159 Arheološki vestnik 63, 2012, str. 159–178
Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Janka ISTENIČ
Abstract
Typical of an as yet unidentified group of daggers with 
a semicircular pommel are distinctive brass rivets with 
heads decorated with a raised edge and a small raised 
circle in the center. Such rivets, together with brass sus-
pension loops, are also characteristic of the associated 
sheaths constructed of metal shells (Scott Type A). The 
largest number of these daggers and sheaths come from 
the fortress of Dangstetten, therefore we suggest they be 
called after this site.
The described daggers and sheaths come from sites and 
contexts that indicate a dating from the end of the early or 
the beginning of the middle Augustan Period to the end 
of the Augustan Period.
Keywords: daggers, sheaths, Augustan Period, rivets, 
brass, Dangstetten, the River Ljubljanica
INTRODUCTION
Upon analysing the early Principate daggers with 
a semicircular pommel and their sheaths from the 
River Ljubljanica (Slovenia), it turned out that two 
of the iron daggers and a sheath associated with one 
of them, all had brass rivets with heads decorated 
with a raised edge and a small raised circle in the 
middle; suspension loops on the sheath were also 
of brass. This feature distinguishes the discussed 
daggers and the sheath from the majority of other 
early Principate daggers with a semicircular pom-
mel and Scott Type A sheaths, which have iron 
suspension loops and iron rivets with decorative 
enamelled heads.
FINDS FROM THE RIVER LJUBLJANICA: 
DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION
The dagger and its sheath, found in the Ljubljanica 
at Verd (figs. 1, 2, 15: 6),
1
 are corroded together. 
They are made of iron; only the suspension loops 
and ornamented rivets are of pure brass.
2
 The 
surviving length of the dagger in the sheath is 232 
mm. The sheath is 207 mm long and 70 mm wide.
1
  The National Museum of Slovenia, Inv. No. V 443. 
The artefacts were conserved by Irma Langus and Sonja 
Perovšek, National Museum of Slovenia.
2
  The PIXE analysis was made with a tandem accelera-
tor by Žiga Šmit at the Jožef Stefan Institute in Ljubljana. 
For the term “pure brass” see Istenič 2005, 199.
Izvleček
Za doslej neidentificirano skupino bodal s polkrožnim 
glavičem so značilne medeninaste zakovice z glavicami, 
ki imajo dvignjen rob in bunčico v sredini; značilnost 
njim pripadajočih polnokovinskih nožnic so poleg ena-
kih zakovic še medeninaste zanke za pripenjanje. Največ 
takih bodal in nožnic izvira iz rimskega vojaškega tabora 
Dangstetten, zato predlagamo njihovo poimenovanje po 
tem najdišču. 
Opisana bodala in nožnice izvirajo z najdišč in iz 
kontekstov, ki kažejo na datacijo od konca zgodnjeav-
gustejske oziroma začetka srednjeavgustejske do konca 
poznoavgustejske dobe.
Ključne besede: bodala, nožnice, avgustejska doba, 
zakovice, medenina, Dangstetten, Ljubljanica

160 Janka ISTENIČ
Fig. 1: The dagger and its sheath from the River Ljubljanica near Verd. Scale 1:2 (b y and I. Murgelj, NMS and D. Knific Lunder).
Sl. 1: Bodalo in nožnica iz reke Ljubljanice pri Verdu. M. = 1:2 (risba: I. Murgelj in D. Knific Lunder).
Fig. 2: The dagger and its sheath from the River Ljubljanica near Verd, both sides (photo: T. Lauko, NMS.
Sl. 2: Bodalo in nožnica iz reke Ljubljanice pri Verdu, sprednja in hrbtna stran (foto: T. Lauko, NMS).
iron / železo
brass / medenina
wood / les

161 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Fig. 3: The dagger from the River Ljubljanica near Podpeč. Scale 1:2 (by D. Knific Lunder).
Sl. 3: Bodalo iz reke Ljubljanice pri Podpeči. M. = 1:2 (risba: D. Knific Lunder).
Fig. 4: The dagger from the River Ljubljanica near Podpeč, both sides (photo: T. Lauko, NMS).
Sl. 4: Bodalo iz reke Ljubljanice pri Podpeči, sprednja in hrbtna stran (foto: T. Lauko, NMS).
iron / železo
brass / medenina
wood / les

162 Janka ISTENIČ
The other dagger, from the Ljubljanica at Podpeč 
(figs. 3, 4; 15: 7),
3
 was found without its sheath. Its 
surviving length is 200 mm and its maximum width 
is 62 mm. It is also iron, with two decorative rivets 
made of pure brass. Its blade has a pronounced 
waist in its upper part and a widened middle part 
tapering into the tip, which does not survive. The 
blade has a simple upstanding midrib. The X-ray 
of the Verd dagger in its sheath (fig. 5) reveals a 
similar blade with a midrib and a pronounced waist.
In both daggers the blade continues into a tang, 
which used to be encased in wood, horn or bone, 
and iron plates as an outer covering. The tang and 
the plates are attached to one another by rivets. 
In both daggers, only the lower part of the handle 
survives. The part enclosing the blade’s shoulders 
contains four rivets. The two rivets at the far end 
have thin shanks; judging by the well-preserved 
rivets from the Podpeč dagger, they served mainly 
as decoration. They are, namely, made of brass, 
which is golden in colour when there is no patina. 
Furthermore, the rivets’ heads at the front of the 
dagger have a relief decoration (a raised edge and 
a circle in the middle). The two middle rivets have 
no heads, but much thicker shanks and are not vis-
ible on the surface; they are clearly discernable on 
X-rays (figs. 5, 6) and are most probably iron. The 
preserved parts of the dagger have no other rivets.
The sheath from Verd (figs. 1, 2) consists of two 
iron shells, attached tightly and invisibly at the 
sides. The back shell seems straight, whereas the 
front one is bent more or less at a right angle at 
both edges. The back reveals wood under the iron 
shell, which would imply that the inner part of the 
sheath was made of wood, possibly in thin panels, 
which protected the dagger’s blade (figs. 1, 2).
The two shells are attached to each other by 
four symmetrically positioned groups of three 
brass rivets with decorative heads at the edge of 
the sheath, as well as by a similar rivet positioned 
in the middle of the circular tip (figs. 1, 2). The 
same rivets at the sides of the sheath also pin the 
four suspension loops to the sheath. The decora-
tive rivets’ heads closely resemble the brass ones 
from the handle of the Podpeč dagger (figs. 3, 4).
The surface of the upper front of the sheath 
contains three horizontal lines with another two 
parallel diagonal lines above them. They are too 
poorly preserved to allow an interpretation. It is 
3
  The National Museum of Slovenia, Inv. No. V 2126. 
The artefacts were conserved by Anita Virag and Sonja 
Perovšek, National Museum of Slovenia.
Fig. 5: X-ray radiography image of the part of the dagger 
in its sheath from the River Ljubljanica near Verd. Not to 
scale (by Z. Milić, NMS).
Sl. 5: Rentgenski posnetek bodala in nožnice iz reke 
Ljubljanice pri Verdu. Ni v merilu (foto: Z. Milić, NMS).

163 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
the first half of the 1
st
 century AD.
4
 The sheath 
from the vicinity of Verd belongs to this group.
The use of copper alloy for loops and rivets 
is unusual. Most sheaths with metal shells and 
their corresponding daggers with a semicircular 
pommel have iron loops and iron rivets with 
enamelled heads.
5
OTHER DAGGERS AND SHEATHS
A dagger with parts of the sheath (fig. 7), which 
is a close parallel to the described piece from the 
River Ljubljanica, comes from the Roman fortress 
of Dangstetten by the Upper Rhine (fig. 15: 1),
6
 
garrisoned from c. 20/15 to 9/7 BC.
7
 The main 
similarities include the dagger’s blade (the basic 
form and particularly the simple midrib), as well 
as the appearance and metal of the ornamented 
rivets and suspension loops. There were other 
remnants of “bronze”
8
 loops and rivets found at 
the site (fig. 8),
9
 which also belonged to similarly 
decorated sheaths and/or daggers. Another sheath 
from Dangstetten has “bronze” rivets with similarly 
shaped decorative heads; however, its suspension 
loops are different (fig. 8: 972/5).
10
 The Dangstet-
ten finds include one more parallel to the group in 
question: it is a sheath with “bronze” rivets with 
heads, which, judging by the publication, do not 
have a relief decoration (fig. 8: 1143/5).
11
4
  Scott 1985, 160–167. For the wooden lining of the 
sheath with metal shells from the Ljubljanica (National 
Museum of Slovenia, Inv. No. 417) cf. Rant et al. 1994.
5
  Milošević 2003, cover; Niemeyer 1990; Radman-
Livaja 2004, figs. 8, 9; Wamser, Flügel, Ziegaus 2000, 321, 
330, 331, Cat. No. 22a, 38a. Due to poor descriptions it 
is often impossible to figure out the material of the rivets 
and loops. The claim in Bishop, Coulston 2006, 85, that 
the loops were made of copper alloy is incorrect. Also 
incorrect is the reconstruction of the sheath from the Kupa 
at Sisak with its brass loops in Obmann 2000 (pl. 72); the 
loops and the corresponding rivets are namely of iron (cf. 
Radman-Livaja 2004, 52, 128, fig. 9, Cat. No. 60).
6
  Fingerlin 1986, 207/3.
7
  Roth-Rubi 2006, 103; ead. 2002; Ehmig 2010; Martin-
Kilcher 2011, 44–5, n. 62.
8
  The publication describes the material as bronze, 
although no analysis was made. The accurate description 
of the material would therefore be “copper alloy” .
9
  Fingerlin 1986, 164/6, 211/15; id. 1998, 552/6? (the 
material of the loop is not mentioned; the style of the 
drawing would suggest copper alloy), 625B/1,2.
10
  Fingerlin 1998, 972/5.
11
  Fingerlin 1998, 1143/5.
Fig. 6: X-ray radiography image of the dagger from the River 
Ljubljanica near Podpeč. Not to scale (by Z. Milić, NMS).
Sl. 6: Rentgenski posnetek bodala iz reke Ljubljanice pri 
Podpeči. Ni v merilu (foto: Z. Milić, NMS).
not completely out of the question that this was 
once a (metal-inlaid) decoration (fig. 1).
The dagger found at Podpeč and the sheath 
from the vicinity of Verd share similar rivets 
(brass, similarly ornamented heads). This would 
imply that daggers and sheaths with such rivets 
were designed as a whole and were manufactured 
in the same workshops. The same goes for other 
early Roman daggers and associated sheaths.
Both daggers belong to the extensive group of 
Roman daggers with a flat tang (as opposed to a rod 
tang) and a handle that was typically constructed 
by placing rivets through the shoulders and its 
other parts. Their associated sheaths were made 
of iron shells (Scott Type A) and lined with wood. 
They were in use during the Augustan period and 

