1 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 | DOI: 10.14502/tekstilec.68.2025031 | First published November 12, 2025 Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Authors retain ownership of the copyright for their content, but allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher. This journal does not charge APCs or submission charges. Maja Mahnic Naglic, Slavenka Petrak University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Clothing Technology, Zagreb, Croatia, Prilaz baruna Filipovica 28a, +38513712500 Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry Uporaba optičnega 3-D merilnega sistema Aramis v dinamični antropometriji Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni članek Received/Prispelo 3–2025 • Accepted/Sprejeto 5–2025 Corresponding author/Korespondenčni avtor: Dr. sc. Maja Mahnić Naglić E-mail: maja.mahnic@ttf.unizg.hr ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9216-5483 Abstract This paper presents a study on the possible application of the Aramis optical 3D measuring system for analys- ing dynamic deformations of the human body in motion. A methodology for the use of Aramis in the field of dynamic anthropometry is presented for the first time in this study. Five body movements were analysed on three female test subjects. Based on the surface deformation results, a set of ten characteristic body measure- ments, relevant for garment design and construction, were identified, analysed and compared to reference values obtained using laser 3D body scanning technology. Changes in measurement dimensions during par- ticular movements were determined in relation to initial measurements in a static standing position, where the greatest body measure deformation recorded was a 37% increase in back width during arm-forward move- ment and a 23% elongation of the posterior lower body length during forward bending. A comparative analy- sis of the results indicated a high level of precision of measurements obtained using the Aramis system, which achieved mean absolute errors of less than 3 mm and relative errors of less than 3%, thus emphasising the ability to monitor and analyse surface deformations of the body throughout entire movements and not just in final body positions, as is the case with the use of 3D body scanning technology. The proposed measurement methodology from this study offers valuable data for the development of garment model design, material selection and clothing pattern construction according to the requirements of dynamic anthropometry. Keywords: dynamic deformations, Aramis optical 3D measurement system, body in motion, dynamic anthro- pometry, 3D body scanning Izvleček Članek predstavlja raziskavo o možnostih uporabe optičnega 3-D merilnega sistema Aramis za analizo dinamič- nih deformacij človeškega telesa v gibanju. V tej raziskavi je prvič predstavljena metodologija za uporabo siste- ma Aramis na področju dinamične antropometrije. Analiziranih je bilo pet telesnih gibov pri treh preiskovankah. Na podlagi rezultatov površinskih deformacij je bil določen niz desetih značilnih telesnih mer, pomembnih za 2 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 načrtovanje in izdelavo oblačil, analiziran in primerjan z referenčnimi vrednostmi, pridobljenimi z lasersko 3-D tehnologijo skeniranja telesa. Spremembe merjenih dimenzij pri posameznem gibanju so bile določene glede na začetno meritev v statičnem vzravnanem položaju, kjer sta 37-odstotno povečanje širine hrbta med premi- kanjem rok naprej in 23-odstotno podaljšanje zadnje dolžine spodnjega dela telesa med upogibanjem naprej bili največji opaženi deformaciji telesne mere. Primerjalna analiza rezultatov je pokazala visoko natančnost meritev, pridobljenih z uporabo sistema Aramis, pri čemer so bile dosežene povprečne absolutne napake pod 3 mm in relativne napake pod 3 %, kar poudarja sposobnost spremljanja in analize površinskih deformacij telesa skozi celotno gibanje in ne le v končnih položajih telesa, kot je to pri uporabi tehnologije 3-D skeniranja telesa. V tej raziskavi predlagana metodologija merjenja ponuja dragocene podatke za razvoj oblikovanja modelov oblačil, izbiro materialov in konstrukcijo krojev oblačil v skladu z zahtevami dinamične antropometrije. Ključne besede: dinamične deformacije, optični 3-D merilni sistem Aramis, telo v gibanju, dinamična antropo- metrija, 3-D skeniranje telesa 1 Introduction Dynamic anthropometry research is most often applied in the development of functional garment models for special purposes, in the context of de- fining parameters for garment patterns adjustments in the construction process [1]. This most often in- volves the development of protective and sports gar- ment models. In that regard, case studies are usually conducted on the target subject or smaller samples of specific groups, depending on the purpose of the garment, in which body movements and deforma- tions are analysed in positions specific to performing the targeted activity. The method for determining measurements, the number of analysed positions and the characteristic measures per individual position vary in different studies [2−6]. Choi and Ashdown analysed changes in lower body circum- ference dimensions in three standard positions on a sample of female subjects and applied the results to the design of women’s trousers [7, 8]. Xiao and Ash- down also analysed changes in the lower body, but over a larger range of motion and with a much larger set of characteristic measures to analyse changes in the surface