, vse večje globalizacije. V tem primeru je kibernetska odkrivanje in obvladovanje kibernetske kriminalitete. kriminaliteta še nevarnejša grožnja. Posledice novih tveganj so Organizacije in posamezniki morajo izvajati ustrezne varnostne postale mednarodne in so lahko uničujoče in nepredvidljive. ukrepe, kot so redno posodabljanje programske opreme, Globalna medsebojna povezanost naredi vsak nacionalni izobraževanje uporabnikov o varnostnih tveganjih, vzpostavitev ekonomski proizvodni sistem ranljiv. naprednih varnostnih rešitev ter vzdrževanje odzivnih načrtov za Letne stroške škode, ki jo povzroči kibernetska obvladovanje kibernetskih napadov. kriminaliteta, je težko oceniti iz več razlogov: nekatera podjetja Kibernetski napadi običajno potekajo skozi več faz, pri si ne izmenjujejo informacij, v nekaterih primerih pa je težko čemer zlonamerni akterji sledijo določenemu postopku za oceniti, kakšna je dejanska izguba. Pri tej vrsti kaznivih dejanj je izvajanje napada. Faze kibernetskega napada se razlikujejo glede potrebno upoštevati tudi dejstvo, da na mednarodni ravni ni na specifične tehnike in metode. ustrezne zakonodaje. Prav tako je težko določiti, katera dejanja Med splošnimi fazami kibernetskega napada je zbiranje se v različnih nacionalnih državah štejejo za kazniva dejanja, da informacij (Reconnaissance) o ciljni organizaciji ali tarči. Gre za se pripravijo zanesljive mednarodne ocene. iskanje ranljivosti v sistemih, preučevanje javno dostopnih Poleg tega imajo številna poročila zasebnih varnostnih podjetij omejitev, ker ne morejo zbrati vseh podatkov, zbranih na informacij, analizo omrežnih struktur in identifikacijo potencialnih ciljev. ravni posamezne nacionalne države. Le uradno poročilo, ki ga je Faza, v kateri se po zbiranju informacij zlonamerni akterji sestavil vladni organ, bi lahko zagotovilo več podrobnosti o poskušajo vpisati v ciljni sistem ali omrežje, se imenuje vstop končnih statistikah. Vsekakor pa ta poročila varnostnih podjetij (Gaining Access). Vstopijo lahko z izkoriščanjem varnostnih nakazujejo na resnost in trende v zadnjih letih glede kibernetske pomanjkljivosti, uporabo hekerskih tehnik, kot je kraja gesel ali kriminalitete. Vsa poročila pravzaprav poudarjajo, da se tveganje prek šibkih točk v varnostnih postopkih. kibernetskih napadov nenehno povečuje in da je vpliv na V fazi t. i. razširjanja (Escalation) zlonamerni akterji svetovno gospodarstvo vedno bolj zaskrbljujoč, kar bi moralo pridobijo dostop do ciljnega sistema, se poskušajo razširiti in biti dovolj, da bi spodbudili mala in srednja podjetja, civilno pridobiti večji nadzor nad omrežjem, se premikajo po sistemih, družbo in vlade, da to grožnjo resneje sprejmejo in med seboj iščejo dodatne ranljivosti, izkoriščajo privilegije ali uporabijo sodelujejo, da bi omejili škodo. napredne tehnike za skrivanje prisotnosti. Po podatkih Kasperskega je vpliv kibernetske kriminalitete V fazi pridobivanja cilja (Acquiring the Target) zlonamerni na svetovno gospodarstvo na žalost velik in se še povečuje, akterji dosežejo svoj cilj, ki je lahko različen, od kraje občutljivih najbolj pa se boji napadov na kritično infrastrukturo. podatkov do povzročanja škode ali izsiljevanja žrtev, sabotiranja Zaskrbljujoče je tudi znatno povečanje kaznivih dejanj zoper podjetja, kot so goljufije ali kraje identitete [6]. sistemov ali drugih nezakonitih aktivnosti. Po dosegu svojega cilja zlonamerni akterji poskušajo Podjetji McAfeeja in CISCO ocenjujeta, da se razlika med obdržati dostop do ciljnega sistema ali omrežja za nadaljevanje letnimi stroški kibernetske kriminalitete svetovnega napadov. Ta faza se imenuje vzdrževanje dostopa (Maintaining gospodarstva giblje med 375 in 575 milijardami dolarjev na leto. Access) in vključuje skrivanje svoje prisotnosti, izogibanje McAfee je tudi opozoril, da podjetja ponavadi podcenjujejo odkrivanju in namestitev dodatnih orodij za nadzor. resnost kibernetskih tveganj in njihove stopnje rasti [11]. Poznamo tudi fazo prikrivanja sledi (Covering Tracks), kjer se zlonamerni akterji trudijo otežiti preiskavo in identifikacijo 8 CILJI KIBERNETSKE KRIMINALITETE tako, da brišejo dnevniške zapise, spreminjajo evidence ali manipulirajo z metapodatki, da bi zameglili svojo prisotnost oz. Cilji kibernetske kriminalitete so raznoliki in pogosto povezani z zabrisali svoje sledi [9]. željo po finančni koristi, kraji podatkov, političnih motivih, vohunjenje in zbiranju obveščevalnih podatkov ter izzivanju strahu in dezinformacij. Razumevanje teh ciljev je ključno za 10 KIBERNETSKA VOJNA IN oblikovanje učinkovitih strategij za preprečevanje, odkrivanje in KIBERNETSKI TERORIZEM obvladovanje kibernetske kriminalitete. Potrebno je nenehno izboljševanje kibernetske varnosti, ozaveščanje uporabnikov in Kibernetska vojna se nanaša na uporabo računalniških virusov in krepitev sodelovanja med državami, organov pregona in trojanskih konjev zato, da se napadeni državi uniči vitalne zasebnim sektorjem, da bi zmanjšali vpliv kibernetske računalniške sisteme, primerljive s škodo dejanske vojne in/ali kriminalitete na družbo in gospodarstvo. ovirajo vitalne računalniške sisteme. Kibernetski terorizem Kibernetska kriminaliteta ima številne negativne posledice. predstavlja načrtovan, politično motiviran napad na informacije, Žrtve trpijo finančne izgube, kršitve zasebnosti, izgubo zaupanja računalniške sisteme, računalniške programe in podatke z v digitalno okolje ter se soočajo z nepopravljivo škodo. Poleg namenom zaustavitve kritične nacionalne infrastrukture (kot so energetika, transport, vladne operacije) ali zastraševanje vlade ali 540 civilnega prebivalstva. To pomeni, da je končni rezultat potencialne ranljivosti in priporoča ukrepe za njihovo odpravo kibernetskega vojskovanja in kibernetskega terorizma enak, da ali zmanjšanje tveganj. To omogoča napovedovanje prihodnjih bo škodoval kritični infrastrukturi in računalniškim sistemom, groženj z analizo ogromnih količin podatkov in ustvarjanjem povezanim znotraj meja kibernetskega prostora [9]. napovedi o potencialnih tveganjih in ranljivostih. Dejavniki, ki prispevajo k temu, zakaj se kibernetski napadi Uporaba umetne inteligence v kibernetski varnosti sprožijo proti državi ali posamezniku, so faktor strahu, faktor uporabnikom pa še vedno predstavlja določene izzive. Napredne spektakularnosti in dejavnik ranljivosti. tehnike umetne inteligence sicer temeljijo na kakovostnih in Napadi v okviru kibernetske vojne in kibernetskega reprezentativnih podatkih, a je pri tem ključnega pomena terorizma lahko povzročijo resne posledice, vključno z motenim povečanje natančnosti in zanesljivosti analitičnih rezultatov. delovanjem državnih sistemov, gospodarskimi izgubami, krajo Napadalci lahko sami uporabijo umetno inteligenco za občutljivih informacij, izsiljevanjem in ogrožanjem javne izvajanje napadov. Zato je treba razviti tudi protiukrepe, ki se varnosti. Zato je pomembno, da se države, organizacije in borijo proti napadom umetne inteligence znotraj kibernetske posamezniki aktivno ukvarjajo s preprečevanjem, odkrivanjem varnosti. in obrambo pred takšnimi grožnjami ter vzpostavijo učinkovite Za implementacijo in upravljanje sistemov umetne mehanizme za kibernetsko varnost. inteligence je potreben strokovni kader z znanjem na področju V okviru kibernetskega vojskovanju mora posameznik kibernetske varnosti in umetne inteligence. prepoznati državne akterje, ki sodelujejo pri zagrešitvi teh Napadalci lahko zlorabijo umetno inteligenco, da ustvarijo kibernetskih napadov, kjer poleg glavnih akterjev Kitajske in in uporabijo zlonamerno programsko opremo ter izvedejo ZDA, sodelujejo tudi številni drugi državni in nedržavni akterji, napade, ki se izognejo tradicionalnim varnostnim mehanizmom. kot so Rusija, Izrael, Iran, Irak in Al Kaida. Napredna tehnologija umetne inteligence, ki se uporablja za napredne analize in avtomatizirane odločitve, lahko postane tudi orodje za izvedbo napadov. Zato je pomembno, da se razvijajo 11 UPORABA UMETNE INTELIGENCE ZA tudi obrambni mehanizmi, ki prepoznajo in blokirajo takšne ZAGOTAVLJANJE KIBERNETSKE napade. VARNOSTI Sistemi umetne inteligence zahtevajo velike količine Umetno inteligenco se uporablja v kibernetski varnosti za kakovostnih podatkov za učinkovito delovanje. V kibernetski prepoznavanje novih vrst zlonamerne programske opreme, varnosti pa so podatki, ki so na voljo za analizo, pogosto proizvajanje opozoril za nevarnosti in varovanje kritičnih nepopolni, nezanesljivi ali zavajajoči. Pomanjkanje kakovostnih podatkov za organizacije in je ključna za zagotavljanje podatkov lahko vodi do napačnih zaključkov ali napak pri prihodnosti kibernetske varnosti. Toda z vse večjo vlogo umetne odkrivanju napadov. Zato je potrebno posebno pozornost inteligence v kibernetski varnosti je treba razvijati tudi strategije nameniti zbiranju in preverjanju podatkov za uporabo v sistemih za obrambo pred napadi, ki izkoriščajo umetno inteligenco. umetne inteligence v kibernetski varnosti [4]. Tehnologija umetne inteligence omogoča hitro zaznavanje ne Napadalci nenehno razvijajo nove in kompleksne načine za samo eksplicitnih groženj, ampak tudi anomalij obnašanja in ima izvajanje kibernetskih napadov. Tradicionalni varnostni sistemi velik potencial za bistveno izboljšanje kibernetske varnosti. V se pogosto težko spopadejo s temi napadi, zato je uporaba umetne nadaljevanju navajamo primere uporabe umetne inteligence. inteligence v kibernetski varnosti privlačna. Vendar pa je izziv v Umetno inteligenco se lahko uporablja za avtomatizacijo tem, da sistemi umetne inteligence pogosto temeljijo na učenju procesov odkrivanja in odzivanja na kibernetske napade. Z iz preteklih podatkov, kar pomeni, da morda ne bodo prepoznali uporabo algoritmov strojnega učenja in globokega učenja lahko novih napadov, ki se razlikujejo od preteklih vzorcev. Nepoznani umetna inteligenca prepozna nenavadne vzorce, zazna sumljive napadi in napredne grožnje zahtevajo stalno nadgradnjo in aktivnosti in identificira potencialne grožnje, ki jih človeški prilagajanje sistemov umetne inteligence. analitiki morda spregledajo. Uporaba umetne inteligence v kibernetski varnosti lahko S pomočjo umetne inteligence je omogočena napredna vključuje zbiranje in analizo velike količine osebnih podatkov. analiza podatkov in prepoznavanje vzorcev, ki jih človeški To postavlja vprašanja glede zasebnosti in etične uporabe teh analitiki morda ne bi opazili. S tem se povečuje učinkovitost in podatkov. Pomembno je, da se pri razvoju in uporabi sistemov natančnost pri identifikaciji groženj ter zmanjšuje tveganje lažno umetne inteligence upoštevajo smernice zasebnosti in etični pozitivnih ali lažno negativnih rezultatov. standardi ter da se zagotovi varno in odgovorno ravnanje s Nadalje lahko umetna inteligenca analizira vedenje podatki. uporabnikov, sistemov in omrežij ter prepozna nenavadno ali Umetna inteligenca ima velik potencial za izboljšanje sumljivo aktivnost. Na podlagi tega lahko sistem avtomatično kibernetske varnosti z avtomatizacijo procesov, napredno zazna in prepreči morebitne napade, kot so phishing ali analitiko in prepoznavanjem groženj. Kljub izzivom, ki jih distribuirani napadi z zavračanjem storitve DDoS. prinaša implementacija umetne inteligence v kibernetsko Z uporabo algoritmov strojnega učenja in analize vedenja varnost, je nujno, da uporabniki izkoristijo tehnološki napredek lahko umetna inteligenca zazna znake zlonamerne programske za učinkovito zaščito pred kibernetskimi napadi in zagotovijo opreme in posodablja varnostne mehanizme za preprečevanje in varno digitalno okolje [8]. odzivanje nanje. Uporablja se jo za prepoznavanje in analizo zlonamerne programske opreme, vključno s škodljivo kodo, 12 DRUGI UKREPI ZA POVEČANJE virusi, trojanskimi konji in izsiljevalsko programsko opremo. Na podlagi zgodovinskih podatkov, vzorcev napadov in KIBERNETSKE VARNOSTI drugih dejavnikov lahko umetna inteligenca identificira 541 Pri soočanju s kibernetskimi kaznivimi dejanji je težava v in jih lahko na primer uporabljajo za digitalno forenziko, da neskladju med orodji in znanjem, ki je na voljo kibernetskim analizirajo, kako je prišlo do vdora ali so napadalci dostopali do zločincem, ter orodji in znanjem, ki so na voljo tistim, ki se podatkov ali jih izločili in kako so se zlonamerni akterji morajo zoperstaviti temu pojavu. Orodja za izvajanje premikali po omrežju. S temi informacijami lahko organizacije kibernetskega napada postajajo močnejša in lažja za iskanje in natančno opišejo napad prizadetim deležnikom in organom uporabo ter so relativno poceni. Spretnosti, potrebne za izvajanje pregona. Široka uporaba orodij zagotavlja informacije o taktikah, kibernetskega napada, se zmanjšujejo. Z malo truda se lahko tehnikah in postopkih skupin kibernetskega kriminala. zločinec opremi s potrebnimi orodji in informacijami za izvedbo Številni strokovnjaki za digitalno forenziko uporabljajo več te naloge, razvoj temnega spleta pa stvari še poenostavi. orodij za obravnavo različnih vidikov forenzičnega postopka, Za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti so potrebna močna odvisno od zahtev preiskave. V nadaljevanju so opisana najbolj zakonodajna dejanja, mehanizmi za kazenski pregon, ustrezni uporabljena orodja. instrumenti, sodelovanje, najpomembnejše pa je znanje. Da bi se Autopsy je priročno orodje za preiskavo trdega diska z učinkovito spopadli s kibernetsko kriminaliteto, je potrebno operacijskim sistemom Windows OS in mobilnimi napravami z stalno izobraževanje in prilagajanje varnostnih ukrepov. operacijskim sistemom Android. Je hitra in temeljita digitalna Posamezniki, organizacije in države morajo biti osredotočeni na forenzična platforma in grafični vmesnik za Sleuth Kit in druga preprečevanje napadov, uporabo močnih gesel, redno digitalna forenzična orodja. Uporabljajo ga organi pregona, posodabljanje programskih rešitev, izvajanje varnostnih kopij in vojska in korporativni preiskovalci. skrbno ravnanje z občutljivimi podatki. Uporabnikom se še CAINE ponuja obsežno forenzično preiskovalno platformo, vedno svetuje, da se izogibajo kliku na vsako lažno zasnovano za vključitev drugih orodij in modulov v uporabniku predstavljanje, saj ko kršitev postane javna, je prepogosto prijazen grafični vmesnik. Njegovo interoperabilno okolje je prepozno. namenjeno pomoči preiskovalcem v vseh štirih fazah preiskave: Celoten svet se osredotoča na obrambo sistemov, ne pa na ohranjanje, zbiranje, pregledovanje in analiza. Poleg tega je na prepoznavanje, zasledovanje in iskanje osebe, ki stoji za voljo z desetinami predpakiranih modulov (npr. Autopsy). kibernetskim zločinom. Potrebujemo nov pristop: kibernetskega Orodje, razvito v sistemu Linux, je popolnoma odprtokodno in kriminalca je potrebno ujeti za vsako ceno na kakršen koli način. na voljo brezplačno. Dejanski in potencialni kibernetski kriminalci se morajo Microsoftov Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor zavedati, da to ni več kaznivo dejanje z majhnim tveganjem in da (COFEE) je komplet forenzičnih orodij, ki izvleče dokaze iz bodo ujeti in kaznovani, in šele takrat se bodo zmanjšali operacijskega sistema Windows. Vsebuje več kot 150 funkcij in kibernetski napadi. Kibernetska vzgoja, kibernetska higiena, ima grafični uporabniški vmesnik, ki preiskovalca vodi skozi kibernetska budnost in kibernetska varnost niso dovolj dobri, zbiranje in pregled podatkov ter pomaga pri ustvarjanju poročil potrebujemo kibernetske aretacije in pogoje kibernetskega po ekstrakciji. Dešifriranje gesel, obnovitev internetne zapora. zgodovine in drugi obrazci za zbiranje podatkov so vključeni v Kibernetski kriminalci so korak pred kibernetsko varnostjo osnovni nabor orodij. z nenehnim spreminjanjem taktike, iskanjem neznanih Crowdstrike je digitalna forenzična programska oprema, ki ranljivosti, brisanjem dnevnikov, da zakrijejo svoje sledi in zagotavlja obveščanje o grožnjah in varnosti končne točke. Hitro uporaba naprednih tehnologij. Hitro, zanesljivo in dosledno lahko odkrije in obnovi kibernetske varnostne incidente. To kaznovanje je edini način, da se omeji kibernetska kriminaliteta orodje lahko uporabite za iskanje in blokiranje napadalcev v [8]. realnem času. Od leta 1998 EnCase ponuja forenzično programsko opremo za pomoč strokovnjakom pri pridobivanju dokazov v 13 ANALIZA ORODIJ ZA PREISKAVO primerih kazenskih preiskav, ki vključujejo kršitve kibernetske KIBERNETSKE KRIMINALITETE varnosti, tako da obnovi dokaze in analizira datoteke na trdih Forenzična programska oprema je v sodobnem digitalnem okolju diskih, tablicah in mobilnih telefonih in omogoča izvedbo nepogrešljiva. Orodja omogočajo temeljito preiskavo, ki jo je poglobljene analize datotek za zbiranje dokazov, kot so mogoče uporabiti za različne namene, kot je iskanje predhodno dokumenti in slike. prikritih informacij, pridobivanje uporabnih podatkov, FTK Imager je komplet forenzičnih orodij, ki lahko ustvari vzdrževanje celovitosti podatkov, dešifriranje šifriranih datotek kopije podatkov, ne da bi spremenil izvirne dokaze. To orodje in preučevanje najmanjših podrobnosti. Strokovnjaki jih omogoča, da določite merila, kot so velikost datoteke, velikost potrebujejo za odkrivanje, analizo in interpretacijo digitalnih slikovnih pik in vrsta podatkov, da zmanjšate količino dokazov. Orodja lahko spadajo v veliko različnih kategorij, nepomembnih podatkov. Prav tako lahko pregledate in obnovite vključno s forenziko baz podatkov, zajemom diska in podatkov, datoteke, ki so bile izbrisane iz koša pod pogojem, da njihovi analizo e-pošte in datotek, pregledovalnike datotek, internetno podatkovni bloki niso bili prepisani, ustvarite zgoščene vrednosti analizo, analizo mobilnih naprav, omrežno forenziko in analizo datotek SHA1 ali MD5, izvozite datoteke in mape iz forenzičnih registra. Poleg tega mnoga orodja izpolnjujejo več kot eno slik na disk in namestite forenzično sliko za ogled njene vsebine funkcijo hkrati, pomemben trend v orodjih za digitalno forenziko v Windows Explorerju. pa so »ovitki«, ki združujejo na stotine specifičnih tehnologij z Pred petnajstimi leti sta bila nesporna voditelja računalniške različnimi funkcionalnostmi v en krovni komplet orodij. forenzike Encase Forensics in AccessData FTK. Njihova Digitalna forenzična orodja uporabljajo organi kazenskega funkcionalnost se je med seboj dopolnjevala in omogočila pregona pri reševanju kaznivih dejanj, organizacije jih izvlečenje največjega števila različnih vrst podatkov iz uporabljajo tudi za odzivanje na incidente in obnovitev podatkov pregledanih naprav. Danes sta ta dva programa zastarela. 542 Trenutna funkcionalnost Encase ni v skladu z zahtevami sodobne odprtokodno orodje, je pridobivanje podatkov aplikacije iz programske opreme za pregled računalnikov in strežnikov z zajema internetnega prometa. Xplico zagotavlja izhodne podatke operacijskim sistemom Windows. Uporaba Encase ostaja in informacije v zbirki podatkov SQLite ali zbirki podatkov pomembna v "nerutinskih" primerih, ko morate pregledati Mysql in/ali datotekah. Primerjava navedenih orodij za digitalno računalnike z operacijskim sistemom Mac OS ali strežnik z forenziko je prikazana v Tabeli 1. operacijskim sistemom Linux OS ali izvleči podatke iz redkih formatov datotek. Ensripts makro jezik, vgrajen v Encase Forensics, vsebuje veliko knjižnico skriptov, ki jih izvajajo Tabela 1: Primerjava orodij za digitalno forenziko proizvajalec in z njimi lahko analizirate veliko število različnih operacijskih in datotečnih sistemov. AccessData FTK poskuša 32/64 bitna podpirati funkcionalnost izdelka, vendar čas obdelave za Ime Platforma Licenca Leto različica shranjevanje podatkov bistveno presega razumen čas, ki si ga Windows, povprečni strokovnjak lahko privošči za pregled. Autopsy macOS in Linux plačljiv 2000 32/64 brezplačen in Trenutno najbolj napredno orodje računalniške forenzike je CAINE Linux odprtokoden. 2009 64 Magnet Axiom. Program se ne le postopoma razvija, temveč COFEE Windows plačljiv 2006 64 vključuje tudi pregled mobilnih naprav, pridobivanje podatkov Windows, iz skladišč v oblaku, pregled naprav z operacijskim sistemom Crowdstrike macOS in Linux plačljiv 2011 64 MacOS itd. Program ima uporabniku prijazen in funkcionalen EnCase Windows plačljiv 1998 64 FTK Windows plačljiv 64 vmesnik, ki se lahko uporablja za preiskave, povezane z Magnet AXIOM Windows plačljiv 64 varnostjo računalnikov ali mobilnih naprav. Windows, MAGNET RAM Capture omogoča preiskovalcem Oxygen Forensic macOS in Linux plačljiv 2001 64 kibernetske varnosti obnovitev in analizo podatkov, shranjenih v Windows, brezplačen in pomnilniku računalnika. To brezplačno orodje lahko izvozi PALADIN macOS in Linux odprtokoden. 32/64 Registry Recon Windows plačljiv 2012 64 neobdelane pomnilniške podatke v neobdelanih formatih (.DMP, SANS Investigative .RAW, .BIN), ki jih je mogoče naložiti v druga orodja za Forensics Toolkit - SIFT Ubuntu plačljiv 2007 64 forenzično analizo, kot sta Magnet AXIOM in Magnet IEF. X-Ways Windows plačljiv 2004 32/64 Podpira več različic operacijskih sistemov Windows. brezplačen in Oxygen Software je eden najboljših programov za podatke, Xplico Windows odprtokoden. 2007 64 pridobljene iz mobilnih naprav. Integrirani pregledovalniki podatkovnih baz SQLite in datotek omogočajo, temeljit ročni Izbira najboljšega orodja za digitalno forenziko zahteva pregled določene baze podatkov SQLite. natančno preučitev številnih dejavnikov. Uspešne digitalne PALADIN je program, ki temelji na Ubuntuju in olajša preiskave ter celovitost in zanesljivost procesov je mogoče različne forenzične analize. S pomočjo tega programa se lahko zagotoviti z usklajevanjem orodja s poslovnimi cilji, varnostnimi hitro in učinkovito poenostavi forenzične naloge. V njem je na standardi, strokovnim znanjem uporabnikov in proračunom. voljo več kot 100 uporabnih orodij za preučevanje kakršne koli V poslovnem svetu sta varnost in učinkovitost podatkov škodljive vsebine. glavni prioriteti, ekipe za odzivanje na incidente pa morajo hitro Registry Recon je računalniško forenzično orodje, ki ukrepati, da prepoznajo težave in jih odpravijo. Izbira pravilne uporabnikom omogoča, da vidijo, kako so se registri trenutnih in programske opreme za digitalno forenziko, ki je v skladu s cilji prejšnjih namestitev sistema Microsoft Windows spreminjali in podjetja in regulativnimi normami, zahteva temeljito hitro identificira vse zunanje naprave, povezane z osebnim razumevanje teh edinstvenih zahtev. Za organe kazenskega računalnikom, tako da ekstrahira, obnovi in analizira podatke pregona je treba strogo izvajati skladnost in ohranjanje dokazov. registra iz operacijskega sistema Windows. Medtem ko imajo posamezni programi samo svojo SANS Investigative Forensics Toolkit (SIFT) je zbirka funkcionalnost, je pogosto bolj učinkovito uporabljati več orodij odprtokodnih tehnologij za odzivanje na incidente in forenzičnih skupaj. Po drugi strani pa je paket forenzične programske opreme tehnologij, zasnovanih za izvajanje podrobnih digitalnih celovitejša rešitev, ki lahko obravnava več težav hkrati, kar lahko preiskav v različnih okoljih. Je eno izmed najboljših forenzičnih pospeši in olajša stvari med preiskavo. orodij, ki varno pregleda neobdelane diske in več formatov Trend zadnjih let je »fuzija« funkcionalnosti programov. datotek na samo za branje in ne spremeni dokazov, ki jih odkrije. Proizvajalci, ki prvotno razvijajo programe za mobilno X-Ways velja za napredno in učinkovito orodje, ki hitro forenziko, v svoje izdelke uvajajo funkcionalnost pregledov trdih deluje, olajša obnovitev izbrisanih datotek in ponuja diskov. Proizvajalci forenzičnih izdelkov, ki so specializirani za prenosljivost. Program ima vgrajen mehanizem za zmanjšanje pregled trdih diskov, dodajajo funkcionalnost pregleda mobilnih lažno pozitivnih rezultatov, kar pomeni, da digitalni forenzični naprav. Obe vrsti proizvajalcev dodajata funkcionalnost analitik, ki obnovi datoteke s trdega diska 100 GB, ne dobi 1 TB pridobivanja podatkov iz shramb v oblaku. Posledično imamo obnovljenih datotek (večina od njih so lažno pozitivni rezultati, "večnamenske programe", s pomočjo katerih lahko izvajamo kot se običajno zgodi, ko se uporablja programe za obnovitev). pregled mobilnih naprav, trdih diskov, pridobivamo podatke iz Xplico, ustvarjen leta 2007, je orodje za analizo omrežne skladišč v oblaku in analiziramo podatke, pridobljene iz vseh teh forenzike, ki prestrukturira podatke prek vohljača paketov. virov. Specializiran je za identifikacijo protokola, neodvisnega od vrat, Pri razvoju mobilne forenzike lahko vidimo, da so se za rekonstrukcijo podatkov aplikacije in prepoznavanje njenih programi za analizo mobilnih naprav razvili vzporedno s protokolov. Glavni cilj Xplico, ki je na voljo kot brezplačno in funkcionalnostjo mobilnih naprav. Pred tem je digitalni 543 forenzični analitik ali oseba, ki je naročila preiskavo, lahko uporabnikov in gospodarstva je ključnega pomena nasprotovanje dobila samo podatke iz telefonskega imenika, SMS, MMS, naraščajočemu pojavu kibernetske kriminalitete. Dogodki klicev, grafičnih in video datotek, sedaj pa digitalni forenzični kibernetske kriminalitete postajajo vse bolj pogosti in razširjeni, analitik pridobi tudi ostale podatke. njihov vpliv na svetovno gospodarstvo pa postaja zaskrbljujoč. Pri izbiri orodja za digitalno forenziko je raven znanja Potrebno se je globalno odzvati, in sicer s skupnim naborom ključnega pomena. Medtem ko nekatere tehnologije zahtevajo pravil in skupnimi načrti za tehnološki razvoj. Izvajanje politik samo osnovno strokovno znanje, druge zahtevajo več znanja. kibernetske varnosti je naloga vsake države, vendar je treba v Pravilo je, da pretehtate svoje sposobnosti glede na potrebe zvezi s tem pojavom spodbuditi mednarodno sodelovanje ter znanja orodij, kar vam omogoča, da izberete najboljše orodje, ki javna in zasebna partnerstva. ga lahko uporabite. Tudi znotraj iste kategorije orodij se bodo Med orodji za zagotavljanje kibernetske varnosti omogoča rezultati razlikovali, medtem ko nekatera orodja ustvarijo umetna inteligenca zaradi svoje sposobnosti obdelave velikih celovito poročilo, ki ga je mogoče takoj deliti z netehničnimi količin podatkov in učenja na podlagi vzorcev učinkovito delavci, drugi programi vrnejo samo neobdelane podatke. odkrivanje, preprečevanje in odzivanje na kibernetske grožnje. Strukturirano poročilo vam lahko v nekaterih okoliščinah olajša Njena uporaba v kibernetski varnosti ima potencial za izboljšanje delo. učinkovitosti, natančnosti in hitrosti odziva na ogrožanje Na izbiro orodja močno vplivajo tudi razpoložljiva sredstva. kibernetske varnosti. Vendar pa je treba upoštevati, da umetna Čeprav je odprtokodna programska oprema pogosto brezplačna, inteligenca ni samostojna rešitev in je potrebna tudi človeška lahko njena učinkovita uporaba zahteva visoko raven strokovnost in nadzor. Potrebno je sistematično in globalno strokovnega znanja. Stroški, funkcionalnost in donosnost delovanje in ustrezna zakonodajna podlaga. Ključnega pomena naložbe so dejavniki, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri odločanju o pa je tudi znanje in izobraževanje, razumevanje koncepta orodju. Večja podjetja si lahko privoščijo bolj izpopolnjene kibernetske kriminalitete, poznavanje ciljev in načina njenega pakete, ki ponujajo več funkcij in pomoči. delovanja ter poznavanje in uporaba učinkovitih ukrepov za Uporaba odprtokodnih forenzičnih orodij je dejansko precej zaščito pred njenimi napadi [8]. drugačna od tistega, kar si predstavljamo. Obstaja nekaj težav, na Področji umetne inteligence (AI) in strojnega učenja (ML) katere lahko naletimo: omejena zmogljivost, nezanesljivost, postajata vse bolj priljubljena in kažeta velik potencial za pomanjkanje podpore, trojanski konji ali vohunska programska revolucijo digitalne forenzike. Ta orodja pomagajo oprema, izguba podatkov in okvara OS. Poleg tega se avtomatizirati analitični proces, najti vzorce in napovedati odprtokodna forenzična orodja morda ne bodo več aktivno prihodnja tveganja za kibernetsko varnost. Zlasti napovedna razvijala, posodabljala ali podpirala, če se razvijalci odločijo analitika, ki jo omogoča AI, nudi pomoč forenzičnim enotam pri opustiti projekt. To lahko povzroči težave z uporabnostjo, njihovih prizadevanjih za preventivni boj proti kibernetskim pomisleke glede kibernetske varnosti in zanašanje na napadom, kar ima za posledico hitrejše in učinkovitejše odzive. tehnologijo, ki je zastarela ali ni več ustrezna. Občuten premik v smeri računalništva v oblaku je povečal Področje digitalne forenzike nosi precejšen delež tudi pomen forenzike v oblaku. Ker je v oblaku shranjenih več odgovornosti, zato je veliko bolje imeti zanesljiva profesionalna podatkov, je nujno uporabiti posebne forenzične metode za orodja. Ker ima večina plačljivih digitalnih forenzičnih rešitev preučevanje kibernetskih zločinov v oblaku. običajno brezplačno 30-dnevno preskusno različico, jo lahko Toda ta razvoj dogodkov s seboj prinaša tudi povsem nove preizkusimo in ugotovimo ali so boljša alternativa odprtokodnim težave. Z razvojem tehnologije se razvijajo tudi taktike forenzičnim orodjem. Poleg tega plačljivi ponudniki rešitev kibernetskih kriminalcev. Zaradi priljubljenosti šifriranih naprav programske opreme na področju digitalne forenzike vedno in vse večje uporabe kriptovalut je postalo težje prepoznati zagotavljajo usposabljanje, pomoč na kraju samem, vzdrževanje nezakonite dejavnosti. Poleg tega bodo v letu 2023 težave med in nadgradnje. Številni lastniški sistemi imajo intuitivne jurisdikcijami in zakoni o zasebnosti še naprej velike ovire za vmesnike in podporo ena na ena, ki novim uporabnikom digitalna forenzična podjetja . pomagajo hitro začeti delovati. Pri tej odločitvi je potrebno Na digitalno forenziko vplivajo novi trendi kibernetske upoštevati tudi ostale dejavnike, na primer raven usposobljenosti varnosti. Forenzika interneta stvari postaja nujna, saj se naprave ekipe, potrebo po edinstvenih zmogljivostih in prednost interneta stvari (IoT) množijo in širijo prostor za potencialne brezplačnega ali plačljivega vzdrževanja. kibernetske grožnje. Zaradi naraščajoče sofisticiranosti Zaupnost in varnost sta na področju digitalne forenzike kibernetskih groženj sta potrebna stalen razvoj in izboljšanje izjemnega pomena. Izbrana programska oprema prepreči forenzičnih orodij in postopkov. nepooblaščenim osebam dostop do podatkov med postopkom Ko gre za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti, so digitalna pregleda. Vedno je potrebno preveriti ali obstajajo obrambne forenzična orodja ključnega pomena, saj so zanesljiva, funkcije, kot so šifriranje, preverjanje pristnosti in zaščita pred prilagodljiva in enostavna za uporabo. Izbira ustrezne pisanjem, ki zagotavljajo dodatno stopnjo zaščite za orodje. Pred programske opreme za delo izboljša hitrost in natančnost nakupom se je potrebno prepričati, če je bil izdelek temeljito preiskav, kar prispeva k varnejšemu spletnemu okolju. Izbira pregledan zaradi varnostnih pomanjkljivosti in da je v skladu z najboljših digitalnih forenzičnih orodij ni lahka naloga. Na vsemi ustreznimi predpisi in standardi [10]. podlagi raziskave, ki smo jo opravili je to nekaj priporočil in vsako od njih prinaša nekaj edinstvenega. 14 ZAKLJUČEK LITERATURA IN VIRI Kibernetska kriminaliteta v svojem trenutnem zagonu in žal [1] Brush, K., Rosencrance, L., Cobb, M. 2021. Cybercrime. porastu prizadene milijarde žrtev po vsem svetu. Za varnost Dostopno na naslovu: 544 https://www.[14].com/searchsecurity/definition/cybercrim e (21. 5. 2023) [2] Desforges, A. 2014. Representations of Cyberspace: A Geopolitical Tool. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.cairn-int.info/revue-herodote-2014-1-page- 67.htm (19. 5. 2023) [3] Griffiths, C. 2023. The Latest 2023 Phishing Statistics (updated June 2023). Dostopno na naslovu: https://aag- it.com/the-latest-phishing-statistics/ (18. 5. 2023) [4] Kaur, R., Gabrijelčič, D., Klobučar, T. 2023. Artificial intelligence for cybersecurity: Literature review and future research directions. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S156625 3523001136 (26. 5. 2023) [5] Kaplan, M. J., Bailey, T., O'Halloran D., Marcus, A., Rezek, C. 2015. Beyond Cybersecurity Protecting Your Digital Business. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.google.si/books/edition/Beyond_Cybersecurit y/mi69BgAAQBAJ?hl=sl&gbpv=1&dq=cyber+attack+ins ide+or+outside+the+organization&printsec=frontcover (25. 5. 2023) [6] Kaspersky. 2022. What is cybercrime? How to protect yourself from cybercrime. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/what- is-cybercrime (25. 5. 2023)) [7] Yuchong, L.; Qinghui, L. 2021. A comprehensive review study of cyber-attacks and cyber security; Emerging trends and recent developments. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248 4721007289 (18. 5. 2023) [8] Morrison, R. 2022. How AI will extend the scale and sophistication of cybercrime. Dostopno na naslovu: https://techmonitor.ai/partner-content/ai-cybercrime (24. 5. 2023) [9] Phillips, K., Davidson, J.C., Farr, R.R., Burkhardt, C., Caneppele, S., Aiken, M.P. 2022. Conceptualizing Cybercrime: Definitions, Typologies and Taxonomies. Forensic Sci. Dostopno na naslovu: https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2020028 (10. 5. 2023) [10] Robb, D. 2023. 16 Best Digital Forensics Tools & Software in 2023. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.esecurityplanet.com/products/digital- forensics-software/ (25. 5. 2023) [11] Sandle, P. 2022. Cyber crime costs global economy $445 billion a year: Report. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-mcafee- csis-idUSKBN0EK0SV20140609 (4. 5. 2023) [12] Sharief, K. 2019. What is Cyberspace? – Definition, Features and More. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.computertechreviews.com/definition/Cybersp ace/ (12. 5. 2023) [13] Sigholm, J. 2016. Non-State Actors in Cyberspace Operations. Dostopno na naslovu: https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/jms-2016-0184 (21. 5. 2023) [14] TechTarget. 2021. Passive attack. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/passive- attack (22. 5. 2023) 545 Izkustveno učenje v visokem šolstvu: model in primera s področja digitalne in zelene preobrazbe Experiential learning in higher education: a model and examples in the field of digital and green transformation Pred. dr. Dejan Romih Tinkara Primec Izr. prof. dr. Andreja Primec Univerza v Mariboru Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza v Mariboru Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Filozofska fakulteta Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta Maribor, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Maribor, Slovenija dejan.romih@um.si tp6985@student.uni-lj.si andreja.primec@um.si POVZETEK ki iščejo možnosti za njihovo vključevanje v reševanje problemov na teh področjih [1, 2]. V tem prispevku obravnavamo model izkustvenega učenja v V tem prispevku obravnavamo model izkustvenega učenja v visokem šolstvu in primera njegove uporabe v praksi, pri čemer visokem šolstvu in primera njegove uporabe v praksi, s čimer se osredotočamo na področje digitalne in zelene preobrazbe. dopolnjujemo literaturo v slovenskem jeziku o izkustvenem Izkazalo se je, da se tudi v Sloveniji kaže potreba po pridobivanju učenju v visokem šolstvu. Pri tem se osredotočamo na izkustvenega znanja na tem področju, ki je nujno potrebno za vključevanje študentov v reševanje problemov na področju povečanje konkurenčnosti in zaposljivosti študentov. digitalne in zelene preobrazbe. Izkazalo se je, da tudi zaposlenim v gospodarstvu primanjkuje izkustveno znanje na tem področju, KLJUČNE BESEDE kar je koristna informacija za odločevalce v visokem šolstvu. digitalna preobrazba, izkustveno učenje, izkustveno znanje, Ta prispevek ima poleg uvoda še štiri poglavja. V poglavju 2 visoko šolstvo, Slovenija, zelena preobrazba podajamo pregled literature, v poglavju 3 metode, v poglavju 4 rezultate, v poglavju 5 pa razpravo in sklep. ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss the experiential learning model in higher education and examples of its application in practice, focusing 2 PREGLED LITERATURE on the field of digital and green transformation. It has been V tem poglavju podajamo pregled literature v slovenskem jeziku shown that there is a need to acquire experiential knowledge in o izkustvenem učenju v visokem šolstvu. Leta 2021 je this field in Slovenia as well, which is absolutely necessary to Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani increase the competitiveness and employability of students. izdala učbenik Izkustveno učenje [3], katerega avtorice so B. Šteh, B. Marentič Požarnik in M. Šarić. Njegova posebnost je, da KEYWORDS je namenjen med drugim tudi visokošolskim učiteljem, zato sta digital transformation, experiential learning, experiential ga lahko soavtorja tega prispevka, ki sta zaposlena v visokem knowledge, higher education, Slovenia, green transformation šolstvu, uporabljala pri svojem delu s študenti v okviru projektov, ki jih predstavljamo v nadaljevanju tega prispevka. Soavtorja sta svoje izkušnje z izkustvenim učenjem v praksi delila tudi z 1 UVOD drugimi. Romih [4] je obravnaval izkustveno in skupnostno Digitalna in zelena preobrazba med študenti povzroča potrebo po učenje kot načina pridobivanja izkustvenega znanja na področju pridobivanju izkustvenega znanja na tem področju, ki ga bodo študija, pri čemer je predstavljal svoje izkušnje iz San Antonia lahko uporabljali pri opravljanju svojega poklica. V ta namen sta (Teksasa), ki jih je pridobil med svojim usposabljanjem na eni soavtorja tega prispevka razvila model, ki študentom omogoča od sanantonijskih (teksaških) univerz. Ugotovil je, da se vloga in pridobivanje izkustvenega znanja na tem področju [1]. Primera, pomen izkustvenega znanja v Združenih državah Amerike ki ju obravnavamo v nadaljevanju tega prispevka, kažeta, da je (ZDA) povečujeta. Romih [5] je obravnaval tudi vlogo in pomen to znanje nujno potrebno za povečanje njihove konkurenčnosti in izkustvenega in skupnostnega učenja, pri čemer je predstavljal zaposljivosti, česar se zavedajo tudi zaposleni v visokem šolstvu, svoje izkušnje iz Clevelanda (Ohia), ki jih je pridobil med svojim usposabljanjem na eni od clevelandskih (ohajskih) univerz. Ugotovil je, da sta izkustveno in skupnostno učenje pomembna Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or za prihodnje iskalce zaposlitve. Romih in A. Primec [2] sta classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed obravnavala pridobivanje znanj in veščin za zeleno preobrazbo for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must med dodiplomskim študijem ekonomije in tehnike, pri čemer sta be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). se osredotočila na primer projekta, ki ga obravnavamo v Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). nadaljevanju tega prispevka. Ugotovila sta, da zelena preobrazba med študenti povzroča potrebo po pridobivanju znanj in veščin 546 na tem področju, ki jih lahko uporabijo pri nadaljevanju študija 4.2 Primeri s področja digitalne in zelene in poklicu (praksi). Med drugim sta zapisala: preobrazbe Skrb za zeleno prihodnost med študenti /…/ povzroča V tem poglavju obravnavamo dva primera izkustvenega učenja potrebo po pridobivanju znanj in veščin za zeleno v visokem šolstvu s področja digitalne in zelene preobrazbe, ki preobrazbo. Izkazalo se je, da je zeleni prehod priložnost temeljita na uporabi modela, ki ga obravnavamo v poglavju 3.1. za sodelovanje med Univerzo v Mariboru (UM) in Digitalna in zelena preobrazba med študenti povzročata potrebo gospodarstvom pri izobraževanju študentov /…/ na po pridobivanju izkustvenega znanja na tem področju, česar se področju zelene preobrazbe. zavedajo tudi zaposleni v visokem šolstvu [1, 2]. Romih in A. Primec [1] sta npr. zapisala: 3 METODE Digitalna preobrazba med študenti UM povzroča potrebo po pridobivanju novih znanj in veščin, ki jim bodo V raziskavi, katere rezultate podajamo v naslednjem poglavju, koristila v njihovem poklicu. Tega se zaveda tudi UM, ki smo uporabljali metodo študije primera, pri čemer smo se omejili izvaja različne projekte, s katerimi izboljšuje zaposljivost na obravnavo »modela« (izkustvenega učenja) in primerov prihodnjih iskalcev zaposlitve. njegove uporabe v praksi. 3.2.1 Laboratorij za digitalno ekonomijo 4 REZULTATI Laboratorij za digitalno ekonomijo (LDE) je prvi primer To poglavje ima tri podpoglavja. V poglavju 4.1 obravnavamo izkustvenega učenja v visokem šolstvu, ki ga obravnavamo v tem »model« (izkustvenega učenja), v poglavju 4.2 primere njegove prispevku. Pri tem projektu so sodelovali Ekonomsko-poslovna uporabe s področja digitalne in zelene preobrazbe, v poglavju 4.3 fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru (EPF UM), Društvo ekonomistov pa njegovo uporabnost (tudi na drugih področjih ter v srednjem Maribor (DEMB) in pet projektnih partnerjev iz lokalnega okolja in višjem šolstvu). (med drugim tudi največja banka v Sloveniji), ki so petim do- in trem podiplomskim študentom UM omogočili pridobivanje 4.1 Model izkustvenega znanja na področju digitalne preobrazbe. Študenti so v okviru projekta reševali probleme na področju digitalne V tem poglavju obravnavamo »model« (izkustvenega učenja), ki preobrazbe, s katerimi so se spopadali projektni partnerji iz vključuje tri partnerje (iz lokalnega okolja): visokošolsko lokalnega okolja. Cilj je bil, da predlagajo rešitve, ki bi jih lahko ustanovo (fakulteto) ter društvo in podjetje (Slika 1), ki projektni partnerji iz lokalnega okolja uveljavili v praksi, kar so sodelujeta pri izkustvenem učenju (v lokalnem okolju). Delo na tudi naredili. Študenti so rezultate svojega dela predstavili projektu poteka v okviru »laboratorija« (za izkustveno učenje), DEMB-u in projektnim partnerjem iz lokalnega okolja, in sicer v katerega člani so študenti različnih fakultet (disciplin), vključuje strokovni monografiji, ki je izšla pri Univerzitetni založbi pa reševanje problema, s katerim se spopada podjetje, ki sodeluje Univerze v Mariboru (Slika 2), in na študentskem posvetovanju pri projektu. Glavna naloga visokošolske ustanove je, da poišče Digitalna ekonomija 2022, ki so ga organizirali DEMB, EPF UM visokošolskega učitelja ali sodelavca, ta pa študente, ki so pod in Študentski svet EPF UM. Na ta način so pridobili tudi njegovim mentorstvom pripravljeni reševati problem, s katerim izkustveno znanje na tem področju. se spopada to podjetje. Glavna naloga društva je, da skupaj s svojimi člani poišče podjetje, ki je pri tem pripravljeno sodelovati, glavna naloga podjetja pa, da skupaj s študenti poišče problem, ki so ga ti pripravljeni reševati. Prednost vključitve društva v aktivnosti je ta, da imajo njegovi člani zveze in poznanstva v gospodarstvu. Slika 2: Naslovnica strokovne monografije 3.2.2 Laboratorij za zeleno ekonomijo Laboratorij za zeleno ekonomijo (LZE) je drugi primer izkustvenega učenja v visokem šolstvu, ki ga obravnavamo v tem Slika 1: »Model« (izkustvenega učenja) prispevku. Pri tem projektu so sodelovali EPF UM, DEMB in 547 dva projektna partnerja iz lokalnega okolja (med drugim tudi 4.3 Uporabnost modela in predlog njegove druga največja banka v Sloveniji), ki so osmim dodiplomskim uporabe študentom Univerze v Mariboru omogočili pridobivanje »Model« (izkustvenega učenja), ki ga obravnavamo v tem izkustvenega znanja na področju zelene preobrazbe. Študenti so prispevku, je mogoče uporabiti tudi na drugih področjih ter v v okviru projekta reševali probleme na področju zelene srednjem in višjem šolstvu, kjer se tudi kaže potreba po preobrazbe, s katerima sta se spopadala projektna partnerja iz izkustvenem učenju. Zavedati se moramo, da se razmere v okolju, lokalnega okolja. Tudi v tem primeru je bil cilj, da predlagajo več v katerem živimo in delamo, spreminjajo, kar povzroča tudi v rešitev. Študenti so rezultate svojega dela predstavili na dogodku šolstvu potrebo po prilagajanju. Na trgu dela se kaže potreba po Zelena prihodnost, ki ga je organiziral DEMB, in študentskem iskalcih zaposlitve, ki imajo izkustveno znanje, zato je posvetovanju Digitalna ekonomija in pravo 2023, ki so ga pomembno, da ga pridobijo že med svojim šolanjem [6]. organizirali DEMB, EPF UM, Študentski svet EPF UM in Soavtorja tega prispevka sta »model« (izkustvenega učenja) Študentski svet Pravne fakultete UM. uporabila tudi pri projektu S4S, pri katerem je sodelovala Romih in A. Primec [2] sta glede projekta zapisala: študentka T. Primec, ki je soavtorica tega prispevka. Člani LZE so delali po skupinah, s čimer so razvijali V nadaljevanju tega poglavja podajamo predlog uporabe lastnosti, kot so npr. etičnost, discipliniranost, »modela« (izkustvenega učenja) na področju (uporabe) umetne komunikativnost, kritičnost, natančnost, odgovornost, inteligence. Naš predlog je, da bi študenti v okviru Laboratorija organiziranost, moralnost, podjetnost, prilagodljivost, za umetno inteligenco (Slika 4) reševali problem na področju samozavestnost in timskost, ki jih bodo potrebovali v (uporabe) umetne inteligence, s katerim se spopada podjetje, ki poklicu. Prva skupina je reševala problem, s katerim se bi sodelovalo pri tem projektu. Glavni cilj projekta bi bil podati srečuje energetsko podjetje iz lokalnega okolja, druga pa pregled brezplačnih aplikacij in orodij, ki uporabljajo umetno problem, s katerim se srečuje finančno podjetje iz inteligenco, ter jih razvrstiti glede na njihovo uporabnost v lokalnega okolja. Člani skupin so iskali rešitve, ki bi poslovanju podjetja. podjetjema pomagale pri uresničevanju njunih načrtov za zeleno preobrazbo, s čimer so uresničevali cilje študentskega projekta. Posebnost tega projekta je bila tudi ta, da so lahko študenti pri svojem delu uporabljali klepetalni robot ChatGPT, kar jim je zlasti na začetku, ko so se seznanjali s problematiko na tem področju, olajšalo njihovo delo. Delo na projektu je potekalo tako, da je omogočalo izmenjevanje izkustvenega znanja med: – člani posamezne skupine (študenti), – posamezno skupino in mentorjem, – posamezno skupino in posameznim podjetjem, – obema skupinama, – mentorjem in posameznim podjetjem ter – obema podjetjema (Slika 3). Slika 4: »Laboratorij za umetno inteligenco« Naš predlog je tudi, da bi glede na delovno področje pri tem projektu sodelovali študenti različnih disciplin (npr. ekonomije, prava, psihologije, računalništva, sociologije), ki bi na ta način pridobili znanja in veščine za delo v interdisciplinarni skupini. 5 RAZPRAVA IN SKLEP Izkazalo se je, da je model (izkustvenega učenja), ki sta ga za potrebe projekta LDE, razvila soavtorja tega prispevka, uporaben tudi na področju zelene preobrazbe (zelenega prehoda). Dejstvo je, da se tudi v Sloveniji kaže potreba po izkustvenem učenju na tem področju, česar se zavedajo tudi zaposleni na UM. Primera, ki ju obravnavamo v tem prispevku, kažeta, da izkustveno učenje ni koristno samo za sedanjost, ampak tudi za prihodnost. Študenti lahko namreč izkustveno znanje, ki so ga Slika 3: Izmenjevanje izkustvenega znanja pridobili z izkustvenim učenjem, uporabijo pri nadaljevanju študija in v poklicu. Tako je toliko pomembneje, da oblikovalci visokošolske politike spodbujajo izkustveno učenje v visokem šolstvu. 548 ZAHVALA primer projektne naloge ŠI:UM (NOO). Ekonomija plus 2, 1 (junij 2023), 31–34. Soavtorja tega prispevka z EPF UM se zahvaljujeta partnerjem [3] Marentič Požarnik, Barica, Marjeta Šarić in Barbara Šteh, 2021. in študentom, ki so sodelovali pri projektih LDE in LZE. Izkustveno učenje. Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana. [4] Romih, Dejan, 2022. Izkustveno in skupnostno učenje kot načina LITERATURA IN VIRI pridobivanja izkustvenega znanja na področju študija: terenska raziskava v Teksasu. Ekonomija plus 1, 1 (december 2022), 18–21. [1] Romih, Dejan, in Andreja Primec, 2023. Skupnostno vključevanje na [5] Romih, Dejan, 2023. Vloga in pomen izkustvenega in skupnostnega področju digitalne in zelene preobrazbe: primer Laboratorija za digitalno učenja : terenska raziskava v Clevelandu. Glasilo Društva ekonomistov ekonomijo in Laboratorija za zeleno ekonomijo. Glasilo Društva Maribor 3, 2 (april 2023), 10–12. ekonomistov Maribor 3, 1 (julij 2023), 3–5. [6] Primec, Andreja, 2022. Laboratorij za digitalno ekonomijo. Glasilo [2] Romih, Dejan, in Andreja Primec, 2023. Pridobivanje znanj in veščin za Društva ekonomistov Maribor 2, 3 (julij 2022), 3–8. zeleno preobrazbo med dodiplomskim študijem ekonomije in tehnike: 549 Učinkovita digitalna orodja za formativno preverjanje znanja pri učencih s posebnimi potrebami Effective Digital Tools for Formative Assessment of Knowledge in Students with Special Needs Nina Slanšek Slokan Osnovna šola Glazija Oblakova ulica 15, 3000 Celje nina.slokan@gmail.com tools. In the following, we will introduce the Kahoot and Plickers POVZETEK online application, which serve us as a tool at formative Učitelji dajejo vedno večji poudarek na kvalitetno izvedbo assessment when working with students in adapted education formativnega preverjanja znanja med učnim procesom, da bi program with a lower education standards. lahko zbirali informacije o znanju, ki so namenjene učencem in tudi njim samim. To je lahko dobra pomoč za učinkovitejšo KEYWORDS vodenje pouka in pridobivanje novega znanja na drugačen način. Formative assessment, Kahoot!, Plickers, adapted educational Proces preverjanja znanja pa je lahko še učinkovitejši, če pri njem program with lower education standards, online applications uporabimo dostopna digitalna orodja in spletne aplikacije. V prispevku predstavljam, kako učenci s posebnimi potrebami uporabljajo svoje mobilne naprave pri pouku matematike in pri domačih nalogah. Mladostniki dnevno uporabljajo sodobno 1 UVOD tehnologijo, predvsem telefone, ki pa še zdaleč niso namenjeni Vsak izobraževalni sistem teži k temu, da bi učenci kakovostno samo telefoniranju, temveč tudi drugim dejavnostim. Zaradi tega pridobili znanje ter ga znali kasneje tudi koristno uporabiti. Z se mi je porodila ideja, da poskušam to njihovo navezanost razvojem tehnologije se je razvilo tudi izobraževanje in šolstvo. izkoristiti in uporabiti mobilne naprave kot motivator in pripomoček. V nadaljevanju pa bom predstavila spletni aplikaciji Posledično je to vplivalo tudi na razvoj metod poučevanja in preverjanje znanja. Matematika je še vedno eden izmed Kahoot! in Plickers ter spletne matematične igre, ki nam služijo kot pripomoček pri formativnem preverjanju znanja pri delu z predmetov, ki učencem predstavlja največ težav, zato je toliko učenci v prilagojenem izobraževalnem programu z nižjim bolj pomembno sprotno spremljanje znanja učencev ter iskanje izobrazbenim standardom. rešitev za odpravljanje napak. Način spremljanja znanja je odvisen od vsakega učitelja posebej, zato je zelo pomembno, na KLJUČNE BESEDE kakšen način zna učence motivirati, jim podati povratno informacijo in jih spodbuditi k aktivnemu učenju in iskanju Formativno preverjanje znanja, Kahoot!, Plickers, prilagojen program z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom, spletne aplikacije. rešitev za izboljšanje lastnega znanja. C. Razdevšek Pučko (2004) je ugotovila, da »preverjanje znanja izpolni formativno vlogo šele takrat, ko učencu ponudi kakovostno povratno informacijo in mu ABSTRACT ponudi pot za odpravo teh pomanjkljivosti« [3]. Osrednji cilj je predstavitev spletnih aplikacij in spletne Teachers place increasing emphasis on the qualitative performance of formative assessment during the learning process matematične igre za formativno preverjanje znanja pri pouku. Z in order to gather information about knowledge, which are meant učenci z lažjo motnjo v duševnem razvoju, ki obiskujejo osnovno for students and themselves. This can be a good help to manage šolo s prilagojenim programom z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom lessons more efficiently and to gain new knowledge in a different smo pri pouku matematike v 8. razredu spoznali in uporabljali way. The formative assessment process can be made even more aplikaciji Kahoot! in Plickers ter spletne matematične igre. Na ta efficient by using available digital tools and online applications. način smo želeli prispevati k izboljšanju kakovosti učenja. In the post, I am presenting how students with special needs use their mobile devices during math lessons and for homework. Adolescents use modern technology, especially phones, which are 2 FORMATIVNO SPREMLJANJE ZNANJA far from being used just for calling, but also for various other activities. Because of this, I came up with the idea to try and Brodnik pravi: da je formativno spremljanje »ena utilize their attachment and use mobile devices as motivators and najpomembnejših aktivnosti za vzpostavljanje vezi med učencem in učiteljem z namenom premagovanja vrzeli med procesoma Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or učenja in poučevanja. Učitelje navaja na strategije za izboljšanje classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or poučevanja in na upoštevanje različnih vidikov učenja. Glavno distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and vlogo pri tem ima dajanje povratnih informacij in navajanje the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 550 učencev na samovrednotenje učenja in znanja. Pomembno vlogo aplikacijo. S tem se prijavi v igro, hkrati pa mora izbrati tudi ime in tudi vrstniško vrednotenje. Učence se navaja na večjo oziroma vzdevek, po katerem ga bo program zaznal in točkoval odgovornost za lastno učenje in znanje. Formativno spremljanje glede na uspešnost. Kadar so bile matematične naloge se lahko uvede tudi na klasične teste znanja, če ima povratna kompleksnejše, morajo najprej nalogo rešiti v zvezek, šele potem informacija namen izboljšati znanje in učni uspeh« [1]. so lahko izberejo pravi odgovor (Slika 1). Na vir se sklicujemo tako, da navedemo zaporedno številko vira v Za vsako nalogo sestavljavec kviza določi časovni okvir, v katerem morajo udeleženci podati odgovor. Ko vsi odgovorijo oglatem oziroma poteče čas, dobijo udeleženci povratno informacijo o »Formativno preverjanje, ki ›hrani‹ učenca in učitelja ter starše pravilnosti odgovora. Učenci so lahko razvrščeni na lestvici ne le za nadaljnji razvoj učenja, spodbuja fleksibilno organiziranje po pravilnosti odgovora, ampak če želimo, lahko nastavimo, da učnih stopenj.« To pomeni, da učitelj organizira živahnejši, bolj šteje tudi hitrost, kar predstavlja še dodatno motivacijo. razgiban pouk, ki omogoča učencem, da razvijejo svoje mišljenje [2]. Wiliam opisuje formativno spremljanje kot »most med poučevanjem in učenjem.« Definicija poudarja predvsem učinek vrednotenja na učiteljeve odločitve pri poučevanju, pri tem pa upošteva pet glavnih strategij: - razjasnitev, soudeleženost pri določanju in razumevanje namenov učenja in kriterijev za uspeh; - priprava takšnih dejavnosti v razredu, s katerimi je mogoče pridobiti dokaze o učenju; - zagotavljanje povratnih informacij, ki učence premikajo naprej; - aktiviranje učencev, da postanejo drug drugemu vir poučevanja; - aktiviranje učencev za samoobvladovanje njihovega učenja [4]. Definicij za formativno preverjanje znanja je veliko, med seboj so si dokaj podobne. Vsi omenjeni avtorji v ospredje postavljajo predvsem kvalitetno podajanje povratne informacije ob koncu formativnega preverjanja znanja. Učencu je treba podati, katere Slika 1. Učenec rešuje primer deljenja števil z enomestnim stopnje znanja je že dosegel, ga spodbuditi k iskanju deliteljem v zvezek, na mobilni napravi bo izbral pravilni pomanjkljivosti ter mu ponuditi možnosti in pokazati pot za odgovor odpravljanje pomanjkljivosti v njegovem znanju. Povratna informacija mora biti razumljiva, konkretna, uporabna ter povezana s ciljem učenja. 3.2 Plickers Plickers je preprost glasovalni sistem, ki učiteljem omogoča 3 SPLETNE APLIKACIJE zbiranje podatkov v formativni obliki v realnem času brez potrebe po napravah. Učencem omogoča, da javno odgovorijo na vprašanja z uporabo osebnega QR-kodnega lista, ki ga lahko bere 3.1 Kahoot! samo optični bralnik, tako, da lahko vsi učenci odgovarjajo hkrati. QR-kodni list ima na vsaki strani zapisano črko. To pomeni, da Gre za prosto dostopno in zelo preprosto spletno aplikacijo. Pred lahko obračamo kodni list v vse štiri smeri, pravilen odgovor je prvo uporabo se je potrebno učiteljem na spletni strani vedno zapisan na vrhu kartice (slika 2). https://create.kahoot.it/register registrirati in ustvariti svoj račun. Učitelj lahko izbira med že narejenimi javnimi kvizi ali pa naredi svoj kviz. Za ustvarjanje novega kviza izberemo opcijo »Create« in nas spletna stran enostavno vodi skozi proces ustvarjanja kviza. Začnemo s poimenovanjem kviza in izbiranjem naslovne slike, nato pa začnemo s tvorjenjem vprašanj, ki morajo imeti vsaj dva in največ štiri možne odgovore. Pri vsakem vprašanju lahko nastavimo časovno omejitev ter točkovanje. Za izdelavo preprostega kviza, z nekaj vprašanji, potrebujemo le par minut. Ko imamo kviz pripravljen, lahko začnemo z igro. In tukaj pride na vrsto najboljši del, ki ta kviz loči od ostalih. Kot vemo, je danes pametni mobilni telefon zelo pomemben za večino mladostnikov in zakaj tega ne bi izkoristili? Za izvedbo kviza v frontalni obliki potrebuje učitelj projektor, da lahko učenci vidijo vprašanja in spremljajo vmesne rezultate. Ko pričnemo s kvizom, se na glavnem zaslonu računalnika oziroma na projecirani sliki izpiše koda kviza (Game PIN), ki jo vsak od tekmovalcev vnese v 551 znanja učencev. Zabavne in interaktivne matematične igre spodbujajo motivacijo in angažiranost učencev pri učenju matematike. Tekmovanje med učenci in dosežki spodbujajo pozitivno tekmovalnost in željo po doseganju boljših rezultatov. Učitelji lahko spremljajo napredek in dosežke učencev na zaslonu. To jim omogoča vpogled v razumevanje posameznih učencev, njihova močna področja in področja, na katerih morda potrebujejo dodatno podporo. Uporaba spletne strani www.99math.com lahko tako popestri matematično učenje v razredu, spodbuja sodelovanje in motivacijo ter omogoča bolj interaktivno in angažirano izkušnjo za učence (Slika 3). Slika 2. QR-kodni list Orodje Plickers lahko uporabljamo za hitra preverjanja Slika 3. Primer matematične igre: zapis časa razumevanja, če želimo vedeti, ali učenci razumejo določeno snov. Vsem učenec omogoča, da sodelujejo. Učitelj na projektorju pokaže vprašanje, učenci QR-kodni list obrnejo tako, da je črka za katero mislijo, da je pravilni odgovor na vrhu. Ko vsi učenci 4 ZAKLJUČEK pokažejo kartice s QR kodami, učitelji z mobilnim telefonom, na katerem imamo nameščeno aplikacijo Plickers, posnamemo Za razliko od tradicionalnega načina preverjanja znanja uporaba odgovore. Na zaslonu projektorja se pokažejo rezultati učencev. formativnega spremljanja, preverjanja znanja s pomočjo digitalnih Učitelj za delo potrebuje računalnik in tablico ali mobilni orodij in spletnih aplikacij pri pouku vzpodbuja aktivno telefon. Učitelj lahko kreira vprašanja le na dva načina – sodelovanje vseh učencev in ohranja nenehen učencev stik z pravilen/nepravilen odgovor ali oziroma več možnih odgovorov. obravnavano snovjo in utrjevanjem le-te. Prav tako ohranja stik z Omejitev ima tudi pri številu kreiranih orodij – največ štirje učiteljem, saj je lahko nenehno seznanjen s kvaliteto znanja svojih odgovori. Orodje ne nudi možnosti časovne omejitve ter učencev. Učenci se pri takšnih preverjanjih pogosto srečujejo tudi točkovanja odgovorov. Če povzamemo, orodje ne nudi veliko, je z moderno digitalno tehnologijo, ki lahko pomembno prispeva k pa zelo uporabno za hitro formativno spremljanje, preverjanje in učenčevem znanju in služi kot odličen motivator za učenje, vendar zelo enostavno za uporabo. jo moramo premišljeno uporabljati. Za učence z lažjo motnjo v duševnem razvoju smo na začetku uporabili le dve spletni orodji, ki sta zelo enostavni za uporabo. V prihodnje pa smo postopoma 3.3 Spletne matematične igre vključevali še druga spletna orodja. V prejšnjem šolskem letu sem odkrila nove spletne matematične igre. Na spletni strani www.99math.com se nahaja zbirka matematičnih iger za učence. Je spletna platforma, ki omogoča učiteljem ustvarjanje in uporabo matematičnih iger za poučevanje LITERATURA IN VIRI matematike v razredu. [1] Brodnik, V. (2015). Formativno spremljanje in vrednotenje znanja in učenja. Na spletni strani se lahko učitelji registrirajo, ustvarijo svoje Seminar za profesorice in profesorje zgodovine 20. 8. 2015. (Power Point). razrede in povabijo učence, da se pridružijo. Nato lahko učitelji Pridobljeno s https://www.zrss.si/gradiva/razlicni-pristopi- druzboslovja/starejse-gradivo/leto-2015/2_brodnik_fs%20znanja.ppt izbirajo med različnimi matematičnimi igrami, ki so na voljo na [2] Komljanc, N. (2004). Razvoj didaktike ocenjevanja. Zbornik prispevkov platformi, in jih uporabljajo med poukom. Te igre so zasnovane (str.143). Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. tako, da spodbujajo sodelovanje, tekmovanje in kritično [3] Razdevšek Pučko, C. (2004). Formativno spremljanje znanja in vloga razmišljanje. povratne informacije. Sodobna pedagogika, 55(1), 126-139. [4] William, D. (2013). Vloga formativnega vrednotenja v učinkovitih učnih Igre so prilagojene učnim ciljem in standardom znanja iz okoljih. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. matematike ter ponujajo interaktivne izkušnje za učence. Vključujejo igre, kot so matematične dirke, kvizi, tekme v hitrosti odgovarjanja na matematična vprašanja in še več. Prednosti spletnih matematičnih iger so, da lahko učitelji izberejo matematične igre, ki ustrezajo specifičnim učnim ciljem in potrebam svojih učencev. Spletna stran ponuja različne nivoje težavnosti in možnosti prilagajanja igre, da se prilagodi stopnji 552 Uporaba digitalnih gradiv pri izbirnem predmetu šah Use of digital materials in optional chess lessons Sonja Strgar OŠ Antona Martina Slomška Vrhnika Vrhnika, Slovenija sonja.strgar@guest.arnes.si POVZETEK which today is essential for both the professional and personal development of an individual. V prispevku je predstavljen primer uporabe in izdelave digitalnih gradiv od 7. do 9. razreda pri izbirnem predmetu šah na Osnovni KEYWORDS šoli Antona Martina Slomška Vrhnika. Šah spodbuja optional chess lessons, digital materials, elementary school, intelektualni razvoj, zlasti vpliva na razvijanje logičnega lifelong learning mišljenja ter na pridobivanje miselnih navad in veščin. V okviru izbirnega predmeta šah nastajajo digitalna gradiva, kjer učenci obravnavajo teme s področja šaha. Izbirajo lahko med temami, 1 UVOD ki jih ponudi učitelj ali pa si izberejo svojo temo. Učenci igrajo Šah imenujemo kraljevska igra, ne zato ker v njej nastopa kralj šah preko spleta, kjer vadijo ali pa tekmujejo s šahisti po svetu. in ne zato ker bi jo igrali kralji, temveč zato, ker je s svojo Izdelujejo kvize s pomočjo različnih aplikacij, kot so Kahoot, poštenostjo, neizčrpno vsebino in lepoto stvaritev, igra nad Wordwall, Quizlet, 1ka, PowerPoint, Quizizz, Googlove ankete. igrami, v vzgojnem in v kulturnem pomenu [1]. Prav tako izdelujejo interaktivne učne liste v okolju Šah ima številne koristi za učence. Najprej spodbuja razvoj Liveworksheets. Uporaba digitalne tehnologije pri učenju uči in kognitivnih sposobnosti, kot so logično razmišljanje, navaja učence na samostojno učenje, kar bodo lahko uporabili koncentracija, načrtovanje in kreativnost. Otroci, ki se ukvarjajo kasneje v življenjskih situacijah. Prav tako vzbuja pozornost, s šahom, se naučijo premišljenega načrtovanja, kar jim lahko aktivno učenje ter vpliva na razvoj notranje motivacije za delo. pomaga pri reševanju problemov v šoli in v življenju. Poleg tega Učenci, ki obiskujejo šahovske ure skozi šolsko leto razvijajo igranje šaha spodbuja razvoj vizualne in prostorske zaznave, kar spretnosti, strategije in koncept vseživljenjskega učenja, ki je je pomembno za uspešno učenje matematike in drugih danes nujno tako za profesionalni kot za osebni razvoj predmetov. Šah je tudi odlična družabna aktivnost. Igranje šaha posameznika. spodbuja socialne veščine in izboljšuje samozavest. Učenci se KLJUČNE BESEDE učijo sodelovanja, spoštovanja in spoštovanja pravil, ki so ključne veščine za uspeh v življenju [2]. izbirni predmet šah, digitalna gradiva, osnovna šola, vseživljenjsko učenje 2 DIGITALNA KOMPETENTNOST ABSTRACT V šolah po Sloveniji se zadnja leta poskuša dvigniti digitalno The article presents an example of the use and production of kompetentnost in tako izboljšati kakovost in učinkovitost digital materials from the 7th to 9th grade in the optional subject izobraževanja in usposabljanj ter spodbujati razvoj inovativnih of chess at the Antona Martina Slomška Vrhnika Elementary učnih okolij in prožnih oblik učenja, ki bodo prispevali k dvigu School. Chess promotes intellectual development, especially digitalnih kompetenc vodstvenih in strokovnih delavcev, otrok, influencing the development of logical thinking and the učencev in dijakov [3]. acquisition of mental habits and skills. A s part of the chess Pri izbirnem predmetu šah so učenci uporabljali in izdelovali elective course, digital materials are created where students digitalna gradiva. Pri tem so bili posebej pozorni na kritično discuss topics from the field of chess. They can choose from the vrednotenje, izbiro in ustvarjanje digitalnih vsebin z topics offered by the teacher or they can choose their own topic. upoštevanjem avtorskih pravic in licenc. Učenci so spoznali, kaj Students play chess online, where they practice or compete with je digitalna vsebina, digitalni vir, digitalni podatek, licenca, chess players from around the world. They make quizzes using various applications like Kahoot, Wordwall, Quizlet, 1ka, katere slike lahko uporabijo pri svojih digitalnih gradivih, kako PowerPoint, Quizizz, Google Polls. They also produce izdelati slike s pomočjo umetne inteligence, kako obdelati zvok interactive worksheets in the Liveworksheets environment. The in videoposnetek, kako urejati besedila, osnove slikovnih use of digital technology in learning teaches and introduces formatov, kako beležiti podatke in kako podatke predstaviti na students to independent learning, which they will be able to use zanimive načine. Pri tem so se dotaknili tudi osnov later in life situations. It also arouses attention, active learning programiranja, kot npr. kakšne so osnovne lastnosti digitalnih and influences the development of internal motivation for work. naprav ter spoznali njihovo delovanje. Učenci so narejene Students who attend chess lessons throughout the school year vsebine delili s sošolci preko sistema shranjevanja podatkov v develop skills, strategies and the concept of lifelong learning, oblaku. 553 3 OPIS DELA IN REZULTATI 3.1 Gradiva za učitelje V nadaljevanju je prikazanih nekaj gradiv, ki jih učitelji lahko uporabijo pri izbirnih predmetih šah. Spletna učilnica ŠAH 7. – 9. razred – Na slovenskem izobraževalnem omrežju je spletna učilnica, kjer so zbrana gradiva za delo pri pouku izbirnih predmetov šaha. Spletna učilnica je dostopna na povezavi https://skupnost.sio.si/course/view.php?id=2138. Ima 26 poglavij, kjer najdemo gradiva za vse tri izbirne predmete Šah-1 Slika 3: Delovni listi za šah (Šahovske osnove), Šah-2 (Šahovsko kombiniranje) in Šah-3 (Šahovska strategija) (slika 1). V spletni učilnici najdemo Šahovska zveza Slovenije ŠZS – Na njihovi spletni strani gradiva tako za opise posameznih izbirnih predmetov kot tudi najdemo največ novic o šahu v Sloveniji in po svetu. Spletna vsebine zanje. stran je razdeljena na sedem zavihkov: Več, Novice, Tekmovanja, Klubi, Igralci, Sodniki, ŠZS. Spletna stran je dostopna na https://www.sah-zveza.si/ (slika 4). Učitelji, ki želijo učence prijaviti na tekmovanja v šahu, bodo na omenjeni spletni strani našli največ informacij. Prav tako bodo tukaj na enem mestu našli pravilnike, datume in opise tekmovanj, revijo Šahovska misel, veliko uporabnih povezav, predvsem pa vse aktualne novice o šahu. Slika 1: Spletna učilnica na sio.si Kraljevska igra Šah – na tej spletni strani lahko naročimo učbenike za izbirne predmete š Slika 4: Spletna stran ŠZS aha. Na Osnovni šoli Antona Martina Slomška Vrhnika učbenike uporabljamo pri vseh izbirnih predmetih (Šah-1, Šah-2 in Šah-3), saj so res kvalitetno narejeni. Ponujajo pa tudi gradiva za poučevanje interesne dejavnosti Šah 3.2 Digitalna gradiva pri pouku šaha (slika 2). Spletna stran je dostopna na https://kraljevskaigra.com/ucbeniki/. V začetku šolskega leta 2022/2023 smo učencem 7. – 9. razreda pri izbirnih predmetih šah ponudili možnost, da izdelajo digitalna gradiva na temo šaha. Skupaj smo določili kriterije za izdelavo predstavitve. Učiteljica je ponudila nekaj tem, učenci pa so lahko izbrali tudi svojo temo. Izdelava je bila obvezna za vse učence, ki obiskujejo izbirne predmete šah. Del učencev si je izbral izdelavo kartic za učenje. Na spletu so poiskali spletno stran Wordwall (https://wordwall.net/sl), se prijavili s svojim uporabniškim računom, ki so ga predhodno ustvarili, nato pa izbrali gumb Ustvari dejavnost ter izbrali Flash karte. Spletna stran je v slovenščini, zato z izdelavo kartic učenci niso imeli težav. Slika 2: Učbeniki za izbirne predmete šah Na temo Pravilniki ŠZS so izdelali kartice za učenje. Na eni strani kartice je vprašanje, ko kartico obrneš, dobiš Delovni listi za izbirni predmet Šah-1. Na spletu najdemo pravilni odgovor (slika 5). Kartice za učenje so učenci izdelovali tudi s pomočjo orodja Quizlet tudi delovne liste, ki jih lahko uporabimo pri pouku šaha. (https://quizlet.com). Učenci so Delovni listi so dostopni na kartice izdelali doma, nato pa so sošolci pri pouku v šoli utrjevali https://www.scribd.com/doc/241406762/Delovni-listi-za- svoje znanje. V kolikor so želeli, so lahko znanje preverjali in izbirni-predmet-%C5%A1ah# (slika 3). utrjevali tudi kasneje, saj so bile vse povezave do izdelanih kartic shranjene v oblaku OneDrive. 554 Slika 7: Primer vprašanja kviza v 1ki Znanje o rokadah v šahu smo preverili s pomočjo kvizov narejenih v Googlovih obrazcih (slika 8). Tudi ta način dela učenci dobro poznajo, zato jim ni delal težav. Morajo pa imeti Googlov račun. Slika 5: Primer Flash kartice Učenci so zelo radi izdelovali spletne kvize. Predstavljamo nekaj programov, v katerih so spletni kvizi nastali. Učenci so kvize izdelali doma, nato pa povezavo delili s sošolci, ki so kvize reševali v šoli pri pouku. Vsak učenec je kviz reševal samostojno na pametnem telefonu, šolski tablici ali na šolskem računalniku. Pri kvizih je zelo dobro, ker učenec dobi takojšnjo povratno informacijo o pravilnosti odgovorov. Po vsakem rešenem kvizu Slika 8: Spletni kviz o rokadah smo se pogovorili, katera vprašanja so nam šla dobro in kje smo bili slabši. Nato smo naredili analizo in skupaj poiskali pravilne Šahovske nazive smo raziskovali s kvizi narejenimi s PowerPointom (slika 9). Učenci PowerPoint navadno odgovore. uporabljajo za predstavitve, izdelava kviza jim je zato od začetka Del učencev je raziskoval hitropotezni šah. Izdelali so kvize z več možnimi odgovori v Wordwall programu (slika 6). delala nekaj težav. Pomagali so si z nasveti na spletni strani To spletno stran učenci dobro poznajo, zato jim https://zmaga.com/content.php?id=5472. Kot slabost so izdelava kvizov v tem programu ni delala težav. izpostavili tudi, da je tako izdelan kviz najmanj zanimiv za sošolce. Slika 6: Spletni kviz narejen v programu Wordwall Slika 9: Šahovski nazivi v kvizu Učenec 9. razreda je na temo premikanje šahovskih figur Znanje o osnovah šaha so učenci preverjali s kvizom, izdelal spletni kviz v programu 1ka (slika 7). Spletni naslov do narejenim v programu Quizizz (slika 10). Kviz je izdelal učenec kviza je delil v oblaku, nato so sošolci rešili kviz na pametnih s statusom tujca, ki je program (https://quizizz.com) dobro telefonih. Učenec spletne strani 1ka (https://www.1ka.si) prej ni poznal. Po rešenem kvizu je sošolcem razložil, kako izdelati kviz poznal, zato je imel nekaj začetniških težav, ki pa jih je sam ali predstavitev v tem programu, saj so bili vsi navdušeni nad uspešno rešil. Povedal je tudi, da program za izdelavo kviza ni možnostmi, ki jih kviz ponuja (različni tipi vprašanj, več izbir bil zahteven. V program 1ka se lahko prijavimo z AAI prijavo. odgovora, vstavljanje besed, anketa, vprašanja odprtega tipa, dodajanje slik in videoposnetkov, takojšnja povratna informacija). Brezplačna različica orodja omogoča pripravo neomejenega števila gradiv. Naenkrat lahko v kvizu sodeluje do 100 udeležencev. 555 https://www.liveworksheets.com/ smo poiskali že narejene interaktivne učne liste za šah, a smo ugotovili, da jih v slovenščini ni. So pa v drugih jezikih, a je na žalost bolj malo takšnih, ki bi jih lahko uporabili pri pouku. Zato bomo z izdelavo interaktivnih učnih listov v slovenščini v prihodnje nadaljevali. Slika 10: Osnove šaha v programu Quizizz Slika 12: Primer interaktivnega učnega lista Največ učencev si je za izdelavo kviza izbralo orodje Kahoot (https://kahoot.com/), ker ga najbolj poznajo, saj ga uporabljajo 3.3 Svetovno spletno ekipno šolsko prvenstvo v tudi pri drugih predmetih. Učenec, ki je kviz naredil, je na tablo šahu najprej projiciral povezavo do kviza (QR kodo ali pa povezavo) V šolskem letu 2022/2023 je Svetovna šahovska organizacija ter kodo za vstop v kviz. Nato so se učenci v kviz prijavili z FIDE razpisala Svetovno spletno ekipno šolsko prvenstvo v šahu vzdevki. Kviz se je začel, ko bo bili vsi učenci vpisani vanj. v dveh kategorijah: open U15 in open U18. Učenci Osnovne šole Vprašanja z odgovori so bila projicirana na tablo, učenci pa so na Antona Martina Slomška Vrhnika so tekmovali v ekipi U15. svojih telefonih videli le možno število odgovorov in njihovo Ekipo je moralo sestavljati najmanj štiri in največ sedem igralcev barvo (slika 11). Na koncu smo si ogledali lestvico najboljših iste šole. Našo šolo je zastopalo 6 učencev. Igralci so igrali učencev in odstotke pravilnih odgovorov ter naredili analizo individualno, za ekipni rezultat pa se je štel seštevek točk štirih napačnih. najboljših igralcev ekipe. Na turnirju se je odigralo 11 partij z igralnim časom 3 minute z dodatkom 2 sekundi po vsaki potezi. Prijavnina za turnir je znašala 25 € na udeleženca. Tekmovalcev iz 25 držav je bilo 227. Tekmovanje je potekalo v FIDE Online Areni: https://chessarena.com/ (slika 13). Preko te spletne strani učenci velikokrat igrajo šah na spletu. Učenci so tekmovali od doma, morali so biti v Zoom sobi in v Online Areni. Z učiteljico mentorico so komunicirali preko Zooma in telefona. Ker je bilo tekmovanje ravno med prvomajskimi počitnicami, je bilo veliko komunikacije med učiteljico in učenci na daljavo preko zgoraj omenjenih kanalov. Slika 11: Kviz v Kahoot okolju Učenci 9. razreda so izdelovali interaktivne učne liste v spletnem okolju Liveworksheets (slika 12). Ta naloga je učencem delala tudi največ preglavic, saj so se v tem spletnem okolju znašli prvič. Prijavo so hitro naredili, ko pa so ustvarjali učne liste, pa so imeli veliko vprašanj. So pa ob koncu ravno ti učenci povedali, da so se največ naučili, ker so bili soočeni z največ izzivi pri izdelovanju digitalnih gradiv. Na spletni strani 556 izdelavo digitalnih gradiv, še posebej takrat, ko programov niso poznali. Imeli so tudi nekaj težav, ker je učiteljica priporočila programe (npr. Mentimeter), ki niso omogočali več kot 3 brezplačna vprašanja. To so rešili tako, da so izbrali drug brezplačen program. Vsi učenci pa so se strinjali, da so se ob izdelavi digitalnih gradiv veliko naučili, tako o vsebinah iz šaha kot tudi o izdelavi digitalnih gradiv. V prihodnje si želijo še več spletnih šahovskih tekmovanj, saj jim je bilo zgoraj opisano tekmovanje zelo všeč. Izrazili so željo, da na šolo povabimo znanega šahista in z njim opravimo intervju, ki bi ga posneli in objavili na šolski spletni strani. Učenci so pohvalili tudi, da so jim bili takšni tipi nalog zanimivi, da so bili zaradi uporabe pametnih telefonov še dodatno motivirani. S takšnim načinom Slika 13: Svetovno spletno ekipno šolsko prvenstvo v šahu dela bomo še nadaljevali, saj je povečal željo učencev po učenju. LITERATURA IN VIRI 4 ZAKLJUČEK [1] Šahovska zveza Slovenije: Učni načrt za izbirni predmet ŠAH v devetletni Prikazani primeri iz prakse dokazujejo, da učenci zelo radi osnovni šoli. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- izdelujejo in uporabljajo digitalna gradiva. Ob tem ne utrjujejo le sola/Ucni-nacrti/izbirni/3-letni-lahko-krajsi/Sah_izbirni.pdf (20.8.2023) znanja o šahu, pač pa kritično razmišljajo, se učijo učenja, [2] Zmajček: Šah za otroke: igra, ki izboljšuje umske sposobnosti in spodbuja razvijajo prožne veščine, spretnosti in različne kompetence. kreativnost. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.sah- zmajcek.si/sah_za_otroke-blog/sah-za-otroke-igra-ki-izboljsuje-umske- Veliko pozornost se pri pouku namenja tudi varni rabi spleta, ki sposobnosti-in-spodbuja-kreativnost (20.8.2023) se jo lahko uvede tudi v vsebine pri izbirnih predmetih šaha. [3] ZRSS: Dvig digitalne kompetentnosti. Dostopno na naslovu Z učenci smo po izvedenih dejavnostih naredili evalvacijo https://www.zrss.si/projekti/dvig-digitalne-kompetentnosti/ (20.8.2023) učnih ur. Povedali so, da jim je bilo včasih težko začeti z 557 Uporaba orodja ChatGPT pri promociji šole Using ChatGPT tool for school promotion Gašper Strniša ŠC Kranj Kranj, Slovenija gasper.strnisa@sckr.si POVZETEK KEYWORDS ChatGPT, marketing, school, promotion, artificial intelligence. Članek obravnava uporabo orodja ChatGPT pri promociji srednjih šol. V uvodu opisuje pomembnost digitalne transformacije v izobraževanju ter predstavi osnovne značilnosti 1 UVOD orodja ChatGPT. Nadalje opisuje, kako lahko ChatGPT olajša in V sodobnem svetu, ki ga zaznamuje hitri razvoj digitalne izboljša promocijo šole s personaliziranimi komunikacijskimi tehnologije, inovativna orodja spreminjajo različne vidike strategijami ter hitrim in učinkovitim ustvarjanjem oglasov. našega življenja. Tudi izobraževanje ni izjema. Z vsakim Orodje ChatGPT omogoča pripravo oglasnih materialov, kot so prehajanjem na novo desetletje se izobraževalni pristopi nenehno zgibanke in časopisni članki, s hitrimi rezultati ter prihrankom razvijajo, da bi se prilagodili potrebam in pričakovanjem časa in sodelovanja različnih strokovnjakov. Kljub moči umetne sodobne družbe. V tem procesu digitalizacije je eden izmed inteligence pa človeški ustvarjalni um in empatija ostajata revolucionarnih pripomočkov, ki je zavzel vodilno mesto med ključna za razvoj edinstvenih marketinških strategij in komunikacijskimi in marketinškimi strategijami, orodje prilagoditev oglasa ciljni publiki. Zaključuje, da se bo v ChatGPT. prihodnosti sodelovanje med človekom in umetno inteligenco še poglobilo, kar bo omogočilo ustvarjanje učinkovitih in Promocija šole je ključnega pomena za privabljanje talentiranih inovativnih oglasnih sporočil. dijakov in vzpostavljanje ugleda Šolskega centra Kranj, kot KLJUČNE BESEDE vrhunskega izobraževalnega centra. Tradicionalni marketinški pristopi, kot so tiskani oglasi in letaki, so še vedno pomembni, ChatGPT, oglaševanje, šola, promocija, umetna inteligenca. vendar pa digitalna doba zahteva nove in bolj inovativne metode. ChatGPT ponuja številne prednosti, ki lahko šoli omogočijo doseganje širše publike na globalni ravni. Sposobnost hitre, ABSTRACT natančne in osebno prilagojene komunikacije s potencialnimi dijaki omogoča, da se šola učinkovito predstavi in poudari svoje The article discusses the use of the ChatGPT tool in promoting prednosti ter programe izobraževanja. high schools. In the introduction, it describes the importance of digital transformation in education and presents the basic Poleg tega je orodje ChatGPT neprecenljivo tudi za interakcijo s features of the ChatGPT tool. It further explains how ChatGPT trenutnimi dijaki in njihovimi starši, ter z vsemi udeleženci, s can facilitate and enhance school promotion with personalized katerimi šola komunicira. Zmožnost zagotavljanja odgovorov na communication strategies and fast, efficient ad creation. zastavljena vprašanja, podajanje različnih informacij in ChatGPT enables the preparation of advertising materials such pomembnih obvestilih lahko bistveno izboljša uporabniško as brochures and newspaper articles with quick results and time- saving benefits by reducing the need for collaboration between izkušnjo. various experts. Despite the power of artificial intelligence, the human creative mind and empathy remain crucial for developing unique marketing strategies and tailoring ads to the target 2 PREDSTAVITEV ORODJA ChatGPT audience. The conclusion suggests that in the future, ChatGPT je velik jezikovni model, ki ga je razvilo podjetje collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence will OpenAI. Ime je kratica za "Chat Generative Pre-trained deepen, allowing the creation of effective and innovative Transformer 3.5", kar pomeni, da je del družine modelov advertising messages. Transformer, usposobljenih za generiranje besedila. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Glavna značilnost ChatGPT temelji na umetni inteligenci, ki classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full temelji na globokem učenju. Njegovo znanje izhaja iz obsežnega citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must preučevanja velike količine besedila, kot so knjige, članki, be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). spletna mesta in druge informacije na internetu. Na podlagi tega Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). usposabljanja je sposoben odgovarjati na vprašanja, sodelovati v pogovorih in generirati smiselne odgovore na različne teme. 558 Oblikovan je tudi za pomoč uporabnikom pri iskanju informacij, naknadno uporabi tudi kot digitalni oglas v spletnih medijih in na odpravljanju težav, zagotavljanju nasvetov in splošno za pomoč družabnih omrežjih. Slika 1 prikazuje prvo, slika 2 pa drugo stran pri različnih izzivih. končne verzije zgibanke. Vendar pa je pomembno omeniti, da njegovo znanje temelji na Običajno bi pri pripravi takšne zgibanke morali sodelovati podatkih, zbranih do septembra 2021, zato nima informacij o grafični oblikovalec, člani skupine za promocijo, ki bi opredelili dogodkih, ki so se zgodili po tem datumu. Kranjc opozarja, da se koncept, večje število profesorjev vseh treh izobraževalnih je izkazalo tudi, da so odvisni od podatkov, na katerih so bili smeri, ki bi zapisali strokovne predmete in možnosti zaposlitve trenirani, kar lahko privede do napak ali neustreznih odzivov v po končanem izobraževanju, ter profesor slovenskega jezika, ki določenih kontekstih. Poleg (ne)zanesljivosti se pojavlja tudi bi opravil lekturo. nedoslednost, saj se model spopada z izzivi, kako ohranjati doslednost v dolgih pogovorih ali razumevanju konteksta na enak način kot človeški sogovorci [1]. 3 PROMOCIJA SREDNJIH ŠOL Promocija srednje šole je ključnega pomena za pridobivanje novih dijakov in ohranjanje ugleda ter kakovosti izobraževalne ustanove. Dobro načrtovana promocijska strategija lahko pritegne pozornost bodočih dijakov in njihovih staršev, ki iščejo najboljše izobraževalne možnosti za svoje otroke. Uspešna promocija srednje šole zahteva celovito strategijo, ki vključuje digitalno prisotnost, interakcijo s ciljno publiko in sodelovanje z lokalno skupnostjo. Predstavljanje kakovostnih izobraževalnih programov, dosežkov in šolskega duha bo Slika 1: Prva stran zgibanke privabilo nove dijake in zagotovilo trden temelj za uspešno prihodnost šole. Znano je dejstvo, da je najboljše priporočilo »od ust do ust«, zato je v prvi meri potrebno poskrbeti za kvalitetno izvedbo pouka, šolskih in obšolskih dejavnosti, dobre in korektne odnose, oz. na splošno ugodno šolsko klimo. Vendar pa vse prej zapisano še ni dovolj. Potrebna je tudi splošna prepoznavnost, ki je povezana s pozitivno konotacijo [2]. Promocija večinoma še vedno poteka preko oglaševanja v tiskanih medijih, radijskih objavah, televizijskih objavah, plakatih, objavah na družbenih omrežjih ipd. Krmelj pravi, da nastanek enega oglasa zahteva ljudi z znanjem s področja ekonomije, oblikovanja, fotografije, filma, psihologije, jezikoslovja, umetnosti, kulture, računalništva... [3]. Ravno orodje ChatGPT pa lahko z združevanjem različnih znanj in idej Slika 2: Druga stran zgibanke bistveno poenostavi in pohitri izdelavo različnih vrst oglasov. V našem primeru pa je z orodjem ChatGPT celotno vsebino pripravila ena oseba, nato pa zgolj z vodji strokovnih aktivov 4 IZDELAVA OGLASOV Z ChatGPT preverila pravilnost in ustreznost zapisanih podatkov. V tem primeru je bil prihranek na času prej zapisanih udeležencev Oglasi so sporočila ali obvestila, ki jih podjetja, organizacije ali ogromen. Slika 3 prikazuje uporabo orodja ChatGPT. Iz posamezniki ustvarijo, da promovirajo svoje izdelke, storitve, vrnjenega rezultata je bil zapisan povzetek možnosti zaposlitev ideje ali dogodke ter dosežejo ciljno občinstvo. Namen oglasa je iz področja računalništva. spodbuditi zanimanje, ustvariti zavedanje ali prepričati ljudi, da izvedejo določeno dejanje, kot je nakup izdelka, naročilo storitve, obisk dogodka ali podpora neki kampanji. Oglasi so običajno objavljeni v različnih medijskih kanalih, kot so televizija, radio, tiskani mediji, spletne platforme, družbena omrežja in na prostem (npr. plakati, reklamne table). Odločili smo se, da z uporabo orodja ChatGPT pripravimo zgibanko, ki jo bomo učencem delili na promocijskih dogodkih in na informativnem dnevu. Takšno zgibanko pa se lahko 559 Slika 5: Končna vprašanja 5 ZAKLJUČEK Če želi šola pritegniti pozornost potencialnih uporabnikov, dobro predstaviti prednosti in koristi, ki jih bodo imeli uporabniki, če Slika 3: Uporaba orodja ChatGPT se vpišejo v določeno šolo, je pomembna učinkovita in uspešna promocija šole [4]. Naslednji primer, v katerem bomo lahko tudi empirično dokazali Kljub neverjetnim napredkom v umetni inteligenci, predvsem z smiselnost uporabe ChatGPT-ja pa je priprava časopisnega razvojem orodja ChatGPT, človek še vedno ostaja ključen in članka. Le te šola objavlja v lokalnih časopisih kot del plačane nepogrešljiv element v procesu priprave oglasnih sporočil. promocije. Konkretno gre za intervju, kjer je bilo potrebno ChatGPT brez dvoma predstavlja izjemno močno orodje, ki pripraviti vprašanja, ki smo jih nato zastavili zlatemu maturantu, omogoča generiranje visokokakovostnih in relevantnih oglasov ki je ob enem tudi prejel nagrado za najboljšo zaključno nalogo. na podlagi ogromne količine podatkov in prepoznavanja vzorcev. Vendar pa obstaja več dejavnikov, zaradi katerih je Za namen raziskave, smo trem učiteljem različnih strok naročili, človeški element nujen. da zapišejo deset vprašanj, ki jih bomo zastavili dijaku. Merili so tudi čas, ki so ga potrebovali za pripravo vprašanj. Rezultati so Prvič, človeški ustvarjalni um ima neprimerljivo sposobnost pokazali, da je bil povprečen čas za pripravo in zapis vprašanj 9 domišljije in ustvarjalnosti, kar omogoča razvoj edinstvenih in minut in 16 sekund, z uporabo orodja ChatGPT je bil čas vsega inovativnih marketinških strategij ter oglasnih kampanj. Čeprav 3 minute in 8 sekund, pri čemer je upoštevano tudi branje teh ChatGPT lahko ustvari prepričljive oglasne sporočila, človek vprašanj in izvedeni popravki. Slika 4 prikazuje vrnjene rezultate lahko v procesu dodaja tisti "čarobni prah", ki loči dober oglas orodja ChatGPT, slika 5 pa končno verzijo, ki smo jo poslali od izjemnega. dijaku. Drugič, človek ima empatijo in razumevanje, ki omogočata boljše prilagajanje oglasa ciljni publiki. Medtem ko je ChatGPT sposoben analizirati podatke o potrošnikih, se človeški oblikovalec lahko bolje poveže s čustvi in potrebami ciljnega občinstva, kar vodi v bolj učinkovit vpliv oglasa na potrošnika. Poleg tega je človeški nadzor ključen za zagotavljanje, da so oglasna sporočila ustrezna, etična in skladna z zakonodajo. ChatGPT lahko občasno generira kontroverzna ali neprimerna sporočila, ki bi lahko škodovala ugledu blagovne znamke ali ogrožala odnose s potrošniki. Tu vstopa v igro človek, ki skrbi za temeljit pregled in popravke. V prihodnosti bo sodelovanje med človekom in umetno inteligenco verjetno postajalo še bolj poglobljeno, saj bodo oblikovalci oglasov uporabljali ChatGPT kot močno orodje za Slika 4: Intervju vprašanja, ki jih je vrnil ChatGPT navdih, generiranje idej in optimizacijo procesa, medtem ko bodo sami dodajali svoje kreativne, človeške dodatke. Skupaj bodo ustvarjali oglasna sporočila, ki bodo učinkovito nagovarjala občinstvo, spreminjala percepcijo blagovnih znamk in spodbujala prodajo. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] S. Kranjc, “Od medmrežnih pogovorov do ChatGPT-ja”, Slovenski jezik, literatura, kultura in digitalni svet(ovi) – 59. seminar slovenskega jezika, literature in kulture. Uredila: J. Vogel, Ljubljana, 3. - 17. julij 2023. Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana. 560 [2] G. Strniša in I. Strniša, “Oglaševanje in izdelava oglasov na STŠ ŠC Kranj”, Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi – Zbornik 25. mednarodne multikonference. Uredila: U. Rajkovič in B. Batagelj, Ljubljana, 8. oktober 2022. Institut “Jožef Stefan”, Ljubljana. [3] M. Krmelj, “Prikrito oglaševanje”, magistrsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta, Maribor, 2015. [4] K. Pavec, “Vpliv informativnih dni na odločitev dijakov za nadaljevanje študija”, diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede, Kranj, 2011. 561 Učenje gibalne igre s petjem preko pametnih naprav Learning bans through smart devices Tina Šebenik Župnijski vrtec Vrhnika Voljčeva 21 1360 Vrhnika malatiny@gmail.com POVZETEK V prispevku je predstavljeno projektno delo učenje gibalne igre s ABSTRACT petjem s pomočjo informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije v The paper presents the project work learning a movement game vrtčevski skupini petletnikov. Z otroki smo se pogovarjali o by singing with the help of information and communication gibanju, kako sami najlažje poskrbimo za svoje zdravje. Razgibali technology in a kindergarten group of five-year-olds. We talked smo celotno telo in se dogovorili, da si odpremo priljubljeno with the children about movement, the easiest way to take care of spletno stran YouTube in se naučimo novo gibalno igro s petjem our health. We exercised our whole body and agreed to open the Kranjski Janez. Gre za zanimivo pesmico z zabavnim besedilom popular YouTube website and learn a new movement with singing in gibi, ki jih ponavljamo vsi skupaj in se ob njih nasmejimo in Kranjski Janez. It is an interesting song with fun lyrics and razgibamo. Kot didaktični pripomoček smo pri dejavnosti movements that we all repeat together and laugh and get active uporabili računalnik in tablico, s pomočjo katerih smo si na while listening to them. As a didactic aid, we used a computer spletni strani YouTube pogledali besedilo gibalne igre, nato pa še and a tablet in the activity, with the help of which we looked at posamezne gibe. Gre za zanimivo besedilo in gibanje, ki privabi the text of the movement games on the YouTube website and then vse najmlajše otroke, predvsem pa otroke motivira in privabi the individual movements. It is an interesting text and movement ekran. that attracts all the youngest children, but above all it motivates Omenjeni didaktični p children and attracts the screen. The mentioned didactic approach ristop je otroke umiril, bili so bolj zbrani. Poslušali so besedilo in ponazarjali gibe. Predstavljal jim je nov calmed the children, they were more collected. They listened to način učenja. the next and illustrated the movements. He presented them with a Bili so bolj zadovoljni, motivirani. Skozi igro so se učili. new way of learning. They were more satisfied, motivated. They Pokazali so izjemno vztrajnost in zanimanje. Računalnik in learned through play. They showed remarkable persistence and miška sta jih popolnoma prevzela, zato so lahko sami raziskovali interest. They were completely taken over by the computer and po spletu. Ugotovili so, da je rokovanje z miško zahtevno. Predstavljala jim je izziv. Imeli so nekaj težav z vodenjem in kliki. mouse, so they could explore the web on their own. They found Med dejavnostjo so ves čas sodelovali in si pomagali. Tablica je that handling the mouse is challenging. She presented them with a challenge. They had some management and click issues. During bila zabaven vir informacij. Njihova vztrajnost je bila nagrajena s končnim novim znanjem. the activity, they cooperated and helped each other all the time. Naučili so se novih gibov, besedila in upravljanja z računalnikom in miško. The tablet was a fun source of information. Their persistence was Ponosni so bili sami nase, rewarded with the ultimate new knowledge. They learned new ko so lahko sami na spletu poiskali priljubljen YouTube kanal in movements, text and computer and mouse management. They v brskalniku poiskali gibalne igre s petjem in se jih učili. were proud of themselves when they could find a popular Ugotovili so, da jih je na spletu veliko in da nam YouTube kanal ponuja tudi podobne poučne vsebine. Za konec YouTube channel on their own and search for movement games smo se tudi sami with singing in their browser and learn them. They found that posneli s pametnim telefonom in si ogledali naš posnetek. Z there are a lot of them online and that the YouTube channel also videnim smo bili zadovoljni. offers us similar educational content. Finally, we recorded Zavedali smo se, da je informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija ourselves with a smartphone and watched our video. We were del vsakdanjega okolja tudi predšolskih otrok, ki bi ga bilo satisfied with that we saw. We were aware that information and smiselno večkrat uporabiti pri učno vzgojnem procesu in jih communication technology is part of the everyday environment of podučiti o njeni didaktični vrednosti in izkoristiti priljubljenost preschool children, which would make sense to use it repeatedly elektronskih naprav. Novo znanje in izkušnje so pripomogle k in the educational process to teach them about its didactic value boljši samopodobi, krepitvi samozavesti in nas popeljale v svet and take advantage of the popularity of electronic devices. New moderne tehnologije. knowledge and experience helped to improve self-image, strengthen self-confidence and lead us into the world of modern technology. Ključne besede: : Gibalne igre s petjem, IKT, učenje, otroci, sprostitev, predšolsko obdobje Keywords: Movement games with singing, ICT, learning, children, relaxation, preschool period 562 po kolenih in se zopet vrnemo k Janezu, ki v planinah sreča tudi 1. UVOD kravo, kozo, dihurja in Micko. Vsako žival posnemamo in tolčemo po kolenih, zraven pa pojemo »oj la ri oj la ri ti ti, oj la ri Vse okoli nas je gibanje in učenje. Učimo se lahko na različne oj«. Po ponavljanju zopet predvajamo gibalno igro na tablici in načine. Pedagogi smo primorani iskati različne metode dela, da zraven pojemo in kažemo gibe. Besedilo se ponavlja, le gibi se privabimo in približamo dejavnosti vsem otrokom. Zavedamo se, spreminjajo. Na koncu se vse skupaj še ponovi. Otroci so aktivno da otrok potrebuje učenje z vsemi čutili- multisenzorično. sodelovali in se smejali. Imeli smo tudi računalničarja, ki je vodil miško po ekranu. Posnetek je ustavil, pritisnil pavzo ali pa Sodobna tehnologija nas spremlja na vsakem koraku. Tako so tudi predvajal naprej. Kar nekaj otrok se je seznanilo z osnovami pri naši najmlajši po zgledu svojih staršev, nas vzgojiteljev vse bolj upravljanju YouTube kanala. To jih je še dodatno stimuliralo. vpeti v informacijsko tehnologijo. Pri rokovanju s pametnimi Smo peli, kazali in se igrali s tablico ali računalnikom. Vedno je napravami so vse bolj spretni in motivirani. bila na voljo vsaj ena od naprav. Ves čas so bili aktivni. Na željo vseh smo se na koncu tudi posneli. Posnetek smo si pogledali na Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija je del vsakdanjega okolja vseh odraslih in tudi predšolskih otrok. S smiselnim pametnem telefonu in bili zadovoljni. Želja je bila, da naredimo še vključevanjem IKT v izvedbeni kurikul vrtca strokovni delavci več posnetkov, a za prvič je bilo dovolj. upoštevajo svet v katerem otrok živi in mu omogočajo, da postopoma pridobi zmožnosti digitalne pismenosti. Za uspešno življenje v informacijski družbi morajo otroci razvijati svoje kompetence. Otroci za uporabo IKT sredstev kažejo velik interes in jih brez strahu preizkušajo in z njimi ustvarjajo [1]. Otroci stari pet let so pri vzgoji največkrat deležni dela po učnem pristopu ustvarjalni gib, za katerega je značilno, da jim vzgojiteljica zastavi gibalno-plesne izzive, pri katerih otroci sami raziskujejo in ustvarjajo. Tako jim je omogočeno aktivno učenje in spodbuja učne potenciale, krepi neverbalno komunikacijo, doprinese k intelektualni rasti, spominu, ter združuje kognitivne in čustveno- socialne sposobnosti [2]. Kot vzgojiteljica predšolske vzgoje, sem si zadala cilj, da izkoristim pozitivno plat tehnologije in ustvarim otrokom bolj spodbudno in moderno učno okolje. Na tak način približamo prvi stik in srečanje z moderno tehnologijo tudi tistim otrokom, ki tablico in računalnik nimajo na razpolago v vsakdanjem življenju. 2. POTEK DELA V SKUPINI 2.1. Uvodna motivacija Zjutraj smo se zbrali v jutranjem krogu, kjer smo se z otroci pogovarjali o gibanju. Zakaj je gibanje pomembno in kako sami poskrbimo za svoje zdravje. Razgibali smo celo telo in preko pogovora prišli do gibalnih iger. Skupaj smo se odločili, da se naučimo novo gibalno igro s petjem o Kranjskem Janezu in da bo tokrat učenje potekalo preko pametnih naprav. Prižgali smo računalnik, tablico in začeli s predvajanjem gibov in izgovorjavo besedila. Gibalno igro smo predvajali večkrat in zraven nakazovali gibe. Najprej smo poslušali besedilo, ter zraven spremljali gibe. 2.2 Glavni del dejavnosti Otroci so preko pametnih naprav (računalnika in tablice ) večkrat predvajali gibalno igro s petjem Kranjski Janez, kot je razvidno iz slike 1. Besedilo jim je bilo zelo zanimivo in smešno. Skupaj smo zapeli: Kranjski Janez gre v planine in veselo si žvižga, pa zagleda eno »kukavco« jo pozdravi tako- pokažemo z roko gib. Tolčemo 563 lahko širimo med vrstnike. Ni šlo zgolj za posnetek in predvajanje gibalne igre,, temveč za stik s pametnimi napravami, rokovanje z njimi, seznanjanje z osnovami in spoznanje koristnih učnih vsebin. Vsi so imeli možnost rokovanja in učenja. Na koncu so bili zadovoljni tudi s posnetkom, ki sem ga sama posnela na svojem pametnem telefonu. Zanimivo jim je bilo opazovati samega sebe. Niso bili kritični. Postavili smo temelje in lahko bomo gradili naprej tudi v prihodnje. 4. VIRI IN LITERATURA [1] Usar K., Jerše L., 2016. Smernice za vključevanje IKT v vrtcu. ZRSŠ. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.zrss.si/digitalnaknjiznica/smernice-ikt- vrtec/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf [2] Geršak, V. (2014). Primeri vključevanja ustvarjalnega giba v učenje od vrtca do univerze. V: Geršak, V. Meško, N. (ur). Konferenca plesne pedagogike. Velenje, JSKD, str. 17. [3] Maja Meden- Bans Kranjski Janez https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g70Ex7Hk7M&ab_channel= MajaMeden 3.apr.2020 (Dostopno 5.4.2023) Slika 1: Ogled bansa Kranjski Janez 3. ZAKLJUČEK Spoznali smo, da je vključevanje IKT- orodja v vzgojno delo zelo koristen in v tem času tudi nujno potreben. Vsekakor je omenjeni didaktični pristop popestril naše vzgojno delo. Otrokom smo omogočili vključitev v digitalno pismenost in jim zagotovili enake možnosti in zmanjšali razlike med njimi. Šlo je za procesno učenje, katerega cilj je bil učenje, dojemanje, izražanje v posameznem razvojnem obdobju. Računalnik je močno motivacijsko sredstvo, ki ne potrebuje posebnih stimulacij za delo. Otroci so spoznali, da nam računalnik ponuja veliko možnosti za učenje. Z vztrajnostjo gradimo svoje znanje in ga 564 Med blokovnim in tekstovnim programiranjem Between block and text programming Iztok Škof OŠ Toma Brejca Kamnik, Slovenija iztok.skof@ostb.si POVZETEK učenje programiranja. Je enostaven za uporabo in ponuja široko paleto funkcij, ki omogočajo ustvarjanje edinstvenih iger. MakeCode Arcade je brezplačna spletna platforma za učenje programiranja, ki omogoča izdelavo retro igric z blokovnim programiranjem in JavaScriptom. Primerna je za vse, ne glede na 2 PREGLED LITERATURE predhodno znanje o programiranju. Nudi enostavno uporabo in V zadnjih nekaj letih so se prizadevanja za spodbujanje širok nabor funkcij za ustvarjanje edinstvenih iger. S "ustvarjanja" - medpredmetnih dejavnosti, ki vključujejo kulturo prizadevanji za spodbujanje "ustvarjanja" so se razvila številna naredi-si-sam, elektroniko, znanost, inženiring in ustvarjanje - orodja, ki uspešno vključujejo mlade v t.i. STEAM dejavnosti. močno razširila [1]. MakeCode Arcade sistem pa združuje fizično in digitalno Na temelju teh prizadevanj je bilo ustvarjenih več orodij (npr. izkušnjo ter omogoča uporabo blokovnega programiranja ter LilyPad [2], Lego Mindstorms ), katerih namen je zmanjšali JavaScripta za izdelavo iger, kar ponuja interaktivno in bogato ovire za vstop v programiranje in predstaviti računalniške učno izkušnjo. koncepte v različnih oblikah ( npr. robotika in e-tekstil). Številna od teh orodij so bila zelo uspešna pri privabljanju, vključevanju in poučevanju mladih v dejavnosti STEAM (znanost, KLJUČNE BESEDE tehnologija, umetnost, inženiring in matematika) [3]. MakeCode Arcade, JavaScript, bloki Zaradi nenehno rastoče priljubljenosti iger med otroki danes (zlasti za zabavo) so raziskovalci in pedagogi začeli uporabljati ABSTRACT igre za spodbujanje pozitivnih učnih izkušenj [5], pri čemer temeljijo na temeljnih načelih oblikovanja iger (ogrodje, MakeCode Arcade is a free online platform for learning interaktivnost in iskanje napak pri delovanju) [10]. Novejši programming that allows the creation of retro games using block- pristop, ki je že pokazal veliko uspehov, vključuje učence , ki based programming and JavaScript. It is suitable for everyone, izdelujejo ali programirajo svojo igro [7]. Nekatera orodja, ki regardless of prior programming knowledge. It offers a wide izražajo ta pristop (npr. Scratch, Kodu Game Lab), omogočajo range of easily-accesible features for creating unique games. tistim z omejenimi spretnostmi razvoja iger ali programiranja, da With efforts to promote "making," various construction tools ustvarijo igre. S tem, ko otrokom in drugim omogočamo učenje have been developed, successfully engaging young people in tako z igranjem kot ustvarjanjem iger, se lahko izboljša STEM activities. The MakeCode Arcade system combines računalniško razmišljanje in reševanje problemov [8]. physical and digital experiences, using block-based programming, and JavaScript to create games, providing an Nekateri komercialne igre so začeli presegati računalniški interactive and rich learning experience. zaslon in so se premaknile v fizični svet [4]. Tako, na primer, platforma Nintendo Labo uporablja različne pristope za združevanje elementov izdelave in gradnje v igralne izkušnjo. KEYWORDS Računalniška orodja so začela povezovati oblikovanje iger z MakeCode Arcade, JavaScript, blocks oblikovanjem igralnih vmesnikov, ta kombinirani pristop pa je spodbudil sodelovalno učenje, ustvarjalno izražanja in učenje računalniških konceptov [9]. 1 UVOD Da bi začeli naslovili nekatere izzive pri načrtovanju in gradnji igre, so ustvarili sistem MakeCode Arcade. MakeCode MakeCode Arcade je brezplačna spletna platforma za učenje Arcade temelji na konceptih fizičnega računalništva z uporabo programiranja, ki omogoča izdelavo retro igric z bloki in blokov, [6], saj prinaša več prednosti za začetnike. Prav tako JavaScriptom. temelji na konceptih programiranja, ki spodbujajo uporabo Je brezplačen in dostopen vsem, ne glede na predhodno poenostavljenih grafičnih, blokovnih uporabniških vmesnikov, znanje o programiranju. MakeCode Arcade je odličen način za kot je MakeCode Arcade, saj poenostavijo programske koncepte, 565 in blokovne omejitve pomagajo pri poučevanju in izvajanju sintaktično pravilnih programskih izjav [11]. 3 REZULTATI 3.1 Platfroma MakeCode Arcade je platforma za programiranje in razvoj iger, ki jo je razvilo podjetje Microsoft. Namenjena je otrokom, začetnikom in ljubiteljem programiranja, ki lahko ustvarijo svoje računalniške igre brez zapletenega kodiranja. Platforma je zasnovana tako, da olajša učenje programiranja in spodbuja Slika 2: Bloki za sprite ustvarjalnost. MakeCode Arcade uporablja blokovno programiranje, kar V MakeCode Arcade najdete različne vrste blokov, ki pomeni, da lahko uporabniki ustvarjajo igre s premikanjem pokrivajo širok nabor funkcionalnosti, kot so premiki likov, blokov kode in jih povezujejo skupaj. To omogoča hitro in upravljanje vhodnih naprav, obdelava trkov, zvoka, animacije, intuitivno ustvarjanje iger, tudi brez predhodnega znanja pogoji, zanke in še več. Te bloke se lahko kombinira in povezuje programiranja. Platforma ponuja tudi možnost za prehod na skupaj, da se ustvari želeno delovanje igre. tekstovno programiranje v jeziku JavaScript za naprednejše uporabnike. MakeCode Arcade vključuje grafično uporabniško okolje (GUI), ki omogoča uporabnikom, da vizualno oblikujejo in urejajo svoje igre. Uporabniki lahko ustvarjajo likovne elemente, kulise, zvoke in interakcije ter jim dodajajo logiko in pravila igre. Obstaja tudi možnost izvoza iger in njihovo deljenje s skupnostjo. Slika 3: Skupine blokov Na primer, če želimo premakniti lik na zaslonu, lahko uporabimo bloke za nastavitev smeri in hitrosti lika. Blok, ki Slika 1: Uporabniški vmesnik premakne lik v določeni smeri, ga lahko povežete s blokom, ki nastavi hitrost lika. Na ta način lahko določite, kako se bo lik Platforma podpira različne vrste iger, vključno z arkadnimi premikal glede na vhodne ukaze ali pogoje v igri. igrami, sestavljankami, platformnimi igrami in še več. Poleg osnovnih blokov za upravljanje likov, gibanje in MakeCode Arcade zagotavlja tudi simulacijo igralnega okolja, v interakcijo, lahko uporabite tudi bloke za ustvarjanje pogojev, katerem se lahko preizkusi in igra ustvarjene igre neposredno v zank, funkcij in spremenljivk. To vam omogoča, da razvijete bolj brskalniku ali pa se jih prenese in zaigra na mikrokrmilnikih, kot kompleksno logiko igre, kot so upravljanje nivojev, zdravje so Circuit Playground Express, BBC micro:bit in drugi. likov, števcev točk in drugih igralnih elementov. MakeCode Arcade je brezplačna platforma, ki ponuja širok MakeCode Arcade vam omogoča tudi, da ustvarjate lastne nabor orodij za učenje, raziskovanje in ustvarjanje iger. S svojo bloke, ki združujejo več ukazov v en sam blok. To vam omogoča, enostavno uporabo in prilagodljivostjo je odličen izhodiščni da zmanjšate ponavljanje kode in ustvarite bolj pregledno korak za vse, ki jih zanima svet programiranja in razvoja strukturo. računalniških iger. V celoti izdelana koda, ki jo sestavite s pomočjo blokov, se lahko pretvori v tekstovno obliko v jeziku JavaScript, kar omogoča naprednejšim uporabnikom, da preidejo na tekstovno 3.2 Bloki programiranje. Bloki v MakeCode Arcade so vizualni gradniki kode, ki se lahko premikajo in povezujejo skupaj s čimer se ustvari igro. Bloki v MakeCode Arcade so močno orodje za učenje in Omogočajo enostavno in intuitivno programiranje, saj ni treba razvoj iger, saj ponujajo vizualno, interaktivno in dostopno pisati kode v tekstovni obliki. Namesto tega se sestavlja logiko izkušnjo programiranja, ki spodbuja ustvarjalnost in igre z različnimi bloki, ki se jih povlečete in spusti v ustrezne raziskovanje. dele kode. 566 3.3 Koda povezovanjem blokov kode, kar olajša razvoj iger brez potrebe po pisanju kompleksne kode. Poleg tega MakeCode Arcade JavaScript je pomemben del platforme MakeCode Arcade, saj omogoča tudi prehod na tekstovno programiranje v jeziku omogoča naprednejšim uporabnikom razširitev in prilagoditev JavaScript, ki omogoča naprednejšim uporabnikom večjo iger ter programiranje kompleksnejših funkcionalnosti. prilagodljivost in nadzor nad igro. V MakeCode Arcade lahko uporabniki začnejo s programiranjem igre z bloki kode, vendar imajo tudi možnost Skozi platformo MakeCode Arcade se uporabniki učijo osnov prehoda na tekstovni način programiranja v jeziku JavaScript. programiranja, hkrati pa razvijajo svoje veščine in ustvarjalnost Ko se uporabnik počuti udobno s koncepti blokovne kode, lahko pri izdelavi iger. S povezovanjem blokov in JavaScripta se preklopi na JavaScript in piše svojo kodo, kar omogoča večjo zagotavlja kombinacija enostavnosti uporabe in moči prilagodljivost in natančen nadzor nad igro. tekstovnega programiranja, kar omogoča bogato in interaktivno učno izkušnjo. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Lisa Brahms. 2014. "Making as a learning process: Identifying and supporting family learning in informal settings." University of Pittsburgh. [2] Leah Buechley, Mike Eisenberg, Jaime Catchen, and Ali Crockett. 2008. "The LilyPad Arduino: Using Computational Textiles to Investigate Engagement, Aesthetics, and Diversity in Computer Science Education." In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’08), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357123 [3] Leah Buechley and Benjamin Mako Hill. "LilyPad in the Wild: How Hardware's Long Tail is Supporting New Engineering and Design Communities." 9. [4] Michael Eisenberg, Nwanua Elumeze, Michael MacFerrin, and Leah Slika 4 Primer JavaScript okolja Buechley. 2009. "Children’s Programming, Reconsidered: Settings, Stuff, and Surfaces." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC ’09), 1–8. Z uporabo JavaScripta v MakeCode Arcade lahko uporabniki https://doi.org/10.1145/1551788.1551790 ustvarjajo kompleksnejšo logiko igre. Bloki imajo svoje [5] James Paul Gee. 2007. "Good video games+ good learning: Collected essays on video games, learning, and literacy." Peter Lang. ekvivalente v JavaScriptu, zato lahko uporabniki pišejo svoje [6] Audrey Girouard, Erin Treacy Solovey, Leanne M. Hirshfield, Stacey funkcije, razširjajo obstoječe bloke in ustvarjajo svoje lastne Ecott, Orit Shaer, and Robert J. K. Jacob. 2007. "Smart Blocks: a tangible bloke. To omogoča izvajanje naprednejše logike, kot so algoritmi mathematical manipulative." 183–186. https://doi.org/10.1145/1226969.1227007 za umetno inteligenco nasprotnikov, obdelava naprednih [7] Yasmin B. Kafai. 2006. "Playing and Making Games for Learning: fizikalnih simulacij ali implementacija naprednih mehanik iger. Instructionist and Constructionist Perspectives for Game Studies." Games and Culture 1, 1: 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412005281767 JavaScript omogoča uporabnikom, da ustvarijo in [8] Yasmin B. Kafai and Cynthia Carter Ching. 2001. "Affordances of manipulirajo večje število likov, predmetov, zvokov, animacij in Collaborative Software Design Planning for Elementary Students’ Science Talk." Journal of the Learning Sciences 10, 3: 323–363. drugih igralnih elementov. S tem lahko uporabniki razširijo svoje https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327809JLS1003_4 igre z več nivoji, različnimi izzivi in bogatejšim vizualnim [9] Yasmin B. Kafai and Veena Vasudevan. 2015. "Constructionist Gaming doživetjem. Beyond the Screen: Middle School Students’ Crafting and Computing of Touchpads, Board Games, and Controllers." In Proceedings of the JavaScript v MakeCode Arcade omogoča tudi uporabo Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (WiPSCE zunanjih knjižnic, ki so na voljo v ekosistemu JavaScripta. To ’15), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818314.2818334 [10] Manu Kapur. 2008. "Productive Failure." Cognition and Instruction 26, 3: pomeni, da lahko uporabniki izkoristijo že obstoječe knjižnice za 379–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370000802212669 izvajanje določenih nalog, kot so matematični izračuni, obdelava [11] David S. Touretzky. 2014. "Teaching Kodu with Physical Manipulatives." zvoka, animacija in še več. ACM Inroads 5, 4: 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1145/2684721.2684732 MakeCode Arcade ima razširjeno skupnost ustvarjalcev iger, ki delijo svoje projekte in izkušnje. Z uporabo JavaScripta lahko uporabniki ustvarijo napredne igre in jih delijo s skupnostjo. Prav tako lahko prispevajo k skupnosti, tako da delijo svoje izboljšave, razširitve in dodatne bloke. JavaScript v povezavi z MakeCode Arcade omogoča platformo, ki združuje enostavnost uporabe blokovne kode s fleksibilnostjo in močjo tekstovnega programiranja. Uporabniki lahko tako postopoma razvijajo svoje veščine programiranja in ustvarjajo igre, ki izražajo njihovo ustvarjalnost in inovativnost. 4 ZAKLJUČEK MakeCode Arcade ima vizualno grafično uporabniško okolje z bloki, ki omogočajo enostavno in intuitivno programiranje. Uporabniki lahko ustvarjajo igre s premikanjem in 567 Skrivnosti finske pedagogike Secrets of Finnish pedagogy Iztok Škof OŠ Toma Brejca Kamnik, Slovenija iztok.skof@ostb.si POVZETEK Finska je pokazala, da je mogoče ustvariti visokokakovostni šolski sistem, ki je dostopen vsem učencem, ne glede na njihov Finski šolski sistem se ponaša z dolgoletnim uspehom in socialni status. mednarodnim priznanjem kot eden najboljših na svetu. Temelji na visoko izobraženih učiteljih, ki uživajo visoko stopnjo avtonomije in spoštovanja v družbi. Ključna načela finske pedagogike, kot so enakost, igra, sodelovanje, reševanje 2 PREGLED LITERATURE problemov ter pozornost do dobrega počutja učencev, so Mednarodna priznanost finskega izobraževalnega sistema omogočila, da se učenci bolj angažirajo in motivirajo za učenje, temelji na doseganju visokih akademskih rezultatov v razvijajo boljše kritično mišljenje in postanejo pripravljeni na mednarodnih primerjavah, predvsem v raziskavi PISA, ki jo uspešno delovanje v delovnem svetu. Aplikacija LessonApp izvaja OECD. Finski uspeh se pogosto pripisuje visoki ravni sledi tem načelom in ponuja učiteljem ter učencem raznolike in izobraževanja, zelo selektivnemu izobraževanju učiteljev inovativne pristope k poučevanju ter učenju, kar prispeva k (približno 10% jih je izbranih) in visokemu spoštovanju učiteljev visokokakovostni izobrazbi v Finski in mednarodno priznani v družbi ter avtonomiji učiteljev kot strokovnjakov. V sistemu ni učiteljski skupnosti. uradnih nadzornih mehanizmov: ni obveznega učiteljskega dnevnika, ni šolskih inšpektoratov, ni standardiziranih preizkusov, ni obveznega učnega gradiva in nacionalni učni načrt KLJUČNE BESEDE je zelo ohlapen. [1] [2] Finski šolski sistem, LessonApp, motivacija V preteklem desetletju je ideja o "finski izvrstnosti" prerasla nacionalne meje [3] [4]. Na mednarodni ravni "finski model" daje upanje vzgojiteljem, ki se spopadajo s testiranjem in vse bolj ABSTRACT omejeno avtonomijo. V bistvu nasprotuje izobraževalnim sistemom, usmerjenim v trg, upravljavskim režimom The Finnish school system is regarded as one of the best in the odgovornosti in deprofesionalizaciji, s katerimi se mnogi world, with a long-standing track record of international spopadajo. Finski primer je tako za mnoge predstavljan kot recognition. It is based on highly educated teachers who enjoy a verodostojen proti-primer. Na nacionalni ravni pa je mednarodno high level of autonomy and respect in society. Key principles of priznanje, ki ga je prineslo prvo poročilo PISA, za več kot Finnish pedagogy, such as equality, play, collaboration, desetletje zagotovilo neodvisen položaj šol in izobraževalnih problem-solving, and a focus on students' well-being, have delavcev. Po PISA so se lahko vzgojitelji mirno posvečali enabled students to become more engaged and motivated in svojemu delu, brez zunanjega pritiska za kakršnekoli spremembe. learning, develop better critical thinking skills, and be prepared Razglašeni so bili za "najboljše na svetu". Tako je finsko for successful participation in the workforce. The LessonApp izobraževanje postalo blagovna znamka in izvozni izdelek. application follows these principles, offering teachers and Finska pedagogika je v študente usmerjen pristop k students diverse and innovative approaches to teaching and izobraževanju, ki poudarja aktivno učenje, sodelovanje in learning, contributing to high-quality education in Finland and a reševanje problemov. Finski učitelji verjamejo, da lahko vsi globally acclaimed teacher community. otroci učijo in da jih je treba spodbujati k raziskovanju svojih KEYWORDS interesov in talentov. Nekateri ključni principi finske pedagogike so: Finnland School System, LessonApp, motivation • Enakost: Vsi otroci imajo pravico do kakovostnega izobraževanja, ne glede na svoje ozadje ali okoliščine. • Igra: Otroci se najbolje učijo skozi igro, zato finske šole 1 UVOD poudarjajo aktivno učenje in praktične dejavnosti. Finsko redno ocenjujejo kot državo z enim najboljših šolskih • Sodelovanje: Učenci se spodbujajo k sodelovanju v sistemov na svetu. Na PISA raziskavi (mednarodna raziskava skupinah za reševanje problemov in dokončanje projektov. uspešnosti učencev), je Finska že vrsto let na vrhu lestvice. Kaj • Reševanje problemov: Finski učitelji verjamejo, da učenci je skrivnost finskega šolskega sistema? najbolje učijo z reševanjem problemov, zato učencem 568 pogosto predstavljajo realne izzive, s katerimi se lahko spopadejo. • Povratne informacije: Finski učitelji učencem redno dajejo povratne informacije, da lahko spremljajo svoj napredek in po potrebi naredijo prilagoditve. • Dobro počutje: Finske šole verjamejo, da učenci potrebujejo, da so zdravi in srečni, da se lahko učinkovito učijo, zato se Slika 2 Sklopi učne ure osredotočajo na ustvarjanje podpornega in spodbudnega okolja. Tu so nekatere od prednosti finske pedagogike: • Učenci so bolj angažirani in motivirani za učenje. Ko se učencem da priložnost, da raziščejo svoje interese in delajo na projektih, ki jih zanimajo, so bolj verjetno, da bodo angažirani in motivirani za učenje. • Učenci razvijejo boljše problemske in kritične misleče sposobnosti. Finska pedagogika poudarja problemsko reševanje in kritično mišljenje, ki sta bistvena znanja za Slika 3 Primeri aktivnosti znotraj sklopa “Vaje / aktiviranje uspeh v današnjem svetu. učencev • Učenci so bolj pripravljeni na delovno mesto. Veščine, ki jih učenci pridobijo v finskih šolah, kot sta sodelovanje in reševanje problemov, so v delovnem svetu zelo cenjene. • Učenci so srečnejša in bolj zdrava. Finske šole se osredotočajo na ustvarjanje podpornega in spodbudnega okolja, kar pomaga učencem, da so srečnejša in bolj zdrava. [5] Slika 4 Opis aktivnosti: Znanstveni eksperiment 3 REZULTATI Aplikacija omogoča 3.1 LessonApp • Učenje kot aktiven, ne pa pasiven proces, pri katerem znanje LessonApp temelji na sodobni, raziskovalno usmerjeni gradi učeči-se posameznik. pedagogiki. LessonApp sledi istim načelom, ki jih učitelji na • Znanje je vzajemno zgrajeno v povezavi s svetom okoli nas. Finskem spoznajo med svojim izobraževanjem ter jih • Prejšnje znanje, razumevanje in izkušnje so pomembni pri vsakodnevno uporabljajo v svojih učilnicah. učenju novih stvari. • Vloga učitelja je podpirati in spodbujati učni proces. • Pozitivna čustva spodbujajo učenje. Koristi za učence: • Raznolike in navdihujoče lekcije. • Podpora različnim učnim slogom in učencem z različnimi učnimi strategijami. • Učenci bodo dosegli boljše učenje. • Izboljšanje dobrega počutja v šoli. • Sreča in veselje do učenja. Slika 1 Pregled zaslona aplikacije • Manj stresnih šolskih dni. Koristi za učitelje: V aplikaciji so aktivnosti razdeljene po posameznih sklopih. Ti • sklopi so povezani s tem kako naj bo sestavljena učna ura: Učitelji razvijajo spretnosti načrtovanja in priprave na pouk. uvodne aktivnosti, preverjanje obstoječega znanja, pridobivanje • Dobro počutje pri delu: prihranek časa, manjši pritisk. novega znanja, vaje/aktiviranje učencev, refleksija. Znotraj • Uporabne ideje z manj napora: izbrane vsebine, ustvarjene posameznih sklopov pa najdemo opisane aktivnosti. s strani učiteljev za učitelje. • Pomoč in praktične ideje za poučevanje na daljavo. • Kolegialna podpora: sodelovanje z drugimi učitelji. • 150 načinov za aktiviranje učencev. • Dnevno delo je bolj navdihujoče in nagrajujoče. • Sodelovanje v mednarodni učiteljski skupnosti. 569 3.2 Primer učne ure verjetno ga ne bomo dokončali med to lekcijo, vendar ga bomo uporabili za vadbo osnov izvajanja eksperimenta in oblikovanje Za primer si oglejmo predstavitev učne ure o treh agregatnih hipoteze. Ta prvi eksperiment lahko obravnava taljenje, stanjih vode: vprašanje pa bi lahko bilo "Katera od teh dveh posod vsebuje več tekoče vode?" Ideja je, da imamo dve podobni posodi. Druga posoda bo napolnjena z ledenimi kockami, druga pa bo imela tekočo vodo do polovice posode. Po tem prvem eksperimentu bodo učenci delali v skupinah in izvedli še 2-3 eksperimente. Ti eksperimenti se bodo vedno začeli s formuliranjem hipoteze in nato nadaljevali s preprostimi koraki znanstvene metode. Ti eksperimenti bodo predstavili vsa tri stanja vode in prikazali nekatere od naslednjih pojavov: Slika 5 Tri sklopi učne ure zamrzovanje, kondenzacija, vrenje, izhlapevanje in nekatere dejavnike, ki vplivajo na hitrost izhlapevanja. Cilji učenja: • Učenci bodo znali imenovati tri agregatna stanja vode ter Refleksija: 3, 2, 1 v skupinah (5+ minut): podati primere, kako se voda spreminja med njimi. Za zadnji del te lekcije se oblikuje nove skupine na podlagi • Poiščejo nekatere dejavnike, ki vplivajo na hitrost barvnih plastičnih kovancev. V teh skupinah ene barve bodo izparevanja. učenci na kratko razpravljali in zapisali tri stvari, ki so se jih • Znali bodo opredeliti preproste korake znanstvene metode. naučili med lekcijo, ter dve zanimivi stvari, o katerih bi radi • Z uporabo znanstvene metode bodo izvedli eksperiment v izvedeli več. Nazadnje bodo učenci zapisali eno vprašanje, ki bi svojem vsakdanjem življenju. ga želeli postaviti na to temo. • Naučili se bodo formulirati hipotezo za vsako vprašanje. Materiali: 4 ZAKLJUČEK • Ledene kocke Finski šolski sistem velja za enega najboljših na svetu, kar se • Voda odraža v visokih akademskih rezultatih učencev na mednarodnih • primerjalnih raziskavah, kot je PISA. Posode / kozarci • LessonApp je aplikacija, ki temelji na finski pedagogiki in Aparat za kavo ali električni grelnik vode • sledi njenim načelom. Omogoča učencem raznolike in (različne snovi za eksperimente) navdihujoče lekcije ter podpira učitelje z različnimi strokovnimi Ogrevanje: Igra vislic (10 minut): vpogledi, idejami za poučevanje ter sodelovanjem v mednarodni Učenci so pred lekcijo prebrali o tej temi iz učbenikov, ter si učiteljski skupnosti. ogledali video o treh stanjih vode. Začeli bodo lekcijo s Opisan je primer lekcije o treh stanjih vode, ki uporablja pregledom besedišča te teme s skupno igro vislic. Primerne finski pristop k poučevanju, vključuje raziskovalno usmerjen besede za igro so: tekočina, trdota, plin, zamrzovanje, taljenje, pristop, aktivno sodelovanje učencev ter izvajanje znanstvenega kondenzacija, para, vrenje, izhlapevanje. eksprimenta. Razdelitev v skupine: Razdelitev v skupine je vedno pomembna, če želimo doseči LITERATURA IN VIRI čim bolj učinkovito delo učencev. Pri izvajanju eksperimentov imam veliko možnosti za oblikovanje skupin. [1] Hoffman, D. M., Pöyhönen, S., Cools, C., Stikhin, A., Habti, D., Siekkinen, T., & Sama, T. (2015). Aspiration, achievement and Uporabili bomo naključne skupine. Za to imamo plastične abandonment in 'the world's best country': Merit and equity or smoke and kovance različnih barv. Skupno bomo dali 25 kovancev (pet mirrors? Coolabah, (17), 1-76. [2] Ingram, L. G. (2017). A U.S. teacher's perspective on the Finnish vsake barve) v klobuk, vsak učenec pa bo nato potegnil en education system. District Administration, 53(1), 84-84. kovanec. Skupine bodo oblikovane glede na barve in vsaka [3] Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What skupina naj ima vseh pet različnih barv. Te "pisane skupine" can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, DOI: 10.1080/02619768.2017.1315399 bomo uporabili med eksperimenti. Za zadnji del te lekcije bomo [4] Niemi, H., Toom, A., & Kallioniemi, A. (Eds.). (2012). Miracle of uporabili različne "skupine ene barve". education: The principles and practices of teaching and learning in Finnish schools. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. [5] Sahlberg, P. (2014). Finnish Lessons 2.0: What Can the World Learn from Znanstveni eksperiment (30 minut): Educational Change in Finland?, Second Edition. Teachers College Press. Ta del lekcije se bo začel z eksperimentom, ki ga bomo opravili skupaj. Ta eksperiment bo potreboval več časa in 570 Vsebinski poudarki izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih za šolske knjižničarje v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici Thematic highlights of the National and University Library's training courses on online tools for school librarians Gregor Škrlj Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica Ljubljana, Slovenija gregor.skrlj@nuk.uni-lj.si POVZETEK knjižničarje (za namene tega prispevka izraz knjižničarji uporabljamo za vse strokovne knjižničarske delavce) v Sloveniji. Med nalogami Narodne in univerzitetne knjižnice je tudi Za izobraževalno dejavnost, katere potencialni udeleženci so izobraževalna dejavnost za knjižničarje. Prispevek predstavi slovenski knjižničarji, založniki ter uporabniki knjižnic, v NUK vsebinske poudarke izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih za šolske skrbi in jo organizira Oddelek za izobraževanje, razvoj in knjižničarje temelječih na sodobni informacijsko komunikacijski svetovanje. Vsebine izobraževanj so razdeljene v štiri sklope – tehnologiji, ki jih je organizirala Narodna in univerzitetna vsebine namenjene začetnikom v stroki, knjižničarjem, ki želijo knjižnica. Prikazani so zastavljeni cilji ter pomen izobraževanja izpopolniti svoje strokovno znanje, tistim, ki usposabljajo za delo za šolske knjižničarje. v sistemu vzajemne katalogizacije, ter uporabnikom knjižnic (raziskovalcem, študentom in ostali zainteresirani javnosti) [3]. KLJUČNE BESEDE V prispevku je glavnina besedila namenjena vsebinskim poudarkom izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih za šolske knjižničarje Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, izobraževanje, IKT, šolski temelječih na sodobni informacijsko komunikacijski tehnologiji knjižničarji, splet (dalje IKT), ki jih je NUK v preteklih letih že organiziral. Nekateri poudarki bodo podkrepljeni tudi vizualno s slikami in zajemi zaslonov. ABSTRACT The National and University Library among other activities provides training for librarians. This paper presents the content 2 VLOGA NARODNE IN UNIVERZITETNE of the training courses on online tools for school librarians based on modern information and communication technology, KNJIŽNICE PRI IZOBRAŽEVANJU organized by the National and University Library. The ŠOLSKIH KNJIŽNIČARJEV objectives and the relevance of the training for school librarians Kot je bilo že zapisano, so med drugimi nalogami NUK tudi are presented. organizacija in izvajanje izobraževalnih vsebin. Vsako koledarsko leto je na NUK-ovi spletni strani objavljen program izobraževanj, v katerem lahko zainteresirani knjižničarji izbirajo KEYWORDS med različnimi strokovnimi spopolnjevanji in permanentnimi National and University Library, training, ICT, school librarians, izobraževanji za zaposlene v knjižnični dejavnosti [4]. Stalno web strokovno izobraževanje je za vsakega strokovnega knjižničarskega delavca izjemnega pomena, kar je razvidno tudi iz Etičnega kodeksa slovenskih knjižničarjev, kjer je zapisano, 1 UVOD da mora vsak knjižničar znova in znova izpopolnjevati svoje Temeljno poslanstvo Narodne in univerzitetne knjižnice (dalje strokovno znanje ter ustvarjalno prispevati k razvoju NUK) je zbiranje in varovanje ter zagotavljanje uporabe knjižničarske stroke in njene dejavnosti [5]. Med udeleženci nacionalne zbirke knjižničnega gradiva, strokovna podpora različnih izobraževalnih vsebin v NUK so tudi šolski knjižnicam pri izvajanju javne službe in nacionalnemu knjižničarji, ki permanentno in načrtovano dopolnjujejo svoje bibliografskemu sistemu ter vključevanje v mednarodne strokovno znanje. knjižnične povezave [1]. Zakonodaja opredeljuje, da nacionalna NUK organizira in izvaja različne oblike izobraževanj za že knjižnica izvaja knjižnično dejavnost kot javno službo [2] ter omenjene ciljne skupine na dveh fizičnih lokacijah (računalniška skrbi za nacionalno pisno dediščino, hkrati pa sodeluje v učilnica na Turjaški ulici 1 in predavalnica na Leskoškovi cesti nacionalnem vzajemnem bibliografskem sistemu. NUK pa poleg 12) ter prek spleta (ZOOM) ob uporabi spletnih učilnic [6]. V vsega naštetega opravlja še druge dejavnosti in naloge, med letu 2020 je bilo potrebno zaradi zdravstvene situacije katerimi je izjemno pomembna izobraževalna dejavnost za vzpostaviti izobraževanja prek spleta [7]. Dostopnost vsebin ter gradiv izobraževanj je bilo zagotovljeno s spletno učilnico, ki je 571 osnovna aplikacija za uporabo pri izobraževalnem procesu na ki prispevajo k izboljšanju izobraževalnega procesa in hkrati daljavo [8]. podpirajo svoje uporabnike pri razvijanju mnogih veščin, ki so Glavni vsebinski poudarki usposabljanja za šolske ključne za uspešno vključevanje v sodobno informacijsko knjižničarje so bili usmerjeni v teoretična izhodišča in družbo. umeščenost neformalnega izobraževanja v posameznikov karierni razvoj ter predstavitev načinov in kriterijev za Izobraževanja, namenjena šolskim knjižničarjem, so med drugim zagotavljanje pridobivanja znanja, veščin ter kompetenc za delo pokrivala naslednje vsebine: v šolski knjižnici. - zakonodajni okvirji delovanja šolske knjižnice, Vsako leto so bile posebej načrtovane in organizirane - šolske knjižnice in njihovi deležniki, izobraževalne vsebine za šolske knjižničarje, ki so obravnavale - predstavitev in spodbujanje pismenosti, digitalno okolje, različne vrste kompetenc ter uporabo IKT. S - digitalna pismenost, tem v mislih so bila v preteklih letih pripravljena naslednja - krepitev digitalnih kompetenc, izobraževanja: - uporaba brezplačnih aplikacij ter spletnih orodij v - ABC šolskega knjižničarstva, šolski knjižnici, - Krepitev kompetenc šolskega knjižničarja, - izobraževanje s pomočjo aplikacij in spletnih orodij, - Spletna orodja in aplikacije za šolske knjižnice in - prikaz praktičnih primerov ter - Uporabnost spletnih orodij v šolski knjižnici. - domače in tuje dobre prakse šolskih knjižnic. Kot je zapisano v 105. členu Zakona o organizaciji in Zastavljene smo imeli naslednje izobraževalne cilje: financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja (ZOFVI) se strokovni delavci v vzgoji in izobraževanju strokovno izobražujejo in - Predstavitev organizacije in dela v šolski knjižnici ter možnosti optimizacije dela usposabljajo [9]. Šolski knjižničarji imajo za lastno strokovno . spopolnjevanje in uresničevanje svojih potreb in zahtev - Seznanitev z zakonskimi obveznostmi delovanja šolske knjižnice. informacijske družbe po kompetentnem vključevanju v okolje na voljo dovolj širok spekter izobraževalnih možnosti [10]. - Seznanitev s koristmi aplikacijami in spletnimi orodij za delo v šolski knjižnici. Potencialni udeleženci izobraževanj, ki so zaposleni v šolskih knjižnicah, so bili o razpisanih izobraževanjih v NUK vsakič - Usposobljenost šolskih knjižničarjev za izobraževalce obveščeni po e-pošti ter prek portala Knjižničarske novice na področju informacijske pismenosti in digitalnih (https://knjiznicarske-novice.si/), kjer so vabila na izobraževanja kompetenc. objavljena v kategoriji Izobraževanja in dodana v koledar dogodkov (https://knjiznicarske-novice.si/koledar-dogodkov/). 3.1 Opis izvedenih izobraževalnih vsebin Na začetku izvedbe vsakega izobraževanja so bili udeleženci 3 INFORMACIJSKO KOMUNIKACIJSKA pozvani, da s pomočjo aplikacije Mentimeter TEHONOLOGIJA IN SPLETNA ORODJA (https://www.mentimeter.com/) odgovorijo na uvodno ZA ŠOLSKE KNJIŽNIČARJE TER OPIS vprašanje. Na Sliki 1 so besede in besedne zveze, ki so jih s IZVEDENIH IZOBRAŽEVALNIH VSEBIN pomočjo aplikacije Mentimeter zapisali udeleženci (anonimno) na vprašanje 'Kaj pričakujem od tečaja?'. Šolski knjižničarji so strokovnjaki za učinkovito upravljanje informacijskih virov, kar vključuje tudi upravljanje dostopa do teh virov in izvajanje ustreznih pravil. Zato so izobraževanja za šolske knjižničarje ključna za njihov strokovni razvoj in izboljšanje kompetenc ter zagotavljanje kakovostnih storitev za uporabnike in šolsko skupnost. Izobraževanja za šolske knjižničarje so se v NUK do leta 2023 izvajala predvsem v spletnem okolju. Vsebine izobraževanj so bile prilagojene za potrebe in naravo dela v šolskih knjižnicah, šolske knjižnice namreč izvajajo knjižnično dejavnost, potrebno za izvajanje javne službe na področju vzgoje in izobraževanja [11]. Za vsako izobraževanje je bila pripravljena tudi namenska spletna učilnica, do katere so tečajniki dostopali v času tečaja in še 14 dni po končanem tečaju. Slika 1: Odgovori na uvodno vprašanje – kaj udeleženci Razvoj kompetenc in naravnanosti profesionalnega šolskega pričakujejo od tečaja. Najpogosteje so zapisali: nove ideje, knjižničarja je moč doseči na različne načine, cilj izobraževanja uporabna znanja in uporabna orodja za KIZ. šolskega knjižničarja pa je usvojitev učiteljskih in knjižničarskih znanj [12]. Šolske knjižnice se nenehno soočajo s spremembami pri svojem Namen pripravljenih vsebinskih področji je bil prepoznati ter delu, novih zakonodajnih okvirjih ter pri delu z novo, sodobno zagotavljati, da šolski knjižničarji s pridobljenim znanjem ter tehnologijo. Izobraževanja v NUK so se zato osredotočala na veščinami nato v svoji praksi zagotavljajo kakovostne storitve, učenje uporabe različnih orodij in aplikacij, ki lahko izboljšajo in olajšajo delo v šolski knjižnici. S pridobljenim znanjen in idejami 572 se lahko poenostavijo določeni delovni procesi, hkrati pa so šolski knjižničarji v koraku z novostmi ter lažje in bolje motivirajo svoje uporabnike za storitve, ki jim jih nudijo (e- knjige, spletni viri, dodatne naloge, motivacijski programi ipd.). Vse to je pomembno tudi (kot se je izkazalo med epidemijo) za izboljšanje spletne prisotnosti. Slika 2 prikazuje NUK-ovo spletno učilnico za šolske knjižničarje ter pripravljena poglavja in vsebine izobraževanja. Vsebine v učilnici so vezane na vsebine tečaja. Pripravljena so bila posamezna poglavja z vsebinami, navodili, predstavitvami ter vajami (zelo uporabno pri tečaju o aplikacijah). Posebna poglavja so bila namenjena spletni prisotnosti (načini komunikacije z deležniki ter dostopnost), družbenim omrežjem (opisi, prednosti, slabosti ter nasveti), aplikacijam (več različnih aplikacij, ki so jih udeleženci spoznavali ter uporabljali), video vsebine (posnetki, napotila ter video primeri) ter vajam in nalogam (v naprej pripravljene vsebine, kvizi, vtičniki). Zadnji dve poglavji sta bili namenjeni virom ter pogostim vprašanjem z že podanimi odgovori Slika 3: Vpogled v spletno učilnico Spletna orodja in aplikacije za šolske knjižnice. Na Sliki 4 prikazujemo vsebino oziroma poglavja spletne Slika 2: Vpogled v spletno učilnico za šolske knjižničarje (v učilnice, kjer so bila navodila za delo z določenimi aplikacijami NUK). ter naloge, ki so jih udeleženci reševali. Vsebinski poudarki izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih so bili osredotočeni na krepitev Šolski knjižničarji aktivno sodelujejo s sodelavci v svoji in razvoj digitalnih veščin, ki knjižničarjem omogočajo ustanovi, predvsem učitelji oziroma profesorji. Izobraževanja učinkovitejšo uporabo različnih spletnih platform in orodij. pomagajo krepiti in razvijati posameznikove veščine sodelovanja Pripravljena so bila natančna navodila, kako se posameznik loti ter poučevanja informacijske in drugih vrst pismenosti in tako dela z aplikacijo oziroma spletnim orodjem. Ob tem je bilo zelo pripomorejo k uresničevanju zastavljenih ciljev. pomembno izkustveno učenje, saj je vsak sam izdelal oziroma Vsebinski poudarki NUK-ovih izobraževanj o spletnih opravil nalogo skladno z navodili – nekateri so svoje izdelke in orodjih so bili usmerjeni v krepitev digitalnih kompetenc, ki so rezultate delili tekom izobraževanja z ostalimi v živo. Nekateri ključne v sodobni informacijski družbi. ustvarjeni izdelki, ki so nastali med izobraževanji in so jih Udeleženci so se seznanili z različnimi spletnimi orodji in udeleženci shranili v spletni učilnici, so bili tudi iztočnica v vsaki platformami za komunikacijo, sodelovanje, ustvarjanje ter naslednji ali nadaljevalni izobraževalni obliki. organizacijo dela ter učinkovitega upravljanja. Osredotočali so se tudi na razumevanje varnosti na spletu, prepoznavanje lažnih novic, etičnost ter upravljanje z digitalno identiteto. Poleg tega so se poglobljeno seznanjali z različnimi družbenimi omrežji ter upravljanjem vsebin. Izdelali so tudi svoj spletni avatar (s pomočjo različnih aplikacij). Na Sliki 3 je viden pogled v spletno učilnico, kjer so za udeležence (skladno z zastavljenimi cilji) pripravljeni določeni sklopi, vsebine in gradiva izobraževanja. Pripravljena so bila posamezna področja in napotki z navodili za delo. V prvem delu je bil poudarek na treh izbranih družbenih omrežjih (Facebook, Instagram in Twitter) ter aplikacijah (Canva, Bitmoji, QR Code in Book creator), v katerih so se sodelujoči preizkusili. S prihodom družbenih omrežji in rastjo »lažnih novic« imajo knjižničarji dolžnost omogočiti dostop do resničnih in verodostojnih podatkov ter učence naučiti, kako dostopati do informacij, jih kritično vrednotiti in prepoznati njihovo verodostojnost [13]. 573 Slika 6: 80 % udeležencev tečaja je odgovorilo, da so vsebine, ki so bile predstavljene, tudi uporabne v praksi. 4 ZAKLJUČEK V besedilu smo na kratko predstavili in opisali izobraževalno dejavnost NUK za šolske knjižničarje. Izobraževanja na daljavo smo izvajali s pomočjo spletne aplikacije ZOOM in spletnih Slika 4: Zaslonska slika spletne učilnice z napotki za delo z učilnic, kar je udeležencem omogočilo uspešno delo. določenimi aplikacijami. Šolski knjižničarji se morajo permanentno izobraževati in razvijati svoje strokovne in specifične kompetence. Različne Ob koncu izvedbe vsakega izobraževanja so bili udeleženci oblike izobraževanj ter sodelovanje spodbujajo razvoj in pozvani, da s pomočjo aplikacije Mentimeter pridobivanje novega znanja ter izmenjavo dragocenih izkušenj. (https://www.mentimeter.com/) odgovorijo na zaključni Strokovno izobraževanje jim omogoča osvežitev znanj o novih vprašanji. Na Sliki 5 so besede in besedne zveze, ki so jih s pristopih k poučevanju, uporabi sodobnih tehnologij ter vodenju pomočjo aplikacije Mentimeter zapisali udeleženci (anonimno) in upravljanju knjižnic. Poleg tega se med izobraževanjem na vprašanje 'Kaj sem spoznal/-a na tečaju?'. seznanjajo s trendi v informacijskem svetu, kar jim omogoča širše razumevanje potreb učencev in učiteljev ter boljše prilagajanje storitev knjižnice. Skozi strokovno izobraževanje šolski knjižničarji širijo svoj vpliv na učno okolje, spodbujajo ustvarjalnost in kritično razmišljanje ter prispevajo k celovitemu razvoju šolske skupnosti. Čas in trajanje posamezne izvedbe izobraževanj ter sama komunikacija so bili prilagojeni udeležencem. Udeleženci so pridobili in nadgradili sposobnosti sodelovanja, komuniciranja, reševanja in uporabe spletnih orodji (tudi spletne učilnice) ter krepili posamezne stopnje digitalnih kompetenc (digitalne kompetence segajo na področja informacijske pismenosti, komuniciranja in sodelovanja, izdelovanja digitalnih vsebin in Slika 5: Prikaz zaključnih misli po tečaju, ki so jih udeleženci drugo) [14]. Še posebej pa so znanja na področju informacijske podali anonimno s pomočjo aplikacije Mentimeter. tehnologije nadgradili udeleženci izobraževanja Spletna orodja in aplikacije za šolske knjižnice. Vse tri izvedbe izobraževanj so Na Sliki 6 pa je grafični prikaz odgovorov na vprašanje 'Ali so vsebinsko zaokrožile delo v šolski knjižnici. Vsebinski poudarki vsebine, predstavljene na tečaju, uporabne?'. V tem primeru se je izobraževanj o spletnih orodjih so zasnovani tako, da kar 80 % udeležencev strinjalo, da so vsebine uporabne v praksi. posameznikom omogočajo samozavestno in odgovorno delovanje v digitalnem okolju. S pridobljenimi znanji, idejami ter primeri imajo udeleženci izobraževanj več možnosti za učinkovito uporabo pridobljenega znanje. Šolski knjižničarji svoje novo pridobljeno znanje prenašajo svojim uporabnikom (učencem, dijakom, študentom ter sodelavcem) oziroma so v koraku z novostmi ter trendi. Iz izkušenj po zaključenih izvedbah izobraževanj lahko trdimo, da šolski knjižničarji potrebujejo dodatna izobraževanja, z vse večjim poudarkom na digitalnih in IKT vsebinah. Po udeležbi na izobraževanjih v NUK so lahko v svoj strokovni prostor vpeljali nove strategije, nove načine dela in podajanja vsebin ter so ob tem razvijali določene strokovne kompetence. 574 Pomembno se nam zdi poudariti, da so bila izobraževanja izvedena na način, ki je omogočal, da so bile vsebine dostopne širšemu krogu potencialnih udeležencev, kar so v anketnem vprašalniku potrdili ter zapisali njihovi udeleženci. Vsi udeleženci so po zaključku opravili evalvacijo ter zapisali poročila. Nekateri izmed njih pa so napisali tudi strokovne članke na temo o spletnih aplikacijah, koraku s sodobno tehnologijo ter delu z aplikacijami. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Naloge, vizija, poslanstvo in vrednote NUK. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.nuk.uni-lj.si/nuk/poslanstvo# (3. 8. 2023) [2] Zakon o knjižničarstvu. 2015. Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO2442 (3. 8. 2023) [3] Marinšek, P. 2020. Mnenje knjižničarjev o e-izobraževanju. V Knjižničarske novice. Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-7FVZ2H9N (9. 8. 2023) [4] Škrlj, G. 2006. Management kadrovskih virov v knjižnici: izobraževanje in usposabljanje kadrov v visokošolskih knjižnicah Univerze v Ljubljani. G. Škrlj, Ljubljana [5] Etični kodeks slovenskih knjižničarjev. 1995. Dostopno na: https://www.zbds-zveza.si/daljsa-6/ (3. 8. 2023) [6] Uredba o osnovnih storitvah knjižnic. Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=URED2851 (3. 8. 2023) [7] Izobraževanje na daljavo NUK. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.nuk.uni-lj.si/izpostavljamo/izobrazevanje-na-daljavo (3. 8. 2023) [8] Spletna učilnica. Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.knjiznice.si/knjiznicarji/izobrazevanje/spletna-ucilnica/ (4. 8. 2023) [9] Zakon o organizaciji in financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja (ZOFVI). 2023. Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO445 (11. 8. 2023) [10] Fekonja, R. (ur.). (2014). Posodobitve pouka v osnovnošolski praksi: Knjižnično informacijsko znanje. Zavod RS za šolstvo. http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-ABAUB0ON/e946cb25- a2e9-4845-a248-cd7ec5f22e8c/PDF [11] Zakon o knjižničarstvu. 2015. Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO2442 (4. 8. 2023) [12] IFLA – Smernice za šolske knjižnice (2. dop. izd.). (2019). Zveza bibliotekarskih društev Slovenije. https://online.anyflip.com/hqule/hmdj/mobile/index.html (Original dela izdan v angleščini junija 2015) [13] Urbanec, A. 2022. Šolski knjižničar v koraku s sodobnimi tehnologijami. V Knjižničarske novice. Dostopno na naslovu: https://knjiznicarske- novice.si/solski-knjiznicar-v-koraku-s-sodobnimi-tehnologijami/ (10. 8. 2023) [14] Posodobitve pouka v osnovnošolski praksi. Knjižnično informacijsko znanje. 2014. Zavod RS za šolstvo, Ljubljana, Dostopno na naslovu: http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-ABAUB0ON (12. 8. 2023) 575 Pišek - pišče, ki rešitve išče: prenova portala Chicklet - chicken searching for solutions portal renovation Krištof Špenko Matija Lokar Ljubljana, Slovenija UL FMF, kristof.spenko@ijs.si Ljubljana, Slovenija Matija.Lokar@fmf.uni-lj.si POVZETEK Poleg postavitve samega sistema Pišek-Novi smo razvili tudi več orodij, kot je baza nalog s ključnimi podatki. V današnjem digitalnem svetu je algoritmičen način Razvoj teh se nadaljuje, saj smo razvili tudi prototip razmišljanja en od ključnih konceptov. Uspešno ga iskalnika nalog, namenjenega učiteljem za lažje iskanje razvijamo preko poučevanja programiranja. nalog za potrebe pouka ali priprav na tekmovanje. Za učenje programerskih veščin uporabljamo sisteme za KLJUČNE BESEDE samodejno preverjanje pravilnosti, preko katerih učenci dobijo takojšnjo povratno informacijo. Leta 2018 smo na programiranje z delčki, računalniška tekmovanja, učna Fakulteti za matematiko in fiziko Univerze v Ljubljani v gradiva, samodejno preverjanje pravilnosti sodelovanju s France-IOI pod okriljem ACM Slovenija razvili portal Pišek. Z njim smo želeli slovenskemu ABSTRACT šolskemu prostoru ponuditi okolje, kjer bi začetniki na enostaven način v slovenskem jeziku spoznavali prve In today's digital world, algorithmic thinking is one among korake programiranja. Ta je bil že od samega začetka basic concepts. We can successfully develop it through dobro sprejet med učenci in učitelji. teaching programming. Portal vsebuje zbirko nalog in hkrati služi kot okolje za izvajanje Tekmovanja v programiranju z delčki Pišek. Leta To acquire programming skills, we utilize systems for 2023 je bila v projektu ”S Piškom se učimo programirati” automatic correctness checking, providing students with zbirka osvežena s številnimi novimi nalogami. Prvotna immediate feedback. In 2018, in collaboration with verzija gostuje na strežniku v Franciji, in je zato vezana France-IOI and under the umbrella of ACM Slovenia, we na potrebe francoskih kolegov. Zato smo v sklopu developed the Pišek portal at the Faculty of Mathematics projekta “Sistem za samodejno preverjanje programerskih and Physics, University of Ljubljana. Its purpose was to nalog”, ki je potekal sočasno s prej omenjenim , postavili offer the Slovenian educational environment an easy nov portal Pišek – Novi, ki vsebuje številne novosti, kot je environment for beginners to learn the basics of na primer slovenskemu šolskemu sistemu prijazna Arnes programming in SLovene language. The portal was AAI prijava. well-received among students and teachers from the very Trenutno obstoječo alfa različico sistema, smo se, ob beginning. zaključku projekta, odločili odpreti za javnost, saj bo sčasoma postala edini sistem. Sistem trenutno vsebuje The portal contains a collection of exercises and also del ustrezno prirejenih in izboljšanih nalog ter vrsto novih, serves as a platform for the Pišek Competition in block ki jih na starem sistemu ni možno udejanjiti. Ob njihovem programming. In 2023, the collection was refreshed with nastanku so bili oblikovani novi grafični materiali in numerous new tasks within the "Learning to Program with pripravljena nova programska knjižnica. Pišek" project. The original version of the portal is hosted Novi sistem ima obogaten menijski sistem, ki vsebuje: on a server in France and is thus dependent on the needs of French colleagues. Therefore in a concurrent project ● Razdelek za mednarodno predstavitev kolegom “System for automatic assessment of programming iz tujine, za namene novih sodelovanj. tasks” , we set up the new Pišek – Novi portal introducing ● Razdelek namenjen italijanski in madžarski various innovations, including Arnes AAI (ARNES manjšini za lažje vključevanje tovrstnih šol v Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure) login, tekmovanje. ● Možnost vzpostavitve novih učnih poti, kjer tailored to the Slovenian education system. bodo učitelji in drugi uporabniki lahko predlagali in nato sami ustvarili izbore nalog. Upon concluding the project, we decided to make the ● Delitev nalog na osnovne programerske alpha version of the system available to the public, as it is koncepte za učenje temeljev programiranja. intended to become the central system. The new system includes a portion of exercises that were adapted and 576 improved, alongside new tasks that cannot be okolju, smo želeli slovenskim učencem omogočiti implemented on the old system. New graphic materials razvijanje računalniškega mišljenja in veščin were also designed, and a new software library was programiranja v maternem jeziku [6 - 8]. Portal služil kot developed. The new system features an enhanced menu zbirka nalog za usvajanje prvih korakov v algoritmično system that encompasses: razmišljanje in programiranje z delčki, ter kot okolje za izvajanje Tekmovanja v programiranju z delčki Pišek. ● A section for international presentation to colleagues from abroad, aimed at fostering new collaborations. ● A section dedicated to the Italian and Hungarian minorities, facilitating their involvement in competitions. ● The possibility of creating new learning paths, where teachers and users can suggest and develop task selections. ● Task categorization based on fundamental programming concepts to help learners grasp programming basics. In addition to setting up the Pišek-Novi system, we have developed several tools, including a task database with Slika 1: Portal sistema Pišek (https://pisek.acm.si) key data. Development of these tools is ongoing, including the prototype of a task search engine designed Portal omogoča razmeroma samostojno učenje in razvoj for teachers to easily find tasks for lessons or competition algoritmičnega mišljenja. V besedilih nalog se skrivajo preparation. miselni izzivi, ki jih učenci rešujejo z uporabo programskih konceptov. Pri tem uporabniki kode ne pišejo, ampak jo KEYWORDS sestavljajo s pomočjo slikovnih delčkov (kot pri sestavljanki puzzle (slika 2)). block based programming, programming competitions, learning materials, automatic assessment 1 ZAKAJ SISTEM PIŠEK Algoritmično mišljenje je pomembna kompetenca v informacijski družbi. Pot do njega preizkušeno vodi prek spoznavanja programskih konceptov. Te se v šoli žal redko poučujejo, izvenšolske iniciative pa dosegajo le omejen del populacije. Kritično tudi primanjkuje gradiv v slovenskem jeziku, za podporo pedagogov in Slika 2: Programiramo s sestavljanjem delčkov samoučenja. Osnove programiranja postajajo del pismenosti sodobnega človeka. Za krepitev poučevanja Dodatna prednost Piška je takojšnja povratna informacija, teh osnov v Sloveniji je potrebno pripraviti ustrezna orodja ki učence usmerja na poti do pravilne rešitve, učiteljem pa in učna gradiva, za lažje izobraževanje in dodatno olajša delo v prenapolnjenih učilnicah ter omogoča večjo motivacijo do učenja. Pri tem bi organizatorji izobraževanj individualizacijo pouka (slika 3). (primarno šole) potrebovale prijazen tehnični način priprave nalog. Pri poučevanju programiranja se učinkovito poslužujemo sistemov za samodejno preverjanje pravilnosti programskih rešitev. V ta namen smo že v sklopu prejšnjih aktivnosti razvili portal, ki smo ga poimenovali po njegovem glavnem junaku Pišku – Sistem Pišek, ki vsebuje obsežno zbirko nalog (slika 1). Portal Pišek [1] je nastal leta 2018 pod okriljem ACM Slovenija (http://www.acm.si/) in UL Fakultete za matematiko in fiziko Univerze v Ljubljani (http://www.fmf.uni-lj.si/) v sodelovanju s France-IOI Slika 3: Takojšnja povratna informacija (http://www.france-ioi.org/) [3]. Sistem Pišek je svojo nepričakovano veliko uporabo Z uporabo sistema Pišek, ki je v celoti v slovenskem dosegel tudi v času pandemije COVID19. Številni učitelji jeziku, z vsebinami, ki so prilagojene našemu učnemu so nam poročali o primernosti uporabe sistema pri 577 poučevanju na daljavo. Že do sedaj se je sistem Pišek, ki splošno osvežitev in prenovo. S projektom smo se zato v omogoča samodejno preverjanje pravilnosti zastavljenih dobršni meri posvetili ravno skrbnemu pregledu programerskih nalog uporabljal za dva osnovna namena: obstoječih nalog ter njihovi predelavi in poenotenju. Poenotili in posodobili smo tako uporabniški vmesnik ● kot platforma za izvedbo Tekmovanja v nalog, kot njihovo strukturo in grafično podobo. programiranju z delčki Pišek, ● kot zbirka nalog in sistem s samodejnim preverjanjem pravilnosti rešitev. 3. REZULTATI PRENOVE Portal uporabe spletnih tehnologij omogoča učenje povsod in s tem prispeva k premagovanju digitalne 3.1 Novi portal ločnice (]6 - 8]. Glavni rezultat portala je zagotovo postavitev novega sistema Pišek na strežnikih, ki jih upravljamo v sklopu 2 PRENOVA SISTEMA PIŠEK ACM Slovenija in so postavljeni pri nas. Sama postavitev je temeljila na javno, preko GitHub-a dostopnih Prvotna verzija sistema Pišek (https://pisek.acm.si/) [1] repozitorijev programske kode [4 - 5]. Tudi naša gostuje na francoskem strežniku, zaradi česar je njegov implementacija je trenutno na voljo na GitHub repozitoriju razvoj omejen na potrebe naših mednarodnih kolegov. (https://github.com/SmidMarko/Pisek) [3]. Čeprav sistem zanesljivo deluje, smo želeli pri nadaljnjem razvoju imeti bolj proste roke. 3.2 Osvežitev sklopa nalog Med izvedbo tekmovanj 1. in 2. šolsko Tekmovanje v Eden od glavni ciljev prenove je bila osvežitev sklopa programiranju z delčki Pišek je Programski Svet nalog na Sistemu Pišek. Na sistemu (http://pisek.acm.si) tekmovanja Pišek med mentorji izvedel anketo glede smo tako pregledali in popravili številne že obstoječe želenih funkcionalnosti sistema. Prav tako smo izvedli več naloge in dodali vrsto novih (slika 5). usmerjenih intervjujev z učitelji, ki so bili med najbolj aktivnimi uporabniki sistema in so bili pripravljeni sodelovati. Rezultate ankete smo uporabili kot izhodišče glede pričakovanj in želja o portalu kot učnem orodju. Na podlagi analize ankete smo si za enega glavnih ciljev zadali postavitev svojega strežnika Pišek – Novi (https://pisek-novi.acm.si) [2] z novostmi, kot so AAI prijava (slika 4). Ta bo omogočala lažjo uporabo v slovenskem šolskem prostoru, saj ima večina slovenskih učencev že ustrezna uporabniška imena. Slika 5: Nove zgodbe Glede na pridobljene povratne informacije s strani uporabnikov (predvsem od učiteljev), smo veliko nalog, ki so bile »večstopenjske« razdelili na več posameznih nalog (v primerih s slike 6 na tri). Namreč pokazalo se je, da je pogosto določena stopnja primerna za neko ciljno skupino, za katero pa druga stopnja ni primerna, in podobno. Zato je bolj smiselno, da so stopnje ločene na posamezne naloge. Pri tem smo morali seveda prilagoditi vsebino nalog. Slika 4: Pišek - Novi Nov strežnik je testna platforma za nove prijeme in nove naloge. Ob zaključku projekta smo sistem odprli za javnost, saj bo sčasoma postal glavni in edini sistem. Slika 6: Naloga z več stopnjami Sistem trenutno vsebuje del ustrezno prirejenih in izboljšanih nalog s starega Piška ter vrsto novih nalog, ki 3.3 Nove učne poti jih na starem sistemu ni bilo možno implementirati. S samostojnim strežnikom smo pridobili možnost priprave učnih poti za različne izobraževalne potrebe. Tako bi Poleg novega sistema so tekom projekta nastale nove lahko učitelj zasnovali sklop nalog, ki se ukvarja le z funkcionalnosti sistema, kot so zasnova baze podatkov, osnovnimi koncepti, kot so premik naprej, zasuk levo, iskalnik nalog in še več drugih orodij. zasuk desno. V ta namen smo v tem trenutku že Pokazalo se je tudi, da je obstoječih nalog na starem predvideli dva tovrstna vnosa v menijskem sistemu. sistemu premalo, določene naloge pa je bilo potrebno konceptualno dodelati, prav tako pa so potrebovale 578 Vzpostavitev nove učne poti torej zahteva sodelovanje Pri tem smo izhajali tudi iz tega, da bomo namesto učiteljev in upravljavcev sistema. V prihodnosti različnih uporabniških vmesnikov, uporabljali poenoteni načrtujemo, da bodo uporabniki, registrirani kot učitelji, vmesnik. imeli možnost samostojne priprave novih učnih poti (slika 7). 3.6 Zasnova baze Število nalog, ki so vključene v zbirko, raste. Vedno bolj je potrebno, da so naloge ustrezno opisane (težavnost, uporabljeni programski koncepti, tip naloge, uporaba programskih vzorcev, … ). Zato je bilo nujno zasnovati bazo, ki bo hranila vse te podatke. Ustrezno modeliranje in razvoj ustreznih programov je naloga, ki bi zahtevala samostojen projekt take ali večje obsežnosti. Zato smo se v sklopu prenove osredotočili na razvoj prototipa in Slika 7: Možnost dodajanj novih učnih poti zasnove, ki bo v nadaljevanju služila za končno bazo (slika 10). 3.4 Delitev na koncepte Na podlagi ankete smo ugotovili, da si učitelji želijo, da bi same naloge bolj podrobno razvrstili glede na v nalogi uporabljene programske koncepte (slika 8). S postavitvijo novega strežnika in s tem dostopom do celotnega menijskega sistema smo to možnost pridobili. Trenutno je le manjši del nalog razvrščen glede na koncepte, saj je samo razporejanje presegalo tako časovne zmožnosti projekta, kot tudi samo znanje sodelujočih študentov. Ustrezna delitev je namreč odvisna od didaktičnih izkušenj, ki pa jih, še posebej, ko k projektu zaradi različnih okoliščin nismo mogli pridobiti študentov višjih letnikov pedagoških smeri z vsaj nekaj tovrstnimi izkušnjami, sodelujoči niso imeli. Slika 10: Del sheme baze Izdelali smo program, ki iz zbirke nalog shranjenih na Git repozitoriju, zbere podatke o nalogah in jih shrani v .csv datoteko, ki je osnova za bazo nalog. 3.7 Iskalnik Ustvarili smo nekaj prototipov novega iskalnika nalog Slika 8: Shema delitve na programske koncepte (slika 11). Ta naj bi najprej omogočal, da učitelj pridobi seznam spletnih naslovov za naloge z obeh platform 3.5 Prenovljena programska knjižnica (https://pisek-novi.acm.si/sl in https://pisek.acm.si/ (slika Nastala je nova knjižnica programskih gradnikov (v 12)). Kot ena od možnih razvojnih točk novega portala je JavaScriptu, z navezavo na Blockly (slika 9)), ki bo v svoji tudi to, da bi iskalnik vgradili v sam portal, ter ga povezali polni meri zaživela na Novem Pišku. z ustvarjanjem novih učnih poti. Slika 11: Prototip Iskalnika nalog Slika 9: GitHub z novo knjižnico 579 3.9 Priprava grafičnih predlog za Tekmovanje v programiranju z delčki Pišek Prav tako so v okviru prenove nastale predloge za plakate za vabilo na Tekmovanje v programiranju z delčki, diplome, shematska predstavitev tekmovanj ACM Slovenija, med katere spada tudi Pišek (slika 16). Slika 12: Rezultati iskalnika nalog 3.8 Nadgradnja grafične podobe Na osnovi povratnih informacij učencev in dijakov, glavnih uporabnikov sistema Pišek, smo v sklopu projekta precej pozornosti posvetili pripravi novih grafičnih elementov (slika 13). Slika 16: Osnutek plakata in vzorčno priznanje za tekmovalce 3.9.1 Promocijski Video V času projekta je potekalo 2. šolsko tekmovanje v programiranju z delčki Pišek, kar smo izkoristili, da smo na nekaj sodelujočih šolah posneli samo izvedbo. Te posnetke bomo kasneje uporabili za promocijo. Prav tako Slika 13: Grafični element smo na Tik Tok objavili video, ki je promoviral sam portal (slika 17). Študenti so pri izdelavi grafične podobe izkazali veliko zagona in pripravili tako njene zasnove kot tudi kasneje njeno realizacijo (slika 14). Slika 17: Slikovno gradivo za promocijski video 3.9.1 Nova orodja za delo s sistemom Pišek V sklopu projekta je bilo razvitih tudi več “pomožnih programov”, ki bodo omogočali lažjo izvedbo Tekmovanja v programiranju z delčki Pišek. Tega se je v š.l. 2022/23 Slika 14: Idejna zasnova grafičnih elementov udeležilo preko 4000 učencev in dijakov osnovnih in srednjih šol. Zasnova je omogočila, da so sodelavci na projektu skupaj izbrali najbolj priljubljene različice grafične podobe. Pri spremembah je lahko prišlo kar do bistvenih razlik. Spoznali smo, da lahko videz posameznih elementov vpliva na težavnost naloge. Tako je naloga, kjer so kvadratki mreže podani implicitno, predvsem za začetnike precej težja od naloge z narisano mrežo (slika 15). Slika 18: Sestavljalnik nalog Upamo, da bodo razvita orodja bistveno pomagala pri izvedbi tekmovanj. Orodja so namenjena tudi mentorjem, učiteljem in samim udeležencem tekmovanja pri pripravi na tekmovanje, spremljanju rezultatov in drugemu. Med njimi bi še posebej omenili prototip programa, ki bo omogočal sestavljanje predlog za nove naloge brez potrebe po tehnični seznanjenosti z realizacijo naloge Slika 15: Osvežitev grafične podobe 580 (slika 18). S tem bomo omogočili, da bodo učitelji, ki že izkušenj. Sistem Pišek in z njim povezano Tekmovanje v sedaj množično uporabljajo Sistem Pišek kot učno programiranju z delčki Pišek pa sta bila obogatena z sredstvo, sodelovali pri pripravljanju in predlaganju novih obilico novih vsebin in dodatnih funkcionalnosti, ki bodo nalog. uporabne pri uvajanju začetnikov v svet programiranja in pri izvedbi samega tekmovanja. 3.10 Mednarodna vpetost 5 ZAHVALA S postavitvijo svojega strežnika smo dobili tudi možnost za vzpostavitev novega, obogatenega menijskega Prenova portala Pišek je deloma potekala v okviru sistema. Tako smo lahko dodali razdelke za: projekta S Piškom se učimo programirati in v okviru projekta Sistem za samodejno preverjanje ● mednarodno predstavitev, ki bo Sistem Pišek programerskih nalog na podlagi javnega razpisa predstavil tudi kolegom iz tujine in jih na ta način "Projektno delo za pridobitev praktičnih izkušenj in znanj povabil k sodelovanju, študentov v delovnem okolju 2022/2023" v okviru ● za italijansko in madžarsko manjšino, ki bo Operativnega programa za izvajanje Evropske kohezijske omogočal lažje vključevanje tovrstnih šol v politike v obdobju 2014–2020. Projekta sta sofinancirala tekmovanje. Republika Slovenija in Evropska unija iz Evropskega socialnega sklada (slika 20). Za res aktivno sodelovanje Pripravili smo tudi sklop nalog v angleškem jeziku, ki bodo pri prenovi se zahvaljujemo Mihi Cirmanu s podjetja služile kot primeri za vzpostavitev mednarodnega CodeBrainer, dr. Andreju Brodniku z Univerze v Ljubljani sodelovanja (slika 19). Pri tem smo želeli doseči, da so ter Marku Šmidu in dr. Tomažu Kosarju iz Univerze v naloge res popolnoma enake. Končni cilj pri razvoju je Mariboru. priprava sistema, ki bi omogočal (kot. npr. Scratch) preklopa nalog v izbrani jezik uporabnika (kar med drugim pomeni poleg prevoda besedil tudi preimenovanje napisov na delčkih, obvestil …). Slika 20: Sofinancerji projekta LITERATURA IN VIRI 1. Razvojna skupina Pišek, Portal Pišek, dostopno na naslovu https://pisek.acm.si, (17. 8. 2023) 2. Razvojna skupina Pišek, Portal Pišek-Novi, dostopno na naslovu https://pisek-novi.acm.si/, (17. 8. 2023) 3. France IO, Algorea, izvorna koda, dostopno na naslovu https://github.com/France-ioi/AlgoreaPlatform (17. 8. 2023) 4. Razvojna skupina Pišek, Novi Pišek, izvorna koda, dostopno na naslovu https://github.com/SmidMarko/Pisek, (17. 8. 2023) 5. Razvojna skupina Pišek, Novi Pišek - vsebina, izvorna koda, dostopno na naslovu https://github.com/PisekACMsi/noviPisek-github, (17. 8. 2023) 6. Matija Lokar, Maja Mujkić, Računalniško tekmovanje Pišek - oblika vzpodbujanja učenja programiranja za vse. Slika 19: Razdelek za mednarodno sodelovanje Uporabna informatika. 2021, letn. 29, št. 1, str. 3-15. 7. Matija Lokar, Maja Mujkić. ACM Tekmovanja - Pišek, tekmovanje v programiranju z delčki. V: RAJKOVIČ, Uroš (ur.), BATAGELJ, 4 ZAKLJUČEK Borut (ur.). Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi = Education in Information Society : 9. oktober 2020, 9 October Za učna gradiva velja, da niso nikoli dokončana. Želimo 2020, Ljubljana, Slovenia : Informacijska družba - IS 2020 = si, da bi v prispevku opisana gradiva in orodja nenehno Information Society - IS 2020 : zbornik 23. mednarodne multikonference = proceedings of the 23rd international razvijali, dodajali nove naloge in s tem nadgrajevali multiconference : zvezek G = volume G. Ljubljana: Institut "Jožef uporabniško izkušnjo. Med samim projektom prenove Stefan", 2020. str. 132-137. smo poleg idej, ki so izhajale iz pridobljenih izkušenj, http://library.ijs.si/Stacks/Proceedings/InformationSociety/2020/IS izvedene ankete in intervjujev, dobili številne ideje, kako 2020_Volume_G%20-%20VIVID.pdf. 8. Matija Lokar, Pišek - Programming with Blocks obogatiti naloge in jim dodati še več interaktivnosti. Tudi Competition : a new Slovenian Programming idej za dodatne naloge ni zmanjkalo, a smo se zaradi Competition. V: KORI, Külli (ur.), LAANPERE, Mart (ur.). časovnih omejitev omejili na obstoječ nabor. Proceedings of the International Conference on Informatics in School: Situation, Evaluation and Projekt prenove se je zaključil z izjemno pozitivnimi Perspectives, Tallinn, Estonia, November 16-18, 2020. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2755/paper1.pdf. rezultati. Sodelujoči študenti so pridobili veliko koristnih 581 Računalniški program MuseScore pri pouku glasbene umetnosti * Comupter Program MuseScore in Music Class Mitja Vaupotič † OŠ n. h. Maksa Pečarja Ljubljana, Slovenija mitja.vaupotic@osmp.si POVZETEK start using musical notes to perform and write music. Up to the sixth-grade, students learn about the general note forms and the Pri pouku glasbene umetnosti je poleg ostalih glasbenih musical alphabet. At the same time, they combine them into dejavnosti vseskozi prisotna težnja po izvajanju in zapisovanju meaningful pieces and start creating their first compositions. glasbe. V mlajših razredih glasbo zapisujejo s simboli in jo po Students are relatively successful when writing musical notes but navodilih le-teh tudi izvajajo, v višjih razredih pa učenci za have trouble connecting written parts with the sound, which zapisovanje in izvajanje glasbe postopoma začnejo uporabljati results in them being unable to perform what they have written note. Učenci do 6. razreda spoznajo osnovne notne vrednosti in down and vice versa. This problem is hard to fix for some tonsko abecedo, hkrati pa jih že povezujejo v smiselne dele in students despite doing many exercises, which include performing nastajajo prve skladbe. Pri zapisovanju not so otroci relativno and writing. Information and communication technology has uspešni, medtem ko pa jim manjka povezava med zapisom in become more accessible than ever before and is a valuable tool zvokom, kar se kaže v tem, da zapisanega ne znajo izvajati ali in the educational process. Therefore, musical notation can today obratno. Omenjen problem pri nekaterih učencih težko be made with different computer programs, which also perform odpravimo kljub temu, da naredimo veliko vaj, ki vsebujejo the written notes. With the sixth-grade students, we used a freely izvajanje in zapisovanje. Ker je postala informacijsko- available program MuseScore to write down music during music komunikacijska tehnologija dostopnejša kot kadarkoli prej in je classes. With the help of the program, students were training their pomemben pripomoček v vzgojno izobraževalnem procesu, knowledge of musical notation and its sound picture. lahko danes notne zapise naredimo z različnimi računalniškimi Furthermore, they have spent an exciting hour in the computer programi, ki zapisane note tudi izvajajo. Pri pouku glasbene room with the help of modern technology. MuseScore spikes umetnosti smo z učenci 6. razredov za zapisovanje glasbe interest in students and it, like other similar programs, brings uporabili prosto dostopni program MuseScore. Z njegovo added value when teaching students about the connection pomočjo so učenci urili svoje znanje o notnem zapisu in njegovi between musical notation and performance. This type of work zvočni sliki, hkrati pa so preživeli zanimivo uro v računalniški with a computer program is perfect, and it proves that the učilnici ob uporabi sodobne tehnologije. Program MuseScore je educational system needs to be combined with modern za otroke zanimiv in, tako kot drugi podobni programi, technology because of its positive effects. predstavlja dodano vrednost pri poučevanju povezovanja glasbenega zapisa z izvajanjem. Takšen način dela z OPTIONAL: KEYWORDS računalniškim programom je odličen in dokazuje, da je potrebno v vzgojno izobraževalni proces uvajati sodobno tehnologijo, saj Music class, musical notation, MuseScore ima pozitivne učinke. KLJUČNE BESEDE 1 UVOD Orientiranje v grafično-slikovnem in notnem zapisu je eden Glasbena umetnost, notni zapis, MuseScore izmed standardov v učnem načrtu za glasbeno umetnost v ABSTRACT osnovni šoli [1]. Poznavanje notnega zapisa in njegova uporaba je torej ena od pomembnejših tem pri pouku. Delovni zvezek za Beside other musical activities, a tendency to perform and write glasbeno umetnost v 6. razredu [2] ponuja nekaj vaj, kar pa ne music is present throughout music classes. In the younger grades, zadostuje za temeljito utrjevanje zapisa in njegovo uporabo. music is written with symbols and performed by following their Kadar otroci naredijo zapis v zvezek, je to šele del naloge, saj instructions, whereas in the higher grades, students gradually stremimo tudi k izvajanju zapisanega, pri čemer se osredotočamo ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note predvsem na ritem. Pri omenjenih dejavnostih sem opazil †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note konstantne težave, zato sem skušal to odpraviti na inovativen Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or način s pomočjo medpredmetne povezave med glasbo in classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed računalništvom. for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Tovrstna metoda dela ima veliko pozitivnih učinkov, predvsem Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). pa je pri takšnem pouku motivacija otrok za učenje večja in na ta 582 način učenci pridobijo več poglobljenega znanja [3]. Zato sem glasbeno opismenjevanje povezal z računalništvom in uporabo programov, ki izvajajo zapisane note. Eden od takih računalniških programov za zapisovanje glasbe je program MuseScore, ki je prosto dostopen na spletu [4]. Lahko ga uporabljajo tako otroci s šibkim glasbenim znanjem kot otroci, ki obiskujejo glasbeno šolo in so vešči notnega zapisa. 2 PROGRAM MUSESCORE Slika 3: Izpolnjeni takti, ki jih lahko spreminjamo Program MuseScore je ob uporabi osnovnih funkcij enostaven in nezahteven. Pred zapisovanjem skladbe je na izbiro cela paleta glasbil (Slika 1), za katere želimo zapisati skladbo. Glasbila so 2.1 Musescore pri pouku sistematično urejena in z nekaj kliki najdemo vsa glasbila, ki jih Preden sem učencem predstavil program MuseScore, smo lahko slišimo v simfoničnem orkestru ter večino ostalih glasbil, ponovili notne vrednosti in tonsko abecedo. Nadalje smo ki jih poznamo. nekoliko več pozornosti namenili taktovskim načinom, saj v programu ni mogoče pisati brez poznavanja le tega. Pri vsakem utrjevanju smo zapisano glasbo tudi izvajali. Delo s programom sem razdelil na dve uri, in sicer na spoznavalno uro programa, v kateri smo utrjevali notne vrednosti in na nadaljevalno delo, pri katerem smo notnim vrednostim dodali tonsko abecedo. Vsako izmed teh dveh ur smo enako pozornost namenili tako zapisu kot izvajanju glasbe. 2.2 Spoznavanje s programom musescore V prvi uri dela s programom je bilo potrebno najprej otrokom razložiti osnovne funkcije in način zapisovanja not. Osredotočili smo se samo na notne vrednosti brez tonske višine. Slika 1: Izbira glasbil Uporabili smo štiričetrtinski taktovski način, ki je relativno Po izbiri glasbila je potrebno določiti vse ostale značilnosti enostaven in dovoljuje nekaj več variiranja z notnimi glasbenega zapisa (Slika 2), ki jih je mogoče kasneje med vrednostmi. Najprej smo ustvarili dva takta, ki sta si podobna, a zapisovanjem skladbe poljubno spreminjati. Program po kljub vsemu so morali otroci v drugem taktu spremeniti notne predlogi ponuja nekaj rešitev, sami pa moramo dopisati naslov vrednosti. Ker to ni predstavljalo večjih težav, sem v naslednjih skladbe, podnaslov, skladatelja, besedilopisca in nosilca dveh taktih nekoliko otežil zapis, saj so morali uporabiti tudi avtorskih pravic. pavzo. V prvih štirih taktih, ki so jih ritmično izpolnili po navodilih (Slika 4), so spoznali osnovni princip zapisovanja not, zadnje takte pa so lahko izpolnili sami. Pri samostojnem delu sem določil nekaj smernic, in sicer: • učenec uporablja notne vrednosti, ki se nahajajo v prvih štirih taktih, • učenec znati pravilno izvajati glasbeni zapis, ki ga je zapisal. Slika 2: Izbira glasbenih značilnosti in naslovne informacije Nenavaden zapis, ki bi bil nesmiseln in posledično težko izvedljiv, bi lahko nakazoval na otrokovo neznanje obravnavane Po opisanem začetnem koraku, lahko pričnemo z zapisovanjem snovi. Otroci, ki obiskujejo glasbeno šolo, so bili pri nalogi skladbe, in sicer tako, da najprej določimo notno vrednost in šele uspešnejši in so ustvarili nekoliko bolj kompleksne skladbe, ki nato tonsko višino. Program že v naprej izpolni vse takte s so jih tudi pravilno izvajali. Pri izvajanju taktov so si lahko pavzami (Slika 3), ki jih je potrebno pri delu neprestano poljubno pomagali s programom. Če je bilo njihovo izvajanje enako kot spreminjati ali pa po želji pustiti. izvajanje programa, je pomenilo, da so pravilno izvajali ritem. Če se je izvajanje razlikovalo, so se lahko, po metodi odmeva, s Musescore predvaja napisano glasbo in tako lahko preverimo, ali pomočjo programa naučili pravilno izvajati ritem ali pa so se notni zapis sklada z našimi glasbenimi idejami. Ob koncu potrebovali pomoč učitelja. imamo, podobno kot pri ostalih programih, možnost shraniti dokument na različne medije in tudi izvoziti skladbo v drugih formatih. Zahtevnejši uporabniki bodo našli še mnogo možnosti, ki pa so za našo stopnjo izobraževanja prezahtevne. 583 LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] predmetna komisija Ada Holcar ... [et al.], „MIZŠ UČNI načrt. Glasbena vzgoja,“ Ljubljana 2011. [Elektronski]. Available: https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna- sola/Ucni-nacrti/obvezni/UN_glasbena_vzgoja.pdf. [Poskus dostopa 6. 8. 2023]. [2] A. Pesek, Glasba 6, Mladinska knjiga Založba, 2017. [3] K. Gruden, „Medpredmetne povezave in njihova realizacija v glasbeni šoli : magistrsko delo, Ljubljana, Univerza v Ljubljani, Akademija za glasbo, Oddelek za glasbeno pedagogiko,“ 2019. [Elektronski]. Available: https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=145824. [Poskus dostopa 8. 8. 2023]. [4] MuseScore. [Elektronski]. Available: https://musescore.com/. [Poskus dostopa 7. 8. 2023]. Slika 4: Izpolnjeni takti po mojih navodilih 2.3 MuseScore in zapisovanje tonskih višin Med prvo in drugo uro dela s programom MuseScore je bilo nekaj tednov premora. Zanj sem se odločil, saj sem po prvih pozitivnih odzivih upal, da si bodo otroci namestili program na domači računalnik, hkrati pa smo med tem časom snov še dodatno utrdili. Moja predvidevanja so bila pravilna, saj je kar nekaj otrok program uporabljalo doma in ti otroci so bili v drugi uri uspešnejši od sovrstnikov, ki tega programa niso imeli doma. V drugi uri sem otrokom pripravil dve skladbi, ki so ju morali prepisati v program. Vsebovali sta različne notne vrednosti ter različne tonske višine (Slika 5). Ker so otroci program že poznali, niso imeli večjih težav pri tej nalogi. Hitrejšim in tistim z več znanja sem dodatno pripravil nekoliko kompleksnejše notno gradivo. Če so se jim pri delu pojavili problemi, sem jih pustil, da sami skušajo najti rešitve in na ta način samostojno raziskujejo MuseScore. Podobno kot v prvi uri so tudi tokrat otroci izvajali napisani skladbi, vendar smo se ponovno osredotočili samo na ritem in ne na melodijo. Slika 5: Skladba, ki so jo morali učenci prepisat 3 ZAKLJUČEK Učenci so z navdušenjem sprejeli pouk glasbene umetnosti v računalniški učilnici. S pomočjo sodobne tehnologije so se na inovativen način učili ali pa samo preprosto utrjevali že znano snov. Ob delu s programom MuseScore učenci niso imeli večjih težav in so bili pri nalogah uspešni tako učno šibkejši kot tisti z veliko glasbenega znanja. Delo v učilnici računalništva se je obrestovalo, saj so bili otroci kasneje ob podobnih nalogah, v katerih je bilo potrebno skladbo zapisati in jo nato izvajati, bistveno bolj uspešni. Povezava med zapisanim in izvajanim je tako otrokom postala bolj jasna. Učitelj, ki otrokom predstavlja takšen ali podoben program, se mora najprej sam z njim dobro spoznati, saj se otroci zelo hitro učijo in lahko presežejo načrtovane cilje. Takrat je potrebno otroke voditi v njihovem odkrivanju novega in jim pomagati z lastnimi izkušnjami. Menim, da so MuseScore in drugi sodobni učni pripomočki pomembni pri pedagoškem delu in ga bom v prihodnje uporabljal kot sredstvo za izboljšanje učnih dosežkov. 