164 Janka ISTENIČ
Fig. 7: Dangstetten. The iron dagger and remains of the assocated iron sheath with copper-alloy rivets and suspension 
loops. Scale 1:2 (from Fingerlin 1986, 207/3).
Sl. 7: Dangstetten. Železno bodalo in železna nožnica z okrasnimi zakovicami in zankami iz bakrove zlitine. M. = 1:2 
(po Fingerlin 1986, 207/3).
The brass loops and decorated rivets from 
Dangstetten and the River Ljubljanica sheaths and 
daggers have excellent analogies among the finds 
from the middle-Augustan workshop/repair shop at 
Štalenska gora/Magdalensberg in Carinthia (figs. 9; 
15: 5).
12
 Very likely, the “bronze” (cf. n. 8.) rivets 
on a dagger handle and sheath from the middle-
12
  Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, figs. 7: 11, 13: 98, 15: 
124. The material is described as bronze – cf. n. 8. 

165 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Fig. 8: Dangstetten. Iron dagger sheaths with copper-alloy rivets and suspension loops (from Fingerlin 1998, 1143/5, 
1143/5) and fragments of copper-alloy suspension loops and rivets (from Fingerlin 1986, 164/6, 211/15; id.1998, 625B: 
1,2). Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 8: Dangstetten. Železni nožnici z okrasnimi zakovicami in zankami iz bakrove zlitine (po Fingerlin 1998, 972/5, 
1143/5) ter odlomki (po Fingerlin 1986, 164/6, 211/15; id.1998, 625B: 1,2). M. = 1:2.
In our opinon, it is not probable that the “bronze” rivets 
with enamelled heads from Magdalenberg are parts of daggers 
and sheaths (Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, 57–58, Cat. Nos. 
74–76, 114, figs. 12, 15; Dolenz 1998, 57–58), because such 
rivets are not known from daggers and their sheaths. The 
enamelled rivets on daggers and sheaths are namely iron 
and not copper alloy (Milošević 2003, cover; Niemeyer 1990, 
figs. 1, 2; Radman-Livaja 2004, figs. 8, 9; Wamser, Flügel, 
Ziegaus 2000, 318, 321, Cat. No. 18a1–3, 22a).
It is also doubtful that the so-called loops o.c. 70, 74, 
figs. 12, 15, Cat. Nos. 73 and 113 belonged to the sheaths 
of the daggers. More or less similarly shaped loops (but 
with more pronounced and always contiguous volutes; 
cf. examples in Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, 70, Cat. No. 
73) belong to Scott Type B sheaths, of which there are so 
far no known examples prior to the Tiberian Age (Scott 
1985, 166; Obmann 2000, 6), whereas the Magdalensberg 
workshop is middle-Augustan.

166 Janka ISTENIČ
Fig. 9: Magdalensberg. Copper alloy suspension loop (11) and rivets, presumably from daggers or their sheaths (98 and 
124). Scale 1:2 (from Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, figs. 7: 11, 13: 98; 15: 124).
Sl. 9: Štalenska gora/Magdalensberg. Zanka nožnice bodala (11) in okrasne zakovice, domnevno deli bodal in/ali njihovih 
nožnic (98 in 124). Vse bakrova zlitina. M. = 1:2 (po Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, sl. 7: 11, 13: 98, 15: 124).
Fig. 10: Anreppen. Iron dagger sheath with copper alloy suspension loops and rivets. Scale 1:2 (from Obmann 2000, pl. 26).
Sl. 10: Anreppen. Železna nožnica bodala z zankami in zakovicami iz bakrove zlitine. M. = 1:2 (po Obmann 2000, t. 26).
Augustan (11–8/7 BC)
13
 fortress at Oberaden by 
the River Lippe (fig. 15: 3)
14
 were also similarly 
shaped. Additional conservation and a detailed 
13
  Kühlborn 1992, 123, 133.
14
  Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 9 (it is not clear from the 
publication, which contains a black and white photograph 
scrutiny of daggers and sheaths from this site
15
 
might uncover other examples with brass rivets 
and loops. At least one dagger, however, had iron 
rather than a drawing, whether the rivets' heads are pre-
served and in what manner they are shaped).
15
  Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 1–3, 5.
98 a–e   98 f–j
98 k–o      124 a–h
11

167 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Fig. 11: Ljubljana – Gornji trg. Fragments of copper alloy 
suspension loops from dagger sheaths. Scale 1:2 (from 
Vičič 2002, pl. 12: 48–54).
Sl. 11: Ljubljana – Gornji trg. Odlomki zank nožnic bodal, 
bakrova zlitina. M. = 1:2 (po Vičič 2002, t. 12: 48–54).
Fig. 12: The River Kupa at Sisak. The dagger with copper alloy rivets. Scale 1:2 (from Radman-Livaja 2004, pl. 14: 57).
Sl. 12: Reka Kolpa pri Sisku. Bodalo z okrasnimi zakovicami iz bakrove zlitine. M. = 1:2 (po Radman-Livaja 2004, t. 14: 57).
rivets, according to the sketchy descriptions in 
the publication.
16
Somewhat younger is a sheath with copper-
alloyed loops and rivets with relief decorated heads 
(a raised edge and circle in the middle) from the 
fortress of Anreppen by the River Lippe (figs. 10; 
15: 4),
17
 which was garrisoned from AD 4 to 6 
or 9 at the latest.
18
16
  Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 4.
17
  Kühlborn 1995, 142, fig. 9; colour photograph: Kühlborn 
2009, 14, fig. 13; Obmann 2000, 27, Fundliste 1: 1, pl. 26).
18
  Kühlborn 2009, 32–34; Tremmel 2008, 147–150, 159.