areas of the lower extremities [9]. As part of the investigation and development of a diving suit, Petrak et al. analysed dimensional changes in the upper body, with an emphasis on the shoulder girdle and upper back in diving-specific positions, such as open-arm, over-arm and under-arm positions [10]. The methodology for determining body mea- surements in dynamic anthropometry is still not clearly defined, neither in terms of body positions specific to a particular activity, nor in terms of de- fining characteristic measures and methods of body measurement. Determining body measurements in different positions is an extremely time-consuming process, in which the results largely depend on the expertise and training of the person performing the measurement. There are also certain issues in connection with maintaining the body in the target position during the measurement process, given that measurement using the conventional method lasts a certain period of time, during which the subject must stand still and remain in the given position without additional movements and shifts, which is challenging especially with more demanding body positions. For this reason, very few studies can be found in literature that use the conventional mea- surement method to determine body measurements in different positions. One of the most significant and extensive studies using the conventional mea- surement method was conducted by Avandanei et al. The study included a sample of 400 subjects who were measured in four specific working positions for body measurement characteristics in clothing Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 3 construction. Comfort values for the construction of work overalls were defined based on the results, i.e. the differences and relationships between the values of measurements in the standard standing and spe- cific body positions, which the authors defined as a dynamic effect [11]. In the field of dynamic anthropometry, 3D body scanners are used to measure the body in various positions, specific to a particular activity, with the aim of determining the differences in body mea- surements between the standard upright position and various specific body positions [1]. In terms of locomotion biomechanics, body positions used for 3D body scanning in the field of dynamic anthro- pometry represent characteristic body positions that are part of the kinematic chain of a particular movement described by the phases of changing the position of a particular body segment. Currently, the measurement of the body in different positions is exclusively interactive, by positioning measurement points on the scanned model and measuring distanc- es or determining the circumference obtained by cross-sectioning the body with planes through given points. Markers positioned on the test subject’s body at characteristic anthropometric points are most often used in the scanning process in order to enable the precise determination of measurements [2−6]. It is evident from our literary review that differences in the approach to investigating dimensional changes of the body in various positions depend on the application of the results. Although specific body positions, such as the sitting position, are covered by the standard [12] and some are frequently repeated in different studies, such as lunges, squats and max- imum upper limb reaches, the sets of characteristic measures for analysis in a particular position and the methods for determining the value of a particular measure differ primarily with regard to the targeted application. Significant progress in the application of dynamic anthropometry study results was made by researchers from the Hochenstein Institute in Germany. As part of their research, Morlock and Klepster introduced the terminology of functional measurements, referring precisely to body mea- surements in specific positions identified using a 3D scanner. They conducted a fairly extensive study of changes in body measurements in different positions, specific to a particular physical activity, on a sample of 93 subjects, and analysed the results and differences in characteristic measurements from the aspect of clothing sizes and body shapes defined by the German standard SizeGERMAN. Significant changes in body dimensions were found in all ana- lysed positions. In particular, changes in back body area dimensions, in the forward bending position can be highlighted. Considering the relatively small initial value of the hip depth in the upright position, a significant increase of up to 21.5% in the posterior back length and up to 39.7% in the hip depth was determined. By linking the dimensional changes of the body in motion with the existing standard, they developed a sizing system that also takes into account the functional measurements of the body in specific positions, thus ensuring the applicability of the research results in practice [13, 14]. 3D body scanning in characteristic positions does not actually provide a fully realistic represen- tation of the body in dynamic conditions. Since the body must remain still during the scanning process, the activity of the locomotor system is focused on maintaining the body’s balance and position, rather than on performing movements, which due to different muscle activity, also leads to different body deformations [15]. In this regard, the intensive development of the field of dynamic anthropometry over the last ten years has been contributed to by the development of fast stereophotographic 3D body scanning systems that enable the recording of a series of images of a body in motion over a certain period of time, for which the term 4D scanning has been introduced in literature. 