584 Uporaba opreme Vernier v eksperimentih pri pouku fizike Using Vernier Equipment in Experiments at Physics Lessons Sebastjan Zamuda Gimnazija Bežigrad Ljubljana, Slovenija sebastjan.zamuda@gimb.org POVZETEK Običajno učitelji na konferencah predstavijo eno metodo, eno 1 UVOD orodje ali en pristop, ki so ga uporabili pri pouku. Namen tega Pri pouku fizike v gimnaziji igrata pomembno vlogo motivacija prispevka je podati širši pregled uporabe računalniško podprtih dijakov in razumevanje snovi. IKT lahko učitelju pomaga na meritev z opremo podjetja Vernier na podlagi 20 let izkušenj obeh področjih. Učitelji se uporabe nove opreme ali novega poučevanja fizike v gimnaziji. V prispevku so predstavljeni pristopa k poučevanju pogosto lotimo v želji, da bi dijaki snov oprema, primeri demonstracijskih eksperimentov in primeri razumeli bolje. Veliko dijakov bo bolje motiviranih za delo že v laboratorijskih vaj. Primerom so dodani komentarji, ki lahko primeru, če vidijo novo opremo. Na drugi strani se mora učitelj učiteljem pomagajo izbrati primerne poskuse in metode ter se na zavedati tudi izzivov pri uporabi IKT. ta način izognejo marsikateri težavi, na katero naletimo ob prvi Nekatere dijake ob pogledu na novo opremo skrbi, da je ne uporabi opreme. Čeprav so predstavljeni predvsem primeri iz bodo znali uporabljati ali da jo bodo uničili. Pomembno je, da poučevanja fizike v gimnaziji, lahko zaradi dodanih komentarjev take strahove čim prej pomirimo in da dijaki v kratkem času služijo tudi kot dobra osnova za pripravo eksperimentov pri vidijo, da je uporaba opreme (večinoma) enostavna in jim poučevanju vseh naravoslovnih predmetov v osnovni in srednji pomaga pri učenju novih vsebin. Pri uporabi IKT pri pouku šoli. Učitelji začetniki lahko v prispevku najdejo veliko idej za moramo biti pozorni na to, da uporaba tehnologije ne postane zanimive učne ure, zagotovo pa bodo tudi izkušeni učitelji našli sama sebi namen, temveč jo uporabimo le pri temah, kjer je to uporabne ideje in komentarje glede tega, kateri pristopi so se v smiselno. Praviloma učitelj ob prvi izvedbi novega pristopa kljub praksi izkazali za dobre. dobri pripravi naredi več napak, ki jih potem ob upoštevanju odzivov dijakov pri naslednjih izvedbah odpravi. V nadaljevanju KLJUČNE BESEDE bom predstavil več primerov uporabe računalniško podprtih Pouk fizike, naravoslovje, IKT, eksperiment, Vernier. meritev z opremo Vernier, ob katerih bom dodal tudi svoje ugotovitve, za katere si želim, da bi učiteljem pomagali pri ABSTRACT pripravi in izvedbi eksperimentov. At conferences, teachers usually present one method, one tool or one approach they have used in class. The aim of this paper is to give a broad overview of the use of computer-based 2 PREDSTAVITEV OPREME VERNIER measurements with Vernier equipment, based on 20 years of Pouk fizike lahko popestrimo z računalniško podprtimi experience in teaching physics in a secondary school. The paper eksperimenti. Izvedba eksperimentov je najbolj učinkovita, če presents the equipment, examples of demonstration experiments imamo na šoli vso opremo istega proizvajalca. V svetovnem and examples of lab work. The examples are accompanied by merilu sta največji podjetji, ki ponujata senzorje in programsko comments that can help teachers to choose appropriate opremo za šole, Vernier in Pasco. V Sloveniji je zlasti v srednjih experiments and methods and thus avoid many of the problems šolah najbolj zastopana oprema podjetja Vernier [1]. Slovenski encountered when using the equipment for the first time. učitelji lahko dobimo več informacij in cenik pri podjetju Although the examples are mainly from teaching physics in Romiks, ki zastopa Vernier v Sloveniji [2]. Načeloma lahko na secondary school, due to the additional comments they can be obeh spletnih straneh najdemo vse informacije o opremi, v praksi used as a good base for preparing experiments at all subjects in pa se seveda izkaže, da je veliko podrobnosti, ki jih lahko science education in primary and secondary school. Less odkrijemo le sami ali nam jih posredujejo izkušeni učitelji. experienced teachers will find many ideas for interesting lessons Vsekakor pa sta obe spletni strani dober vir idej za eksperimente. in the paper while experienced teachers will also find useful ideas Na voljo so brezplačni video posnetki in webinarji kot tudi and comments on which approaches have worked well in practice. plačljive klasične in elektronske knjige z navodili za izvedbo eksperimentov (v angleščini). KEYWORDS O uporabi opreme Vernier pri pouku je bilo na različnih Physics lessons, science, ICT, experiment, Vernier. konferencah in drugih dogodkih predstavljenih veliko prispevkov. V večini primerov je predstavljen le en primer uporabe izbranega senzorja ali prikaz kvečjemu enega eksperimenta z več senzorji. Na ta način sem kot soavtor 585 sodeloval pri prispevku o uporabi merilnika sile pri analizi skoka, Graphical Analysis na pametnem telefonu ali prek vmesnika ki ga opisujem kasneje. Ob pripravi tistega prispevka sem se LabQuest 3. Mnogo učiteljev je navdušenih nad njihovo pogovarjal z mnogimi učitelji fizike v osnovni in srednji šoli. uporabo, saj dijaki podatke s senzorjev shranjujejo direktno na Presenetilo me je, kako velike so bile razlike med opremljenostjo svoj telefon, na katerega predhodno namestijo aplikacijo in pogostostjo uporabe vmesnikov in senzorjev Vernier, čeprav Graphical Analysis. Osnovna verzija te aplikacije je na voljo so vse srednje šole od ministrstva prek razpisa na nivoju brezplačno, napredna pa je plačljiva. Po potrebi lahko senzorje Slovenije prejele enako opremo. Med takratno predstavitvijo sem GoDirect prek USB kabla povežemo z računalnikom, na katerem omenil, da bi si lahko tovrstno opremo med seboj posojali učitelji uporabljamo aplikacijo Graphical Analysis, a se pri tem izgubi z različnih šol. Po predstavitvi me je ena od učiteljic iz osnovne glavni namen teh senzorjev – brezžična povezava. šole vprašala, ali sem to mislil resno. Dogovorila sva se, da sem ji opremo, ki sem jo predstavil v prispevku, čez nekaj tednov posodil za naravoslovni dan, ki so ga izvedli na šoli. Vsekakor si želim, da bi predstavitve prispevkov na konferencah večkrat imele za posledico take pogovore ter izmenjave opreme in idej. Ker so se v zadnjih letih reči glede opreme Vernier precej spremenile, je smiselna primerjava opreme v začetku uporabe v slovenskih šolah in danes. Leta 2013, v času pisanja prispevka o merjenju sile pri skoku, so pri podjetju Vernier ponujali en računalniški vmesnik (LabPro), ki smo ga priključili na računalnik. Na vmesnik LabPro smo priključili različne senzorje (za silo, tlak, razdaljo in drugo). Meritve smo izvajali s programom Logger Pro na računalniku. Vmesnik LabPro so kasneje zamenjali z vmesnikom LabQuest Mini, ki ga še vedno prek USB kabla priključimo na računalnik. Na LabQuest Mini lahko prek kablov priključimo 3 analogne in 2 digitalna senzorja. Več o vrstah senzorjev sledi v nadaljevanju. Zlasti za delo na terenu, izven učilnice, je pogosto uporaben Slika 1: Primer poskusa z opremo Vernier (Boylov zakon) vmesnik LabQuest 3, na katerega lahko poleg 3 analognih in 2 digitalnih priključimo senzorje še na druge načine (Go Direct, Kljub različnim možnostim, ki so danes na voljo, sam zaradi prek USB, brezžično in vgrajena senzorja). Ena od prednosti visoke zanesljivosti pri pouku še vedno najraje posežem po LabQuest 3 je, da ne potrebujemo osebnega računalnika, saj senzorjih, ki so na vmesnik in zatem na računalnik povezani s vsebuje mini računalnik in zaslon, ki je občutljiv na dotik. kablom (Slika 1). Pri uporabi bluetootha ali drugih brezžičnih Njegova slabost v primerjavi z uporabo vmesnika LabQuest Mini načinov prenosa podatkov se občasno pojavijo težave, zlasti pri in računalnika je v tem, da je njegov zaslon manjši, programska povezovanju naprav, na primer pri povezavi pametnega telefona oprema pa ponuja veliko manj orodij za obdelavo podatkov kot in senzorja. Pri tem je največja težava to, da ne vemo, kdaj in v v programu Logger Pro na računalniku. Pri uporabi LabQuest 3 katerem primeru se bodo pojavile težave. Včasih se zgodi, da se je najbolj smiselno, da podatke shranjujemo direktno na USB senzor preprosto ne poveže z določenimi vrstami telefonov. Če ključek, ki ga vstavimo v vmesnik. Kasnejši prenos podatkov iz se težave pojavijo pri več dijakih, to močno zmoti potek učne ure. vmesnika na USB ključek ali računalnik je zaradi nerodnega Pri brezžičnih senzorjih moramo biti pozorni tudi na to, da je uporabniškega vmesnika precej težaven. baterija dovolj napolnjena. Pri uporabi kablov se težave pojavijo Obstaja tudi vmesnik Go!Link, ki je manj zmogljiv in nanj zelo redko in še v tem primeru jih večinoma odpravimo tako, da lahko naenkrat priključimo le en analogni senzor. Go!Link pa je senzor med uporabo preprosto iztaknemo in ponovno vtaknemo zaradi nižje cene pogostejša izbira šol, ki kupijo manj senzorjev v vmesnik, napajanje pa poteka prek istega USB kabla, ki ga sicer in imajo bolj omejena finančna sredstva. uporabljamo že za prenos podatkov.. Pri senzorjih je ponudba še pestrejša kot pri vmesnikih, saj Način uporabe opisane opreme pri pouku je močno odvisen Vernier ponuja več kot 150 senzorjev. Nekaj senzorjev bo od možnosti, ki jih ima učitelj na posamezni šoli. Na Gimnaziji predstavljenih v spodnjih primerih. Kot sem omenil zgoraj, Bežigrad smo poleg opreme, ki so jo vse šole prejele od moramo biti posebej pozorni na to, katere senzorje podpira naš ministrstva, dokupili veliko dodatne opreme. Opremo lahko vmesnik. Senzorji, ki jih na vmesnik priključimo prek kabla, so uporabljamo v fizikalni učilnici ali jo nesemo v katerokoli drugo lahko analogni ali digitalni. Pri uporabi obeh vrst senzorjev v učilnico. Poleg tega imamo tudi posebno učilnico, ki je večini primerov ni razlik, le priključiti jih moramo na ustrezen namenjena le uporabi računalniško podprtih eksperimentov pri vhod vmesnika. Pri Vernieru je to odlično rešeno in je uporaba naravoslovju. Učitelji lahko načrtujemo izvedbo določenih zelo enostavna. Senzor poskusimo vstaviti v en vhod in če ta ni laboratorijskih vaj v tej učilnici. V tem primeru imamo na voljo ustrezen, ga preprosto vstavimo v drug vhod. Prav vsi dijaki se 8 delovnih postaj za dijake. Na vsaki postajo je namizni to naučijo v manj kot minuti. Priklop senzorjev s kablom je enak računalnik z vmesnikom LabQuest Mini, laborant pa pripravi pri vseh vrstah vmesnikov. senzorje in drugo opremo, ki jo dijaki potrebujejo za izvedbo V zadnjih letih so postali precej popularni brezžični senzorji vaje. Go Direct, ki pa jih na žalost ne moremo priključiti na vmesnik LabQuest Mini in uporabljati s programom Logger Pro. Njihova prednost je, da se lahko z njimi povežemo prek aplikacije 586 3 PROGRAMSKA OPREMA in časa. Lega je prvotno prikazana v pikslih, za umeritev dolžin pa moramo imeti na posnetku dobro viden predmet, za katerega Pri Vernieru je na voljo več različnih programov za posebne vemo, kako velik je. Po umeritvi so enote na grafu pravilne, torej senzorje ali namene, najpomembnejša pa sta Logger Pro in izražene v metrih. Poljubno lahko izberemo izhodišče in Graphical Analysis. Logger Pro je relativno preprost a zelo orientacijo koordinatnega sistema. Sledimo lahko tudi več zmogljiv program za zajemanje podatkov s senzorji, ki jih s kabli telesom ali več točkam enega telesa. To je uporabno, če želimo priključimo na vmesnik. Obstajata dve verziji – za Windows in slediti gibanju komolca, boka in kolena tekača. Mac OS. Program je sicer plačljiv, a so precej radodarni pri licenci za šole. Če šola uporablja opremo Vernier, je uporaba programa Logger Pro brezplačna za vse učitelje in dijake, tako na šolskih kot domačih računalnikih. V praksi je torej Logger Pro za slovenske učitelje brezplačen. V Logger Proju lahko enostavno nastavimo, koliko časa naj traja meritev, kako pogosto bomo zajemali podatke, kdaj naj se meritev sproži in podobno. Poleg zajemanja podatkov prek senzorjev lahko podatke tudi obdelujemo. Ker je program precej zmogljiv in enostaven za uporabo, ga dijaki včasih uporabijo raje kot Excel ali druge programe tudi za risanje grafov s podatki, ki so jih izmerili na drug način in ne z opremo Vernier. V Logger Proju na enostaven način dodamo novo spremenljivko, katere vrednosti izračunamo s poljubno formulo iz drugih spremenljivk, Slika 2: Video analiza vodoravnega meta na več enostavnih načinov lahko povečamo izbrani del grafa, modeliramo podatke z izbrano funkcijo, izračunamo strmino Video analizo običajno predstavim dijakom ob obravnavi funkcije (odvod), ploščino pod krivuljo (integral). Zahtevnejši vodoravnega meta, kasneje pa jo pogosto uporabijo pri uporabnik bo v meniju našel napredne nastavitve in izbral, iz projektnem delu (Slika 2). Vodoravni met je po eni strani koliko točk naj program vsakokrat izračuna odvod (na primer pri preprost za obdelavo, po drugi strani pa lahko vključimo večino računanju hitrosti iz zaporednih točk lege), natančno nastavil orodij, ki jih uporabljamo pri video analizi. Dijaki se ob primeru podrobnosti prikazanih točk na grafu in vrsto drugih možnosti. (vsi obdelujejo isti video posnetek) v eni šolski uri naučijo Logger Pro omogoča tudi video analizo, ki je opisana v uporabljati vsa pomembna orodja za video analizo. Med drugim nadaljevanju. se naučijo narisati grafe za komponente lege in hitrosti v Aplikacija Graphical Analysis je na voljo za Windows, Mac odvisnosti od časa (x, y, vx in vy) ter določiti strmino grafa. Med OS Chrome OS, iOS in Android. Sam sem jo uporabljal na obdelavo vodoravnega meta določijo tudi gravitacijski pospešek. telefonu z Androidom v kombinaciji s senzorji GoDirect. Velja Čeprav je video analiza v Logger Proju preprosta, dijaki ob opozoriti, da se pri vseh programih in aplikacijah lahko prvi uporabi večkrat naletijo na težave, če jih nanje ne opozorimo uporabniška izkušnja na različnih napravah nekoliko razlikuje. vnaprej. Pred snemanjem poskusa je potrebno preveriti, ali Uporaba programa je relativno enostavna, a je možnosti veliko Logger Pro podpira format videa, ki ga bo shranil naš telefon ali manj kot pri Logger Proju. Enega od senzorjev GoDirect (za druga naprava. V primeru težav je možna tudi pretvorba v merjenje razdalje, tlaka, temperature ali česa drugega) vklopimo ustrezen format, a se pri tem večkrat pojavijo nove težave. s pritiskom na gumb, da začne utripati lučka Bluetooth. Na Pazljiv je treba biti tudi pri počasnih posnetkih, saj lahko telefoni telefonu zaženemo aplikacijo Graphical Analysis, kliknemo na čas zapišejo na različne načine (kot pravi ali upočasnjeni čas). Sensor Data Collection (ali ustrezen slovenski prevod v Včasih dijaki premikajo kamero, da sledijo predmetu, s čimer slovenski verziji aplikacije) ter s seznama senzorjev izberemo dobijo za preprosto video analizo neuporaben posnetek. Telefon želeni senzor. Če uporabljamo več senzorjev v istem prostoru, na mora ob snemanju mirovati, na posnetku pa mora biti tudi dobro primer pri laboratorijskih vajah, moramo biti pozorni, da viden vsaj en predmet, za katerega vemo, kako velik je, da bomo izberemo senzor z ustrezno kodo, ki je zapisana na ohišju lahko izvedli umeritev (določimo koliko pikslov ustreza enemu vsakega senzorja. Ko se senzor in telefon povežeta, bo svetila metru). Predmet za umeritev in opazovani predmet morata biti na zelena lučka. Kliknemo na "Done", glede na senzor izberemo enaki razdalji. Če je en meter dolga palica od nas oddaljena 20 poljubne nastavitve in začnemo z meritvijo. metrov, z njo ne bomo mogli umeriti gibanja predmeta, ki leti mimo nas na oddaljenosti 5 metrov. Določanje lege predmetov in razdalj med njimi lahko uporabimo tudi na fotografijah. 4 VIDEO ANALIZA Pri biologiji lahko tako iz fotografije skozi okular mikroskopa S programom Logger Pro lahko poleg zajemanja podatkov prek določimo velikost in oddaljenosti mikroorganizmov, če vsaj za senzorjev in obdelave podatkov naredimo tudi video analizo. Pri en predmet v vidnem polju vemo, kako velik je. Med pogostimi večini poskusov zadošča, da gibanje teles posnamemo s primeri video obdelave pri fiziki so padanje teles (žoge in telefonom. V Logger Proju v meniju kliknemo na Insert, Movie padala), met žoge in let puščice. Z video analizo lahko sledimo in izberemo datoteko z našim videom. V spodnjem desnem kotu valovanju na vzmeti, kjer so pojavi včasih prehitri, da bi jih lahko okna z videom kliknemo na Enable/Disable Video Analysis. opazovali brez upočasnitve. Z nekaj domišljije najdemo tudi Odpre se podokno z ikonami, kjer zelo intuitivno uporabimo druge teme, na primer kako je dolžina koraka tekača odvisna od ikone od vrha navzdol. Na vsaki sličici videa kliknemo na njegove hitrosti. predmet, program pa sproti že riše graf gibanja iz prebrane lege 587 Za video analizo lahko uporabimo veliko različnih 5.3 Sila ob skoku programov. Med dobre prosto dostopne programe spada Tracker Dijake vedno pritegne izvedba eksperimenta, pri katerem eden [3], ki ima v primerjavi z Logger Projem več možnosti, med od dijakov ali učitelj skoči na posebnem merilniku sile (force drugim lahko samodejno sledi gibajočemu se predmetu in zato ni plate), ki je videti kot osebna tehtnica brez številčnice, saj potrebno klikniti na predmet na vsaki sličici v videu. Za šolsko meritve vidimo na zaslonu računalnika. Od navadne tehtnice se delo večinoma zadošča Logger Pro, zato se verjetno večina razlikuje po možnosti hitrega zajemanja podatkov, tudi več sto učiteljev in dijakov ne bo učila uporabe novega programa, če že meritev v sekundi, kar nam omogoča opazovanje spreminjanja pozna Logger Pro. sile med skokom [4]. Merilnik ima dve območji (največja dovoljena sila je 3.500 N), omogoča pa tako merjenje pritiska na 5 DEMONSTRACIJSKI EKSPERIMENTI merilnik kot vlečenje, ki ga izvedemo ob namestitvi ročajev na merilnik. Ob doskoku lahko opazujemo, kako se spremeni sila na Učitelji pri pouku pogosto izvedemo eksperimente, ki jih vidijo merilnik in s tem obremenitev kosti in sklepov, če pristanemo z vsi dijaki. Največkrat meritve prikazujemo na interaktivnem iztegnjenimi nogami. Sila lahko doseže več kot trikratno težo. Ob zaslonu, tabli ali jih projiciramo na steno. Cela vrsta meritev z tej temi se lahko navežemo tudi na sile pri doskoku smučarskih opremo Vernier dijakom pomaga bolje razumeti predstavljeno skakalcev. Osnovni poskus je zanimiv za vse dijake, lahko pa ga snov. nadgradimo tudi s zahtevnejšimi vprašanji, na katera bodo znali Nekaj primerov demonstracijskih poskusov iz različnih le odgovoriti le najboljši dijaki. poglavij fizike je navedenih v nadaljevanju (v oklepaju so zaradi lažjega iskanja senzorjev na spletu zapisana angleška imena 5.4 Absolutna ničla senzorjev). Ta eksperiment lahko izvajamo demonstracijsko pred razredom 5.1 Hoja ali pa ga dijaki izvajajo kot vajo. Stekleno bučko dobro zatesnimo z gumijastim zamaškom, skozi katerega priključimo Pri obravnavi gibanja imajo dijaki pogosto težave pri predstavi senzor tlaka (gas pressure sensor). Bučko postavimo v grelnik fizikalnega koncepta, da na grafu lege v odvisnosti od časa poln vode (za čaj), s katerim vodo počasi segrevamo. Privzeti strmina pove hitrost. Ko dijaki opazujejo svojega sošolca, kako smemo, da se prostornina zraka v bučki in cevki do senzorja ne hodi pred tablo in istočasno vidijo graf x(t), se marsikomu zadeve spreminja. Ker gre za izohorno spremembo, bo tlak sorazmeren razjasnijo. Ko se sošolec giblje počasneje, je strmina manjša, ob s temperaturo. Temperaturo vode merimo z Vernierovim hitrejšem gibanju pa je strmina večja (Slika 3). Pri tem poskusu termometrom (stainless steel temperature probe). Meritve uporabimo slednik gibanja (motion detector). običajno opravimo na območju od 20 do 80 °C. V Logger Proju na grafu p(T) skozi izmerjene točke potegnemo premico in določimo, kje premica seka abscisno os. To ustreza točki, kjer je tlak enak nič, temperatura pa je najnižja možna (absolutna ničla). Običajno meritev pokaže, da bi bil tlak enak nič pri temperaturi okrog –300 °C. Ker dijaki vedo, da je najnižja možna temperatura 0 kelvinov ali –273 °C, so običajno nekoliko razočarani nad precejšnjim odstopanjem. Ko se pogovorimo o tem, da smo na absolutno ničlo sklepali iz meritev pri temperaturah med 20 in 80 °C ter da glede prave vrednosti nismo imeli nobenega eksperimentalnega podatka (le vsi na pamet vemo, kolikšna je pravilna vrednost), so z meritvijo bolj zadovoljni. 5.5 Nihanje Slika 3: Graf x(t) za hojo Pri nihanju lahko opravimo različne meritve. Ob spoznavanju grafov pri nihanju lahko obesimo leseno ali kovinsko kroglo na 5.2 Sunek sile metrsko vrvico in tako nihalo zanihamo. S slednikom gibanja merimo časovno spreminjanje razdalje krogle od senzorja. Pred Pri trku vozička ob senzor sile lahko opazujemo, kako se s časom poskusom dijaki naredijo svojo napoved grafa x(t). Po spreminjata sila in hitrost. Za izvedbo poskusa potrebujemo opravljenem poskusu se pogovorimo o pravilnosti njihovih senzor sile (force sensor) in slednik gibanja (motion detector). napovedi. Po komentarjih nadaljujemo napovedjo grafov v(t) in Pomembno je, da silo izmerimo več stokrat v sekundi. a(t) ter vsakokrat preverimo pravilnost napovedi s poskusom. Opazujemo lahko, kako se sila spreminja, če je hitrost vozička ob trku večja. Še bolj zanimivo je opazovati izid poskusa, če je voziček enkrat trči direktno v senzor, drugič pa trk ublažimo s 6 LABORATORIJSKE VAJE papirjem. Ob daljšem času trka je sila manjša. Razlago lahko Čeprav ob vseprisotni tehnologiji morda kdo pomisli, da bi bilo navežemo na varnost v prometu, kjer je ob trku ključna ideja, da idealno, če bi dijaki vse laboratorijske vaje pri fiziki dijaki izvedli podaljšamo čas trka in s tem zmanjšamo silo na potnika. Te z računalnikom, sam menim, da moramo najti pravo ravnotežje eksperimente lahko v enaki ali nadgrajeni obliki uporabimo tudi različnih pristopov. Pomembno je, da znajo dijaki zapisati pri laboratorijskih vajah. meritve in narisati grafe tudi "na roko" na milimetrski papir. 588 Ravno tako je smiselno, da pri vajah pridobivajo različne 6.5 Osvetljenost veščine. Morda bo pri eni vaji večji poudarek na razmisleku, pri To vajo praviloma izvajam v maturitetni skupini za fiziko. Dijaki drugi na meritvi, pri tretji na obdelavi podatkov in pri četrti na s svetlobnim senzorjem (light sensor) merijo, koliko svetlobe interpretaciji rezultatov. Zagotovo pa računalniško podrte pade na senzor glede na oddaljenost od svetilke. Na osnovnem meritve lahko prispevajo k boljšemu razumevanju, hitreje nivoju lahko dijaki preverijo, da osvetljenost pada s kvadratom opravljenim meritvam in omogočajo modeliranje (prilagajanje oddaljenosti. Podrobnejša analiza pa pokaže, da odvisnost ne ustreznih funkcij podatkom). Nekaj primerov računalniško velja natančno, ker svetilka ni točkasto telo, ker prihaja svetloba podprtih laboratorijskih vaj je navedenih v nadaljevanju. tudi iz okolice in da svetloba morda ne pade vedno povsem pravokotno na senzor. Vse to pa ponuja priložnost za nadaljnje 6.1 Gibanje vozička po klancu raziskovanje. Dijaki napovejo grafe x(t), v(t) in a(t) za gibanje vozička po klancu in s slednikom gibanja te grafe narišejo in komentirajo. Napoved bo zahtevnejša, če se voziček med gibanjem odbije ali 6.6 Dodatni komentarji in projekti če spremenimo lego senzorja. Zaradi omejitve prostora v prispevek ni možno vključiti fotografij vseh navedenih poskusov, ki bi pomagali pri boljši 6.2 Sunek sile predstavi. Kratek seznam poskusov je namenjen le prikazu S slednikom gibanja na vrhu klanca merimo hitrost vozička. Na nekaterih primerov uporabe in idej za nadgradnjo eksperimentov. najnižji točki klanca se voziček zaleti v merilnik sile in se zaradi Glede na prostorske kapacitete in opremljenost posamezne vzmeti na sprednjem delu vozička odbije. Dijaki iz mase vozička šole lahko laboratorijske vaje z računalniško podprtimi in spremembe hitrosti določijo spremembo gibalne količine, iz meritvami izvajamo v laboratoriju oziroma specialni fizikalni ploščine na grafu sile v odvisnosti od časa pa sunek sile. Na ta učilnici ali v računalniški učilnici. V primeru, da imamo na šoli način preverijo veljavnost izreka o gibalni količini. Običajno je na voljo mobilno računalniško opremo (prenosnike prenesemo v odstopanje obeh izmerjenih vrednosti okrog 20 %, kar se zdi različne učilnice), lahko vaje izvajamo v poljubni učilnici. glede na izzive pri merjenju sprejemljivo. Pri poskusu je Poleg laboratorijskih vaj lahko dijakom ponudimo tudi, da pomembno, da povečamo frekvenco zajemanja podatkov vsaj na izdelajo projekt, pri katerem uporabijo opremo Vernier. Glede na 200 meritev na sekundo. šolska pravila ocenjevanja zainteresirani dijaki tako pridobijo dodatno oceno ali pa projekt izdelajo vsi dijaki in vsi pridobijo 6.3 Boylov zakon oceno na tak način. V začetku so si dijaki teme določili sami, Merilnik tlaka privijemo na brizgo. Ko zmanjšamo prostornino kasneje sem pripravil seznam tem. Večina dijakov si izbere temo brizge, se poveča tlak v njej. Pri večini poskusov opazujemo, s tega seznama, še vedno pa velja, da si lahko izberejo svojo kako se izbrana količina spreminja s časom, pri Boylovem temo. Izvedbo projektov sem že predstavil v prispevku na zakonu pa uporabimo novo vrsto meritve – Events with entry. Pri konferenci [5], kasneje pa sem preskusil še številne druge tem načinu merjenja merimo eno količino s senzorjem (tlak), možnosti. Eno leto so vsi dijaki za izvedbo poskusov uporabljali drugo količino pa vnašamo ročno (prostornina). Na osnovnem le mobilne telefone, večino let pa jih veliko uporabi Vernierove nivoju zadošča, da dijaki z meritvijo izrišejo graf p(V), na senzorje. Sprva sem bil skeptičen glede tega, da bi dijaki precej katerem prepoznajo obratno sorazmerje. Na višjem nivoju pa drago opremo nosili domov. Izkušnje so pokazale, da z opremo lahko ugotovimo, da zveza ne velja natančno zaradi napake pri ravnajo zelo skrbno in zelo redko pride do poškodovanja merjenju prostornine. Podrobnejša analiza pokaže, da je v vmesnikov, senzorjev ali druge opreme. Dijaki se sami odločijo, senzorju okrog 0,5 ml zraka, kar vpliva na nenatančnost ali bodo meritve izvedli v šoli ali pa bodo opremo nesli domov izmerjene prostornine. V maturitetni skupini dijaki običajno in poskus izvedli doma. naredijo še linearizacijo grafa in torej narišejo graf p(1/V). 6.4 Nedušeno in dušeno nihanje 7 ZAKLJUČEK Za nedušeno nihanje običajno uporabimo utež, ki jo obesimo na Vsak učitelj, ki želi pri pouku uporabiti nove metode ali orodja, vrvico. Na ta način se amplituda v nekaj nihajih le malo spremeni naleti na mnoge izzive. Prispevek je namenjen učiteljem in smemo nihanje obravnavati kot nedušeno. Dijaki opazujejo naravoslovnih predmetov v osnovni in srednji šoli. Čeprav so nihanje nihala na grafih x(t), v(t) in a(t). Za prikaz grafa a(t) je primeri iz poučevanja fizike, je poleg splošnega opisa opreme potrebno v meniju Logger Proja izbrati Insert, Graph. Običajno nekaj idej lahko uporabnih tudi kot motivacija za poskuse pri vajo izvajajo po obdelani snovi in lahko praktično preverijo, kar drugih predmetih. Če pri fiziki govorimo o gibanju dijaka pred so naučili ob demonstracijskem poskusu in teoriji (časovni tablo ali o gibanju avtomobilčka na klancu, bi lahko pri biologiji zamiki grafov, pomen amplitude in nihajnega časa). Glede na opazovali gibanje mikroorganizmov pod mikroskopom, ki bi ga predznanje in spretnost dijakov ter čas, ki nam je na voljo, lahko potem obdelali z video analizo. dušeno nihanje prikažemo kot demonstracijski poskus ali pa kot Pregled vmesnikov in senzorjev je lahko v pomoč učiteljem, samostojno vajo. Dijaki si po izvedenem poskusu veliko bolje ki se odločajo za nakup opreme. Osnovnošolski učitelji zagotovo zapomnijo obliko grafa x(t) za dušeno nihanje. Vidijo, da se lahko dobijo dragocene komentarje in nasvete pri kolegih iz amplituda zmanjšuje eksponentno s časom, nihajni čas pa se ne srednje šole, saj se zdi, da so na splošno srednje šole bolje spreminja. opremljene z opremo, ki je opisana v prispevku. Tudi primerjava programov (Logger Pro in Graphical Analysis) je lahko v pomoč pri izbiri opreme. 589 Video analiza je primerno orodje v mnogih primerih in prav presenetljivo je, kako malo se jo uporablja v šolah glede na dostopnost, uporabnost in učinkovitost. Primerom demonstracijskih poskusov so dodani koristni komentarji za uporabo opreme, učitelje pa lahko spodbudijo k drugačnim ali dodatnim poskusom tudi v primeru, ko nimajo opisane opreme. Podobno velja tudi za laboratorijske vaje in projekte, ki učencem in dijakom pomagajo bolje razumeti obravnavano snov. Za podrobnejši opis vseh vidikov eksperimentalnega dela in večjega števila poskusov bi bilo gradiva dovolj za knjigo, ta prispevek pa je poskušal prikazati različne načine uporabe opreme Vernier, ki lahko koristijo učiteljem pri pripravi eksperimentov z vključevanjem IKT. LITERATURA IN VIRI [1] Spletna stran podjetja Vernier. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.vernier.com/ (16. 8. 2023) [2] Spletna stran podjetja Romiks. Dostopno na naslovu https://www.ucila.eu/ (16. 8. 2023) [3] Spletna stran programa Tracker. Dostopno na naslovu https://physlets.org/tracker/ (16. 8. 2023) [4] Sebastjan Zamuda in Peter Gabrovec, 2013. Uporaba merilnika sile pri analizi skoka pri fiziki. Zbornik prispevkov Mednarodne konference SIRikt 2013, 426-430. [5] Sebastjan Zamuda, 2013. IKT in projektno delo pri fiziki. Zbornik konference Vzgoja in izobraževanje v informacijski družbi 2013. 590 Oblačni rehabilitacijski sistemi za otroke z govorno jezikovno motnjo Cloud rehabilitation systems for children with speech language disorder Anton Zupan Andrej Koložvari Lado Lenart senior UM FOV UM FOV UM FOV Kranj, Slovenija Kranj, Slovenija Kranj, Slovenija anton.zupan@guest.arnes.si akolozvari@gmail.com lado.lenart.senior@gmail.com POVZETEK Otroku smo dolžni pripraviti ustvarjalno učno okolje, pogoje in prilagoditve, da bo v miru laže dosegel razvojne cilje. Vsak Otroku smo dolžni pripraviti ustvarjalno učno okolje, pogoje in otrok je nekaj posebnega. Vsi potrebujejo dom, sprejetost in prilagoditve, da bo laže dosegel razvojne cilje. toplino. Varna navezanost otroka na uglašeno odraslo osebo, ki Otroci z govorno jezikovnimi motnjami potrebujejo namenske je sposobna brezpogojne ljubezni, zagotavlja stabilen in prilagoditve. Uporaba oblačnih rehabilitacijskih pripomočkov uravnovešen razvoj. omogoča mladim bolnikom lažje premagovati ovire verbalnega Otroci z govorno jezikovnimi motnjami in otroci z motnjami komuniciranja, učenje in socialne interakcije. avtističnega spektra - MAS, ki ne zmorejo izgovoriti določenega glasu, zloga ali besede, potrebujejo namenske V tem dokumentu želimo opisati primarne naloge oblačnih prilagoditve, ki jim predstavljajo most v svobodo in bivanjsko sistemov za podporo nadomestne govorne komunikacije otrok z samostojnost. Ne moremo sprejeti, da bi postali stigmatizirani govorno jezikovnimi motnjami. in marginalni. Z uporaba prosto dostopnih oblačnih govornih pripomočkov KLJUČNE BESEDE lahko omogočimo mladim bolnikom lažje premagovati ovire Govorno jezikovna motnja, govorna rehabilitacija, verbalnega komuniciranja, učenje in socialne interakcije. rehabilitacijski pripomoček, nadomestna komunikacija, Pričakujemo, da se bodo otroku z uporabo pametnega oblačni sistem, terapija na daljavo. pripomočka povečevale komunikacijske sposobnosti. Na osnovi rezultatov anket smo pripravili temeljna izhodišča za ABSTRACT zasnovo oblačnega govornega pripomočka v slovenskem It is our duty to prepare a creative learning environment, jeziku. conditions and adaptations for a child so that he can more easily achieve his developmental goals. 2 OPREDELITEV PROBLEMA Children with speech and language disorders need specific adaptations. The use of cloud Osnovne vzroke za nastanek govorno jezikovne motnje bolnika -based rehabilitation aids enables young patients to more easily overcome barriers to verbal stroka navaja kot posledice bolezni, nezgod in prirojene motnje. communication, learning and social interaction. V stikih z bolniki smo počasi prepoznavali in poskušali razumeti njihova stanja, način življenja in dojemanje družbe. This paper describes the primary tasks of cloud-based systems Njihove ovire, stiske, nemoč in brezup. to support substitute speech communication for children with "Ko človek izgubi govor, je to zanj lahko zelo mučno, še speech language disorders. posebej tedaj, ko je ohranjeno razumevanje. Zaradi tega je lahko žalosten, včasih je jezen na ves svet, da se mu je to KEYWORDS zgodilo, in tudi to je treba razumeti, ko se poskušate pogovarjati Speech language disorder, speech rehabilitation, z njim. Zato je tako zelo pomembno, da mu daste priložnost, da rehabilitation aid, alternative communication, cloud system, tisto, kar zna in zmore, tudi pokaže. Na teh majhnih korakih se remote therapy. gradi samozaupanje in samozavest. To je balzam za njegovo dušo." [1] [2] [3] Cilj rehabilitacije je izboljšati bolnikovo telesno ali 1 UVOD kognitivno stanje. Rehabilitacijski proces je sestavljen iz zdravstvene, socialne, izobraževalne in poklicne rehabilitacije. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Zdravstvena rehabilitacija je ciljno usmerjen individualni classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or program, ki zahteva tesno sodelovanje specializiranega distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and rehabilitacijskega tima, bolnika, njegove družine in prijateljev. the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). [4] "Diagnostika in obravnava oseb z motnjami požiranja Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia poteka v okviru multidisciplinarnega tima, katerega pomemben © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). član so srednje medicinske sestre oziroma tehniki zdravstvene nege."[5] 591 Človeška kultura se razvija z izkustvenim učenjem. To je prilagajanja in učenja uporabe. Brez podpore stroke ne moremo proces skupnosti, ki se z novim znanjem razvija in vzpostavlja nadaljevati iskanja optimalnih rešitev za bolnike. Industrijsko vrednote. "Kultura je prenosljiv vzorec vrednot, idej in drugih izdelani govorni pripomočki (komunikatorji) so pogosto dragi simboličnih sistemov, ki oblikujejo vedenje." [6] Napredne in bolnikom težje dostopni. družbe spodbujajo sposobnosti sočutja in pomoči do bolnih, Za bolnike s težjim potekom bolezni po opisu stroke stigmatiziranih in trpečih. Ob podpori nevladnih humanitarnih prilagajamo pripomočke. [9] Prilagajamo vsebino informacij, organizacij in stroke izvajajo izobraževanja v javnih šolah in obliko okolja, razpored, število in velikost gumbov s simboli. medijih. Na več ravneh razvijajo omrežja pomoči in Preveč gumbov na zaslonu je lahko moteče. Določenim razumevanja. bolnikom je potrebno postopno dodajati gumbe. Motijo jih "Tehnologija, ki je na voljo posamezniku, sooblikuje simboli, ki jih ne poznajo. Nekatere oblike simbolov je družbo. Kvalitetna informacija je ključna za uspešno odločanje potrebno prilagajati razumevanju bolnika. V naprej pripravljene v post-informacijski družbi. Ljudje, ki nosijo “nalepko” grafične podobe simbolov nekaterim bolnikom ne ustrezajo. oviranosti, so pri izkustvenem zbiranju podatkov pogosto v Nekateri bolniki težko enoznačno prepoznajo določene skupine težkem položaju; njihove gibalne, vidne, slušne ali druge grafičnih podob oziroma simbolov. sposobnosti so zmanjšane." [7] 3 IZHODIŠČA ZA ZASNOVO SISTEMA 4 UPORABA NAPREDNIH REŠITEV Z uporabo napredne tehnologije želimo pomagati osebam z Računalniško podprta analiza govornih motenj ali računalniško govorno jezikovno motnjo pri vzpostavljanju nadomestne podprto ocenjevanje govora ali tehnologija govorne patologije, govorne komunikacije. Model rehabilitacijskega pripomočka vključuje uporabo računalniških metod in tehnologije za lahko pričnemo snovati na osnovi diagnoz, ki jih opredeli ocenjevanje, diagnosticiranje in zdravljenje govornih in stroka. Zahtevno diagnostiko in terapijo govorno-jezikovnih jezikovnih motenj.[10] Ključni vidiki analize govornih motenj motenj izvajajo univerzitetni strokovnjaki logopedi.[8] Bolnike, [11] so pomembni za razumevanje, kako je bolnik sposoben logopede, družinske člane in delovne terapevte smo vključili v uporabljati jezikovne veščine [12] [13]: analizo potreb bolnikov. Naše področje dela smo omejili le na A. Prepoznavanje in analiza govora: napredni algoritmi in oblačni rehabilitacijski sistem v slovenskem jeziku za otroke z tehnike strojnega učenja se uporabljajo za samodejno analizo govorno jezikovno motnjo. V tem delu ne moremo obravnavati govornih vzorcev. Orodja pomagajo prepoznati odstopanja od elektronske tehniške pripomočke za govorno komuniciranje. tipičnih govornih vzorcev, kot so napačna izgovorjava, Rezultate analize anket smo uporabili pri snovanju popačenja in druge napake artikulacije. uporabniško usmerjenega modela spletnega sistema, ki bo B. Fonetična analiza: Računalniški algoritmi analizirajo generiral nadomestni umetni govor, podpiral govorno terapijo, fonetične značilnosti govornih zvokov, prepoznajo napake v spremljal biometrične parametre bolnika in komuniciral s člani tvorbi fonemov in pomagajo pri govorjenju. Jezikovni patologi specializiranega rehabilitacijskega tima. iščejo področja za poseg. Podrobni cilji se nanašajo na tehnično strukturo modela C. Akustična analiza: Računalniški algoritmi analizirajo oblačnega sistema, ki bo osebam z govorno jezikovno motnjo akustične lastnosti govora, vključno z višino, glasnostjo, omogočil nadomestno komunikacijo. S prijaznim grafičnim trajanjem in spektralnimi značilnostmi. Te analize lahko vmesnikom bo z ukazi na dotik zanesljivo generiral umetni zagotovijo vpogled v glasovne motnje in pomagajo pri oceni govor v materinem jeziku. Pripomoček bo pretvarjal simbole in stanj, kot sta dizartrija ali afazija. znake v umeten govor. Za bolnike načrtujemo prost dostop do Č. Analiza prozodije: prozodija se nanaša na ritem, intonacijo uporabe spletnega sistema. Svobodo komuniciranja, rast in naglasne vzorce v govoru. Računalniško podprta analiza samopodobe in bivanjsko samostojnost bo bolniku zagotavljal pomaga prepoznati prozodične nepravilnosti, ki lahko kažejo na sistem z enostavnim upravljanjem. Zajemal, spremljal, nekatere govorne motnje ali nevrološka stanja. shranjeval in distribuiral bo biometrične parametre bolnika. D. Sinteza govora in povratne informacije: Tehnologijo sinteze Sistem bo podpiral govorno rehabilitacijo v slovenskem jeziku govora bolnikov z govornimi motnjami je mogoče uporabiti za z zajemanjem, obdelavo, predvajanjem, grafičnim zagotavljanje povratnih informacij v realnem času. Pomaga prikazovanjem in shranjevanjem zvočnih zapisov govornih bolnikom pri vajah artikulacije in podpira razvoj boljše govorne dosežkov bolnika. Modularna zgradba sistema je pregledna in sposobnosti. odprta za razvoj novih rešitev. Potrebujemo tudi hitro E. Obdelava jezika: Tehnike obdelave naravnega jezika NLP komunikacijo s terapevti in družinskimi člani na daljavo. (NLP je podveja umetne inteligence, ki omogoča povezavo med Sistem bo razvit za specifične potrebe otrok in mladostnikov. človekom in računalnikom) se lahko uporabijo za analizo Med analizo podatkov ankete smo prišli do novih pomembnih jezikovnih vzorcev, kot so slovnica, sintaksa in semantika. To spoznaj. Vsak bolnik ima specifične potrebe. Stroka navaja je še posebej uporabno za posameznike z jezikovnimi različne motnje. Pripomoček opredeli samo stroka. Nadomestna motnjami, kot je afazija. komunikacija je pogosto edina rešitev za osebe z govorno F. Terapevtska orodja: računalniški terapevtski programi in jezikovno motnjo. Pomembna je pozitivna naravnanost vseh aplikacije zagotovijo interaktivne vaje in igre, namenjene sodelujočih, ključna je podpora družine oziroma skrbnikov. izboljšanju govora in jezikovne spretnosti. Ta orodja je mogoče Motivacija in razpoloženje bolnikov se pogosto menja. prilagoditi individualnim potrebam in napredku bolnika. Pripomoček lahko prilagajamo bolniku. Stroka uči bolnike G. Zbiranje in spremljanje podatkov: velike podatkovne nize pravilno prepoznavati pomen simbolov in uporabljati vzorcev govora posameznikov z in brez govornih motenj je pripomoček. Preproste in jasne rešitve skrajšajo bolniku čas mogoče uporabiti za razvoj in nadgradnjo računalniških 592 modelov. Z vzdolžnim zbiranjem podatkov spremljamo LITERATURA IN VIRI napredek in sčasoma prilagodimo načrte zdravljenja. [1] Žemva, N. in Kovačič, P. S. (2010). Motnje govora po možganski kapi. H. Diagnoza in sledenje napredku: Orodja za računalniško GG Plus, 18. 2. 2010 analizo lahko pomagajo logopedom pri postavljanju [2] Žemva, N. (1994). Rad bi povedal, 1994 IRSR, Ljubljana. [3] Žemva, N. (2006). Poti do izgubljenega govora za bolnike z afazijo in natančnejših diagnoz in spremljanje napredka zdravljenja. njihove svojce v času rehabilitacije. V B. Žvan (ur.) , E. Bobnar Najžer Objektivne meritve lahko dopolnijo subjektivne klinične ocene. (ur.),Spoznajmo in preprečimo možgansko kap (str. 183 -188). Ljubljana: Društvo za zdravje srca in ožilja Slovenije. I. Raziskave in inovacije: Računalniška analiza govornih [4] Košorok, V. (1999). Značilnosti okrevanja po nezgodni možganski motenj prispeva k iskanju temeljnih vzrokov govornih motenj poškodbi v starosti. Rehabilitacijska medicina v starosti. Zbornik in razvoju novih metod za zdravljenje. Pomembno je zavedanje, predavanj 10. dnevi rehabilitacijske medicine, IRSR, Ljubljana. [5] Ogrin, M., Trček Kavčič, M., Vidmar, G. (2018). Poznavanje motenj da ne sme nadomestiti strokovnega znanja in kliničnih presoj požiranja pri srednjih medicinskih sestrah in zdravstvenih tehnikih v usposobljenih logopedov. Opisane tehnologije so programih rehabilitacije in dolgotrajne oskrbe, Rehabilitacija letn. XVII, št. 2 (2018). Dostopno na naslovu https://ibmi.mf.uni- najučinkovitejše, če se uporabljajo v povezavi s strokovnim lj.si/rehabilitacija/vsebina/Rehabilitacija_2018_No2_p44-49.pdf (9. 8. vrednotenjem in usmerjanjem. 2023) [6] Hoecklin, L.(1995). Managing culture differeces: strategies for competitive adventure, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Workingham. [7] Meh, D. (1999). Računalniška in informacijska tehnologija za ljudi z 5 SKLEP IN VIZIJA drugačnimi sposobnostmi, Sodobni tenični pripomočki in rehabilitacijska tehnologija zbornik predavanj, IRSR, Ljubljana Na osnovi proučevanja strokovnih virov, modelov in rezultatov [8] ZRSZ (2018). Opis poklica - logoped za individualno govorno terapijo. anket smo prišli do novih spoznanj in hibridne rešitve. [14] [15] Dostopno na naslovu: https://www.ess.gov.si/ncips/cips/opisi_poklicev/opis_poklica?Kljuc=50 [16] Sestavljena je iz spodaj opisanih sistemov: 8 (9. 8. 2023) - Prosto dostopni oblačni sistemi za lažje premagovanje ovir [9] Balantič, Z., Polajnar, A., Jevšnik, S. (2016). Ergonomija v teoriji in praksi. Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, Trubarjeva cesta 2, 1000 verbalnega komuniciranja, učenje in socialne interakcije otrok z Ljubljana, strani 435 – 445. govorno jezikovnimi motnjami v slovenskem jeziku. [10] Attwell A., G. , Bennin Ebo, K., Tekinerdogan B. (2022) A Systematic Review of Online Speech Therapy Systems for Intervention in - Oblačni sistemi za zvezno spremljanje biometričnih Childhood Speech Communication Disorders, Sensors Basel, 2022 Dec, parametrov omogočajo zaznavanje ravni stresa mladih Dostopno na naslovu https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560082/ (9. 1. bolnikov. Terapevtom in logopedom omogočajo prilagajati 2023) [11] Toki E., I., Pange, J., Mikropoulos T.A. (2012) An online expert system obremenitve z delom in učnimi metodami, glede na sposobnosti for diagnostic assessment procedures on young children’s oral speech bolnika. [17] [18] and language; Proceedings of the Procedia Computer Science; San Francisco, CA, USA. 28–30 October 2012; Amsterdam, The - Oblačni sistem za vnos besedila z enim gumbom za bolnike s Netherlands: Elsevier B.V.; 2012. pp. 428–437. - DOI težjim potekom bolezni. [12] De Taeye, R, Van Lierde, K, Alighieri, C. (2023), Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2023 Jun;169:111560. doi: - Sistemi za podporo strokovnemu delu logopedov z uporabo 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111560. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37116275 napredne računalniško podprte analize govornih motenj za Dostopno na naslovu na https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36560086/ ocenjevanje, diagnosticiranje in zdravljenje govornih in (17. 1. 2023) [13] Pogorelčnik, T. (2017). Življenje posameznika v kronični fazi afazije. jezikovnih motenj. Magistrsko delo. Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta. Dostopno na - S spletnimi videokonferenčnimi platformami, lahko v naslovu http://pefprints.pef.uni-lj.si/4559/1/MAG-Tina_Pogorelcnik.pdf posebnih primerih podpremo terapije na daljavo, logopedske (10. 6. 2021) [14] Lenart senior, L., Koložvari, A., Zupan, A. (2022), Kiberfizični sistem za obravnave, nego in varstva na daljavo. osebe z govorno jezikovno motnjo, PROTOTIP V5, monografija, UM Uporaba opisane tehnologije spreminja bivalno raven mladih FOV, cobiss.si-id – 110641923 [15] Ogrin, M. in Korošec, B. (2013). Podporna tehnologija: nadomestna in bolnikov in vpliva na spremembe rehabilitacijskih procesov, dopolnilna komunikacija, Rehabilitacija letn. XII št. 2(2013). Pridobljeno krajša čakalne vrste in ustvarja več vrst različnih prihrankov. https://ibmi.mf.uni-lj.si/rehabilitacija/vsebina/Rehabilitacija_2013_ No2_ p091-099.pdf (9. 7. 2021) [16] Koložvari, A., Stojanović, R., Zupan, A., Semenkin, E., Stanovov, V., ZAHVALA Kofjač, D. in Škraba, A. (2019). Speech-Recognition Cloud Harvesting for Improving the Navigation of Cyber-Physical Wheelchairs for Svojo hvaležnost bi radi izkazali prostovoljcem, bolnikom in Disabled Persons. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 69, 179-187, njihovim skrbnikom za ustrežljivost in dobro voljo pri snovanju 2019. Dostopno na naslovu https://doi.org/ nove tehnologije. Zahvala velja Združenju bolnikov s 10.1016/j.micpro.2019.06.006. (24. 8. 2023) [17] Škraba, A., Koložvari, A., Kofjač, D., Stojanović, R., Stanovov, V., & cerebrovaskularno boleznijo (CVB) Slovenije. Za nasvete, Semenkin, E. (2017, June). Prototype of group heart rate monitoring with podporo in pomoč se zahvaljujemo Maji Ogrin spec. klin. log. NODEMCU ESP8266. In 2017 6th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO) (pp. 1-4). IEEE in osebju Univerzitetnega rehabilitacijskega inštituta Republike [18] Kofjač, D., Stojanović, R., Koložvari, A., Škraba, A. (2018, November). Slovenije – Soča v Ljubljani. Designing a low-cost real-time group heart rate monitoring system. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 63, 75-84, Dostopno na naslov Zahvala za razumevanje, podporo, uporabo opreme in UM FOV https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2018.08.010 (25. 8. 2023) Laboratorija za kibernetiko in sisteme za podporo odločanju velja red. prof. dr. Andreju Škrabi, prodekanu za razvoj. Avtorji. 593 Razvoj spletnega odprtega učnega gradiva za poučevanje računalništva v 2. triletju osnovne šole Development of Computer Science Online Open Educational Resources for 2nd triad of Primary School Alenka Žerovnik† Matej Zapušek Mia Zala Smrečnik in Nina Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Debevec Ljubljani, Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljani, študentki alenka.zerovnik@pef.uni-lj.si matej.zapusek@pef.uni-lj.si Ljubljana, Slovenija ms9941@student.uni-lj.si, nd6176@student.uni-lj.si POVZETEK računalništva v 2. triletju osnovne šole, ki so v pomoč tako učiteljem pri snovanju učnih ur kot tudi učencem pri Članek predstavlja razvoj spletnega interaktivnega učnega samostojnem raziskovanju teme. Projekt, imenovan Razvijanje gradiva za poučevanje računalništva v 2. triletju slovenskih temeljnih računalniških konceptov, perspektiv in praks pri osnovnih šol. Učno gradivo vključuje pet vsebinskih sklopov z učencih 2. triletja, je trajal eno leto. Na začetnem srečanju smo razlagami, preverjanji znanja in interaktivnimi elementi. Gradivo identificirali učne teme Računalniški sistemi, Podatki in analiza, je javno dostopno kot odprt izobraževalni vir, vsebinsko in Algoritmi in programiranje, Omrežja in internet ter Učinki oblikovno je prilagojeno ciljni publiki otrok, starih med 8 in 10 računalništva in informatike ter zanje določili učne cilje. Sledilo let, z upoštevanjem standardov dostopnosti. Članek poudarja je ustvarjanje gradiv in spletnega mesta ter testiranje v praksi na pomen odprtokodnih virov in trajnostne naravnanosti gradiva ter štirih osnovnih šolah. S tem smo želeli računalništvo približati predlaga nadaljnjo nadgradnjo gradiva, vključno z vključitvijo mlajšim učencem, saj je danes računalniško znanje eno od tematik s področja umetne inteligence. temeljnih znanj sodobne družbe. Prav tako spletno mesto ponuja dodaten vir kakovostnih gradiv, ki predstavlja dodano vrednost KLJUČNE BESEDE pri uvedbi predmeta računalništvo, kot obveznega predmeta v Odprti izobraževalni viri, poučevanje računalništva, razvoj kurikulumu slovenskih osnovnih šol. V prispevku najprej gradiv za učenje in poučevanje, spletni interaktivni tečaj predstavimo pregled teoretičnih izhodišč in raziskovalno metodo, v osrednjem delu pa se osredotočimo na predstavitev ABSTRACT razvoja gradiv ter izzive pri razvoju le-teh. The article presents the development of an interactive online learning material for teaching computer science in the second trimester of Slovenian primary schools. The teaching material 2 Pregled literature includes five content areas with explanations, assessments and V okviru projekta smo se raziskovalci in študentke osredotočili interactive elements. The material is publicly available as an primarno na dve področji: (1) trajnost učnih gradiv in odprti učni open educational resource. It has been adapted in terms of viri in (2) analizo različnih pristopov poučevanja računalniških content and design to the target group of children aged 8 to 10 vsebin s primerjavo obstoječih učnih načrtov za poučevanje ter years, taking into account accessibility standards. The article adaptacijo praks na slovenski učni prostor in kontekst. underlines the importance of open educational resources and the sustainability of the material and suggests further development 2.1 Trajnost učnih gradiv in odprti učni viri of the material, including the inclusion of topics in the field of artificial intelligence. Zasnovano spletišče je uporabno kot gradivo za obravnavo določene vsebine ali kot izobraževalni program (ang. Open KEYWORDS Educational Program, v nadaljevanju OEP). Eden izmed izzivov, s katerim smo se snovalci spletišča srečali, je načrtovanje in Open Educational Resources, Computer Sceince Education, zagotavljanje trajnosti spletišča, kjer se beseda trajnost nanaša na Developing Learning and Teaching Material, Online Interactive dolgoročno uspešnost in stabilnost odprtega izobraževalnega Course programa [6]. V našem primeru je spletišče, ki smo ga ustvarili v projektu OEP kot primer odprtega učnega vira (ang. Open Educational Resources; v nadaljevanju OER). 1 UVOD Trajnost učnih gradiv postaja vse bolj prisotna tematika Kot učitelji se zavedamo pomembnosti kakovostnega akademskih diskurzov. Nekateri avtorji [6], na primer trdijo, da izobraževanja učencev. To je bil povod za začetek projekta, kjer je trenutno razmišljanje o tej temi pogosto zgolj taktično s preveč smo razvili spletna odprta učna gradiva za poučevanje pozornosti na "izdelku" in premalo pozornosti na razumevanju, 594 kaj želi skupnost uporabnikov, ali na izboljšanju vrednosti OER vzgojno-izobraževanem obdobju smo upoštevali pri definiranju za različne skupnosti uporabnikov. Ti avtorji predlagajo tudi, da vsebinskih sklopov, učnih enot, ciljev in izidov. Kompetenčni "preden razmislijo o različnih prihodkovnih modelih za določen okviri in učni načrti iz drugih držav namreč opredeljuje OER in izberejo enega ali kombinacijo le-teh, se morajo časovnico obravnavanih vsebin, ki ni usklajena s slovenskim ponudniki OER osredotočiti na vprašanje povečanja skupne okoljem. Npr. v kompetenčnem okviru K12 se obravnava učnih vrednosti mesta za njegove sestavine v največji možni meri. Z vsebin prične že v predšolskem obdobju. Naslednji pomemben drugimi besedami, razen če je spletno mesto OER sposobno vidik, ki smo ga upoštevali pri odločitvi za izdelavo gradiv je bila najprej pridobiti in ohraniti kritično maso aktivnih, angažiranih ponuditi kvalitetna brezplačna gradiva, ki bodo na voljo vsakemu uporabnikov ter jim zagotoviti znatno in diferencirano vrednost učitelju v Sloveniji. Vpeljava novih učnih pripomočkov in v fazi zagona in rasti, potem noben od razpoložljivih in/ali storitev je namreč velikokrat povezana s stroški, ker pa običajno izbranih prihodkovnih modelov verjetno ne bo dolgoročno za te namene ni dovolj sredstev, to v našem prostoru predstavlja deloval za OER.« veliko oviro. Slovenski kontekst smo upoštevali tudi pri izbiranju Odprti učni viri ali OER, kot jih definira UNESCO [2], so primerov, s katerimi smo pojasnjevali računalniške koncepte. učni in raziskovalni materiali v kateri koli obliki in dostopni na Iskali smo jih iz vsebin drugih predmetov 4. in 5. razreda in s tem katerem koli mediju. Gradiva so v javni domeni ali so zaščitena želeli pripomoči k realizaciji medpredmetnega povezovanja. z avtorskimi pravicami, ki so bila izdana z odprto licenco. Za lažji prehod iz analiziranih kurikularnih okvirjev v Drugim uporabnikom je omogočen brezplačen dostop, ponovna slovenski učni prostor, bi bilo potrebno reorganizirati poučevanje uporaba, sprememba namembnosti, prilagajanje in distribucija računalniških vsebin v slovenskem sistemu To težavo bi rešili z gradiva. uveljavitvijo trenutno predlaganega okvirja za poučevanje Wiley in Hilton [5] ugotavljata, da sama beseda »odprt« v računalniških vsebin s strani skupine RINOS, ki vključuje zvezi z OER indicira, da imajo gradiva, ki so sicer zaščitena z računalniške vsebine v predšolskem, osnovnošolskem in avtorskimi pravicami, za druge uporabnike dovoljenje za srednješolskem izobraževanju [4]. aktivnosti 5R: obdrži, popravi, predelaj, ponovno uporabi in deli naprej (v ang. retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute). Avtorja z izrazom OER podprta pedagogika označujeta nabor 3 METODA poučevalnih in učnih praks, ki so možne le v kontekstu zgoraj Kot raziskovalno metodo smo v raziskavi uporabili raziskavo navedenih 5R dovoljenj, značilnih za OER. načrtovanih novosti pri pouku [1] s kavzalno-neeksperimentalno metodo dela na priložnostnem vzorcu, katere temeljno izhodišče 2.2 Analiza obstoječih izobraževalnih okvirjev je raziskovanje na pedagoškem področju približati potrebam Pri določitvi vsebinskih sklopov oz. učnih enot ter podenot in pedagoške prakse s končnim ciljem izboljšanja pouka (prav tam). učnih ciljev smo si pomagali z analizo obstoječih okvirjev Omogoča ustvarjanje in širjenje znanja o razvoju, oblikovanju, združenj in organizacij (kot so na primer: okvir Mednarodnega sprejemanju in ohranjanju inovativnih učnih okolij. V procesu združenja za tehnologijo v izobraževanju ISTE, gradiv Code.org raziskave smo izvedli štiri stopnje raziskovanja, in sicer: (1) in TechComputing , okvir gibanja CS4All, standardov analiza problema ter sodelovanje raziskovalcev in praktikov opredeljenih v shemi K-12CS ter okvirja DigComp 2.2 in (študentov, učiteljev in zaposlenih na fakulteti), (2) razvijanje DigComEdu Evropske komisije) in primerjavo učnih načrtov novosti za rešitev problema pri poučevanju (spletnega okolja za predmetov z računalniškimi vsebinami, ki so del kurikulov učenje in poučevanje računalništva), (3) ponavljajoči se cikli osnovnošolskega izobraževanja v drugih državah. preverjanja in izpopolnjevanja predlagane novosti ter (4) Okvir gibanja CS4All je osnovan na okvirju K-12 [7], zatorej refleksija teoretične izgradnje novosti in njene implementacije smo se pri analizi osredotočili na slednjega. Okvir K-12 [8] za pri pouku. V pričujočem prispevku predstavljamo potek razvoja poučevanje računalniških vsebin predlaga delitev obravnavanih spletnih interaktivnih učnih gradiv za poučevanje računalništva vsebin v 5 vsebinskih sklopov: (1) Računalniški sistemi, (2) v 4. in 5. razredu ter opisujemo izzive, s katerimi smo se soočali Omrežja in internet, (3) Podatki in analiza, (4) Algoritmi in v projektu. programiranje ter (5) Vplivi računalništva. Obravnavane vsebine Pomemben del izbrane metode je sodelovanje različnih dopolnjujejo tudi koncepti abstrakcija, sistemski odnosi, deležnikov, ki zagotavlja, da so raziskovalni dosežki in interakcija človek-računalnik, zasebnost in varnost ter ugotovitve relevantne in uporabne v realnem kontekstu. Pri komunikacija in koordinacija, ki povezujejo posamezne razvoju učnih gradiv in spletnega okolja smo sodelovali trije vsebinske sklope med seboj. Del vsebin je zastavljen kot del raziskovalci in pedagogi s Pedagoške fakultete UL, štiri medpredmetnega povezovanja s preostalimi STEM predmeti – študentke računalništva s Pedagoške fakultete UL, ki imajo naravoslovje, tehnika in matematika.[6] znanja s področja sodobnih didaktični pristopov in s področja Naša analiza obstoječih okvirjev je pokazala, da večina držav, računalništva ter učitelje praktike in njihove učence, ki so ki uporablja analizirane okvirje, začne s poučevanjem pomagali pri izvedbi ur v razredu in podali mnenje o nastalem računalniških vsebin že v predšolskem obdobju. Trenutno se učnem gradivu. Vzorec so tako predstavljali 3 raziskovalci, 4 formalen pouk računalništva v slovenskem učnem prostoru študentke, 3 učitelji in 110 učencev. začne v 4. razredu kot neobvezni izbirni predmet v drugem (2.) vzgojno-izobraževalnem obdobju, nadaljuje pa kot triletni predmet Računalništvo [10], ki je sestavljen iz predmetov 4 REZULTATI Urejanje besedil v 7. razredu, Multimedija v 8. razredu in Rezultat dela v okviru raziskave predstavlja odprt izobraževalni Računalniška omrežja v 9. razredu [9]. Predznanje oziroma vir z vsebinami, ki so namenjene usvajanju osnovnega znanja s pomanjkanja le tega pri slovenskih osnovnošolcih v drugem (2.) področja RIN. Vključena gradiva so didaktično in vsebinsko 595 prilagojena učencem 2. triletja in predstavljajo kakovosten orodjem h5p, ki služijo kot dopolnilo razlagalnemu videu in izobraževalen vir ter jih je mogoče uporabiti kot osnovno učno omogočajo, da se učenec preveri in pridobi takojšnjo povratno sredstvo. informacijo o pridobljenem znanju. Izdelana gradiva so dale v vnovičen pregled mentorju, ki je bil zadolžen za njihovo 4.1 Razvoj učnih gradiv področje. Ta jih je skrbno pregledal in zahteval popravke. Proces popravljanja se je iterativno ponavljal dokler mentor ni gradiva 4.1.1 Razčlenitev sheme poteka razvoja gradiv odobril kot končno verzijo. Kljub dorečenim scenarijem, ki so Prvo fazo razvoja gradiv, v katerem smo identificirali učne bili osnova za izdelana gradiva je bilo nekatere stvari možno sklope in opredelili učne vsebine gradiv smo podrobneje namreč opaziti šele naknadno, ko je bilo gradivo že izdelano. Npr. predstavili v teoretičnem delu. Za vsak zaključen sklop učnih usklajevanje zvoka in vizualne podobe v posameznem kadru, da ciljev smo nato določili načine obravnave učnih vsebin, naredili je bolje pojasnjevalo učno vsebino. Vse dokončane razlagalne vsebinski oris in izbrali obliko predstavitve, npr.: video, video posnetke smo naložili v kanal »Obvladam računalništvo« infografika, besedilo, zvočni posnetek, predstavitev. Sledila je na portalu Arnes Video. Video posnetke smo zasnovali tako, da razdelitev dela, pri kateri smo upoštevali osebne preference so samostoječi in se lahko uporabljajo kot samostojne enote. študentk, mentorji pa so prevzeli področja, s katerimi se sicer Nato smo uporabili spletno orodje za izdelavo spletišč Arnes ukvarjajo. Pri razvoju gradiv smo izhajali iz predpostavke, da naj Splet, kjer smo razlagalne video posnetke opremili z bodo ta samostoječa, kar pomeni, da učenec za učenje ne interaktivnimi h5p nalogami in jih ustrezno strukturirali po potrebuje nujno podpore učitelja, ampak se lahko uči področjih. V zadnji fazi smo intenzivno testirali delovanje samostojno. Iz tega razloga smo se v večini primerov odločili, da spletišča, preverjali smo delovanje povezav, video posnetkov in bodo gradiva kombinacija razlagalnega interaktivnega videa in interaktivnih nalog. interaktivnih nalog za preverjanje znanja. Z videom učenec pride do razlage in razumevanja učne snovi, interaktivne naloge pa mu 4.1.2 Predstavitev vsebinskega okvira petih področij RIN omogočajo, da se samo-preveri in prejme takojšnjo povratno V sklopu »Računalniški sistemi« smo predstavili arhitekturo informacijo, če snov res razume. Z željo, da bi se čim bolj računalnika, delovanje digitalnih naprav ter pojasnili kako približali ciljni publiki smo se odločili, da učno vsebino strojna in programska oprema sodelujeta pri reševanju nalog. podajamo preko treh likov, sester Klare in Mance ter robota Podrobno smo predstavili obdelavo, pošiljanje in shranjevanje Obre, ki obvlada računalništvo. V nekaterih video posnetkih digitalnih podatkov ter delovanje pomnilniških medijev. študentke razlagajo učno snov, medtem ko v drugih glavnim Osvetlili smo osnovne načine povezovanja računalnikov v likom posodijo svoj glas. Ta pristop videom daje oseben občutek omrežja ter podali splošne napotke za reševanje pogostih in ustvarja bolj vključujočo izkušnjo za učence. Pred začetkom računalniških težav. razvijanja gradiv smo pripravili grafično zasnovo projekta. S tem V sklopu »Podatki in analiza« smo obravnavali načine smo želeli gradiva grafično poenotiti. Določili smo barvne zbiranja, shranjevanja in predstavitve podatkov v računalniku. sheme, ustvarili logotip, izbrali stil grafičnih elementov, naredili Pojasnili smo kako lahko podatke preoblikujemo in s tem predloge za predstavitve in infografike ter izdelali podobe pridobimo nova spoznanja. Prav tako smo predstavili načine uporabljenih likov. Pri tem smo upoštevali ciljno publiko in analize podatkov, ki jih lahko uporabimo za sklepanje in načela oblikovanja izobraževalnih gradiv. napovedovanje. Izdelavo gradiv smo začeli tako, da so študentke najprej V sklopu »Algoritmi in programiranje« smo na enostaven pripravile osnutke scenarijev in določile interaktivne naloge. način predstavili osnovne koncepte programiranja z uporabo Mentorji smo gradiva sproti pregledovali, komentirali, podajali vizualnega programiranja v jeziku Scratch. Na praktičnem povratne informacije in usmeritve. Za osnovno komunikacijo primeru programiranja igre »kača« smo predstavili pojma izraz smo uporabili program MS Teams. V njem smo ustvarili ekipo z in ukaz ter programske konstrukte – spremenljivka, pogojni več kanali: »Splošno«, »Izvedba učnih ur v razredu«, »Sestava stavek in zanka. Naslovili smo tudi osnovne koncepte objektnega učnih ciljev, učnih dosežkov in učnih vsebin« in »Zbirka in dogodkovnega programiranja. uporabnih gradiv«. Za bolj učinkovito delo smo organizirali tudi V sklopu »Omrežja in internet« smo osvetlili osnovne številne sestanke v živo, kjer smo bili navzoči vsi vključeni v koncepte povezovanja računalnikov v omrežja. Predstavili smo projekt. Določene vidike razvoja učnih gradiv je bilo namreč bolj omrežne naprave: modem, usmerjevalnik in stikalo ter pojasnili učinkovito opraviti v živo. Na sestankih smo debatirali o odprtih njihovo vlogo v omrežju internet. Razložili smo osnovne vprašanjih, iskali nove ideje, popravljali in dopolnjevali scenarije. principe izmenjave informacij, koncepta strežnik-odjemalec in Na ta način smo prišli do končnih verzij scenarijev. Ti so gostovanja spletnih strani. Spodbujali smo odgovorno dodajanje predstavljali osnovo za snemanje video in zvočnih posnetkov. vsebin na internet, spoštovanje avtorskih pravic in ozaveščanje o Materiale smo snemali v prostorih Pedagoške fakultete v verodostojnosti informacij. improviziranem studiu, študentke pa so jih nato obdelale s V sklopu »Učinki računalništva in informatike« smo pomočjo odprtokodnih programov. Razlagalnim video poudarili pomembnost spoštljivega komuniciranja preko posnetkom so dodale interaktivne komponente, kot npr. interneta ter ozaveščanje o vplivu tehnologije na družbo, vprašanja z izbiro odgovora, besedilnim vnosom, pojavnimi vključno s pravnimi, kulturnimi, okoljskimi in etičnimi vidiki. besedili, ipd.. Za to smo se odločili, ker so takšni video posnetki Spodbujali smo odgovorno ravnanje in razmišljanje o družbenih za učence bolj zanimivi. Od njih zahtevajo aktivno sodelovanje posledicah naših dejanj v digitalnem prostoru. in pripomorejo k bolj pozornemu spremljanju obravnavane učne snovi ter lahko posledično privedejo do boljšega učnega učinka. 4.1.3 Upoštevanje ciljne skupine in slovenskega konteksta Za vsako učno enoto so nato izdelale tudi interaktivne naloge z Pri razvoju gradiv smo se želeli čim bolj približati ciljni publiki in upoštevati slovenski kontekst. V Sloveniji nimamo 596 formalnega izobraževanja na področju računalništva in razvojni stopnji. Otroci v 2. triletju so namreč na konkretni informatike do 4. razreda osnovne šole, zato smo morali operacijski stopnji, kar pomeni, da še niso na stopnji, ki bi jim zagotoviti, da gradiva ne predpostavljajo nobenega predznanja. omogočala abstraktno razmišljanje, ki je potrebno za poglobljeno To smo morali upoštevati tudi pri definiranju vsebinskih razumevanje številnih računalniških konceptov. Zato smo želeli sklopov, učnih enot, ciljev in izidov. Kompetenčni okviri in učni predstaviti bistvo koncepta in ga ponazoriti na realnih primerih, načrti iz drugih držav namreč opredeljuje časovnico ki bi bili učencem blizu. Pri tem smo morali paziti, da konceptov obravnavanih vsebin, ki ni usklajena s slovenskim okoljem. Npr. nismo preveč poenostavili, saj s tem ne bi ustvarili ustreznega v kompetenčnem okviru K12 se obravnava učnih vsebin prične temelja, ki bi ga bilo mogoče v 3. triletju nadgrajevati v že v predšolskem obdobju. Naslednji pomemben vidik, ki smo abstraktno razumevanje konceptov in pojmov. Obenem pa smo ga upoštevali pri odločitvi za izdelavo gradiv je bila ponuditi morali biti pazljivi pri izbiri primerov, da ti ne bi vodili v napačna kvalitetna brezplačna gradiva, ki bodo na voljo vsakemu učitelju razumevanja. Nespretno izbran primer iz realnega življenja lahko v Sloveniji. Vpeljava novih učnih pripomočkov in storitev je namreč vzbuja napačne asociacije, otrok pa lahko konceptu namreč velikokrat povezana s stroški, ker pa običajno za te pripiše lastnosti, ki jih je sicer mogoče izpeljati iz podanega namene ni dovolj sredstev, to v našem prostoru predstavlja veliko primera, pri konceptu, ki ga poučujemo pa na splošno ne veljajo. oviro. Slovenski kontekst smo upoštevali tudi pri izbiranju Izziva smo se lotili tako, da smo proces iskanja ustreznih primerov, s katerimi smo pojasnjevali računalniške koncepte. primerov izvedli iterativno, vanj smo bili vključeni vsi, Iskali smo jih iz vsebin drugih predmetov 4. in 5. razreda in s tem spodbujali smo odprto komunikacijo, soočanje različnih mnenj želeli pripomoči k realizaciji medpredmetnega povezovanja. in argumentirano debato. Večkrat je bilo potrebnih veliko razmislekov, usklajevanj, zavrženih idej in ponovitev, da smo 4.1.4 Ponazoritev primerov učnih gradiv prišli do končne verzije, s katero smo se vsi strinjali. Slika 1 prikazuje primere gradiv, ki so vključeni v spletišče Obvladam računalništvo. Del slike 1.a prikazuje razlagalni 4.2.2 Iskanje ustreznih načinov preverjanja znanja interaktivni video. Na časovnem traku so vidne točke, na katerih Izziv je predstavljal tudi izbor načinov za preverjanje znanja pri se video ustavi, učenec pa mora za nadaljevanje rešiti kratko upoštevanju specifičnosti, ki jih prinaša izobraževanje v okviru nalogo. Pri tem pa si lahko pomaga z namigi (klik na znak »i«). spletnega okolja. Odločili smo se, da jih naslovimo tako, da Slika 1.b prikazuje infografiko, ki je namenjena razlagi izkoristimo zmožnosti vtičnika h5p, ki omogoča implementacijo pomnilniške hierarhije na primeru iz realnega življenja. Na sliki raznolikih interaktivnih aktivnosti. Pri tem smo si zastavili 1.c je prikazana animacija, ki razlaga osnovni princip prenašanja ključno vprašanje: kako na različnih ravneh preveriti znanje in binarnih vrednosti po prenosnem mediju. Na sliki 1.d pa so izbrati ustrezne h5p aktivnosti iz nabora možnosti. Reševanje prikazani različni načini preverjanja znanja, ki so realizirani s tega problema je zahtevalo usklajevanje več vidikov, s katerimi pomočjo h5p interaktivnosti. bi lahko zagotovili učinkovito in obenem za učence zanimivo preverjanje znanja na različnih nivojih. Prvi korak je bil določiti ključne cilje in vsebine, ki jih želimo preveriti pri učencih. Nato smo za vsako vsebino določili kognitivno stopnjo, na kateri smo jo želeli preverjati, ter oblikovali naloge oz. aktivnosti. Sledil je ključen premislek o tem kako izbran način preverjanja znanja realizirati v spletnem okolju. Pomembno nam je bilo zagotoviti takojšnjo povratno informacijo, ki bi učencem jasno prikazala nivo njihovega pridobljenega znanja. Hkrati pa smo skrbno izbirali naloge in aktivnosti, ki bi ohranjale situacijski interes in vzpodbujale zanimanje učencev. Pri tem smo se zavedali, da mora preverjanje potekati na način, ki učence spodbudi k nadaljnjemu delu. Slika 1: Primeri gradiv: a) razlagalni interaktivni video, b) 4.2.3 Iskanje večpredstavnih virov z ustrezno licenco besedilna razlaga in infografika, c) animacija razlage Vsi, ki smo se kadar koli srečali z iskanjem večpredstavnih virov, koncepta prenosa digitalnih vrednosti, d) preverjanje znanja na primer slik, animacij, zvočnih posnetkov, razumemo, da je 4.2 Izzivi pri razvoju iskanje pogosto zelo zamudno in se večkrat zgodi, da je ustrezne vire zelo težko najti. V slovenskem prostoru smo v času Izdelava učnega gradiva nam je predstavljala izjemno priložnost pandemije COVID-19 lahko opazili prakso deljenje virov in za zagotavljanje strokovno kakovostnih, didaktično ustreznih in gradiv med učitelji, kar je izjemno povezovalno in je učiteljem prosto dostopnih vsebin iz računalništva in informatike v prihranilo čas ter na drugi strani učencem omogočilo dostop do slovenskem prostoru. Vendar pa smo se soočali tudi s številnimi kakovostnejših gradiv. Vendar pa je bilo ob tem opaziti tudi izzivi, ki smo jih morali nasloviti, da bi gradiva ustrezala splošno nepoznavanje avtorskega prava in licenc. zadanim visokim standardom in bila koristna za učence. Večina spletnih virov je avtorsko zaščitenih, zato jih ni 4.2.1Predstavitev konceptov na otroku razumljiv način mogoče uporabiti, predelati in deliti. To so vsi viri, ki so bodisi Največji izziv nam je predstavljalo iskanje ustreznega načina za označeni z licenco @Copyright (©) bodisi niso označeni z predstavitev obravnavanih računalniških vsebin za ciljno nobeno od licenc. publiko. Veliko časa smo posvetili ukvarjanju z vprašanjem kako Pri snovanju OER, ki so javno prosto dostopna vsem na spletu iz nekega koncepta, ki smo ga želeli predstaviti, abstrahirati je zato velik izziv predstavljalo iskanje vsebinsko in licenčno bistvo in ga predstaviti na način, ki je primeren za otroka na tej ustreznih večpredstavnih materialov. V veliko pomoč pri tem so 597 nam bile prosto-dostopne zbirke virov kot so Pixabay, Pexels, dostopen, podatki pa se varno hranijo na slovenskih strežnikih. Unsplash ipd. ter Canva za učitelje, s pomočjo katere smo Tako spletno mesto, kot h5p vsebine in video portal podpirajo ustvarili večino večpredstavnih virov. označevanje gradiv z licencami Creative Commons, ki smo jih uporabili za namen označevanja gradiv kot odprtih 4.2.4 Snovanje preverjanja znanja za spletno učno okolje izobraževalnih virov. Vsa gradiva so tako dostopna javno in na Učno gradivo, ki ne omogoča, da pridobimo povratne voljo za uporabo, spremljanje in vnovično deljenje pod licenco informacije o pravilnem razumevanju, zahteva zelo dobre CC BY-NC-SA (navedba avtorstva, nekomercialna raba in samoregulacijske spretnosti, ki pa pri mlajših učencih še niso deljenje pod enakimi pogoji). Tabela 1 predstavlja temeljne razvite do te mere, da bi se lahko učinkovito samostojno učili gradnike, ki smo jih uporabili pri razvoju spletnih interaktivnih brez povratnih informacij [3]. Da bi bilo spletno učno gradivo učnih gradiv. kljub temu lahko kakovosten učni pripomoček pri poučevanju in izven prostora šole, smo veliko pozornosti namenili snovanju ustreznega preverjanja znanja. Vtičnik h5p, ki je na voljo v Tabela 1: Temeljni gradniki spletnega učnega gradiva storitvi Arnes splet omogoča ustvarjanje zelo raznolikih aktivnosti in nalog. Pri tem je ključno dobro pedagoško- Gradnik Opis Pomen didaktično in strokovno znanje s področja, za katerega Besedilna Razlaga v obliki Kognitivna ustvarjamo naloge in aktivnosti ter hkrati dobro tehnično znanje razlaga besedila ali ključnih obremenitev uporabe h5p. S temi znanji je mogoče ustvariti kognitivno pestre, besed in poudarkov dveh kanalov za vsebinsko raznolike in za učence zanimive naloge, pri reševanju boljše katerih učenci prejmejo takojšnje povratne informacije. razumevanje. Vsaka tema vključuje formativno preverjanje znanja, ki je Slikovna Slikovni viri, ki Kognitivna implementirano kot del video posnetka in učencu omogoča, da ponazoritev pojasnjujejo in obremenitev sproti preveri, kako dobro razume vsebino, koncepte in pojme. oslikujejo razlago in dveh kanalov za Pod vsakim razlagalnim videom pa ima učenec na voljo še podajajo primere. boljše dodatne kognitivno in taksonomsko raznovrstne aktivnosti in razumevanje. naloge, s katerimi preveri svoje znanje po zaključku učne teme. Infografika Izobraževalni plakat za Ponazoritev, učni V primeru, ko učenec pri reševanju še ne izkaže obvladovanja ponazoritev pojmov. pripomoček snovi, ga povratne informacije ob koncu naloge spodbudijo, da Predstavitev Predstavitev s ključnimi Predstavitev nalogo rešuje ponovno. Pri vseh povratnih informacijah smo podatki o temi. teme, učni skrbeli tudi za pozitivno naravnanost, saj je Žerovnikova v pripomoček doktorski raziskavi ugotovila, da slovenski učenci prejemajo Interaktivni Razlagalni video Razlaga, bistveno več negativno kot pozitivno naravnanih pisnih video posnetek s poudarki, ponazoritev in povratnih informacij [3]. Po našem mnenju je pozitivna vizualnimi preverjanje naravnanost v podajanju povratnih informacij še toliko bolj ponazoritvami in znanja, učni ključna v spletnem okolju, kjer nimamo vpogleda v to, kako je interaktivne naloge za pripomoček učenec sprejel povratne informacije. Cilj pozitivno naravnanih formativno preverjanje povratnih informacij je ohranjati situacijski interes učencev za znanja. vsebine in reševanje nalog ter s tem spodbujati učenje Zvočna Posneta zvočna razlaga Dostopnost, učni računalniških vsebin. razlaga besedilnih zapisov za pripomoček učence, ki težje ali 4.3 Predstavitev spletišča - Alenka slabše berejo. Kot končni rezultat razvojnega projekta je nastalo spletno mesto Interaktivne Naloge in aktivnosti, ki Formativno in https://obvladamracunalnistvo.splet.arnes.si/. Iz spletnega URL komponente omogočajo takojšnje končno naslova je razvidno, da smo pri vzpostavitvi spletnega mesta povratne informacije v preverjanje uporabili storitev Arnes splet, ki uporablja ogrodje Wordpress. spletnem okolju znanja Arnes splet je za učitelje in učence brezplačna storitev, ki Barvna Barvna shema, ki je Enotnost in omogoča postavitev enega ali več spletnih mest. Pri načrtovanju shema uporabljena pri vseh povezanost zgradbe in strukture spletnega mesta smo uporabili zahtevnejšo gradnikih in gradivo temo Divi, ki nam je omogočala popolno svobodo pri med seboj povezuje, da oblikovanju spletnega mesta. Spletno mesto je razdeljeno na 5 deluje enotno. vsebinskih sklopov, ki pokrivajo temeljna področja računalništva Liki Glavni lik Obra Vključevanje in informatike (RIN), vsak sklop pa ima v podmeniju svoje (OBvlada elementov podteme. Prva stran služi opisu, slikovni in zvočni predstavitvi RAčunalništvo), ki pripovedovanja 5-ih temeljnih področij RIN. Vsaka učna tema vključuje razlago, spremlja učenca. zgodb sprotno preverjanje znanja in končno preverjanje znanja. Za Sestrici Manca in Klara, razlago smo uporabili video, predstavitev, besedilo in ki si med seboj infografiko, interaktivnost pa smo implementirali s pomočjo pomagata in vtičnika h5p, ki je dostopen v storitvi Arnes splet. Vsi izmenjujeta znanje. videoposnetki so visoke resolucije, za gostovanje video vsebin Logo Logotip spletnega mesta Prepoznavnost pa smo uporabili portal Arnes video, ki je za učitelje prosto 598 Pri načrtovanju in implementaciji zgradbe in celostne tematike iz področja umetne inteligence, saj gre za eno od najbolj grafične podobe smo izhajali iz sodobnih smernic spletnega vplivnih tehnologij v prihodnosti in predstavlja pomemben del oblikovanja. Barvno shemo smo uskladili s standardom WCAG digitalne pismenosti. Prav tako bi bilo v nadaljevanju smiselno 2.1 za ustrezen kontrast, ki omogoča boljšo dostopnost izvajati poglobljene evalvacije učnega gradiva ter ugotavljati uporabnikom s primanjkljajem na področju vida. Pri oblikovanju njegovo uporabnost in učinkovitost v učnem procesu. V razvoj logotipa in glavnega lika smo naslovili ciljno publiko otrok starih gradiva bi lahko vključili tudi učitelje, ki bi na osnovi lastnih med 8 in 10 let ter ju povezali s temo računalništva (Slika 2 levo). izkušenj in potreb prispevali k učnim gradivom in usmerjali njegov nadaljnji razvoj. Naša prizadevanja bi lahko poteka tudi v smeri osveščanja o odprtokodnih virih ter organizaciji rednih izobraževanj in delavnic za učitelje pri uporabi izdelanega gradiva. S tem bi omogočili, da bi lahko bolje izkoristili njegov potencial pri svojem pedagoškem delu in s tem prispevali k izboljšanju digitalne pismenosti v Sloveniji. REFERENCE [1] Tina Štemberger in Majda Cencič. 2014. Raziskava načrtovanih novosti pri pouku v kontekstu pedagoških raziskav. Sodobna pedagogika, 65/131(1), 90–103. [2] UNESCO, Open Educational Resources (OER). [Dostopano 2 avgust Slika 2: Celostna grafična podoba spletnega mesta z barvno 2023]. Pridobljeno s: https://www.unesco.org/en/open-educational- resources shemo, logotipom, tipografijo in glavnim likom Obro (levo) [3] Alenka Žerovnik. 2021. Razvoj spletnega orodja za spodbujanje in zgradba končnega spletnega mesta (desno). samoregulativnega učenja. Doktorska disertacija. Univerza v Ljubljani. Celotno zgradbo spletnega mesta smo naredili čimbolj [Dostopano 2 avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno s: http://pefprints.pef.uni- lj.si/6986/ preprosto, da se mlajši uporabniki hitreje in lažje znajdejo po njej. [4] Andrej Brodnik idr. 2022. Okvir Računalništva in Informatike Od Vrtca Meni spletnega mesta je zato učečemu vedno dostopen, po Do Srednje Šole: Poročilo Strokovne Delovne Skupine Za Analizo vsebini pa lahko išče tudi s pomočjo iskalnika. Vsaka tema ima Prisotnosti Vsebin Računalništva in Informatike v Programih Osnovnih in Srednjih Šol Ter Za Pripravo Študije o Možnih Spremembah (RINOS). poleg kratkega opisa teme tudi slikovno ponazoritev, ki skrbi za Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport. [Dostopano 4. avgust to, da bi pri učencu vzbudili interes za ogled vsebine teme (Slika 2023]. Pridobljeno s: https://redmine.lusy.fri.uni- 2 desno). Na podlagi pridobljenih odzivov s strani učencem in lj.si/attachments/download/3060/Porocilo_RINOS_10_1_22.pdf. [5] David Wiley in John Hilton. 2018. Defining OER-Enabled Pedagogy. učiteljev sklepamo, da smo razvili kakovostno, za ciljno publiko International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, ustrezno, spletno učno gradivo. 19(4), 134-147. [Dostopano 3. avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno s strani: https://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/3601/4769 [6] Utpal M. Dholakia, W. Joseph King in Richard Baraniuk. 2006. What Makes an Open Education Program Sustainable? The Case of 5 ZAKLJUČEK Connexions. [Dostopano 3. avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno s strani: Nastalo učno gradivo in spoznanja, ki smo jih pridobili v fazi https://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/36781781.pdf [7] CS4All. b.d. CS4All – About. [Dostopano 3. avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno s: razvoja učnega gradiva predstavljajo velik doprinos k razvoju https://www.csforall.org stroke in prakse na področju poučevanja računalništva v [8] K-12 Computer Science Framework Steering Committee. 2016. K–12 slovenskih osnovnih šolah. Ker smo ena redkih držav, ki nimam Computer Science Framework. [Dostopano 3. avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno obveznega predmeta s področja računalništva niti v enem razredu s: https://k12cs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/K%E2%80%9312- Computer-Science-Framework.pdf. osnovne šole, v slovenskem prostoru manjka kakovostnih učnih [9] Vladimir Batagelj. 2002. U čni Načrt, Izbirni Predmet: Program gradiv, ki bi bila učiteljem v pomoč pri poučevanju in učencem Osnovnošolskega Izobraževanja, Računalništvo: [Urejanje Besedil, pri učenju. Hkrati nastalo učno gradivo prinaša praktični zgled Računalniška Omrežja, Multimedija]. Ministrstvo za šolstvo, znanost in šport; Zavod RS za šolstvo. kakovostnega spletnega učnega okolja, pri razvoju katerega smo [10] Radovan Krajnc idr. 2013. Učni Načrt, Program Osnovna Šola, raziskovalci in praktiki vnašali in upoštevali spoznanja, ki smo Računalništvo: Neobvezni Izbirni Predmet. Ministrstvo za jih pridobili v času šolanja na daljavo, ki je potekalo v COVID- izobraževanje, znanost in šport; Zavod RS za šolstvo. [Dostopano 4. avgust 2023]. Pridobljeno s: 19 obdobju. Doprinos k znanosti predstavlja kombinacija http://www.mizs.gov.si/fileadmin/mizs.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocje/os/d uporabljenih metod, tehnik, pripomočkov in orodij za nastanek evetletka/program_razsirjeni/Racunalnistvo_izbirni_neobvezni.pdf. učnega gradiva. Učno gradivo je v celoti izdelano kot odprt izobraževalni vir (OER), ki ima v izobraževalnem prostoru poseben prostor tudi zato, ker je na ta način znanje dostopno vsem, vir pa trajnostno naravnan. S tem prispevamo k zmanjševanju razlik, ki nastajajo zaradi socialno-ekonomskega položaja učečih in njihovih družin. Pri nastajanju smo uporabljali odprtokodno in brezplačno dostopno programsko opremo in pripomočke, ki so na voljo vsakemu (na primer mobilni telefon za snemanje) ter storitve, ki so na voljo vsem slovenskim učiteljem, s čimer smo pokazali, da lahko kakovostna učna gradiva pripravijo tudi učitelji sami, potrebno je le znanje. V okviru nadaljnjega dela bi bilo smiselno nadgrajevati obstoječe učno gradivo ter ga prilagoditi tudi drugim starostnim skupinam in stopnjam poučevanja. Vanj bi bilo koristno vključiti 599 600 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek H Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume H Digitalna vključenost v informacijski družbi Digital Inclusion in Information Society Urednika / Editors Matjaž Debevc, Ines Kožuh http://is.ijs.si 11. oktober 2023 / 11 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 601 602 PREDGOVOR Danes, v dobi razmahajoče digitalizacije, postaja digitalna vključenost ključni steber naše informacijske družbe. S širjenjem dostopa do digitalnih tehnologij in spletnih storitev na vse večje število posameznikov, vključno z osebami z različnimi oblikami oviranosti, se poudarek na zagotavljanju dostopnosti, jasnosti, razumljivosti in uporabnosti tehnologij le še krepi. Vse večje število posameznikov potrebuje prilagojene rešitve, da bi lahko v celoti sodelovali v digitalni dobi in izkoristili njen polni potencial. Hkrati pa se moramo globoko zavedati potreb in zahtev tistih, ki potrebujejo podporo pri komunikaciji ter lažjem vključevanju v družbeno, socialno in delovno okolje. In prav to je osrednja tematika prve hibridne in obenem dostopne konference "Digitalna vključenost v informacijski družbi – DIGIN 2023", ki se je izvajala v sodelovanju z evropskim centrom virov o dostopnosti – AccessibleEU. Konferenca je združila priznane slovenske raziskovalce in praktike iz različnih področij, ki so delili svoje rešitve, spoznanja in metode za dosego popolne digitalne vključenosti. Cilj konference je bil raziskati in premagati ovire, s katerimi se srečujejo osebe z različnimi oblikami oviranosti ter ustvariti digitalno okolje, ki bo dostopno za vse. Vsebine, ki so v pričujočem zborniku, so neprecenljiv vir znanja in inspiracije za vse udeležence. Z njimi bomo bolje razumeli, kako lahko podporno tehnologijo izkoristimo za izboljšanje kakovosti življenja posameznikov in omogočimo, da se vsi enakopravno vključijo v digitalno dobo. Prepričani smo, da bomo skupaj ustvarili pomembno premikanje proti bolj vključujoči in dostopni digitalni prihodnosti! Uredniški odbor 603 FOREWORD Today, in the era of digitalization, digital inclusion is becoming a pivotal pillar of our information society. As access to digital technologies and online services continues to expand to an ever-growing number of individuals, including those with various forms of disabilities, the emphasis on ensuring accessibility, clarity, comprehensibility, and usability of technology only strengthens. An increasing number of individuals require tailored solutions to fully participate in the digital age and harness its full potential. At the same time, we must deeply acknowledge the needs and requirements of those who require support in communication and seamless integration into the social, societal, and work environments. And precisely this is the central theme of the first hybrid and accessible conference, "Digital Inclusion in the Information Society – DIGIN 2023," conducted in collaboration with the European Accessibility Resource Centre – AccessibleEU. The conference brought together esteemed Slovenian researchers and practitioners from various fields who shared their solutions, insights, and methods to achieve complete digital inclusion. The conference's goal was to explore and overcome the barriers faced by individuals with various forms of disabilities and to create a digital environment accessible to all. The contents within this compendium serve as an invaluable source of knowledge and inspiration for all participants. Through them, we will gain a better understanding of how assistive technology can be leveraged to improve the quality of life for individuals and enable everyone to be equally included in the digital era. We are confident that together, we will make significant strides toward a more inclusive and accessible digital future! Editorial Board 604 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Programski svet / Steering Committee Matjaž Gams ( Predsednik / Chair), Institut Jožef Stefan Matjaž Debevc, Matjaž Debevc, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Zoran Ren, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za strojništvo Marta Licardo, Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta Boštjan Šumak, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Damjana Kogovšek, Univerza v Ljubljani, Pedagoška fakulteta Matevž Pogačnik, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Dušan Caf, Alma Mater Europaea Programski odbor / Programme Committee Ines Kožuh (Predsednik / Chair), Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Andraž Petrovčič (Podpredsednik), Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede Maja Pušnik, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Katja Kous, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Darinka Verdonik, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Mirjam Sepesy Maučec, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Dragica Haramija, Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta in Filozofska fakulteta Patricija Sedminek, Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta Natalija Špur, Univerza v Mariboru Narvika Bovcon, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za računalništvo in informatiko Klemen Pečnik, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko Katja Mahnič, Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta Jelena Ficzko, Univerza v Ljubljani, Zdravstvena fakulteta Anamarija Kejžar, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za socialno delo Jana Mali, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za socialno delo Simona Hvalič Touzery, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede 605 Vesna Dolničar, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede Darja Grošelj, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede Janez Drobnič, Univerza na Primorskem, Pedagoška fakulteta Vanja Riccarda Kiswarday, Univerza na Primorskem, Pedagoška fakulteta Aksinja Kermauner, Univerza na Primorskem, Pedagoška fakulteta Janja Gabruč, Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za turistične študije Mojca Debeljak, Univerzitetni rehabilitacijski inštitut Republike Slovenije – Soča Zdenka Wltavsky, Univerzitetni rehabilitacijski inštitut Republike Slovenije – Soča Alenka Gajšt, Društvo študentov invalidov Slovenije Darja Ivanuša, Kline, Inštitut za napredno upravljanje komunikacij – INUK Mateja Toman, Nacionalni svet invalidskih organizacij Slovenija – NSIOS Borut Čampelj, Ministrstvo za vzgojo in izobraževanje Saša Mlakar, Ministrstvo za delo, družino, socialne zadeve in enake možnosti, Direktorat za invalide Aida Kamišalić Latifić, Ministrstvo za digitalno preobrazbo 606 Online Notes – A Real-Time Speech Recognition and Machine Translation System for Slovene University Lectures Marko Bajec Jaka Čibej Iztok Lebar Bajec Kaja Gantar Tjaša Šoltes Sara Sever Jernej Cvek Simon Krek name.surname@fri.uni-lj.si name.surname@fri.uni-lj.si Laboratory for Data Technologies Centre for Language Resources and Technologies Faculty of Computer and Information Science Faculty of Computer and Information Science University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 Večna pot 113 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia ABSTRACT are dyslexic, 2% are hearing-impaired, 4% are sight-impaired, and The paper presents Online Notes, a system involving speech 13% are cognitively impaired. recognition and machine translation that provides a real-time One of the projects financed by the University to tackle both transcription of Slovene speech during a lecture and its machine the issues of internationalization and inclusiveness is Online translation into English. It was developed by researchers at the Notes. We begin the paper by outlining the project, then con- University of Ljubljana to fulfil two principal goals: (1) to al- tinue by describing the system (with short descriptions of its low non-Slovene-speaking university students to attend lectures components and its interface), the workflow of the pilot lectures held in Slovene; and (2) to enable students with disabilities (par- used to test the system between 2021 and 2023, and the prelimi- ticularly the hard-of-hearing) to attend lectures that would be nary results of the testing phase. We conclude by describing our otherwise inaccessible to them. We present the motivation behind plans for future work. the development of the system, its functionality, some results and impressions obtained from the pilot lectures conducted in the last two years, and finally, our plans for future work. 