168 Janka ISTENIČ
We assume that the fragments of the “bronze”
19
 
loops coming from the Ljubljana (figs. 11; 15: 8) 
Roman military equipment workshop or repair 
shop belonged to the same type of sheaths. The 
workshop/repairshop was active in the last decade 
BC or the first two or three decades AD.
20
 Taking 
into consideration the dating of Ljubljana military 
forts on the right bank of the Ljubljanica
21
 and 
the Roman army’s assistance with the building of 
the walled town of Emona in the late Augustan 
Age,
22
 the dating of the workshop/repair shop to 
the middle or late Augustan Age seems plausible.
“Bronze”
23
 rivets with similarly shaped heads 
also decorate the handle of a dagger found in the 
River Kupa at Sisak (figs. 12; 15: 9).
24
 The dagger’s 
blade has a simple midrib, which links it to the 
other daggers from this group (i.e. examples from 
the Ljubljanica and Dangstetten; figs. 3–5, 7).
The shape of the rivets’ heads on the sheath 
from the Rhine at Mainz (figs. 13; 15: 2)
25
 allows 
us to assume that they are made of brass and that 
this sheath, too, belongs to the group in question.
Based on the PIXE analyses of the rivets and 
loops on the daggers and sheaths from the River 
Ljubljanica, as well as on the analyses of metals of 
other Roman military equipment items,
26
 it is safe 
to assume that the “bronze” rivets with decorative 
heads and loops on daggers and sheaths from the 
group in question are actually made of brass.
DISCUSSION
Sheaths and daggers – or parts thereof – with 
ornamented rivets with distinct relief-decorated 
heads and suspension loops of copper alloy (most 
likely brass) are most numerous in Dangstetten (fig. 
15: 1). In addition to the piece from the River Kupa 
19
  Cf. n. 8.
20
  Vičič 2002, 205, pl. 12: 48–54.
21
  Hvalec 2009, 3, 4.
22
  Gaspari 2010, 142.
23
  Cf. n. 8.
24
  Radman-Livaja 2004, 50–51, 128, Cat. No. 57, pl. 
14. Radman-Livaja 2010, 184 – the colour photograph 
suggests the ornamented rivets are made of copper al-
loy; the author would like to thank Ivan Radman-Livaja, 
Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu for confirming that the rivets 
are of copper alloy (e-mail 15
th
 February 2012).
25
  Obmann 2000, 27, Fundliste 1: 11, pl. 24: 1. The 
publication does not state whether the rivets and loops 
are made of copper alloy or iron.
26
  Šmit et al. 2005.
and the poorly published item from the Rhine, 
it is at Dangstetten that the most fully preserved 
example of such a dagger and its sheath (fig. 7) 
was found. Dangstetten also provides a narrow 
and accurate time span for dating the daggers and 
sheaths from this group. W e therefore suggest that 
the group be named after this site.
The two daggers from Dangstetten (fig. 8) and the 
Kupa (fig. 12) suggest that in terms of the detailed 
handle structure the daggers of this group do not 
differ from other daggers with a tang. The handles 
of these daggers have eight ornamented rivets: two 
on the edges of the lower part, which encloses the 
blade’ s shoulders, one on the swelling half-way along 
its length, two on the front of the semicircular pom-
mel, and three (with different heads) on its straight 
upper edge. The gap between the two iron plates is 
closed from the side by a strip of non-ferrous metal, 
usually copper alloy, which was – judging from the 
piece from the Ljubljanica, pure brass.
27
 In addition, 
the parts of the handle were also held together by 
iron headless rivets (two on the lower part of the 
handle, attaching the handle parts to the blade’s 
shoulders, one below and one above the middle 
swelling), which are invisible or only barely visible 
on the surface (figs. 5, 6, 12).
28
 Another common 
feature of the daggers is the basic shape of the blade 
with its simple upstanding midrib (figs. 3, 5, 7, 12), 
typical of the blades of the earliest Roman daggers.
29
In most sheaths from the Dangstetten group, no 
decoration survives other than the copper alloy loops 
and rivets (examples from Oberaden; the Rhine at 
Mainz, fig. 13; Anreppen, fig. 10). Aside from the 
piece from the Ljubljanica (figs. 1, 2), which might 
have traces of (metal-inlaid?) decoration, the only 
other possible exception is the iron sheath from 
Dangstetten (fig. 7). Only its lower part survives. 
The drawings and the description in the publication 
27
  In the Dangstetten group, this type of a metal strip is 
preserved only on the pommel of a dagger from Dangstet-
ten (cf. Fingerlin 1986, 78, 207/3). For other daggers with 
a semicircular pommel, which have a (partly) preserved 
metal strip at the side of the handle, see e.g. Harneker 
1997, 87, Cat. No. 758, pl. 70; Istenič 2009b, Cat. No. 68; 
Radman-Livaja 2004, Cat. Nos. 59, 60.
28
  For an example of a dagger with a semicircular pom-
mel that does not belong to the Dangstetten group see the 
dagger from the Ljubljanica at Rakova Jelša, (Milić et al. 
2009a, fig. 30). Neutron radiography of the dagger shows 
a wooden headless rivet in the middle of the pommel.
29
  Titelberg: Metzler 1995, 349, fig. 185. Alesia: Sievers 
2001a, 155; id. 2001b, 220, pl. 54: 182. Cáceres el Viejo: 
Ulbert 1984, pl. 25: 195, 197–199. Cf. Scott 1985, 162.

169 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
suggest that parts of the “bronze” sheet with lines 
of small circles (embossed from the back) covered 
a large part of the iron sheath’s front – a decoration 
with no known parallels among Roman sheaths. It 
is difficult to make out the ornament, because it is 
corroded to the remnants of a leather strap with 
metal (copper alloy?) fitments.
30
 It does not seem 
entirely unlikely that the pieces of the “bronze” sheet 
are actually not part of the sheath but also belonged 
to the corroded leather strap with fitments.
The find spots or contexts of the daggers and 
sheaths in question clearly show that they were in 
use from the end of the early Augustan (or begin-
ning of the middle Augustan) Age at the latest 
until the end of the late Augustan Age.
The daggers and sheaths from this group belong 
to the oldest examples of daggers with a semicircular 
pommel and sheaths with metal shells, one of which 
is also a sheath from the Basel-Münsterhügel site 
(Switzerland) or, more precisely, from Pit 7,
31
 which 
is contemporary to the fortress in Dangstetten.
32
In addition to the discussed daggers and as-
sociated sheaths, (parts of) “frame-like” dagger 
sheaths (i.e. sheaths that had originally been of 
leather and wood with an open metal binding), 
which are typologically earlier, were also found at 
Dangstetten.
33
 However, there are no remnants of 
sheaths with iron loops or of sheaths and daggers 
with iron rivets with enamelled heads.
34
In most cases, the publication of the daggers and 
associated sheaths from Oberaden does not give a 
description of the rivets. However, in one case – in 
addition to the already mentioned example with 
the brass rivets – iron rivets are mentioned, but 
no enamel.
35
 A dagger with a double disc handle 
and a dagger with a cross-shaped pommel come 
from the same site.
36
 They represent earlier types 
of daggers, since they are depicted on the denarii 
coined for Marcus Junius Brutus in 43/42 BC.
37
We can therefore conclude that in Dangstetten 
as well as in Oberaden, earlier, i.e. late Republican 
30
  Fingerlin 1986, 78–79, 207/3. The front and back of 
the sheath are reversed in the description. The part with 
the two groups of three decorated rivets’ heads is without 
a doubt the front.
31
  Berger, Helmig 1991, 18.
32
  Roth-Rubi 2006, 103, 117–118.
33
  Fingerlin 1986, 188/11, 280/5; id. 1998, 1034/2.
34
  According to the description and the drawing, the 
Fingerlin 1986, 552/8 dagger has simple iron rivets.
35
  Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 1, 4.
36
  Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 6, 8.
37
  Istenič 2009a, 339; Mackensen 2001, 352–353, fig. 5: 1.
Fig. 13: The River Rhine at Mainz. A dagger in its sheath. 
Scale 1:2 (from Lindenschmit 1900, pl. 11: 1).
Sl. 13: Bodalo v nožnici iz reke Ren pri Mainzu. M = 1:2 
(po Lindenschmit 1900, t. 11: 1).

170 Janka ISTENIČ
types of daggers and sheaths were used along-
side the ones of the group under discussion. In 
Oberaden (which chronologically coincides with 
the late stage of Dangstetten) and possibly in 
Dangstetten,
38
 daggers with a semicircular pom-
mel and iron rivets were also in use. The oldest 
dated example of a dagger with iron rivets with 
enamelled heads comes from Haltern,
39
 dated 
between c. 7/0 and AD 9 or perhaps 16.
40
 Two 
sheaths from Dangstetten, belonging to the group 
in question or close to it, have unusual suspension 
loops (fig. 8: 972/5, 1143/5),
41
 reminiscent of the 
38
  Fingerlin 1986, 552/8.
39
  Harnecker 1997, 87, Cat. No. 758, pl. 70.
40
  Schnurbein 1991, 69; Wolters 2007.
41
  Fingerlin 1998, 972/5, 1143/5.
asymmetrically positioned loops of the “frame-
like” sheath from Titelberg
42
 and similar loops 
of the Celto-Iberian sheaths.
43
 They are smaller 
than other sheaths from the Dangstetten group: 
while the other sheaths are between 23 and 29 
cm long, their presumed length is 12 and 14 cm 
respectively.
44
 Both features imply they are part of 
the early development of the Dangstetten group, 
when it was still taking shape.
Related to this group are the famous dagger 
and associated sheath, found in 1901 south of the 
Oberammergau settlement in Southern Bavaria 
(Germany; fig. 14), and another dagger that was 
much later found close by (fig. 15: 10). Their find 
spot is situated about 150 metres from the cult site 
at Döttenbichl, which was in use during the 1
st
 
century BC and the first half of the 1
st
 century AD.
45
The first dagger from Döttenbichl, signed by 
its maker Gaius Antonius, and its sheath, both 
richly decorated with niello and metal inlays, 
have silver rivets in mint condition with deco-
rative heads shaped as the ones typical of the 
daggers and sheaths of the Dangstetten group; 
the suspension loops and rings are also silver.
46
 
The choice of silver for these parts of the dag-
ger and sheath is another indicator of their links 
with the Dangstetten group. Brass and silver were 
namely both precious (brass less so than silver), 
decorative materials.
The other dagger from Döttenbichl also has 
rivets with heads typical of the Dangstetten type;
47
 
the published colour photograph
48
 suggests they 
are silver, but the publication does not state the 
material of the rivets.
The links between the two daggers and the 
sheath from Döttenbichl and the Dangstetten 
group would allow dating them relatively closely, 
i.e. within the middle to the late Augustan Age.
42
  Metzler 1995, 348–350, figs. 185–186.
43
  Schüle 1969, pl. 37: 2, 166: 1, 2; Cabré 1990, figs. 
27, 29; Quesada Sanz 1997, 280, fig. 164: 4.
44
  Sources: Albrecht 1942, 160, pl. 52: 9; Fingerlin 1986, 
207/3; Kühlborn 2009, 14, fig. 13; Lindenschmit 1900, pl. 
11: 1; Radman-Livaja 2004, 50–51, 128, Cat. No. 57, pl. 14.
45
  Zanier 1994, 97; id. 1997, 47–48.
46
  Ulbert 1962; id. 1971. Colour photograph: Bishop, 
Coulston 2006, pl. 1.
47
  Zanier 1994, 98, 99, fig. 56.
48
  Zanier 2009.
Fig. 14: Döttenbichl near Oberammergau. The dagger in 
its sheath. Scale 1:2 (from Obmann 2000, pl. 14: D 23).
Sl. 14: Döttenbichl pri kraju Oberammergau. Bodalo v 
nožnici. M. = 1:2 (po Obmann 2000, t. 14: D 23).