4D scanning technology enables comprehensive research in the field of dynamic anthropometry and the analysis of movement dynamics and changes of the body in full motion [15−19]. 4D scanning systems are primarily 4 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 based on imaging using structured light technology and depth sensors, where upon completion of the imaging, most often using the triangulation method and/or the light cross-section technique, a continuous 3D surface mesh of the scanned body in motion is generated, on which it is possible to conduct analysis and the measurement of body dimensions in any phase of movement. Measurements determined using 4D scanning, according to Klepster et al., are called dynamic body measurements. They used photogram- metric technology and the “Little Alice” 3D scanner from 3Dcopysystems to analyse dynamic body mea- surements. The scanning system uses 38 cameras to capture images at a speed of three frames per second. The results showed adequate scanning accuracy for analysing changes in body measurements and the surface geometry of body parts in motion, suitable for application in clothing design and the construction process. The method showed limitations in terms of movement recording time length and the number of recorded frames, since an excessive number of recorded frames leads to an overload of the system when reconstructing the model [15]. The methodology of recording with a 4D body scanner, as well as sets of characteristic measures and methods of measurement on a scanned body model in motion, are still not clearly defined. The application of 4D scanning technology in the field of computer garment design is in the initial phase, and has been reduced to testing the possibilities and precision of individual systems and identifying different methods for monitoring changes in body dimensions during motion. Uriel et al. conducted a study of changes in body dimensions during movement using the MOVE4D 4D scanner [19]. On a sample of 10 subjects, eight body measurements were analysed in four different move- ments. In order to determine body measurements during movement, a method was developed based on parametric curves, which determine the position of each measurement in the initial body position and facilitate the tracking of the dimension throughout the entire sequence of movement execution [20]. As an alternative to 4D scanning, this study proposes the use of an optical 3D measurement system for dynamic deformation analysis, which has a verified application and is widely used in the fields of mechanical engineering, construction and other manufacturing industries, but has not yet been ap- plied or tested in the field of dynamic anthropometry. 2 Experimental This paper presents a study on the possibilities of using the Aramis optical 3D measurement system for dynamic analysis of deformations on the human body in motion. The Aramis system, made by the German company GOM GmbH, is an optical system for 3D deformation analysis based on the stereo- photogrammetry method, in which the three-di- mensional deformations of the recorded object are reconstructed based on two or more images from different positions [21]. The recording and measure- ment methodology involves the preparation of a test object in terms of creating a contrasting stochastic dot pattern, based on which the coordinates of the surface points are determined and displacements and deformations on the recorded object surface are monitored during motion. Data processing was conducted using GOM Inspect Suite 2020 and ZEISS Inspect Correlate (v. 2023) software, which offer a wide range of tools that enable the precise determi- nation of various parameters of linear and surface deformations, comparable to the parameters used in the development and analysis of 3D simulations and computer garment prototypes. In this regard, a methodology for recording the human body according to the requirements of the measurement system was defined. The research was conducted on five movements in which body deformations in the kinematic chain and changes in body measurements in the final position of the body, relevant for the construction and design of clothing, were analysed. For comparative analysis and verification of the results provided by the Aramis system, the results of body measurements in characteristic positions Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 5 using a laser 3D body scanner were used. In order to facilitate the comparison of measurement results between the two applied measurement systems, all measurements were performed on the same day, on a sample of three female test subjects, with precisely positioned markers on the body anthropometric points that define each observed measure. 