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Online Notes project is a collaboration between the Labo-KEYWORDS ratory for Data Technologies at the Faculty of Computer and speech recognition, machine translation, university lectures, Slovene Information Science of the University of Ljubljana, and the Cen- tre for Language Resources and Technologies of the University 1 INTRODUCTION of Ljubljana. The project is aimed at developing a system for In accordance with the development strategy adopted by the the real-time speech recognition and automatic translation of University of Ljubljana for the periods 2012-2020 and 2022-2027, Slovene lectures, which will help non-Slovene-speaking students the University has undertaken a series of measures in order to to attend lectures held in Slovene, as well as provide transcrip- achieve its goals of fostering academic excellence, credibility and tions and recordings of lectures for students with disabilities. autonomy, with a strong focus on internationalization, equal The project encompasses the following activities: (a) the devel- opportunity, solidarity, and inclusiveness [4]. The international- opment of ASR-models for the domain of Slovene university-level ization of the University has long been a source of heated debates lectures; (b) the development of the system back-end and front- both among experts and in the public, with opponents warn- end; (c) the organization of pilot lectures at the University of ing that the introduction of more English lectures would have Ljubljana; and (d) collecting user feedback. a negative effect on the development of Slovene, and advocates proposing it as a necessary measure in order for the University to become more active in the international academic sphere, compet- 3 THE ONLINE NOTES SYSTEM itive, inclusive and accessible. The strategy of inclusiveness does The Online Notes system (or ON for short) consists of several not refer to only non-Slovene-speaking students, however, but components presented in the following subsections. students with disabilities as well: one of the strategic activities of The components of ON can be divided into three groups; (1) the University (according to its 2022-2027 development plan [5]) client-side applications, (2) back-end services and (3) speech ser- focuses on providing systematic support for the accessibility of vices. Client-side applications consist of (a) an application for studies to individuals with special needs. The results of a survey audio streaming, (b) a web application for users (students and conducted by the University of Ljubljana in February 2021 ([3] lecturers; see 3.5 and 3.4), and (c) a web application for admin- show e.g. that approximately 38% of students with disabilities istrators (see 3.6). The main back-end component connects the building blocks (i.e. speech services), stores audio, transcripts Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal and translations to a database/file system, provides real-time data or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and using a message broker and exposes functionalities to client-side the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this applications via an API, protected by an identity and access man- work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). agement (IAM) service. The speech services consist of a speech Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). recognition service, a punctuation service and a translation ser- vice. 607 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bajec et al. 3.2 Machine Translation Each final hypothesis (represented as a paragraph, or a block of text with punctuation) returned by the speech recognition service is then translated and displayed parallel to the Slovene text. Each segment is translated separately to minimize the delay in the display of translations. Currently, two machine translators are supported, i.e. an external commercial neural machine trans- lator, as well as a translation service that was developed at the University of Ljubljana within the Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment (RSDO) project for the Slovene-English language pair. It is based on the AAYN model from the NVIDIA NeMo toolkit. The model was trained on a Slovene-English cor- Figure 1: High-level overview of ON system architecture. pus consisting of 40 million aligned sentences. While the system has been tested for the Slovene-English language pair, in the future, the plan is to allow students to choose their preferred target language when using an external machine translator. 3.1 Speech Recognition The speech recognition model that has been developed within the project is based on the Kaldi toolkit [6] and uses Weighted Finite- 3.3 Interface State Transducers (WFST) for training and decoding. All steps The ON front-end is designed as a web portal with a single entry (including data preprocessing and training) follow the recipe site where users can log in with their digital identities provided by provided by Kaldi. Speech recognition starts with waveform- the University of Ljubljana. Based on their account type (student reading and feature extraction from the audio, which is then or lecturer), the log-in redirects them to one of the two different presented with a Mel spectrogram. The data is processed by sites with differing functions. In addition, a separate administra- the acoustic model (based on librispeech chain recipes), which tor site is also available, along with a streaming site (where live returns a probability matrix of subword units (phonemes) over lectures are recorded). We briefly present all components in the time. The probability matrix is decoded with a language model subsections below. (a statistical n-gram model in ARPA format, created using the The general workflow of the system is designed in the fol- kenlm toolkit), which results in the recognized text. Because lowing manner: (1) lectures are scheduled in the ON system by this text lacks punctuation, it is sent to the punctuator, which is an administrator, (2) a lecturer runs the ON speech-recognition implemented as a separate service that inserts punctuation into and machine-translation system during their scheduled lecture the text. through the streaming site; students can access the real-time Currently, two distinct speech recognition models are used transcriptions and translations during the lecture through the within the ON system: one that is tailored to social science lec- student site; (3) once the lecture is complete, the lecturer can tures (ON-DR) and one for technical science lectures (ON-NT). In edit the transcription and translation (if necessary) through the the Kaldi framework, the acoustic model and the language model lecturer site; (4) the recording, (edited) transcription and (edited) can be built independently, therefore the two speech recognition translation are archived in the system and can be accessed again models share a common acoustic model, but have domain-tuned at a later date through the student or lecturer site; the lecturer language models. The acoustic model was trained on approxi- also has an option to hide the lecture from further view. mately 200 hours of orthographically transcribed speech. The language model is being continuously updated and the current 3.4 Lecturer Site training dataset consists of approximately 2M sentences and a The lecturer site consists of an overview page (Figure 2) with a lexicon of 1.3M words. list of all lectures archived in the ON system by the lecturer so The base for the language model is a corpus of texts pertaining far; and an editing page (Figure 3), where the lecturer can edit to the field(s) of university lectures. The content of university- the ASR-output (left column) and its machine translation (right level lectures is highly specialized, so it was important to adjust column) for a specific lecture. The lecturer can move through the language model accordingly. the transcription by clicking on the audio progress bar at the To do so, we contacted all lecturers at the University of Ljubl- bottom of the page. The audio is synchronized with the Slovene jana through a common mailing list and collected a number of transcription and the text is color-highlighted when listening to audio- or video-recordings of lectures from previous years (when the audio to facilitate the editing process. The lecturer can also recordings were more frequent because of the COVID-19 pan- add attachments to the lecture (presentation slides, notes, figures, demic). The recordings were first automatically converted to text, etc.), then manually corrected to get the correct transcriptions. In case no recording material for a specific field was available, we used other materials for the subcorpus, such as theses, journals, and 3.5 Student Site research papers. The process was repeated multiple times during The student site is similar to the lecturer site. The homepage the course of the project for each pilot lecture (more on this in consists of an overview of courses and lectures that the student is section 4.1): each time the obtained transcriptions were added to subscribed to (Figure 4), while the lecture page (which is accessed either the ON-NT or ON-DR corpus, gradually expanding both by selecting one of the lectures from the list) shows the Slovene language models. Once the text corpus is compiled, a lexicon of transcription and its machine translation in the same way they tokens and their corresponding pronunciations that match the are displayed to the lecturer (see Figure 3). However, students chosen subword unit while training is prepared. cannot edit the text. During live lectures, the transcription and 608 Online Notes Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia for different lecturers, while lecturers simply run the ON system from the streaming site at the start of their lecture. Figure 2: ON lecturer site with an overview of available lectures. Figure 5: The ON administrator site. 4 PILOT LECTURES 4.1 Workflow To test the Online Notes system in real-life situations, a number of pilot lectures were organized through multiple calls for inter- ested lecturers at the University of Ljubljana. In collaboration with the IT-staff of individual faculties, we first tested the sound equipment available in the relevant lecture room. If the equip- ment was inadequate, we used our own setup (a laptop and a pin microphone). Before the lecture, the recordings of previous lectures with the same or similar content that were provided by the lecturers were transcribed and processed (in order to improve the ASR-models, as described in section 3.1). During the lecture(s), the students were given access to the Figure 3: Editing page of the ON lecturer site. live transcriptions and translations; in some lectures, the ON output was also projected to the screen. In two cases, the ON system was used for every lecture held in that course in that translation are shown in successive blocks of text appearing at semester. the bottom of the page. 4.2 First Impressions and Further Feedback Since 2021, a total of 29 pilot lectures (with two consisting of multiple lectures) have been held at 8 different faculties of the University of Ljubljana so far, with several more planned for the 2023-2024 scholastic year. The lectures included both the fields of humanities and social sciences (e.g. the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Social Sciences) as well as STEM subjects (e.g. the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, the Faculty of Computer and Information Science). While the feedback has been predominantly positive, the use of the system has shown several potential problems that need to be addressed before a more widespread implementation. These range from minor bugs and features to be implemented (e.g. the implementation of a sensible profanity filter for machine Figure 4: Overview page of the ON student site. translations, as these are often unpredictable and sometimes result in unwarranted obscenities in the translated text) to purely technical issues that require action on the part of the faculties 3.6 Administrator Site themselves, such as outdated operating systems on lecture room The administrator site (Figure 5) is separate from the lecturer computers or insufficient hardware. and student sites and allows for lectures to be scheduled in the Currently, we are working on surveys and interviews to ob- Online Notes system. The administrator can manage the pass- tain more feedback from lecturers (not just on the live version words for lecturer accounts, add new courses to their accounts, of Online Notes, but the post-lecture editing phase as well) and assign individual lectures to different classrooms, etc. students, particularly Erasmus students and students with disabil- The administrator site is designed for a designated administra- ities. When it comes to students with disabilities, We have already tor at the faculty level that is responsible for scheduling lectures received general feedback on the use of WCAG Guidelines in 609 Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Bajec et al. terms of the overall interface design, e.g. the use of appropriate (which also causes problems with translation delay; in some cases, contrast ratio for the sight-impaired and the accessibility of dif- it took more than 30 seconds for a very long segment to be dis- ferent interface elements by keyboard. However, this feedback played and translated, which made it more difficult to follow the was not specific to the Online Notes system, but in general. For lecture). Uneven and delayed segmentation causes problems for a more focused test of the user-experience for students with dis- students with disabilities as well and needs to be addressed to abilities, we intend to perform a pilot lecture to receive feedback increase user-friendliness. on the actual use of the platform. Unfortunately, setting up such However, several other, non-technical aspects need to be taken a pilot lecture has not yet been successful because of difficulties into account as well. To a certain extent, the successful use of ON finding willing candidates who at the same time attend lectures depends on the degree to which the speaker adapts their speech that are more suitable for the use of the ON system. to the limitations of the tool; for instance, by consciously avoiding The latest evaluations of the ASR-models done on a sample of segmented speech with numerous false starts, filler words and so the transcriptions of pilot lectures at the end of 2022 show that the on. These become particularly evident in the translation, where speech recognition features word-error rates (WER) between ap- the frequent Slovene filler word ne (which is homonymous with proximately 12.6% and 32%, depending on multiple factors, such ne meaning ’no’ or ’not’) sometimes causes the translation to be as the complexity of the topic (e.g. successful ASR is more difficult diametrically opposed to what the speaker actually said. with non-linguistic elements such as formulae in mathematics By the end of the project, we intend to develop the Online and physics) and the lecturer’s speech rate, clarity, and degree Notes system so that it can be successfully implemented at the of standardness (e.g. non-standard and dialectal speech is still University in order to (1) help increase the accessibility of lectures insufficiently supported by our current ASR-models). Successful for people with disabilities; (2) contribute to the international- speech segmentation is also a problem, as speech segments do ization of the University of Ljubljana by allowing non-Slovene- not necessarily coincide with semantically coherent units, which speaking students to attend Slovene lectures; (3) allow teachers causes additional problems downstream with machine transla- to archive their lectures and edit their transcriptions/translations; tions. No systematic machine translation evaluation has been and (4) contribute to the wider language infrastructure for Slovene. conducted yet since our priority is to resolve as many ASR-issues as possible and then tackle machine translation. However, one 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of the teachers who used the Online Notes system for an entire The Online Notes project was financed by the University of Ljubl- semester deemed the translations suitable enough to be published jana as part of its RSF-funding scheme through the measure ti- as subtitles on their videos (with some corrections), which indi- tled Nadgradnja sistema strojnega prevajanja za potrebe delovanja cates that automatic translations are reasonably useful; however, učnih skupnosti (tudi za študente s posebnimi potrebami) (Upgrad- this also varies from subject to subject. ing a Machine Translation System for Learning Communities (and Special Needs Students)). The research presented in this paper was conducted within the research project titled Basic Research for 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK the Development of Spoken Language Resources and Speech Tech- While the pilot version of Online Notes has been received posi- nologies for the Slovenian Language (J7-4642) and the research tively by the lecturer community at the University of Ljubljana programme Language Resources and Technologies for Slovene (P6- (with some lecturers even integrating the use of the system in 0411) funded by the Slovenian Research Agency, as well as the their own workflows, e.g. using transcriptions for the prepara- research project Development of Slovene in a Digital Environment tion of subtitles for video-recordings of their lecture on public funded by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia. video platforms) and the students (for instance, two Erasmus The authors would like to thank all the lecturers who held students successfully passed an exam in a course held in Slovene pilot lectures within the project and provided valuable feedback by using the ON translations as study aids), the evaluations have on the Online Notes system, as well as the students who took shown that there is still room for improvement. Translating tran- part in the project and the anonymous reviewers who provided scriptions of spontaneous spoken speech is a difficult task, par- valuable feedback on the paper. ticularly in Slovene, where spoken language frequently differs significantly from written standard language both in terms of REFERENCES vocabulary and pronunciation. In the future, we intend to adapt [1] Jaka Čibej et al. 2022. Morphological lexicon sloleks 3.0. Slovenian language our ASR-models to non-standard pronunciations and expanding resource repository CLARIN.SI. (2022). http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1745. the pronunciation dictionaries in order to increase ASR-accuracy. [2] Iztok Kosem, Simon Krek, and Polona Gantar. 2021. Semantic data should no longer exist in isolation: the digital dictionary database of slovenian. In We also intend to expand our pronunciation dictionaries by inte- EURALEX XIX, Lexicography for inclusion. EURALEX. grating the ON system with other language resources developed [3] University of Ljubljana. 2021. Rezultati ankete za študente s posebnimi potre- at the University of Ljubljana, such as the Sloleks Morpholog- bami. (Feb. 2021). Retrieved July 28, 2023 from https://www.uni-lj.si/studij/st udenti-s-posebnim-statusom/porocila-in-analize/. ical Lexicon of Slovene [1], the Digital Dictionary Database of [4] University of Ljubljana. 2012. Strategija univerze v ljubljani 2012–2020. (May Slovene [2], and the Slovenian Terminology Portal [7]. This will 2012). Retrieved July 28, 2023 from https://www.uni-lj.si/o_univerzi_v_ljublj ani/strategija_ul/. reduce the need for processing transcriptions in order to cover [5] University of Ljubljana. 2022. Strategija univerze v ljubljani 2022–2027. (May the vocabulary required for good ASR-results. Depending on how 2022). Retrieved July 28, 2023 from https://www.uni-lj.si/o_univerzi_v_ljublj willing the participating lecturers are to correct the automatic ani/strategija_ul/. [6] Daniel Povey et al. 2011. The kaldi speech recognition toolkit. In IEEE 2011 transcriptions, we may implement an incremental training work- Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. IEEE Cata- flow using corrected outputs to provide more improvements to log No.: CFP11SRW-USB. IEEE Signal Processing Society, Hilton Waikoloa the system. Village, Big Island, Hawaii, US, (Dec. 2011). [7] 2022. Slovenian terminology portal. (Dec. 2022). Retrieved July 28, 2023 from Additionally, different segmentation methods must be tested in https://terminoloski.slovenscina.eu/. order to avoid segmentation-related problems in machine trans- lation, e.g. speech segments that are either too short or too long 610 Digitalna vključenost študentov s posebnimi potrebami v visokošolskem izobraževanju Digital Inclusion of Disabled Students in Higher Education Alenka Gajšt Nataša Mauko Zimšek Društvo študentov invalidov Slovenije Društvo študentov invalidov Slovenije Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija alenka@dsis-drustvo.si natasa@dsis-drustvo.si POVZETEK področij, razmisliti pa je treba tudi o dostopnosti informacijske tehnologije, ki se uporablja na visokošolskih institucijah in med Vse več študijskih aktivnosti poteka v digitalnem okolju ali pa so študenti. Predpisi na področju visokega šolstva [6], invalidskega tradicionalne oblike študijskega procesa podprte tudi z varstva [7] in digitalne dostopnosti [8] nam nalagajo, da se tudi digitalnimi orodji. V nekaterih primerih digitalno okolje v digitalnem okolju prilagodimo raznolikosti študentske študentom s posebnimi potrebami omogoča dostopnejši in populacije, prav tako pa moramo upoštevati raznolikost enakovrednejši študij, a ostajajo področja, na katerih se določene zaposlenih. Digitalna dostopnost visokošolskega prostora je skupine še vedno srečujejo z nepremostljivimi ovirami. večplastna in zahteva načrtno ter usklajeno delovanje različnih Določene ovire izhajajo iz digitalnih orodij; določene obstajajo deležnikov. na sistemski ravni in na ravni izvajalcev; določene izhajajo tudi iz študentov samih. Opisali bomo nekatere najizrazitejše ovire in V prvi vrsti gre za poznavanje dostopnosti razvijalcev njihov vpliv na uspešnost opravljanja študijskih obveznosti digitalnih izdelkov in storitev, da so ti zasnovani po kriterijih študentov s posebnimi potrebami. digitalne dostopnosti. V času pandemije covda-19, ko se je celoten izobraževalni proces preselil na splet in je bilo treba za KLJUČNE BESEDE nadomeščanje nekaterih aktivnosti, ki bi se sicer odvijale v digitalna dostopnost, IKT, podporna tehnologija, študenti s predavalnici, hitro najti digitalna orodja, je imelo veliko posebnimi potrebami, visokošolsko izobraževanje študentov težave z nedostopnostjo teh programov oz. aplikacij. Tudi skrbniki IKT-področja na visokošolskih institucijah morajo ABSTRACT poznati minimalne standarde dostopnosti, da zakupijo licence In higher education, more and more courses are held online or programov, ki jih lahko uporabljajo tudi uporabniki s posebnimi traditional campus courses involve digital tools to enhance potrebami. Ker veliko invalidov za dostop do informacij in teaching and learning. In some cases, digital environments storitev v digitalnem okolju uporablja podporno tehnologijo, enable disabled students to access and participate on more equal lahko tudi tukaj prihaja do težav, saj včasih nadgradnja teh terms, yet specific groups of disabled people stil face barriers in pripomočkov ne dohaja hitrosti nadgradnje orodij v splošni accessing digital learning environments and resources. Barriers uporabi. Naslednji člen v verigi so oblikovalci vsebin in gradiv v are present on different levels, ranging from accessibility of the spletnih učilnicah: profesorji, asistenti in drugo visokošolsko digital tools themselves, having clear policies and procedures on osebje. Če ne poznajo osnovnih načel oblikovanja dostopnih the level of institutions or academic staff awareness about digital informacij, tudi dostopni programi niso koristni. Zadnji v tej accessibility to the knowledge and skills of disabled students. We verigi so študenti s posebnimi potrebami. Njihovo znanje in will discuss some most common barriers and the way they spretnost pri uporabi IKT-tehnologije ter prilagojenih influence students' academic performance. pripomočkov prav tako vplivata na možnost dostopa do določenih vsebin ter aplikacij. Njihovo znanje je odvisno od več KEYWORDS dejavnikov: časa in intenzitete nastale invalidnosti ali bolezni, rehabilitacije, ustreznega usposabljanja za delo s temi digital accessibility, ICT, assistive technology, disabled students, pripomočki in pogostosti njihove uporabe. higher education Tako lahko vidimo, da so na vseh ravneh potrebni ozaveščanje in usposabljanje, povezovanje in sodelovanje vseh 1 UVOD deležnikov ter upoštevanje uporabniških izkušenj. Raziskava EVROŠTUDENT [1] je pokazala, da je v Sloveniji 21 % študentov poročalo o zdravstvenih težavah ali invalidnosti. 2 DOSTOPNOST ŠTUDIJSKEGA GRADIVA 56 % sodelujočih v raziskavi meni, da je institucionalna podpora nezadostna ali le delno zadovoljiva. Zagotavljanje digitalne Za uspešen študij morajo vsi študenti imeti zagotovljene enake dostopnosti je pomemben del institucionalne podpore študentom. možnosti dostopa do študijskega gradiva. Z uporabo digitalnih Zaradi vse večje digitalizacije visokega šolstva je treba razmisliti, gradiv in spletnih učilnic so se te možnosti precej izboljšale. kako lahko različni ljudje dostopajo do digitalnih informacij, Študijski programi uporabljajo raznoliko študijsko gradivo: od spletnih učnih okolij in študijskega gradiva izbranih študijskih spletnih strani, videoposnetkov, besedilnih datotek, predstavitev 611 in podobno. Za dostopnost študijskih gradiv naj bi bili odgovorni prilagajanje v dostopne oblike pri študijskem delu zaostajati za pedagoški delavci, ki nimajo niti vseh potrebnih tehničnih drugimi študenti. sredstev niti zadostnega znanja o oblikovanju dostopnih gradiv. Velikokrat si študenti sami prilagajajo nedostopno gradivo v Najpogostejša oblika elektronskega študijskega gradiva, ki se dostopne oblike. Nekaterim slepim študentom zdaj pomagajo pojavlja v spletnih učilnicah, so pdf-datoteke. Če so ti dokumenti tudi osebni asistenti, nekaterim priskočimo na pomoč na Društvu ustrezno oblikovani in shranjeni kot besedilo, za večino študentov invalidov Slovenije, vendar so naše kapacitete zaradi študentov niso težavni. Velikokrat se zgodi, da so dokumenti pomanjkanja osebja zelo omejene. Z enakimi težavami se shranjeni kot slike – še posebej, kadar gre za skenirane strani brez srečujejo tudi visokošolske institucije. OCR-ja, ali pa niso ustrezno oblikovani in označeni. V tem primeru jih slepi in slabovidni študenti, ki uporabljajo bralnike Naslednji primer je primer močno slabovidne študentke, ki je zaslona, ne morejo prebrati. Težave predstavljajo tudi študentom prejela gradivo za delo na vajah v pdf-obliki, čeprav je imela v s specifičnimi učnimi težavami, ki si za lažje branje, obdelavo in odločbi zapisano, da naj bi študijsko gradivo prejela v njej pomnjenje gradivo dodatno prilagajajo svojim potrebam, tako da dostopni obliki, torej v Word-formatu. Gradivo ni bilo avtorsko spremenijo obliko pisave, razmik med vrsticami, barvo ozadja delo nosilca predmeta, temveč eksterno skenirano gradivo, ki so ter besedila in podobno. Ti sicer gradivo lahko preberejo, a jim ga uporabljali kot dodatno gradivo za podporo študijskemu to vzame precej več časa in napora. procesu. Po pogovoru z nosilcem predmeta ji je bilo svetovano, naj vse pdf-dokumente odpira v Wordu, kar pa zanjo še vedno ni Prav zato na Društvu študentov invalidov Slovenije svetujemo, rešilo težav z dostopnostjo dokumenta. Pri pretvorbi je namreč da je gradivo študentom s posebnimi potrebami na voljo v prišlo do večjih popačenj strukture dokumenta, ki so vplivala izvornih oblikah, kot so MS Word, PowerPoint ali Excel, vendar tako na preglednost in logičnost gradiva kot na razumevanje je tudi pri uporabi teh programov treba poznati in paziti na vsebine. dostopno oblikovanje dokumentov. V sklopu projekta PRAVA SMER, ki smo ga na Društvu študentov invalidov Slovenije Določene visokošolske institucije v tujini imajo posebne izvajali med pandemijo covida-19, smo objavili priporočila za oddelke, zadolžene za področje digitalne dostopnosti; tako pripravo dostopnih študijskih gradiv; do njih lahko prosto sodelujejo s službami za podporo študentov invalidov in z dostopamo na naši spletni strani pod zavihkom Visokošolsko akademskim osebjem. Prav tako imajo interne ali eksterne službe, osebje. ki preverjajo dostopnost digitalnih informacij in jo popravljajo oz. izboljšujejo. Od akademskega osebja se pričakuje, da bo V nadaljevanju podajamo nekaj konkretnih primerov, ki so gradivo, ki ga pripravljajo sami, na voljo v dostopni obliki, za bili zbrani na skupinskih spletnih posvetih s študenti in v okviru drugo gradivo pa je odgovornost deljena. Tako na primer učitelj individualnih svetovanj študentom med študijem na daljavo. ne povsem dostopen desetstranski članek v pdf-obliki prilagodi Začnimo s primerom slepe študentke, ki pri delu z računalnikom sam, medtem ko 100 strani dolgo publikacijo prilagaja posebna in branju gradiv uporablja bralnik zaslona JAWS. Pri služba. predelovanju gradiv, ki jih je prejela v obliki PowerPoint- dokumentov, in pri reševanju nalog, ki jih je dobila v Wordovem dokumentu, nikakor ni mogla rešiti dela nalog, saj snovi, ki bi 3 DOSTOPNOST SPLETNIH UČILNIC obravnavale dotične naloge, ni našla. Drugi študenti s tem niso Tudi spletna učna okolja so lahko le delno dostopna. Težave imeli težav in so povedali, da je na drsnicah vsa snov. Izkazalo pri branju lahko povzroča nepravilna struktura strani, ki ne se je, da je bila težava v tem, da nosilec predmeta, ki je pripravil uporablja naslovov ali podnaslovov oz. so ti napačno uporabljeni. PowerPoint predstavitev, ni uporabil zgolj prednastavljenih Težavni so lahko nezadosten kontrast, uporaba slik v ozadju, postavitev drsnic, temveč je namesto oblikovanja novih uporaba nepravilno strukturiranih tabel, grafični elementi brez postavitev v obstoječo drsnico vstavil okvirčke z besedilom. dodanih alternativnih opisov ipd. Za vse, ki uporabljajo bralnike Slednji so bralnikom zaslona nedostopni, saj jih zaznavajo kot zaslona, je pomembno, da vedo, ali je besedilo, ki ga slišijo, sliko, ki ji je treba dodati nadomestno besedilo. Tako so bile naslov, podnaslov, odstavek, seznam, tabela in podobno. Brez informacije na drsnici za videče študente vidne, slepa študentka ustreznih označb bralnik zaslona celotno besedilo na strani pa jih s pomočjo podporne tehnologije ni mogla prebrati. prebere kot enoten odstavek, ki je pomensko težje razumljiv. Profesor je tako, čeprav povsem nenamerno in nezavedno, postavil slepo študentko v neenakovreden položaj. Poleg podajanja osnovnih informacij o predmetu, gradiv in navedenih obveznosti lahko v Moodlu potekata tudi preverjanje Študenti velikokrat prejmejo gradivo v obliki pdf- in ocenjevanje znanja. Po eni strani je treba razmisliti o vrsti dokumentov. V nekaterih primerih so to delovni listi, ki jih videči nalog in o njihovi dostopnosti vsem študentom; morda nekaterim študenti natisnejo in izpolnjujejo v papirnati obliki, medtem ko skupinam študentov povzročajo težave. Naloge, ki jih je treba slepi in slabovidni delovne liste raje izpolnjujejo digitalno. Ko rešiti v omejenem času, ali naloge, ki ne omogočajo vračanja na takšen dokument ni ustrezno oblikovan in označen z različnimi prejšnji odgovor, lahko določenim študentom povzročajo veliko vrstami zaznamkov (z naslovi, odstavki, s povezavami, tabelami, težav. V tem primeru so to študenti s specifičnimi učnimi slikami, polji obrazca, z vrstnim redom branja ipd.) ter ne vsebuje težavami, študenti s težavami ohranjanja pozornosti ali z polj za vnos besedila, slep ali slaboviden z njim ne more delati. anksioznostjo. Tem časovni pritisk in brezpogojni vrstni red Enako velja za skenirane knjige, članke, skripte in ostalo izpolnjevanja vprašanj povzročata nepotreben dodaten stres, kar obsežnejše študijsko gradivo. Študenti s posebnimi potrebami lahko močno zmanjšuje njihovo učinkovitost. Zanje je začnejo zaradi nedostopnosti gradiv in potrebnega časa za priporočljivo, da čas odgovarjanja na posamezno vprašanje ni 612 omejen in da lahko najprej rešijo vprašanja, ki jih znajo, ter se o posebnih potrebah in prilagoditvah med visokošolskim nato vrnejo na tista, ki jim povzročajo težave. osebjem, medtem ko jih kar 66,4 % poroča, da so zaposleni Pomembno je poznavanje dodatnih orodij, s pomočjo katerih nadvse pripravljeni pomagati in prilagoditi študij njihovim lahko učitelji posameznim študentom s posebnimi potrebami potrebam. Študije, ki jih navajajta Langørgen in Magnus [3], znatno olajšajo delo in jim pri študiju zagotovijo po odločbi kažejo, da je študijska uspešnost študentov s posebnimi dodeljene prilagoditve. Z individualnimi nastavitvami lahko potrebami trenutno bolj odvisna od pripravljenosti posameznim študentom dodelijo daljši čas oddaje naloge ali jim posameznikov v visokošolskem okolju, da pomagajo tem dovolijo več poskusov reševanja naloge. Nekaj napotkov v zvezi študentom, kot pa od proaktivnega pristopa visokošolskih z dostopnim preverjanjem znanja v spletni učilnici institucij, da zagotavljajo vključujoče študijsko okolje za Moodle je zbranih v priporočilih za dostopno preverjanje znanja v raznolike skupine študentov na sistemski ravni. Moodlu, objavljenih na spletni strani Društva študentov invalidov Študije iz tujine kažejo [4], da obstaja precejšen razkorak med Slovenije pod zavihkom Visokošolsko osebje. predpisi in dejansko implementacijo digitalne dostopnosti v visokošolskih institucijah. Ovire dostopanja do učnih okolij in študijskih gradiv študentom s posebnimi potrebami preprečujejo 4 DOSTOPNOST DIGITALNIH ORODIJ IN ali močno ovirajo sodelovanje ter vključevanje v vse vidike KOMPATIBILNOST S PODPORNO študijskega procesa, kar vpliva tudi na njihovo (manjšo) TEHNOLOGIJO študijsko uspešnost [5]. Tehnologija zadnja leta zelo hitro napreduje. To mnogokrat Ukrepi, s katerimi lahko visokošolske institucije izboljšajo pomeni, da dizajn in razvoj podporne tehnologije zaostajata za digitalno dostopnost [4], so: razvojem tehnologije v splošni rabi. Situacija se zadnje čase sicer izboljšuje, a razvoj dostopne tehnologije v splošni rabi in razvoj – preverjanje obstoječega stanja glede digitalne dostopnosti podporne tehnologije ne potekata vedno usklajeno. Prav tako so spletnih strani; sistema za upravljanje učenja (LMS); v fazi zasnove digitalnih orodij pogosto premalo poudarjeni vsi digitalnih vsebin in gradiv, kamor se vključi tudi študente in potrebni vidiki dostopnosti. Oviro pa predstavlja tudi cena; ne le zaposlene s posebnimi potrebami. z vidika finančne dosegljivosti licenčne opreme v splošni rabi, – Priprava akcijskega načrta izboljšav, ki temelji na temveč tudi oz. predvsem zaradi visokih stroškov podporne predhodnih ugotovitvah obstoječega stanja. tehnologije, ki je ne krije zdravstvena zavarovalnica in si jo morajo študenti s posebnimi potrebami priskrbeti sami. – Upoštevanje standardov dostopnosti že v fazah naročanja in nakupa digitalne opreme, da se že pri naročilu določi, naj Študenti so imeli največ težav z dostopnostjo in rabo ponudniki zagotovijo skladnost orodja s standardom EN 301 podporne tehnologije med študijem na daljavo zaradi covida-19, 549 V3.2.1 oz. s smernicami WCAG 2.1 do nivoja AA, kot saj sta hiter prehod na različne platforme videopredavanj in narekuje zakonodaja. uporaba drugih digitalnih orodij za sodelovanje povzročila, da so bili študenti s posebnimi potrebami preobremenjeni z iskanjem – Imenovanje osebja, ki bo na ravneh institucije ali oddelkov informacij, kako uporabljati ta orodja. Slepi so na primer morali odgovorno za digitalno dostopnost. poiskati informacije, kako jih upravljati s pomočjo tipkovnice. – Izobraževanje osebja in študentov o standardih digitalne Imeli so tudi težave z dostopanjem do deljenega zaslona in s dostopnosti in o težavah z digitalno nedostopnostjo. preklapljanjem med orodji znotraj programa, kot so klepet, postavljanje vprašanj ali reševanje anket. Študenti s težavami z Mehanizmi zagotavljanja digitalne dostopnosti na večjih osredotočanjem in ohranjanjem pozornosti so iskali rešitve, kako visokošolskih institucijah v tujini vključujejo delovno mesto zmanjšati moteče elemente, kot je pojavljanje sporočil, medtem koordinatorja digitalne dostopnosti, ki povezuje ostale deležnike ko so imeli gluhi in naglušni študenti težave s spremljanjem znotraj institucije; utečen sistem naročanja, ki upošteva vidike predavanj, saj ta niso bila podnaslovljena ali tolmačena v dostopnosti; akcijski načrt izboljšanja digitalne dostopnosti in slovenski znakovni jezik – sledenje predavateljevi sliki in branje sistem nadzora ter evalvacije napredka. z ustnic sta bila pogosto otežena. Zagotavljanje dostopnosti je torej dolgoročna zaveza. Prav tako je predstavljala težavo poplava različnih aplikacij Potrebna sta povezovanje in sodelovanje večine služb institucije, in učnih orodji: od Kahoota, H5P, Mentimetra do različnih orodij da dostopnost postane del vseh vidikov visokošolskega okolja – v Moodlu, saj so študenti, ki uporabljajo podporno tehnologijo, tako grajenega, informacijskega, pedagoškega in družbenega. le s težavo dohajali druge študente. Posledično so doživljali dodaten stres in breme pri iskanju rešitev, kako jih uporabljati. VIRI IN LITERATURA [1] Grill, A., Bijuklič, I. & Autor, S. (2018) E EVROŠTUDENT VI 2016–2018 Socialni in ekonomski pogoji življenja študentov v 5 ZAKLJUČEK Evropi Pregled glavnih ugotovitev raziskave v Sloveniji, Pedagoški inštitut, Ljubljana. Študenti na splošno poročajo, da so jim zaposleni v [2] Jeannis, H., Goldberg, M., Seelman, K., Schmeler M. & visokošolskih institucijah pripravljeni prisluhniti in pomagati, Cooper R. A. 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[8] Zakon o dostopnosti spletišč in mobilnih aplikacij. 614 Exploring Digital Literacy and the Use of ChatGPT among Students with Disabilities Ines Kožuh† Erika Blekač Peter Čakš Irena Lovrenčič Faculty of Electrical Faculty of Electrical Faculty of Electrical Držanič Engineering and Engineering and Engineering and Faculty of Electrical Computer Science Computer Science Computer Science Engineering and University of Maribor University of Maribor University of Maribor Computer Science Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia University of Maribor ines.kozuh@um.si erika.blekac@student.u peter.caks@um.si Slovenia m.si irena.lovrencic@um.si ABSTRACT In the usage of all assistive technologies the role of digital and algorithmic literacy should not be overlooked, particularly in the This paper examines the level of digital and algorithm literacy, context of special requirements of PwD [7]. Prior research has and the use of ChatGPT as a study aid among students with also found that some challenges faced by SwD, such as disabilities. Twenty-seven respondents filled out an online inadequate social skills, can be solved with AI tools, e.g. social survey questionnaire. The results revealed a high proficiency in robots [8]. digital and sufficient level in algorithm literacy, with participants Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to examine what is valuing ChatGPT for studying and problem-solving. While the level of digital and algorithm literacy among students with perceived as accessible, participants suggested additional disabilities (SwD), as a part of PwD, and, further, how they use features to enhance their user experience – subtitles, text-to- CAs, and to what extent they perceive them as useful and speech conversion and content summaries, and the integration of accessible study aids. The study focused primarily on ChatGPT, voice assistants. The study highlights the potential of chatbots to due to its exponentially increasing user base and previously support students with disabilities in the education process. identified features with high potential for educational use [9]. KEYWORDS 2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE People with disabilities, chatbots, conversational agents, digital literacy, education, usability CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS 2.1 Definition of AI Conversational Agents 1 INTRODUCTION Chatbots are Artificial Intelligence systems for Human- Accessibility and usability are, in tight interplay, crucial for Computer Interaction [10]. The computer software uses Natural people with disabilities (PwD) to participate actively in society Language Processing, and converses through text or voice in one and have equal access to educational opportunities. Lower levels or more languages [11]. While numerous chatbots are currently of education, followed by lower employment rates, have been available, ChatGPT soon became the fastest growing consumer recorded consistently among PwD in comparison to people application with over a million active monthly users [12]. without disabilities [1]. Currently, the free version of ChatGPT provides many Although Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) functionalities [9] that could be used for educational purposes can contribute to accessibility improvement, PwD, on the and SwD. Users can request information via written contrary, often face digital divide and digital exclusion [2, 3]. conversation, which is saved, and can later be recalled for ICT thus works as an additional barrier, instead of being a specific topic-related information. The input can be in numerous facilitator of participation [3]. Recently, Artificial Intelligence languages and text complexities (e.g. simple, academic). The chatbots, or conversational agents (CAs), have been found to same applies to the text generated by the chatbot, along with solve some accessibility issues, mostly by providing a various speaking styles, such as professional and engaging. As personalised experience or enhancing the learning process [4-7]. ChatGPT is based on Natural Language Processing, the ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note conversations are highly similar to human communication. The †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note bot can elaborate ideas, recall prior statements, apologise for mistakes, which was not previously possible. Furthermore, user Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed interaction supplies the bot with additional information, which for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full also improves the communication with users by recognising citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must communication patterns. Students could also benefit from be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). receiving prompts and directions for writing assignments, or Information Society 2022, 10–14 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 615 detailed feedback on assignments. Another benefit of ChatGPT and evaluate information in real-time [20, 22]. Similarly, is its ability to research a wide range of topics, and organise Cortina-Pérez et al. [23] defined digital literacy with three unstructured data into structured information. dimensions; (a) Information skills (information management and interpretation), (b) Use of digital tools (the skills and 2.2 Contextual Use of Conversational Agents competencies to operate digital devices), and (c) Digital Chatbots have been examined increasingly in the context of transformation (evaluation and production of information, education, travel, research, journalism and other uses [7, 9, 13- understanding of copyright law). 18]. In recent years, large parts of education have been conducted On one hand, digital illiteracy can be present in educators, via digital tools, e.g. homework assignments, class attendance who are trained insufficiently in new technologies [23]. On the reports, etc. [7, 14], which could be expanded further. other, digitally illiterate students are at risk of understanding and In the travel context, chatbots were found to provide user- creating materials incorrectly, unable to navigate nonlinear centric or personalised recommendations [13] as opposed to information sources, or evaluate the validity of information [24]. general information found through search engines, which could The importance of digital literacy has been expanded further with also apply to education. As chatbots emulate human interaction the increasing role of algorithms on the Internet. Algorithm and hold conversations similar to humans, they could suit literacy should be perceived as a part of digital literacy, and can students who prefer to obtain information through conversation be defined as “awareness of the use of algorithms in online instead of researching various sources independently. Students applications, platforms, and services, knowing how algorithms are able to ask general or specific questions and receive elaborate work, being able to evaluate algorithm decision-making feedback [9]. critically, as well as having the skills to cope with, or even Winkler and Söllner [18] recognised chatbots as beneficial for influence, algorithm operations” [25]. Due to its importance, individual student support, such as when the lecturer is unable to algorithm literacy should be taught as part of digital literacy for respond adequately to large groups of students. These tools also SwD [26]. encourage students to be more proactive and seek information on their own, improving their academic performance further. 4 METHODS Although chatbots have been present in general use for several years, their use in education has been expanding in the 4.1 Procedure past five years, ranging from a very limited tool [18, 19] to becoming a valuable study aid both for students and teachers [7]. Data were obtained with an online questionnaire in July 2023. The participants were invited through Slovene local and national 2.3 Limitations of Artificial Intelligence associations for PwD, either visual, auditory, mobility or Conversational Agents cognitive impairments. The study was conducted with the approval of the IRB at the University of Maribor (038-13- The main challenges of chatbots are related to the limited 148/2023/5 FFUM), due to collecting health information. training data and use of raw text without hyperlinks and citations, Participation was voluntary and anonymous. which can lead to incorrect responses. They are also unable to comprehend human emotions fully, due to their training for 4.2 Measuring Instrument specific tasks. Selection of training data can also contribute to the model’s biased output. Lastly, AI tools pose a danger of The questionnaire obtained the socio-demographic plagiarism on assignments among students [9] and make characteristics of participants (gender, age and current level of identification of human and AI authorship difficult [21]. schooling). Participants who were currently not students were Haleem et al. [9] proposed development of niche instead of excluded from the study. Participants were also asked about the generic models for a more limited set of information. CAs should field of study they are currently undertaking [27]. Participation also be avoided for tasks requiring significant users’ input. was limited to SwD. Among ethical concerns remain the users’ difficulty to identify The second part of the questionnaire obtained data on true and false information due to human-like conversations. participants’ purposes and frequency of Internet use [28]. The Some also rely on the CAs’ output without proper validation and next part examined participants’ digital literacy with questions verification, while the output is often generated randomly adapted from Kaeophanuek et al. [29]. Participants were asked statistically [21]. about their information abilities, use of digital tools and digital transformation. The fourth part examined algorithm literacy, adapted from [25] with a series of true/false statements. 3 DIGITAL AND ALGORITHM LITERACY The fifth part was aimed at ChatGPT use for general and education purposes. Some questions were adapted from [30] and Apart from digital accessibility, digital illiteracy is also a major [31]. Lastly, perceived ChatGPT usability was examined with an problem of technology implementation [7]. Digital literacy can adapted chatbot usability scale [32]. Participants could also be defined with six components; (a) Understanding of graphical suggest other features they would benefit from. interfaces in digital devices, (b) Creating new media, (c) Navigation in digital media, (d) Critical thinking, (e) Communication and collaboration, and (f) The ability to process 4.3 Research Questions 616 Based on the presented theoretical frame, the following research Furthermore, participants exhibited considerable proficiency questions were defined: in information skills (M=3,82, SD=0,77), with notable strengths RQ1: What is the level of digital literacy among SwD? in their ability to verify the information`s accuracy (M=4,11, RQ2: What is the algorithm literacy among SwD? SD=1,12). They also reported a high capacity to share data files RQ3: How do SwD use ChatGPT? online (M=4,0, SD=1,33), assess reliable information sources RQ4: How SwD perceive the usability of ChatGPT? (M=4,0, SD= 0,83), and distinguish between facts and opinions (M=4,0, SD=0,96). Lastly, participants also demonstrated an 4.4 Participants above average level of proficiency in the domain of Digital The questionnaire was completed by a total of 27 participants, of Transformation (M=3,5, SD=0,83), particularly with regard to whom 67% were men (n=18) and 33% were women (n=9). Most awareness on copyrighted videos (M=4,22, SD=1,08) and their participants were younger than 18 (26%, n=7) or older than 26 ability to create content while avoiding plagiarism (M=3,59, years (37%, n=10). Others were aged 18-20 (15%, n=4), 21-23 SD=1,18). (18%, n=5) or 24-26 (4%, n=1). The majority of participants Algorithm literacy was assessed with 11 true/false statements. were currently in a 3-year vocational secondary school (44%, On average, participants recognised 6,52 statements correctly. n=12), followed by a gymnasium or other 4-year secondary Most participants were able to discern accurately that algorithms school (15%, n=4), students in Bachelor’s (15%, n=4) or offer both opportunities and risks (89%, n=24). Furthermore, Master’s programmes (15%, n=4), 2-year lower vocational they concurred that user behaviour on the Internet can impact the school (7%, n=2), or a PhD programme (4%, n=1). functioning of algorithms (63%, n=17), and that personalised Most participants were enrolled in ICT programmes (37%, content aligns with users’ pre-existing opinions (63%, n=17). n=10), engineering programmes (19%, n=5), followed by Conversely, it was acknowledged that algorithms are unable to business and administration (11%, n=3), social sciences, recognise incomplete search results and correct them agriculture, tourism, arts and humanities (7%, n=2) or law (4%, automatically (59%, n=16). Among the incorrect responses, a n=1). Participants reported visual (35%, n=12), hearing (17%, considerable number of participants assumed erroneously that n=6), movement (20%, n=7), cognitive (20%, n=7) or other algorithms operate independently of human involvement (52%, disabilities (6%, n=2). Six participants reported having multiple n=14). No participant identified all statements correctly, two disabilities. identified 10 statements, three identified 9 statements and four Among the participants with hearing impairments, most participants identified either 8 or 7 statements. 14 participants reported profound hearing loss (over 90dB) (n=3), and one identified below the average number of statements. participant reported severe hearing loss (71-90 dB). Two The results also show a significant difference in recorded participants were unsure of the degree of their hearing loss. digital and algorithm literacy (p=.001), with significantly higher values for digital (M=3,8, SD=0,66) than algorithm literacy (M=1,4, SD=0,18). There was no significant correlation between 5 RESULTS ChatGPT use and perceived usability. 5.1 Internet use 5.3 ChatGPT use and perceived usability Participants were asked to assess their Internet use for various In response to RQ3, ChatGPT was previously used by most activities. Most often (three or more times per day) they used it participants (59%, n=16). Most have used it previously for for studying (37%), browsing social media (33%), listening to studying or other assignments (85%) and a third uses it often or music or podcasts (30%) and communication (19%). Other very often (at least in ¾ of cases). The next common use is thr common activities included independent learning (e.g. developing of creative ideas or problem-solving, used by 74%. programming, Photoshop), which was done once per day or less Many use it on every occasion necessary (22%). Two thirds of often (37%), the same as searching for information and problem- participants use ChatGPT for chatting, many of them very often solving (33%). Most estimated to use between one and three (19%). hours per day studying or learning (n=9), or less than an hour When asked to assess the usefulness of ChatGPT for (n=7). studying, most participants found it very useful (33%, n=9), useful (29%, n=8), or neither useful nor useless (26%, n=7). 5.2 Digital and Algorithm Literacy Participants also evaluated the capabilities and constraints of ChatGPT. The predominant consensus was that the tool produces Digital literacy was examined with three indicators (information correct responses consistently (M=3,44, SD=1,18), followed by competencies, use of digital tools and digital transformation) to the ability to produce contextually relevant responses (M=3,41, address RQ1 and RQ2. Participants exhibited the highest SD=1,3). ChatGPT also generates meaningful responses (3,11, proficiency in the use of digital tools (M=4,08, SD=0,58), SD=1,42) and credible and correct information (M=2,96, particularly in awareness about the advantages, disadvantages SD=1,48). The features that were least often recognised were to and impact of Internet use (M=4,59, SD=0,63). They also provide relevant sources (M=2,74, SD=1,34) and genuine exhibited high willingness to learn and adapt to new technologies sources (M=2,78, SD=1,25). Participants also assessed the (M=4,44, SD=0,64), and awareness on the importance of ethical usability of ChatGPT (RQ4). Most praised its usability, as they Internet use and prevention of cyber harassment (M=4,41, found the way to talking to the tool easily (M=3,56, SD=0,84). 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[30] Atlas, S., ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A We extend our sincere gratitude to all participants and the guide to conversational AI. 2023. [31] Halaweh, M., ChatGPT in education: Strategies for responsible Slovene Associations supporting people with disabilities for their implementation. 2023. [32] Borsci, S., A. Malizia, M. Schmettow, F. Van Der Velde, G. Tariverdiyeva, valuable contribution to the study. The research was funded by D. Balaji, and A. Chamberlain, The Chatbot Usability Scale: the design and pilot of the research project, grant number Ref. 2020-1-LV01-KA203- a usability scale for interaction with AI-based conversational agents. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 2022. 26: p. 95-119. 077455—P3. 618 General Strategies for Improving Accessibility of E-commerce Bogdan Cerovac* Tilen Škraba† Institute for Digital Accessibility Institute for Digital Accessibility A11Y.si A11Y.si Bogdan.Cerovac@gmail.com Tilen@a11y.si ABSTRACT The scope of the EAA includes consumer banking services and e-commerce services that will need to be accessible no later This paper focuses on the accessibility challenges in e-commerce than after the transitional period ending on 28 June 2030 [2]. and strategies for their remediation on a high level with the main With the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) [3] e- purpose of promoting further in-depth research. It also offers commerce and digital banking became even more interconnected some general applicable guidelines for e-commerce to start [4], therefore they should be analyzed together. improving their accessibility. It highlights the significance of This paper aims to examine common accessibility challenges organizational culture, commitment, awareness, training, and in e-commerce. We will categorize and analyze them based on collaboration with accessibility specialists and individuals with typical user journeys that often pose obstacles for people with disabilities. The paper categorizes the challenges based on the disabilities. main user journeys that are essential for e-commerce, explores Furthermore, we will discuss their probable causes. Finally, potential causes, and provides generalized best practices for we will examine possible practical measures on an organizational implementing accessibility on a strategic level. Solutions include level that can either avert these challenges from arising in the prioritizing accessibility within company culture, allocating first place or remediate the existing ones. resources, implementing change management strategies, raising awareness, defining roles and responsibilities, offering role- based accessibility training, integrating accessibility into project 2 METHODS management and reporting, collaborating with external specialists, and actively involving people with disabilities. Firstly, we conducted a review of existing articles and research KEYWORDS papers on accessibility to gather insights and perspectives. Additionally, we examined publicly available accessibility audits Accessibility, E-commerce, European Accessibility to gain a broader understanding of common accessibility issues Act, WCAG, Accessibility culture and challenges. Furthermore, we leveraged our own extensive experience in 1 INTRODUCTION conducting accessibility audits and counselling for different E-commerce and financial independence are crucial for organizations and platforms, allowing us to provide firsthand everyone, but they can have a particularly life-changing impact insights and recommendations. To ensure a user-centric on individuals with disabilities who have historically faced approach, we actively sought direct feedback from individuals with disabilities [5], who shared their experiences and difficulties in navigating the physical world. Around 87 million highlighted areas for improvement. people in the EU have some form of disability and around 45 million of them feel discriminated against [1]. This indicates that inaccessible online services discriminate against individuals who Moreover, we relied on statistical data obtained from both typically derive the greatest advantages from them. automated and manual accessibility testing studies. This Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of quantitative information enabled us to identify trends and the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements patterns in accessibility issues, as well as providing a more data- driven analysis. for products and services (The European Accessibility Act, EAA) [2] covers products and services that have been identified By combining these various sources and methods, this paper as being the most important for people with disabilities while should provide a robust and generalized foundation for the being the most likely to have diverging accessibility requirements across EU countries. observations and recommendations presented in this article and encourage further, more detailed, research and discussions. * ORCID: 0009-0007-2254-2459 3 PARTS OF THE USER JOURNEY WITH † ORCID: 0009-0002-9576-577X ACCESSIBILITY CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or 3.1 Presales and advertising distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). DIGIN 2023 - Digital inclusion in the information society, 11 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 619 Digital advertisements are frequently displayed through various situation. They also propose conducting accessibility audits to platforms such as search engine result pages, social media, inside determine the state of accessibility. These audits also serve to mobile applications, and anywhere on the internet. track progress during improvement cycles and provide content Unfortunately, accessibility is often overlooked during the for accessibility statements, which also need to be created and creation and serving of these ads [6]. maintained. Home pages that utilize the common Google AdSense system Additionally, it is important to clearly define roles and had 17.7 more errors on average [7], as a relevant example. responsibilities related to accessibility within the organization Typical issues include low text contrasts, blinking animations, [12]. The individuals in these roles should receive appropriate videos missing captions, missing keyboard support, total role-based training on accessibility to effectively address issues invisibility to screen readers, and so on. they are (co)responsible for. To ensure accessibility of presales and advertising, it is Project management should provide the necessary support to important to select creative agencies and advertising platforms ensure that proper processes are in place and respected. This that adhere to accessibility standards. Verification of their includes prioritizing accessibility alongside other planned compliance should be a part of systematic responsible activities, monitoring and reporting progress and allocating procurement processes. resources accordingly. This will allow for both the development of new functionalities with integrated accessibility from the start For in-house advertisements, creators should ensure and the fixing of existing inaccessible functionalities. compliance with accessibility standards before publishing them Organizational policy on accessibility is strongly suggested [13]. on advertising platforms. It is also important to recognize the varying accessibility support capabilities of different social 3.3 Customer onboarding media platforms and provide necessary workarounds when Customer onboarding typically involves multi-step online forms required [8]. that may require users to provide additional documentation manually or through digital authorization and signing. More than 45% of webpages tested in WebAIM Million still have basic 3.2 Public-facing websites or native mobile form accessibility issues, for example missing form input labels applications [7]. The 2023 report on the accessibility of the top 1,000,000 home Complex forms and components tend to come with more pages, WebAIM's Million project [7] reports that 96.3% of home accessibility challenges. While reusable web components and pages had detected WCAG 2 failures, discovered with automatic design systems are the recommended best practice when they accessibility testing. Automatic accessibility testing can only integrate accessibility [14], it is important to exercise caution and discover up to 30% of all WCAG failures (16 out of the 50 not solely rely on self-declared statements in their documentation Success Criteria under WCAG 2.1 Level AA [9]), so these [15], as they can be incorrectly reporting conformance. numbers are often even higher. Advanced custom-made components that can compromise accessibility require input from accessibility specialists and users Evaluating accessibility of native mobile applications is with disabilities before they can be used [16]. Neglecting this due usually a manual approach, which is difficult to scale and to lack of awareness or prioritization leaving accessibility to the therefore mass evaluation studies comparable to website studies end is a common cause of accessibility challenges and barriers. do not yet exist. In a study of 479 Android apps in 23 business Using native components and simplifying where possible is categories, 94.8% of them had automatically detectable advised instead of re-creating custom components [17]. accessibility issues [10]. Based also on our experience and Automatically generated documents such as contracts and available reports from the public sector applications [11], the invoices, usually made as Portable Document Format (PDF) accessibility of native mobile applications seems to be similar to documents [18], are another potential accessibility challenge the web with most of them being inaccessible. when not tested for accessibility. Communication channels such as email also need attention or In the past four years, the number of webpages with quickly become potential sources of accessibility challenges as detectable WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) well [19]. failures has decreased by only 1.5%, from 97.8% [7]. It also Once again, a systematic approach works best. All roles appears that some e-commerce platforms have more accessibility involved need to be properly trained, aware of their issues compared to the previous year [7]. This could suggest a responsibilities, and continuously cooperate to reach sustainable worsening of awareness and concern for accessibility. accessibility. Experts recommend that the management of organizations 3.4 Customer Self-Service take the necessary steps to assess of the current accessibility 620 Self-Service refers to a protected part of an online portal or a Providing possibilities of user-generated content is another mobile application where customers authenticate so that they can potential source of accessibility challenges [27] and needs to be manage their accounts, such as tracking deliveries, handling planned for as well. banking transactions, exporting transactional data, managing Again, all involved roles need to be aware of their credit cards, and similar. Most customers (73%) want to be able responsibilities and follow procurement and integration to solve issues on their own [20] before contacting support. processes that consider accessibility beside other priorities. Forty-five per cent of people with disabilities in a Deloitte survey [21] believe that banks can elevate their experience by making digital banking channels more accessible. DISCUSSION Sixty-seven per cent of accessibility issues originate before Sustainable accessibility efforts require more than mere technical coding, in wireframes and design specifications [22], so it is vital conformance. It is essential for companies to cultivate a culture to implement accessibility earliest. As product details solidify, that comprehends, supports, and integrates accessibility [28]. fixing problems becomes harder and more expensive [23]. This practice not only aligns with moral obligations but also With authentication and authorization services, complex offers various benefits to businesses, such as enhanced branding, dynamic components, rich visualizations, report generation, data increased customer retention, and broader market reach. exports, third-party components, and all other parts that are Accessibility expands market reach by attracting and retaining needed for efficient customer self-service products and services customers with disabilities, but calculating the economical return need proper and early planning, implementation, and maximum on investment is challenging [29]. Accessibility not only coverage of automatic and manual testing to be able to satisfy enhances the online experience for all users but also improves accessibility requirements, acceptance criteria, and conformance brand reputation and reduces legal liabilities [30]. to standards. To ensure accessibility is prioritized, it must be integrated Different roles with support from accessibility specialists and into the executive strategy. In large organizations, the people with disabilities need to plan, cooperate, and test, appointment of a Chief Accessibility Officer can be particularly during the early stages, so that efforts yield the best advantageous, overseeing the accessibility programme [31]. results with accessibility implementation. Nonetheless, executives themselves need to demonstrate effective change management and allocate adequate resources to 3.5 Customer support constantly enhance processes and integrate accessibility within Customer support in e-commerce involves assisting customers company roles and responsibilities. Evaluating products and with their online purchases, financial transactions, and resolving services for accessibility is crucial, and the Web Content a variety of other queries. Accessibility Guidelines [32], along with their Evaluation Accessibility is crucial for customer satisfaction and retention Methodology [33], serve as a solid foundation for establishing [24]. It involves providing an inclusive experience through key performance indicators, useful for continuous monitoring diverse contact options and staff need to have training and and managing progress. solutions to offer alternatives when requested. Customers may Furthermore, it is imperative for all employees to receive prefer utilizing customer support through various channels such awareness and role-based training to effectively improve and as phone calls, SMS, email, ticketing systems, video calls, and maintain accessibility. Collaboration with experienced external chat, so best practice is to offer them multiple channels and accessibility specialists and early involvement of individuals especially respect their preferences for communication. with disabilities are vital components, especially when internal Awareness and training of support staff around accessibility resources are still building competence [34]. is decisive in customer satisfaction and in preventing legal In the light of the upcoming European Accessibility Act, consequences when dealing with accessibility complaints. organizations without an existing executive strategy for accessibility are strongly advised to begin implementing the 3.6 Third parties suggested activities promptly or risk falling behind. Complex Third-party solutions are pre-built tools provided by external systems often result in technical and procedural debt, companies for web and mobile platforms. They offer necessitating even more required resources. These complexities components or even full features such as authentication, can also impact the integration of third-party solutions, thereby authorization, chats, polls, forms, and so on. Overall, these prolonging accessibility efforts. solutions save time and resources and outsource parts of products The paper provides a concise overview of complex subjects, or services. encouraging further research and hopefully inspiring others in Such solutions are also often a source of accessibility this important area. challenges [25]. Therefore, it is vital to ensure their accessibility before integration, otherwise the product or service risks CONCLUSION inheritance of accessibility challenges. It is also recommended to create a vendor accessibility policy [26] that requires In conclusion, sustainable accessibility efforts require cultivating conformance of all third-party solutions before they can even be a culture of accessibility, beyond technical compliance. considered. Accessibility offers benefits to businesses, including enhanced 621 branding, increased customer retention, and broader market [15] Hidde de Vries. 2022. Accessible front-end components: claims vs reality. reach. Prioritizing accessibility requires integration into the Retrieved from https://hidde.blog/accessible-front-end-components- claims-vs-reality/ executive strategy and ideally appointing a Chief Accessibility [16] Ela Gorla, Tetra Logical. 2022. Foundations: native versus custom Officer to lead the programme of larger organizations. components. Retrieved from https://tetralogical.com/blog/2022/11/08/foundations-native-versus- Evaluating products and services for accessibility using the Web custom-components/ Content Accessibility Guidelines is crucial but only a baseline. [17] Adrian Roselli. 2022. Under-Engineered Select Menus. 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Retrieved from accessibility https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jdsmm/2018/00000006/000 [14] Aspinall, E., Drayer, A., Ormsby, G., & Neveau, J. 2021. Considered 00001/art00007 Content: a Design System for Equity, Accessibility, and Sustainability. Code4Lib Journal, (50). Retrieved from https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/15639 622 Dostopnost informacijskih rešitev – ključ za opolnomočenje oseb z invalidnostmi IT solutions accessibility – the key to empowering people with disabilities Tilen Živan Škraba† Bogdan Cerovac* Zavod A11Y.si Zavod A11Y.si Izola, Slovenija Izola, Slovenija tilen@a11y.si bogdan.cerovac@gmail.com POVZETEK equally usable by all users, regardless of any handicaps they may have. V zadnjih desetletjih je razvoj tehnologije povsem spremenil naša življenja. Digitalni svet je postal pomemben del Therefore, in the real world, people with disabilities - in this posameznikovega življenja. Omogoča medsebojno article we have focused on vision, blindness, and visual komunikacijo, izboljša priložnosti za izobraževanje in zaposlitev impairment - face many barriers and limitations in using ter ponuja različne možnosti sprostitve. solutions, which puts them in an unequal position. Digitalizacija je pripeljala do velikih sprememb tudi v KEYWORDS poslovnem svetu. Hiter in enostaven dostop do podatkov ter možnost oddaje digitalnih podatkov, za katere je skladno s IT solutions, accessibility, empowerment, discrimination. pooblastili odgovoren vsak pooblaščeni posameznik, omogočata samostojno opravljanje del. 1 Pomen dostopnosti produktov in storitev IKT Vendar to žal ne velja za vse. Programske rešitve v veliki večini Produkte in storitve IKT uporabljamo na vseh področjih namreč niso narejene z mislijo na to, da morajo omogočati enako življenja. Na delovnem mestu uporabljamo raznovrstno uporabnost za vse uporabnike, ne glede na njihove morebitne programsko opremo, ki nam omogoča komunikacijo, vpogled v oviranosti. evidence in dokumente, načrtovanje ter izvedbo delovnih nalog. Zato se v realnem svetu osebe z invalidnostmi, v članku smo se Z iskanjem informacij na spletu in uporabo sistemov načrtujemo osredotočili na področje vida, slepoto in slabovidnost, srečujejo izrabo prostega časa, obenem tudi rezerviramo in plačujemo s številnimi ovirami ter omejitvami pri uporabi rešitev, kar jih nastanitvene zmogljivosti. Za vsakodnevno življenje opravljamo postavlja v neenakovreden položaj. nakupe prek spleta, spremljamo procese dostave, uporabljamo elektronsko bančništvo, oddajamo elektronske vloge in KLJUČNE BESEDE prejemamo elektronske odločbe. Lahko rečemo, da je v zadnjih letih IKT za veliko večino oseb Programske rešitve, dostopnost, opolnomočenje, diskriminacija. postal ključni element vsakodnevnega življenja – tako v OPTIONAL: ABSTRACT zasebnem in poslovnem življenju kot tudi za opravljanje večine vsakodnevnih opravil. Nedostopni produkti in storitve pa Over the last decades, the development of technology has določenemu delu oseb vendarle preprečujejo enakovredno completely transformed our lives. The digital world has become uporabo ter s tem enake možnosti, kot jih imajo drugi. an essential part of people's lives. It enables us to communicate Ko gledamo službeni del časa, nedostopnost IKT produktov with each other, improves education and employment zmanjšuje ali celo onemogoča njihove zmožnosti, ne pa opportunities and offers a variety of ways to relax. sposobnosti, samostojnega opravljanja nalog, kar smatramo kot neposredno diskriminacijo [1]. To je v neskladju tako z Digitalization has also led to major changes in the business world. Fast and easy access to data, the possibility of submitting digital nacionalno kot tudi evropsko ustavo in zakonodajo. Enako velja, data for which each authorized individual is responsible in ko gre za naša opravila, ki jih imamo z javno upravo in širše accordance with the mandate, allows independent work to be javnim sektorjem. carried out. Pri preživljanju prostega časa so tovrstne omejitve enako problematične, osebam z invalidnostmi in oviranostmi However, this is unfortunately not the case for all. Most software povzročajo težave ter ovirajo njihovo samostojnost. Žal se v EU solutions are not designed with the idea that they should be zakonodaja tega področja še ne dotika, zaradi česar je zelo malo rešitev sploh dostopnih. Odločitve so prepuščene etičnim in † Tilen Živan Škraba ORCID: 0009-0002-9576-577X ekonomskim interesom ponudnikov. ∗ Bogdan Cerovac ORCID: 0009-0007-2254-2459 Evropska komisija je vse prej omenjeno že prepoznala in tako Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or ob zaključku tisočletja začela pripravljati ukrepe. Tako je od leta classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed 1999 na tem področju sprejela kar nekaj direktiv in standardov, for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full katerih namen je predvsem preprečevanje diskriminacije pri citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). uporabi produktov in storitev IKT. Information Society 2022, 10–14 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 623 Osnova za to je 19. člen Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije področju spletnih strani organizacij javnega sektorja, ki so [2], pozneje prenesen v Ustavo EU, ki določa ukrepe proti zavezanci po Zakonu o dostopnosti spletišč in mobilnih diskriminaciji, med drugim na podlagi invalidnosti. Prav na aplikacij (ZDSMA). podlagi tega člena je Evropska komisija novembra 1999 sprejela Več kot dve leti pred ZDSMA je začel veljati Zakon o javnem protidiskriminacijski sveženj [3], ki je privedel do direktive na naročanju (ZJN-3), ki je v 3. točki 68. člena, kjer so podane področju zaposlovanja in poklica, ki prepoveduje diskriminacijo tehnične specifikacije, natančno opredelil naslednje: iz vseh razlogov iz 13. člena prej omenjene pogodbe. »(3) Pri vseh predmetih naročanja, ki jih bodo uporabljale Leta 2005 je Evropska komisija Evropskemu inštitutu za fizične osebe, bodisi splošna javnost bodisi uslužbenci naročnika, telekomunikacijske standarde (European Telecommunications naročnik pri pripravi tehničnih specifikacij upošteva merila Standards Institute – ETSI) in Evropskemu odboru za dostopnosti za invalide ali zahteve za oblikovanje, prilagojeno elektrotehnično standardizacijo (European Committee for vsem uporabnikom, razen v ustrezno utemeljenih izjemnih Standardization – CEN-CENELEC) podala mandat, imenovan primerih. Kadar zahteve v zvezi z obvezno dostopnostjo določa M 376 [4], s katerim je organizacijam naložila pripravo standarda neposredno veljaven pravni akt Evropske unije, naročnik za dostopnost produktov in storitev IKT. tehnične specifikacije glede kriterijev dostopnosti za invalide ali Med cilji uvedbe standarda je bilo navedeno: »Izdelki IKT zahtev za oblikovanje, prilagojeno vsem uporabnikom, določi s morajo biti zasnovani na dostopen način, da jih lahko invalidi in sklicevanjem na ta akt.«[7] starejše osebe uporabljajo ter imajo od njih enake koristi kot vsi Vendar se po naših izkušnjah prav to ključno določilo v drugi. S tem se ne bo le olajšalo dela industrije, temveč bo tudi Sloveniji ni nikoli uveljavljalo, če gledamo z vidika omogočanja povečalo trge ter potencialnim kupcem zagotovilo boljše izdelke enakosti pri uporabi IKT storitev in rešitev. Morda obstajajo in storitve. Vključitev zahtev glede dostopnosti v javna naročila izjeme, a stanje dostopnosti rešitev, spletnih strani in slabo stanje bo predstavljala spodbudo za proizvajalce, da razvijajo in poznavanja tega področja kot tudi primanjkljaj strokovnosti ponujajo dostopne naprave, aplikacije in storitve, kar bo koristilo razvijalcev na tem področju potrjujejo naše prepričanje. invalidom in starejšim, hkrati pa tudi drugim uporabnikom.«[4] Navsezadnje pa imajo posledice nespoštovanja in Na tej osnovi je bil, sicer z zamudo, leta 2014 objavljen neizpolnjevanja zahtev glede dostopnosti v okviru javnega standard EN 301 549 [5], ki opredeljuje zahteve za dostopnost in naročanja daljnosežne posledice, torej takšne, ki podaljšujejo in storitev IKT. Standard, ki se redno dopolnjuje in sledi trendom razširjajo diskriminacijo oseb z invalidnostmi na več področjih – na področju digitalne dostopnosti, je dosegljiv tudi v slovenskem od zaposlovanja, samostojnosti, urejanja upravnih zadev do prevodu SIST EN 301 549. marsičesa drugega. Eno od pričakovanj predlagateljev je bilo, da bo uvedba zahtev po dostopnih IKT rešitvah v procesih javnih naročil spodbudila razvoj dostopnih rešitev, ki bodo dostopne tudi 3 Posledice dosedanjega neizpolnjevanja zahtev zasebnemu sektorju; prav takšne izkušnje so imeli v ZDA ob glede dostopnosti uvedbi zahtev glede dostopnosti v okviru »Section 508« [6]. Še leta 2023 se soočamo z dejstvom, da IT podjetja nimajo Evropska komisija je torej že več kot pred dvajsetimi leti niti ustreznega zavedanja o pomenu digitalne dostopnosti niti prepoznala pomen dostopnosti produktov in storitev IKT za ustreznih strokovnih znanj s področja digitalne dostopnosti. preprečevanje diskriminacije v vsakdanjem življenju ter pri Posledično tudi njihove rešitve niso ustrezno dostopne – žal niti zaposlovanju. tiste, ki jih prodajo ali oddajo organizacijam javnega sektorja, V ta namen je sprejela vse potrebne standarde in direktive, ki čeprav bi, glede na zakonske zahteve, brez dvoma, morale biti. organizacijam javnega sektorja zapovedujejo uporabo teh Tako imajo tudi vsi zavezanci po ZDSMA velike težave z standardov tako v procesih javnega naročanja (Zakon o javnem izpolnjevanjem zahtev zakona. naročanju – ZJN-3, ki velja od leta 2016) kot tudi pri razvoju in Z zelo veliko stopnjo verjetnosti lahko trdimo, da bi bila raven vzdrževanju spletišč ter mobilnih aplikacij (Zakon o dostopnosti zavedanja in strokovnih znanj s področja digitalne dostopnosti, v spletišč in mobilnih aplikacij – ZDSMA, ki velja od leta 2018). primeru doslednega upoštevanja zahtev ZJN-3 od 1. 4. 