171 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Fig. 15: Destribution of daggers and sheaths of the Dangstetten type (a) (1–9) or similar (b) (10). 1 Dangstetten (several 
examples and their fragments); 2 the River Rhine at Mainz; 3 Oberaden; 4 Anreppen; 5 Magdalensberg (several fra-
gments); 6 the River Ljubljanica near Verd; 7 the River Ljubljanica near Podpeč; 8 Ljubljana (several fragments); 9 the 
River Kupa at Sisak; 10 Döttenbichl (2 examples).
Sl. 15: Karta najdišč bodal tipa Dangstetten (a) (1–9) in njim sorodnih bodal (b) (10). 1 Dangstetten (več primerkov in 
odlomki); 2 Ren pri Mainzu; 3 Oberaden; 4 Anreppen; 5 Štalenska gora/Magdalensberg (več odlomkov); 6 Ljubljanica 
pri Verdu; 7 Ljubljanica pri Podpeči; 8 Ljubljana (odlomki); 9 Kolpa v Sisku; 10 Döttenbichl (2 primerka).
CONCLUSIONS
The available evidence implies that the daggers 
and sheaths with ornamented rivets and suspen-
sion loops of copper alloy (brass, if judging by 
the metal analyses of the Ljubljanica items) form 
a homogeneous group, and we suggest naming it 
after the Dangstetten (fig. 15: 1) fortress, where the 
highest number of them was found. They belong 
to the earliest daggers with semicircular pommel 
and associated sheaths with metal shells.
Daggers and/or sheaths of the Dangstetten type 
and their fragments come from nine sites (fig. 15: 
1–9), where they derive from 15 contexts. Nine 
of them (six contexts from Dangstetten and one 
from Oberaden, Anreppen and Magdalensberg 
respectively) allow us to date this type within a 
relatively narrow time span: the earliest examples 
come from Dangstetten, the latest from Anrep-
pen, which clearly dates them from the end of 
the early/beginning of the middle Augustan Age 
until the late Augustan Age. They are among the 
earliest daggers with a semicircular pommel and 
associated sheaths with metal shells Scott Type A. 
So, the beginning of this type is traced back to the 
time when the use of late Republican daggers and 
sheaths was ending and the daggers and sheaths 
with enamelled rivets and other enamelled orna-
ments were not yet in production.
It can be concluded that the two daggers and the 
sheath from the River Ljubljanica were made in the 
middle or late Augustan Age; this would fit in very 

172 Janka ISTENIČ
ALBRECHT, Ch. 1942, Das Römerlager in Oberaden II. – 
V eröffentlichungen aus dem Städt. Museum für V or- und 
Frühgeschichte Dortmund, Dortmund.
BERGER, L. and G. HELMIG 1991, Die Erforschung der 
augusteischen Militärstation auf dem Basler Münsterhügel. 
– In: B. Trier (ed.), Die römische Okkupation nördlich 
der Alpen zur Zeit des Augustus, Kolloquium Bergkamen 
1989, Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 26, 7–24, Münster.
BISHOP, M. C. and J. C. N. COULSTON 2006
2
, Roman 
Military Equipment. From the Punic Wars to the fall of 
Rome. – Oxford.
CABRÉ, E. 1990, Espadas y puñales de las necrópolis 
celtibéricas. – In: F. Burillo Mozota (ed.), Necrópolis 
celtibéricas. Il simposio sobre los Celtíberos (Zaragoza 
1990), 205–224, Zaragoza.
DOLENZ, H. 1998, Eisenfunde aus der Stadt auf dem Mag­ dalensberg. – Kärntner Museumsschriften 75, Klagenfurt.
DOLENZ, H., Chr. FLÜGEL and Chr. ÖLLERER 1995, 
Militaria aus einer Fabrica auf dem Magdalensberg 
(Kärnten). – In: Provinzialrömische Forschungen. Fest-
schrift für Günter Ulbert zum 65. Geburtstag, 51–80, 
Espelkamp.
EHMIG, U. 2010, Zum Vergleich der gestempelten Sigil-
lata aus den römischen Militärlagern von Dangstetten 
und Oberaden. – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 
40/4, 551–556.
FINGERLIN, G. 1986, Dangstetten I. – Forschungen 
und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-
Würtemberg 22, Stuttgart.
FINGERLIN, G. 1998, Dangstetten II. – Forschungen 
und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-
Würtemberg 69, Stuttgart.
GASPARI, A. 2010, “Apud horridas gentis ...”. Začetki 
rimskega mesta Colonia Iulia Emona / Beginnings of 
the Roman Town of Colonia Iulia Emona. – Ljubljana.
HARNECKER, J. 1997, Katalog der Eisenfunde von Haltern 
aus den Grabungen der Jahre 1949–1994. – Bodenalter-
tümer Westfalens 35, Mainz am Rhein.
HELMIG, G. 1990, “Hispaniensis Pugiunculus”? – Te-
chnologische Aspekte und Anmerkungen zum Fund 
einer Militärdolchscheide aus Basel. – Archäologie der 
Schweiz 13/4, 158–164.
HV ALEC, S., R. MASARYK, D. BADOVINAC, P . VOJAKOVIĆ, 
J. HRUSTEL, T. ŽERJAL, S. PORENTA, D. ČEŠAREK, 
S. FIRŠT, I. BEKLJANOV-ZIDANŠEK, A. PLESTEN-
JAK and M. ZOROVIĆ 2009, Utrip Tribune. Doživetja 
arheološkega vsakdana. – Ljubljana.
ISTENIČ, J. 2005, Brooches of the Alesia group in Slo-
venia / Fibule skupine Alesia v Sloveniji. – Arheološki 
vestnik 56, 187–212.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009a, An Early Roman dagger from the vicinity 
of Štanjel. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari 
(eds.), Keltske študije II, Studies in Celtic Archaeology, 
Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin, Protohistoire Euro-
péenne 11, 331–342, Montagnac.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009b, Roman period. – In: P . Turk, J. Istenič, 
T. Knific, T. Nabergoj (eds.), The Ljubljanica – a River 
and its Past, 265–317, Ljubljana.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009c, Rimsko obdobje. – V: P . T urk, J. Istenič, 
T. Knific, T. Nabergoj (ur.), Ljubljanica – kulturna 
dediščina reke, 241–293, Ljubljana.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009d, The Ljubljanica and the Roman army. 
– In: P. Turk, J. Istenič, T. Knific, T. Nabergoj (eds.), 
The Ljubljanica – a River and its Past, 86–91, Ljubljana.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009e, Ljubljanica in rimska vojska. – V: P. 
Turk, J. Istenič, T. Knific, T. Nabergoj (ur.), Ljubljanica 
– kulturna dediščina reke, 81–85, Ljubljana.
ISTENIČ, J. 2009f, The Early Roman military route along 
the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia). – In: A. Morillo, 
N. Hanel, E. Martín (eds.), Limes XX, Actas del XX 
Congreso Internacional de Estudios sobre la Frontiera 
Romana / Proceedings of the XXth International Con-
gress of Roman Frontier Studies, Anejos de Gladius 13, 
855–866, Madrid.
KÜHLBORN, J.-S. 1992, Das Römerlager in Oberaden III. 
– Bodenaltümer Westfalens 27, Münster.
KÜHLBORN, J.-S. 1995, Das Römerlager bei Anreppen. – 
In: J.-S. Kühlborn (ed.), Germaniam pacavi – Germanien 
habe ich befreidet. Archäologische Stätten augusteischer 
Okkupation, 130–144, Münster.
KÜHLBORN, J.-S., BECKER, A. and A. STUPPNER 2008, 
Rom auf dem Weg nach Germanien: Geostrategie, Vor­
marschtrassen und Logistik. – Bodenaltertümer W estfalens 
45, 147–168, Mainz.
KÜHLBORN, J.-S. 2009, Anreppen, Stadt Delbrück, Kreis 
Paderborn. – Münster/Westfalen.
LINDENSCHMIT , L. 1900, Altertümer unserer heidnischer 
Vorzeit 4. – Mainz.
MACKENSEN, M. 2001, Ein spätestrepublikanisch-au-
gusteischer Dolch aus Tarent/Kalabrien. – In: Carinthia 
Romana und die römische Welt, Festschrift für Gernot 
Piccottini zum 60. Geburtstag, 341–354, Klagenfurt.
MARTIN-KILCHER, S. 2011, Römer und gentes Alpinae im 
Konflikt – archäologische und historische Zeugnisse des 
well with our interpretation of the Roman military 
finds from the River Ljubljanica as an indication of 
an intense river transport traffic for the purposes 
of the Roman army during military actions in the 
wider region, e.g., the Pannonian wars (14–9 BC) 
and the Bellum Batonianum (AD 6–9). Until the 
end of the Augustan Age, when the road between 
Nauportus and Emona (Ljubljana) was built, the 
traffic across Barje (Ljubljana Marshes) on the River 
Ljubljanica had been extremely important, because 
the Ljubljanica was the logical, as well as the most 
favourable continuation of the main road leading 
from Northern Italy through Ocra (Razdrto) towards 
the Balkans and the middle Danube area.
49
Translation: Katarina Jerin
49
  Istenič 2009d, 88–89; ead. 2009f.