2.1 Defining body movements and positions for dynamic anthropometric analysis Five body positions were selected for the research (Figure 1), where the movements, i.e. kinematic chains of bringing the body to a certain character- istic position, were precisely defined (Figure 2). The first kinematic chain (KL1) defined the movements of spread-arm (P1) and forward-arm (P2) for re- cording in the posterior plane. Initially, the subject stood in an upright standing position with a hip- width gap and arms extended alongside the body with palms facing back. With a slow movement from the shoulders and rotation in the posterior plane, the outstretched arms were brought into the spread-arm position with palms facing down (position P1). In this position, the subject paused for two seconds, af- ter which, with a slow movement from the shoulders and rotation in the transverse plane, the outstretched arms were brought into the forward-arm position (position P2) with a two-second hold. The second kinematic chain (KL2) defined the movements of spread-arm (P1) and arm extension (P3) for recording in the posterior plane. The subject stood in an upright standing position with a hip-width gap and arms extended alongside the body with palms facing back. With a slow movement from the shoulder and rotation in the posterior plane, the extended arms were brought into the spread-arm position with palms facing down (position P1). In this position, the subject paused for two seconds, after which the rotation in the posterior plane continued with a slow movement from the shoulder to the extension position (position P3), with a two-second hold. The third kinematic chain (KL3) defined the arm extension (P3) movements for recording in the sagittal plane. The subject stood in the forward-arm position (P2) with the hip-width distance between the feet. With a slow movement from the shoulders and rotation in the sagittal plane, the arms were brought from the forward into the extension posi- tion (position P3), with a two-second hold. Figure 1: Characteristic positions selected for the analysis of changes in body dimensions 6 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 The fourth kinematic chain (KL4) defined the forward bending movement (P4) for recording in the posterior and sagittal planes. The subject stood in the forward-arm position (P2) with the hip-width distance between the feet. By slowly bending the spine and torso forward, the body was first brought into a forward bending position with the arms reaching the knee height, where it was held for two seconds, after which the torso was brought into maximum flexion (position P4) in which the subject was held for two seconds. The fifth kinematic chain (KL5) defined the squat- ting movement (P5) for recording in the posterior and sagittal planes. The subject stood in the forward-arm position (P2) with the hip-width distance between the feet. By slowly lowering the torso and bending the knees, the body was brought into a squatting position (position P5) with a two-second hold. Figure 2: Schematic representations of the five defined kinematic chains 2.2. Recording of the body in motion using the Aramis 3D measurement system for dynamic deformation analysis Using the optical 3D measurement system for dy- namic deformation analysis Aramis, five predefined movements (Figure 2) were recorded on three subjects (I1, I2 and I3). The final positions of each movement correspond to the previously defined characteristic body positions P1 to P5, Figure 1. 2.2.1 Preparation of test subjects According to the previously described methodology of the measurement system, a stochastic dot pattern was manually applied to the bodies of the test sub- jects wearing sports underwear using a black body paint. Black and white circular markers were placed at the positions of the anthropometric points to ensure the precise positioning and monitoring of the anthropometric points during the surface measure- ment and deformation analysis (Figure 3). 2.2.2 Creation of 3D surfaces and definition of surface geometry parameters for body defor- mation analysis The processing of recorded results and the 3D analysis of body surface geometry deformations during motion were carried out using the GOM Inspect Suite 2020 and ZEISS Inspect Correlate (v. 2023) software. The processing of the recorded results included the creation of the body 3D surface and segmentation of the surface parts, depending on the movement and the targeted body zones for further analysis (Figure 4), and the adjustment of the coordinate system for each segment of the surface (Figures 5 and 6). Given that the continuity of the stochastic pattern was interrupted on parts where the body surface was covered with clothing, and as due to markers that differed in size from the rest of the pattern, additional facets were created in order to obtain a better quality of testing geometry (Figure 4) when creating the measuring 3D surfaces for testing. Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 7 Figure 3: Preparation of test subjects for the body motion recording using the Aramis system Figure 4: Recorded data processing – creating surface components for the analysis The created surface geometries of the recorded bodies were defined by a local coordinate system at each point of the geometry. Deformations in the x direction were always calculated as local coordinates that move with the material. Therefore, the program calculated the stress in the moving coordinate system, not the global coordinate system. The z direction was used as the thickness direction. The local x direction was the result of the product of the intersection of the normal plane vector and the glob- al y axis, while the local y direction was the result of the product of the local z and x axes (Figure 5) [21]. Figure 5: Positioning the local coordinate system on the surface of a recorded object in the Aramis system [21] 8 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 Due to the complexity of the human body, espe- cially regarding the position of the upper and lower extremities, it was not possible to