2016, Podjetja s področja IKT v Evropi in Sloveniji bi morala torej torej več, kot sedem let, v tem trenutku na ustrezni ravni ali vsaj vse od leta 2016 poznati področje digitalne dostopnosti, pri tem občutno višji, kot je zdaj. To je dobesedno sedem nepovratno pa imeti osnovno zavedanje in strokovno znanje za razvoj kot izgubljenih let razvoja. Táko poimenovanje lahko tudi tudi implementacijo dostopnih rešitev. ustrezno argumentiramo. Toda kakšno je trenutno stanje? Digitalizacija javnega in zasebnega sektorja je bila v zadnjih sedmih letih zelo aktivna. Aktivnosti se nadaljujejo in celo 2 Stanje dostopnosti v Sloveniji intenzivirajo. Ob tem se tudi leta 2023 rešitve razvijajo na enako nedostopen ali celo bolj nedostopen način, kot so se vse Petnajst let izkušenj na področju digitalne dostopnosti, predhodne. sodelovanje z invalidskimi organizacijami in končnimi Namesto da bi po sedmih letih razvoja imeli v Sloveniji na uporabniki z oviranostmi ter vsakodnevno delo na tem področju voljo skupek rešitev, ki bi bile enako dostopne vsem, se je razširil nam omogočajo vpogled v stanje dostopnosti informacijskih in se razširja skupek nedostopnih rešitev. Enako velja za rešitev v Sloveniji. naslednje – namesto da bi v Sloveniji imeli širok krog Šele zadnja leta se o dostopnosti vedno več govori in piše. strokovnjakov na vseh področjih razvoja, ki standarde digitalne Lahko rečemo, da je tudi vedno več zavedanja in naporov, dostopnosti obvladajo, obstaja le peščica strokovnjakov s tega usmerjenih v zagotavljanje dostopnih spletnih strani. Pomembna področja. Teh sedem let je izgubljenih tako z vidika razvoja novost je, da se zaznavajo pozitivne spremembe le na dostopnih rešitev, razvoja kompetenc kot tudi najosnovnejšega 624 razširjanja zavedanja o pomenu digitalne dostopnosti za ciljne obliki povečanega teksta v ustreznih kontrastih, kognitivno skupine in družbo kot celoto. oviranim v obliki predstavitve ključnih poenostavljenih Upoštevajoč dejstvo, da se še dandanes skoraj nihče ne drži podatkov. zahtev ZJN-3, raven zavedanja in strokovnih znanj s področja A tudi tu je bila Zveza v neenakem položaju. Digitalizirali so digitalne dostopnosti še vedno ne raste dovolj hitro. Prepričani lahko le del postopkov, tudi te ne nujno optimalno oziroma v smo, da se bo brez hitrega ukrepanja vseh deležnikov razvoj podrobnosti, sam proces je bil kompleksnejši, čaka jih še veliko nedostopnih rešitev nadaljeval vsaj še nekaj let. S tem se bo razvoja, da bodo lahko v enakem položaju kot neka organizacija, nadaljevala in poglabljala tudi diskriminacija, saj se vse ki (nedostopno) rešitev kupi ali najame na trgu. Tudi strošek vzdrževanja in nadaljnjega razvoja aplikacije na ključ je v digitalizira. vsakem primeru višji od stroška vzdrževanja in nadgradenj Dejstvo je, da bi se diskriminacija nadaljevala tudi, če bi se programskega paketa. jutri začel razvoj nove generacije informacijskih rešitev. Tak Hkrati pa mora Zveza za poročanje po programih uporabljati razvoj traja dolgo, upoštevajoč primanjkljaj strokovnosti na tem tudi rešitve, ki so bile v preteklih letih razvite s strani ministrstev področju, pa odpira vprašanje, koliko bi bile razvite rešitve v in niso popolnoma dostopne. Te rešitve uporabljajo tudi resnici dostopne. uporabniki z invalidnostmi, kar jih postavlja v neenak položaj z ostalimi zaposlenimi. Namesto da bi se organizacija lahko ukvarjala s svojo 4 Težave oseb z invalidnostmi in organizacij, ki osnovno dejavnostjo in poslanstvom, se mora ukvarjati tudi z jih zaposlujejo iskanjem in razvojem rešitev, ki jih bodo lahko uporabljali njihovi zaposleni. Težave in diskriminacija, ki jo omenjamo, seveda ne izvirajo iz hipotetičnih situacij, temveč iz izkušenj in rednega sodelovanja z osebami z invalidnostmi ter invalidskimi 5 Kako izboljšati stanje organizacijami. Poglejmo primer ene take organizacije in težave, Da bi čim prej izšli iz tega, za mnoge nevzdržnega, stanja, je s katerimi se soočajo. potreben precejšen in usklajen napor različnih deležnikov. Pred leti smo imeli na projektu Zveze društev slepih in slabovidnih Slovenije (v nadaljevanju Zveza), ki je reprezentativna invalidska organizacija in tudi delodajalec • Spremljati in preverjati je treba 68. člen Zakona o javnem osebam z invalidnostmi, precejšnje težave z iskanjem naročanju (ZJN-3), opozarjati organizacije na neskladnosti dostopnega sistema za evidenco delovnega časa, saj smo imeli ter doseči, da se začnejo določbe dosledno upoštevati. zaposlene tako slabovidne kot tudi slepe. Izziv je bil že najti • Spremljati in preverjati je treba primopredaje rešitev, registrator na fizične tipke, saj so bile rešitve z zasloni na dotik razvitih na podlagi javnih naročil. So te rešitve res ustrezno namreč vse po vrsti popolnoma nedostopne. dostopne? Primopredaja nedostopnih rešitev ne sme biti Ob iskanju nove rešitve nekaj let pozneje stanje ni bilo veliko opravljena oziroma se morajo podati in po potrebi boljše. Registratorjev s tipkami ni več, rešitve na mobilnih uveljavljati ustrezne garancije glede dobre izvedbe posla telefonih in osebnih računalnikih niso ustrezno oziroma tudi na tem področju. popolnoma dostopne. Še manj so dostopne rešitve za urejanje in administracijo evidenc. • Za izvedljivost predhodnih točk je treba začeti z aktivnim Leta 2022 je Zveza začela izvajati projekt Informatizacija informiranjem vseh deležnikov, naročnikov v okviru Zveze. Za izvedbo projekta je od Ministrstva za javno upravo, javnega sektorja ter njihovih dobaviteljev storitev in tako kot mnoge druge nevladne organizacije, prejela tudi opreme glede področja digitalne dostopnosti, zakonskih ter sredstva. Poglavitna razlika med Zvezo in večino ostalih tehničnih zahtev in standardov s tega področja. organizacij je, da so ostali lahko kupili in po potrebi delno • Organizacije je treba spodbuditi, da začnejo z razvojem prilagodili rešitve, ki so že na voljo na trgu. Zveza je zaradi dostopnih rešitev. V okviru rešitev, financiranih iz nedostopnosti rešitev morala v razvoj lastne rešitve, saj so le tako nacionalnega ali evropskega proračuna, bi moral biti lahko zagotovili, da so njihovi zaposleni na delovnem mestu omogočen le razvoj rešitev, dostopnih vsem, brez izjem. ustrezno opolnomočeni. Ob upoštevanju načel univerzalnega oblikovanja in ustreznih Nedostopne rešitve ne bi smele biti upravičen strošek. tehnoloških rešitev je v današnjem času mogoče zagotoviti • Invalidskim organizacijam in organizacijam, ki informacijske rešitve, ki zagotavljajo skoraj popolno zaposlujejo osebe z invalidnostmi, bi morali s finančnimi samostojnost pri delu oseb z različnimi vrstami invalidnostmi in spodbudami in strokovnimi pomočmi omogočati oviranostmi. vzpostavitev primerov dobrih praks – tako na primerih Samostojen vpogled v podatke, samostojna oddaja in spletišč organizacij kot tudi razvoja ali prilagoditev podpisovanje vlog, samostojno potrjevanje vlog ter samostojen informacijskih rešitev. pregled skoraj vseh vrst dokumentov je v primerjavi s časi • Omogočiti in spodbujati je treba usposabljanje vseh papirnatega poslovanja še pred desetletjem nepredstavljiv korak deležnikov, vpletenih v produkcijo storitev ali produktov, naprej. ter s tem zagotoviti celostno izvajanje dostopnosti, kjer Prek sodobnih rešitev lahko zaposleni dandanes dostopajo do vsak deležnik dobro pozna svoje odgovornosti ter kako se digitalnih evidenc organizacije, na primer: do potnih nalogov, te medsebojno prepletajo z odgovornostmi ostalih naročilnic, raznih poročil in obračunov. Vsi podatki so shranjeni deležnikov. v besedilni obliki, kar pomeni, da je njihova predstavitev lahko pripravljena na vsem dostopen način. Slepim prek bralnikov Seveda bi bilo za vse do zdaj naštete točke potrebno zaslona in govorne sinteze ali brajeve vrstice, slabovidnim v sodelovanje vseh deležnikov s tega področja. Naj omenimo le 625 delodajalce, ponudnike rešitev, ministrstva, reprezentativne 6 Dolgoročno zagotavljanje kakovosti in invalidske organizacije, strokovne organizacije, višje šole in kontinuiran razvoj univerze, ponudnike certificiranj in druge. Za doseg celostne dostopnosti in upoštevanje dobrih praks je Povsem na mestu je vprašanje, ali obstajata ustrezno zavedanje in politična volja za usklajen pristop ter financiranje spodbude tako nujno treba spodbuditi dvig kompetenc s področja digitalne dostopnosti pri vseh deležnikih in na vseh ravneh. Zahteve preskoka v srednjeročnem obdobju. Brez tega se bo namreč uvajanje digitalne dostopnosti občutno zavleklo. dostopnosti je treba upoštevati že v prvih korakih snovanja Dolgoročno bodo morale vse organizacije najti ustrezne razvoja ali prenove informacijskega sistema (premik na levo), ne pa šele na koncu, ko je produkt končan, kakršna je dandanašnja interne rešitve. V tujini se to rešuje predvsem s specializiranimi delovnimi mesti, kot so direktor dostopnosti oziroma koordinator praksa. Dokler izvajalci, prav tako pa tudi naročniki, nimajo dovolj internih kompetenc, da lahko presodijo dostopnost, je dostopnosti ali skrbnik dostopnosti, ki imajo širšo odgovornost nujno vključevanje zunanjih specialistov dostopnosti ter glede dostopnosti, kot so aplikacije in/ali spletne strani, ter omogočajo dostopnost celotne organizacije. Na univerzah na reprezentativnih invalidskih organizacij. Trajnostna dostopnost, ki se mora prilagajati novim tehnologijam in standardom, pa primer skrbijo tudi za dostopnost učnih gradiv in učnega procesa za vse študente. priporoča, da se sodelovanje ohranja tudi takrat, ko so interne Za zagotavljanje ustreznih internih rešitev bo potrebno kompetence že precej samostojne. Podjetja, ki se ukvarjajo z načrtovanjem in razvojem zavedanje glede dostopnosti na vseh ravneh, ki se dolgoročno najlažje in najceneje doseže z uvedbo ustreznih predmetov v informacijskih rešitev ter načrtovanjem in razvojem spletnih strani, bodo morala ustrezno usposobiti: programe srednješolskega in visokošolskega izobraževanja. Podobni ukrepi bodo zaradi Zakona o dostopnosti produktov in storitev za invalide (ZDPSI) potrebni tudi na strani zasebnih • projektne vodje, ki bodo morali skrbeti za skladnost skozi delodajalcev, kot so banke, spletne trgovine, prevozniki in drugi, celoten proces razvoja in ustrezno usklajevati deležnike, ki jih bodo zaobjele zahteve zakona. vključene v proces, ter po potrebi vključevati tako Prvi korak na tem področju se sicer že izvaja. Center za strokovnjake s področja digitalne dostopnosti kot tudi poklicno izobraževanje (CPI) pripravlja NPK »Menedžer uporabnike z invalidnostmi; digitalne dostopnosti«, ki v dobri meri pokriva kompetence in • sistemske analitike, ki morajo v svoje zahteve vključiti tudi delovne obveze profilov, ki jih omenjamo v tem poglavju. zahteve s področja digitalne dostopnosti, in morajo to Kako hitro bodo organizacije prepoznale potrebe po tovrstnih ustrezno tudi upoštevati; kadrih oziroma tovrstnem pristopu k celovitemu reševanju • raziskovalce in oblikovalce uporabniške izkušnje (UX), ki digitalne dostopnosti ali dostopnosti na splošno, je odvisno od je ključna komponenta univerzalnega oblikovanja in uspešnosti širitve zavedanja in ponotranjenja realnih potreb v zagotavljanja enako dostopnih rešitev za vse; širšem krogu javnih in zasebnih organizacij v Sloveniji. • oblikovalce, ki morajo upoštevati načrtovano uporabniško Seveda upamo, da se bo dolgoročno zakonodaja razširila na izkušnjo in jo v fazi oblikovanja dosledno udejanjiti ter pri širši krog deležnikov, za katere pa bo samo zagotavljanje tem upoštevati vse zahteve in dobre prakse standardov dostopnosti, zlasti zaradi širšega poznavanja v družbi in stroki, dostopnosti; veliko lažje. • programerje, ki morajo zagotoviti dostopnost končnih rešitev in ob tem tudi opozoriti na morebitne nedoslednosti REFERENCES ali pomanjkljivosti opredelitev glede dostopnosti v [1] United Nations, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities predhodnih korakih; (CRPD), Article 9 – Accessibility. https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the- • testerje, ki morajo poleg funkcionalnih testiranj glede na rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-9-accessibility.html zahteve sistemskih analitikov upoštevati tudi zahteve glede https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/78/oj [2] European Commission, 2004-2016. Consolidated versions of The Treaty dostopnosti; on European Union and The Treaty on The Functioning of the European • osebe, ki skrbijo za vsebino in uredniški del strani, ker je Union. dostopnost možna le s sodelovanjem oblikovanja, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12016ME/TXT programiranja in vsebin, ki upoštevajo standarde [3] European Commission, 2000. Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 dostopnosti. November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. https://www.refworld.org/docid/583d783a7.html Ob hitrem ukrepanju, ustreznem financiranju in usklajenem [4] European Commission, 2005. Standardization mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in support of European accessibility requirements delovanju vseh deležnikov je preboj mogoče doseči že v nekaj for public procurement of products and services in the ICT domain. letih. Tovrsten preboj je po našem mnenju nujen, da se začne https://www.anec.eu/images/attachments/M376.pdf [5] CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, 2014, Accessibility requirements suitable for stanje na področju dostopnosti IKT rešitev vendarle izboljševati. public procurement of ICT products and services in Europe. Hitro ukrepanje, ki je po našem mnenju nujno, je lahko le https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/01.01.01_6 začasne narave in je morda vzdržno v nekem srednjeročnem 0/en_301549v010101p.pdf https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/78/oj obdobju treh do petih let. Za zagotavljanje teh srednjeročnih [6] Richard Hodgkinson, 2008. Accessible ICT Documentation for Europe, ukrepov bi se morala zagotoviti tako notranja sredstva Spring 2008 edition of Communicator. https://accessible-techcomm.org/tag/richard-hodgkinson/ organizacij kot tudi sredstva nacionalnega in evropskega [7] Državni zbor Republike Slovenije, 2018, Zakon o javnem naročanju proračuna. Za namen digitalizacije je v prihajajočem obdobju (ZJN). http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO7086 namenjeno precej sredstev. 626 Bridging Communication Gaps through the Talking Hands Project: An In-depth Analysis Zdenka Wltavsky, PhD Jelena Ljubišić Development Centre for Development Centre for Vocational Rehabilitation Vocational Rehabilitation University Rehabilitation University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia Institute Republic of Slovenia Maribor, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia zdenka.wltavsky@ir-rs.si jelena.ljubisic@ir-rs.si ABSTRACT engaged with 120 participants, including deaf individuals, family members, support workers, and educators. The research Talking Hands project, operating under the Erasmus+ KA220- employed a structured questionnaire to explore personal and YOU cooperation partnerships in adult education, seeks to professional data, challenges faced, educational paths, and topics change the landscape of sign language learning. This article for online sign language lessons. This research approach offered presents a comprehensive overview of the project's goals, multifaceted insights into the complexities of communication research rationale of the Inception Workshops that was made by barriers. each project partner, its findings and implications for bridging communication barriers between deaf individuals and their associates. The project's multi-faceted approach aims to enhance 1 ABOUT TALKING HANDS PROJECT inclusivity and digital transformation within European society. Talking Hands project endeavors to develop an open online Each partner conducted an Inception workshop with target platform for learning sign language. Aligned with the Erasmus+ groups, which included friends, family members, and experts KA220-YOU cooperation partnerships in adult education, the from organizations that work with deaf people, in order to project aims to offer high-quality learning opportunities to adults identify the thematic areas that interested them the most and while addressing digital transformation and inclusion priorities come to a consensus. Local particularities, patterns, and set by the European Union. There are 7 Partners organizations variations were documented. that come from 6 different countries: Slovenia, Italy, Greece, KEYWORDS Sweden, Poland and Croatia[3]. Talking Hands project, Erasmus+ KA220-YOU, Inceptions Project addresses digital transformation through the development Workshop, adult education, sign language learning, Deaf of digital readiness, resilience, and capacity, as well as inclusion Culture, Children of deaf adults, Family members, Support and diversity in all fields of education, training, youth and sport. Workers, Educational Path, multi-faceted approach, inclusivity, It focuses on improving the availability of high-quality learning digital transformation, European society, open online platform. opportunities for adults and on facilitating communication between deaf individuals, their relatives, friends, and colleagues INTRODUCTION who wish to learn the fundamentals of sign language. Sign language plays a crucial role in enabling effective communication for the deaf community. However, Project's open online platform offers a flexible and adaptable communication barriers persist due to limited sign language approach to learning, allowing learners to choose thematic topics proficiency among the hearing population. The Talking Hands non-sequentially. This approach enhances digital access and project addresses this challenge by leveraging the potential of flexibility, catering to various learning needs and mitigating digital education. physical constraints This article delves into the project's inception, research Objectives of the Talking hands project are [1]: objectives for Inception Workshop, its findings, and implications • To develop a methodology, to collect and record sign for promoting inclusivity and digital preparedness. language lessons from the languages of the participating countries, including the international sign To comprehend the challenges faced by the deaf community and language. the dynamics of interactions between deaf and hearing • To provide these lessons freely online in a non-formal individuals, the Talking Hands project initiated a comprehensive and flexible educational context, along with other research phase. This research aimed to identify communication useful learning materials related to sign language barriers and foster awareness about the challenges within the lessons and Deaf Culture. community. By conducting Inception Workshops, the project 627 • To offer learning opportunities to family members of the comments and recommendations gathered by the target and friends of deaf individuals who wish to groups and stakeholders who participated came next. The enhance their competences, as well as to deaf ultimate distribution of the subjects, classes, and associated individuals who wish to access supplementary educational material is set in the Methodology guide. All learning. partners engaged in internal fine-tuning to ensure the maximum Foreseen Results of the project [1]: integration of the findings from their regional reports and to • Inception workshops by each partner. create a common structure for the lessons that is generated, in • Methodology Guide: A methodology guide was order to offer a variety of learning opportunities [1]. created based on the outputs of the Inception Workshops, which were provided by each partner The participants answered a total of 8 open questions belonging in the form of reports. It included 28 lessons to one common Google Form Questionnaire, translated into the recorded in all sign languages, divided into 7 topics, 6 partnership languages (Slovenian, Italian, Greek, Swedish, matching the number of partner organizations. This Polish, Croatian). methodology guide was designed for "non-experts" and encompassed sign languages from all partner organizations. Each session required students to 3 RESEARCH RESULTS engage for approximately 60 minutes. The European analysis of expert feedback provided a nuanced • Recording of lessons: Consequently, following the understanding of the interactions between target groups and sign aforementioned methodology guide, the recording language within the Deaf Culture. The analysis revealed distinct of lessons was organized by each partner in their participant categories, each with varying levels of sign language own country's sign language, based on the proficiency. Communication barriers emerged as a central theme, collectively agreed-upon structure. impacting essential areas such as medical contexts, public • Creating a web platform. services, and education. This analysis underscored the urgency • Dissemination. of addressing communication challenges to foster inclusivity. The European analysis acquired 120 expert answers in all, 2 INITIAL RESEARCH PURPOSE ranging in age from 20 to 60+, with the following Deaf Culture Based on initial research, the Talking Hands project intends to identifications and interactions [1]: assess the existing status of both hearing and deaf individuals in -Deaf individuals, Deafblind terms of their approach and attitude toward this Culture. The goal -Coda (Children of Deaf Adults) and family members is to comprehend how Deaf and Hearing people currently interact -Support personnel, teachers, and sign language interpreters in daily life, emphasizing the difficulties they encounter and the -Hearing people (friends or coworkers) to deaf or hard of hearing support they eventually receive. people. Thanks to the Inceptions Workshops created by the 7 Partner The EU analysis reveals one characteristic of the target group: all Organizations, 120 answers from participants were collected participants have interacted with deaf culture for a long time— through questionnaires. All the Partners agreed that there is a some from birth, others for more than 30 years—and all have need to spread awareness of the present problems facing Europe. some level of sign language proficiency. The questionnaire was designed to examine four key topics, Deaf individuals and deafblind persons who regularly including [1]: communicate with other deaf people, signers, oralists, and - Personal and Professional data (age, country, profession, hearing people are all active members of the deaf community and interaction description with the Deaf Culture) engage in familial and friendly exchanges. While some of them - Identification of Problems & Support received (encountered learned sign language later in life because they were born into issues in any circumstances of social life and eventually support hearing households without sign language knowledge, others received were born into deaf homes and are fluent sign language - Education Path (This section investigates the educational path communicators. of the TG) - Topics suggested for the online lessons (the most requested A significant difference between the analyzed countries can be thematic that experts would like to learn through online Sign seen when looking at the profile segment of family members at Language course). the European level from the perspective of sign language proficiency; in some of them, communication between the Primary data was collected through field research conducted by parties is limited and is implemented through written all partners. The research was built based on the involvement of communication. Other family members claimed that they the target group at the local/regional/national level. gradually lost a large portion of their sign language proficiency due to life events like moving, switching jobs, or changing According to the project application, the questionnaire had to be schools. However, in the long run, they were able to participate handed out to at least 20 participants in each country. Analysis in a learning platform remotely in order to practice and reinforce concepts that they had forgotten. The Children of Deaf Adults 628 who have emerged and are actively participating in this culture written communication were fallbacks, but their limitations on a daily basis, according to Coda profiles, all have a solid became evident, especially for congenitally deaf individuals command of Sign Language. Some of them have also gained dealing with complex vocabulary, abstract concepts, and expertise and have become interpreters in a variety of synonyms. employment settings[1]. The variable nature of sign language, influenced by local dialects, Regarding the profile category, the majority of support workers posed challenges, particularly among self-taught learners interviewed interact regularly with members of this culture compared to formal courses. through their work environments; some of them work for the National Deaf Authority as interpreters and have more than 25 In healthcare settings, including the pandemic, communication years of experience; others train school teachers in workshops on breakdowns were rampant due to a lack of knowledge about sign sensory disabilities; and still others are employed by local language among medical professionals and the barrier posed by organizations of the deafblind to create educational programs for masks. Restrictions on deaf relatives as mediators further these individuals and their families. Others have experience hindered effective communication. teaching family members who are not proficient in sign language, working with them to improve their skills. Similar issues arose in public offices, educational institutions, and areas where hearing individuals had guaranteed access to The field research also allowed for the depiction of the exchanges information. Learning sign language proved difficult, leading from the viewpoint of a friend, coworker, or a hearing person. many to prefer professional interpreters in critical scenarios. Overall, we can say that most of them have excellent relationships with persons who are hard of hearing yet struggle European hearing individuals acknowledged struggles in to communicate because of their poor sign language proficiency. communicating with deaf acquaintances, especially before They treat someone who has hearing loss the same as any other learning sign language. Making initial contact with deaf hearing person, showing that they have grown accustomed to the individuals and comprehending them posed difficulties. mode of communication. They take care to talk clearly and avoid Adjusting speaking pace for lip reading was common. covering their mouths with their hands. Access to sign language courses was inadequate, exacerbated by the shift to online learning after Covid-19. Existing resources 4 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED mostly offered vocabulary without grammar, limiting Communication difficulties were identified as pervasive issues, independent learning opportunities. affecting both deaf and hearing individuals. The prevalence of auditory stimuli in public spaces created challenges for deaf In education, schools often lacked preparation to accommodate individuals. The lack of sign language knowledge among hearing deaf students, resulting in communication gaps and dependence individuals further exacerbated communication breakdowns. The on peers for assistance. study illuminated regional dialects within sign language, adding complexity to communication. The research emphasized the The experiences of Children of Deaf Adults (CODAs) need for institutional preparedness and robust support emphasized their pivotal role as interpreters. Some hearing mechanisms to ensure inclusivity and accessibility [1]. individuals claimed no communication issues with the deaf, possibly influenced by biases. The research phase progressed to analyzing the communication experiences of the Target Group during the communication Across EU countries, participants faced a dearth of support in phase, considering both the perspectives of deaf and hearing dismantling communication barriers. Institutional individuals. unpreparedness led to interpreter shortages in public spaces and legal contexts. Private services filled the void but at a cost. Deaf Participants universally reported past communication difficulties, individuals primarily relied on family support, despite its with common challenges arising in various aspects of life such limitations in nuanced deaf communication. as public services, hospitals, personal interactions, and professional settings. 5 EDUCATION PATH OF TARGET GROUP Deaf individuals highlighted the impact of living in The educational paths of target group members showcased predominantly hearing environments, where auditory cues diversity, with deaf individuals learning from birth or formal overshadow visual ones. This disparity, evident in places like education. Family members and friends varied in their sign stations and airports, posed obstacles due to predominantly language proficiency. Codas, as children of deaf adults, played a auditory announcements. pivotal role in bridging communication gaps. The inclusion of sign language in schools and workplaces was recommended to The inability of most hearing individuals to use sign language enhance communication and promote inclusivity. created a significant communication barrier. Deaf respondents expressed a desire for hearing people to learn basic phrases and overcome the fear of interacting with them. Lip reading and 629 corresponding to regions, whereas Europe typically experiences greater uniformity. 5.1. Lesson’s Topics Participants presented their ideas for content that would greatly Facial expressions play a significant role in the Mediterranean- facilitate communication with the deaf and hard of hearing, rooted Greek sign language, while the Japanese version employs described in the graphic: fewer expressions. Specific gestures exclusive to regions, further underscore the individuality of sign languages. Online platforms Table 1: Most popular topics were reviewed by a Polish participants who emphasized the Topics Percentage importance of clarity, convenience, and intuitive usability for Let's get to know each other 17,4% effective learning. (Greetings, Introduce yourself, Daily To ensure the success of SL projects, complete involvement of life, Weather, Work) the deaf community is essential. Cultural appropriation by the Leisure time (Hobbies, Sport, Culture) 15,1% hearing community must be avoided, and projects should Health care, Emotional feeling, 14% emphasize the recognition of the deaf community as a linguistic Medical Terms minority rather than mere integration. Encouraging SL courses Living at home (List of grocery, 7% in schools and workplaces was also advocated. Kitchen, Bathroom) Alphabets / Numbers 7,1% The positive aspects of a web-based SL course were highlighted, Family & Friends 5,8% enabling learning from home or work while fostering family How to approach to Deaf 5,8% involvement. A crucial recommendation pertained to Character traits 3,5% communication changes for hearing individuals: comprehending Science 2,3% that sign language is visual-spatial, with eyes and hands as the COS 2,3% primary communication channels, necessitating a shift from Children’s activities 2,3% verbal-sound communication. Source:[1] In summary, learning Sign Language involves a challenging yet The majority of those surveyed expressed a desire to improve fascinating journey comparable to acquiring spoken languages. their daily interactions with the deaf, as well as a desire to learn National Sign Languages possess unique characteristics, and sign language and communicate in it in order to participate in and online platforms must prioritize clarity and ease of use. Ensuring share the most significant aspects of their lives. Participants' the involvement of the deaf community, avoiding cultural strong interest in learning sign language highlighted the appropriation, and encouraging SL courses were emphasized. importance of meaningful communication with deaf individuals. The adoption of a web-based course was welcomed, and a crucial The most popular lesson topics included greetings, introductions, recommendation urged hearing individuals to adapt to the visual- daily life, leisure activities, medical terms, and spatial nature of sign language. alphabets/numbers. These preferences reflected a desire to address fundamental aspects of communication and foster deeper connections. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was conducted within the activities of the projekt CONCLUSION Talking Hands, which is co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. The Talking Hands project's inception workshop laid a strong foundation for addressing communication challenges faced by REFERENCES the deaf community and their associates. By offering accessible [1] and flexible sign language lessons, the project aims to empower Claudia Serra.2023. EU Inception Workshop Report Talking Hands. Caligari, Italy individuals, foster inclusivity, and embrace digital [2] Act on the Use of Slovenian Sign Language (ZUSZJ). Nr.:001-08/01-5/1. transformation. The project's multi-faceted approach holds Ljubljana, Slovenia. DOI: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO1713# promise for bridging communication gaps and enhancing social [3] I.E.R.F.O.P., OECON, PRISM, DODIR, FPSL, Sensus, URI Soča. 2022. cohesion within European society. Application for the project Talking Hands KA220-ADU-C31D2083. Brussels, Belgium. [4] I.E.R.F.O.P., OECON, PRISM, DODIR, FPSL, Sensus, URI Soča. 2023. Learning Sign Language (SL) is a complex journey that mirrors Methodology Guide the Final Draft. Brussels, Belgium. acquiring any foreign spoken language. This visual language [5] Zdenka Wltavsky. 2023. Desk Research on National Deaf Culture. Ljubljana, Slovenia.Note that there is a section break at the end of presents captivating challenges, particularly when pursued references to balance the columns (and this text is a part of the new through online platforms. A fundamental approach recommends section). If you have no space left at the end of your paper, you can delete it. engaging with the deaf community and practicing daily for effective learning. Each National Sign Language exhibits unique characteristics, encompassing distinct vocabulary and grammar, setting them apart from spoken languages and even international sign language. For instance, Italy's SL displays diverse dialects 630 Tehnična izvedba tolmačenja znakovnega jezika na televiziji The Technical Execution of Sign Language Interpretation on Television Bojan Mord, gluha oseba Hiša slovenskega znakovnega jezika, Zavod sodobne dostopnosti za gluhe, naglušne, osebe s polževim vsadkom Uraničeva ulica 16 1000 Ljubljana Slovenija E: info@hisaszj.si S: http://dostopnoplus.si (Oče treh gluhih otrok, certificirani tolmač slovenskega KLJUČNE BESEDE znakovnega jezika in prvi gluhi sodni tolmač v Sloveniji, uporabnik mednarodnega znakovnega jezika. Z več kot 20 leti dostopnost, tolmači znakovnega jezika, televizija, spletna platforma, medijske vsebine. izkušenj učitelj strokovno-teoretičnih in praktičnih predmetov grafične in medijske smeri z nazivom svetnika v šolskem sistemu. Zaposlen na Zavodu za gluhe in naglušne Ljubljana. Direktor ABSTRACT neprofitnega Zavoda Hiša slovenskega znakovnega jezika, Zavoda za sodobno dostopnost za gluhe, naglušne in osebe s The Technical Execution of Sign Language Interpretation on polževim vsadkom. V svoji 25-letni karieri je deloval kot Television presojevalec in svetovalec na področju dostopnosti za televizijo The article explores the challenges and guidelines regarding the in splet. Član strokovnega sveta, kjer zastopa interese oseb za accessibility of sign language interpreters on television and gluhe in naglušne v Zavodu A11Y.si. Glavni in odgovorni online platforms. It underscores the significance of the presence urednik klasične televizije TIPK TV, specializirane za ciljno of sign language interpreters on television for deaf and hard of občinstvo za gluhe in naglušne. S svojim strokovnim znanjem hearing viewers, focusing on issues such as size, positioning, pomaga pri prilagoditvah spletnih portalov, namenjenih gluhim. background, and roles of sign language interpreters, and their Prejemnik priznanja jabolko navdiha RS v letu 2022 za impact on accessibility and comprehension of content. Sign navdihujoča dejanja za skupnost gluhih in krepitev solidarnosti language is a crucial communication tool, and effective v družbi.) interpretation requires advanced knowledge and adherence to ethical standards. POVZETEK Furthermore, the article addresses technical aspects, such as the size and positioning of the sign language interpreter on television, Članek raziskuje izzive in smernice glede dostopnosti tolmačev emphasizing the importance of uniform lighting, background, znakovnega jezika (ZJ) na televiziji in spletnih platformah. contrast, and the relationship between the interpreter's size and Poudarja pomembnost prisotnosti tolmačev ZJ na televiziji za other elements on the screen. It presents practical guidelines for gluhe in naglušne gledalce, obenem pa se osredotoča na optimal visibility of the sign language interpreter on the screen. vprašanja, kot so velikost, pozicioniranje, ozadje in naloge The conclusion of the article highlights shortcomings in current tolmačev ZJ ter njihov vpliv na dostopnost in razumevanje technical solutions for integrating sign language interpreters on vsebin. Znakovni jezik je ključno komunikacijsko orodje, za television and calls for increased attention to technical and učinkovito tolmačenje pa je potrebno izpopolnjeno znanje in content-related challenges. Additionally, the author introduces spoštovanje etičnih standardov. the mission and objectives of the Institute for Slovenian Sign Poleg tega članek obravnava tehnične vidike, kot so velikost in Language, which focuses on accessibility for the deaf and hard pozicioniranje tolmača ZJ na televiziji, poudarjajoč pomembnost of hearing and offers solutions to enhance the quality of enakomerne osvetlitve, ozadja, kontrasta ter razmerja med accessibility services for this user group. velikostjo tolmača in drugimi elementi na zaslonu. Predstavlja praktične smernice za optimalno vidnost tolmača ZJ na zaslonu. KEYWORDS Sklep članka izpostavlja pomanjkljivosti v trenutnih tehničnih rešitvah za vključevanje tolmačev ZJ na televiziji in poziva k accessibility, sign language interpreters, television, online večji pozornosti do tehničnih in vsebinskih izzivov. Poleg tega platform, media content. avtor predstavi namen in cilj Zavoda Hiša slovenskega znakovnega jezika, ki se ukvarja z dostopnostjo za gluhe in naglušne ter ponuja rešitve za izboljšanje kakovosti storitev dostopnosti za to skupino uporabnikov. 631 1 OPREDELITEV ZNAKOVNEGA JEZIKA IN Tolmač za znakovni jezik na televiziji mora zelo dobro poznati POKLICA TOLMAČ ZNAKOVNEGA JEZIKA znakovni jezik in razumeti procese načina komunikacije. Prav tako mora obvladati specifičnosti prenosa sporočil v televizijskem okolju, kjer je podajanje informacij izjemno Tolmači za znakovni jezik se vključujejo v televizijske posebno. Zagotavlja nenehno visoko kakovost tolmačenja in programe. To je postalo opazneje med pandemijo covida-19, ko ohranja izjemno raven koncentracije, medtem ko posreduje je družba postala še bolj ozaveščena o prisotnosti gluhih, sporočila na razumljiv način. naglušnih in uporabnikov znakovnega jezika v našem okolju. Izkušnje vključevanja tolmačev ZJ na televiziji segajo v osemdeseta leta 20. stoletja, čeprav se v nekaterih virih omenjajo tudi sedemdeseta in celo šestdeseta leta 20. stoletja. 2.1 Ključne veščine, ki jih mora tolmač znakovnega jezika obvladati za delo na televiziji: Tolmači ZJ so najopaznejši, ko so na televiziji postavljeni v spodnji desni ali zgornji desni kot ekrana. Uporabljajo se različni • Poskrbeti mora za tekoče simultano (sinhronizirano) okviri, vključno s krogi in kvadrati, danes pa sodobna tehnologija tolmačenje, pri čemer mora hitrost tolmačenja in podajanje omogoča tudi postavitev tolmača ZJ v formatu slika v sliki (angl. izrazov (čustev) biti usklajena z izrečenimi besedami. »picture in picture«). • Izvajati mora tolmačenje s temeljitim obvladovanjem gibanja Dostopnost medijskih vsebin se razširja v spletno okolje, rok, prstov, oči, ustnic, dosledna uporaba gest, mimike in vključno s spletnimi pretočnimi predvajanji v živo, kar je telesnega gibanja mora biti skladna in jasna. izjemno pozitivno. Pomembno je, da so nacionalni mediji na televiziji vse bolj pozorni na vključevanje tolmačev ZJ. • Prenašati globoke pomene in odtenke je bistvenega pomena, Tehnologija je napredovala do te mere, da ni več tehničnih ovir prenesti morajo polni pomen besedila, vključno z za umeščanje tolmačev ZJ na televizijo. Zagotoviti je treba razumevanjem konteksta, namena govora in čustvenih nians. zadostno kadrovsko znanje in strokovnost za to posebno področje, ki ga srečujemo tako v Sloveniji kot tudi v tujini. • Prilagoditi se tako informativnim oddajam kot tudi zabavnim Predstavil bom tehnične smernice za umestitev tolmačev ZJ, in izobraževalnim vsebinam, glede na žanr in naravo pred tem pa še kriterije dela tolmačev ZJ, specifičnosti znakovnega jezika ter televizijske vsebine morajo prilagoditi svoj slog pričakovanja gledalcev za ustrezno in komunikacije. kakovostno televizijsko vsebino v znakovnem jeziku. • Delovati v skladu z etičnimi standardi, spoštovati zasebnost Znakovni jezik gluhih izhaja iz uporabe rok, mimike obraza, oči, gledalcev ter vzdrževati profesionalen odnos do svojega dela ustnic in gibanja telesa, da se lahko izražajo ideje, čustva in in občinstva. sporočilnost. Uporablja se tudi prstno abecedo. Je vizualni jezik za gluhe in njihovo ključno komunikacijsko sredstvo. Razlikuje Delo tolmača je sestavljeno iz zgoraj naštetih veščin. Poudariti je se po izrazih, gibanju in celo strukturi stavkov. Vsak znakovni treba, da tolmač ni tehnik, zato ni njegova pristojnost, ali se ga jezik je dinamičen in se razvija znotraj gluhe skupnosti, nanj pa vplivata tudi lokalna kultura in dobro vidi, ali je pravilno umeščen oziroma postavljen v kader. zgodovina. Nima enake slovnice Njegova prvenstvena naloga je, da se pred prenosom in med njim kot govorni jezik, niti na istem geografskem, kulturnem in dobro počuti, da ima stalen dovod svežega zraka in možnost, da zgodovinskem območju ne, saj je neodvisen od govorjenja in se oblikuje znotraj gluhe skupnosti. dobi predčasen vpogled v vsebino oddaje (besedila voditeljev, besedila avtorjev skladbe, kateri gost se bo predvidoma oglasil s terena in podobno). *2 Prejemanje informacij in znanja s pomočjo znakovnega jezika gluhih je omejeno, informacijska vrednost je majhna, nujno je potrebna standardizacija jezika. Pomembno je poudariti, da 2.2 Napotki za razumevanje vloge tolmačev v slovenski znakovni jezik ni enak drugim znakovnim jezikom. televizijskem okolju Vsak znakovni jezik na svetu je edinstven in razlike so že znotraj iste države. Postavitev tolmača na zaslonu mora omogočati nemoteno POMEMBNO: uporaba rok, mimike obraza, oči, ustnic ter spremljanje tako tolmača kot tudi drugih vizualnih elementov, ki gibanja telesa, da se lahko izražajo ideje, čustva in sporočila. se morajo medsebojno izključevati. Upoštevati je treba optimalno razmerje med velikostjo tolmača in preostalimi 2 ZNAČILNOSTI DELA IN VLOGA vsebinami. Zelo preudarno je treba zagotoviti sodelovanje med TOLMAČA ZNAKOVNEGA JEZIKA NA vsemi tolmači, ki sodelujejo na televiziji, tako za slišeče kot TELEVIZIJI gluhe certificirane tolmače ZJ, tudi s kamermani, svetlobnimi tehniki, tonskim tehniki, scenografom, producenti, urednikom, odgovornim za dostopnost vsebin v znakovnem jeziku, ter Tolmač ZJ v Sloveniji lahko postane vsak, ki opravi NPK- presojevalcem in svetovalcem za dostopnost uporabnikom certifikat za tolmače slovenskega ZJ. Od julija 2019 dalje so znakovnega jezika. To so ključni člani ekipe, ki omogočajo vrata odprta tudi za gluhe osebe, ki lahko tolmačijo slovenski ZJ. kakovostno medijsko posredovanje informacij. tej spremembi je pomembno prispevalo Društvo učiteljev gluhih Slovenije.*1 632 Velik poudarek je na izobraževanju in evalviranju opravljenega • Med televizijsko oddajo tolmač ne prevaja dokumentov ali dela tolmačenja na televiziji. Ohranjanje visoke ravni pisnih grafično opremljenih besedil na zaslonu. Omejen je na strokovnosti in motivacije vključuje stalno sodelovanje tako na tolmačenje govorjenega jezika in branje podnapisov v internih kot eksternih izobraževanjih. Priporoča se vzpostavitev znakovni jezik. uredništva za znakovni jezik, ki naj ga vodijo izkušeni strokovnjaki s področja znakovnega jezika in poznavalci gluhe • Ne izraža svojih mnenj, komentarjev ali sodb o vsebinah, ki skupnosti, za uvajanje znakovnega jezika za potrebe televizije. jih tolmači. Njegova naloga je objektivno prenašanje informacij. Tolmači morajo skrbeti, da na sebi nimajo nakita, ure, visečih uhanov, vidnih motečih tetovaž, bleščečih predmetov, premočno Pomembno je razumeti, da je delo tolmača na televiziji obarvanih nohtov, podaljšane trepalnice in nohti niso zaželeni. osredotočeno na prenos sporočil iz enega jezika v drugega, tako Priporočajo se speti lasje (tolmači niso fotomodeli) in da se zagotovi dostopnost in razumevanje medijskih vsebin za minimalistično ličenje. Zaželeni so tri četrt rokavi. Preživahne gluhe in naglušne gledalce. barve ali bleščice na oblačilih so prepovedane, enako velja za prekomerna vzorčasta oblačila, ki lahko motijo gledalce pri prepoznavanju znakov in gibanja tolmača. Preohlapna oblačila 3 DIMENZIONIRANJE IN POZICIONIRANJE ovirajo delo tolmača pri gibanju in gibljivost rok ter izrazov. TOLMAČA ZJ NA TELEVIZIJI Oblačila z vzorci niso priporočljiva, prav tako ne globoki V- izrezi. Podano razumevanje znakovnega jezika in njegovih značilnosti daje vpogled, ki razkriva kompleksnost te komunikacijske Pomembno je zagotoviti redno prisotnost tolmačev ZJ na oblike. Ključno je razumeti, da gledalci pred televizijskimi televiziji, da se vzpostavi zaupanje in pričakovanje med gledalci. zasloni za celovito in razumljivo informacijo spremljajo uporabo Za oddaje v živo se običajno uporablja slišeče tolmače, so pa tudi rok, mimike obraza, oči, ustnic in gibanje telesa. S temi elementi redke izjeme, kjer delajo tudi gluhi tolmači. Za oddaje, ki so se izražajo ideje, čustva in sporočilnost. Pri neposrednih novicah, vnaprej posnete, se priporoča, da vključijo gluhe tolmače. Pri zlasti v informativnih oddajah, je besedna vsebina zgoščena v dnevnoinformativnih oddajah naj se zagotovi desetminutna čim krajšem času. Tolmači znakovnega jezika morajo simultano oddaja, prilagojena potrebam gluhih v znakovnem jeziku, za in izjemno natančno prevesti vsebino, pri čemer je pomembno, katero tolmačijo gluhi tolmači. Zavedati se je treba, da so gluhi i da se vsi odtenki in drobne kretnje, ki prispevajo k razumevanju n slišeči tolmači enakovredni in so drug drugemu podpora ter sporočil, jasno vidijo in razumejo. Zmanjšanje prostora za tim za kakovostno izvajanje storitev, še posebej na televiziji in v tolmača na televiziji zmanjšuje prostor za prenos informacij, kar pretočnih spletnih vsebinah. vpliva na kakovost razumevanja. Svetovna zveza gluhih (WFD) piše, da so gluhi tolmači v Pri ustrezni dimenzioniranosti tolmača znakovnega jezika je ključno, da je razmerje med njegovo velikostjo in velikostjo nekaterih primerih bolj zaželeni. V Evropi in po svetu zelo drugih prisotnih oseb na televiziji enako. Tako kot prikaz podpirajo tolmačenje gluhih tolmačev, saj so izsledki njihovih voditelja ali izvajalca naj bo tudi velikost tolmača znakovnega raziskav pokazali, da so gluhi tolmači boljši tolmači za gluhe kot jezika enako nastavljena. Pozicioniranje tolmača na levi ali desni slišeči tolmači.*3 strani je odvisno od medijske hiše, pogosto je pozicioniranje na desni strani. Prostor za tolmača naj bo ločen in neodvisen od 2.3 Omejitve in naloge, ki jih tolmač ZJ na drugih elementov na zaslonu. televiziji ne izvaja: Spodnja slika ponazarja priporočeno dimenzioniranje tolmača znakovnega jezika v modrem polju. Širino prostora za tolmača • Ne izbira vsebin, ki bodo predvajane na televiziji. Njegova se določi z razdelitvijo na tretjine, kar prispeva k optimalni naloga je tolmačenje že pripravljenih vsebin, ne pa odločanje vidnosti in razumevanju. o tem, kaj se bo predvajalo. • Ne sodeluje pri urejanju videoposnetkov ali montaži oddaj. Njegova vloga je izključno tolmačenje med predvajanjem. • Ne piše scenarijev za oddaje ali pripravlja vsebin za televizijo. Njegovo delo je tolmačenje in prenos že obstoječih vsebin. • Ne nastopa v vlogah igralcev ali voditeljev. Njegova naloga je omogočiti razumevanje govorjenega jezika za gluhe in naglušne gledalce. Slika 1: Shematski/grafični prikaz razdelitve prostora pri umeščanju velikosti prostora za tolmače znakovnega jezika. Vir: osebni arhiv avtorja 633 Določitev pozicije tolmača ‒ centrirano, pustiti ob komolcu nekaj prostora (slika spodaj). Slika 2: Pri določanju pozicije tolmača je pomembno, da ga postavimo v centriran položaj, hkrati pa zagotovimo dovolj prostora ob komolcu. Spodnji rez naj se začne nad pasom, pri tem moramo skrbno paziti, da glava ni preblizu zgornjemu robu. Obe prikazani rešitvi sta ustrezni. Vir: https://tipk.si/oddaje Slikovni prikaz pravilne umeščenosti in velikosti tolmača ZJ in njegovo pozicioniranje praktičnih primerov na klasični televiziji TIPK TV za gluhe in naglušne Vir: https://tipk.si/oddaje V nadaljevanju je prikaz nekaterih različnih praks umestitve tolmača za znakovni jezik v PRILOGI A. 4 OZADJE TOLMAČA ZJ NA TELEVIZIJI V vsaki medijski ustanovi se oblikujejo načini postavitve tolmačev ZJ pred kamero. Kljub temu se le redko pomisli, kakšno ozadje bi bilo primerno. Pomembno je, da scenografi sodelujejo s strokovnjaki za dostopnost in presojevalci, ki poznajo potrebe uporabnikov znakovnega jezika. Izbor ozadja mora biti premišljen, da bo omogočalo jasno vidnost tolmača. Ozadje naj bo preprosto, umirjeno in nevtralno. Priporočljiv je enobarvni vzorec, ki usmerja pozornost na tolmača. Kontrast ima izjemno pomembno vlogo. Skupaj s stilisti in tolmači ZJ je treba določiti barvno paleto oblačil za določeno oddajo, kar omogoča, da roke in izrazi obraza izstopajo in so jasno vidni. Barvna ozadja naj se skladajo s celostno grafično podobo oddaje, pri tem je treba paziti na pravilno kontrastno razmerje in se izogibati motečim intenzivnim barvam. Pravilna osvetlitev ima ključno vlogo, da se preprečijo sence in zamegljenost. Tudi manj opazni deli, na primer podbradki, morajo biti ustrezno osvetljeni. Jasna in enakomerna osvetlitev omogoča gledalcem boljšo vidnost tolmača ZJ. V ozadju ne smejo biti moteči elementi, kot so deli videa, grafični napisi, premikajoči se predmeti ali bleščeče površine. To je pogosto izraženo pri delu z zelenim ozadjem, kjer lahko tolmač ZJ prehaja med videom, kar ni priporočljivo. Položaj tolmača ZJ mora biti takšen, da ne prekriva pomembnih vizualnih elementov na zaslonu. 634 Velikost tolmača ZJ mora biti dovoljšna, da gledalci jasno vidijo • uvedba kategorizacije in ovrednotenje dela tolmačev ZJ, njegove izrazne geste in mimiko, kar omogoča učinkovito pobuda za nov NPK II tolmač/tolmačica slovenskega spremljanje sporočil v znakovnem jeziku. znakovnega jezika za televizijo, konference in javne nastope (delo na televiziji, spletu – pretočne vsebine, konference, javni nastopi); Zaključna beseda • permanentno izobraževanje je vseživljenjsko učenje za vse V svoji karieri, ki traja že več kot 25 let, sem se posvetil druge ZJ. zagotavljanju dostopnosti za gluhe in naglušne osebe, ki uporabljajo znakovni jezik. Kljub dolgoletnemu spremljanju tega Vse strokovno znanje in pridobljene izkušnje tako v Sloveniji kot področja tako doma kot v tujini sem razočaran nad tudi v tujini so rezultati več kot 25-letnih izkušenj. V okviru pomanjkljivostmi, ki še vedno obstajajo pri tehnični izvedbi neprofitnega Zavoda Hiša slovenskega znakovnega jezika in spremljanja tolmača ZJ na televizijskem zaslonu. Vztrajno se Zavoda za sodobno dostopnost gluhih, naglušnih in oseb s namreč soočamo s problemi, kjer vložen trud, energija, delo polževim vsadkom bomo v prihodnje z zgoraj naštetih področij tolmačev ZJ in finančna sredstva izgubijo svoj pomen zaradi ponujali tako individualne kot skupinske storitve. Naš skupni cilj pomanjkljive celostne obravnave problema. je dvigniti kakovost storitev dostopnosti za gluhe, naglušne in uporabnike znakovnega jezika tako v Sloveniji kot tudi v tujini. Prvotna uvedba tolmačev na televizijskih zaslonih je razveselila in osrečila gluhe osebe. Kljub temu ne upajo izraziti zaskrbljenosti, da je bil ves trud zaman, saj obstajajo strahovi pred morebitno ukinitvijo oddaj, opremljenih z ZJ. Ko skuša VIRI/REFERENCES skupina gluhih oseb glasno opozoriti na te težave, se pri sogovornikih pojavi »tehnični izziv«, kajti trdijo, da povečanje *1 Tolmač/ica slovenskega znakovnega jezika (0613188011): https://npk.si/katalogi/0613188/ velikosti tolmača ZJ in zmanjšanje velikosti preostalega videa ni izvedljivo. Te tehnične omejitve so pogosto povezane z *2 Konferenčno tolmačenje znakovnega jezika: https://knowledge-centre- mešalnimi mizami za video, licenciranimi matričnimi interpretation.education.ec.europa.eu/sl/node/153 postavitvami in drugimi izgovori. *3 Sign Language Interpreting and translation and technological developments Approved by WFD Board on 7 February 2019: Današnja tehnologija dokazuje, da je vse mogoče doseči in https://wfdeaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/WFD-Postion-Paper-on- izpolniti tehnične ter vsebinske kriterije. Z nekaj truda in volje bi Accessbility-12-Feb-2019- se lahko izognili tehničnim težavam, ker jih ni, in razvijali obliko Updated.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0JYP4FsQfyhAQm9AIa3z_Yq- oa0auKOOICTOJa0Gqp60w4kyJtfQ8rSY8 v polni meri. V prispevku sem se osredotočil predvsem na velikost tolmača ZJ, ustrezno ozadje, optimalno pozicioniranje in naloge tolmača na televiziji. Spregovoriti je treba tudi o nekaterih ključnih področjih, povezanih z dostopnostjo za gluhe, naglušne in uporabnike znakovnega jezika: • tehnično urejanje podnapisov, kjer se predvajajo za televizijo, pretočne vsebine, spletne portale …; • vsebinsko delo tolmača ZJ, evalvacija, razvoj tehnike, vrsta strategije, pristopi in načini za posamezno področje; • urednikovanje in priprava vsebin ZJ za televizijo ter splet; • oddaje za gluhe in informativnih vsebin, prilagojenih za gluhe, v Sloveniji na ravni RTVSLO še nimamo; • monitoring in kontrola kakovosti dela za tolmače ZJ na vseh nivojih, še posebej na izpostavljenih mestih tolmačenja, kot so televizija, konference in javni nastopi; • šola za tolmače za obstoječe NPK-tolmače za tiste, ki delajo (delo na televiziji, spletu – pretočne vsebine, konference, javni nastopi); 635 PRILOGA A Prikaz nekaterih različnih praks umestitve tolmačev ZJ 636 Uporaba tehnik za samodejno podnaslavljanje avdiovizualnih vsebin Using auto-subtitle system methods in audiovisual content Bogdan Dugonik Inštitut za elektroniko in telekomunikacije/ Inštitut za Medijske komunikacije FERI/Univerza v Mariboru bogdan.dugonik@um.si ABSTRACT / POVZETEK Vse več je ljudi z okvaro sluha, kar otežuje tako medsebojno 1 Uvod sporazumevanje kot tudi razumevanje dialogov avdiovizualnih Delež ljudi, ki ima težavo s sluhom se nenehno povečuje. vsebin. Podnaslavljanje poveča razumljivost in zmanjša potrebni Razlogov za slabši sluh je mnogo, nekateri so prirojeni kot napor prizadetih pri spremljanju vsebin. Ker je ročno posledica obolenj, ali poškodb nastalih zaradi povečane podnaslavljanje dolgotrajni proces in drago opravilo, ga želimo dolgotrajne ali kratkotrajne izpostavljenosti hrupu. Podaljšuje se avtomatizirati s pomočjo orodij za avtomatsko razpoznavanje tudi življenjska doba, s tem pa je povezana tudi starostna izguba dialogov v zvoku in s podnaslavljanjem. Nekatera komercialna sluha (naglušnostjo). Odmiranje čutnic za zaznavanje tonov se in prostodostopna orodja so že vključena v programih za video začne že po dvajsetem letu, v starosti pa odmirajo tudi tiste za montažo. V času pandemije Covid-19 smo posneli več učnih sprejemanje nizkih frekvenc, ki so pomembne za gradiv, ki smo jih s pomočjo omenjenih orodij tudi podnaslovili. sporazumevanje [1]. Vse bolj izrazita je izguba sluha že v Na primeru izobraževalnega filma predstavimo postopke najstniških letih. Vzroki za veliko število najstnikov s težavami samodejnega podnaslavljanja video gradiv. sluha je lahko povečana izpostavljenost hrupu na zabavah, preglasnem gledanju filmov in poslušanju glasbe preko slušalk. KLJUČNE BESEDE Ko se izguba sluha enkrat pojavi, le-te ni mogoče več povrniti v Samodejno razpoznavanje govora, podnaslavljanje, video. prvotno stanje [1]. ABSTRACT Osebe s slabšim sluhom imajo pri medsebojnem sporazumevanju More and more people have hearing impairment, making it težave, kajti to od njih zahteva dodatni psihofizični napor, challenging to communicate with each other and understand posebej še v hrupnem okolju. Tudi spremljanje avdiovizualnih dialogs of audiovisual content. Subtitling increases vsebin (AV vsebin) je težavno, pogosto pa teh niti ne razumejo. comprehensibility and reduces the effort required by people with Posebej še, kadar so avdiovizualna dela slabše tonske kakovosti disabilities to follow the content. Since manual subtitling is a ali nepravilno uglašena [2]. Tudi kakovost predvajalnih naprav, time-consuming and expensive task, we want to automate it with neprimerna prostorska akustika in hrup iz okolja dodatno the help of tools for automatic speech recognition and auto- otežujejo razumevanje vsebin [2]. Avdiovizualne vsebine niso subtitling. Some commercial and open-source tools are already namenjena le za zabavo in sprostitev, temveč so pomembno available in video editing tools. During the Covid-19 pandemic, orodje za informiranje. Uporabljamo jih pri neformalnem in we recorded several educational materials and subtitled it with formalnem izobraževanju za širše interesne skupine. Kadar je the help of the mentioned tools. Using the example of an izobraževanje namenjeno osebam s slabšim sluhom, je educational film, we present the procedure for automatic pomembno, da so vsebine zaradi boljše razumljivosti tudi subtitling video materials. podnaslovljene. KEYWORDS Podnaslavljanje filmov in videa v slovenskem prostoru ni novost, Automatic speech recognition, subtitling, video. saj se tujejezična dela prevajajo s pomočjo podnaslavljanja, pri tem pa originalni ton ostane nespremenjen [3]. Podnaslavljanje Uporaba tehnik za samodejno podnaslavljanja avdiovizualnih vsebin AV vsebin je časovno zelo zamudno opravilo, če se izvaja ročno, Bogdan Dugonik vendar pa današnje tehnologije s strojnim razpoznavanjem Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or dialogov ASR (angl. Automatic Speech Recognition) že classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed omogočajo samodejno podnaslavljanje vsebin, v ta namen so na for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must voljo različna orodja in tehnike [4]. Za večino svetovnih jezikov be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). so orodja ASR s funkcijo podnaslavljanja že dobro izpopolnjena. Information Society 2022, 10–14 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia Intenzivne raziskave s področja avtomatskega razpoznavanja © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 637 potekajo tudi za slovenski jezik. Rezultat teh raziskav so orodja, Javna radiotelevizija Slovenija zato preko svojega spletnega ki so v okrnjeni obliki tudi dostopna za uporabo širšim portala že omogoča spremljanje več od 700 oddaj s pomočjo uporabnikom [5]. Ker umetna inteligenca na področju strojnega podnaslavljanja prek tehnologije teleteksta. Trenutno so pri javni razpoznavanja govora vse bolj prispeva k razvoju teh orodij, radioteleviziji podnaslovljene le oddaje, ki so posnete vnaprej. lahko v bližnji prihodnosti pričakujemo, da bodo postopki v Razvoj orodij za podnaslavljanje živih oddaj že teče, trenutno pa prihodnje vsaj deloma avtomatizirani, omogočali pa tudi sprotno tehnologije za tekoče podnaslavljanje vsebin v živo še ne podnaslavljanje AV vsebin [6]. Trenutno še nimamo orodja, ki omogočajo. Predstavljen pilotni projekt za samodejno bi omogočalo celostno strojno samodejno in sprotno podnaslavljanje televizijskih programov za sprotno ustvarjanje razpoznavanje govora v slovenskem jeziku s tvorbo podnapisov informativnih, kulturnih, športnih in drugih samodejnega podpisovanja [5]. televizijskih oddaj z uporabo samodejne razpoznave slovenskega govora v realnem času je trenutno še v razvojni fazi. Razvoj V prispevku predstavimo orodja za avtomatsko govorno orodij za razpoznavanje govora ASR iz slovenskega jezika razpoznavanje v kombinaciji s plačljivimi in prostodostopnimi poteka na obeh večjih slovenskih univerzah. Orodja za orodji za urejanje videa ter izvedbo podnaslavljanja na primeru razpoznavo so v razvojni fazi, zato jih še ni mogoče integrirati z učnih videovsebin. Učne AV vsebine smo začeli intenzivno drugimi orodji. Zadnji rezultati kažejo na 71 % uspešnost producirati v času pandemije Covid-19, ko je bil osebni stik s razpoznavanja [11]. študenti močno okrnjen ali povsem onemogočen. Rezultati samodejnega razpoznavanja in deljenja teksta na ustrezne bralne Iz zgoraj navedenih razlogov vse več ponudnikov avdiovizualnih odseke so še nepopolni in še zahtevajo ročno popravljanje, kar vsebin omogoča samodejno razpoznavanje govora s od urednika vsebin zahteva še dodaten čas in napor. podnaslavljanjem. Načinov izvedbe podnaslavljanja in umeščanja teksta v video je bilo izvedenih več raziskav [10]. Pokazale so, da klasično nameščanje teksta v spodnji srednji del 2 Video s podnapisi kot pripomoček za učenje slike na zaslonu ni edini možni način za podnaslavljanje, ampak Video je kot pripomoček pri formalnem in neformalnem učenju da lahko namestitev teksta v okvir slike tudi dinamično pridobival veljavo vse od začetka tega stoletja, potem ko so prilagodimo glede na vsebino in želje uporabnika. Pomembnih spletne tehnologije omogočile pretočnost video vsebin preko elementov slike s tekstom nikakor ne želimo prekriti, saj v videu spleta. Prvi model izobraževalnih video vsebin namenjenim lahko vključeni tudi teksti in podnaslovi kot prevodi drugih gluhim in naglušnim osebam je bil v okviru Centra za študij na jezikov. Prekrivanje teksta s tekstom je za gledalca moteče, zato daljavo na UM Maribor predstavljen leta 2001. Raziskovali smo mesto za podnaslavljanje določimo tako, da predhodno način vključevanja tolmača znakovnega jezika s tehniko slike v vnesenega teksta ne prekrivamo. Spletne tehnologije razen sliki (angl. Picture in Picture). V okviru projekta VISOCOM je integriranega načina (angl. closed-caption) predvidevajo tudi bilo izdelano tutorsko orodje, za učenje gluhih uporabe sodobnih predvajanje teksta le v primeru, kadar je predvajanje aktivirano s tehnologij za komunikacijo na daljavo [7]. Omenjen projekt še ni strani uporabnika (angl. closed-caption). Urednik vsebin lahko predvideval podnaslavljanja tolmača znakovnega jezika, saj bi tekst izvozi v zunanjo datoteko in ga uporabi kot pripomoček bilo podnaslavljanje s takratno tehnologijo težko izvesti. Kasneje iskalniku določenega mesta v AV vsebini s pomočjo preko so avtorji s študijo ugotovili [8], da podnapisi skupaj s tolmačem ključnih besed. Pri urejanju tekstov za podnaslavljanje je treba znakovnega jezika bistveno prispevajo k boljšemu razumevanje upoštevati še vrsto smernic, kot je število znakov v vrstici in vsebine učnega gradiva gluhih in naglušnih gledalcev [8]. Tudi število vrstic podnapisa, razmerje med dolžino podnapisa v številne druge raziskave poročajo o pozitivni uporabi podnapisov znakih in njegovim trajanjem, obliko in barvo črk ter vrsto za izboljšanje besedišča in veščin razumevanja [9]. Evropska podlage. organizacija združenja gluhih in naglušnih EFHOH je z direktivo tudi zahtevala, da se vse AV vsebine v evropskem medijskem prostoru opremijo s podnapisi, da slušno prizadetim osebam 3 Podnaslavljanje AV vsebin omogočimo boljšo vključitev v medijski prostor in njihovo lažje Poznamo več tehnik za podnaslavljanje AV vsebin. Pri prvem se razumevanje [10]. v podnaslovljen tekst vključujejo izključno dialogi govorcev, lahko pa vključujejo tudi opisi spremnega zvoka, za opis vrste Čeprav primarno obravnavamo težave z razumevanjem AV glasbe, šumov in drugega spremljajočega zvoka. Podnaslavljanje vsebin slušno prizadete populacije oseb, pa so pogosto težave z je v slovenskem prostoru že dolgo prisotno, saj so vse tujejezične razumevanjem tudi za starejšo populacijo in tudi pri osebah, ki AV vsebine prevedene in podnaslovljene [3]. Ker je ročno sicer nimajo težav s sluhom [1]. Razlogi so lahko tudi povsem podnaslavljanje dolgotrajno in drago opravilo. Ker je AV vsebin tehnični: vse več, je lahko rešitev tudi uporaba orodij za samodejno prepoznavanje govora ASR. Za dober rezultat branja mora • hrupno okolje (sejmi, prireditve, muzeji), besedilo biti dopolnjeno tudi z ločili, primerno razdvojeno, in • akustično neustrezen prostor, postavljeno na ustreznih mestih [3]. Ponudniki nekaterih spletnih • nekakovostna oprema za predvajanje zvoka, portalov za pretočno predvajanje AV vsebin omogočajo • slabo uravnan in posnet zvok, kreatorjem vsebin integrirana orodja ASR za samodejno • dolg odmev zaradi lastnosti prostor. podnaslavljanje. Ta uspešno prepoznajo dialog več različnih svetovnih jezikov, hkrati pa omogočajo tudi sprotni prevod besedil. Hiter razvoj na področju umetne inteligence, botruje mu 638 predvsem tehnološki napredek na področju velikih podatkov in jezike. Na Sliki 3 je prikazan primer za podnaslavljanje s tekstom uporabe akustičnih modelov globokih nevronskih mrež ima velik v angleškem in slovenskem jeziku. Integracija podnapisov v vpliv na razvoj orodij ASR [11]. Z umetno inteligenco je video je samodejna, vendar so potrebni še ročni popravki. opremljeno orodje portala Vimeo, namenjeno uporabnikom za Največkrat gre za smiselne popravke prevodov, nastavitev snemanje preko spletne kamere in urejanje videoposnetkov. trenutka začetka in konca prikaza tekstovne vrstice v časovnici, Vgrajen ima bralnik besedil (angl. Telepromter) in funkcijo in prilagajanje trajanja posameznega podnapisa. Vgrajena je tudi pametnega odstranjevanje neželenih vsebin, na primer besednih funkcija za samodejno odpravljanje tipkarskih napak. Podnapise mašil. Orodje je namenjeno predavateljem, ki jim je neprijetno lahko v video integriramo ali izvozimo v tekstovno datoteko za ustvarjati lastne videoposnetke. Slovenski jezik zaradi predvajanje na zahtevo gledalca. specifičnosti njegove zgradbe trenutno še ni na voljo. Avtomatsko razpoznavanje slovenskega jezika za podnaslavljanje je problematično, predvsem v primeru kratkih besed, in kadar so ob govorjeni besedi prisotni tudi drugi zvoki (šum), ali kadar je v posnetek opremljeno z glasbenim ozadjem [12]. Težave z razpoznavanjem nastanejo tudi v akustično problematičnih prostorih, to so prostori z daljšim odmevnim časom RT60 (angl. Reverb Time 60) [13]. 4 Tehnike nameščanja teksta v video Montaža videa velja za kreativni in ustvarjalni proces, hkrati pa je časovno dolgotrajno in ponavljajoče se opravilo. Vse več video urejevalnikov že vključuje umetno inteligenco, ki delovni proces poenostavlja z avtomatizacijo dolgočasnih opravil. Raziskave so pokazale, katera pogosto izvajana opravila pri urejanju videa bodo z uvedbo umetne inteligence najbolj poenostavila proces montaže za ustvarjanje video vsebin [14]. Podnaslavljanje AV vsebin je zagotovo eno od opravil, ki ga želimo avtomatizirati. Je precej specifično delo, saj ga poleg Slika 2: Orodje za strojno prepoznavanje dialogov s tehničnega vidika prikazovanja podnapisov, vsebinske funkcijo samodejnega podnaslavljanja natančnosti in preverjenosti objavljenih podatkov pogosto spremljajo tudi kratki časovni roki. Strojno prepoznavanje V času pandemije Covid-19 smo zaradi okrnjenih osebnih stikov dialogov montažerjem bistveno zmanjšajo obseg dela. Na Sliki 1 predavanja in vaje snemali za namen predvajanja kot video na je prikazano okno orodja za montažo videa Adobe Premiere Pro zahtevo. Učne video vsebine so se lahko predvajale kadarkoli, v z vgrajenim modulom za strojno razpoznavanje dialogov in celoti ali po delih. Iz analize in statistike ogledov lahko možnostjo samodejnega podnaslavljanja. Čeprav z uporabo predavatelj ugotovi, kateri del snovi je za študenta še posebej omenjenih orodij prihranimo na času, pa trenutno še veliko zanimiv, kajti določeni odseki v videu se lahko predvajajo montažerjev ta postopek še zmeraj izvaja ročno [15]. pogosteje od drugih. Video vsebine so dostopne tudi po končanih omejitvah, ko se predavanja in vaje v celoti izvajajo v predavalnicah. Iz pogovora s študenti smo ugotovili, da je kombiniran način podajanja snovi dobrodošla in zaželena dopolnitev predavanjem v živo. Slika 1: Razpoznavalnik dialogov v Adobe PremirePro prepozna govor in samodejno namešča tekste po časovnici videa Na voljo so tudi prostodostopna orodja za strojno prepoznavanje dialogov in podnaslavljanje, na Sliki 2 je prikazan vmesnik orodja Subtitle Edit SE. Program tekst s pomočjo umetne Slika 2: Okno s teksti za podnaslavljanje in prevodom v inteligence za tekoče branje samodejno in smiselno razdeli na drug jezik krajše odseke. Omogoča tudi večjezično podnaslavljanje, saj se ustvarjeni podnapisi lahko samodejno prevedejo tudi v druge 639 Video posnetke predavanj smo namestili na video strežnik v strokovna dejavnost in velja za zahtevno, predvsem pa časovno okolje Moodle in na spletni portal YouTube. Tam smo uporabili dolgotrajno opravilo. Ker je omenjenih vsebin vse več, je orodje Studio, namenjeno za urejanje in samodejno pomembno, da za podnaslavljanje uporabimo orodja, ki bi podnaslavljanje videa. Ker slovenskih dialogov Studio še ne opravilo podnaslavljanje lahko kakovostno samodejno izvedla. prepozna, je tekst za podnaslavljanje treba vnesti ročno, kar je Umetna inteligenca tehnologijam ASR danes že omogoča časovno zamudno opravilo. Postopek smo pohitrili tako, da samodejno razpoznavanje dialogov in podnaslavljanje. Imamo dialog iz zvočne datoteke prepoznali z orodjem za strojno orodja za urejanje videa z vgrajeno tehnologijo ASR. Dialoge prepoznavanje jezika v spletnem portalu slovenščina.eu [5]. Ker nekaterih svetovnih jezikov orodja že razpoznajo z visoko orodje ne omogoča branja video datotek, je treba zvok pretvoriti zanesljivostjo in točnostjo. V podnapisih so lahko še prisotne v zvočno datoteko. napake, ki so posledica slabše produkcijske kakovosti posnetka ali šumov iz ozadja. V članku smo predstavili postopke in možnosti orodij na primeru produkcije videa namenjen izobraževanju. V času pandemije Covid-19 je bil stik s študenti otežen, zato smo predavanja in vaje posneli in jih opremili s slovenskimi in angleškimi podnapisi. Samodejno razpoznavanje, deljenje teksta na ustrezne bralne odseke in podnaslavljanje z razpoložljivimi orodji je za slovenski jezik zaenkrat še težje izvedljivo, kajti orodja zahtevajo še nekaj dodatnega ročnega dela. Popolna avtomatizacija postopkov za samodejno podnaslavljanje v slovenskem jeziku bo zagotovo velika pridobitev. Umetna inteligenca na področju strojnega razpoznavanja govora vse bolj prispeva k razvoju teh orodij, zato lahko v bližnji prihodnosti pričakujemo, da bodo postopki v prihodnje ne le avtomatizirani, ampak omogočali tudi sprotno podnaslavljanje AV vsebin tudi v slovenskem jeziku. Slika 3: Okno za urejanje podnapisov v programu Studio na spletnem portalu YouTube REFERENCE [1] Kladnik Stabelj, K. 2013. Vzroki gluhosti in naglušnosti. V S. Battelino. Razpoznani tekst prenesemo v okno tekstovnega urejevalnika Avdiometrija, vestibulometrija in avdiološka elektroakustika v vsakdanji programa Studio, prikazan na Sliki 3, ga razdelimo na ustrezne praksi, 39-43. [2] Vickers, E. 2010. The loudness war: Background, speculation, and krajše razdelke in uskladimo s časovnico slike. Portal YouTube recommendations. In Audio Engineering Society Convention 129. Audio omogoča tudi večjezično strojno prevajanje, vendar so prevodi Engineering Society. še [3] Smernice za podnaslavljanje v slovenščini, 2020, Društvo slovenskih nepopolni in potrebujejo nekaj dodatnih ročnih popravkov. filmskih in televizijskih prevajalcev, Dostopno na: Gledalec lahko v predvajalniku poljubno aktivira http://www.dsftp.si/p/smerniceguidelines.html [4] podnaslavljanje in izbere jezik. Učna gradiva s podnapisi Malakul, S., & Park, I. 2023. The effects of using an auto-subtitle system in educational videos to facilitate learning for secondary school students: zagotovo olajšajo razumevanje snovi, posebej še na delih, kjer learning comprehension, cognitive load, and satisfaction. Smart Learning morda govor predavatelja ni povsem razumljiv. Dialoge smo Environments, 10(1), 4. [5] Odprtokodna orodja za slovenski jezik v digitalnem okolju, Dostopno na: prevedli in jih za tuje študente opremili še z angleškimi https://www.slovenscina.eu/ podnapisi. [6] Maučec, M. S., & Žgank, A. 2011 Razpoznavanje govora v domeni dnevno-informativnih oddaj Speech Recognition in the Broadcast News Domain. [7] Dugonik, B., Brezocnik, Z., & Debevc, M. (2003). Implementation and 5 Zaključek use of video technologies for deaf community. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 3079-3082). Association for the Advancement of Dodajanje podnapisov v AV vsebine je pomembno za lažje in Computing in Education (AACE). boljše razumevanja ne gluhim in naglušnim, temveč tudi širši [8] Debevc, M., Milošević, D., & Kožuh, I. (2015). A comparison of comprehension processes in sign language interpreter videos with or populaciji. Dodatno se stara tudi prebivalstvo, s starostjo pa without captions. PloS one, 10(5), e0127577. nastopijo tudi težave poslabšanega sluha. Razloge za slabše [9] Yoon, J. O., & Kim, M. (2011). The effects of captions on deaf students’ content comprehension, cognitive load, and motivation in online learning. razumevanje AV vsebin lahko pripisujemo tudi neustrezni American annals of the deaf, 156(3), 283-289. tehnični opremi pri predvajanju, akustično neurejenega prostora [10] European Federation of Hard of Hearing People. EFHOH state of in visokim nivojem hrupa iz ozadja. Pomembno je tudi, da Subtitling 2015[cited 2023, Sept 16]. Dostopno na: https://www.efhoh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/EDF-Audiovisual- zagotovimo visoko produkcijska kakovost zvoka avdiovizualnih Media-Services-Directive-Toolkit.pdf vsebin. Ker je pogosto ta problematična, je za lažje spremljanje [11] Gril, L., Sepesy Maučec, M., Donaj, G., Žgank, A. 2021: Avtomatsko razpoznavanje slovenskega govora za dnevnoinformativne oddaje. pomembno, da so videoposnetki ustrezno dodatno opremljeni s Slovenščina 2.0, 9(1): 60–89 podnapisi. Podnapisi v videoposnetkih vsekakor bistveno [12] Zgank, A. 2022. Influence of Highly Inflected Word Forms and Acoustic zmanjšajo napor Background on the Robustness of Automatic Speech Recognition for pri spremljanju vsebin tako gluhim in Human–Computer Interaction. Mathematics, 10(5), 711. naglušnim kot tudi osebam, ki sicer s sluhom nimajo težav. Javne [13] Ballou, G. 2013 Handbook for sound engineers. Taylor & Francis radiotelevizije zato večino AV vsebin, bodisi so te predvajane v [14] Soe, T. H., Guribye, F., & Slavkovik, M. 2021. Evaluating AI assisted živo subtitling. In ACM International Conference on Interactive Media ali na zahtevo, podnaslovijo. Tudi vsebine, ki se predvajajo Experiences (pp. 96-107). iz drugih virov, na primer spletnih portalov, se morajo zato [15] Soe, T. H. 2021. AI video editing tools. What editors want and how far is AI from delivering?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07809. podnasloviti. Podnaslavljanje AV vsebin je specializirana 640 Accessible Multimodal Journey Planner: Prioritizing Inclusive UI Design Žana Juvan† Simon Klavžar Matevž Pogačnik Klemen Pečnik* Faculty of Electrical Faculty of Electrical Faculty of Electrical Faculty of Electrical Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana University of Ljubljana Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia zana.juvan@fe.uni-lj.si simon.klavzar@lmmfe. matevz.pogacnik@fe.u klemen.pecnik@fe.uni- org ni-lj.si lj.si ABSTRACT recognize that many of the strategies and solutions developed for accessibility directly benefit users with situational limitations, This paper presents the planned approach for the design of a such as individuals with a broken arm or lost glasses. mobile application that incorporates multimodal journey Additionally, the aging process brings changes in abilities for planning with a strong emphasis on accessibility and user older individuals, often leading to challenges like impaired interface design (UI). The app aims to seamlessly integrate hearing and weakened vision [1][2]. Furthermore, situational various modes of transport and focus on equal access for all limitations such as intense sunlight or noisy surroundings can users, regardless of their physical abilities. UI Design approach also hinder interactions [2]. Embracing comprehensive prioritises user-centred principles and provides an intuitive and accessibility measures therefore enables application designers visually appealing platform, using real-time data integration, and developers to address these various challenges and create a interactive maps and multi-modal route recommendations to digital landscape that is fully accommodating. enhance the user experience. Accessibility is taking place at the From a business perspective, the design of accessible beginning of the design planning process, ensuring that people software offers substantial benefits to organisations [3]. These with disabilities can navigate the platform effortlessly. Screen advantages encompass enhanced application usability, broader readers, voice control, colour contrast and inclusive design market research resulting from an improved user experience that practises should be integral components. As part of the iterative caters to a wider range of users, mitigation of accessibility- process of UI design, qualitative and quantitative methods are related legal actions (especially relevant for public sector used to measure user experience (UX) and accessibility, using organisations), fostering a positive brand perception and feedback, surveys, usability testing, and accessibility audits. This providing a better environment for driving innovation [2][3]. iterative approach ensures continuous improvement and a truly Therefore, developing accessible applications extends beyond inclusive transport solution. the ethical aspects. It is a strategic move for organisations to showcase digital inclusivity and tap into an overlooked market. KEYWORDS This paper discusses the initial phase of designing an accessible journey planning application, addressing relevant multi-modal route planning, accessibility, interactive map, aspects such as application requirements and the approaches to responsive design, cross-device accessibility solving various case-specific accessibility challenges. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MULTI-MODAL ROUTE PLANNING In a time when web and mobile applications have seamlessly APPLICATION integrated into our daily lives, their importance cannot be overstated. As these technologies advance and gain wider In response to the growing need for efficient and user- adoption, it becomes imperative to embrace the principles of friendly travel solutions, multimodal journey planning universal design and digital accessibility. These principles ensure applications have proven to be valuable tools that simplify the that products can be utilized by individuals across a wide range organisation of trips using different modes of transport. These of abilities and in various operational contexts. The concept of applications, available both on the Web and on mobile platforms, digital accessibility, primarily focused on designing for provide users with a convenient and comprehensive approach to individuals with disabilities, considers a wide range of journey planning that includes public transport, walking, cycling impairments, spanning auditory, speech, visual, physical, and other modes of transport. cognitive, and neurological disabilities [1]. It is crucial to At both national and international levels, the importance of robust journey planner applications is undeniable. These † ORCID: 0000-0001-8859-180X applications serve as key tools for effective transportation ∗ ORCID: 0009-0004-1430-8054 management, fostering seamless travel experience for citizens Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or and tourists. By encouraging the use of public transport and classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed sustainable travel methods, they help optimise transport for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must networks as well as reduce environmental impact. be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). The key objectives of the presented use case presented are to DIGIN 2023 – Digital inclusion in the information society, 11 October 2023, redesign the existing web-based multimodal journey planner Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 641 "AtoB" and the development of a mobile version of the journey 3.1.3 Real-Time Location Tracking planner for mobile devices, also taking into account accessibility The application shall include real-time location tracking of these solutions. By integrating various diverse data sources features to enhance the user experience during route planning, provided by different governmental and other institutions, the using technologies such as GPS and network-based methods for system will effectively plan and present trips and thus positively accurate data. The collection of user location data must comply contribute to user-oriented journey planning experience. with data protection regulations, with clear information and user Despite the existence of widely used route planning solutions consent for data use. like Google Maps and Apple Maps, these applications do exhibit 3.1.4 Additional (Nice-to-Have) Requirements some accessibility shortcomings [4][5]. This includes problems In addition to the basic requirements, several desirable with focus order, keyboard navigation, colour contrast, labelling features can be provided to further enhance the user experience and other usability issues, which can pose challenges for users of the application. These features include real-time integration of with disabilities [5][6]. Moreover, global route planning public transport information, bus and train tracking for enhanced applications often lack the diverse data sources necessary for travel visibility, real-time locations of shared vehicles, fare comprehensive local route planning, presenting a notable information and ticket purchase, as well as the ability to store and disadvantage. use tickets. Together, these optional features could contribute to an enhanced, user-centered travel experience. 2.1 Functional Requirements The design of the multimodal route planning application will 2.2 Supported Platforms and Devices implement a conventional client-server architecture that enables The web application should be fully responsive and adhere efficient communication and data exchange between users’ to responsive design principles to ensure compatibility with devices and the application's backend system. The following different screen sizes. The mobile application is a crucial functional requirements, defined from a front-end and user component that should be compatible with Android, iOS and experience perspective, describe the main features of the HarmonyOS operating systems and must be accessible via application. Google Play, the Apple App Store, and the Huawei AppGallery. 3.1.1 Route Planning To meet these criteria, the Microsoft.NET Maui cross-platform The functionalities of the application extend to advanced framework will be used, ensuring efficient and consistent route planning, allowing users to define start, end and application deployment. intermediate points via an address, location, a point of interest or a direct map selection. In addition, preferred modes of transport 2.3 Variety of Content Types (walking, cycling, rental bikes, bus, train, or boat) can be The application will prominently feature textual information selected, along with route alternatives if available. Users should along with the interactive map. The map will incorporate various be able to set departure and arrival times or access the current graphic elements, including typical map elements as well as departure and arrival times for convenience, underlining the additional lines, icons, and other visual components. The use of app's commitment to comprehensive, adaptable journey icons is anticipated to be substantial, contributing to visual planning. The application must allow users to view timetables for clarity. Small animations will be used strategically to support their chosen location and time, which should be available for all user guidance and notifications and enhance the overall possible stops. Furthermore, the application must also facilitate experience. Visual content will also include images, e.g. logos of the display of rental bike stops and provide important data on the transport providers and images of places. The incorporation of number of bikes and parking spaces available. The design of the videos within the application is expected to be limited or non- application should incorporate wheelchair accessibility, allowing existent. the user to select this option when calculating the route and displaying a warning message if the route is partially or completely inaccessible. Finally, users should be able to set a 3 APPROACHES TO ENSURING MULTI maximum walking time and a slow walking pace option, which PLATFORM ACCESSIBILITY will be considered when calculating the estimated time of arrival. In the design phase, consideration of accessibility is crucial 3.1.2 Interactive map as it lays the foundation for a product that is both inclusive and The application must have an interactive map that allows the easy to use. Considering accessibility early in the design process user to effortlessly navigate, view their current location, and not only reduces costs, but also prevents the need for extensive select points of interest. The client recommends the use of retroactive work. While a significant portion of accessibility- OpenStreetMap as the underlying map data layer, chosen for its related efforts is expected to occur during the development openness, wide coverage, and customisable attributes. In phase, it's vital to thoughtfully outline necessary accessibility addition, the map should allow for the interactive display of key measures during the design phase. Therefore, while the design transport hubs, including public transport stops, bicycle, and car phase includes typical design work such as colour selection, rentals, as well as P+R (Park + Ride) parking. Users should be application layout design, icon selection, etc., adherence to provided with comprehensive information including accessibility requirements should also be considered [7]. identification, location, operating hours, rental options, booking Addressing accessibility for this specific use case combines systems, directions, accessibility features and additional services established best practises with unique considerations, mainly to ensure an informative navigation experience. related to the interactive map functionality. The design of the 642 application is based on the foundation of the WCAG guidelines small or illegible labels, prevent overlapping of different [8], ensuring the application is perceivable, operable, elements, ensure appropriate size of graphic components, and understandable, and robust. This section delves into essential provide intuitive icons [12]. accessibility implementations and challenges in designing an inclusive web and mobile application for our route planning use- 3.2 Mobile-Specific Challenges case. Solving accessibility challenges when designing for mobile devices will involve building upon earlier discussed measures, 3.1 Web-Specific Challenges while also considering specific aspects of mobile applications. In In terms of web browser accessibility features, we can expect general, mobile devices offer a broader and more uniform range certain functions to be readily available through both the browser of accessibility features for applications compared to web itself and the device's operating system. Commonly browsers. As a result, mobile applications often extensively rely encompassed within these browser features are screen readers, on operating system features to provide accessibility. While high contrast options, zoom capabilities, and the ability to these features differ slightly between operating systems, the customise font settings, including font type, size and style [9]. major platforms all include core elements such as screen readers, However, as these features are somewhat limited and vary magnification and zoom options, voice command capabilities, greatly between different browsers and devices (particularly closed captioning, contrast and colour differentiation modes, features related to visual aspects such as different contrast modes haptic feedback through vibration, simplified gesture-based and text adjustments), additional in-app measures need to be interaction, and font adjustments [13]. Thus, to make the mobile implemented to ensure proper cross-device accessibility of the application accessible, it is first necessary to enable the effective web application. utilization of the provided accessibility features. Furthermore, Therefore, an accessibility menu should be integrated into some supplementary accessibility measures need to be the web application, which will provide users with the ability to implemented to bridge the gaps left by the built-in functions of customize the application's settings according to their the operating system. preferences and needs. The accessibility menu should be readily Perhaps most importantly, the application's user interface visible, easily accessible, and offer several key options. The elements, including buttons, labels, and navigation, have to be menu should offer settings for high contrast modes and various coded with correct semantic information and labelling, while colour enhancements to accommodate people with visual also arranged in an intuitive semantic order. This enables screen impairments. In addition, users should be able to adjust text- readers to accurately convey the content to users with visual related settings, such as the font type, size, style, text spacing, impairments. Additionally, the application must fully support line height settings, and link appearances. The menu should also key accessibility options such as platform zoom, text resizing, offer the possibility to change the size of icons and other providing haptic feedback instead of audio or visual feedback, graphical elements (including elements within the interactive and high contrast modes. Although in most cases these features map interface, such as route lines). are automatically available due to the built-in support of The interactive map, one of the most important features of development frameworks, it remains imperative to test and the application, presents some unique challenges regarding validate their correct functionality. accessibility. Keyboard-only navigation and proper focus Aside from ensuring the proper functioning of assistive management are particularly important for ensuring operability technologies, additional measures should be taken to ensure of the map. The order of focus must be as consistent and accessibility. This entails adopting accessible interactive map predictable as possible. This consistency not only promotes design principles, as well as applying general design principles smooth keyboard navigation, but also ensures compatibility with for accessible mobile design. It is crucial that the touch targets screen readers, which need access to all webpage components to are sufficiently large and appropriately spaced. Since the read essential information. Crucially, screen readers should also application is expected to include various input fields, it should alert the user when important events related to the interactive offer simple data entry with various input methods such as map occur, such as the appearance of pop-ups or map movement predefined drop-down lists and autocomplete functions, while [10]. Any additional elements placed on the map should have also supporting voice input. Furthermore, the application should corresponding textual information for screen reader users. facilitate the use of key functionalities — such as navigating the Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA), alt, and title interactive map — through simplified gestures instead of attributes should be added to these elements where appropriate, complex ones [14]. and they must be short and descriptive [11]. Furthermore, the interactive map should also support keyboard-only operation for 3.3 Cross-platform Development Frameworks navigating the map – this includes zooming, panning, and The development of the mobile application will be based on rotating the map [8][11]. the cross-platform framework .NET MAUI, necessitating a In terms of the visual aspects of the interactive map, thorough assessment of the potential for creating accessible user adherence to established principles of accessible map design is interfaces within this framework. crucial. Key considerations when designing accessible maps Development framework suppliers usually provide include refraining from relying solely on colour to convey documentation detailing the accessibility features they offer, as information, but instead using text, icons, or subtle, yet is the case with Microsoft's .NET MAUI, which presents recognisable patterns to complement the colour-based accessibility documentation and offers robust accessibility tools information. Furthermore, it is essential to avoid excessively 643 [15]. Nonetheless, comprehensive testing remains imperative to particularly intuitive and not yet widespread. The focus on the ensure effective implementation of accessibility measures across interactive map and journey planning functionality revealed all platforms and devices. several potential hurdles in the design of both the mobile and web In the context of the .NET MAUI framework, the preferred application that require a thorough application of accessibility method involves utilizing "semantic properties". These guidelines. The use of cross-platform frameworks was also properties provide information about controls that need to be identified and explored as a potential challenge for ensuring made accessible and text that should be read aloud to the user. accessibility. In addition, new ideas emerged during the research Semantic properties can be added to any element, utilizing the that could help improve accessibility in the next versions of the platform's accessibility APIs. A key advantage is the ability to application. For example, one of these suggestions includes the accommodate distinct platform-specific accessibility implementation of an animated sign language interpreter to assist experiences, rather than enforcing a uniform behaviour across all deaf or hard of hearing users. platforms. UI Elements can possess properties such as The initial research is expected to be of great value in the description, hint, and heading level, tailoring platform-specific design and development phase of the application, providing a accessibility values for improved interaction with screen readers. solid set of design principles and enabling effective resolution of Furthermore, the framework provides tools to prompt the accessibility issues. Despite the additional resources dedicated to platform's screen reader to automatically articulate specific ensure accessibility, the significant business and ethical benefits elements. Additional "automation properties" can also be applied of an inclusive app are likely to outweigh the initial investment. to elements to define how they are conveyed to the platform's With this foundation, the stage is set for the efficient accessibility framework [15][16]. development of an accessible journey planning application. Nonetheless, the behaviour of these functionalities across various platforms remains somewhat uncertain. Therefore, REFERENCES performing comprehensive accessibility testing on each platform [1] S. L. Henry, S. Abou-Zahra, and J. Brewer, ‘The role of accessibility in a is a mandatory part of the development process. universal web’, in Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference, in W4A ’14. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Apr. 2014, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1145/2596695.2596719. 3.4 Accessibility testing [2] ‘What is Digital Accessibility? 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Initiative (WAI), ‘Using Combined Expertise to Evaluate Web Accessibility’, Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). specific features where accessibility integration is not https://www.w3.org/WAI/test-evaluate/combined-expertise/ (accessed Aug. 16, 2023). 644 Towards a Self-Assessment Tool for Enabling Inclusive Digital Education* Boštjan Šumak† Maja Pušnik Katja Kous Faculty of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Computer Science and Computer Science University of Maribor University of Maribor University of Maribor Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia bostjan.sumak@um.si maja.pusnik@um.si katja.kous@um.si ABSTRACT encompasses not only access to the Internet but also the availability of hardware and software, relevant content and In the ever-changing field of education, facing various services, and training for the digital literacy skills required for challenges, developing a self-evaluation tool is crucial. Striving effective use of ICT. for excellence and inclusivity demands continuous assessment, A significant step forward in advancing DI in education was the adaptability, and the development of student-friendly settings. United Nations' adoption of the Convention on the Rights of This necessity is emphasised by tools like Self-Reflection on Persons with Disabilities [3]. This international commitment Effective Learning by Fostering Innovation through Educational underscores the importance of ensuring equal access to inclusive technology (SELFIE) and the Index for Inclusion, advocating and high-quality primary and secondary education for inclusive education practices and fostering collaboration among individuals with disabilities within their communities [4]. Today, all participants. Their goal is to boost digital learning and many countries have legislation or policies that support the professional growth, however, not all factors, important for inclusion of students with special needs [5]. inclusive digital education, are included in the existing tools. Our Self-evaluation of school leadership and teachers regarding the proposed self-evaluation tool model builds on these foundations, goals of inclusive digital teaching and learning is crucial for integrating practical insights and best practices while also improving the quality of education and ensuring that all students addressing potential obstacles and best practices connected to have equal learning opportunities. The use of self-evaluation digital education. It aims to deepen understanding of factors tools is essential for several reasons: sustaining successful inclusion and enriching the educational  Measuring progress: Self-evaluation tools allow school landscape for students, educators, and institutions. Our research leadership and teachers to assess their current position in aims to develop a tool that will have the potential to redefine terms of inclusive digital teaching and learning. This helps education's future. them determine where they are and how they have progressed in their efforts to include all students. KEYWORDS  Identifying strengths and weaknesses: Self-evaluation helps Inclusion, self-evaluation, supporting tools, digital education. identify strong points where successful practices are in place and weaknesses where improvement is needed. This enables the allocation of resources and efforts to areas where they are 1. INTRODUCTION most needed. Inclusive education has been defined by the United Nations  Guiding approach development: Based on the results of self- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as evaluation, school leadership, and teachers can develop “a process of addressing and responding to the diversity of needs approaches and strategies to enhance inclusive digital of all learners through increasing participation in learning, teaching. This contributes to better adaptation to the diverse cultures and communities, and reducing exclusion within and needs of students. from education” [1].  Providing evidence: With the data and analyses obtained Digital inclusion (DI) „is the ability of individuals and groups to through self-evaluation, schools and teachers can justify their access information and communication technologies (ICT)” [2]. approaches and decisions, including those involving school DI in education aims to provide students with disabilities the leadership, parents, and the broader community. opportunity to learn alongside their non-disabled peers and The goal of this study is to provide a framework for developing ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note a tool that will help understand the specific needs of educational †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note environments and support schools and teachers in achieving Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or inclusive digital teaching and learning. Through the use of self- classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed evaluation tools, we aim to achieve the following objectives: (1) for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must Enhancing inclusivity: Ensure that all students, including those be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). with special needs and different learning styles, have equal Information Society 2022, 10–14 October 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia access to digital learning resources and tools; (2) Increasing © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 645 digital literacy: Enable teachers and students to develop digital Inclusion involves more than the placement of students with skills and competencies necessary for success in the modern disabilities in mainstream classes and requires structural changes world; (3) Improving learning outcomes: Increase students' in organization, curriculum and teaching, and learning strategies success and their understanding of school subjects by promoting [9]. Improving inclusivity may require substantial change not inclusive digital teaching; and (4) Fostering Collaboration: only to the teaching practices occurring inside and outside of the Encourage collaboration among teachers, school leadership, classroom but also within staffrooms and the school's parents, and the community to achieve common goals in relationships with parents, caregivers, and the community [10]. inclusive digital education. With self-evaluation tools, we can Figure 1 shows the dimensions of the Index for Inclusion, achieve this goal and contribute to enhancing inclusivity, digital developed by Booth and Ainscow [10] that can assist schools in literacy, and the quality of teaching and learning in our schools. turning the philosophy of inclusion into inclusive educational In the existing literature, we can find tools that enable assessing actions. Inclusive school policy provides the foundation for specific aspects of inclusive digital education. Most tools have enabling schools to be accessible to all students and staff. An been developed to evaluate the readiness to use digital inclusive school culture is one in which diversity is embraced, technologies in primary schools or to evaluate inclusion in and all members are treated fairly, respectfully, and equitably. general schools. However, we have yet to find any studies Inclusive practice means that learning and teaching activities are dealing specifically with evaluating readiness to ensure effective responsive to student diversity. Learning experiences are inclusion in education based on digital technologies. There is a designed with students' individual strengths and needs in mind, lack of such tools, especially in the field of tertiary education. and consideration is given to how all students can actively and For this reason, this work is one of the first steps towards building meaningfully participate in their learning and be appropriately such a tool. challenged. This paper is structured into four sections. Following the introduction in Section 1, Section 2 investigates the background of inclusive education. This Section focuses on digital inclusion within education, followed by an examination of accessible learning content designed to facilitate inclusive digital education. In Section 3, we explore the development of self-evaluation tools, discuss existing frameworks, and introduce a novel framework concept. Finally, Section 4 offers the conclusion and outlines future prospects for our work. Figure 1. Index for Inclusion – dimensions [6] 2. BACKGROUNDS In the ever-changing landscape of education, the principles of 2. 2 Digital inclusion in education inclusivity, digitalization, and accessibility have emerged as DI should adapt to technological progress but also aim for digital critical bases of progress. As we navigate the 21st century, the equity by actively removing barriers that perpetuate concept of inclusive education has evolved from being a noble disadvantages in individuals and communities [11]. Educators aspiration to a fundamental necessity, emphasizing equitable are actively seeking innovative approaches to address the opportunities for all learners, regardless of their diverse needs complexities presented by diverse modern classrooms. Universal and backgrounds. Design for Learning (UDL) for example offers a philosophy, In this section, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of framework, and a set of principles that enable the creation and three interconnected facets: Inclusive Education, Digital implementation of adaptable teaching and learning strategies, Inclusion in Education, and Accessible Learning Content for effectively catering to the diverse needs of students within the Enabling Inclusive Digital Education. classroom environment. UDL is an educational framework based on the idea that all students can benefit from learning when they 2.1 Inclusive education are provided with choices that are suited to their individual needs. Inclusive education, as defined by UNESCO, focuses on UDL encourages educators to create flexible and adaptable addressing the diverse needs of all learners, fostering increased learning environments in which students of all abilities and participation in learning, culture, and communities while backgrounds can succeed [12][13]. reducing exclusion in education. This approach emphasizes the At the core of the European Union’s Digital Education Action inclusion of both students with and without disabilities in the Plan (2021-2027), the policy initiative offers a long-term same classroom, enabling them to learn and participate together strategic vision for high-quality, inclusive, and accessible [6]. This inclusive model not only provides significant European digital education [14]. Digital transformation goes educational benefits to students with disabilities but also beyond applying suitably designed digital technologies in contributes to greater social acceptance of differences and education and involves several education system levels [14]: impairments among all students [7]. Curriculum, pedagogy,  Technology Level - The development of inclusive assessment, student classification, and stratification are all technology should consider technology-driven approaches important in determining the quality and inclusiveness of and the primacy of pedagogy in a balanced way. Assistive educational experiences [8]. technology (AT) should be used as a compensatory means only where universally designed technology does not (yet) sufficiently satisfy all users’ needs. 646  Learners level - Inclusion in digital education is multi- There are several solutions that can be implemented to make dimensional, affected by society, technical equipment, the digital content accessible for each group of students with educational institution, the learning situation, and the disabilities. To make digital content accessible for students with individual learners. Learners’ digital competencies play an visual impairments, content creators can use alternative text (alt important role in inclusive digital education communication, text) to describe images and graphics. This alt text should be collaboration and safety, respectful and appreciative social detailed enough to convey the meaning of the image or graphic interaction, the development of a digital person, critical to students who cannot see it. Additionally, designers can use reflection on digital media and self-protection against high-contrast colors and font sizes that are easy to read for violence in digital environments, etc. individuals with visual impairments. To make digital content  Teachers level - Teachers need support in selecting inclusive accessible for students with hearing impairments, content teaching materials that present no or few barriers and are creators can include captions and transcripts for audio content suitable for all learners. Competencies like media literacy, such as videos and lectures. This will allow students who are deaf data literacy, and data-based decision-making are important or hard of hearing to access the audio content and participate in the context of inclusive digital teaching. fully in the learning experience. To make digital content  Educational institution level - Educational organizations that accessible for students with cognitive disabilities, content embrace the digitalization process in terms of content and creators can use clear and simple language and provide clear funding can help to reduce social exclusion. Teacher instructions and feedback. Additionally, designers can use layout empowerment is key and must be accompanied by and formatting techniques that make content easy to navigate and organizational support measures, further training, and understand, such as bullet points and headings. To make digital consideration of teachers’ individual needs. content accessible for students with motor impairments, content  National/regional level. creators can design content that can be accessed using a range of input methods, such as keyboard-only navigation or voice 2.3 Accessible learning content for enabling recognition software. Additionally, designers can use a clear and inclusive digital education consistent interface design that allows for easy navigation. Overall, creating accessible digital content in digital education In addition to ensuring equal access for all students, content benefits all students by improving usability, enhancing the accessibility in digital education can also improve the overall learning experience, and promoting inclusion and diversity. By quality of education. Digital content accessibility is the practice making content accessible to everyone, educators and content of designing digital materials to be inclusive to all individuals, creators can help all students reach their full potential and regardless of their abilities. In digital education, it's vital to succeed in their education. ensure that all students can access educational resources equitably, accommodating diverse needs, including visual, hearing or other impairments. Failing to prioritize accessibility 3. DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-EVALUATION can lead to unequal educational outcomes, as students with TOOL disabilities may struggle to fully engage in online learning, highlighting the importance of inclusive content design in the In the dynamic landscape of education, the pursuit of excellence digital education landscape. and inclusivity is important. To achieve these goals, educators Students with different types of disabilities can face barriers and institutions must continually assess their practices, adapt to when accessing digital content in the context of digital education. developing trends, and foster an environment where all learners Students with visual impairments can have difficulty accessing can thrive. It is within this context that the development of a self- digital content that is not designed with accessibility in mind. For evaluation tool becomes indispensable. In the following sections, example, images, videos, and other visual content may not be some existing solutions are presented as well as our proposed described in a way that is meaningful to individuals who are blind model. or have low vision. Additionally, text may be too small or too 3.1 Existing frameworks and tools for the design low contrast to be readable for individuals with certain types of visual impairments. Next, students with hearing impairments can of the self-evaluation tool face barriers when accessing digital content that includes audio To promote the integration and effective use of digital content, such as lectures or videos. Without proper captions or technologies in schools across Europe, the European transcripts, students who are deaf or hard of hearing may not be Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed a able to fully engage with this content. Students with cognitive conceptual framework for Digitally-Competent Educational disabilities can have difficulty navigating and understanding Organizations (DigCompOrg), which encompasses key aspects digital content that is not designed with accessibility in mind. of systematically integrating digital technology in educational This can include content that is overly complex or difficult to organisations [15]. The DigCompOrg framework consists of navigate, as well as content that does not provide clear following seven domains: (1) Leadership & Governance instructions or feedback. Students with motor impairments may Practices, (2) Teaching and Learning Practices, (3) Professional have difficulty interacting with digital content that requires Development, (4) Assessment Practices, (5) Content and precise movements, such as using a mouse or keyboard. This can Curricula, (6) Collaboration and Networking, and (7) make it difficult for these students to navigate websites or Infrastructure. complete assignments that require specific types of input. Based on the DigCompOrg framework, the Commission designed and implemented the self-reflection tool SELFIE (Self- 647 reflection on Effective Learning by Fostering Innovation through encouraging the involvement of all stakeholders and fostering a Educational Technology), which helps schools exploit the sense of ownership and commitment to inclusion. opportunities digital technologies offer [15]. SELFIE can help schools and educational institutions assess their digital readiness 3.2 Proposal for the model for self-evaluation and competence in integrating technology for effective teaching tool for assessment of inclusive digital and learning [16]. SELFIE data can be used for assessing how education the utilization of digital technologies in education influences Self-evaluation is a process for helping schools improve students' development of digital skills and teachers' engagement autonomously, a practice that should be integrated routinely into in continuous professional development. SELFIE aims to: (1) their management systems [20]. The proposed model for self- Assess digital readiness: Evaluate how well educational evaluation of inclusive digital education will incorporate existing institutions are prepared for digital integration, (2) Encourage awareness of inclusion drawn from the SELFIE tool and the self-reflection: Prompt educators, administrators, and students to Index of Inclusion. However, our primary objective is to enhance reflect on their digital practices, and (3) Enhance digital learning: this foundation with insights collected from the practical Identify areas for improvement in technology use for better experiences of researchers, pedagogical professionals, and other teaching and learning outcomes. experts in this field. We will integrate best practices as well as SELFIE tool supports schools to plan their digital strategies, by address obstacles within the existing self-evaluation tool to gain highlighting what is working well, where improvement is needed a more comprehensive understanding of their impact on and what the priorities should be [17]. Key features include user- successful inclusion. This approach allows to identify potential friendliness, as SELFIE provides an easy-to-use interface for all challenges and difficulties that may not have been encompassed stakeholders. It is customizable, and institutions can tailor the by existing frameworks, as shown in Figure 2. questionnaire to their specific needs and goals. It also has data- driven insights since it generates comprehensive reports and recommendations based on responses. SELFIE also promotes professional development and helps educators identify areas for skill improvement. SELFIE provides an extensive questionnaires that cover areas, specific to utilization of digital technologies in education, impact of the use of digital technologies in education on students’ development of digital skills, teachers’ engagement in continuous professional development, etc. [17]. The questionnaire defines indicators, that cover following key areas [18]: Teaching and Learning Practices; Assessment Practices; Content and Curricula; Networking and Collaboration; Professional Development; Leadership and Governance Practices; and Infrastructure. These seven areas are expanded into fifteen sub-elements and 74 descriptors. The tool provides questions that can be used for collecting data from school’s leaders, teachers, and students, to assess these areas from different points of view. The "Index for Inclusion" is another important concept that must be considered and included in the development of the tool for self-assessment of inclusive digital education. The index for Figure 2 Framework for integration of dimensions and inclusion was designed to support inclusive education practices factors from existing frameworks and existing research within schools and educational institutions. It provides a framework for assessing, developing, and promoting inclusive The following inclusion domains are planned to be addressed: practices to ensure that all students, regardless of their abilities, leadership, collaboration and networking, infrastructure, backgrounds, or characteristics, can access high-quality equipment and technology, continuous professional development, education [19]. It aims to: (1) Promote inclusive education: resources for pedagogical activities and assessment practices, as Encourage schools and institutions to create environments where well as student digital competence. Each domain will be every student can participate, learn, and thrive. (2) Evaluate and subdivided into factors strongly associated with the content of improve inclusion: Provide a structured approach for self- that particular domain. The resulting self-evaluation tool will be assessment and continuous improvement in inclusive practices. designed with the assistance of a questionnaire, enabling users to (3) Empower participants: Engage educators, students, families, assess statements related to factors within each domain using a and the community in collaborative efforts to enhance inclusivity. 5-point Likert scale. The self-assessment results will be Key features include the comprehensive framework for presented in the form of separate scores for each domain, evaluating and enhancing inclusive education practices. It is representing the current state of DI within each domain. Based user-friendly and designed to be accessible and usable by on the obtained assessments, recommendations will also be educators, administrators, and other stakeholders. 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Available: 649 650 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek I Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume I Konferenca o zdravi dolgoživosti Conference on Healthy Longevity Urednika / Editors Martin Lipovšek, Boštjan Petrič http://is.ijs.si 10. oktober 2023 / 10 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 651 652 PREDGOVOR Nekatera področja znanosti in tehnologije se razvijajo daleč od oči javnosti, povečini zato, ker se javnosti njihov vpliv na družbo ne zdi dovolj pomemben, da bi zaslužil kako posebno javno debato ali pa nasprotovanje. Področje raziskav o dolgoživosti ne deli te usode. Posamezni pristopi, kot so npr. celične terapije, restrikcija kalorij ali pa reaktivacija telomeraze, znajo pritegniti precej medijske pozornosti, pri čemer dobijo prostor za izražanje svojega mnenja tako zagovorniki kot nasprotniki posameznega pristopa. Največji kamen spotike pri podaljševanju življenja pa je še vedno osnovna ideja sama. Naj znanost stremi k temu, da podaljša človeško življenjsko dobo preko trenutnih bioloških meja? Ali naj se omeji na zdravljenje bolezni in lajšanje bolečin? V javnosti je še vedno veliko nesporazumov glede podaljševanja življenja, kljub desetletjem naporov, da bi jih zatrli. Največji od nesporazumov je ta, da raziskovalci na področju dolgoživosti poskušajo podaljšati starost, se pravi senilen, dementen in k boleznim nagnjen del človeškega življenja. Resnica je seveda ravno nasprotna: cilj podaljševanja življenja je drastično podaljšati zdrav del človeškega življenja – v angleščini t. i. “healthspan” – do in preko meja, pri katerih ljudje trenutno umirajo zaradi bolezni. To je seveda ambiciozen projekt, zato pa je tudi razumljivo, da od znanstvenikov samih ne moremo pričakovati, da bodo polovico svojega časa namenili za bojevanje javnih debat. Da bi promovirale raziskave na področju dolgoživosti, obenem pa pomagale gojiti informirano debato o namenih in ciljih podaljševanja življenja, so nastale številne nevladne organizacije v različnih državah. Mednarodno združenje, ki jih povezuje med seboj, se imenuje ILA oz. “International Longevity Alliance;” od leta 2021 je včlanjeno v združenje ILA tudi Društvo za vitalno podaljševanje življenja Slovenije, ki sicer obstaja od leta 2017. Eden glavnih ciljev društva je povezovati slovenske raziskovalce, podjetnike in državne uslužbence, ki so aktivni na področju podaljševanja življenja. V ta namen je društvo že leta 2020 organiziralo konferenco v sodelovanju s Filozofsko fakulteto, pri tem pa povezalo številne ključne svetovne osebnosti z omenjenega področja. Konferenca, naslov katere je bil “Biti mlad sto let,” je bila zaradi koronskih omejitev izvedena preko interneta. Pričujočo konferenco organiziramo skupaj z Inštitutom Jožef Stefan in bo potekala v živo v prostorih inštituta. Tokrat je naš partner LongevityForum, češka sestrska organizacija, ki se ukvarja s promocijo ideje podaljševanja življenja. Poleg vodilnih slovenskih in čeških raziskovalcev s tega področja bomo ponovno slišali tudi predavanja glavnih svetovnih zagovornikov podaljševanja življenja, med drugim ikono področja Aubreya de Greya. Ker namen združenja ILA in njenih članic ni predavati ex cathedra, temveč promovirati diskusijo o vrednotah za podaljševanjem življenja, se bo konferenca zaključila z okroglo mizo, na kateri bo prisoten po en predstavnik iz sfer javne uprave, znanosti, ter podjetništva. 653 FOREWORD Some fields of science and technology develop in obscurity and far from the public eye, mostly because their impact on society is not considered big enough to merit particular debate or opposition. The field of longevity research does not share this fate. Individual approaches, such as cell therapy, calorie restriction, or telomerase reactivation, might receive considerable media attention, with proponents and opponents of each approach both getting substantial coverage. However, the most contested part of life extension is the basic idea itself. Should science strive to extend the human lifespan beyond present biological limits? Or should it limit itself to treating diseases and suppressing pain? Several misconceptions about life extension are still rife among the public, despite decades of effort to stamp them out. The most important of these misconceptions is that longevity researchers strive to prolong old age, i.e. to extend the senile, illness-prone and demented part of human life. The truth, of course, is exactly the opposite: longevity researchers aim to dramatically extend the healthy part of the human lifespan – “the healthspan” – up to and beyond the age that people currently die of disease. This is itself a tall order, so it makes sense that the scientists themselves cannot be expected to spend half of their time fighting public debates. To promote longevity research among the public and foster a well-informed debate about the whys and hows of extending lifespan, several advocacy groups have been formed in different countries. The umbrella organization that joins them together is called ILA, or International Longevity Alliance; as of 2021, one of ILA’s members is the Slovenian Society for Vital Life Extension, based in Ljubljana, which has itself been in business since 2017. One of the Society’s main aims is to connect Slovenian researchers, entrepreneurs and governmental employees who are working in the field of life extension, as well as establishing ties between the Slovenians and their colleagues abroad. To this end, the Society has already co-organized a conference in 2020 together with the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana, bringing together several key global figures from the field of life extension. The conference, titled “Being Young for a Hundred Years,” was held online due to Covid restrictions. The present conference is being co-organized with the Jožef Stefan Institute and will be held live at the Institute’s premises. This time, one of our partners is LongevityForum, the Czech sister organization working on promoting the idea of lifespan extension. Apart from leading Slovenian and Czech voices from the field, we will once again hear from key global advocates of longevity research, including the doyen of life extensionism Aubrey de Grey. As the aim of ILA members is not just to speak ex cathedra, but to promote discussion about the values behind extending lifespan, this conference will conclude with a round table featuring one representative of each from the spheres of government, research, and business. 654 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Viktor Holý Martin Lipovšek Boštjan Petrič Organizacijski odbor / Organizing Committee Veronika Allister Lovro Herga Mitja Luštrek Patrik Milić Laura Vuga, Kristýna Zábojová 655 656 Enej Kuščer Evidence-Based Interventions to Prolong Healthspan and Lifespan In recent years, longevity science has emerged as one of the most captivating and pivotal areas of research, capturing the imagination of scientists, healthcare professionals, and the general public alike. The quest to extend human lifespan and, more importantly, enhance the quality of human healthspan, is a challenge that has intrigued humanity for centuries. Now, with remarkable advancements in science and technology, this aspiration is becoming increasingly achievable. This presentation will shed light on the dynamic field of longevity science and latest insights into the biological processes of aging. It will explore evidence-based precision interventions based on systems biology and multi-omics data to optimise health and improve vitality. The fusion of machine learning and AI-powered personalized recommendations opens up new horizons for proactive health management. In this era of longevity science, the boundaries of what's possible are constantly expanding, offering the tantalizing prospect of a future where not only do we live longer, but we also thrive throughout our extended years. This presentation will aim to explore the frontiers of evidence- based interventions that hold the promise of a healthier, longer, and more fulfilling life for all. 657 Aleš Kenda Dolgoživost in družba; odzivi politik, opravljeno delo in aktivnosti pred nami Spadamo v generacijo, ki se ji v veliki meri uresničujejo davne želje človeštva po daljšem življenju. Konec leta 2022 je v Sloveniji živelo desetkrat več stoletnikov kot ob osamosvojitvi. Daljše trajanje življenje se torej že dogaja in je posledica napredka v zdravstvu in znanosti, boljših delovnih pogojev, bolj raznovrstne in kakovostne prehrane, izboljšane higiene itd.. Zaradi daljšega trajanja življenja narašča število starejših, narašča pa tudi njihov delež v celotnem prebivalstvu, saj so mlade generacije maloštevilne. Pravimo, da se prebivalstvo stara, pogosto ta pojav opišemo z besedo dolgoživost. Staranje prebivalstva pa je več kot le demografija, tudi več kot le biologija. Je velik izziv za celotno družbo in tudi posameznike. Tovrstne spremembe namreč temeljito spreminjajo družbo. Po začetnem pesimizmu ob napovedani ' demografski katastrofi' se je začelo iskati rešitve, kako družbene sisteme in podsisteme prilagoditi novim demografskim pogojem. Posebej aktivni na tem področju so že vrsto let Združeni narodi. Do sedaj je bilo največ pozornosti po državah posvečeno prilagoditvam pokojninskih sistemov, zaposlovanju starejših in dolgotrajni oskrbi. Tudi starejši niso več takšni, kot so bili nekoč; so bolj aktivni, bolj zdravi, zavedajo se svoje vloge in tudi pravic v družbi. Niso več zadovoljni zgolj z dodanimi leti življenja, ta leta želijo zapolniti z vsebino. Ni jim vseeno, v kakšnem okolju živijo, niti kakšen je odnos družbe do njih. V Evropski kulturi besedi star in staranje še vedno povezujemo z upadom, počasnostjo, nepotrebnostjo, boleznimi, odvisnostjo, in smrtjo. Realnost je drugačna, saj je starost samo eno obdobje v življenju človeka, ki je enakopravno z drugimi obdobji; lahko ti veliko da, pa tudi nekaj vzame. Človek lahko osebno raste do zadnjega diha. Na tem področju je še veliko izzivov, pogosto ugotavljamo, da sta staranje in starost v precejšnji meri še neodkrita kontinenta. Šele v zadnjem času, npr. podrobneje spoznavamo škodljiv vpliv osamljenosti in starizma na zdravje ljudi. Pomembno vlogo pri našem doživljanju starosti imajo tudi prepričanja, ki jih o starosti in starejših gojimo v sebi. Namen prispevka je prikazati, da dolgoživost, ki se že dogaja, odpira vrsto izzivov, tako za celotno družbo kakor za posameznike. Pri odzivih je treba iskati rešitve, ki upoštevajo interese, koristi in obveznosti ljudi vseh generacij, tudi še nerojenih. — Longevity and society; policy responses, work done and activities ahead We belong to a generation in which humanity's ancient wishes for a longer life are largely being realized. At the end of 2022, there were ten times more centenarians living in Slovenia than at the time of independence. Longer life expectancy is therefore already happening and is a result of progress in health care and science, better working conditions, more varied and high-quality nutrition, improved hygiene, etc. Due to longer life expectancy, the number of elderly people is increasing, and their share in the entire population is also increasing, as the young generation is few in number. We say that the population is aging, and we often describe this phenomenon with the word longevity. Population aging is more than just demography, but also more than just biology. It is a big challenge for the whole society and also for individuals. Such changes fundamentally change society. After the initial pessimism at the predicted "demographic catastrophe", the search for solutions to adapt social systems and subsystems to the new demographic conditions began. The United Nations have been particularly active in this field for many years. Until now, the most attention 658 by country has been devoted to adjustments of pension systems, employment of the elderly and long-term care. Even the elderly are not what they used to be; they are more active, healthier, aware of their role and rights in society. They are no longer satisfied with just the added years of life, they want to fill these years with content. They don't care what kind of environment they live in, nor what society's attitude towards them is. In European culture, the words old and aging are still associated with decline, slowness, unnecessariness, disease, addiction, and death. The reality is different, because old age is only one period in a person's life, which is equal to other periods; it can give you a lot, but also take something away. A person can grow personally until his last breath. There are still many challenges in this area; we often find that aging and old age are still largely undiscovered continents. For example, we only recently learned more about the harmful impact of loneliness and old age on people's health. The beliefs we hold about age and the elderly also play an important role in our experience of age. The purpose of the paper is to show that longevity, which is already happening, opens up a series of challenges, both for society as a whole and for individuals. When responding, it is necessary to find solutions that take into account the interests, benefits and obligations of people of all generations, even the unborn. 659 Stephen Minger Futuristic possibilities of personalized medicine There has been significant interest in the therapeutic and scientific potential of stem cells since reconstitution of the haematopoietic system was first realized by bone marrow transplantation in the 1960s. The isolation of tissue-specific, multipotent stem cells from adult organs and the derivation of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells offer the potential for regeneration of several different tissues and organs susceptible to age-related degenerative conditions and traumatic injury. In the not-too-distant future, it will be possible to repair heart tissue damaged by myocardial infarction, to replace neuronal cells lost in Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injuries, to transplant new insulin producing cells for diabetics and myelinating cells for individuals afflicted with multiple sclerosis, and to replace bone and cartilage lost through aging and inflammatory disease. In addition, the generation of specific populations of defined subtypes of human cells has tremendous potential to revolutionize the fields of drug discovery and investigation into the cellular bases of human disease. The newly emerging field of Regenerative Medicine will fundamentally alter clinical medicine and significantly influence our perceptions of aging, health and disease, with a myriad of consequences for society at large. 660 Lucie Vidovićová Five (or so) questions that the pre-longevity society should be asking, but it is not... Health and longevity are important topics for medicine and biology, but they do not exist in a social vacuum. On the contrary, recent studies suggest that social networks, socio- environmental factors, population structures and socio-demographic characteristics play a key role in health and longevity efforts and outcomes. Moreover, any major breakthrough in the field of longevity will inevitably trigger an urgent need to rethink our individual life trajectories as well as social structures and institutions. In this presentation, I will offer eclectic points based on a sociological perspective and an understanding of how societies are (un)prepared for the next big step(s) towards longevity. Using surveys of attitudes towards how we (including lay actors, professionals, policy makers...) think about life, education, knowledge or the labour market today, I will present specific challenges for longevity societies. I will reflect on whether "hatred of old age" and "preference to stay young" are "sufficient ". Last but not least, I would like to engage in a conversation about who are the (un)expected proponents of anti-ageing and how this may affect longevity as a concept. 661 Petr Sramek Healthy Longevity solutions landscape and the sector outlook Expanding our healthspan is a complex problem requiring complex solutions and an interdisciplinary approach. We need to support the translation of scientific advances, allow regulatory approvals related to aging itself, and build business infrastructure for a full democratization of access. My lecture will frame the main problems and opportunities and also describe promising solution examples from the LongevityTech.fund portfolio, including diagnostics methods and therapeutic solutions. We will see advanced solutions addressing mitochondria function, DNA repair, telomere shortening, senescent cells, protein deregulation, tissue engineering, and signalling molecules in the blood. Diagnostic methods will include novel biomarkers based on single-cell sequencing, brain analysis and cheap proteomics. The main part will focus on estimating the most successful solution trajectory, including various options on how to affect the broader worldwide population. 662 Didier Couernelle Steps to implement Open Longevity GPT In the realm of data, where a staggering 30% of big data is comprised of invaluable health- related information, the processes of sharing and curating these vast resources have been characterized by a sluggish and intricate nature. Addressing this issue, a promising avenue emerges: the development of a tool akin to ChatGPT, armed with a substantial repository of scientific articles and extensive health data. Such a tool holds the potential not only to facilitate but also to actively engage in theoretical research pertaining to longevity therapies. Crucially, this tool's deployment should align with principles of openness, manifesting as both an "open source" platform and one that promotes accessible results. The upcoming presentation will delve into several key facets of this proposal, including the current challenges associated with insufficient data accessibility and the prevailing trend of privatization in health data. Additionally, it will explore the perspectives within the European Health Data Space and delve into specific projects led by open AI initiatives aimed at advancing longevity research. Lastly, the presentation will consider the potential costs and benefits inherent to this transformative approach. 663 Patrick Linden The ethics of longevity and how to change pro-death attitudes The general public is often quite hesitant to support radical life extension and the notion of biological immortality seems to frighten many. The resistance is often seemingly morally motivated. People worry about adverse social consequences of living longer, and see the search for a longer life as selfish and morally suspect. There is, as I have argued in my book The Case against Death, in fact a perennial philosophy of death-acceptance and even celebration of death, running alongside the human wish to transcend the naturally given limit to our life. In this talk I will describe this death-ist ideology and argue that morality is on the side of those who seek to expand the human life span by curing aging. 664 Aubrey de Grey Taking rejuvenation research to escape velocity People are living longer - no longer because of reduced child mortality, but because we are postponing the ill-health of old age. But we’ve seen nothing yet: regenerative medicine and other new therapies will eventually be so comprehensive that people will stay truly youthful however long they live, which means they may mostly live very long indeed. Advances in this direction by my research teams and others have sharply accelerated in recent years, and at LEV Foundation we are combining them to identify a panel of interventions that promise to deliver the ultimate goal of biomedical gerontology: longevity escape velocity. 665 666 Zbornik 26. mednarodne multikonference INFORMACIJSKA DRUŽBA – IS 2023 Zvezek J Proceedings of the 26th International Multiconference INFORMATION SOCIETY – IS 2023 Volume J Legende računalništva in informatike Legends of Computing and Informatics Urednika / Editors Tone Stanovnik, Matjaž Gams http://is.ijs.si 10. oktober 2023 / 10 October 2023 Ljubljana, Slovenia 667 668 PREDGOVOR V 2023 nadaljujemo z novim konceptom promovirati slovensko računalništvo in informatiko. To so »Legende računalništva in informatike« (Krajše »Legende RI« ali kar »legende«) s podnaslovom »Galerija slavnih slovenskega računalništva in informatike«, angleško »Hall of fame of Slovenian computer science and informatics«. Motiv je, da stroka sama da priznanja pomembnim raziskovalcem, razvojnikom in inženirjem na področju RI, hkrati pa zberemo pomembne avtobiografske prispevke v obliki zapisa slovenske zgodovine RI, torej sledimo dvema ciljema hkrati. Strokovnost brez politike in ideologije, demokratičnost in transparentnost so dominantne komponente postopka Legend RI. Škoda bi bila tudi, da ne bi nekateri pomembni posamezniki nikjer zbrano predstavili svojega dela. Po drugi strani pa poglejmo samo Alana Turinga, ki je eden najpomembnejših računalničarjev vseh časov, a je bil namesto nagrade obsojen in kaznovan zaradi svoje usmerjenosti, ne da bi komurkoli storil kaj žalega. Pričakujemo, da bo programski odbor nagradil vse pomembne računalnikarje s priznanjem "Legenda" glede na njihov dejanski prispevek. Vsak začetek je težak, zato je bilo tudi nekaj začetniških spodrsljajev, a sedaj imamo programski odbor, ki odloča z glasovanjem o vseh pomembnih točkah. Tako je bilo izglasovano ime dogodka, da so dobitniki nagrade Michie-Turing brez glasovanja sprejeti po poslanem referatu na konferenco, ki hkrati služi kot avtobiografska zgodovina. Podobno naj bi veljalo za zelo pomembne mednarodne nagrade (o zadostni pomembnosti glasuje programski odbor) ne pa tudi za nacionalne nagrade. Nagrad naj bi bilo prvo leto med 10 in 20. Absolutna zgornja meja naj bi bila okoli 50. Ker naj bi preprečili, da kdorkoli glasuje zase, bo volilna komisija multikonference Informacijska družba (IS) preverila vsako volilnico posebej. Pošiljanje predlogov je odprto, pričakovano pa predvsem s strani društev ACM Slovenija in SLAIS. Volilna komisija legend je kar standardna IS komisija. Rezultati so predani naprej samo v zbirni obliki, to je v številu glasov. Predlog je potrjen, ko je zanj več kot pol oddanih glasovnic z ZA in ne presega dogovorjene letne ali absolutne meje – v tem primeru odloča vrstni red. V letu 2023 imamo le 4 povsem nove predloge. Predlog za legendo mora biti v obliki 2-4 stranskega prispevka za konferenco IS v pravem formatu, podkrepljen z literaturo. Predlog lahko poda vsak zase, kandidira pa lahko tudi koga drugega. Vsak lahko hkrati napiše več predlogov. Pri posthumni kandidaturi je potrebno pridobiti soglasje najbližjih svojcev. Prispevek velja urediti podobno kot življenjepis oz. CVI, s tem da izpostavljamo dosežke in ne osebne lastnosti. Dosežke velja strukturirati, recimo znanstveno, prenosi v prakso, pedagoško, organizacijsko, a zaenkrat je tu precej svobode. S tem novim mehanizmom skušamo dodatno promovirati slovensko računalništvo in informatiko ter informacijsko družbo. Prosiva za sodelovanje, podporo, ali vsaj za strpnost in razumevanje. In seveda, iskrena hvala vsem sodelujočim in čestitke sedanjim in bodočim nagrajencem! Tone Stanovnik in Matjaž Gams 669 PROGRAMSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Gams Matjaž Stanovnik Tone Batagelj Marjan Bavec Cene Bohanec Marko Bratko Ivan Bric Rudi Brodnik Andrej Džeroski Sašo Gornik Tomaž Grad Janez Grobelnik Marko Hafner Izidor Horvat Bogomir Jurič Smon Kljajić Borštnar Mirjana Kozak Jernej Kuščer Andrej Lesjak Janez Leskovar Robert Luštrek Mitja Mernik Marjan Mongus Domen Petkovšek Marko Pisanski Tomaž Rajkovič Vladislav Schlamberger Niko Solina Franc Škedelj Franc Špegel Marjan Trampuž Cveto Trček Denis Turk Žiga Virant Jernej Volk Mira Zakrajšek Egon Zimic Niko Zupan Blaž Žalik Borut Železnikar Anton Žerko Miha 670 Dosežki kandidata A. P. Železnikarja Achievements of the Candidate A. P. Železnikar Matjaž Gams† Saša Divjak Ins titut “Jož ef Stefan” Univerža v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija Ljubljana, Slovenija matjaž.gams@ijs.si sasa.divjak@fri.uni-lj.si POVZETEK Od leta 1955 do 1980 je bil žaposlen na Institutu Jož ef Stefan, Prispevek obravnava žnanstveno ražiskovalno in pedagos ko na Oddelku ža elektroniko. Njegovo delo je bilo usmerjeno v delo pionirja rač unalnis kih žnanosti v Sloveniji in bivs i takrat nastajajoč o digitalno tehniko ž uporabo vakuumskih Jugoslaviji, prof. dr. Antona P. Ž eležnikarja, njegovo vlogo na čevi in tranžistorjev. Na tej poti se je žavedel pomena Ins titutu Jož ef Stefan, v Iskri Delti in v akademskem okolju. sodobne tehnologije, ki sega globoko v sofističirano rač unalnis ko in programsko opremo, inž eniring in ražiskave. KLJUČNE BESEDE Od leta 1961 do 1978 je bil vodja Odseka ža digitalno tehniko in od 1968 do 1978 tudi nač elnik Oddelka ža elektroniko Dož ivljenjski dosež ki, žnanost, gospodarstvo, druž beno delo Instituta Jož ef Stefan. V letu 1968 je postal dočent in 1972 ABSTRACT ižredni profesor na Univerži v Ljubljani ter bil leta 1982 The paper deals with the sčientifič researčh and pedagogičal ižvoljen ža rednega profesorja ža predmet Prevajalniki. Na work of the pioneer of čomputer sčienče in Slovenia and the Tehnis ki fakulteti Univerže v Mariboru je predaval filožofijo in teorijo informatike. former Yugoslavia, prof. dr. Anton P. Ž eležnikar, his role at the Jož ef Stefan Institute, in Iskra Delta and in the ačademič environment. KEYWORDS Lifetime ačhievements, sčienče, ečonomy, sočial work 1 UVOD Anton Pavel Ž eležnikar (slika 1) se je rodil v druž ini kirurga Vinka Ž eležnikarja. Po konč ani gimnažiji v Mariboru, kjer je maturiral leta 1948, je postal s tudent Tehnis ke fakultete in kasneje Fakultete ža elektrotehniko Univerže v Ljubljani. Njegovi ugledni uč itelji v tistem č asu so bili J. Plemelj (matematika), A. Peterlin (fižika) in V. Kož elj (teoretič na elektrotehnika). Diplomsko delo je žagovarjal leta 1956 ž naslovom "Magnetostrikčijska spominska žanka", ki je del amplitudnega analižatorja. Magisterij je opravil leta 1966, nato pa je leta 1967 doktoriral ž disertačijo ž naslovom "Splos na teorija substitučijskih algoritmov in njena povežava ž digitalnimi avtomati". Slika 1: Prof. dr. A. P. Železnikar ob 80-letnici rojstva. Leta 1980 se je preselil v hitro rastoče slovensko podjetje ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note Iskra-Delta Computers, kjer je ostal do svoje upokojitve leta †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note 1990. V podjetju je med leti 1980 opravljal funkcijo vodje mikroračunalniškega laboratorija. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 671 Slika 2: dr Železnikar v Razvojnem centru Iskre Delte Bil je avtor končepta paralelnega pročesiranja iž česar je nastal inovativen računalnik Triglav - Trident, ki je imel 3 procesorje. Leta 1982 je napredoval v svetovalca generalnega direktorja Iskra-Delta Computers in postal član uprave za strategijo raziskav in razvoja korporacije Iskra, kjer je ostal do konca svoje delovne kariere. Med letoma 1967 in 1975 je bil prof. dr. Anton Pavel Želežnikar predstavnik v Mednarodnem ždruženju ža informatiko (International Federation for Information Processing - IFIP) in leta 1971 je organiziral svetovni kongres IFIP v Ljubljani. Slika 4: dr Železnikar na konferenci Mipro 1983 V svojem ražiskovalnem delu se je prof. dr. Želežnikar osredotočil na teorijo preklopnih vežij, funkcijo algebralne logike, avtomatiko, algoritme, informacijsko logiko, paralelne računalniške sisteme, pa tudi strategijo računalniške industrije. Od leta 1980 se je predvsem posvečal področju umetne inteligenče in žavesti. Ob njegovi sedemdesetletnici so na univerzi Charleton v Illinoisu, ZDA, Slika 3: svetovni kongres IFIP v Ljubljani 1971 priredili konferenco o filozofiji in znanosti, na kateri je imel pomembne referate. Ža svoje delovanje je prejel več prižnanj. V žgodnjih 70 letih je bil član programskega odbora jugoslovanskega mednarodnega simpozija o obravnavanju podatkov FCIP, ki je vsako leto potekal na Bledu. Od leta 1976 2 RAZISKOVALNO DELO do 1981 je bil predsednik Slovenskega društva Prof. dr. Anton Pavel Ž eležnikar je več ino svojega ž ivljenja INFORMATIKA, nato pa je od leta 1977 naprej prevzel tudi posvetil ražiskovanju informačijske teorije, vključ no s vlogo urednika časopisa Informatiča. filožofijo informačijskega fenomenaližma, teorijo informačijskih pojavov, informačijskimi stroji in informačijskimi operačijskimi sistemi, informačijskimi ražiskavami v literaturi, medijih, komunikačiji s pomoč jo teorije in strojev, informačijsko teorijo žavesti ter programiranjem informačijskih entitet [2]. V svoji dolgi in plodni žnanstveni karieri je objavil več kot 100 žnanstvenih in ražiskovalnih č lankov v s tirih ježikih ter 2 knjigi. Objavil je ražprave v ražlič nih č asopisih, med drugim: Telefunken-Žg (Frankfurt, 1954: Die geometrisčhe Transformation von Impendanždiagrammen), EV (1957: Magnetostrikčijski vod), Glasnik matematič ko fižič ki i astronomski (Žgb, 1960: Problemi res ljivosti propožičijskih 672 enač b; 1962: Nekateri aritmetič ni normalni algoritmi, Behandlung logistisčher Probleme mit Žiffernrečhner), Elektrotehnika (1964: Opombe o programiranih abstraktnih avtomatih), Mathematičal systems theory (New York, 1967: Prekrivajoč i se algoritmi), Automatika (Žgb, 1975: Uvod v normalne informačijske sisteme), Informatiča (1987: Na poti do informačij; 1988/9: Informačijska logika; 1989: Informačijski prinčipi in formaližačija), Cybernetiča (Namur, Belgija, 1988: Nač ela informačij; 1988, 1989: Določ itve informačij I, II) in drugje. Poleg tega je napisal več priroč nikov ža visokos olski s tudij, med njimi: Some algorithm theory and its appličability (1963), Splos na teorija substitučijskih algoritmov in njena povežava ž digitalnimi avtomati (1966), Formalni ježiki in problemi analiže (1968), A parsing čončept for a high-level programming language (1968), Prekrivni ježiki I, II (1968, 1969), Linear overlapping algorithms (1969), Linear overplanning languages (1969), Ježik in ježikovno prevajanje I, II (1970, 1971), Prevajalniki (1977). 3 ZAKLJUČEK Dr. Anton P. Ž eležnikar je bil eden od vižionarjev slovenske informatike. Videl je več korakov naprej. Ža svoje delo je bil več krat nagrajen s strani Načionalne žnanstvene ustanove in drugih strokovnih ždruž enj iž bivs e Jugoslavije med leti 1968 – 1990. Je č lan Mednarodne akademije žnanosti San Marino, Kibernetske akademije Stefan Odobleja, Lugano in Mednarodnega ždruž enja ža kibernetiko, Belgija. VIRI [1] Wikipedija https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_%C5%BDeleznikar [2] Sitar Sandi. »Želežnikar Anton«. Slovenski biografski leksikon. Slovenska biografija. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 2013. [3] https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc- IZ841WKS/b6063f65-a43c-43ed-aa70-d96f83cfcbec/PDF 673 Dosežki kandidata Saše Divjaka Achievements of the Candidate Saša Divjak Saša Divjak† Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija sasa.divjak@fri.uni-lj.si POVZETEK administrator ali celo študent, ki je izstopal in pustil trajen pečat na univerzi.” Prispevek govori predvsem o delovanju Saše Divjaka na področju pedagoške dejavnosti, se pa prepleta z razvojno In potem sem dodatno vprašal, ali je lahko legenda tudi učitelj. raziskovalnim delom, vezanim na nacionalne in mednarodne ChatGPT nato razloži, da legenda na univerzi lahko vključuje projekte s področja računalniške avtomatizacije, simulacije tudi učitelja. Učitelj, ki ima izjemen ugled, je priznan zaradi procesov in uporabe računalnikov v izobraževalnih procesih svoje predanosti poučevanju, navdušenja študentov, inovativnih pristopov k poučevanju ali pa ima dolgoletno zapuščino, ki je KLJUČNE BESEDE zaznamovala generacije študentov. Saša Divjak, Doživljenjski dosežki, pedagoška in razvojno raziskovalna dejavnost Glede na to, da je Saša Divjak deloval kot pedagog več kot 43 let, še pred začetkom študija računalništva in informatike na ABSTRACT ljubljanski Univerzi, je tak pečat verjetno zapustil. Preko The paper mainly talks about the achievements of Saša Divjak in njegovih predavanj je šlo na tisoče študentov in več kot 400 the field of pedagogical activity, but it is intertwined with diplomantov in še danes ga mnogi ogovarjajo na srečanjih na development research work related to national and international kakšni konferenci, pa tudi na cesti. projects in the field of computer automation, process simulation and the use of computers in co-educational processes. 2 PRVI KORAKI KEYWORDS Saša Divjak je bil skoraj celotno obdobje zaposlen na Fakulteti Saša Divjak, Lifetime achievements, pedagogical and za elektrotehniko, kasneje na Fakulteti za računalništvo in developmental research activity informatiko. Ljubljanske Univerze. In skoraj ves čas je to delo združeval z dodatno zaposlitvijo, najprej na Inštitutu Jožef Stefan, kasneje pa 10 let v Iskri Delti. 1 UVOD Pred pisanjem tega sestavka sem vprašal ChatGPT, kdo je Dejavnost S. Divjaka bi lahko razdelili v dve obdobji: V prvem legenda. In dobil naslednji odgovor: se je strokovno ukvarjal predvsem s področjem računalniške “Legenda je oseba, ki je pridobila izjemen ugled zaradi svojih avtomatizacije in robotizacije, drug del pa je bil bolj posvečen dosežkov, vpliva, izjemnih sposobnosti ali kvalitet, ki so multimedijskim tehnologijam s poudarkom na izobraževanju. priznane in cenjene v določenem področju ali skupnosti. Legende so navadno znane osebnosti, ki so presegle običajne Vse se je začelo v letu 1967 s prvimi stiki z računalnikom Zuse, meje in postale ikone v svojem polju. posebej pa zaznamovalo z diplomo pri profesorju Gyergyeku in prof. Bremšaku. Tematika diplome je bila računalniška Na splošno je težko določiti eno samo osebo kot legendo, saj se simulacija regulacije nuklearnega reaktorja, motene z pojmovanje legende lahko razlikuje glede na kontekst. Legende naključnimi šumi. Delo je potekalo na računalniku IBM1130, ki se lahko pojavijo v različnih področjih, kot so znanost, umetnost, pa ga takrat v Ljubljani še nismo imeli, torej na Univerzi v šport, glasba, literatura, politika in še mnoga druga. Zagrebu. Ta simulacija s programom CSMP (Continuous Na univerzi se lahko legenda nanaša na osebo, ki ima izjemen System Modelling Program) je vplivala na večino kasnejšega ugled in je priznana zaradi svojih dosežkov, prispevkov ali vpliva razvojno raziskovalnega dela Saše Divjaka vse do današnjih dni. na univerzitetno skupnost. To je lahko profesor, raziskovalec, Tako bi lahko ta sestavek imel tudi naslov “Računalniške ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note simulacije - od luknjanih kartic do spletnih tehnologij”. †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Simulacija nuklearnega reaktorja je bila predstavljena na Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or konferenci ETAN 1969. Predstavitev je bila nagrajena. classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full Ko smo na ljubljanski Univerzi dobili prva računalnika IBM citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). 1130 (najprej na FMF, nato še na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko) je Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 674 Saša Divjak izpopolnil takrat popularen in obsežen simulacijski V času, ko je kot gostujoči profesor predaval na Univerzi v paket ECAP, ki je bil namenjen simulaciji električnih vezij. Vidmu, je v Italiji tudi sodeloval z razvojem programske opreme Programiranje je potekalo v jeziku Fortran in seveda še vedno z nekaterih gospodarskih in industrijskih avtomatizacij. luknjanimi karticami. Ena od posledic diplome je bila zaposlitev na Inštitutu Jožef Stefan in nosilstvo naloge “Računalniški V tem času je (tudi zaradi svoje dejavnosti v Italiji) za slovensko nadzor nuklearnega reaktorja Triga”. Uporabljeni računalnik je RTV posnel serijo izobraževalnih oddaj na temo “Tovarne bil CDC1700, programiranje je potekalo v zbirnem jeziku in prihodnosti” in kasneje na temo “Profil računalniškega tehnika”. seveda z luknjanimi trakovi. Na IJS je Saša Divjak takrat prevzel Saša Divjak se je udeležil tudi delavnice British Council v vodstvo Odseka za avtomatiko, čez nekaj let pa je za prof. Edimburghu z naslovom “Education for Engineering”. Ta Železnikarjem postal načelnik Oddelka za elektroniko. Sočasno mednarodna delavnica je bistveno vplivala na njegovo bodoče je nastopil svoje redno delovno razmerje kot asistent pri pedagoško delo s tezo, da je bistvo poučevanja proces, ki se programerskih predmetih (Fortran in zbirni jezik) pri prof. dogaja v glavi študenta in ne učitelja. Ta proces ni enkraten Hodžarju na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko. Tako se je dejavnost na dogodek, upoštevati je potrebno tudi raznolikosti profilov IJS in na fakulteti prepletala in medsebojno vplivala. študentov in dvigovati njihovo motivacijo. V programerskem smislu se je takrat spoznal s programiranjem 3 PRVA DESETLETJA v jeziku C in ga kot prvi uvedel na takratni Fakulteti za Saša Divjak je v tem času razvil več programov za simulacijo elektrotehniko in računalništvo. Glede na to, da je bil ta predmet dinamičnih procesov in simulacijo elektronskih vezij. Največjo v prvem letniku, so skozi ta predavanja šli skoraj vsi študenti uspešnico je predstavljal HYSIM (Hybrid Simulation), ki so ga računalništva in informatike. Pri predmetih Sistemska kot orodje več let na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko uporabljali tudi programska oprema in Operacijski sistemi pa je uvedel Unix, pri nekaterih magisterijih in diplomah. Omogočal je združeno predhodnik današnjega Linuxa. Saša Divjak je bil predstojnik simulacijo zveznih sistemov in diskretnih dogodkov in je v tem Laboratorija za računalniško grafiko in multimedije. Imeli so več smislu predstavljal novost. Razvoj tega simulacijskega sistema nacionalnih in mednarodnih projektov, usmerjenih v uporabo je bil tudi rezultat njegovega magistrskega in doktorskega dela. multimedijskih in spletnih tehnologij v izobraževanju. Tekel je na IBM1130 in seveda še vedno s pomočjo luknjanih kartic. HYSIM so namestili tudi na eni od francoskih fakultet. Zaradi dobrih povezav z vodstvi največjih računalniških hiš (HP, V letih delovanja na IJS je S Divjak sodeloval pri različnih Microsoft, IBM, Marand, Sun,..) so se takrat na fakulteti pojavile projektih industrijske avtomatizacije in na koncu bil soavtor dodatne računalniške učilnice s takrat cenjenimi delovnimi programske opreme prvih jugoslovanskih (industrijskih) postajami za katere pa je bilo potrebno tudi skrbeti. Del denarja robotov. Njegovo področje je bilo tedaj predvsem nizkonivojsko iz različnih projektov laboratorija je tako usmeril v posodabljanje programiranje v zbirnem jeziku za krmiljenje različnih in vzdrževanje te opreme. Danes je vzdrževanje vseh računalniških periferij, torej gonilnikov. V primeru uspešnega in računalniških učilnic sistemsko rešeno na nivoju fakultete, nagrajenega projekta računalniške avtomatizacije spektrometra računalniške delove postaje pa so praktično izumrle. za firmo Carl Zeiss je tako razvil originalen programski jezik in z njim programsko aplikacijo za ta spektrometer. Sama Za študente višjih letnikov je uvedel program SRP (Student računalniška zasnova pa je bila prav tako inovativna in je bil njen Research Program, študentski raziskovalni program), katerega avtor ter nosilec projekta prof.dr. Jurij Tasič. bistvo je bilo uvajanje študentov v razvojne dejavnosti in navezovanje stikov teh študentov z večjimi računalniškimi Za potrebe razvoja programske opreme je tudi razvil univerzalni hišami v Sloveniji. Danes bi temu rekli inkubatorske delavnice, križni zbirnik za različne vrste mikroprocesorjev, ki je bistveno valilnice, takrat pa je to pomenilo večjo odprtost laboratorija in olajšal programiranje namenskih aplikacij. njegove opreme študentom, ki so razvijali različne projekte na področju multimedijskih tehnologij vse do prvih korakov v V zadnjih letih tega obdobja je S. Divjak sodeloval kot soavtor navidezno resničnost. Na koncu vsakega leta je sledila programske opreme pri projektih prvih industrijskih robotov v predstavitev študentskih projektov vodstvom IBM, Microsoft, Jugoslaviji. Zanje je razvil tudi večprocesni operacijski sistem, Marand, Oracle in drugim pomembnim hišam.Tak pristop je pa računalniški simulator robota, podprt z računalniško grafiko. večal motivacijo študentov, vplival na opremljenost študentskih Te izkušnje so prišle prav, ko je koncem 80tih let nekaj let laboratorijev in ne nazadnje omogočal navezave med predaval robotiko na Univerzi v Vidmu, pa tudi v sklopu projekta računalniškimi hišami in dobrimi študenti. “Tovarne prihodnosti” v Furlaniji Julijski krajini. V 80 letih je namesto IJS prejel vzporedno zaposlitev (poleg 4 NASLEDNJA DESETLETJA rednega razmerja na fakulteti) v Iskri Delti, kjer je nekaj let vodil V sredini 90 let se je kot programski jezik pojavila Java in Saša izobraževalni center in nato prevzel mesto pomočnika Divjak jo je prvi uvedel tudi pri svojih predmetih. Kar precej direktorja. Iskra Delta je med drugim vsako leto prirejala zelo projektov laboratorija je bilo usmerjenih v spletne in obiskane letne šole, posvečene najnovejšim tehnologijam To je multimedijske tehnologije v izobraževanju. Posledično so še bilo obdobje klasičnih diapozitivov in grafoskopov. Uspešno sodelavci laboratorija vsako leto organizirali poletne šole za rešen izziv so bila sočasna, sinhronizirana predavanja v več srednješolske in osnovnošolske učitelje, pa tudi (v sodelovanju z vzporednih predavalnicah (takrat Interneta še ni bilo). ZOTKS) poletne šole za dijake. Vsebina so bile seveda multimedijske in spletne tehnologije v izobraževanju. Leta 2000 675 (torej daleč pred danes uveljavljenimi videokonferencami) smo (Hands on Science)), ki je povezovalo pedagoge in raziskovalce uvedli (s pomočjo Arnes, TSE Trade in Telekom) iz več kot 20 univerz. Zlasti prvo od obeh združenj je bilo videokonferenčne poletne šole, ki so povezale tudi več kot 190 usmerjeno v razvoj interaktivnih računalniških simulacij, udeležencev iz 11 slovenskih mest v enotno skupnost. Danes to večinoma na področju fizike, pa tudi drugih naravoslovnih ved. ni nič posebnega, takrat pa so to bili pionirski koraki. V okviru tega mednarodnega sodelovanja je Saša Divjak razvil vrsto lastnih simulacijskih programov predvsem s področja V tem času je Saša Divjak za popularizacijo programiranja tudi fizike, seveda pisanih v Javi, v zadnjih letih pa v JavaScript. posnel serijo 10 predavanj o programskem jeziku Java, ki so jo Istočasno pa je tudi poslovenil vrsto izobraževalnih aplikacij predvajali po takratni televiziji TevePika. tujih avtorjev (seveda v sodelovanju z njimi) in jih tako približal uporabi v slovenskih šolah. Saša Divjak je bil tudi član Programskega odbora nacionalnega projekta Ro (Računalniško opismenjevanje). V sklopu tega Saša Divjak je bil član različnih programskih odborov domačih projekta je bil tudi aktiven pri organizaciji vsakoletnih in mednarodnih konferenc. V IEEE je bil predsednik slovenske izobraževalnih konferenc, tudi s plenarnimi predavanji, sekcije, v združenju HSci (Hands on Science) je bil izvoljen posvečenimi multimedijskim inovacijam na področju predsednik skupščine, v združenju CoLoS (Conceptual izobraževanja. Learning of Science) je bil izvoljen za predsednika združenja, v Evropski akademiji znanosti s sedežem v Liegu (Evropskih V letu 2006 bil S.Divjak nosilec projekta e-gradiv za akademij znanosti je več) je bil več let izvoljen v Presidium in en računalništvo in informatiko, ki je povezoval več 10 sodelavcev, mandat tudi izvoljen predsednik te akademije) tudi iz različnih srednjih šol. V sklopu teh gradiv je bilo razvito tudi spletišče, katerega del Saša Divjak še sedaj stalno posodablja (z leti se stvari na področju IKT hitro spreminjajo in 5 ZAKLJUČEK tudi zastarajo). Seveda je bilo v času projekta izvedenih več Preklop na prvo osebo ednine: seminarjev za srednješolske učitelje računalništva in Še vedno predavam na univerzitetnem nivoju in še vedno informatike iz vse Slovenije. programiram. Sedaj na nivoju spletnih tehnologij in trenutno predvsem simulacije s področja kibernetske varnosti. In občasno V letih 2008 - 2018 je Zavod za šolstvo RS organiziral srečujem svoje bivše študente, ki si jih vseh niti nisem mogel konferenco SirIKT, ki je bila priložnost za izmenjavo izkušenj zapomniti, pa me to vseeno prijetno pogreje. In kdaj pa kdaj tudi med vsemi pedagoškimi delavci, učenci in dijaki, ki pri svojem čujem pripombo “legenda”. Tako pripombo zasledim tudi na delu uporabljajo sodobna orodja digitalne dobe, v kateri živimo, spletnih straneh, ki so jih študentje pisali pri komentiranju svojih in drugimi uporabniki omrežja Arnes na vseh ravneh ter profesorjev. In pomislim: No če študentje tako pravijo, pa sem področjih izobraževanja in raziskovanja. Konference se je verjetno res tudi sam s kakšnim kamenčkom v razburkano morje udeleževalo tudi več kot 1200 udeležencev, na plenarnih računalništva in informatike povzročil kakšen koristen val. predavanjiih pa jih je bilo 400-600. Uvedli so novost, da naj bi bila tudi tako obsežna predavanja čimbolj interaktivna. Saša VIRI Divjak je v ta namen razvil glasovalni sistem Kliker, ki ga še [1] DIVJAK, Saša. Upravljanje nuklearnega reaktorja z digitalnim danes najdemo med spletnimi aplikacijami Arnes. V današnjem računalnikom : poročilo o izvršnem delu po pogodbi. Ljubljana: Institut času je seveda takšnih glasovalnih sistemov več, takrat pa so to "Jožef Stefan", 1971. [39] f., [10] f. zganj. pril., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 12365824] bili pionirski koraki. Za potrebe konference je tudi poslovenil [2] MAVKO, Borut, ALEKSIĆ, Uroš, TOMŠIČ, Mihael Gabrijel, MRČUN, oziroma lokaliziral obsežno spletno aplikacijo za upravljanje I., ZUPANČIČ, Jože, DIVJAK, Saša. Simulacija jedrske elektrarne in njene obratovalne značilnosti : poročilo o raziskovalni nalogi za leto 1975. konferenc. Ljubljana: Institut "Jožef Stefan", 1975. 1 zv. (loč. pag.), ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 12739584] Kliker je Saša Divjak uporabljal tudi v okviru svojih rednih [3] Divjak: Hysim-operacijski sistem za združeno simulacijo zveznih sistemov in diskretnih dogodkov, predavanj na Fakulteti za računalništvo in informatiko in https://books.google.si/books/about/Hysim_operacijski_sistem_za_z vzpodbujal študente za uporabo prenosnih naprav (večinoma dru%C5%BEeno_si.html?id=oEbdtgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y [4] OBLAK, Pavel, ČIŽMAN, Anton, KEBER, Alojzij, DIVJAK, Saša, notesnikov) pri predavanjih. Taka predavanja so bila kljub FILIPIČ, Dušan. Naprava za avtomatsko vodenje betonarn : prijava populaciji cca 180 študentov bolj interaktivna, so pa se zato patenta št. 22859-P-2702/78. Beograd: Zvezni zavod za patente, 1978. posledično bolj zavlekla. Rešitev je S. Divjak našel v dodatnih, [COBISS.SI-ID 2886163] [5] OBLAK, Pavel, STANIČ, Uroš, DIVJAK, Saša, LENARČIČ, Jadran, neobveznih večernih videokonferenčnih predavanjih, ki se jih VRTAČNIK, Peter, KEBER, Alojzij, VUKOBRATOVIĆ, Miomir, je udeleževalo cca 80 študentov. Ker so bila snemana, so HRISTIĆ, Dragan, VAUPOT, Viktor. Uvajanje robotov in manipulatorjev v industrijsko okolje : poročilo o raziskovalni nalogi za leto 1979. doživela, kljub strokovni specifičnosti vsebine, tudi več kot 1000 Ljubljana: Institut "Jožef Stefan", 1979. 1 zv. (loč. pag.), ilustr. obiskov. [COBISS.SI-ID 12206848] [6] S.Divjak: Spomini na prve korake v robotiko v Sloveniji, https://uporabna- informatika.si/ui/article/view/11 Ob zaključku svoje delovne kariere je Saša Divjak imel tudi več [7] DIVJAK, Saša. Modular program system for computer supported quality predavanj o sodobnih računalniških tehnologijah za slovenske control in production systems. Ljubljana: Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1994. 41 f., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 106579456] srednješolske učitelje v Furlaniji Julijski krajini. [8] CHRISTIAN, Wolfgang, BELLONI, Mario, DIVJAK, Saša (avtor, prevajalec, urednik). Fizika s fizleti : interaktivne predstavitve in raziskave za uvod v fiziko. 1. natis. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za Pa se povrnimo k simulacijam: Sodelovanje v mednarodnih šolstvo: Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, 2006. 266 str., ilustr. ISBN 961- projektih je pomenilo tudi sodelovanje v različnih združenjih 234-576-7, ISBN 961-234-559-7. [COBISS.SI-ID 227427840] (predvsem CoLoS (Conceptual Learning of Science) in HSci 676 Dosežki kandidata Janeza Grada Achievements of the candidate Janez Grad Janez Grad† Univerza v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Slovenija janez.grad33@gmail.com POVZETEK fizike na Univerzi v Birminghamu, Anglija, leta 1973 pa doktoriral iz matematičnih znanosti na Vseučilišču v Zagrebu, V prispevku so povzeti kratki opisi razvojno-raziskovalnega, somentor je bil prof. dr. Z. Bohte. pedagoškega in vodstvenega delovanja ter dosežki prof. dr. Janez Grada v okviru Instituta Jožef Stefan, Univerze v Ljubljani, Univerze v Mariboru in pedagoških ter znanstveno-raziskovalnih 2 RAZISKOVALNO IN VODSTVENO DELO institucij v tujini, kjer je delal več let. Delo je spadalo na področja NA NIJS OZIROMA IJS računalniško usmerjene aplikativne matematike, računalništva in poslovne informatike. Leta 1957 se je zaposlil na Institutu “Jožef Stefan”(IJS), takrat imenovanim Nuklearni institut “Jožef Stefan”(NIJS), kot KLJUČNE BESEDE strokovni sodelavec in kasneje kot operativni vodja Republiškega računskega centra(RRC), formalno enote NIJS. Pedagoška dejavnost, raziskovalna dejavnost, vodstvena Njegova naloga je bila prevedba fizikalnih problemov v dejavnost, uporabniška matematika, računalništvo, poslovna matematični zapis in njihovo reševanje, najprej s pomočjo informatika, lastne vrednosti matrik, baze podatkov, operacijsko kalkulatorja FACIT, nato pa s pomočjo računalnikov IBM 705, raziskovanje ZUSE Z-23 in CDC 3300, ko je tudi skrbel za delovanje ABSTRACT računalnika ZUSE Z-23 in kasneje, kot operativni vodja RRC, za računalnik CDC 3300. Partnerji v RRC so bili Univerza v The paper presents some information of prof. dr. Janez Grad Ljubljani, Izvršni svet RS in ZP Iskra. engagements and achievements in the fields of developmental research, pedagogical process and management that he has Za izučitev za programerja na IBM 705 ga je NIJS leta 1961 carried out at the Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, the poslal na 4-mesečno izpopolnjevanje na Zvezni zavod za Universities of Ljubljana and Maribor and foreign universities statistiko v Beogradu, skupaj s kolegom Cvetom Trampužem. S and research institutions. His work took place within computer pomočjo programov za IBM 705 so bili kasneje izračunani oriented applied mathematics, computer science and business določeni parametri v okviru raziskovalnega projekta informatics. “FIZIKALNI PRORAČUNI ZA YEGGR”, Ljubljana,1962, (študija: nuklearna centrala z grafitnim, plinsko hlajenim KEYWORDS reaktorjem na obogačeni uran), nosilec naloge je bil dr. ing. M. Teaching, research, management, applied mathematics, Osredkar, načelnik reaktorskega oddelka pa dr. M. Čopič. J. computer science, business informatics, matrix eigenvalues, data bases, operational research Grad je kot soavtor sodeloval tudi pri dveh referatih v okviru “Simpozija reaktorske fizike”, NIJS, 20.-22. 3. 1963. 1 UVOD IJS je dr. Gradu omogočil uspešno znanstveno-strokovno Janez Grad se je rodil 13.8.1933 v vasi Petelinje, v občini Dol pri dejavnost s tem, da mu je že v jeseni leta 1961 omogočil 8- Ljubljani. Diplomiral je 1958. leta iz matematike na mesečno strokovno izpopolnjevanje na Institut fuer Strahlen und Naravoslovni fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani. Med njegovimi Kerphysik v Bonnu, Nemčija, kjer je na računalnikih ER-56 in univerzitetnimi učitelji so bili tudi profesorji dr. J. Plemelj, dr. I. IBM-1410, v lasti Institut fuer Instrumentelle Mathematik v Vidav in dr. A. Peterlin. Leta 1968 je magistriral iz matematične Bonnu, reševal probleme, povezane z delovanjem ciklotrona (Laplace-jeve transformacije integralno-diferencialnih enačb). Nadalje je IJS dr. Gradu omogočil 2-letno specializacijo v ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note Računalniškem centru Univerze v Birminghamu, Anglija, kjer je †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note na Oddelku za matematiko in fiziko tudi magistriral z delom Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or “Some Topics in the Numerical Solution of the Algebraic classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed Eigenvalue Problem” in imel več predavanj s področja for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full uporabniške matematike. citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 677 3 PEDAGOŠKO, RAZISKOVALNO IN so bili: I. Bratko, J. Grad, M. Kac, J. Lesjak, V. Rajkovič, J. VODSTVENO DELO NA UNIVERZAH V Virant in E. Zakrajšek; uredil B. Roblek. Pomemben pa je tudi njegov doprinos v “POJMOVNIK LJUBLJANI IN MARIBORU POSLOVNE INFORMATIKE”, avtorji dr. Ivan Turk in 37 Leta 1972 se je J. Grad zaposlil na Univerzi v Ljubljani kot strokovnih sodelavcev, izdalo Društvo ekonomistov Ljubljana, predstojnik Računalniškega centra Univerze v Ljubljani(RCU); 1987. predstojnik je bil nato vse do konca leta 1981. V obdobju okrog Dr. Grad [1] je soavtor 16 monografij, učbenikov in knjig, preko leta 1977 je RCU izvajal tudi strokovna in tehnična dela za 100 člankov in referatov v strokovnih revijah ter zbornikih Raziskovalno skupnost Slovenije, ki je bila v okviru Jugoslavije strokovnih srečanj doma in v tujini, ter 38 poročil raziskovalnih izbrana za zveznega koordinatorja mednarodnega projekta nalog in projektov. Opravil je več recenzij člankov za domače in COST 12 – Evropska programska knjižnica(COST – tuje revije, bil je član Slovenskega društva Informatika, Društva Cooperation scientifique et technique). Od leta 1973 do leta 1999 matematikov, fizikov in astronomov ter mednarodnega društva je sodeloval kot učitelj za informatiko na Ekonomski fakulteti v Association for Information Systems. Bil je član uredniških Ljubljani, najprej kot docent, od leta 1979 dalje kot izredni odborov revij Informatica, Uporabna informatika in Uprava, ter profesor, od 1985 pa kot redni profesor, kasneje, do upokojitve član Australian Research Council Assessors, za katerega je leta 2007 je poučeval informatiko še na Fakulteti za upravo v recenziral raziskovalni projekt. Bil je član programskih odborov Ljubljani. Poleg pedagoškega in raziskovalnega dela je na več simpozijev v organizaciji Društva ekonomistov Ljubljana, in Ekonomski fakulteti opravljal še druga dela in naloge, tako je bil Slovenskega društva Informatika. Bil je mentor pri 12 doktorskih na primer, med drugim, prodekan za gospodarske zadeve, vodja disertacijah, več-deset magisterijih in univerzitetnih diplomah na Podiplomskega programa informacijsko upravljavskih ved, Ekonomski fakulteti v Ljubljani. Njegova osebna bibliografija je predstojnik Katedre za informatiko, delegat v delavskem svetu podana v bibliografski bazi COBISS pod postavko 00032 ISKRE DELTA(1988), član in kasneje tudi predsednik JANEZ GRAD. Strokovnega sveta za računalništvo na univerzi v Ljubljani(1986-1989). Na Fakulteti za upravo pa je oblikoval dodiplomski in podiplomski študijski program v skladu z 4 PRIZNANJA Bolonjsko deklaracijo. Računalništvo je predaval tudi na Višji Slovensko društvo INFORMATIKA mu je 12. 4. 1995 podelilo upravni šoli v Ljubljani, Filozofski in Medicinski fakulteti ter »Priznanje za življenjsko delo na področju razvoja in uveljavitve FSPN Univerze v Ljubljani, in še na podiplomskem študiju informatike v Sloveniji«. Ekonomsko poslovne fakultete Univerze v Mariboru; na Slovensko društvo INFORMATIKA, SOR, 24. 9. 2003: Tehniški fakulteti v Mariboru je bil tudi somentor pri doktorskih Priznanje SOR03, Mednarodni simpozij, Atomske toplice. disertacijah. Univerza v Ljubljani mu je za njegovo delo leta 1997 podelila V letu 1973 je 6 tednov raziskoval v Department of Mathematics, zlato plaketo in 4. decembra 2008, po upokojitvi, še naziv Statistics and Computing Science, the University of Calgary, zaslužni profesor. Kanada, v jeseni 1986 pa je bil gostujoči profesor na Univerzi v Programski in organizacijski odbor 17. mednarodne Indiani, Graduate School of Business, Bloomington, ZDA, kjer multikonference Informacijska družba 2014, 6. - 10. oktober je predaval računalništvo in informatiko. Rezultat tega obiska je 2014, Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, sta prof. Gradu podelila bila tudi iniciacija kasnejšega dogovora med to šolo in nagrado Nagrada »Donald Michie and AlanTuring« za Ekonomsko fakulteto Univerze v Ljubljani o izvajanju eno- življenjsko delo. semestrskega študija na Ekonomski fakulteti za tiste ameriške IS Information Society 2021 Conference, Institut Jožef Stefan študente, ki jih je zanimala jugoslovanska ekonomija in v okviru Ljubljana, 8. oktober 2021, je ob 50–letnici poučevanja le-te samoupravljanje. Predavanja so se tudi realizirala, vendar računalništva v slovenskih srednjih šolah prof. dr. Janezu Gradu so bila prekinjena z razpadom Jugoslavije. V okviru medsebojne podelila naziv PIONIR RAČUNALNIŠTVA V SREDNJIH izmenjave obiskov učiteljev med pobratenima univerzama v ŠOLAH. Ljubljani in v Regensburgu, Nemčija je bil 2-krat po en teden Občina Dol pri Ljubljani mu je 25. 3. 2022 podelila naziv gost nemške univerze. Skupaj z znanstveniki z univerz Brunel iz ČASTNI OBČAN občine Dol.. Londona, Aten, Bukarešte in Gdanska je leta 1994 sodeloval pri prijavi mednarodnih projektov v okviru Evropske skupnosti. Kot učitelj na Ekonomski fakulteti v Ljubljani in kasneje, do 5 ZAKLJUČEK upokojitve, na Fakulteti za upravo Univerze v Ljubljani, je s pomočjo numerične matematike raziskoval problem lastnih Prof. dr. Janez Grad spada med pionirje uvajanja računalništva v vrednosti in lastnih vektorjev matrik ter probleme s področja raziskovalne in pedagoške procese v okviru slovenskih operacijskega raziskovanja in baz podatkov. Pomembno za raziskovalnih inštitutov, fakultet in srednjega šolstva. Začetki razvoj in uporabo računalništva in informatike v slovenski družbi njegovega dela segajo nazaj v leto 1962 in se formalno končajo je njegovo sodelovanje in soavtorstvo z upokojitvijo leta 2007. Neformalno pa raziskuje še sedaj Pri izdaji knjige “ELEKTRONSKI RAČUNALNIKI”, optimizacijo proizvodnih procesov v ekološkem kmetijstvu. Elektrotehniška zveza Slovenije v času mednarodnega kongresa IFIP leta 1971 v Ljubljani; VIRI Pri izdaji učnega gradiva “RAČUNALNIŠTVO Gradivo s tečaja [1] https://bib.cobiss.net/bibliographies/si/webBiblio/bib201 za srednješolske profesorje”, ki ga je izdal Zavod za šolstvo SR _20231002_140459_00032.html Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1972, in pri izvedbi tečaja. Avtorji gradiva 678 Moja hoja po poti računalništva in informatike My Journey in Computing and Informatics Vladislav Rajkovič† Fakulteta za organizacijske vede Univerza v Mariboru Kranj, Slovenija vladislav.rajkovic@gmail.com POVZETEK boste naučili v vsakem primeru, programiranje računalnikov pa vidim kot novo prihodnost«. Naši prvi programi v jeziku algol Prispevek govori o življenjski poti Vladislava Rajkoviča na 60 so stekli na računalniku Zuse Z-23 na računskem centru področju računalništva in informatike. Prepletajo se njegove IMFM v Ljubljani. izobraževalne in razvojno-raziskovalne dejavnosti doma in na tujem. Naslednji pomembni mejnik v znanju programiranja je bil tečaj podjetja IBM Intertrade za programiranje v zbirnem jeziku za KLJUČNE BESEDE sisteme IBM/360, ki je potekal od 1. do 19. julija 1968. Izbrano Vladislav Rajkovič, računalništvo, informatika, pedagoška in skupino okoli 25 fantov in deklet iz različnih fakultet je poučeval razvojno- raziskovalna dejavnost gospod Janko Čičen-Šajn, univ. dipl. ing. Po zaključku tečaja smo dobili preprosto potrdilo in namizno tablico z napisom ABSTRACT THINK, da nas opominja na to, kar je res potrebno. Temu je This paper is about Vladislav Rajkovič's life journey in the field sledil tečaj programskega jezika fortran, ki ga je vodila gospa of computing and informatics. His educational as well as Mira Volk, univ. dipl. mat. Za tem smo nekateri izmed nas kot research and development activities at home and abroad are študentje programirali rešitve za neposredne naročnike pod intertwined. okriljem Odseka za uporabno matematiko na Institutu Jožef Stefan (IJS). Sprva smo uporabljali računalnik IBM 1130, za tem KEYWORDS pa CDC 3300. Vladislav Rajkovič, computer science, informatics, pedagogical and research and development activity V letu 1969 sva se s kolegom Borutom Bedjaničem, s pomočjo tovarne Iskra, odpravila na dvomesečno študentsko prakso v podjetje Standard Radio & Telefon AB na Švedskem, kjer so 1 UVOD naju vključevali v reševanje konkretnih elektrotehničnih izzivov. Uvodoma naj omenim, da sem na svoji strokovni življenjski poti Znanje fortrana mi je še posebej koristilo pri načrtovanju vezij imel srečo spoznati ljudi, ki so pomembno prispevali k mojemu izenačevalcev na prenosnih linijah. osebnemu razvoju in tudi oprijemljivim rezultatom. Nekateri od teh rezultatov so predstavljeni v tem prispevku. Pomembno Profesorja Anton P. Železnikar in Silvin Leskovar sta nas v času mesto v mojem strokovnem življenjepisu pripada mojim študija uvedla v teorijo jezikov, avtomatov in rekurzivnih študentom. Med njimi je preko 1000 diplomantov od funkcij. To je pomembno vplivalo na naše dokončanje študija prvostopenjskih diplom do doktoratov. Posebej me veselijo (diplomiranje), zaposlitev in nadaljnji strokovni razvoj. [1] njihove uspešne življenjske zgodbe. 