173 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.– In: G. Moosbauer, R. Wiegels 
(eds.), Fines imperii – imperium sine fine?, Osnabrücker 
Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption 14, 
27–62, Rahden/Westf.
METZLER, J. 1995, Das treverische Oppidium auf dem 
Titelberg (G.­H. Luxemburg). Zur Kontinuität zwischen 
der spätkeltischen und der frührömischen Zeit in Nord­
Gallien. – Dossiers d’archéologie du Musée national 
d’Histoire et d’Art 3, Luxemburg.
MILIĆ, Z., G. LEMAJIČ, S. PEROVŠEK and J. ISTENIČ 
2009a, The conservation and restoration of finds from 
Ljubljanica. – In: P. Turk, J. Istenič, T. Knific, T. Na-
bergoj (eds.), The Ljubljanica – a River and its Past, 
32–37, Ljubljana.
MILIĆ, Z., G. LEMAJIČ, S. PEROVŠEK in J. ISTENIČ 
2009b, Konserviranje in restavriranje najdb iz Ljubljan-
ice. – V: P . Turk, J. Istenič, T. Knific, T. Nabergoj (ur.), 
Ljubljanica – kulturna dediščina reke, 30–35, Ljubljana.
MILOŠEVIĆ, A. 2003, Numini Hippi Fluvii. – Split.
NIEMEYER, B. 1990, Eine tauschierte und mit Email 
verzierte Dolchscheide aus Carnuntum. – Carnuntum 
Jahrbuch 1990, 297–301.
OBMANN, J. 2000, Studien zu römischen Dolchscheiden des 
1. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. – Kölner Studien zur Archäologie 
der römischen Provinzen 4, Rahden/Westf.
QUESADA SANZ, F. 1997, El armamento ibérico. Estudio 
tipológico, geográfico, funcional, social y simbólico de las 
armas en la Cultura ibérica (siglos VI–I a.C.). –Mono-
graphies instrumentum 3, Montagnac.
RADMAN-LIVAJA, I. 2004, Militaria Sisciensia. Nalazi 
rimske vojne opreme iz Siska u fundusu Arheološkoga 
muzeja u Zagrebu / Finds of the Roman military equip-
ment in Sisak in the holdings of the Archaeological 
museum in Zagreb. – Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis 
Catalogi et Monographiae 1, Zagreb.
RADMAN-LIVAJA, I. 2010, Siscia kao rimsko vojno 
oporište / Siscia as a Roman military stronghold. – In: 
I. Radman-Livaja (ed.), Nalazi rimske vojne opreme u 
Hrvatskoj / Finds of the Roman military equipment in 
Croatia, 179–212, Zagreb.
RANT , J., Z. MILIĆ, I. NEMEC, J. ISTENIČ and B. SMODIŠ 
1994, Neutron and X-ray radiography in the conservation 
of the roman dagger and sheath. – In: 4th International 
conference on non­destructive testing of works of art. In ­ ternationale Konferenz Zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungen 
an Kunst­ und Kulturgütern (Berlin, 3.–8. Oktober 1994), 
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V . 
45/1, 31–40, Berlin.
ROTH-RUBI, K. 2002, Why Dangstetten? – In: P . Freeman, 
J. Bennett, Z. Fiema, B. Hoffmann, P. Freeman (eds.), 
Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Ro­ man Frontier Studies held in Amman, Jordan, September 
2000. – BAR. International Series 1084, 509–514, Oxford.
ROTH-RUBI, K. 2006, Dangstetten III. – Forschungen 
und Berichte zur Vor-und Frühgeschichte in Baden-
Würtemberg 103, Stuttgart.
SCHNURBEIN, S. von 1991, Zur Datierung der augustei-
schen Militärlager. – In: B. Trier (ed.), Die Römische 
Okkupation nördlich der Alpen zur Zeit des Augustus, 
Kolloquium Bergkamen 1989, 1–5, Münster.
SCHÜLE, W. 1969, Die Meseta­Kulturen der Iberischen 
Halbinsel. – Madrider Forschungen 3, Berlin.
SCOTT, I. R. 1985, First century military daggers and the 
manufacture and supply of weapons for the Roman army. 
– In: M. C. Bishop (ed.), Production and distribution of 
Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second 
Roman Military Equipment research Seminar, BAR. 
International Series 275, 160–213, Oxford.
SIEVERS, S. 2001a, Les armes d’ Alésia. – In: M. Reddé, S. 
von Schnurbein (eds.), Alésia 2. Le matériel, Mémoi-
res de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 22, 
121–209, Paris.
SIEVERS, S. 2001b, Catalogue des armes. – In: M. Reddé, 
S. von Schnurbein (eds.), Alésia 2. Le matériel, Mémoi-
res de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 22, 
211–292, Paris.
STARY, P. F 1994, Zur eisenzeitlichen Bewaffnung und 
Kampfesweise auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. – Madrider 
Forschungen 18, Berlin, New York.
ŠMIT, Ž., P. PELICON, J. SIMČIČ and J. ISTENIČ 2005, 
Metal analysis with PIXE : the case Roman military 
equipment. – Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics 
Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials 
and Atoms 239, 27–34.
TREMMEL, B. 2008, Archäologische Inidzien für römische 
Militärlogistik am Beispiel der Funde aus Anreppen. – 
In: J.-S. Kühlborn et al. 2008, 147–168.
ULBERT , G. 1962, Der Legionarsdolch vom Oberammergau. 
– In: J. Werner (ed.), Aus Bayerns Frühzeit. Friedrich 
Wagner zum 75. Geburtstag, 175–185, München.
ULBERT, G. 1971, GAIVS ANTONIVS der Meister des 
silbertauschierten Dolches von Oberammergau. – Ba­ yerische Vorgeschichtsblätter 36, 44–47.
ULBERT , G. 1984, Cáceres el Viejo. Ein spätrepublikanisches 
Legionslager in Spanisch-Extremadura. – Madrider 
Beiträge 11, Mainz am Rhein.
VIČIČ, B. 2002, Zgodnjerimsko naselje pod Grajskim gričem 
v Ljubljani. Gornji trg 3 (Frührömische Siedlung unter 
dem Schloßberg in Ljubljana. Gornji trg 3). – Arheološki 
vestnik 53, 193–221.
WAMSER, L., C. FLÜGEL and B. ZIEGAUS (eds.) 2000, 
Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer, Katalog-
Handbuch zur Landesaustellung des Freistaates Bayern 
in Rosenheim 2000. – Mainz am Rhein.
WOLTERS, R. 2007, Kalkriese und die Datierung okku-
pationszeitlicher Militäranlagen. – In: G. A. Lehmann, 
R. Wiegels (eds.), Römische Präsenz und Herrschaft der 
augusteischen Zeit. Beiträge zu der Tagung des Fachs 
Alte Geschichte der Universität Osnabrück und der 
Kommission “Imperium und Barbaricum” der Göttinger 
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Osnabrück vom 10. 
bis 12. Juni 2004, 135–160, Göttingen.
ZANIER, W. 1994, Eine Oberammergauer Passion im 
Jahre 15 v. Chr.? – Das Archäologische Jahr Bayern 
1994, 97–100.
ZANIER, W. 1997, Ein einheimischer Opferplatz mit 
römischen Waffen der frühesten Okkupation (15–10 
v. Chr.) bei Oberammergau. – In: W. Groenmann-van 
Waateringe et al. (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1995. 
Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Roman 
Frontier Studies, Oxbow Monograph 91, 47–52, Oxford.
ZANIER, W. 2009, 3.7.6. Dolch. – In: H. Kenzler et al. 
(eds.), 2000 Jahre Varusschlacht. Imperium, 274, Cat. 
No. 3.7.6, Stuttgart.