position the coor- dinate system in a way that the tensors were oriented in the desired direction across the entire single mea- surement geometry. Therefore, for each movement, parts of the measurement geometry were segmented depending on the initial position of the body, while the direction of the coordinate system was adjusted depending on the segment being analysed (Figure 6). Figure 6: Adjustment of the coordinate system on seg- mented surface geometry in the initial position – KL1 When analysing longitudinal deformations in the arm-extension movement (KL3, P3), due to the initial arms position, the measurement surface was divided into a body and arm segment, while the coordinate system on the arm surface segment was adjusted so that the x direction still followed the transverse dimension and the y direction followed the longitudinal dimension (Figure 7). Figure 7: Adjustment of the coordinate system on seg- mented surface geometry in the initial position – KL3 When recording movements KL4 and KL5, greater deficiencies in the measurement surfaces were observed on the lower parts of the body due to the coverage of the hips and buttocks area by underwear (Figure 8). Figure 8: Longitudinal body deformation (ε y ) by phases of the kinematic chain KL4 of body moving into the forward bending position (P4) – test subject I1 in the sagittal view Since the most significant changes were expected on the lower body area in the movements of bending the body forward (P4) and lowering into a squat (P5), the study included the recording and analysis of test subjects dressed in tight overalls, constructed accord- ing to the body measurements and characteristics of the particular test subjects (Figure 9). Figure 9: Model of a tight jumpsuit: a) model sketch, b) pattern adjusted to the measurements of three test subjects, c) sample of dot-printed knitted material with presented fibre composition and tensile proper- ties parameters Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 9 The overalls were made of knitted material with a high content of elastane fibres. Since the model fit closely to the body, deformations of the body surface were reflected on the surface of the garment, which was used in this part of the research to obtain more complete and high-quality geometry surfaces for analysis. A stochastic dot pattern defined by the Aramis system methodology was applied on the knit using the digital printing technique, Figure 9c. 2.3 Analysis of deformations and changes in body measurements depending on body motion For the analysis and more precise monitoring of the body surface geometry and segments deformations in each movement, networks of transversal and sagittal sections on the lines of characteristic body circumferences and measurements were created, enabling a link between research results and gar- ment design and development process (Figure 10). The positions of the sections and curves on each test subject body were determined based on the measurements obtained by the 3D scan. A network of curves was defined by transverse sections at the shoulder blade height, the back width at armpit level, the chest circumference, the waist circumference and two auxiliary sections. Sections along the sagit- tal plane were defined at the mid-back line, the back width line at armpit level and three auxiliary sections dividing the back width into quarters (Figure 10). Figure 10: Characteristic cross-sections for upper body analysis in positions P1 to P3 (a) and link with garment construction measurements (b) In each of the five defined kinematic chains, deformations in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the body surface were analysed, and the zones of the greatest deformations in each position were determined. Further analysis investigated the changes in body measurements affected by the de- formation zones, and the dimensions of the targeted body curves and their segments, i.e. changes in body measurements in the defined movements (Figure 11). Figure 11: Analysis of body deformations in the transverse (x) direction in position P1: a) analysis of surface segments, b) analysis of curves on characteristic sections The deformations of the lower body surface were analysed in the frontal and sagittal planes (Figure 12). A network of curves was determined by trans- verse sections at the lines of the chest, waist, hips, 10 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 thighs, knees and lower legs circumferences, longi- tudinal sections at the mid-body corresponding to the lateral suture line, and sagittal sections dividing the hips width into quarters. Figure 12: Analysis of the posterior body curve length in the P4 position 2.3.1 Definition of a set of body measurements for the analysis of dimensional changes depend- ing on a characteristic position Based on the identified zones of greatest body deformation using the Aramis system, a set of 10 body measurements relevant for the design and construction of clothing was defined, which are located in the areas covered by deformations in a particular movement (Table 1). Changes in relation to the standard upright body position were anal- ysed on a defined set of body measurements, and a comparative analysis of the determined results was conducted with the results of measurements of the subjects on scanned 3D body models in characteristic positions, as a verification of the applicability of the optical 3D measurement system for deformation analysis. Table 1: Set of body measurements for analysing changes in