3 ZAPOSLITEV NA INSTITUTU JOŽEF 2 ŠTUDENTSKA LETA STEFAN V začetku druge polovice šestdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja nas Po diplomi iz prevajalnikov programskih jezikov v letu 1970 [2] je v drugem letniku študija na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko (FE) sem se zaposlil na IJS na oddelku, ki ga je vodil prof. dr. Anton prof. dr. Tomislav Skubic, ki nam je predaval matematiko, P. Železnikar. Istega leta sta se na tem odseku zaposlila tudi povabil na »krožek« programiranja z besedami: »Matematiko se kolega Ivan Bratko in Iztok Lajovic. Skupaj smo si delili podstrešno sobico brez oken. Naravna svetloba je prihaja le skozi ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note ozko strešno odprtino. Izhodišče našega dela v teoretičnem in †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note praktičnem pogledu je bila teorija jezikov in avtomatov. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Sodelovanje med nami pa tudi drugimi kolegi na oddelku je bilo classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed plodno in raznoliko. [3] for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Ni nam bil tuj niti spajkalnik. Razvijali smo krmilna električna Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia vezja za neposredne naročnike. V tem okviru naj omenim © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 679 podjetje Unis-Rog in razvoj večkanalnega registratorja ter parametrov na končno oceno postane enostavnejša in elektroniko krmilne postaje transportnih trakov, ki so dolga leta razumljivejša. Najino objavo v reviji IEEE Tansactions on predstavljali pomemben izvozni produkt tega podjetja. S strani System, Man and Cybernetics [10] sta recenzirala prof. L. Zadeh mehanskih delavnic na IJS, ki jih je vodil gospod Savo in F. Land. Slednji naju je povabil tudi na predstavitev na London Ivanković, univ. dipl. ing., smo bili deležni pomembnih School of Economics (LSE). To je bil tudi začetek sodelovanja s vzpodbud in pomoči. to ustanovo in tehničnim komitejem IFIP TC 8, ki se ukvarja s tematiko informacijskih sistemov, vključno s sistemi za podporo Kongres mednarodnega računalniškega združenja IFIP, ki je odločanju. Na LSE sem imel vabljeno predavanje z naslovom potekal od 23. do 28. avgusta 1971 v Ljubljani, je pomenil veliko »Razvoj informacijskih sistemov v samoupravnem okolju« vzpodbudo za področje računalništva in informatike pri nas. Bilo [11], ki mu je sledila izjemno zanimiva razprava. je okoli 2500 udeležencev iz 49 držav. Kongres sta k nam pripeljala profesorja Leskovar in Železnikar. Mladi z IJS in FE Poleg sodelovanja v tehničnih komitejih IFIP za informacijske smo bili tehnični sekretarji. Nama s kolegom Bratkom je pripadla sisteme in izobraževanje (TC 3) me je prof. dr. Jože Gričar hala Tivoli, kjer so potekala vabljena predavanja. Srečala sva se povabil v ameriško združenje »Association for Information z vodilnimi strokovnjaki, kot je prof. Donald E. Knuth, ki je znan Systems«, kjer naju prištevajo med ustanovne člane (charter po svoji zbirki The Art of Computer Programming. members). V tem razdelku naj omenim številna članstva v uredniških in recenzentskih odborih domačih in tujih strokovnih Posebej želim omeniti naše sodelovanje z Zavodom za šolstvo revij in združenj. pri uvajanju predmeta računalništvo v slovenske srednje šole, ki se je pričelo že leta 1971. O tem smo izčrpno spregovorili na Po vrnitvi iz Anglije sva na nadaljnjem razvoju nove metode multi-konferenci Informacijska družba 2022. Prispevek je bil večparametrskega odločanja sodelovala s kolegom Markom objavljen tudi v reviji Uporabna informatika [4]. Bohancem, ki sem ga spoznal že kot mojega dijaka pri predmetu računalništvo na Gimnaziji Bežigrad. Po diplomi iz računalništva Predmet računalništvo sem več let poučeval na Gimnaziji na FE se je zaposlil na IJS. Metodo sva najprej poimenovala Bežigrad in »Šubičevi«, sedaj Gimnaziji Jožeta Plečnika. S DECMAK, nato DEX (Decision EXpert) [13]. Kolega Bohanec kolegom Ivanom Bratkom sva napisala učbenik Uvod v je poskrbel za računalniško implementacijo, ki jo nenehno računalništvo [6] in kasneje tudi učbenik Računalništvo s dopolnjuje in razvija: http://dex.ijs.si. Metoda je bila uporabljena programskim jezikom pascal [7]. Sodelovanje je med drugim v številnih konkretnih odločitvenih situacijah za neposredne potekalo tudi v okviru triletnega projekta na Računalniškem naročnike [13], [14], [15], [16]. Leta 1990 sva prejela Nagrado centru za programirano učenje, Fakultete za naravoslovje in sklada Borisa Kidriča za pomembne dosežke na področju tehnologijo, ki je bil zaključen leta 1980. [8] računalniško podprtega odločanja z uporabo metod umetne inteligence. Jeseni leta 1973 sem odšel k vojakom. Med stažiranjem sem programiral na Tehnični akademiji v Zagrebu. Dne 8.7.1976 je Z našo metodo večparametrskega odločanja skupaj s programsko potekal na IJS ustanovni občni zbor Slovenskega društva rešitvijo smo skušali prodreti tudi v tujino. Ni bilo posebnega INFORMATIKA (SDI). Bilo je 25 udeležencev iz različnih uspeha. Eden od odgovorov na našo ponudbo je bil tudi: »Zadeva akademskih in gospodarskih okolij. Sledila je uradna registracija je dobra in uporabna, ampak, ko bi avtorji prihajali vsaj iz južne na sodišču, kjer je bilo potrebno prispevati svoje podpise. Italije, ne pa iz Jugoslavije«. Prof. dr. Tomaž Kalin je metodo Predsednik je postal prof. dr. Železnikar. Temu dejanju lahko priporočil tudi British Telecomu. S kolegom Bohancem sva pripišemo osamosvojitveni značaj, glede na Jugoslovansko odšla v London na dvodnevno predstavitev. Za tem so nam društvo informatika. sporočili, da je zadeva zanimiva, vendar za njihovo rabo nekaj let pred časom. S področja obravnavanja podatkov je SDI organiziralo na Bledu vsakoletne jugoslovanske mednarodne simpozije v sodelovanju z IJS in FE. To je bil prostor za srečevanje s kolegi iz ostalih 4 ZAPOSLITEV NA FAKULTETI ZA delov Jugoslavije in povabljenimi tujimi strokovnjaki. Simpozije ORGANIZACIJSKE VEDE UNIVERZE V so spremljali tudi zborniki prispevkov. [9] MARIBORU Leta 1980 sem se zaposlil na tedanji Visoki šoli za organizacijske Januarja 1978 sem odšel za pol leta na strokovno izpopolnjevanje vede v Kranju, sedaj Fakulteti za organizacijske vede (FOV), na Univerzo v Durhamu v Angliji. Poleg štipendije Velike Univerza v Mariboru, kot predavatelj računalniških predmetov: Britanije sta k temu pomembno prispevala tudi Republiška programiranje, baze podatkov in računalniške komunikacije. V raziskovalna skupnost in IJS pa tudi moja družina. Moje delo je dopolnilnem delovnem razmerju sem ostal na IJS, kjer sem tudi bilo osredotočeno na razvoj in implementacijo večparametrskega več let urejal letno poročilo IJS; raziskovalno sem večinoma modela za skupinsko odločanje. Skupaj z gospo Janet Efstathiou, sodeloval z Odsekom za inteligentne sisteme. Predmete s univ. dipl. ing., sva razvila in uspešno preizkusila originalen področja računalništva, informatike in odločanja sem občasno tovrstni model. Originalnost je v predstavitvi in uporabi predaval na Fakulteti za računalništvo in informatiko, odločitvenega znanja, ki omogoča predstavitev s pravili in s tem Ekonomski fakulteti in Fakulteti za šport na UL ter Fakulteti za podajanje spremenljivih uteži odločitvenih parametrov v elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko na UM. Predmet odvisnosti od njihove vrednosti. S tem se izognemo zahtevi po ortogonalnosti parametrov. Razlaga vpliva posameznih 680 odločitvenega modeliranja sem predaval tudi na Univerzi v Amsterdamu. Projekt informacijskega sistema patronažne zdravstvene nege je bil financiran s strani Evropske skupnosti in Ministrstva za V nadaljevanju bom omenil nekatere pomembnejše projekte, pri zdravje. Razvita je bila programska rešitev, ki je vsebovala katerih sem sodeloval. Večina projektov se je nanašala na pomoč sprotno oceno in spremljanje zdravstvenega stanja varovanca oz. pri odločanju in vrednotenju na področjih npr. računalniške družine. Pri tem je ključno vlogo odigrala prof. dr. Olga opreme, projektov, podjetij, tehnologij, lokacij, dodeljevanja Šušteršič. Prevedena je bila tudi mednarodna klasifikacija posojil, športne nadarjenosti otrok, kadrovskega odločanja pa zdravstvene nege – International Clasification for Nursing tudi v zdravstvu. Practice. [24, 25, 26, 27] Z uvedbo t.i. šolskega tolarja v devetdesetih letih je nastal projekt Eden prvih projektov je bilo ocenjevanje prošenj za sprejem Računalniško opismenjevanje (RO), ki je bil zaupan Zavodu za otrok v vrtce. Kot član sveta staršev vrtca sem bil soočen s šolstvo RS. Ta je organiziral razvojno raziskovalna jedra na štirih problemom, kako izmed sto in več prošenj za sprejem v vrtec fakultetah v Sloveniji za spremljanje in razvoj informatizacije izbrati le nekaj deset otrok za zasedbo prostih mest. V komisiji, šol. V Laboratoriju za odločitvene procese in ekspertne sisteme ki ji je bil zaupan izbor, so bili pediater, patronažna medicinska na FOV je bila razvita šolska inačica ekspertnega sistema za sestra, socialni delavec, predstavniki staršev in zaposlenih. pomoč pri odločanju DEXi z ustreznim priročnikom [28]. V tem Ocenjevanje prošenj je potekalo z branjem prošenj in navajanjem času je nastal tudi priročnik za Tehnologije znanja, ki je bil argumentov. Po obravnavi nekaj prošenj je stvar postala namenjen učiteljem [29]. nekonsistentna, izbor pa bolj ali manj kaotičen. V sodelovanju s komisijo smo razvili večparametrski model za rangiranje V okviru projekta RO je nastal tudi sistem TALENT. Na pobudo prošenj. Predvsem zaradi transparentnosti ocenjevanja je bil prof. dr. Jožeta Šturma s Fakultete za šport (FŠ) je bil nadgrajen model dobro sprejet tako s strani staršev, kot tudi zaposlenih v športno-vzgojni karton tako, da je bilo poleg splošne nadarjenosti vrtcu. Omogočena je bila razlaga, zakaj je nek otrok sprejet v otrok možno ugotavljati tudi nadarjenost za 23 športnih panog. vrtec, drugi pa ne. [17] Rešitev je vsebinsko slonela na izsledkih športne znanosti, ki so jih posredovali kolegi s FŠ. Program so uporabljali profesorji Precej modelov vrednotenja in ocenjevanja je bilo razvitih za športa na šolah za svetovanje otrokom in staršem, kateri šport je kadrovsko področje, npr. za podjetja Iskra, Yulon, Famos zanje verjetno najprimernejši. Ni šlo za selekcijo le vrhunskih Sarajevo. V slednjem je bil naš kompetenčni model uporabljen bodočih športnikov, ampak za priporočila tudi manj športno na več kot 6000 zaposlenih. [18] nadarjenim otrokom, v katerih športih bodo lažje našli sebe in s tem obogatili svoje življenje in delo. [30, 31] S programom TALENT smo se prijavili tudi na razpis vlade Velike Britanije Sodelovanje s Stanovanjskim skladom Republike Slovenije se je za usmerjanje otrok v športe. Prijava je potekala preko podjetja pričelo na pobudo Zveze potrošnikov, ki jo je vodila gospa Breda Oxford Computer Consultant. Žal smo v mednarodni konkurenci Kutin, univ. dipl. oec. Potrebno je bilo oceniti prošnje za pomoč dosegli najbolj nehvaležno mesto - bili smo drugo uvrščeni. pri vračilu stanovanjskih kreditov komercialnih bank. Zmagala je ponudba iz Avstralije. Sodelovanje se je nadaljevalo z ocenjevanjem prijav v okviru različnih razpisov sklada. Posebnost tega sodelovanja je Metoda DEX je bila in se uporabljana v številnih projektih doma predstavljal razvoj modelov ob upoštevanju različnih interesov in na tujem, tudi brez sodelovanja prof. dr. Marka Bohanca in deležnikov in ocenjevanje na tisoče prošenj [19, 20]. mene. Posebej lahko izpostavim področje kmetijstva [32, 33, 34]. V okviru sodelovanja s Fakulteto za računalništvo in informatiko velja omeniti sodelovanje v nekaterih projektih informatizacije, 5 ZAKLJUČEK ki jih je za potrebe javne in državne uprave vodil prof. dr. Marjan Po upokojitvi leta 2010 sem se vpisal v razvid zasebnih Krisper. Sodelovali smo predvsem v segmentih vrednotenja in visokošolskih učiteljev pri Ministrstvu za visoko šolstvo, znanost ocenjevanja. V tem kontekstu je potekalo tudi sodelovanje s in tehnologijo RS. Na podiplomskem študiju nekaterih javnih in kolegi iz Razvojnega centa Celje. Ti so uporabljali metodo zasebnih institucij predavam predmete managementa analize portfelja F. F. Neubauerja [21]. Pri tej metodi jih je informacijskih in odločitvenih procesov ter poslovne inteligence. motilo, da le s težavo razložijo, od kod izvirajo pridobljeni Poseben poudarek dajem izdelavi seminarskih nalog pri številski rezultati. Skupaj smo dopolnili metodo z našim predmetih ob uporabi razpoložljivih orodij, kot so npr. DEX, pristopom ekspertnih sistemov, kjer je bilo ocenitveno znanje Orange in druga. predstavljeno s pravili. [22] Leta 2018 je izšla knjiga Slovenija na poti digitalne preobrazbe. Na področju uporabe odločitvenih modelov v zdravstvu je Avtorji te knjige smo peterica upokojenih profesorjev s petih pomembno prispevala raziskovalna skupina, ki jo je vodil prof. slovenskih fakultet. Knjiga je izšla pri Založbi UL FRI. dr. Miroljub Kljajič in je povezovala FOV in Fakulteto za Brezplačno je dosegljiva spletna verzija te knjige. [35] zdravstvene vede UL. Razvili smo modele za oceno rizičnosti za obolenja rakov dojke, prostate in kože. Timi so bili Ob podelitvi naziva zaslužni profesor na Univerzi v Mariboru so interdisciplinarni. V njih so poleg zdravnikov sodelovali me presenetili s povabilom na oder, da spregovorim nekaj besed. medicinske sestre, radiološki inženirji in odločitveni analitiki kot Dejal sem, da sem vse življenje hodil v službo z veseljem, za kar sva midva s kolegom prof. dr. Bohancem. [23] se zahvaljujem kolegom, študentom in družini. 681 VIRI [29] Krapež, A., Rajkovič, V.: Tehnologije znanja pri predmetu informatika : vodnik za izpeljavo sklopa tehnologije znanja. Zavod Republike Slovenije [1] Leskovar S., Bratko I., Lajovic I, Rajkovič V.: Computerised synthesis of za šolstvo, 2003. finite automata, 6. Jug. Symp. o obravnavi podatkov, Bled 1970. [30] Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M., Leskošek, B., Šturm, J.: A knowledge -based [2] Rajkovič V.: Postopki za prevajanje kontekstno svobodnih jezikov v advising system for choosing sports, IFIP transactions: Decision support zbirne jezike, Diplomsko delo, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, Ljubljana systems, North-Holland, 168-179, 1993. 1970. [31] TALENT: ekspertni sistem za usmerjanje otrok in mladine v športne [3] Železnikar A.P., Rajkovič V.: Problemi semantike, sintakse in panoge: uporabniški priročnik, uredili: Bohanec, M., Kapus, V., Leskošek, obravnavanje tekstov, IJS Poročilo P-277, Tehnično poročilo, 1972. B., Rajkovič, V., Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport in Zavod RS za šolstvo, [4] Bratko, I., Lajovic, I, Rajkovič, V.: 50 let od uvedbe predmeta 1997. računalništvo v srednje šole: poskusni pouk in učbenik, Uporabna [32] Pelzer, E., Fortino, G., Bockstaller, C., Angevin, F., Lamine, C., Moonen, informatika, letnik XXXI, št. 1, 51-55, 2023. C., Vasileiadis, V., Guérin, D., Guichard, L., Reau, R., Messéan, A.: [5] Rajkovič V.: Modeliranje informacijskih sistemov v okviru teorije Assessing innovative cropping systems with DEXiPM, a qualitative multi- avtomatov, Magistrsko delo, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, Ljubljana, 1975. criteria assessment tool derived from DEXi. Ecol. Ind. 18, 171–182 (2012) [6] Bratko I., Rajkovič V.: Uvod v računalništvo, Državna založba Slovenije, [33] Craheix, D., Angevin, F., Doré, T., de Tourdonnet, S.: Using a 1974. multicriteria assessment model to evaluate the sustainability of [7] Bratko I., Rajkovič V.: Računalništvo s programskim jezikom pascal, conservation agriculture at the cropping system level in France. Eur. J. Državna založba Slovenije, 1984. Agron. 767, 75–86 (2016) [8] Rajkovič V. (nosilec projekta) s sodelavci: Pouk računalništva v [34] Puccinelli, M.; Fierro-Sañudo, J.F.; Bibbiani, C.; Fronte, B.; Maibam, C.; usmerjenem izobraževanju, Zaključno poročilo 3 letnega projekta, Dubois, T.; Pardossi, A.; Incrocci, L.; Rossi, L. Multi-Criteria DEXi Fakulteta za naravoslovje in tehnologijo, RCPU, UL, Ljubljana 1980. Analysis for the Selection of Crop Species for Saltwater Aquaponics. [9] Špegel M. (uredil): Zbornik del Informatica 77, Bled, XII. Jugoslovanski Horticulturae 2022, 8, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080703 mednarodni simpozij o obravnavanju podatkov, Slovensko društvo [35] Bavec, C., Kovačič, A., Krisper, M., Rajkovič, V., Vintar, M.: Slovenija INFORMATIKA, Ljubljana, 1977. na poti digitalne preobrazbe, Založba UL FRI, Ljubljana, 2018, [10] Efstathiou, J., Rajkovič, V.: Multiattribute decision making using a fuzzy http://zalozba.fri.uni-lj.si/bavec2019.pdf heuristic approach, IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-9, 326-333, 1979. [11] Rajkovič, V.: Development of an information system in a self- management environment, Proc. of the IFIP TC8.2 WC on The information systems Environment, 123-127, North-Holland, 1979. [12] Rajkovič V.: Večparametrski odločitveni postopek, ki temelji na metodah kibernetike in umetne inteligence, Disertacija, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, Ljubljana, 1987. [13] Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V., DEX: An expert system shell for decision support, SISTEMICA, Vol. 1, Nr. 1., 145-157, 1990. [14] Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M., Batagelj, V.: Knowledge engineering techniques for utility identification, Noth-Holland, Acta Psychologica 68, 271-286, 1988. [15] Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V.: Multi-attribute decision modeling : industrial applications of DEX. Informatica: An international journal of computing and informatics, vol. 23, no. 4, 1999. [16] Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V., Bratko, I., Zupan, B., Žnidaršič, M. : DEX methodology: Thirty three years of qualitative multi-attribute modeling. Zbornik 15. mednarodne multikonference Informacijska družba - IS 2012, Ljubljana, 2012 [17] Olave, M., Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M.: An application for admission in public school systems, in Expert systems in public administration (eds. Snellen, I.Th.M., van de Donk, W.B.H.J., Baquiast, J.-P.), 145-160, Elsevier, 1989. [18] Černivec, Ž. Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M., Skuber, B., Računarski kadrovsko-obrazovni sistem i odlučivanje o razvojnom putu kadrova, Andragogija 34, št. 10-12, 331-348, 1988. [19] Rajkovič, V., Becele, M., Bohanec, M., Cestnik, B., Fajdiga, N., Kutin, B.: Sistem oblikovanja prioritet upravičencev za dodelitev posojil, ki temelji na povezovanju baze podatkov in baze znanja, Zveza ekonomistov Slovenije, 6. posvetovanje sekcije za razvoj informacijskih sistemov, Grimšče-Bled, 1993. [20] Bohanec, M., Cestnik, B., Rajkovič, V.: Qualitative multi-attribute modeling and its application housing. Revue des systèmes de décision, vol. 10, 175-193, 2001. [21] Neubaer, F. F.: Upravljanje s portfeljem: Potencialni dobiček – teorija in praksa, Gospodarski vestnik, 1988. [22] Sagadin T., Bukvič, V., Krisper, M., Rajkovič, V.: Ekspertni sistem za vrednotenje proizvodnih programov s portfolio analizo, Slovenska ekonomska revija, letnik 42, št. 5, 363-375, 1991. [23] Bohanec, M., Zupan, B., Rajkovič, V.: Applications of qualitative multi- attribute decision models in health care. International journal of medical informatics, vol. 58-59, 191-205, 2000. [24] Rajkovič, V., Šušteršič, O. (uredila): Informacijski sistem patronažne zdravstvene nege, Moderna organizacija FOV, 2000. [25] Šušteršič, O., Rajkovič, V., Leskovar, R., Bitenc, I., Bernik, M., Rajkovič, U.: An information system for community nursing. Public health nursing, vol. 19, no. 3, 184-190, 2002. [26] Šušteršič, O., Šlajmer-Japelj, M., Cibic, D., Rajkovič, V. (prevod pripravili in uredili): Mednarodna klasifikacija prakse zdravstvene nege – ICNP Alfa verzija, Moderna organizacija FOV, 1998. [27] Šušteršič, O., Rajkovič, U., Dinevski, D., Jereb, E., Rajkovič, V.: Evaluating patients' health using a hierarchical multi-attribute decision model. Journal of international medical research, vol. 37, no. 5, 1646- 1654, 2009. [28] Jereb, E., Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V.: Dexi : računalniški program za večparametrsko odločanje : uporabniški priročnik. Kranj: Moderna organizacija, 2003. 682 Dosežki kandidata, prof. dr. Boruta Žalika Achievements of the Candidate prof. dr. Borut Žalik Borut Žalik† Univerza v Mariboru Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Maribor, Slovenija borut.zalik@um.si POVZETEK Simulations, Computer-Aided Geometric Design, Computational Geometry, Virtual Reality, Multimedia. Red. prof. dr. Borut Žalik je vodilni akademik in raziskovalec na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Univerze v Mariboru (UM FERI). Ustanovil je Laboratorij za 1 UVOD geoprostorsko modeliranje, multimedijo in umetno inteligenco Red. prof. dr. Borut Žalik je ustanovitelj in vodja Laboratorij za (GeMMA) in je aktiven član Evropske Akademije Znanosti in geoprostorsko modeliranje, multimedijo in umetno inteligenco Umetnosti. Pod njegovim vodstvom je UM FERI doživela (GeMMA) na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in izjemen razvoj, postala ena izmed vodilnih fakultet na univerzi. informatiko univerze v Mariboru (UM FERI) ter član Evropske S svojo predanostjo raziskovalnemu delu je pridobil in uspešno Akademije Znanosti in Umetnosti. Kot prodekan za izpeljal številne projekte, objavil bogato bibliografijo in bil raziskovalno dejavnost med leti 2003 in 2011 in dekan med leti mentor številnim študentom in doktorskim kandidatom. Poleg 2011 in 2019 je s svojim delom izjemo prispeval k razvoju UM tega je aktivno sodeloval v različnih nacionalnih in mednarodnih FERI, ki je v tem obdobju postala najprodornejša fakulteta na odborih ter organizacijah, kot je ACM Slovenija. UM s preko 300 zaposlenimi in več kot 2000 študenti. KLJUČNE BESEDE Laboratorij GeMMA pa se je iz skromnih začetkov in minimalne kadrovske sestave razvil v močno raziskovalno enoto, ki Red. prof. dr. Borut Žalik, Računalniška grafika, računalniška trenutno vključuje več kot 30 članov. Pod vodstvom red. prof. animacija, geometrijsko modeliranje, računalniško modeliranje dr. Boruta Žalika, so člani laboratorija zgolj v zadnjih petih letih in simulacije, računalniško podprto geometrijsko načrtovanje, pridobili in izvedli: računalniška geometrija, navidezna resničnost, multimedia. • ABSTRACT 13 nacionalnih projektov ARRS, • 3 bilateralne projekte ARRS, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Borut Žalik is a leading academic and researcher • 6 projektov Horizon 2020, at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and • 4 projekte Horizon Europe, Informatics at the University of Maribor (UM FERI). He founded • 1 projekt EDF (European Defence Fund), the Laboratory for Geospatial Modelling, Multimedia, and • 2 projekta Interreg, Artificial Intelligence (GeMMA) and is an active member of the • 9 EU podprtih projektov iz področij pametne European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Under his leadership, specializacije in UM FERI has experienced remarkable growth, establishing itself • 15 industrijskih/neproračunskih projektov as one of the leading faculties at the university. With his dedication to research, he has secured and successfully executed v skupnem znesku preko 1,5 M€/leto. Prof. dr. Borut Žalik numerous projects, published an extensive bibliography, and trenutno vodi dva temeljna projekta ARRS, in sicer: mentored many students and doctoral candidates. Additionally, Paradigma stiskanja podatkov z odstranjevanjem obnovljivih he has actively participated in various national and international informacij in Posplošene simetrije in ekvivalence v committees and organizations, such as ACM Slovenia. geometrijskih podatkih in nekaj industrijskih projektov. V letih 2009 do 2023 je bil vodja programske skupine Računalniški KEYWORDS sistemi, metodologije in inteligentne storitve, ki vključuje večino Assoc. Prof. Dr. Borut Žalik, Computer Graphics, Computer članov oddelka za računalništvo na UM FERI (39 Animation, Geometric Modeling, Computer Modeling and raziskovalcev). ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note Navedeno izkazuje tudi izjemen prispevek red. prof. dr. †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Boruta Žalika k razvoju računalništva in informatike v Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or širšem nacionalnem in mednarodnem okolju. Slednjega classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed zaznamuje predvsem njegova predanost prenosu raziskovalnih for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full dosežkov v prakso, z dolgoročno strateško vizijo razvoja in citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). usmeritvijo v nastajajoče tehnološke trende. Rezultat slednjega Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia je več kot 80 izdelanih elaboratov, študij, poročil o rezultatih © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 683 raziskav ter izvedenskih mnenj [1,2,3,4,5]. Red. prof. dr. Borut Žalik prav tako že več kot desetletje bistveno presega najvišje možno število pridobljen točk iz kategorije A3 po vrednotenju ARRS, pri čemer je zgolj iz podkategorije A32 - sredstva po pogodbah z gospodarstvom v zadnjem desetletju redno dobil maksimalnih število točk, to je 10 točk. Leta 2008 je bil red. prof. dr. Borut Žalik na predlog Predsednika vlade Republike Slovenije imenovan tudi za člana Sveta Republike Slovenije za konkurenčnost. V letih 2010-2012 je bil član Upravnega odbora ARRS. Med 2015 in 2016 je bil podpredsednik, nato pa v letih 2017 in 2018 predsednik ACM Slovenija. Bil je pobudnik ustanovitve prve Študentske sekcije ACM v Sloveniji. V letih 2019 do 2020 je bil član nadzornega odbora ACM Slovenija. Leta 2020 je za svoje zasluge pri delu organizacije ACM postal ACM Senior member. Raziskovalno delo prof. dr. Boruta Žalika se osredotoča na geometrijsko modeliranje, obdelavo geoprostorskih podatkov in računalniško multimedijo, predvsem stiskanje podatkov. Iz teh področij je tudi intenzivno objavljal. V njegovi bibliografiji najdemo 159 člankov, objavljenih v znanstvenih revijah, od katerih jih je 51 v kategoriji 1A1, 46 v 1A2, 14 v 1A3 in 18 v 1A4. Google scholar navaja 4250 njegovih citatov s h- indeksom 34, kar ga je prejšnje leto uvrstilo med prvih 2 % najboljših znanstvenikov iz področja računalništva in informatike. Kot avtor ali soavtor je objavil preko 180 člankov na znanstvenih konferencah. Podeljenih mu je bilo 11 patentov, od tega dva ameriška. Je avtor algoritma za konstrukcijo Delunayeve triangulacije s prebirno premico, ki še danes velja za najhitrejšega. Pri tem je še posebej očitno dejstvo, da pedagoško delo prof. dr. Boruta Žalika močno prepleteno z njegovim raziskovalnim delom. Izdal je znanstveno monografijo in štiri univerzitetne učbenike, zadnjega leta 2023. Bil je mentor preko sto študentom tako na prvi kot na drugi stopnji študija. Pod njegovim mentorstvom so trije študentje prejeli Perlachovo nagrado, najvišjo nagrado UM za raziskovalno delo študentov. Bil je mentor 22-tim doktorskim študentov, od katerih je bilo 11 mladih raziskovalcev. VIRI [1] ŽALIK, Borut. A topology construction from line drawings using a uniform plane subdivision technique. Computer Aided Design. [Print ed.]. 1999, vol. 31, no. 5, str. 335-348. ISSN 0010-4485. [COBISS.SI- ID 4708886] [2] ŽALIK, Borut, CLAPWORTHY, Gordon J. A universal trapezoidation algorithm for planar polygons. Computers & Graphics. [Print ed.]. 1999, vol. 32, no. 3, str. 353-363. ISSN 0097-8493. [COBISS.SI-ID 4709398] [3] ŽALIK, Borut, CLAPWORTHY, Gordon, OBLONŠEK, Črtomir. An efficient code-based voxel-traversing algorithm. Computer graphics forum. [Print ed.]. June 1997, vol. 16, no. 2, str. 119-128. ISSN 0167- 7055. [COBISS.SI-ID 3120406] [4] ŽALIK, Borut, GUID, Nikola, CLAPWORTHY, Gordon. Constraint- based object modelling. Journal of engineering design. [Print ed.]. 1996, vol. 7, no. 2, str. 209-232. ISSN 0954-4828. [COBISS.SI-ID 2155542] [5] ŽALIK, Borut, GUID, Nikola, VESEL, Aleksander. Reusability of parametrized geometric objects. Programming and computer software. 19 (1993), 4 ; str. 165-176. ISSN 0361-7688. [COBISS.SI-ID 6405380] 684 Delovanje na področju računalništva Working in the Field of Computer Science Izidor Hafner† Department of mathematics Faculty of electrical engineering Ljubljana, Slovenija izidor.hafner@fe.uni-lj.si POVZETEK na Drugi gimnaziji v Ljubljani. Enako je ponovil še l. 1970/71. Januarja 1970 se je oglasil na Zavodu za šolstvo z namenom, da Delovanje na področju računaništva se nanaša na uvajanje se organizira podoben pouk tudi na drugih gimnazijah. Stvar je računalništva v srednje šole od 1970-1978, poučevanja na bila izpeljana l. 1971 kot celoleten predmet. Imenovan je bil tudi univerziteni stopnji od 1985-1991 in uporabe računalnika za v komisijo za spremljanje pouka računalništva. generiranje nalog iż logike in matematike za različna tekmovanja. Priprave za izvedbo tekmovanja računalništva so se začele l. KLJUČNE BESEDE 1975. Komisijo je vodil Saša Divjak. Pripravljeno je bilo gradivo Računalništvo, izobraževanje, programi z nalogami, nato pa je delo komisije nikoli zastalo. Po vrnitvi z vojaškega roka je Divjak delo predal Hafnerju, ki je kot tajnik ABSTRACT komisije za popularizacijo računalništva pri društvu Informatika Work in computing refers to the introduction of computing in vodil organizacijo prvega republiškega tekmovanja iz high school from 1970-1978, teaching at the university level računalništva za srednje šole. Tajništvo je nato l. 1978 prevzel from 1985-1991 and the use of computers to generate problems Roman Dorn. and logic and mathematics for various competitions. S smernicami o usmerjenem izobraževanju se je pojavila KEYWORDS možnost za izobraževanje poklicev iz računalničke stroke na Computer science, education, programs srednji stopnji. Vključil se je v komisijo za kadre na področju računalništva pri komiteju za družbeno planiranje in proti koncu leta 1977 izdelal (na osnovi že zbranih podatkov) dva predloga 1 EDUCATION profilov za poklice računalniške stroke in kmalu za tem še Izidor Hafner se je po maturi l. 1968 vpisal na študij tehnične predlog predmetnika za to izobraževanje v skladu z navodili za matematike, ki ga je končal l. 1972, magistriral je le l. 1974 in uvajanje usmerjenega izobraževanja. Jeseni 1978 je vodil doktoriral l.1984 s področja računalništva. Njegovo glavno seminar za učitelje računalništva. Leta 1981 je dejansko stekel področje delovanja je bila matematika, posebej matematična pouk na štirih računalniških srednjih šolah. logika, vendar pa je veliko prispeval za uvedbo računalništva, predvsem v srednje šole. Leta 1987 je bil imenovan za predsednika komisije pri Zavodu Takoj po vpisu na univerzo je poslušal tečaj programiranja na za šolstvo za izvajanje dvoletnega projekta „krožki robotike” v Inštitutu Jožef Stefan, ki ga je vodila matematičarka Mira Volk. srednjih šolah. V prvem letu je sodelovalo 10 srednjih šol, pri Po tečaju se je delno zaposlil na inštitutu v skupini za uporabno čemer se je oprema selila z ene šole na drugo. matematiko. Večja naloga s tega časa je bil program za izračun gradbenih elementov za hladilne stolpe termocentral za podjetje Po diplomi l. 1972 se je zaposlil na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko Elektroprojekt. Po teh izračunih je bil narejen hladilni stolp za kot asistent za matematiko, nato pa od l. 1985 kot docent za TEŠ 4. računalništvo in matematiko. V letih od 1985-1991 je predaval Leta 1968 je bilo programiranje še vedno domena visoko predmet Programiranje I in matematiko, pozneje pa samo izobraženih strokovnjakov, sam pa je kmalu ugotovil, da tak matematične predmete. V tem času je organiziral tudi poletno posel ne zahteva nobenih "bazičnih znanj", temveč predvsem šole IBM za najboljše študente računalništva. Dve leti je predaval logično mišljenje. Zato je v prvem polletju šolskega leta1969/70 tudi osnove računalništva za študente Pedagoške fakultete. Na organiziral in vodil pouk računalništva v okviru praktičnih znanj tretji stopnji je bil nosilec izbirnega predmeta logika. Bil je ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note mentor trem študentom tretje stopnje. †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Programe je pisal v fortranu, basicu, pascalu in prologu. Zaradi Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed zadnjega se je še posebej dodatno zanimal za logiko. for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Leta 1982 je predlagal, da bi prevedli nekaj knjig ameriškega Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia profesorja logike R. Smullyana v slovenščino, izšle pa naj bi v © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 685 zbirki Sigma. Odgovorniso odklonili vse predloge. Zato je Zunanji urednik zbirke Z logiko v leto 2000 pri DZS (1986-1992) izdelal podroben program za zbirko Z logiko v leto 2000, ki ga Od l.1990 do l. 2017 tajnik komisije za razvedrilno matematiko je sprejela Državna založba Slovenije in ga določila za zunanjega pri DMFA Slovenije. urednika. Obvezal pa se je, da bo knjige populariziral preko Urednik zbirke Univerza za 21. stoletje (1991-2000) Ustanovitelj tekmovanja iz logike. Prvo tekmovanje je bilo l. 1986, danes pa in glavni urednik revije Logika in razvedrilna matematika (1991- na šolskih tekmovanjih sodeluje okoli 30000 učencev. Leta 1991 2023) je DZS zbirko ukinila, Hafner pa je delo nadaljeval z zbirko „Univerza za 21. stoletje”. Zato je l. 1991 ustanovil založniško VIRI podjetje Logika d.o.o. ter revijo Logika in razvedrilna [1] Dokumenti v zvezi z uvajanjem računalništva in robotike v srednje šole matematika. (1971- 1988), http://vladowiki.fmf.uni-lj.si/doku.php?id=spomin:rac:hafner (22.5.2023) Leta 1997 je izdelal program za sestavljanje logičnih nalog t.i. https://sites.google.com/site/prvotekmovanjeizracunalnistva/home tabelarične oblike. Program je nato razširil tako, da omogoča tudi (22.5.2023) [2] Batagelj, Dolenc, Martinec, Mohar, Reinhart, Tvrdy, Vitek, Enajsta šola reševanje in dokazovanje. Po zgledu programa „svet Tarskega” računalništva, DMFA, Ljubljana 1988. je izdelal test za ocenjevanje znanja osnov logike, ki sta ga nato [3] HAFNER, Izidor, ŽITKO, Tomislav. Competitions in knowledge via world wide web as a way of teaching and learning science. V: DIVJAK, s T. Žitkom realizirala kot šolska, državna in mednarodno Saša (ur.). HSci 2004 : Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on tekmovanje v matematični logiki prek medmrežja. Stavki se Hands on Science "Teaching and learning in the XXI Century", 5th-9th July 2004, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za računalništvo in generirajo v simbolnem jeziku in izračunajo v modelu. Nato se informatiko, 2004. Str. 215-219, ilustr. ISBN 961-6209-45-0. prevedejo v slovenski ali angleški jezik (lahko bi se v katerikoli [COBISS.SI- ID 13632089], jezik). Ko izberemo svet, se na zaslonu prikaže slučajno en http://www.ijhsci.info/hsci2004/PROCEEDINGS/FinalPapers/E00- 503886605.pdf (22.5.2023) stavek. Treba je ugotoviti njegovo resničnostno vrednost. Logiki [4] https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/author.html?author=Izidor+Hafner je sledilo še spletno tekmovanje iz prostorske predstavljivosti. (22.5.2023) [5] http://logika.si/subpages/sklop_logika/index.html Spletna tekmovanja so se izvajala od 1999 do l. 2016, potem pa [6] http://logika.si/revija/index.htm niso več dobila subvencije. Po letu 1997 je programiral le še v sistemu mathematica, predvsem za potrebe pri predavanjih iz matematike in tekmovanj iz logike in razvedrilna matematike. Ko se je pojavila možnost s projektom Wolfram Demonstration okoli l. 2010, da se lahko programi v mathematici izvajajo z programom „CDF Player” je do 2023 izdelal več kot 1300 t.i. demonstracij, ki so prosto dostopne na strani podjetja Wolfram. Hafner deluje tudi v skupini, ki preverja nove verzije programa mathematica. V dobrih 10 letih si je Hafnerjeve demostracije ogledalo skoraj 4 milijonov, naložilo pa je izvorno kodo okoli 100000 obiskovalcev [4]. 2 PRIZNANJA Leta 1990 dobi priznanje DMFA Slovenije za delo z mladimi. Leta 2000 je za uvajanje računalništva in logike v srednjem izobraževanju prejel častni znak svobode Republike Slovenije. Častni znak ZOTKS dobi l. 2004. Prometej znanosti za odličnost v komunicirnju za l. 2007. Leta 2009 je za uvajanje računalništva in logike v srednjem izobraževanju prejel nagrado Republike Slovenije za področje izobraževanja. L. 2021 je prejel naziv pionir računalniškega izobraževanja v srednjih šolah. 3 ČLANSTVO V ORGANIZACIJAH Član komisije za uvajanje računalništva v srednjih šolah (1971) Od 1976 do 1977 je bil tajnik komisije za popularizacijo računalništva pri društvu Informatika. Od 1986 do 2001 je predsednik komisije za logiko pri ZOTKS. Predsednik komisije projekta krožkov robotike v srednjih šolah pri Zavodu za šolstvo (1987-88). 686 Dosežki kandidata zasl. prof. dr. Ceneta Bavec Achievements of the Candidate Emeritus prof. dr. Cene Bavec Cene Bavec† Ljubljana, Slovenija cene.bavec@guest.arnes.si POVZETEK 1 UVOD Zasl. prof. dr. Cene Bavec je začel svojo profesionalno pot leta 1.1 Nekaj osebnih podatkov 1972, ko je informacijska tehnologija začela spreminjati naša Rojen je bil leta 1946 v Ljubljani. življenja. Spremembe so prihajale v valovih, od katerih je vsak prinašal nove izzive. Zato je tudi on v bistvu živel tri zelo različna Izobrazba profesionalna življenja V prvem obdobju je večinoma Diploma iz tehnične fizike na Fakulteti za naravoslovje in programiral in operativno vodil izrazito tehnološke projekte, tehnologijo predvsem kot IBM sistemski inženir. V drugem obdobju, ki ga je Magisterij iz operacijskih raziskovanj na Ekonomski fakulteti začel kot namestnik direktorja republiške statistike in končal kot Doktorat iz informacijsko-upravljalskih znanosti na Ekonomski državni sekretar za tehnologijo, se je ukvarjal s strateškimi vidiki fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani informatizacije. V to je vključeno njegovo večletno delo za Evropsko komisijo in Bangemannov forum za informacijsko Redne zaposlitve družbo. V tretjem obdobju pa se je umiril kot univerzitetni 1972–1975: Intertrade IBM (sistemski inženir) predavatelj v Sloveniji in tujini. 1975–1978: Inštitut Jožef Stefan (svetovalec za računalništvo) KLJUČNE BESEDE 1978–1980: Višja upravna šola Univerze v Ljubljani 1980-1982: Republiški center za DSI in informatiko (v.d. Informacijska tehnologija, strokovne aktivnosti, državna uprava, direktorja) Evropska komisija 1982-1986: Zavod RS za statistiko (namestnik direktorja) 1986-1991: RS za pravosodje in upravo (svetovalec Izvršnega ABSTRACT sveta RS) Emeritus Professor Dr. Cene Bavec began his professional 1991-1992: Višja upravna šola Univerze v Ljubljani journey in 1972 when information technology started to 1992-2000: Ministrstvo za znanost in tehnologijo (od leta 1998 transform our lives. Changes came in waves, each bringing new do 2000 kot državni sekretar za tehnologijo) challenges. Consequently, he essentially lived three very 2001-2012: Univerza na Primorskem different professional lives. In the first period, he mostly programmed and operationally led technological projects, Priznanja primarily as an IBM systems engineer. In the second period, Poleg vrste akademskih je leta 2006 prejel tudi slovensko Donald which he began as the deputy director of national statistics and Michie and Alan Turing priznanje za življenjsko delo. ended as the state secretary for technology, he dealt with the strategic aspects of informatization. This included his years of work for the European Commission and the Bangemann Forum 2 STROKOVNE AKTIVNOSTI V SLOVENIJI for the Information Society. In the third period, he settled down as a university lecturer in Slovenia and abroad. 2.1 Programiranje in vodenje projektov Še v študentskih letih je leta 1969 opravil izpit iz programiranja KEYWORDS na računalniku Zuse Z-23 pod vodstvom prof. dr. Egona Information Technology, professional activities, state Zakrajška. Zaposlil se je leta 1972 na Intertradeu IBM, ki je government, European Commision takrat še pokrival celotno Vzhodno Evropo. Najprej je kot IBM sistemski inženir in kasneje kot samostojni svetovalec za ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note računalništvo razvijal programsko opremo in vodil projekte večinoma za posamezne državne organe, kot je, na primer, Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or programska oprema za prvo vzpostavitev centralnega registra classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full prebivalstva in prvo podeljevanje matičnih številk. Nekaj časa je citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must bil tudi vodja programerjev na Intertradu IBM in inštruktor v be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia IBM šoli v Radovljici. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 687 Kot zanimivost omenimo, da je povsem samostojno razvil in vodstvenega odbora tega foruma, v katerem je zastopal vseh programiral sistem za obdelavo besedil na računalniku deset bodočih članic EU. Sodeloval je tudi pri pripravi takrat IBM1130, ki je v veliki meri upošteval slovensko slovnico, kar izjemno odmevnega Bangemannovega poročila o evropskem je bil takrat zelo inovativen pristop. Ker osebni računalniki s prehodu v informacijsko družbo. Omeniti kaže tudi njegovo komercialnimi programi še niso bili dostopni, je bil to način za sodelovanje v projektu »G7 - Globalni trg za mala in srednja centralno vodenje vladnih in ministrskih gradiv. Kasneje se je, podjetja« (pod vodstvom Kanade). seveda, celoten sistem z uporabo osebnih računalnikov decentraliziral. Izrazito strokovne narave pa je bilo njegovo sodelovanje in vodenje evropskih delovnih skupin povezanih z državami 2.2 Delo na strateških projektih Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope, ki so se pripravljale za članstvo v Leta 1980 je postal namestnik direktorja Republiškega centra za EU. Kot sopredsednik delovne skupine, ki jo je imenovala družbeni sistem informiranja, ki je pripravljal prve uradne Evropska komisija, je vodil projekt »Pot v informacijsko družbo zametke nacionalnega in vladnega koncepta informatizacije. Ker držav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope« ter pripravo zaključnega je bil tudi nacionalni koordinator sodelovanja med OECD in poročila predstavljenega na »Panelu o uvajanju informacijske Jugoslavijo na področju javne uprave pa je uspešno prenašal družbe v države Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope«. Gradivo je postalo izkušnje zahodnih držav v slovensko okolje. Kot namestnik uradna dokument Evropske komisije. direktorja Zavoda RS za statistiko je bil v glavnem zadolžen za informatizacijo statističnih raziskav ter organizacijske in Strokovno posebej zanimivo pa je bilo njegovo članstvo v tehnične vidike delovanja takrat izjemno močnega centralnega redakcijski skupini za pripravo ministrske Bonnske deklaracije, računalnika na statističnem uradu. ki je opredelila načela za uporabo informacijskih omrežij in smernice za globalno informacijsko povezovanje Evrope. Leta je 1986 pripravil prve smernice za slovensko vlado o informatizaciji centralnih registrov prebivalstva, prostora in Po letu 1993 je imel preko trideset vabljenih predavanj na organizacij. Kot podpredsednik (predsednik je bil podpredsednik strokovnih konferencah in delovnih srečanjih v organizaciji vlade prof. dr. Boris Frlec) in kasneje kot predsednik vladne Evropske komisije in slovenskih ministrstev (ta predavanja komisije za informatizacijo je pripravil organizacijski in praviloma niso bila objavljena v zbornikih). tehnološki koncept pozneje ustanovljenega Centra Vlade za informatiko, vključno s celotnim postopkom izbora in nakupa 3.2 Sodelovanja v evropskih projektih centralnega računalnika državnih organov. 1986-1991: koordinator sodelovanja med OECD in Jugoslavijo na področju informatike v javni upravi Po letu 1986 se je njegova strokovna dejavnost usmerila predvsem v strateške vidike informatizacije družbe kot celote. 1994–1999: predstavnik vseh kandidatk za vstop v EU v G7 Do osamosvojitve Slovenije je delal kot svetovalec Izvršnega projektu o informacijski družbi "Globalni trg za mala in srednja sveta RS za informatiko. Bil je tudi član zveznega podjetja". (jugoslovanskega) sveta za družbeni sistem informiranja. Ob razpadanju zvezne države je bila njegova osrednja naloga, da 1996: Sopredsednik delovne skupine za pripravo EU-CEEC prepreči razsutje temeljnih slovenskih državnih evidenc in da akcijskega programa: »Towards the Information Society in the ohrani njihovo samostojnost in operativnost, kar je po Central and Eastern European countries« (projekt Evropske osamosvojitvi bistveno olajšalo vzpostavitev učinkovite komisije) slovenske državne in lokalne uprave. 1996: Sopredsednik delovne skupine za pripravo poročila »The Od leta 1992 do 2000 je bil zaposlen na Ministrstvu za znanost Path to the Information Society in the Central and Eastern in tehnologijo, zadnja leta kot državni sekretar za tehnologijo. European Countries: The Role of Research & Development and Čeprav so njegove takratne naloge presegale področje Experimentation« (projekt Evropske komisije) informatike, saj je formalno pokrival celoten tehnološki razvoj, je bila informacijska tehnologija še vedno v centru njegovega 1997: Predsednik delovne skupine »EU-CEEC Panel on the strokovnega dela. V letih 1992 in 1993je bil tudi predsednik Implementation of the Information Society Action Plan« (projekt upravnih odborov IZUM-a in ARNES-a. V času pogajanj za Evropske komisije) vstop v EU pa je bil namestnik dveh vodij delovnih skupin, ki so delale na pogajalskih poglavjih poveznih z informacijsko 1997: član redakcijske skupine, ki je pripravila ministrsko tehnologijo (tehnologija in varovanje osebnih podatkov). Bonnsko deklaracijo o globalnih informacijskih mrežah, ki so jo sprejele vse članice EU 3 STROKOVNE AKTIVNOSTI V TUJINI 1998–1999: član skupnega odbora visokih predstavnikov kandidatk za vstop v EU za informacijsko družbo (Joint High 3.1 Projekti Evropske unije Level Information Society Committee) Ker je postalo njegovo strokovno delo vidno tudi v mednarodnem okolju, je leta 1997 postal član Evropskega 1997–2001: član Izvršilnega odbora Evropskega foruma za (Bangemannovega) foruma o informacijski družbi in član ožjega informacijsko družbo (kot predstavnik desetih kandidatk za EU) 688 4 AKADEMSKO DELO 4.1 Akademske aktivnosti v Sloveniji Leta 2001 se je zaposlil na Univerzi na Primorskem, kjer je delal do upokojitve. V razmeroma kratki univerzitetni karieri je bil predavatelj na vseh študijskih ravneh s področij teorije organizacije in managementa informacijskih tehnologij. Večino predavanj je imel na Fakulteti za management ter na Fakulteti za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije Univerze na Primorskem. Precej je predaval tudi na tujih univerzah. V tem času objavil 61 izvirnih znanstvenih člankov in znanstvenih prispevkov na konferencah ter več monografij. Uspešen je bil tudi kot pedagog, saj je dobil vrsto priznanj za najboljšega učitelja na diplomskih in doktorskih smereh ter za prispevke k razvoju fakultete. Leta 2014 je postal tudi zaslužni profesor Univerze na Primorskem. Članstvo v akademskih in upravnih organih 2001-2003: član Vladne delovne skupine za ustanovitev univerze na Primorskem 2000-2002: dekan Visoke šole za management Koper 2000-2004: član Sveta za tehnologijo pri Ministrstvu za gospodarstvo 2001-2003: član Senata Fakultete za management Koper 2003-2010: član Senata Univerze na Primorskem 2008-2018: član Izvršilnega odbora Slovenske akademije za management 4.2 Nosilec predmetov na tujih univerzah Poleg rednih predavanj na slovenskih univerzah je imel kot nosilec predmetov preko 200 ur predavanj tudi na New York State University Plattsburgh v ZDA (dodiplomski in podiplomski program) in več let na Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences na Finskem (mednarodna dodiplomska šola). ZAHVALA Čeprav tega prispevka verjetno ne bodo brali, se avtor vseeno zahvaljuje vsem bivšim sodelavkam in sodelavcem v preteklih letih za uspešno in pogosto težko sodelovanje. To je bilo obdobje, ki je bilo samo po sebi legendarno in precej utrgano, zato so tudi oni del te legende. VIRI [1] https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cene_Bavec [2] https://www2.arnes.si/~bavec/index.htm 689 55 let dela z informacijsko tehnologijo 55 Years of Work with Information Technology Jože Gričar† Univerza v Mariboru joze.gricar@um.si POVZETEK of the most renowned. He has collaborated with numerous universities worldwide, particularly highlighting his Prof. dr. Jože Gričar [1] je priznan strokovnjak na področju collaboration with Prof. Milton A. Jenkins from the University informacijskih sistemov in je zaslužni profesor Univerze v of Baltimore. He was also the initiator of e-regions and the Mariboru. Njegovo izobraževalno pot je začel na Ekonomski establishment of the cross-border ALADIN network and the fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani. Ima bogato pedagoško kariero, saj European Network of Living Labs. After retirement, he remains je predaval na Fakulteti za organizacijske vede v Mariboru ter an active member of the Council for the Third Age at the drugih fakultetah v Sloveniji in tujini. S številnimi objavami je Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and coordinates e- postal prepoznaven v Sloveniji in tujini kot pionir elektronskega services for seniors. Due to his contributions in the field of poslovanja. Organiziral je številne mednarodne konference, med informatics and computing, especially in research, development, najbolj znanimi je Blejska e-konferenca. Sodeloval je s and pedagogical work, he is nominated for the Golden Honorary številnimi univerzami po svetu, posebej izpostavljena je bila Badge of the Slovenian Association of INFORMATICS. sodelovanje z prof. Miltonom A. Jenkinsom iz Univerze v Baltimoru. Bil je tudi pobudnik e-regij in vzpostavitve KEYWORDS čezmejnega omrežja ALADIN ter Evropskega omrežja živih laboratorijev. Po upokojitvi je aktiven član Sveta za tretje Prof. Dr. Jože Gričar, information systems, Emeritus Professor, življenjsko obdobje pri Statističnemu uradu RS in koordinira e- University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics of the University storitve za seniorje. Zaradi njegovih prispevkov na področju of Ljubljana, electronic business, Bled e-Conference, ALADIN, informatike in računalništva, predvsem v raziskavah, razvoju in e-regions, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, seniors, pedagoškem delu, je predlagan za podelitev Zlatega častnega Central European Seniors 55+ eServices Guide, awards, Golden znaka Slovenskega društva INFORMATIKA. Honorary Badge, Slovenian Association of INFORMATICS. KLJUČNE BESEDE 1 UVOD Prof. dr. Jože Gričar, informacijski sistemi, zaslužni profesor, Z računalnikom sem se prvič srečal v letu 1968 na dvomesečnem Univerza v Mariboru, Univerza v Ljubljani, elektronsko tečaju programiranja računalnikov Siemag (kasneje Philips) Data poslovanje, Blejska e-konferenca, ALADIN, e-regije, Statistični 8000 v simboličnem strojnem jeziku (asemblerju) na sedežu urad RS, seniorji, Central European Seniors 55+ eServices proizvajalca v mestu Eiserfeld v tedanji Zahodni Nemčiji. Guide, priznanja, Zlati častni znak, Slovensko društvo Največja zmogljivost računalnikovega pomnilnika je bila 16K, INFORMATIKA. ki jo je bilo mogoče povezovati z magnetnimi kontnimi karticami ABSTRACT v zmogljivostjo 512 znakov kot zunanjim pomnilnikom. Cena računalnika je bila visoka: 130.000 nemških mark. Podjetje Prof. Dr. Jože Gričar [1] is a recognized expert in the field of Commerce Ljubljana je že nekaj let zastopalo podjetje Siemag za information systems and is an Emeritus Professor at the knjigovodske stroje na jugoslovanskem trgu, področje University of Maribor. He began his educational journey at the računalništva pa je bilo tako za proizvajalca kot za zastopnika Faculty of Economics of the University of Ljubljana. He has had novo. Ko me je direktor podjetja vprašal, ali bi se lotil tega an extensive teaching career, having lectured at the Faculty of področja, sem potrdil, čeprav nisem vedel, kaj vse to pomeni. Do Organizational Sciences in Maribor and other faculties in tedaj sem samo od daleč videl računalnik Zuse Z23 na Inštitutu Slovenia and abroad. With numerous publications, he has za matematiko v Ljubljani, kamor nas je spomladi 1963 peljal become well-known both in Slovenia and internationally as a profesor Alojzij Vadnal v okviru predmeta linearno pioneer in electronic business. He has organized many programiranje. Tedaj nam je rekel: Bil sem eno leto v ZDA in international conferences, with the Bled e-Conference being one spoznal sem, da so računalniki pomembna stvar. To mi je za ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note zmeraj ostalo v spominu. †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or Nekaj let sem bil v podjetju Commerce programer in vodja classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed službe za izdelavo programov ter kasneje vodja službe za for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must obdelavo podatkov. Za mene je bilo nekaj novega, da je mogoče be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). s spreminjanjem programa po vnaprej določenem pravilu Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). (modificiranje) poenostaviti program, da je zasedal manj 690 prostora v pomnilniku ter deloval hitreje z izrabljanjem logike poenotenih listin: naročila in računa. V obeh so bili zajeti vsi programiranja (algoritem) skladno z danimi pogoji, ki jih je bilo podatki, ki smo jih našli, da bi poenotene listine kot model lahko mogoče programirano spreminjati. Odprl se mi je nov svet. ustrezale vsem. Na sestanku predstavnikov organizacij pa predlog ni bil sprejet, ker nobena organizacija ni bila pripravljena Pri delu smo se usmerjali v izdelavo programov, s katerimi je menjati oblike svojih listin. Projekt se je končal s spoznanjem, da bilo mogoče reševati neki problem kupca računalnika. Gradbeno listin ni mogoče poenotiti. Šele leto kasneje smo spoznali, da podjetje Nova Gorica je nakup pogojevalo s programom, ki jim stvar ni v poenotenju papirnih listin, ampak v poenotenju bo rešil probleme izdelave predkalkulacij in mesečni obračun računalniških zapisov podatkov listin. Na primer, naročilo, gradbenih situacij. Ko je bil program uspešno uveden, je to dobavnica, prevzemnica, račun, plačilo, reklamacija. Pogoj za to spodbudilo še šest gradbenih in eno cestno podjetje v Sloveniji, pa je dogovor vseh zainteresiranih o zapisu – dogovor o da so kupili program z računalnikom. Tekstilna tovarna standardu. Ko je možno izmenjati računalniške zapise listin, Novoteks Novo mesto je želela rešitev problema terminiranja papirne listine lahko odpadejo. proizvodnje skladno z naročili kupcev. Ko je program deloval, je računalnik kupila tudi Tekstilna tovarna Svila Maribor. Podjetje V okviru podoktorskega študija sem bil v Oddelku za Commerce Ljubljana je želelo carinsko označevanje (tarifiranje) informacijske sisteme Fakultete za management Univerze v konsignacijskega blaga kot podlage za izdelavo carinske Minnesoti v ZDA v času november-december leta 1985 in deklaracije. Ko je program deloval, sta računalnik kupili tudi avgust-december leta 1987. S pridobljenimi izkušnjami sem zastopniški podjetji Autocommerce in Tehnounion v Ljubljani. razvil predmet Informacijski sistem, ki sem ga dvajset let Za nakup v vrsti trgovskih in proizvodnih podjetij je bilo predaval tudi na podiplomskem študiju Ekonomske fakultete odločilno, ko so videli, kako je mogoče povezati blagovno Univerze v Ljubljani. knjigovodstvo s knjigovodstvom kupcev in sočasnim izdelovanjem računa. Vsak kupec računalnika je napotil vsaj eno V letu 1985 je bila Univerza v Minnesoti ena izmed desetih osebo na 2-tedenski tečaj programiranja na sedežu podjetja univerz v ZDA, ki jih je firma IBM izbrala za podporo Commerce v Ljubljani. Po tečaju je vsaj ena oseba prevzela programom doktorskega študija informacijskih sistemov na vzdrževanje kupljenih programov in razvijanje novih; te osebe univerzah, ker je manjkalo profesorjev za to hitro rastoče so bile kasneje vodje nastajajočih računalniških centrov podjetij. področje. Vsaki univerzi je podarila dva milijona dolarjev: pol v Temeljni spoznanji tistih let sta bili: Programi, ki so narejeni za opremi in pol v denarju. V tem sklopu je bila tudi elektronska rešitev problemov kupcev, prodajajo računalnike. Več kot je bilo pošta, ki se je tedaj imenovala bitnet. V začetku decembra mi je usposobljenih programerjev, boljša je bila promocija prodaje en izmed profesorjev pokazal, kaj je elektronska pošta in kako računalnikov. deluje. Navdušen je bil nad tem, da je na prejeto sporočilo mogoče odgovoriti samo s tipko reply, zadošča celo, da vpiše Po enajstih letih dela v Commercu sem dobil vabilo, da se samo črko r. Dal mi je potrebne podatke za prijavo, iz katerih je pridružim računalniški katedri Fakultete za organizacijske vede bilo razvidno, da je bila možnost uporabe bitneta tudi za Univerze v Mariboru. Začel sem pri predmetih Osnove AOP – Jugoslavijo. Prijavil sem se, dobil elektronski naslov in poslal Avtomatska obdelava podatkov in Analiza in projektiranje sporočilo na edini naslovu v Jugoslaviji, ki sem ga našel – organizacijskih sistemov. V okviru Centra za svetovanje Zveznemu uradu za statistiko v Beogradu. Odgovora kljub fakultete sem veliko sodeloval z vrsto organizacij. Med drugimi večkratnemu pošiljanju nisem nikoli dobil. v projektu Informacijski sistem izvoznega procesa – ISIP štirih podjetij različnih dejavnosti: Iskra Commerce Ljubljana, Krka V januarju 1986 sem na Fakulteti za organizacijske vede v Novo mesto, Gorenje Velenje in Slovenijales Ljubljana. V treh Kranju organiziral sestanek direktorjev računalniških centrov letih smo naredili poenoteno organizacijsko zasnovo, da so treh univerz: Ljubljane, Maribora in Zagreba. Z velikim programerji lahko naredili programe za računalnike Digital VAX navdušenjem sem jim povedal o elektronski pošti in predlagal, in IBM. V programih smo razmejili podatke od postopkov da sprožimo akcijo, da bi jo dobili tudi za naše univerze. Dva od obdelave podatkov; vzpostavili smo bazo podatkov. To je treh direktorjev sta rekla, da je to brez pomena, ker da na njihovi poenostavilo prilagajanje programa spreminjajočim se univerzi tega še nihče ni predlagal. Ker pa je en izmed direktorjev navodilom, katerim je bilo podvrženo izvozno poslovanje. rekel, da se mu stvar zdi zanimiva, smo akcijo vendarle sprožili. Potrdili smo domnevo, da je potrebno gradnjo informacijskega Dolgo je trajalo, da smo elektronsko pošto na univerzo le dobili. sistema nasloniti na procese in ne na organizacijske enote, kar je Po daljšem času nam je nekdo povedal, da imajo na Telekomu bila dotedanja praksa v podjetjih. Na primeru izvoznega procesa Slovenije že vse pripravljeno, da pa generali ne dovolijo, da bi jo smo pokazali, da je smiselno oblikovati poenotene odprli za uporabnike. organizacijske podlage informacijskega sistema nekega procesa več podjetij hkrati ne glede na vrste računalnikov, ki jih v V jesenskem semestru leta 1987 sem bil v skupini desetih podjetjih uporabljajo. doktorskih študentov informacijskih sistemov Univerze v Minnesoti. Bil sem doktorski študent z vsemi obveznostmi 1. S to izkušnjo smo se lotili novega projekta za poenotenje letnika brez možnosti opravljanja izpitov. Kadar ni bilo poslovnih listin, da bi jih lahko izmenjavali računalniško in se obveznosti na fakulteti, sem lahko obiskoval podjetja v mestih izognili prepisovanju podatkov iz prejetih papirnih listin. V Minneapolis in St. Paul. Med drugim sem spraševal, kako projektu so sodelovala podjetja Commerce Ljubljana, Elan rešujejo problem neenotnosti poslovnih listin kupcev in Begunje, Emona Ljubljana, Gorenje Velenje in Merkur Kranj. dobaviteljev. Splošen odgovor v podjetjih in na univerzi je bil, Na podlagi obstoječih listin v podjetjih smo naredili predlog dveh da tako pač je, da se nič ne da narediti in da je treba s tem pač 691 živeti. Nekateri so sicer omenili, da se menda nekaj na tem dela, vključevalo delujoč prototip izmenjavanja podatkov med dvema da pa njihovo podjetje ne sodeluje. Iskal sem v univerzitetni organizacijama, ki so kasneje prešli v delujoče sisteme knjižnici, a ničesar nisem našel. V strokovni reviji sem prebral organizacij. Na primer, e-plačilni nalog (Služba družbenega članek, da nekatera podjetja začenjajo izmenjevati računalniška knjigovodstva), e-carinska deklaracija (Carinska uprava sporočila, da bi se izognili prepisovanju podatkov iz prejetih Republike Slovenije in osem špedicijskih podjetij), e-naročilo in papirnih listin. Nato pa sem v novembru v specializirani poslovni e-dobavnica (Mercator Ljubljana in Kolinska Ljubljana), e-račun knjižnici v St. Paulu izvedel, da so pred kratkim prejeli škatlo (Železniški zdravstveni dom Ljubljana in Zavod za zdravstveno nekih dokumentov, za katere ne vedo, kaj z njimi početi. Vse so zavarovanje), e-prijava avtomobilske nesreče (Prometna policija mi dali na voljo in imel sem kaj videti. To so bili dogovorjeni in Združenje zavarovalstva), e-ladijski tovorni list (Splošna standardi vseh poslovnih listih procesov transportnih in plovba Piran). To so bili razlogi, da je bil Laboratorij za e- trgovskih podjetij v ZDA, ki so nastali v dolgoletnih poslovanje povabljen v prvo skupino Evropskega omrežja živih prizadevanjih Ameriškega inštituta za nacionalne standarde v laboratorijev (The Helsinki Manifesto 20.11.2006). V teh letih New Yorku (American National Standards Institute – ANSI, sem razvil predmet E-poslovanje, ki sem ga deset let predaval Committee ASC X12). Vse dokumente sem lahko kopiral. Takoj tudi na Fakulteti za družbene vede Univerze v Ljubljani. sem jih poslal organizacijam v Sloveniji, s katerimi smo sodelovali v projektu, ki se je ustavil, ker se nič ni dalo narediti. V letih 2001-2010 smo raziskovali čezmejne makro e-regije. V Ti standardi so v naslednjih letih sprožili razvoj standardov tudi Sloveniji smo organizirali številne mednarodne dogodke (Cross- izven ZDA. EDI Council of Canada v Torontu je zaprosil ANSI, border eCollaboration in the eRegion – Panels & Meetings). Na da jim dovoli uporabiti gotove ameriške standarde. Dobili so Bledu je bilo v juniju 2005 vzpostavljeno omrežje univerz v dovoljenje, da jih brezplačno lahko uporabljajo, saj so imela regiji za čezmejno e-sodelovanje ALpine Adria Danube podjetja v obeh državah interes, da uporabljajo enake standarde. Initiative – ALADIN, v katerem so bile univerze Graz, Maribor, V okviru OZN se je za trgovino in upravo v naslednjih letih Reka in Trst. To omrežje je v juniju 2010 objavilo stališča glede uveljavil standard EDIFACT, za avtomobilsko industrijo pa razvoja Podonavske regije (Position Paper of the Alpe Adria standard Odette. Na trgu so se pojavili računalniški programi za Danube universities INitiative - ALADIN), pri katerem je pretvarjanje standardov. Tehnologija računalniškega sodelovalo 14 univerz. V raziskovalnih programih (Framework izmenjavanja podatkov se je izkazala kot inovativna in zelo Programme) Evropske komisije V, VI in VII sem bil 11 let član koristna: omogočila je avtomatiziranje oskrbovalnih verig in slovenske delegacije v Komiteju IKT (ICT Committee), spodbudila razvoj medorganizacijskih sistemov. Generalni direktorat informacijska družba. V maju 1988 smo organizirali sestanek na Gospodarski zbornici V okviru omrežja Inter-Municipality Initiative: Cross-border Slovenije, kjer sem 25 udeležencem povedal o prizadevanjih v eCollaboration in the eRegion, ki je bilo vzpostavljeno 10. ZDA za računalniško izmenjavanje podatkov z uporabo februarja 2011, smo v letih 2011-2018 raziskovali priložnosti standardov (Electronic Data Interchange – EDI). V juniju 1989 čezmejnega e-sodelovanje z izrabljanjem interneta. Številni smo organizirali drugi sestanek v dvorani Kazina na Bledu, ki se sestanki, paneli in posvetovanja so bili usmerjeni v naslednja ga je udeležilo 120 oseb. Tretjega sestanka v juniju 1989 v področja; eInclusion in Active Aging & Silver Economy, Festivalni dvorani na Bledu se je udeležilo 250 oseb, med Cultural Heritage ePromotion, eLearning & eEducation, Heathy drugimi predstavnik Francije, Švice in ZDA, zato smo dogodek Food eProcurement, Cross-border eCollaboration. poimenovali 3. konferenca o računalniškem izmenjavanju podatkov. V juniju 1991 je bila 4. konferenca v Festivalni V letih 2019-2022 smo vzpostavili vrsto omrežij, ki so usmerjena dvorani na Bledu. Udeležencev je bilo 450 iz vse Jugoslavije. v izrabljanje interneta za podporo aktivnemu staranju in razvoju Udeležili so se je tudi člani Svetovnega inštituta za računalniško srebrne ekonomije: eSeniors 55+ Network (2019), Active Aging izmenjevanje podatkov s sedežem v Montrealu. Deset dni po Networks (2019), Professors Emeriti Network (2020), Global konferenci pa so na Slovenijo pričele padati bombe. Štirinajst dni Network of Associations & Networks: Retirees Developing je bila ena izmed dveh linij interneta edina povezava s svetom, Silver Economy (2022), Network of eCollaborating Retired da smo lahko sproti sporočali, kaj se v Slovenji zares dogaja. Pete eAcademics (2022). Za izmenjavanje dobrih praks se kažejo konference v juniju 1992 se je udeležilo malo ljudi, saj priložnosti v povezovanju spletnih strani omrežij. zainteresirani udeleženci iz drugih držav v Slovenijo niso mogli priti. V naslednjih letih je junijska konferenca spet postopno Bolj kot druge starostne skupine je pandemija Covid zadela rasla. Preimenovali smo jo v Konferenco o e-poslovanju in seniorje. Na trd način je v nekaj mesecih pokazala, kako nujno je kasneje v Blejsko e-konferenco. Značilnost teh konferenc je bilo uporabljati e-storitve. Za nakupovanje, bančno poslovanje, obisk sodelovanje predstavnikov podjetij in vladnih organizacij ter zdravstvenega doma, izobraževanje, urejanje zadev na občini ali raziskovalcev na univerzah. Udeleženci konference so zasnovali upravni enoti in podobno. Dinamika potrebnih akcij se je vrsto odmevnih projektov, ki jih je financirala Evropska spremenila, e-sodelovanje se je pokazalo kot nujno. Velika stvar, komisija. Slovenija je bila med prvimi državami v Evropi, ki so ki se je zgodila, je bila masovna osvojitev tehnologije za sestanke sprejele zakon o elektronskem poslovanju in elektronskem in delo na daljavo, ki je za vedno spremenila način, kako delamo. podpisu. V juniju 2023 je bila že 36. konferenca. Iz vrste razlogov se za mnogo stvari v celoti nikoli ne bomo vrnili na stare načine. Tu se odpirajo vprašanja o potrebnih in želenih V letih 1993-1998 so v okviru vzpostavljenega Laboratorija za akcijah za aktivno e-vključevanje seniorjev. e-poslovanje Fakultete za organizacijske vede nastajale diplome, magisteriji in doktorati s področja e-poslovanja. Vsako delo je 692 Po novembru 2022 je na internetu zakipelo objavljanje člankov o uporabi orodij umetne inteligence. Razlog za to je bila objava orodja ChatGPT firme OpenAI. Ta tehnologija je koristna za vse generacije, tudi za seniorje, ki pa jih je potrebno spodbuditi, da jo bodo začeli uporabljati. Pri tem velja opozarjati na doslej neznane možnosti uporabe tehnologije za iskanje odgovorov na vprašanja. Ta tehnologija je draga in zahtevna, da jo bo lahko nudilo le nekaj podjetij na svetu Potrebno pa je odpravljati predsodke, ki ovirajo njeno pospešeno uporabo. Na nas je, da smo zadosti modri, da jo uporabimo vsakokrat, ko se srečamo s širšim problemom. Seniorjem je treba pomagati, da jo začno uporabljati, da spoznajo, kako koristna lahko je. Delati z informacijsko tehnologijo 55 let je bilo veselje. Imel sem priložnost sodelovati z mnogimi študenti, kolegi profesorji in predstavniki podjetij ter vladnih organizacij, od katerih sem se lahko veliko naučil, za kar sem jim hvaležen. Imel sem srečo, da mi je to bilo dano. VIRI [1] Jože Gričar https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uporabnik:Joze_Gricar 693 A Journey Through Life and Operations Research Career by Lidija Zadnik Stirn Potovanje skozi življenje in kariera operacijske raziskovalke Lidije Zadnik Stirn Niko Schlamberger † Lidija Zadnik Stirn† Slovensko drus tvo INFORMATIKA (SDI Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehnis ka fakulteta Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia niko.schlamberger@gmail.com lidija.zadnik@bf.uni-lj.si ABSTRACT Diplomirala je na FNT leta 1974 in doktorirala na EF v Ljubljani leta 1986. Od leta 1977 dela na Biotehnis ki fakulteti The article presents the teaching, research, and service v Ljubljani, od leta 1996 kot redna profesorica za activities of Lidija Zadnik Stirn in the field of operations matematic ne metode in metode operacijskih raziskav. research, computer science and environment in Slovenia and Ukvarja se z optimizacijskimi metodami in razvojem abroad. Zadnik Stirn, Lidija (1950) is a mathematician and matematic nih modelov za optimalne odloc itve v upravljanju computer scientist. She graduated from FNT in 1974 and razlic nih sistemov, upos tevajoc ekonomske, socialne, received her PhD from EF in Ljubljana in 1986. Since 1977 okoljske in tehnolos ke cilje (Slovenska nacionalna she has been working at the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana, enciklopedija, 2011). Njene aktivnosti pri IS so odraz ene tudi since 1996 as a full professor of mathematical methods and v njenih publikacijah in njenem delu za Slovensko drus tvo methods of operations research. She deals with optimization INFORMATIKA - SSI (podpredsednica) in Sekcijo za methods and the development of mathematical models for operacijske raziskave - SOR (predsednica), vkljuc no z optimal decisions in the management of various systems, organizacijo mednarodnih simpozijev. considering economic, social, environmental, and technological objectives (Slovenska nacionalna enciklopedija, KLJUČNE BESEDE 2011). Her activities at IS are also reflected in her publications and her work for the Slovenian Society Lidija Zadnik Stirn, matematic arka, rac unalnic arka, INFORMATIKA - SSI (Vice President) and the Section for univerzitetna uc iteljica, raziskovalka, mentorica, urednica, Operations Research -SOR (President), including the recenzentka, operacijske raziskave, kvantitativne metode, organization of international symposia. sistemi, upravljanje, okolje, podpora odloc anju, publikacije, Slovensko drus tvo INFORMATIKA (SSI), Slovenska sekcija za KEYWORDS operacijske raziskave (SOR) Lidija Zadnik Stirn, mathematician, computer scientist, university teacher, researcher, mentor, editor, reviewer, 1 INTRODUCTION – GENERAL FACTS operations research, quantitative methods, systems, Lidija Zadnik Stirn has been as a professor at the Biotechnical management, environment, decision support, publications, Faculty of the University Ljubljana and Adjunct Professor at Slovenian Society INFORMATICA (SSI), Slovenian Section of the University of Tennessee, USA active in various ways in Operations Research (SOR) the field IS for 50 years. As an established professor in the field of Operations Research her work as a lecturer and POVZETEK researcher at universities in Slovenia and abroad is of C lanek predstavlja pedagos ko, raziskovalno in strokovno greatest importance for IS. Only some facts are mentioned delovanje Lidije Zadnik Stirn na podroc ju operacijskih here, detailed information can be found in continuation: raziskav, rac unalnis tva in okolja v Sloveniji in v tujini. Zadnik - she teaches operations research and related computer Stirn, Lidija (1950) je matematic arka in rac unalnic arka. science courses at the University of Ljubljana and has given guest lectures at numerous universities in Europe ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note and the USA. She has been a visiting professor at the University of Washington, USA, BOKU, Austria, the Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or university of Trier, and the University of Munich, distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice Germany. She has authored numerous syllabi, mentored and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of master's and doctoral students in Slovenia and abroad; this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia and presented papers (several keynotes) at conferences © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). at Slovenian and foreign universities in the United States 694 of America, Austria, Italy, Greece, Czech Republic, OEGOR (Austrian Society for OR). finally, it is worth Poland, Croatia, Germany and more mentioning that she was elected vice president of the - she has actively participated in national and Slovenian society INFORMATIKA, and held the position international projects. Her research is interdisciplinary, for 20 years, which is a testament to her work for and related to different systems, and based on dynamic, support of the IS. Her other IS activities also include stochastic, hierarchical, and multi-objective decision membership in the program committee of the annual analysis. She has developed several models for the national Days of Slovenian Informatics conference, as practical use of OR methods in environment and well as writing papers for the conference and chairing industry. She focuses on optimization models applicable its various themes. For her merits, she was awarded the to natural resource management and deals with forests Golden Badge of the Slovenian Society INFORMATIKA and forestry, land use and wood technology in Slovenia (2019) for her achievements in the field of IS. In 2020, and internationally. She has demonstrated the ability to she received the Donald Michie and Alan Turing Prize combine operations research, management, computer for Life Achievements in the Slovenian Information science, and environment. With her knowledge of Society for her outstanding contribution to the business administration, she plays a leading role in development and promotion of the IS. She is an researching new developments in bioeconomy, circular established professor, for which she was elected economy, climate change and life cycle. She was (is) Professor Emeritus. coordinator of several projects (e.g., EU 5th FP, FORESTERRA, ERANET, H2020, COST) https://cris.cobiss.net/ecris/si/en/researcher/6073 2 EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATIONAL JOURNEY - as an established scientist involved in national and She was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia, which was then part of international research projects, she is author, co-author Yugoslavia. From an early age she was curious about the and editor of more than 600 titles/units world around her. She spent a lot of time reading books and (https://bib.cobiss.net/bibliographies/si/webBiblio/bi exploring the natural and cultural environment near her b201_20230913_114834_a2789475.html or home and abroad - as much as it was possible at that time https://bib.cobiss.net/bibliographies/si/webBiblio/bi (other parts of Yugoslavia, Italy, Austria). She considered b201_20230913_115041_a2789475.html) studying management, but her final choice after graduating - the results of her research have been well received as a from high school was mathematics at the University of scientific achievement in advancing regional and global Ljubljana. During her studies, she became interested in land use (forest managers use it as a theoretical basis for issues related to mathematics education at various levels, new forestry planning approaches). She discussed the especially applied mathematics, which at the time was used research results with US Forest Service researchers. Her to solve real-world problems in economics, social sciences, bibliography includes over 50 peer-reviewed articles in technology, and the environment based on computer high-impact journals (e.g., Journal of Env. Management, knowledge (informatics). This interest earned her a Forest Policy and Economics, Journal of Decision scholarship at IBM in Germany. During her BSc studies, in the Systems, Biomass and Energy, Expert Systems with summer semesters (1972, 1973, 1974), she attended Applications, European Journal of Operations Research), computer courses for students and worked as a young monographs, conference papers, reports, reviews, and research fellow in modeling and statistics in business teaching materials and is (co)editor of high impact administration and accounting at IBM Stuttgart, Germany. journals, 23 conference proceedings and (co)organizer After graduating in mathematics in 1974, she began teaching of more than 25 conferences. She was IBM Fellow in mathematics and a new subject, computer science, at the Germany, Visiting Professor in Austria and Germany for High School Poljane, Ljubljana. Computer science curricula Research in Environmental (Pollution Modeling), were just being developed, and the first textbooks in Slovenia Fulbright Fellow for Research and Teaching in USA. She were in the works (for example Bratko, I, Rajkovic , V. 1974). was deputy coordinator of IUFRO D4 (Forest Her text notes, based on material from IBM for the students’ Assessment, Modelling and Management) and is summer classes, and her innovative approaches, which currently coordinator of IUFRO RG 4.05.00 (Managerial consisted also of taking the classes to various fairs where Economics, Social Innovations and Entrepreneurship, advances in hardware were shown, and to the new Slovenian Forest-based Value Chains) Computer Center, where they could solve their simple - she has succeeded in making the nationally organized mathematical calculations using” "punch cards,” gave the International Symposia at Operations Research (SOR) subject much appeal and popularity. Several students internationally visible and important (17 to date). She expressed their desire to study computer science later. An was one of the founders of OR section at SSI (Slovenian anecdote on the side: her best student in computer science Society INFORMATIKA and is its president since 1997. It became a well-known theater actor. is also to her credit that the SSI section of OR was willingly accepted into the international OR associations The fame that she can attract students for the subject IFORS and EURO, thus significantly increasing the resulted in the invitation to join the University of Ljubljana, visibility of Slovenian science, IS. This resulted also that Biotechnical Faculty as a seminar assistant in 1977. She she was in 2018 bestowed the honorary member of imparted her knowledge in the field of cross-sectoral 695 analysis and stochastic processes to colleagues within the understanding environmental and social concepts enabled national project Mathematical modeling in forestry. In 1978 her to receive a full professorship in the field of Operations she started her MSc in Operations Research at the Faculty of research, Quantitative methods, and Decision Support Economics, University of Ljubljana under the mentorship of Systems at the University of Ljubljana. Prof. A. Vadnal. Many other outstanding professors from theoretical and applied fields (Prof. V. Rupnik for Systems Her teaching activities at the University of Ljubljana, Theory, Prof. M. Blejec for Statistics, Prof. Z. Bohte for Biotechnical Faculty, as well as at other faculties and Numerical Analysis, Prof. J. Grad for Computer Science, Prof. institutions in Slovenia and abroad are extensive and F. Garpers ic for Renewable Resources Management, and innovative. She has promoted and successfully developed others) provided her with an excellent foundation and many new subjects in the field of modeling, quantitative support for her future research and teaching activities. methods, decision making, i.e., operations research, as a new postdoctoral subject at the BF. Her teaching activities include During her master studies she began working with subjects related to quantitative decision-making methods operations research as a mathematical-informational- and modeling at all levels of study, such as Mathematical organizational science with application to environmental Methods, Quantitative Methods, Mathematical Programming systems. She found that the efficient use of renewable natural and Statistical Techniques, Modeling Methods in Life resources (e.g., forests) and raw materials (wood) was Sciences, Decision Making Methods. She has written study becoming more important from the research and social programs for all these subjects, most of which are original perspective, both in Slovenia and internationally, with because she has placed them on new, modern content and implementing new economic, ecological, and social methodological foundations and prepared teaching paradigms. She found that two fundamental factors come to materials/textbooks for them (Zadnik Stirn 1983, 2001). the fore in forest production, i.e., space and time, which appear in exceptional dimensions, and devoted this concept She was a mentor/co-mentor for young researchers, many to her master's thesis with the title “Discrete dynamic graduate and master students, PhD students in various programming applied to forest management planning”, environmental fields and beyond, reviewer and member of which she defended in 1982 at the University of Ljubljana, dissertation defense. Of particular note, she was the mentor Faculty of Economics. In years 1983-1986 she was a to the first doctoral student in the newly created Natural researcher on the national project Growth and yield. She Resource Economics program. Outside the Biotechnical analyzed and tested more than 100 mathematical functions Faculty, she accepted invitations to teach courses and give on forest sites in Slovenia and proposed a new one. This lectures in operations research, mathematical methods, research was later included in her PhD thesis and in some financial mathematics and statistical methods, and decision- publications. She received her PhD from the University of making methods in marketing at several faculties and Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics in Information and institutions in Slovenia and abroad. At most of them she also Management Sciences (mentor Prof. A. Vadnal). In her PhD wrote syllabi, and textbooks, was member of PhD thesis thesis (1986) she generated a deterministic dynamic model defense committees, habilitation committees. Further she with one criterion for optimal forest management. In spring gave more than 20 invited lectures at universities in the USA semester 1987 she joined BOKU, Vienna, research group of (Oregon, Madison, Fort Collins, Boulder) and Europe (Vienna, Prof. H. Joebstl, studying managerial economics and Trieste, Prague, Go ttingen, Munich, Thessaloniki, Kavala, accounting and disseminated her research giving lectures. In Osijek, Zagreb, Nancy, Gdansk, …). fall semester 1987 she joined the University of Munich and focused her research and lectures on modeling pollution damages to forests emphasizing Markov chain methodology. 