174 Janka ISTENIČ
UVOD
Pri obravnavi zgodnjecesarskih bodal s polkro-
žnim glavičem in njihovih nožnic iz reke Ljubljanice 
(Slovenija) se je pokazalo, da so dvema železnima 
bodaloma in nožnici, ki pripada enemu izmed njih, 
skupne medeninaste okrasne zakovice; zanke za 
obešanje na nožnici so tudi medeninaste. Po ome-
njenih značilnostih se bodali in nožnica razlikujejo 
od drugih zgodnjecesarskih bodal s polkrožnim 
glavičem in njim pripadajočih polnokovinskih 
nožnic. Večina takih bodal in nožnic ima namreč 
železne zakovice z glavicami, ki so običajno okra-
šene z emajlom; prav tako so običajno železne tudi 
zanke za obešanje na nožnicah.
PRIMERKA IZ REKE LJUBLJANICE: 
OPIS IN OPREDELITEV
Bodalo in nožnica, ki sta bila najdena v Ljubljanici 
pri Verdu (sl. 1, 2, 15: 6)
1
 sta sprijeta. Izdelana sta 
iz železa, le zanke za obešanje in okrasne zakovice 
na nožnici so iz čiste medenine.
2
 Ohranjena dolžina 
bodala z nožnico je 232 mm, dolžina nožnice 207 
mm in širina nožnice ob ustju je 70 mm.
Drugo bodalo, ki izvira iz Ljubljanice pri Pod-
peči (sl. 3, 4, 15: 7),
3
 je bilo najdeno brez nožnice. 
Ohranjeno je v dolžini 200 mm, njegova največja 
širina pa meri 62 mm. Je železno, le okrasni 
zakovici sta iz čiste medenine. Njegovo rezilo je 
močno zožano v zgornjem delu, sledita razširjen 
srednji del in prehod v konico, ki je odlomljena. 
Po sredini rezila poteka izrazito rebro. Podobno 
oblikovano rezilo s sredinskim rebrom in zoženjem 
v zgornjem delu kaže tudi rentgenski posnetek 
bodala v nožnici iz okolice Verda (sl. 5).
1
  Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. V 443. Predmeta 
sta konservirali Irma Langus in Sonja Perovšek, Narodni 
muzej Slovenije.
2
  Analize z metodo PIXE je izvedel dr. Žiga Šmit s 
tandemskim pospeševalnikom na Institutu Jožefa Stefana v 
Ljubljani. Glede pojma čista medenina glej Istenič 2005, 209.
3
  Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. št. V 2126. Predmet 
sta konservirali Anita Virag in Sonja Perovšek, Narodni 
muzej Slovenije.
Bodala tipa Dangstetten
Pri obeh bodalih preide rezilo v držajni jezik, 
ki je bil prvotno obložen z lesom, rogovino ali 
kostjo in ima na sprednji in hrbtni strani železno 
oblogo. Jezik in oblogi držaja spenjajo zakovice. Pri 
obeh bodalih je ohranjen le spodnji del držaja. V 
delu, ki objema zgornji del rezila so štiri zakovice. 
Skrajni stranski zakovici imata tenak trn in sta, 
kot kažeta dobro ohranjeni zakovici na bodalu iz 
okolice Podpeči, imeli predvsem okrasno funkcijo. 
Sta namreč iz medenine, ki se, če na njej ni patine, 
zlato sveti; poleg tega sta njuni glavici, ki ležita na 
sprednji strani bodala reliefno okrašeni z dvignjenim 
robom in bunčico v sredini. Sredinski zakovici sta 
dosti debelejši in na površini nista vidni, vendar 
se jasno kažeta na rentgenskih posnetkih (sl. 5, 
6); zelo verjetno sta železni. Na ohranjenih delih 
bodal ni drugih zakovic.
Nožnica z Verda (sl. 1, 2) je sestavljena iz dveh 
železnih polovic, ki se tesno in prostemu očesu 
nevidno stikata ob straneh. Zdi se, da je hrbtna 
polovica ravna, sprednja pa ob straneh zapognjena. 
Na hrbtni strani je pod železom jasno viden les, ki 
kaže, da se je na notranji strani nožnice nahajal les, 
verjetno v obliki dveh tenkih oblog, ki sta ščitili 
rezilo bodala (sl. 1, 2).
Polovici nožnice sta speti ob straneh s štirimi 
simetrično postavljenimi skupinami treh medeni-
nastih zakovic z okrasnimi glavicami, ki so obenem 
na nožnico pripenjale štiri zanke za obešanje, in 
z enako zakovico v sredini krožno oblikovanega 
zaključka (sl. 1, 2). Reliefni okras glavic zakovic 
je enak kot pri glavicah medeninastih zakovic na 
držaju bodala iz okolice Podpeči (sl. 3, 4).
Na sprednji strani nožnice so v zgornjem delu 
tri vodoravne linije in nad njimi dve vzporedni 
diagonalni liniji. Slaba ohranjenost ne omogoča 
razlage teh sledov. Ni izključeno, da gre za ostanke 
(tavširanega?) okrasa (sl. 1).
Bodalo, ki je bilo najdeno pri Podpeči in no-
žnico iz okolice Verda povezujejo enake zakovice 
(medenina, enak reliefni okras glavic), kar kaže, 
da so bila bodala in nožnice s takimi zakovicami 
zasnovani kot celote ter da so jih izdelovali v istih 
delavnicah. To je značilno tudi za druga zgodnje-
rimska bodala in njihove nožnice.
Obe bodali sodita v široko skupino rimskih bo-
dal z jezičastim (v nasprotju s paličastim) jedrom 

175 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
ročaja in njegovo značilno konstrukcijo, pri kateri 
držajne zakovice med drugim segajo tudi čez rame 
rezila. Takim bodalom so pripadale polnokovinske 
nožnice (tip A po Scottu), ki so bile iz železa in 
so bile z lesom le podložene. Uporabljali so jih v 
avgustejski dobi in prvi polovici prvega stoletja.
4
 V 
to skupino nožnic sodi primerek iz okolice Verda.
Uporaba bakrove zlitine za zanke in zakovice 
odstopa od večine polnokovinskih nožnic in njim 
pripadajočih bodal s polkrožnim zaključkom 
držaja, za katere so običajne železne zakovice z 
emajliranim okrasom in železne zanke.
5
DRUGI PRIMERKI BODAL IN NOŽNIC
Iz rimskega legijskega tabora Dangstetten ob 
zgornjem Renu (sl. 15: 1), ki je bil v uporabi med 
ok. 20/15 in 9/7 pr. Kr.,
6
 izvira bodalo z ostanki 
nožnice (sl. 7)
7
 in je odlična primerjava opisanim 
primerkom iz reke Ljubljanice. Odločilne podob-
nosti se kažejo v rezilu bodala (osnovna oblika in 
predvsem izrazito podolžno rebro) in okrasnih 
zakovicah ter zankah za pritrditev (material in 
oblika okrasnih glavic). K enako okrašenim no-
žnicam in/ali bodalom so sodili še drugi odlomki 
“bronastih”
8
 zank in zakovic s tega najdišča (sl. 8).
9
 
“Bronaste” zakovice z enako oblikovanimi okrasni-
mi glavicami ima še ena nožnica iz Dangstettna, 
ki pa ima drugačni zanki za pripenjanje (sl. 8: 
972/5).
10
 Obravnavani skupini bodal in nožnic je 
4
  Scott 1985, 160–167. O leseni podlogi polnokovinske 
nožnice iz reke Ljubljanice (Narodni muzej Slovenije, inv. 
št. 417) prim. Rant et al. 1994.
5
  Milošević 2003, naslovnica; Niemeyer 1990; Radman-
Livaja 2004, sl. 8, 9; Wamser, Flügel, Ziegaus 2000, 321, 
330, 331, kat. št. 22a, 38a. Iz objav zaradi pomanjkljivih 
opisov pogosto ni mogoče razbrati, iz česa so izdelane 
zakovice in zanke.
Trditev v Bishop, Coulston 2006, 85, da so bile te 
zanke iz bakrove zlitine, je napačna! Prav tako je napačna 
rekonstrukcija nožnice iz Kolpe pri Sisku, ki prikazuje 
medeninaste zanke v Obmann 2000 (t. 72). Na originalu 
so namreč te zanke in pripadajoče zakovice iz železa (prim. 
Radman-Livaja 2004, 52, 128, sl. 9, kat. št. 60).
6
  Roth-Rubi 2006, 103; ead. 2002; Ehmig 2010; Martin-
Kilcher 2011, 44–45, op. 62.
7
  Fingerlin 1986, 207/3.
8
  V objavah je material opisan kot bron, čeprav ana-
lize niso bile narejene. Korekten opis materiala je torej 
bakrova zlitina.
9
  Fingerlin 1986, 164/6, 211/15; id. 1998, 552/6? 
(material zanke ni podan; stil risbe nakazuje, da gre za 
bakrovo zlitino), 625B/1,2.
10
  Fingerlin 1998, 972/5.
med najdbami iz Dangstettna zelo blizu še nožnica 
z “bronastimi” zakovicami z glavicami, ki glede na 
objavo nimajo reliefnega okrasa (sl. 8: 1143/5).
11
Medeninaste zanke in okrasne zakovice nožnic 
oziroma bodal iz Dangstettna in reke Ljubljanice 
imajo odlične primerjave med najdbami iz sre-
dnjeavgustejske delavnice ali popravljalnice na 
Štalenski gori (Magdalensberg) na Koroškem (sl. 
9; 15: 5).
12
 Verjetno so bile tako oblikovane tudi 
“bronaste” (prim. op. 8) zakovice na držaju bodala 
in na nožnici iz srednjeavgustejskega (11–8/7 pr. 
Kr.
13
) legijskega tabora v Oberadnu ob reki Lippe 
(sl. 15: 3).
14
 Ponovno konserviranje in natančen 
pregled bodal in nožnic s tega najdišča
15
 bi mor-
da pokazal, da so med njimi še drugi primerki z 
medeninastimi zakovicami in zankami. Iz njihovih 
skopih opisov v obstoječi objavi pa je razvidno, da 
je najmanj eno bodalo imelo železne zakovice.
16
Mlajša je nožnica (sl. 10) z zankami in zakovi-
cami, ki imajo značilno okrašene glavice (dvignjen 
rob in bunčica v sredini) iz bakrove zlitine iz 
legijskega tabora v Anreppnu ob reki Lippe
17
 (sl. 
15: 4), ki je deloval med letoma 4 in 6 oziroma 
najkasneje 9 po Kr.
18
11
  Fingerlin 1998, 1143/5.
12
  Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, sl. 7: 11, 13: 98, 15: 
124. Material je opisan kot bron – prim. op. 8.
Dvomimo, da k delom bodal oziroma njihovih nožnic 
s Štalenske gore sodijo “bronaste” zakovice z emajliranimi 
glavicami (Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 1995, 57–58, kat. št. 
74–76, 114, sl. 12, 15; Dolenz 1998, 57–58), saj na bodalih 
oziroma njihovih nožnicah sicer niso poznane. Pri obojih 
so namreč z emajlom okrašene zakovice železne, ne pa 
iz bakrove zlitine (Milošević 2003, naslovnica; Niemeyer 
1990, sl. 1, 2; Radman-Livaja 2004, sl. 8, 9; W amser, Flügel, 
Ziegaus 2000, 318, 321, kat. št. 18a1–3, 22a). Prav tako 
dvomimo, da sta k nožnicam bodal sodili domnevni zanki 
o.c. 70, 74, sl. 12, 15, kat. št. 73 in 113. Nožnice, na katerih 
se lahko pojavljajo bolj ali manj podobno oblikovane zanke 
(pri katerih pa se volutna dela vedno stikata in sta izraziteje 
zavita; prim. primerke navedene v Dolenz, Flügel, Öllerer 
1995, 70, kat. št. 73) namreč sodijo k nožnicam tipa B po 
Scottu, za katere zaenkrat ni podatkov za izdelavo pred 
tiberijsko dobo (Scott 1985, 166; Obmann 2000, 6).
13
  Kühlborn 1992, 123, 133.
14
 Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 9 (iz objave, ki ne vključuje 
risbe temveč le črno-belo fotografijo ni razvidno ali so 
glavice zakovic ohranjene in kako so oblikovane).
15
  Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 1–3,5.
16
  Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 4.
17
  Kühlborn 1995, 142, sl. 9. Barvna fotografija: Kühlborn 
2009, 14, sl. 13. Obmann 2000, 27, Fundliste 1: 1, t. 26.
18
  Kühlborn 2009, 32–34; Tremmel 2008, 147–150, 159.