characteristic body positions No. Measurement Positions 1. Šl1 – back width measured across the shoulder blades height line P1, P2, P3 2. Šl2 – back width measured at armpit level 3. BDps – lateral length of the upper body measured between the armpit height and the waist circumference P3 4. SŠb – back hip width P4, P5 5. Šnk – thigh width 6. SDgk – the length of the back body curve between the chest and the knee circumferences 7. SDgs – the length of the back body curve between the chest and the waist circumferences 8. SDsb – the length of the back body curve between the waist and the hip circumferences 9. SDbnk – the length of the back body curve between the hips and thigh circumferences 10. SDnkk – the length of the back body curve between the hips and knees circumferences 2.4 Research and analysis of changes in body measurements in characteristic body positions using a 3D body scanner Using the Vitus Smart laser 3D body scanner, sub- jects I1, I2 and I3 were scanned in five characteristic body positions P1 to P5. Interactive measurements on scanned 3D models determined the values of 10 given body measurements, according to anthropo- metric points highlighted with markers positioned on test subjects’ bodies. Dimensional changes were analysed in relation to the standard upright body position. 3 Results and discussion The results show the identified zones of greatest body deformation in five defined movements and a comparative analysis of the results of the identified differences in body measurements in relation to the results of measurements on scanned 3D body models in each characteristic position. An analysis of body surface deformations during arm movements revealed significant transverse deformations in the back area. Figures 12 to 14 show transverse (x) and longitudinal (y) deformations by phases of kinematic chains of recorded arm move- ments, using the example of subject I1. If we look at Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 11 the sections network of characteristic body lines, the zone of maximum deformation extends around the line of the back width at the armpit level. Looking at the transverse sections, in position P1, the deforma- tion appears and increases from the back line, where there is almost no deformation, towards the lateral lines with maximum deformation in the area of the second quarter of the back width (Figure 13). Figure 13: Transverse body deformation (ε x ) by phases of the kinematic chain KL1, which includes the spread- arm position (P1) and forward-arm position (P2) – test subject I1 in posterior view Figure 14: Transverse body deformation (εx) by phases of the kinematic chain KL2, which includes the spread- arm position (P1) and extension-arm position (P3) – test subject I1 in posterior view In the forward-arm position (P2), transverse deformations extended across the entire surface of the back, from shoulder height to chest circum- ference (Figure 13). In the extension-arm position (P3), the deformation in the back area was slightly smaller compared to P2 (Figure 14). In addition to transverse deformations, in the extension-arm position P3, viewed in the sagittal plane, significant longitudinal (y) deformations of the lateral body part were observed, and were especially pronounced in the armpit area (Figure 15). In the kinematic chain KL3, surface breaks were visible on parts of the body around the chest circumference line due to the coverage of this body part by clothing. Therefore, when determining the overall dimensions of the curves on the lateral body, missing parts of the curve were measured as the distance between the edge points of the curve on the upper and lower parts of the surface. Figure 16 shows the longitudinal (y) deforma- tions by phases of the recorded kinematic chains KL4 and KL5, using the example of test subject I1. 12 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 An analysis of surface deformations in the move- ment of bending the body into the forward bending position (P4) revealed significant deformations in the longitudinal (y) direction on the back of the body, in the length from the chest to the knee cir- cumference and in the back length of the leg from Figure 15: Longitudinal body deformation (ε y ) by phases of the kinematic chain KL3, which includes the for- ward-arm position (P2) and extension-arm position (P3) – test subject I1 in sagital view the hip to the thigh circumference. An analysis of surface deformations in the movement of lowering the body into the squat position (P5) revealed signif- icant longitudinal deformations in the length from the waist to the upper thigh circumference and the transverse deformation zone in the hip area. Figure 16: a) Longitudinal body deformation (εy) by phases of the kinematic chain KL4 of body bending in the forward bending position (P4), b) Longitudinal (εy) and transverse (εx) body deformation by phases of the kinematic chain KL5 of body lowering in squat position (P5) – test subject I1 in sagital view wearing tight overall Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 13 3.1 Analysis of the body measurement results and dimensional changes determined by the Aramis system in relation to the data obtained by 3D body scanning The results of the research and analysis of dynamic body anthropometry determined using the Aramis 3D dynamic deformation analysis system and the 3D body scanner are presented below. The determined values and changes in body measurements for the three subjects in the final positions P1, P2 and P3 are