3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES In spring semester 1988 she was researching and teaching Her research that achieved broader applicability and mathematical programming and decision analysis at the notoriety dates back to 1986, when she developed a University of Trier, Germany, In 1995/96 she was Fulbright mathematical model based on dynamic programming. This visiting professor (research and teaching) in the field of contribution to decision models used to support the choice of Operations Research and Forest Management at the strategies/scenarios in the management of environmental University of Washington, School of Environmental and systems subject to multiple, sustained, long-term objectives Forest Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA She also was asked and to unpredictable influences led to: (i) the publication by C. D. Oliver to mentor his PhD student on landscape (Zadnik Stirn 1986) which is a pioneering the field of management, integrating growth models, decision systems practical applicability of operational research in and optimization models into a computer visualization environmental systems (renewable resources), and (ii) the system that allow to investigate and optimize forest invitation to give invited lectures at BOKU, Vienna and to do silviculture and utilization treatments according to multiple research and teach at the Department of Computer Science, use of the landscape. The interdisciplinary study of University of Trier, ZRN. Later, she extended her research operations research and information/management sciences area to include multicriteria, stochastic, fuzzy models and based on informatics/computer science and statistics, and group decision making in the natural systems domain. She her ability to blend decision support models with used these findings in the context of numerous national and 696 especially European projects, which she led and transferred https://bib.cobiss.net/bibliographies/si/webBiblio/bib201 to her teaching activities, especially for Master students, PhD _20230915_215101_07446.html. students and young researchers. Original papers, some of which have been cited multiple times, have been published in Expert Systems with She participated in interdisciplinary research and was the Applications, Journal of Environmental management, Journal leader of basic and applied projects. For example, she led of Operations Research, Forest Policy and Economics, Forest basic research projects: Quantitative Approaches for Optimal Ecology and Management, Biomass and Energy, and others. Decisions in Forestry Planning, Stochastic and Heuristic Methods to Support Forestry Planning, Introduction of She has given 15 invited talks and more than 90 Decision-Making Methods for Optimal Ecosystem presentations at international scientific conferences Management, Mathematical Models for Optimal Management published in peer-reviewed proceedings. She has also of Timber Industry Enterprises. She also led the authored 14 papers in monographs. methodological area in the projects: Development of Recently, she has contributed an extraordinary number of Marketing Strategies for Agricultural Products and Modeling papers, especially reviews, to impact factor scientific of Marketing and Management Strategies for Increasing the journals (Forest Science, Optimization, EJOR, CJOR, Forest Competitiveness of Fruit Production. Under the Fulbright management and ecology, Forest and landscape research, . .). program (1 year), she participated in the following projects She is editor/co-editor of 17 international proceedings in OR, at Seattle College, USA: Development and Improvement of a two monographs in OR, impact factor journal CJOR and was Mathematical Model for Optimal Decision Making in Forestry, guest editor of CJOR (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, Landscape Management System, Hierarchical Planning in 2023), BSRJ (2012, 2014, 2016,2018, 2020, 2022) and Forest Forestry, Stumpage Valuation for State Excise Tax Purposes. Policy and Economics (2016). He also had two bilateral projects (Greece, Poland) and participates in COST projects. He also actively participated in The following is a more detailed discussion of some of the GIS projects, especially in Forestry Program Group (among publications that have to some extent attracted the the best - in internal evaluation system). Among the more theoretical researchers and practitioners in the field: important international projects, it is worth highlighting that - Her mathematical model based on dynamic from 2000-2005 she led the project Tools for evaluating programming, which emphasizes the idea of practical investment in the Mediterranean mountain areas - An utility, was published as a monograph (Zadnik Stirn integrated framework for sustainable development - 1986). This work is valuable in two ways: i) it is a MEDMONT from the 5th EU Framework Program, one of the pioneering work in the field of practicality of first European projects in the field of forestry. In 2012-2014 operational research in natural resource management she was the leader of the project COOL (COMpeting uses Of and has also been used to support the choice of forest Land) in ERA-NET WoodWisdom-Net 2, where strategies/scenarios set in forest management plans in together with her colleagues at BF UL and abroad she solved Slovenia and abroad; ii) the work is written in Slovenian the current problem of how to deal with the increasing and as such has helped to improve terminology in the demand for wood for energy purposes while taking into field. account the objectives of different policies and the conflicting - In the journal Forest Ecology and Management (Zadnik interests of stakeholders. in 2015-2017 she was co-leader of Stirn 1990), she published the model for optimal the project INFORMED (INTegrated research on FORest management of environmental systems, in which some Resilience and Management in the Mediterranean) under the new theorems based on discrete dynamic programming international action FORESTERRA, in 2013-2017 she worked and adaptive programming were developed to account for the project Action COST (Orchestrating forest-related for unpredictable long-term properties of the system. policy analysis in Europe – ORCHESTRA), in 2017-2020 she The model was considered a novelty and discussed with was Associate Partner at SIMRA – Social innovation in researchers, practitioners, and students in forestry and marginalized rural areas project under HORIZON 2020 and related fields. It has been widely cited and used as a in 2021-2023 Partner at ASFORCLIC (Adaptation strategies theoretical basis for further research on the subject. in forestry under global climate change impacts under action - In the journal Ecological Modelling (Zadnik Stirn 2006), H2020). she was the only author to publish a theoretically innovative and practically applicable environmental decision model combining stochasticity (fuzzy logic), 4 PUBLICATIONS dynamics and multicriteria. Together with her colleagues at the Biotechnical Faculty and - In the Journal of food engineering (Osvald and Zadnik abroad, as well as her students, she has authored and Stirn 2008), she and her postdoctoral fellow from Italy (co)authored scientific journal articles, professional articles, published an algorithm for organizing the monographs and chapters in monographs, popular articles, transportation of perishable goods. scientific conference articles, and research reports, all of - In the co-authored article (Lipus c ek et al. 2010), which are listed on her personal page in the Slovenian published in The international journal of life cycle Current Research Information System assessment, the main environmentally relevant parameters were identified and a model was created to 697 classify the discussed products in terms of their In 1992/93 she was one of the founders of the Section of environmental impact. Utility functions were calculated Operations Research - SOR (founders were Prof. Rupnik, using the AHP based on previous statistically processed Prof. Grad, Prof. L. Bogataj, Prof. M. Bogataj, Dr. D. C epar, Prof. expert results. The modeling allows for critical J. Dekleva, Prof. S. Indihar, Prof. I. Mes ko, Prof. S. Drobne and comparison of products from an environmental hazard Prof. L. Zadnik Stirn). SOR was founded under the umbrella perspective and identification of clear advantages and of the Slovenian society INFORMATIKA – SSI. The first disadvantages of a particular product. The research has president of SOR was Prof. Rupnik. L. Zadnik Stirn took over generated considerable interest at the national and SOR in 1997, so she has been the president of SOR since 1997. international level in understanding the factors of She was also Vice President of SSI (2002-2023). SSI-SOR production throughout the life cycle of a product. The organized 17 well-founded international symposia at OR focus on environmentally friendly production, in since 1993. The most internationally attended were the addition to existing economic criteria, and the efficient biennial OR symposia SOR’97, SOR’99, SOR’01, SOR’03, use of raw material resources (wood from well- SOR’05, SOR’07, SOR’09, SOR’11, SOR’13, SOR’15, SOR’17, managed forests) and energy has become one of the SOR’19, SOR’21, and SOR’23, for which she was chair of the most important strategic objectives not only of the wood program committee and principal organizer. She presented industry, but of the entire national and global strategy. papers, organized, and chaired sessions, and co-edited 17 - In the European Journal of Operational Research proceedings published by SSI-SOR. In 2005, she began (Gros elj and Zadnik 2012), she and her PhD student advocating for the inclusion of SSI-SOR in IFORS and EURO; published a proof of the consistency of combination SSI-SOR became a member of IFORS and EURO under her matrices in group AHP. leadership in 2008, and she has been the SSI-SOR In the Journal of environmental management (Pezdevs ek representative to IFORS and EURO since 2008. She has Malovrh et al. 2016), an international team effort was chaired the judging panel for the EDSM (EURO Distinguished published that presents a three-phase decision-making Service Medal). She has been an organizer and session chair framework for analyzing the operational environment of at EURO conferences (Prague 2007, Bonn 2009, Lisbon 2010, strategies to increase forest bioenergy targets. The Vilnius (2012), Rome 2013, Glasgow 2015, Poznan 2016, framework is based on SWOT analysis and SMART Valencia 2018, Dublin 2019, Espoo 2022) and at IFORS methodology. The research has implications for regional and conferences (Sandton 2008, Melbourne 2011, etc.). She is global forest management (policy, governance, country correspondent for IFORS News. management). The mixed methods analysis presented has been used and replicated in other countries to refine national Annually, she serves on organizing and program committees bioenergy policies under the EU 2030 Flexible Climate and for meetings related to OR, computer science, natural Energy Policy. sciences, and related fields, works with young scientists to facilitate their participation in EURO conferences, and collaborates with various EURO neighboring societies such 5 OTHER ACTIVITIES AND SERVICES as INFORMS. She is the founder of the Chair of OR /Methodology at the SSI appointed her as the representative and vice chair/board Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and has member of IFIP TC7– “System Modeling and Optimization”, introduced several subjects from Operations Research, She was Vice- Dean of Forestry at the University of Ljubljana Mathematical Modeling, Quantitative Methods, Statistics, and (2010-2012), international member of the Forum of Forestry Information Science to be taught to students of Deans and Directors (2008-2014), ERASMUS coordinator Environmental Sciences at all levels and beyond. (2006-2014), and member of research assessment committees at the international level (e.g. . Forest Value She joined IUFRO (International Union for Forest Research (2016), Tandem Forest Value (2019)). She is Chair of the Organizations, linking forests, science, and people) at the Student Scholarship Committee at the Pahernik Foundation, 1986 IUFRO World Congress (WC) in Ljubljana. She was Slovenia. She is also chair or member of several habilitation Deputy Coordinator of IUFRO Division 4 ((Forest committees, mainly at the national level. Assessment, Modeling and Management)) for 10 years and is currently Coordinator of Working Group (WG) 4.05 Since 2017, she has been a member of the PhD committee for (Business Management and Accounting, Social Innovation the System Engineering and Informatics program at the and Entrepreneurship, Forest-based Value Chains). She has Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of co-organized several IUFRO conferences, co-edited Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. conference proceedings and conference reports, organized and chaired meetings, presented papers, and peer-reviewed papers for conference proceedings. She initiated new 6 CONCLUSIONS working parties (WP) within WG 4.05.00. Starting with two Her work in the field of information science (IS) is evident in WP, RG currently consists of five, and a sixth is under the following areas: consideration. 698 Education: she initiated and successfully developed several REFERENCES new subjects in the field of modelling, i.e., quantitative [1] BRATKO, Ivan, RAJKOVIČ, Vladislav. Uvod v računalništvo. Ljubljana: methods, decision making methodology, operations Državna založba Slovenije, 1977. 264 str., [COBISS.SI-ID 9245953] research, computer science at all levels of study at the [2] LIPUŠČEK, Igor, BOHANEC, Marko, OBLAK, Leon, ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 2010. A multi-criteria decision-making model for classifying University of Ljubljana and beyond wood products with respect to their impact on environment. The Research: in her research she developed some decision international journal of life cycle assessment, 359-367, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-010-0157-6, DOI: support models based on discrete dynamic, stochastic, fuzzy, 10.1007/s11367-010-0157-6 and multi-criteria methods for practical use (decision [3] GROŠELJ, Petra, ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 2012. Acceptable consistency support) in managing various systems related to economic, of aggregated comparison matrices in analytic hierarchy process.European journal of operational research, vol. 223, no. 2, 417- environmental, social, and technological goals 420, ISSN 0377-2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.06.016, Publications: Students and practitioners in various fields https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=37855, DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2012.06.016 use her textbook” Operations research methods for business [4] OSVALD, Ana, ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 2008. A vehicle routing algorithm decision making” as a basis for acquiring basic knowledge in for the distributon of fresh vegetables and similar perishable food. Journal of food engineering, vol. 85, iss. 2, 285-295, ISSN 0260-8774. operations research; her research results published in http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.07.008, journals and monographs or presented at scientific https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=37856. conferences are used by experts for decision making in [5] PEZDEVŠEK MALOVRH, Špela, KURTTILA, Mikko, HUJALA, Teppo, KÄRKKÄINEN, Leena, LEBAN, Vasja, LINDSTAD, Berit Hauger, environmental fields PETERS, Dörte Marie, RHODIUSA, Regina, SOLBERG, Birger, ZADNIK Management/Promotion: she is a co-founder of SOR and STIRN, Lidija, KRČ, Janez 2016. Decision support framework for evaluating the operational environment of forest bioenergy has been its president for 26 years. She has put Slovenia on production and use: case of four European countries. Journal of the global OR map and has been instrumental in environmental management, 68-81. presenting/sharing the new OR knowledge at international [6] Slovenska nacionalna enciklopedija, 2011. Mladinska knjiga, Založba, Ljubljana, pp. 1750. conferences. [7] ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 1983.Operacijska raziskovanja. Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, 175 str. [8] ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 1990. Adaptive dynamic model for optimal It should be noted that she had the great opportunity to meet forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 167-188. many researchers and practitioners in the field of operations [9] ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 1986. Matematični model za optimalno upravljanje gozdnogospodarskega območja. Inštitut za gozdno in research, computer science, natural resources, and social lesno gospodarstvo pri Biotehniški fakulteti, Ljubljana, Strokovna in sciences around the world and to visit many countries. But znanstvena dela, 91. 202 pp., ISSN 0353-6025. https://repozitorij.uni- this was not just a leisure activity. She was always willing to lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=125899, https://repozitorij.uni- lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=125899. go to different places and face hardships - be it physical [10] ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 2001. Metode operacijskih raziskav za poslovno challenges, remote locations, hearings and meetings, or odločanje. Visoka šola za upravljanje in poslovanje, Novo mesto, 182 pp. ISBN 961-6309-07-2. difficult courses in mathematics, computer science, ecology, [11] ZADNIK STIRN, Lidija 2006. Integrating the fuzzy analytic hierarchy economics, and social sciences - with the goal of process with dynamic programming approach for determining the strengthening her skills, and then sharing through research optimal forest management decisions. Ecological modelling, 296-305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.10.023 and teaching her knowledge with younger colleagues, students, and practitioners in the fields of computer science, environment, and entrepreneurship. Throughout her career, she has always emphasized the importance of interdisciplinarity, internationality, teamwork, collaboration, and communication, which are the most important approaches especially in the field of operations research, computer science and environment. That she has been able to accomplish the teaching, research, and organizational tasks presented is due to many people - from family to teachers/mentors, students, and colleagues who have helped and advised her, and with whom she has had the privilege of collaborating in research, teaching, publishing, IUFRO, SSI-SOR, and management tasks. 699 Dosežki kandidata S. Štefančič Achievements of the Candidate S. Štefančič Stane Štefančič† Upokojenec in prokurist Genis d.o.o. Kranj, Slovenija stane.stefancic@genis.si POVZETEK V prispevku so opisani dosežki avtorja pri uvedbi informacijsko- 2 AVTOMATIZACIJA POSLOVANJA komunikacijske tehnologije v prakso in v smislu kandidature za V 70. letih prejšnjega stoletja je bil glavni namen računalnikov v “Dvorano slavnih slovenskega računalništva in informatike”. obdelavi prejetih podatkov in podajanju rezultatov na tiskalnikih. KLJUČNE BESEDE Prve poslovne programe v Fortranu je kot študent sprogramiral leta 1972 po zahtevah Urbanističnega Inštituta Slovenije na Življenjski dosežki, gospodarstvo, e-poslovanje, digitalizacija, takrat najsodobnejšem računalniku Cyber 70 na RRC na vodenje projektov Jadranski. Pridobil je zelo zahteven projekt definiranja zahtev, programiranja in izvajanja obdelav Projekcije prebivalcev ABSTRACT Slovenije iz leta 1971 v 1981 za 60 občin z upoštevanjem In the article, the author's achievements in the implementation of naravnega prirasta, gospodarske rasti in ekonomskih migracij. information and communication technology into parctice are Obdelave so imele veliko parametrov in je takrat izkoristil described in the context of candidacy for the "Hall of fame of izjemne možnosti vnosa podatkov na terminalu. Slovenian Computer Science and Informatics. Po študiju se je zaposlil v Računskem centru Železarne Jesenice, KEYWORDS kjer je sodeloval na razvoju in vzdrževanju poslovnih aplikacij Life achievements, industry, e-bussiness, digitization, project na računalniku IBM 360 z luknjanimi karticami: Glavna knjiga, management Osnovna sredstva, Pred in Po-kalkulacije izdelkov, Stroški poslovanja, Analiza nabave investicijske opreme, Statistične metalografske preiskave. 1 UVOD Stoletja je bil papir edino sredstvo za dokumentiranje poslovnih Dosežki 1. obdobja: transakcij, z izjemno hitrim razvojem informacijsko- - Sodelovanje pri vzpostavitvi leta 1980 najsodobnejšega komunikacijskih tehnologij pa se je to korenito spremenilo. IBM računalniškega centra z MVS operacijskim sistemom, Kandidat Stane Štefančič je v svet računalnikov in informatike migraciji aplikacij, podatkov in obdelav ter standardov imen vstopil kot študent tehnične matematike na FNT v Ljubljani in se in postopkov razvoja programske opreme: razvoj-test- najprej soočil z luknjalnimi karticami v IBM računalniku na produkcija ter delovanja računalniške podpore. Fakulteti za matematiko in fiziko in v 50 letih s svojim - Sistemski inženir za uvedbo on-line terminalskih aplikacij s delovanjem prispeval pomembne rezultate na področju platformo za design in razvoj aplikacij: uporabniške zahteve informatike v našem prostoru do sedanjega obdobja digitalizacije z definicijo ekranov, podatkovni model s slovarjem poslovanja v digitalni družbi. podatkov, generator programov in izvajalno okolje V prispevku je predstavil svoje delovanje in svoje največje dosežke v štirih obdobjih: 1. Avtomatizacija poslovanja. 3 REINŽENIRING INFORMACIJSKIH 2. Outsourcing in Reinženiring Informacijskih sistemov. SISTEMOV IN POSLOVNIH PROCESOV 3. Prenovitev informacijskih sistemov in uvajanje e-Poslovanja. Reinženiring informacijskih sistemov predstavlja prilagajanje IT 4. Veliki projekti za državljane in storitve na oblaku. organizacij nenehnim spremembam v poslovanju in tehnologiji, pri čemer sta ključna dejavnika razlika in kompleksnost ∗Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note †Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note informacijskih sistemov (IS). Pri reinženiringu IS uporabljamo štiri različne pristope k spremembam: prilagoditve, migracija, Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or prenos in tranzicija. Informacijska podpora deluje s ciljem classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full optimizacije stroškov in nadgradnje tehnično-tehnološkega citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must znanja. Večina podjetij se intenzivno osredotoča na dodajanje be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s). Information Society 2023, 9–13 October 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia vrednosti v poslovanju ob hkratnem zmanjševanju stroškov ter © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). pričakuje "več in boljše storitve za enak vložek". Podjetja, ki so 700 že uspešno zmanjšala stroške na želeno raven, se lahko Web/Oracle tehnologiji in skrajšali vrste na upravnih osredotočijo na dejavnosti, ki jim omogočajo rast in širitev enotah. poslovanja, s tem pa tudi povečanje njihove dodane vrednosti. - Uvedli so produkt SDM-sodobno delovno mesto [4] na Pri analizi in reševanju teh izzivov imajo pomembno vlogo delovni postaji z bistvenimi funkcijami za referenta na predvsem računovodske in finančne službe, z njihovim upravni enoti pri pridobivanju podatkov o osebi iz registrov strokovnim znanjem, uspešnostjo in iznajdljivostjo. Dejstvo je, ter zajemanju biometričnih podatkov (prstni odtis, da na nekaterih področjih poslovanja še vedno obstajajo fotografija) in podpisovanje na elektronski tablici. možnosti za dodano vrednost in nominalne prihranke, le najti je - V letu 2007 so bili del izjemnega dosežka slovenske e- treba pot do njih. Uprave, ki je dosegla 2. mesto med članicami EU. - V letu 2013 so bili del konzorcija projekta e-Sociala, ki je Poseben poudarek je treba nameniti pregledu postopkov bil nagrajen s 1. Združenih narodov za javne storitve za pogodbenih obveznosti in naročanja, prevzemu storitev in Evropo in Severno Ameriko. izdelkov, ter pregledu in odobravanju prejetih računov, - Na oblaku so uvedli modula e-Računi elektronsko vodenje fakturiranju, načrtovanju denarnih tokov in sredstev potrebnih za prejetih računov[7] in i-Računi elektronsko izdajanje nemoten potek delovanja organizacije. računov. - Skupaj s partnerji iz Italije, Romunije, Belgije in Slovenije Dosežki 2. obdobja: so izvedli uspešen pilotni EU projekt ECRN - European Civil Registry Network. - Organizator konferenc Re’91,92,93,94,95 Reinženiring - informacijskih sistemov [1] na Bledu skupaj z dr.Krisperem Kot predsednik sekcije eGovernment, pri ZIT na Gospodarski Zbornici Slovenije, je promoviral slovenske iz FRI ter dr.Gyorkosem in dr.Welzerjevo iz FERI. informacijske rešitve in storitve na Balkanu ter sodeloval na - Uvedba CASE orodja POSE z največ instalacijami na vsem projektih APAI CRVS v Afriki. področju nekdanje skupne države. - Outsourcing - zunanje storitve računalniške podpore podjetjem za bistveno razšitev[2] delovanja Podatkovnega ZAHVALA centra SRC Kemija. Za neprecenljivo strokovno mentorstvo bi se zahvalil izr. prof. dr. Krisper Marjanu, sinu Janku za uspešen prevzem upravljanja podjetja Genis d.o.o in največja zahvala gre moji ženi Zvonki, ki 4 VELIKI PROJEKTI ZA DRŽAVLJANE IN me je ves čas spodbujala in podpirala pri mojih prizadevanjih. STORITVE V OBLAKU VIRI Organizacije dajejo izredno velik poudarek na izboljševanje postopkov. V ta namen so se začele uporabljati tudi nove tehnike, [1] GYÖRKÖS, József (urednik), KRISPER, Marjan (urednik), ŠTEFANČIČ, Stane (urednik). Re 92 : prenovitev informacijskih sistemov predvsem na področju vodenja in informacijske podpore = reengineering of information systems. Ljubljana: SRC, Podatkovni procesov-projektov. Ko govorimo o nekem postopku ali projektu center; Maribor: Tehniška fakulteta, Laboratorij za informatiko, 1992. VIII, 196 str., ilustr. ISBN 86-435-0012-7. kot posebni obliki postopka (npr. uvajanje novega izdelka- [2] Štefančič Stane: Outsourcing – izvajanje storitev na gostujoči opremi za storitve), potem le-tega lahko razdelimo v več vzporednih znižanje stroškov informatike. Informatika '93 / XXXI. posvetovanje o procesov: osnovni postopki, postopki razvoja, podporni ekonomiki [3] JENSTERLE, Rado (umetnik), ŠTEFANČIČ, Stane. Comparisons and (pomožni) postopki, organizacijski postopki (delovne skupine, interrelations between information systems re-engineering and business funkcijski oddelki itn.), informacijski postopki (zbiranje, process re-engineering. V: GYÖRKÖS, József (ur.), KRISPER, Marjan (ur.). Re-Technologies for information systems : conference proceedings distribucija, avtorizacija dokumentov, pregledovanje itn.), ReTIS'95. Wien; Mücnhen: R. Oldenbourg, 1995. Str. 143-152, ilustr. kadrovski postopki (izobraževanja kadrov za dvig znanja). Schriftenreihe der Österreichischen Computer Gesellschaft, Bd. 80. ISBN 3-486-23442-0, ISBN 3-7029-0404-2, ISBN 3-85403-080-0. [4] ŠTEFANČIČ, Stane, VAVPOTIČ, Simon. Sodobno delovno mesto Vsem tem postopkom lahko izmerimo hitrost. Za skrajšanje povečuje produktivnost in spodbuja inovacije. V: SELAN, Milan (ur.), et celotnega postopka-projekta je potrebno, da imajo vsi postopki al. DOK_SIS 2008 : Kranjska gora, 24.-26. september 2008. 17. posvetovanje Sistemi za upravljanje z dokumenti, Kranjska gora, 24. - 26. vsaj podobno hitrost. Vodenje projektov[5] je izredno september 2008. Ljubljana: Media.doc - Društvo informatikov, pomembno pri obvladovanju podpornih procesov, saj ima lahko dokumentalistov in mikrofilmarjev, 2008. Str. 8-v-v-13. ISBN 978-961- 91649-3-8. izjemen vpliv na hitrost. Ugotavljali so pomanjkljivosti v [5] Pogačnik, Marjan, Štefančič, Stane, Kopač, Janez (2002). Informacijska organizaciji in obstoječih procesih (»as-is«) in predlagali rešitve podpora pospeševanju postopkov (projektov). Strojniški vestnik, letnik 48, (»to-be«), s pomočjo sodobnih konceptov modeliranja podatkov številka 3, str. 169-177. URN:NBN:SI:DOC-BPJGQUTH [6] ŠTEFANČIČ, Stane. Arhiviranje velikih registrov s poudarkom na in upravljanja prenovitve procesov. temeljnih evidencah državne uprave. V: SELAN, Milan (ur.), et al. DOK_SIS 2009 by Media.doc. Ljubljana: Media.doc, 2009. Str. iii-77- iii- 83. ISBN 978-961-91649-4-5. Dosežki 4. obdobja: [7] ŠTEFANČIČ, Stane, ANTONČIČ, Marjan, PERNE, Tomaž. Zajem, - pretvorba in predaja uradnih elektronskih evidenc za dolgoročno hrambo. Skupaj s sodelavci MNZ (ga. Irena Tršinar) so v letu 2000 Tehnični in vsebinski problemi klasičnega in elektronskega vzpostavili prenovljen Centralni Register Prebivalcev na arhiviranja:zbornik referatov dopolnilnega izobraževanja s področij Oracle bazi podatkov in internetnim vpogledom prebivalcev arhivistike, dokumentalistike in informatike ... 2011, zv. 10, str. 557-565. ISSN 1581-7407. v lastne osebne podatke. - V maju 2005 so vzpostavili delovanje prenovljenih temeljnih državnih registrov prebivalstva [6] (matični, prebivališča, tujci, listine, volitve) na najsodobnejši 701 702 Indeks avtorjev / Author index Agatić Filip ................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Albreht Jaka ............................................................................................................................................................................... 411 Aljaž Barbara ............................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Amanya Linda ............................................................................................................................................................................ 278 Andova Andrejaana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Antešić Ivan ................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Arbeiter Jana .............................................................................................................................................................................. 253 Arbetman Marina ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Babič Davorin ............................................................................................................................................................................ 415 Baeva Motušić Andreana ........................................................................................................................................................... 419 Baggia Alenka ............................................................................................................................................................................ 419 Bajec Marko ............................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Baloh Miha ................................................................................................................................................................................. 424 Bavdaž Mojca ............................................................................................................................................................. 374, 378, 382 Bavec Cene ................................................................................................................................................................................. 687 Bernik Mojca .............................................................................................................................................................................. 457 Blatnik Živa ................................................................................................................................................................................ 429 Blekač Erika ............................................................................................................................................................................... 615 Bodlaj Mateja ............................................................................................................................................................................. 386 Bohanec Borut ............................................................................................................................................................................ 234 Bohanec Marko ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Bolliger Larissa ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Božič Janko .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Božič Samo ................................................................................................................................................................................ 433 Bradeško Luka ........................................................................................................................................................................... 154 Bratko Ivan ................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Brečko Barbara ........................................................................................................................................................................... 253 Brezavšček Alenka ..................................................................................................................................................................... 419 Brezovnik Katja.......................................................................................................................................................................... 437 Bučar Maja ................................................................................................................................................................................. 253 Buza Krisztian ............................................................................................................................................................................ 117 Čakš Peter................................................................................................................................................................................... 615 Čampelj Borut ............................................................................................................................................................................ 462 Campopiano Robinson Victoria ................................................................................................................................................... 20 Caporusso Jaya ........................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Čater Barbara ............................................................................................................................................................................. 386 Čater Tomaž ............................................................................................................................................................................... 386 Čepar Drago ............................................................................................................................................................................... 361 Cerar Špela ................................................................................................................................................................................. 440 Cerovac Bogdan ................................................................................................................................................................. 619, 623 Čibej Jaka ................................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Civić Aila ........................................................................................................................................................................... 445, 449 Clays Els....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Cork Jordan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 44 Couernelle Didier ....................................................................................................................................................................... 663 Cruz Katiuska ............................................................................................................................................................................. 270 Cvek Jernej ................................................................................................................................................................................. 607 Cvetek Mateja ............................................................................................................................................................................ 325 Czizek Carolina ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59 Da Costa Helena Rosário ........................................................................................................................................................... 270 de Grey Aubrey .......................................................................................................................................................................... 665 Debevec Nina ............................................................................................................................................................................. 594 Delakorda Simon ........................................................................................................................................................................ 452 Delinavelli Giacomo .................................................................................................................................................................. 292 Demšar Anita ............................................................................................................................................................................... 92 703 Divjak Saša ......................................................................................................................................................................... 671, 674 Došenovič Bonča Petra ...................................................................................................................................... 374, 378, 382, 395 Dreo Jurij ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Dugonik Bogdan ........................................................................................................................................................................ 637 Džeroski Sašo ............................................................................................................................................................................. 158 Eržen Tjaž .................................................................................................................................................................................. 170 Espigule-Pons Jofre .................................................................................................................................................................... 141 Farčnik Daša ....................................................................................................................................................................... 370, 395 Farič Ana ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Ferjan Marko .............................................................................................................................................................................. 457 Fijavž Zoran ............................................................................................................................................................................... 166 Filipas Eduard ............................................................................................................................................................................ 452 Filipič Bogdan ................................................................................................................................................................ 44, 48, 256 Flogie Andrej ............................................................................................................................................................................. 462 Fortuna Carolina ......................................................................................................................................................................... 174 Frelih Aleksandra ....................................................................................................................................................................... 468 Frešer Blaž ......................................................................................................................................................................... 350, 398 Fric Urška ................................................................................................................................................................................... 260 Gajšt Alenka ............................................................................................................................................................................... 611 Galen Candace ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Gams Matjaž ........................................................................................................................................ 7, 28, 32, 66, 196, 312, 671 Gantar Kaja ................................................................................................................................................................................ 607 Gobbo Elena ............................................................................................................................................................................... 137 Gorišek Aleš ............................................................................................................................................................................... 370 Grad Janez .................................................................................................................................................................................. 677 Gradišek Anton ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Gričar Jože ................................................................................................................................................................................. 690 Gril Gaja ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Grobelnik Marko ........................................................................................................................................................ 117, 141, 151 Grošelj Nejc ............................................................................................................................................................................... 472 Gruden Reya Kristina ................................................................................................................................................................. 475 Guček Marko ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Hafner Izidor .............................................................................................................................................................................. 685 Herrera Valentina ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Hirose Akira ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Hofer Juliane .............................................................................................................................................................................. 479 Istenič Tanja ............................................................................................................................................................... 321, 370, 391 Jagič Katarina ............................................................................................................................................................................. 484 Janičijević Sabina ....................................................................................................................................................................... 452 Jesih Šterbenc Katarina .............................................................................................................................................................. 488 Jordan Marko ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Jug Jan .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Jurgele Anže ............................................................................................................................................................................... 491 Juvan Žana ................................................................................................................................................................................. 641 Kacjan Brigita ............................................................................................................................................................................ 479 Kawai Kitoshi ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Kelin Ema................................................................................................................................................................................... 391 Kenda Aleš ................................................................................................................................................................................. 658 Kladnik Matic ............................................................................................................................................................................. 154 Klavžar Simon ............................................................................................................................................................................ 641 Kocuvan Primož ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Koehorst Erik ............................................................................................................................................................................. 129 Kolar Žiga .............................................................................................................................................................................. 32, 73 Koložvari Andrej ........................................................................................................................................................................ 591 Kontić Davor ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Koprivec Filip ............................................................................................................................................................................ 170 Korošec Peter ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Kosjek Tina ................................................................................................................................................................................ 158 Kotnik Lebar Anja ...................................................................................................................................................................... 495 Kous Katja .................................................................................................................................................................................. 645 704 Kožuh Ines ................................................................................................................................................................................. 615 Krek Simon ................................................................................................................................................................................ 607 Kreš Barbara ............................................................................................................................................................................... 317 Krumina Justine ......................................................................................................................................................................... 264 Kuščer Enej ................................................................................................................................................................................ 657 Kvet Michal ................................................................................................................................................................................ 419 Leban Gregor ............................................................................................................................................................................. 121 Lebar Bajec Iztok ....................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Lenart Senior Lado ..................................................................................................................................................................... 591 Leskovar Robert ......................................................................................................................................................................... 419 Linden Patrick ............................................................................................................................................................................ 664 Lipič Karel ................................................................................................................................................................................. 238 Ljoncheva Milka ........................................................................................................................................................................ 158 Ljubišić Jelena ............................................................................................................................................................................ 627 Logar Zobec Helena Barbara ..................................................................................................................................... 374, 378, 382 Lokar Matija ............................................................................................................................................................................... 576 Lovrenčič Držanič Irena ............................................................................................................................................................. 615 Lukan Junoš ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Lukšič Andrej A. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Luštrek Alenka ........................................................................................................................................................................... 499 Luštrek Mitja .................................................................................................................................................................... 11, 15, 19 Lutman Tomaž ........................................................................................................................................................................... 260 Malačič Janez ............................................................................................................................................................................. 309 Mali Franc .................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Margan Erik ............................................................................................................................................................................... 223 Markič Olga ................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 Martinc Matej ............................................................................................................................................................................. 162 Martinšek Marcel Franse .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Marušič Jar Žiga ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84, 96 Massri M. Besher ....................................................................................................................................................................... 117 Mauko Zimšek Nataša ................................................................................................................................................................ 611 Mežnar Urban ............................................................................................................................................................................. 170 Mičič Sara .................................................................................................................................................................................. 503 Mihalič Rafael ............................................................................................................................................................ 194, 213, 219 Minger Stephen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 660 Mladenić Dunja .......................................................................................................................... 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 151, 154 Mladenić Grobelnik Adrian........................................................................................................................................................ 141 Mlakar Tina ................................................................................................................................................................................ 508 Mlinar Tinkara ........................................................................................................................................................................... 260 Montero Santos Lola .......................................................................................................................................................... 292, 296 Mord Bojan ................................................................................................................................................................................ 631 Mrak Matej ................................................................................................................................................................................. 283 Mrgole Urška ..................................................................................................................................................................... 300, 521 Mrkela Vesna ............................................................................................................................................................................. 512 Nemec Peter ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Nikolaeva Stoyanovich Anastasiya .................................................................................................................................... 445, 449 Novak Christophe ......................................................................................................................................................................... 89 Novalija Inna .............................................................................................................................................................................. 137 Oblak Mirjam ............................................................................................................................................................................. 515 Odić Duško ......................................................................................................................................................................... 300, 521 Ogrin Ajda .................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Ogrin Tomaž .............................................................................................................................................................................. 206 Osredkar Mari Jože .................................................................................................................................................................... 339 Pahor Marko ............................................................................................................................................................................... 395 Papa Gregor .................................................................................................................................................................................. 73 Paravlić Armin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 395 Pate Tanja ................................................................................................................................................................................... 365 Pavlovčič Tisa .............................................................................................................................................................................. 92 Pečnik Klemen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 641 Perhavec Andraž ................................................................................................................................................................ 374, 382 705 Perko Franc ........................................................................................................................................................................ 200, 228 Piciga Aleksander ....................................................................................................................................................................... 158 Pirnat Anže ................................................................................................................................................................................. 174 Pišotek Boštjan ........................................................................................................................................................................... 187 Pogačnik Matevž ........................................................................................................................................................................ 641 Pollak Senja ........................................................................................................................................................................ 145, 162 Povh Dušan ................................................................................................................................................................................ 219 Prašnikar Andrej ......................................................................................................................................................................... 526 Prevodnik Tim ............................................................................................................................................................................ 445 Primec Andreja ........................................................................................................................................................................... 546 Primec Tinkara ........................................................................................................................................................................... 546 Pruš Daša .................................................................................................................................................................................... 395 Prybylski Maksim ...................................................................................................................................................................... 275 Pučnik Belavič Mateja ............................................................................................................................................................... 530 Purver Matthew .......................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Pušnik Maja ................................................................................................................................................................................ 645 Rajher Polona ............................................................................................................................................................................. 533 Rajkovič Vladislav ..................................................................................................................................................................... 679 Ratoša Ivica ................................................................................................................................................................ 374, 378, 382 Redek Tjaša ................................................................................................................................................ 370, 374, 378, 382, 386 Rehberger Roman ....................................................................................................................................................................... 537 Ribičić Marijana ......................................................................................................................................................................... 287 Robnik-Šikonja Marko ............................................................................................................................................................... 166 Romih Dejan .............................................................................................................................................................. 350, 398, 546 Rotar Oskar .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Rožanec Jože M. ................................................................................................................................................ 121, 129, 292, 296 Rutkowska-Sowa Magdalena ..................................................................................................................................................... 266 Sadikov Aleksandar...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Sambt Jože ......................................................................................................................................................................... 321, 391 Schul Johannes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Šebenik Tina ............................................................................................................................................................................... 562 Sekavčnik Mihael ....................................................................................................................................................................... 183 Senegačnik Andrej ..................................................................................................................................................................... 183 Šercar Tvrtko .............................................................................................................................................................................. 330 Sergaš Uroš ............................................................................................................................................................................ 84, 96 Šešerko Leo ................................................................................................................................................................................ 238 Sever Sara................................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Silan Darja .................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Simonič Barbara ......................................................................................................................................................................... 344 Šircelj Beno ................................................................................................................................................................................ 121 Sirk Karina ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Sirk Maruša ................................................................................................................................................................................ 102 Šiško Primož ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Sittar Abdul ................................................................................................................................................................................ 133 Šket Tilen ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Škof Iztok ........................................................................................................................................................................... 565, 568 Škraba Primož ............................................................................................................................................................................ 125 Škraba Tilen ....................................................................................................................................................................... 619, 623 Škrjanc Maja .............................................................................................................................................................................. 151 Škrlec Ivan ................................................................................................................................................................................. 433 Škrlj Gregor ................................................................................................................................................................................ 571 Skubic Marjeta ........................................................................................................................................................... 374, 378, 382 Slanšek Slokan Nina ................................................................................................................................................................... 550 Slapničar Gašper .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Smrečnik Mia Zala ..................................................................................................................................................................... 594 Šobot Pero .................................................................................................................................................................................. 330 Šoltes Tjaša ................................................................................................................................................................................ 607 Špenko Krištof ........................................................................................................................................................................... 576 Sramek Petr ................................................................................................................................................................................ 662 Štefančič Stane ........................................................................................................................................................................... 700 706 Stopar Luka ................................................................................................................................................................................ 151 Strgar Sonja ................................................................................................................................................................................ 553 Strniša Gašper ............................................................................................................................................................................ 558 Šturm Jan .................................................................................................................................................................................... 151 Šumak Boštjan ........................................................................................................................................................................... 645 Susič David .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7, 20 Tahirović Doris .......................................................................................................................................................................... 449 Tkalec Kristijan .......................................................................................................................................................................... 452 Topal Oleksandra ....................................................................................................................................................................... 137 Trobec Marjeta ................................................................................................................................................................... 300, 521 Trontelj Nik ................................................................................................................................................................................ 354 Tušar Tea ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44, 48 Urem Frane ................................................................................................................................................................................. 419 Uršič Dejan ................................................................................................................................................................................. 386 Uspenski Aliaksei ....................................................................................................................................................................... 275 Uspenskiy Alexander ................................................................................................................................................................. 275 Valenčič Leon ............................................................................................................................................................................ 194 Valenčič Matjaž.......................................................................................................................................................................... 236 Valič Jakob ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Vaupotič Mitja ........................................................................................................................................................................... 582 Vesel Tian .................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Vezovnik Andreja ...................................................................................................................................................................... 162 Vidovićová Lucie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 661 Villagra Gil Cristian Alfonso ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Vodičar Janez ............................................................................................................................................................................. 395 Vodopija Aljoša ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Volčjak Domen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 151 Vöröš Katja ................................................................................................................................................................ 374, 378, 382 Vozlič Andrej A. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Wltavsky Zdenka........................................................................................................................................................................ 627 Zadnik Stirn Lidija ..................................................................................................................................................................... 694 Zadobovšek Matic ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Zajec Patrik ................................................................................................................................................................................ 125 Zalaznik Maja ............................................................................................................................................................................. 395 Žalik Borut ................................................................................................................................................................................. 683 Zaman Faizon ............................................................................................................................................................................. 141 Zamuda Sebastjan ...................................................................................................................................................................... 585 Zapušek Matej .................................................................................................................................................................... 440, 594 Ženko Bernard .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Žerdoner Marinšek Tina ............................................................................................................................................................. 106 Žerovnik Alenka ......................................................................................................................................................................... 594 Žnidaršič Maks ............................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Žnidaršič Martin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Zupan Anton ............................................................................................................................................................................... 591 Zupan Šemrov Manja ................................................................................................................................................................. 137 707 Slovenska konferenca o umetni inteligenci Slovenian Conference on Artificial Intelligence Kognitivna znanost Cognitive Science Odkrivanje znanja in podatkovna skladisca • SiKDD Data Mining and Data Warehouses • SiKDD Miti in resnice o varovanju okolja Myths and Truths about Environmental Protection 16. Mednarodna konferenca o prenosu tehnologij 16th International Technology Transfer Conference Demografske in druzinske analize Demographic and Family Analyses Vzgoja in izobrazevanje v informacijski druzbi Education in Information Society Digitalna vkljucenost v informacijski druzbi Digital Inclusion in Information Society Konferenca o zdravi dolgozivosti Conference on Healthy Longevity Legende racunalnistva in informatike Legends of Computing and Informatics Uredniki • Editors: Mitja Lustrek, Matjaz Gams, Rok Piltaver, Anka Slana Ozimic, Borut Trpin, Toma Strle, Olga Markic, Dunja Mladenic, Marko Grobelnik, Tomaz Ogrin, Rafael Mihalic, Tinkara Mlinar, Spela Stres, Janez Malacic, Mari Joze Osredkar, Uros Rajkovic, Borut Batagelj, Matjaz Debevc, Ines Kozuh, Martin Lipovsek, Bostjan Petric, Tone Stanovnik Document Outline 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - ALL 03 - Kolofon - All 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - ALL 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - ALL 11 - Jedro - A 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - A - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - A - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - A 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - A - TEMP 09 - Predgovor podkonference - A 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - A 11 - Prispevki - A 01_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_377 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Dataset 3 Methodology 3.1 Preprocessing 3.2 Convolutional Neural Network 3.3 PCG Cutmix Augmentation 3.4 Hyperparameter Finetuning 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments 02_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_3966 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection 3 Target and Feature Extraction 3.1 Label Extraction 3.2 Features 4 Wi-Fi Localization 4.1 Rough GPS location 4.2 Indoor Wi-Fi location 4.3 Clustering 5 Interaction Classification 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements 03_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_9873 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related work 3 Methodology 3.1 Baseline Signal Processing 3.2 Advanced Signal Processing 3.3 PPG Waveform Quality Assessment 4 Experiments 4.1 Recording Setup 4.2 Evaluation Pipeline 5 Results 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements 04_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_4981_abstract 05_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_3282 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Dataset 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Preprocessing 3.2 Data Partitioning 3.3 Neural Network Architecture 3.4 Model Training Settings 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgements 06_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_8213 Povzetek 1 Uvod 2 Metodologija 2.1 Izbira modela zaznavanja objektov 2.2 Obdelava video posnetkov 2.3 Učenje modelov 2.4 Sledenje gibanju čebel 2.5 Analiza modelov 2.6 Analiza metod sledenja premikanja čebel 3 Rezultati 3.1 Hitrost izvajanja modelov 3.2 Uspešnost detekcije modelov 3.3 Rezultati sledenja 4 Diskusija 5 Zaključek Zahvala 07_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_7211 Povzetek 1 Uvod 2 ChatGPT 3 Insieme 4 Virtualni asistent za medicino 4.1 Ozadje 4.2 Besedne vložitve in vektorske podatkovne baze 4.3 Implementacija 5 Zaključek Zahvala 08_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_425 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Democracy types 2.1 Participative Democracy 2.2 Deliberative Democracy 2.3 Transdemocracy 2.4 Guided Democracy 2.5 Modern Direct Democracy 2.6 E-democracy 2.7 Representative democracy 2.8 Liquid democracy 2.9 Blockchain democracy 2.10 Source democracy 2.11 Ideal typical democracy 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements 09_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_1853 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Study Design 4 Results 4.1 Traffic Data Analysis 4.2 User Survey Analysis 4.3 Comparison of Traveling Times 4.4 Analysis of Environmental Burdens 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments 10_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_6707 Povzetek 1 Uvod in motivacija 2 Metode 2.1 OpenRA 2.2 LRA* 2.3 Osnovni WHCA* 2.4 Prilagojeni WHCA* 3 Eksperimenti 4 Diskusija 5 Povzetek 11_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_1347 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 ELA Features for Constrained Multiobjective Optimization Problems 4 Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions 5 Experimental evaluation 6 Results 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements 12_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_1585 Povzetek 1 Uvod 2 Načrtovanje elektromotorja 3 Optimizacijski postopek 4 Vrednotenje posameznega načrta elektromotorja 5 Numerični poskusi in rezultati 6 Zaključki Zahvala 12 - Index - A Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 03_IS_2023_-_SCAI_paper_9873 - POPRAVEK.pdf Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related work 3 Methodology 3.1 Baseline Signal Processing 3.2 Advanced Signal Processing 3.3 PPG Waveform Quality Assessment 4 Experiments 4.1 Recording Setup 4.2 Evaluation Pipeline 5 Results 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements Blank Page 11 - Jedro - B 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - B - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - B - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - B 09 - Predgovor podkonference - B 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - B 11 - Prispevki - B IS_2023_-_CS_paper_001 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_002 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_003 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_004 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_005 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Problem Domain 3 Related Work 4 User Interface 5 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments IS_2023_-_CS_paper_006 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_007 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_008 Abstract 1 Nick Land: Capitalism as intelligence 2 Markets and vectors 3 The vector-market model of institutions 4 Science and ideology according to the vector-market model 5 Citations and Bibliographies IS_2023_-_CS_paper_009 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_010 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_011 Abstract 1 The problem of AI alignment 2 AI is alignable - the Orthogonalist position 3 Alignment as lobotomy – the Anti-Orthogonalist position 4 The Will to Think 5 Discussion 6 Citations and Bibliographies IS_2023_-_CS_paper_012 IS_2023_-_CS_paper_013 12 - Index - B Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - C 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - C - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - C - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - C 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - C - TEMP - Copy 09 - Predgovor podkonference - C 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - C 11 - Prispevki - C IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_001 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Background 3.1 Problem Formulation 3.2 The Distortion-aware Convolutional Block 4 Experimental Evaluation 4.1 Data 4.2 Experimental Settings 4.3 Results 5 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgments References IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_002 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Data extraction pipeline 2.1 Media Event Extraction 2.2 Causality extraction 2.3 Semantic matching and enrichment 2.4 Cleansing causal relations 2.5 Creating a causality graph 3 Results 3.1 Causality graph and causality chain analysis 4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_003 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Simplicial complexes 2.2 Persistent relative homology 2.3 Significance testing of persistent cycles 2.4 The mapper algorithm 3 Methodology 3.1 Testing the cycles 3.2 Testing the branching structure 4 Experiments 4.1 Experiment 1: Y-shaped point cloud 4.2 Experiment 2: 3D ant surface 5 Conclusions and future work Acknowledgements IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_004 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Highlighting Embeddings' Features Relevance Attribution on Activation Maps 3 Experiments 4 Results 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_005 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Geographical barrier 2.2 Time-series datasets 2.3 Topic modeling 3 Approach 4 Dataset construction 4.1 Semantic similarity 4.2 Chat-GPT Summarizing 4.3 Annotations of time-series 5 Statistical Analysis and Evaluation 6 Conclusions and Future Work IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_006 IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_007 IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_008 IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_009 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Clients 3.2 ETL Pipeline 3.3 Feature Engineering 4 Experiment 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Implementation Details 4.3 Experimental Results 5 Conclusion and Future Work 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_010 IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_011 Abstract 1 DATA 1.1 Overview 1.2 Dataset 2 PREPROCESSING 2.1 CG-MS Spectra 2.2 Molecular fingerprints 2.3 Spec2Vec 3 PIPELINE 4 METHODS 5 EVALUATION 6 REPRODUCIBILITY 7 CONCLUSION IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_012 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Dataset construction 2.2 Topical analysis 2.3 Temporal analysis 3 Experiments 3.1 Experimental setting 3.2 Results 4 Conclusion 5 Acknowledgments IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_013 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Training Task and Setup 3.2 Data Preparation 3.3 Evaluation Settings 4 Results 4.1 Binary Classifier Sense Predictions 4.2 Binary Classifier Correlation Metrics 4.3 Sense Predictions with Nearest Neighbour Matching 5 Discussion on Interdisciplinary Aspects 6 Conclusion IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_014 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 FTSO protocol 4 Data Retrieval and Prediction 4.1 Overview 4.2 Data Processing and Smoothing Techniques 4.3 Prediction Mechanism 5 Result Analysis 6 RMSE values 7 Discussion and Future Work 8 Acknowledgments IS_2023_-_SIKDD_paper_015 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 Methodology 3.1 Datasets 3.2 Benchmarks 3.3 Metrics 4 Results 4.1 Analysis of Tuning the Filters in PirnatCross 4.2 Computational Complexity and Carbon Footprint Analysis 4.3 Cross-Dataset Analysis 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements 12 - Index - C Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - D 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - D - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - D - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - D 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - D - TEMP 09 - Predgovor podkonference - D 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - D 11 - Prispevki - D IS_ENV_2023_paper_01 IS_ENV_2023_paper_02 IS_ENV_2023_paper_03 IS_ENV_2023_paper_04 IS_ENV_2023_paper_05 IS_ENV_2023_paper_06 IS_ENV_2023_paper_07 IS_ENV_2023_paper_08 IS_ENV_2023_paper_09 IS_ENV_2023_paper_10 IS_ENV_2023_paper_11-NI OBLIKE IS_ENV_2023_paper_12 12 - Index - D Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - E 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - E - DRAFT 03 - Kolofon - E - DRAFT 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - X 09 - Predgovor podkonference - E 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - E 11 - Prispevki - E 01 Bučar et al 02 Filipic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Algorithmic Studies 3 Engineering Design Optimization 4 Production Process Optimization 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements 03 Fric et al 04 Krumina 05 Rutkowska-Sowa 06 Da Costa et al 07 Uspenskiy et al 08 Amanya 09 Mrak 10 Ribicic_no appendix 11 Rožanec et al 12 Santos et al 13 Odic et al 12 - Kazalo - X Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - F 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - F - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - F - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor - PRAZNO - TEMP 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori - PRAZNO 07 - Kazalo - F 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - F - TEMP 09 - Predgovor podkonference - F - PRAZNO 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - F IS_2023_DFA_paper_1 IS_2023_DFA_paper_10 NI V PRAVI OBLIKI IS_2023_DFA_paper_11 IS_2023_DFA_paper_12 IS_2023_DFA_paper_13 IS_2023_DFA_paper_14 IS_2023_DFA_paper_15 IS_2023_DFA_paper_16 IS_2023_DFA_paper_17 IS_2023_DFA_paper_18 IS_2023_DFA_paper_19 IS_2023_DFA_paper_2 IS_2023_DFA_paper_20 IS_2023_DFA_paper_3 IS_2023_DFA_paper_4 IS_2023_DFA_paper_5 IS_2023_DFA_paper_6 IS_2023_DFA_paper_7 IS_2023_DFA_paper_8 IS_2023_DFA_paper_9 12 - Index - F Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Prispevki - F.pdf IS_2023_DFA_paper_01 IS_2023_DFA_paper_02 IS_2023_DFA_paper_03 IS_2023_DFA_paper_04 IS_2023_DFA_paper_05 IS_2023_DFA_paper_06 IS_2023_DFA_paper_07 IS_2023_DFA_paper_08 IS_2023_DFA_paper_09 IS_2023_DFA_paper_10 NI V PRAVI OBLIKI IS_2023_DFA_paper_11 IS_2023_DFA_paper_12 IS_2023_DFA_paper_13 IS_2023_DFA_paper_14 IS_2023_DFA_paper_15 IS_2023_DFA_paper_16 IS_2023_DFA_paper_17 IS_2023_DFA_paper_18 IS_2023_DFA_paper_19 IS_2023_DFA_paper_20 Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Prispevki - F.pdf IS_2023_DFA_paper_01 IS_2023_DFA_paper_02 IS_2023_DFA_paper_03 IS_2023_DFA_paper_04 IS_2023_DFA_paper_05 IS_2023_DFA_paper_06 IS_2023_DFA_paper_07 IS_2023_DFA_paper_08 IS_2023_DFA_paper_09 IS_2023_DFA_paper_10 NI V PRAVI OBLIKI IS_2023_DFA_paper_11 IS_2023_DFA_paper_12 IS_2023_DFA_paper_13 IS_2023_DFA_paper_14 IS_2023_DFA_paper_15 IS_2023_DFA_paper_16 IS_2023_DFA_paper_17 IS_2023_DFA_paper_18 IS_2023_DFA_paper_19 IS_2023_DFA_paper_20 Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - G 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - G - DRAFT 03 - Kolofon - G - DRAFT 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - G 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - G - DRAFT 09 - Predgovor podkonference - G 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - G 11 - Prispevki - G 01 Albreht 02 Babič 03 Baggia et al 04 Baloh 05 Blatnik 06 Božič Škrlec 07 Brezovnik 08 Cerar Zapušek 09 Civic1_at al 10 Civiv2_et al 11 Delakonda Tkalec Filipas Janičijević 12 Ferjan Bernik 2 13 Flogie Čampelj 14 Frelih 15 Grošelj 16 GrudenReya 17 Hofer Kacjan 18 Jagič 19 JesihŠterbenc 20 Jurgele 21 KotnikLebar 22 Luštrek 23 Mičič 24 Mlakar 25 Mrkela 26 Oblak 27 Odič Mrgole Trobec 28 Prašnikar 29 PučnikBelavič 30 Rajher 31 Rehberger 32 Romih Primec Primec 33 SlanšekSlokan 34 Strgar 35 Strniša 36 Šebenik 37 Škof 38 Škof 2 39 Škrlj 40 Špenko Lokar 41 Vaupotič 42 Zamuda 43 Zupan et al 44 Žerovnik Zapušek Smrečnik Debevec 12 - Index - G Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Prispevki - G.pdf 01 Albreht 02 Babič 03 Baggia et al 04 Baloh 05 Blatnik 06 Božič Škrlec 07 Brezovnik 08 Cerar Zapušek 09 Civic1_at al 10 Civiv2_et al 11 Delakonda Tkalec Filipas Janičijević 12 Ferjan Bernik 2 13 Flogie Čampelj 14 Frelih 15 Grošelj 16 GrudenReya 17 Hofer Kacjan 18 Jagič 19 JesihŠterbenc 20 Jurgele 21 KotnikLebar 22 Luštrek 23 Mičič 24 Mlakar 25 Mrkela 26 Oblak 27 Odič Mrgole Trobec 28 Prašnikar 29 PučnikBelavič 30 Rajher 31 Rehberger 32 Romih Primec Primec 33 SlanšekSlokan 34 Strgar 35 Strniša 36 Šebenik 37 Škof 38 Škof 2 39 Škrlj 40 Špenko Lokar 41 Vaupotič 42 Zamuda 43 Zupan et al 44 Žerovnik Zapušek Smrečnik Debevec Blank Page 11 - Jedro - H 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - H - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - H - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - H 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - H - TEMP 09 - Predgovor podkonference - H 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - H 11 - Prispevki - H IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_01 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 The Online Notes System 3.1 Speech Recognition 3.2 Machine Translation 3.3 Interface 3.4 Lecturer Site 3.5 Student Site 3.6 Administrator Site 4 Pilot Lectures 4.1 Workflow 4.2 First Impressions and Further Feedback 5 Conclusion and Future Work 6 Acknowledgments IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_02 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_03 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_04 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_05 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_07 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_08 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_09 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_10 IS_2023_-_DIGIN_paper_12 12 - Index - H Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - I 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - I - DRAFT 03 - Kolofon - I - DRAFT 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - I 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - I - DRAFT 09 - Predgovor podkonference - I 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - I 11 - Prispevki - I 12 - Index - I Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 11 - Jedro - J 02 - Naslovnica - notranja - J - TEMP 03 - Kolofon - J - TEMP 04 - IS2023 - Predgovor 05 - IS2023 - Konferencni odbori 07 - Kazalo - J 08 - Naslovnica - notranja - J - TEMP 09 - Predgovor podkonference - J 10 - Programski odbor podkonference - J 11 - Prispevki - J IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_01 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_02 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_03 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_04 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_05 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_06 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_07 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_08 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_09 IS_2023_LEGENDS_paper_10 12 - Index - J Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page Blank Page 12 - Index - ALL Blank Page