176 Janka ISTENIČ
Domnevam, da so odlomki “bronastih”
19
 zank (sl. 
11) iz delavnice ali popravljalnice rimske vojaške 
opreme v Ljubljani (sl. 15: 8) pripadali nožnicam 
iste vrste. Delavnica izvira iz zadnjega desetletja 
pr. Kr. ali prvih dveh oziroma treh desetletij po 
Kr.
20
 Glede na datacijo vojaških taborov v Ljubljani 
na desnem bregu Ljubljanice
21
 in na sodelovanje 
rimske vojske pri izgradnji obzidanega mesta 
Emona v poznoavgustejski dobi
22
 se zdi verjetna 
datacija delavnice/popravljalnice v srednjo ali 
pozno avgustejsko dobo.
“Bronaste”
23
 okrasne zakovice z enako obli-
kovanimi glavicami krasijo tudi držaj bodala, ki 
je bilo najdeno v Kolpi pri Sisku (sl. 12; 15: 9).
24
 
Rezilo tega bodala ima izrazito osrednje podolžno 
rebro, kar ga povezuje z drugimi bodali obrav-
navane skupine (primerki iz reke Ljubljanice in 
Dangstettna, sl. 3–5, 7).
Oblika glavic zakovic na nožnici, ki izvira iz Rena 
pri Mainzu (sl. 13; 15: 2)
25
 dovoljuje domnevo, da 
so iz medenine in da torej tudi ta nožnica sodi v 
obravnavano skupino.
Glede na analize zakovic in zank na bodalih 
in nožnicah iz Ljubljanice ter analize materialov 
drugih predmetov rimske vojaške opreme iz reke 
Ljubljanice
26
 utemeljeno domnevamo, da so nave-
dene “bronaste” zakovice z okrasnimi glavicami in 
zanke na bodalih/nožnicah obravnavane skupine 
iz medenine.
DISKUSIJA
Nožnice in bodala z okrasnimi zakovicami, 
ki imajo značilno reliefno okrašene glavice in 
zanke iz bakrove zlitine (najverjetneje medenine) 
oziroma njihovi deli, so najštevilneje zastopani v 
Dangstettnu (sl. 15: 1). Tam je bil (poleg primer-
ka iz reke Kolpe in slabo objavljenega primerka 
19
  Prim. op. 8.
20
  Vičič 2002, 196, t. 12: 48–54.
21
  Hvalec 2009, 3, 4.
22
  Gaspari 2010, 142.
23
  Prim. op. 8.
24
  Radman-Livaja 2004, 50–51, 128, kat. št. 57, t. 14. 
Radman-Livaja 2010, 184 (barvna fotografija, na podlagi 
katere se da slutiti, da so okrasne zakovice iz bakrove zlitine). 
Ivan Radman-Livaja je potrdil, da so okrasne zakovice na 
tem bodalu iz bakrove zlitine (e-mail, 15. 2. 2012).
25
  Obmann 2000, 27, Fundliste 1: 11, t. 24: 1. V obja-
vi ni podatka o tem, ali so zanke in zakovice iz bakrove 
zlitine ali železa.
26
  Šmit et al. 2005.
iz Rena) najden tudi najbolje ohranjen primerek 
takega bodala in pripadajoča nožnica (sl. 7). Poleg 
tega je Dangstetten kot časovno ozko in zanesljivo 
zamejeno najdišče izpovedno za datacijo bodal 
in nožnic te skupine. Predlagamo torej njihovo 
poimenovanje po tem najdišču.
Bodali iz Dangstettna (sl. 8) in Kolpe (sl. 12) 
nakazujeta, da se bodala obravnavane skupine 
glede podrobnosti strukture držaja ne razlikujejo 
od drugih bodal z ročajnim jezikom. Držaji takih 
bodal imajo osem okrasnih zakovic: dve na robo-
vih spodnjega dela, ki objema vrh rezila, eno na 
osrednji krožni razširitvi, dve na sprednji strani 
polkrožnega glaviča in tri (z drugačnimi glavicam 
kot pri ostalih zakovicah) na njegovem zgornjem 
ravnem robu. Stranski in vrhnji robovi držaja so 
bili s strani zaprti (obloženi) s pločevino iz barvne 
kovine, običajno bakrove zlitine, ki je bila, kot kaže 
primerek iz reke Ljubljanice, čista medenina.
27
 Poleg 
zakovic so dele držaja spenjali železni zatiči (dva v 
spodnjem delu držaja, ki objema vrh rezila in dva 
v paličastem delu), ki na površini niso vidni ali so 
komajda opazni (sl. 5, 6, 12).
28
 Bodalom je skupna 
tudi osnovna oblika rezila z izrazitim podolžnim 
osrednjim rebrom (sl. 3, 5, 7, 12), kakršnega imajo 
rezila najstarejših rimskih bodal.
29
Na večini nožnic skupine Dangstetten je ohranjen 
le okras v podobi zank in zakovic iz bakrove zlitine 
(primerki iz Oberadna, Rena pri Mainzu [sl. 13], 
Anreppna [sl. 10]). Razen primerka iz reke Ljublja-
nice (sl. 1, 2), pri katerem ni jasno, ali ima sledove 
(tavširanega?) okrasa, je morebitna izjema železna 
nožnica iz Dangstettna (sl. 7). Ohranjen je le njen 
spodnji del. Glede na risbe in opis v objavi se zdi, 
da so deli “bronaste” pločevine z linijami iztolčenih 
bunkic prekrivali velik del sprednje površine železne 
nožnice, kar nakazuje za nožnice rimskih bodal 
neobičajen okras, ki mu ne poznamo primerjav. 
27
  Pri bodalih skupine Dangstetten je pločevina na 
stranskem robu ohranjena le na glaviču bodala iz Dang-
stettna (prim. Fingerlin 1986, 78, 207/3). Za druga bodala 
s polkrožnim glavičem z (deloma) ohranjeno pločevino na 
stranskem robu držaja glej npr. Harneker 1997, 87, kat. št. 
758, t. 70; Istenič 2009c, kat. št. 68; Radman-Livaja 2004, 
kat. št. 59, 60.
28
  Za primer bodala s polkrožnim glavičem, ki ne sodi 
v skupino Dangstetten, glej bodalo iz reke Ljubljanice pri 
Rakovi Jelši, inv. št. V 417 (delno objavljeno v Milić et al. 
2009b, sl. 30). Nevtronska radiografija ročaja tega bodala 
je v sredini polkrožnega glaviča pokazala lesen zatič.
29
  Titelberg: Metzler 1995, 349, sl. 185. Alesia: Sievers 
2001a, 155; id. 2001b, 220, t. 54: 182. Cáceres el Viejo: 
Ulbert 1984, t. 25: 195, 197–199. Prim. Scott 1985, 162.