shown in Table 2. For both applied measurement systems, the determined changes in dimensions are shown as differences in the length of the curve in relation to the initial position and as elongation expressed in percentages. In positions P1 and P3, a negative dimensional change was observed in the body measurement of the back width at the height of the shoulder blades (Šl1), i.e. a decrease in the value of the measurement compared to the initial position. The negative changes measured in the three subjects ranged from -1.2 to -2.7 cm. The most pronounced negative changes, from -6.42% to -7.54% compared to the initial length, were identified on test subject I3. The measure of the back width at the armpits level (Šl2) increased significantly in all subjects when the arm position changed. The most significant changes in the Šl2 measurement were identified in the forward-arm position (P2), with an extension of 31.64% to 36.52% compared to the initial position (Tables 2 and 3). In position P3, a significant increase in the value of the Šl2 measurement was observed in subject I2, where an extension of 36.66% was measured compared to the measurement in the standard position. In subjects I1 and I3, the Šl2 measurement in position P3 was smaller compared to the maximum change in the forward arm position (P2), while in subject I2 the largest deformation was identified precisely in position P3. Table 2: Body measurements of the upper body in positions P1, P2 and P3, determined on 3D body models in motion obtained by the Aramis system and by interactive measurement on scanned 3D body models System Position Measu- rement a) Subject I1 I2 I3 Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Aramis P1 Šl1 33.98 -1.34 -3.79 29.80 -1.73 -5.49 32.58 -2.58 -7.34 Šl2 41.07 5.83 16.54 35.43 4.51 14.59 38.22 4.31 12.71 P2 Šl1 40.73 5.41 15.32 36.65 5.12 16.23 40.58 5.42 15.41 Šl2 47.12 11.88 33.71 42.34 11.42 36.93 44.42 10.51 30.99 P3 Šl1 33.88 -1.44 -4.08 29.69 -1.84 -5.83 32.01 -3.15 -8.96 Šl2 45.30 10.06 28.55 43.21 12.29 39.75 43.47 9.56 28.19 BDps 21.80 2.82 14.86 22.35 2.77 14.15 22.87 1.74 8.23 3D body scanning P1 Šl1 34.6 -1.2 -3.35 30.8 -1.6 -4.94 33.5 -2.3 -6.42 Šl2 40.3 4.9 13.84 34.8 3.7 11.90 38.4 3.9 11.30 P2 Šl1 41.6 5.8 16.20 37.3 4.9 15.12 41.9 6.1 17.04 Šl2 46.6 11.2 31.64 42.1 11.0 35.37 47.1 12.6 36.52 P3 Šl1 34.0 -1.8 -5.03 30.4 -2.0 -6.17 33.1 -2.7 -7.54 Šl2 44.3 8.9 25.14 42.5 11.4 36.66 43.6 9.1 26.38 BDps 20.6 1.1 5.64 22.8 2.7 13.43 23.0 1.6 7.48 a) See legend in Table 1. Figures 17 and 18 show a comparison of the identified changes in body measurements in charac- teristic positions P1, P2 and P3, determined on 3D models of bodies in motion using the Aramis system and scanned 3D body models. 14 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 Legend: I1 – first test subject, I2 – second test subject, I3 – third test subject Figure 17: Analysis of dimensional changes in the body measurement of back width at the height of the shoulder blades (Šl1), in positions P1 and P3, deter- mined using the Aramis system and 3D body scanning In the forward bending position (P4), all three subjects had a similar value of the back body line extension, measured along the vertical curve at a quarter of the back width, from the height of the chest circumference to the upper thigh circumfer- ence (Table 3). Differences of 12.9 to 13.5 cm were identified compared to the measurement in the standard upright position, i.e. an elongation of the measurement of 22.84% to 23.60%. The results of the curve segments dimensional Legend: I1 – first test subject, I2 – second test subject, I3 – third test subject Figure 18: Analysis of the dimensional changes in the body measurement of back width at the armpit level (Šl2), in positions P1, P2 and P3, determined using the Aramis system and 3D body scanning analysis in P5 position were divided into the upper part from the chest to the waist circumference, the lower part from the waist to the hips circumference and the upper leg part from the hips circumference to the middle of the thighs. In the squatting position (P5), an increase from 13.86% to 15.91%, compared to the initial value, was determined on the measure- ment of the hips width in the posterior plane. In the measurement of the posterior body line, measured from the waist circumference to the upper thigh circumference, an elongation of 20.91% to 22.16% was determined, which is a slightly lower value compared to the elongation in the P4 position. Figure 19 shows a comparison of the dimensional changes in body measurements in the characteristic position P4, determined on 3D body models in mo- tion analysed using the Aramis system and scanned 3D body models. For all analysed measurements, minor deviations were identified between the results of the measurements on 3D models using two differ- ent systems. Although the measurements of scanned 3D models were performed interactively, where the precision of the person performing the measurement had a major impact on the accuracy of the results, markers positioned at characteristic anthropometric points on the subjects’ bodies during the scanning ensured a high level of measurement precision, as is evident from the comparison of the results. Application of the Aramis Optical 3D Deformations Measuring System in Dynamic Anthropometry 15 Table 3: Body measurements in positions P4 and P5, determined on 3D body models in motion obtained by the Aramis system and by interactive measurement on scanned 3D body models System Position Measu- rement a) Subject I1 I2 I3 Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Measure [cm] Δ [cm] ε [%] Aramis P4 SŠb 37.06 3.37 9.91 38.49 4.52 13.31 40.36 4.56 12.74 SDgnk 72.47 14.29 24.56 70.45 13.70 24.14 69.76 13.38 23.73 SDgs 18.73 3.42 22.34 19.86 3.63 22.37 19.64 4.02 25.73 SDsb 26.15 5.20 24.82 24.62 4.94 25.10 28.09 5.57 24.73 SDbnk 27.59 5.67 25.87 25.97 5.13 24.61 22.03 3.79 20.78 P5 SŠb 38.13 4.72 14.13 39.48 5.45 16.02 40.81 5.01 13.99 Šnk 19.09 2.26 13.43 18.60 1.39 8.08 20.17 2.45 13.83 SDgnk 52.07 9.09 21.15 48.95 8.02 19.59 49.24 8.67 21.37 SDsb 25.37 4.36 20.75 24.21 4.03 19.97 26.75 4.84 22.09 SDbnk 26.70 4.73 21.53 24.74 3.99 19.23 22.49 3.83 20.53 3D body scanning P4 SŠb 37.4 3.5 10.32 39.2 4.7 13.62 40.6 4.5 12.47 SDgnk 70.7 13.5 23.60 68.5 12.9 23.20 65.4 12.2 22.93 SDgs 18.4 3.3 21.85 19.3 3.4 21.38 19.1 3.8 24.84 SDsb 24.9 4.7 23.27 24.0 4.7 24.35 22.8 4.4 23.91 SDbnk 27.4 5.5 25.11 25.2 4.8 23.53 23.4 3.9 20.00 P5 SŠb 38.6 4.7 13.86 40.0 5.5 15.91 41.3 5.2 14.40 Šnk 19.5 2.4 14.04 19.4 1.5 8.38 20.5 2.3 12.64 SDsnk 51.4 9.3 22.09 48.0 8.3 20.91 46.3 8.4 22.16 SDsb 24.5 4.3 21.29 23.5 4.2 21.76 22.7 4.3 23.36 SDbnk 26.9 5.0 22.83 24.5 4.1 20.10 23.6 4.1 21.03 a) See legend in Table 1. Legend: I1 – first test subject, I2 – second test subject, I3 – third test subject Figure 19: Analysis of dimensional changes by seg- ments in the measurement of posterior body length, from chest to thigh circumference, in the P4 position, determined using the Aramis system and 3D body scanning Although the study involved subjects with comparable anthropometric characteristics, the results revealed notable differences in body surface deformations, particularly in the scapular, waist and knee areas. These variations suggest that body shape characteristics, such as shoulder width, spinal curvature or fat distribution, directly influence the value and distribution of dynamic strain. The results revealed that the test subject with a more pronounced lumbar curve showed a 26% elongation in posterior lower body length during forward bending, com- pared to 22% and 21% of elongation on the other two test subjects. Similarly, the test subject with narrower shoulders exhibited reduced back width expansion in the arm-forward position (31% vs. 37%), indicating implications for additional garment pattern mod- elling. These findings support the use of the Aramis system for anthropometric analysis in the process of developing garment designs that accommodate body 16 Tekstilec, 2025, Vol. 0(0), 1–18 measurement changes in motion, thus achieving high functionality and fit. Future work should incorporate a wider range of body types to formalize the link be- tween static morphology and dynamic deformation, enabling more precise fit customization. 4 Conclusion The results demonstrate that the Aramis system ensures the reliable and detailed measurement of body deformation during movement, offering mul- tiple avenues for practical application. Monitoring deformation throughout the entire movement performance and the possibility of visualizing and analysing segments of the body surface affected by deformation, as a measurement method, represent a great advantage potential compared to 3D scanning of the body in characteristic positions and deter- mining linear changes in body measurements. By analysing the deformations of the body in motion, where the deformations of the surface geometry are analysed in a specific direction (x/y), depending on the body segment being observed, the obtained data are applicable in the process of garment design and construction, given the possibility of linking the di- rection of deformation with the structure and direc- tion of the thread system on the textile material. This is particularly important when designing functional garments, particularly sportswear, protective and workwear clothing, where the Aramis data support the development of patterns that reflect actual body deformation under motion. Data regarding defor- mations and dimensional changes of the body sur- face by zones can be used to adjust the garment con- struction pattern with the aim of achieving greater functionality of the model in dynamic conditions of movement, and can also be used for the selection of materials in production process, considering the pa- rameters of material tensile properties. For example, based on the established high-stress zones identified in the armpit, lower back and knee areas, garment construction can be further modified to incorporate textile material of targeted stretch on strategic gar- ment zones. Moreover, the method facilitates virtual fit assessments within CAD systems for garment 3D simulations, thereby reducing the need for physical prototypes and shortening development cycles. Looking forward, this approach holds promise for mass-customization workflows, where user-specific motion data can enhance garment personalization. In the fashion and e-commerce sectors, improved fit prediction based on dynamic morphology may reduce return rates and enhance customer satisfac- tion. Future work will aim to validate the method on a broader range of body types and incorporate more complex motion sequences, such as jumping and running, and to integrate deformation data into methods and algorithms for garment pattern modifications and digital human modelling systems. Data availability statement: All research results re- lated to the measurements of the subjects are listed in the Manuscript. 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