177 Daggers of the Dangstetten type
Prepoznavanje okrasa te nožnice je težavno, ker 
so nanjo prikorodirani ostanki usnjenega jermena 
s kovinskimi (bakrova zlitina?) okovi.
30
 Ne zdi se 
nam nemogoče, da tudi deli “bronaste” pločevine 
niso del nožnice, temveč da so nekoč pripadali 
nanjo prikorodiranemu predmetu.
Najdišča oziroma najdiščne okoliščine obrav-
navanih bodal in nožnic jasno kažejo, da so bila 
v uporabi od konca zgodnjeavgustejske ali naj-
kasneje začetka srednjeavgustejske do vključno 
poznoavgustejske dobe.
Bodala in nožnice obravnavane skupine sodijo 
med najstarejše primerke bodal s polkrožnim 
zaključkom držaja in polnokovinskih nožnic, h 
katerim sodi tudi nožnica z najdišča Basel-Mün-
sterhügel (Švica), natančneje iz jame 7,
31
 ki je 
sočasna taboru v Dangstettnu.
32
V Dangstettnu so poleg bodal in nožnic obravnavane 
skupine poznane tudi tipološko starejše okviraste 
nožnice bodal oz. njihovi deli,
33
 ni pa ostankov 
nožnic z železnimi zankami in nožnic ali bodal 
z železnimi, z emajlom okrašenimi zakovicami.
34
Iz objave najdb v Oberadnu pri večini bodal 
in nožnic ni mogoče razbrati, kakšne so zako-
vice, vendar so, poleg že omenjenega primerka 
z medeninastimi zakovicami, v enem primeru 
navedene železne zakovice, pri katerih pa emajl 
ni omenjen.
35
 Iz istega najdišča izvirata bodali s 
krožnim oziroma križnim zaključkom držaja.
36
 
Pripadata tipološko starejšima tipoma bodal, saj 
sta upodobljena na novcih M. Junija Bruta, ki so 
bili kovani 43/42 pr. Kr.
37
T ako v Dangstettnu kot v Oberadnu so torej poleg 
bodal in nožnic obravnavane skupine uporabljali 
starejše, iz poznorepublikanske dobe izvirajoče 
tipe bodal in nožnic. V Oberadnu, ki se časovno 
ujema z zaključkom delovanja tabora v Dangstet-
tnu, in morda tudi v Dangstettnu
38
 so bila poleg 
tega v uporabi bodala s polkrožnim zaključkom 
držaja in z železnimi zakovicami. Najstarejši da-
30
  Fingerlin 1986, 78–79, 207/3. Sprednja in hrbtna 
stran nožnice sta v opisu zamenjani. Sprednja stran je 
namreč nedvomno tista, na kateri sta ob straneh vidni dve 
skupini s po tremi okrasnimi glavicami zakovic.
31
  Berger, Helmig 1991, 18.
32
  Roth-Rubi 2006, 103, 117–118.
33
  Fingerlin 1986, 188/11, 280/5; id. 1998, 1034/2.
34
  Bodalo Fingerlin 1986, 552/8 ima glede na opis in 
risbo enostavne železne zakovice.
35
  Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 1,4.
36
  Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 6,8.
37
  Istenič 2009a, 339; Mackensen 2001, 352–353, sl. 5: 1.
38
  Fingerlin 1986, 552/8.
tirani primerek bodala z železnimi zakovicami, ki 
imajo z emajlom okrašene glavice, je iz taborov v 
Halternu,
39
 ki so datirani med okoli 7/0 do 9 ali 
morda 16 po Kr.
40
Dve nožnici iz Dangstettna, ki sodita v obrav-
navano skupino ali sta ji blizu imata neobičajne 
zanke za pripenjanje (sl. 8: 972/5, 1143/5),
41
 ki 
spominjajo na asimetrično nameščene zanke 
okviraste nožnice iz Titelberga
42
 in na podobne 
zanke na keltsko-iberskih nožnicah.
43
 Sta tudi 
dosti manjši, kot ostale nožnice te skupine, saj 
sta njuni celotni dolžini ocenjeni na okoli 12 in 
14 cm, dolžina ostalih nožnic pa je okoli 23 do 
29 cm.
44
 Oboje nakazuje, da sodita na začetek 
razvoja nožnic skupine Dangstetten, v čas, ko se 
je skupina še oblikovala.
Z obravnavano skupino bodal in nožnic sta pove-
zana znamenito bodalo in pripadajoča nožnica (sl. 
14), ki sta bila leta 1901 najdena južno od naselja 
Oberammergau na jugu Bavarske, in še bodalo, ki 
je bilo kasneje najdeno v njuni neposredni bližini 
(sl. 15: 10).
Njihovo najdišče je pribl. 150 m oddaljeno od 
daritvenega mesta na Döttenbichlu, ki so ga upo-
rabljali v prvem stoletju pr. Kr. in v prvi polovici 
1. stoletja po Kr.
45
Na prvem omenjenem bodalu iz Döttenbichla, na 
katerem je izdelovalec Gaius Antonius ovekovečil 
svoje ime in na pripadajoči nožnici, ki sta bogato 
okrašena z nieliranjem in tavširanjem, so odlično 
ohranjene srebrne zakovice z enako oblikovanimi 
okrasnimi glavicami, kot jih poznamo z bodal in 
nožnic skupine Dangstetten; srebrne so tudi zanke 
in obročki za pripenjanje na nožnici.
46
 Izbira srebra 
za omenjene dele bodala in nožnice je dodaten po-
kazatelj sorodnosti s skupino Dangstetten. Medenina 
in srebro sta bila namreč dragocena (medenina manj 
kot srebro), okrasu namenjena materiala.
39
  Harnecker 1997, 87, kat. št. 758, t. 70.
40
  Schnurbein 1991, 69; Wolters 2007.
41
  Fingerlin 1998, 972/5, 1143/5.
42
  Metzler 1995, 348–350, sl. 185–186.
43
  Schüle 1969, t. 37: 2, 166: 1,2; Cabré 1990, sl. 27, 
29; Quesada Sanz 1997, 280, sl. 164: 4.
44
  Viri: Albrecht 1942, 160, t. 52: 9; Fingerlin 1986, 
207/3; Kühlborn 2009, 14, sl. 13; Lindenschmit 1900, t. 
11: 1; Radman-Livaja 2004, 50–51, 128, kat. št. 57, t. 14.
45
  Zanier 1994, 97; id. 1997, 47–48.
46
  Ulbert 1962; id. 1971. Barvna fotografija: Bishop, 
Coulston 2006, t. 1.

178 Janka ISTENIČ
Drugo bodalo iz bližine Döttenbichla ima zakovice 
z glavicami, ki so značilne za tip Dangstetten;
47
 
po barvni fotografiji
48
 sklepamo, da so iz srebra. 
V objavah ni podatka o materialu zakovic.
Ugotovljena sorodnost obeh bodal in nožnice 
iz Döttenbichla s tipom Dangstetten kaže na 
datacijo primerkov iz Döttenbichla v srednje- do 
poznoavgustejsko dobo.
SKLEP
Razpoložljivi podatki kažejo, da bodala in 
nožnice z okrasnimi zakovicami in zankami iz 
bakrove zlitine (tj. medenine, glede na analize 
primerkov iz Ljubljanice) sestavljajo homogeno 
skupino, za katero predlagamo poimenovanje po 
legijskem taboru Dangstetten (sl. 15: 1). Tam je 
bilo namreč najdenih največ primerkov takih bodal 
oziroma nožnic. Sodijo med najstarejša bodala s 
polkrožnim zaključkom držaja in njim pripadajoče 
polnokovinske nožnice.
Bodala in/ali nožnice tipa Dangstetten oziroma 
njihove odlomke poznamo z devetih najdišč (sl. 
15: 1–9) oziroma 15 razmeroma ozkih kontekstov, 
od katerih jih devet omogoča razmeroma ozko 
datacijo (šest kontekstov iz Dangstettna in po 
eden iz Oberadna, Anreppna in Štalenske gore): 
najstarejši primerki izvirajo iz Dangstettna, naj-
mlajši pa iz Anreppna, kar jasno kaže na njihovo 
datacijo od konca zgodnjeavgstejske ali začetka 
srednjeavgustejske do sredine poznoavgustejske 
dobe. Sodijo med najstarejša bodala s polkrožnim 
zaključkom držaja in pripadajoče polnokovinske 
nožnice. Začetek te skupine torej sodi v čas, ko 
se je iztekla uporaba poznorepublikanskih bodal 
in nožnic in ko še niso izdelovali primerkov z 
emajliranimi zakovicami ter drugim emajliranim 
okrasom.
Obravnavani bodali in nožnica iz Ljubljanice 
so torej iz srednje ali poznoavgustejske dobe, kar 
se dobro vklaplja v našo že predstavljeno inter-
pretacijo rimskih vojaških najdb iz Ljubljanice na 
Barju, po kateri te odsevajo intenzivne transporte 
za potrebe rimske vojske v poznorepublikanski 
in avgustejski dobi, npr. med panonskimi vojna-
mi (14–9 pr. Kr.) in med panonsko-delmatskim 
uporom (6–9). Promet čez Barje po Ljubljanici 
je bil namreč za rimsko vojsko do izgradnje ceste 
med Navportom (Vrhniko) in Emono (Ljubljana) 
47
  Zanier 1994, 98, 99, sl. 56.
48
  Zanier 2009.
na koncu avgustejske dobe izrednega pomena, saj 
je bila Ljubljanica logično in najugodnejše nada-
ljevanje glavne poti, ki je vodila iz severne Italije 
čez Okro (Razdrto) proti Balkanu in srednjemu 
Podonavju.
49
Janka Istenič
Narodni muzej Slovenije
Prešernova 20
1000 Ljubljana
janka.istenic@nms.si
49
  Istenič 2009e, 83; ead. 2009f.