1 Izdala in založila: Občina Škocjan GENERALNI Avtor: dr. Marko Frelih, Slovenski etnografski POKROVITELJ: muzej, Ljubljana KRKA, d.d., Oblikovanje, ilustracija in obdelava fotografij: Novo mesto Vladan Srdić, Studio 360 Prevod, lektoriranje: Davorin Lavrič, Enside Tisk: Tiskarna Jordan, Krško GENERAL Naklada: 1000 SPONSOR: Škocjan 2019 KRKA, d.d., Novo mesto Published by: Občina Škocjan Author: dr. Marko Frelih, Slovene Ethnographic Museum, Ljubljana Graphic design, illustration and photo editing: Vladan Srdić, Studio 360 Translation, proofreading: Davorin Lavrič, Enside Printed by: Tiskarna Jordan, Krško Copies: 1000 Škocjan 2019 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 929Knoblehar I. 27-76(6)"18" FRELIH, Marko Knoblehar / [avtor Marko Frelih ; prevod Davorin Lavrič]. - Škocjan : Občina, 2019 ISBN 978-961-94732-0-7 1. Gl. stv. nasl. COBISS.SI-ID 300606464 6 7 ON JE VELIK POMEMBEN MOZ HE WAS A GREAT AND IMPORTANT MAN DOLINI SKOCJAN V PONOS THE PRIDE OF SKOCJAN DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR Desetletja nismo vedeli zanj, njegovo ime se ni izgovarjalo, o njegovem delu se ni govorilo … Nihče pravzaprav ne ve, He was unknown for decades, his name was not often spoken and his work was never mentioned … Nobody really knows zakaj je bilo tako. Delno je bila to zagotovo posledica minulega režima. Najbrž pa je tudi res, da se nihče ni odločil the reason why. Partially, this was certainly due to the previous regime, but it is also probably true that nobody bothered rojakom in širši domovini predstaviti njegovega življenja in dela, njegovega pomena in vrednost. Lastili so si ga Nemci, to present his life’s work, significance and greatness to his fellow countrymen. In the past, Germany, France and Italy Francozi in Italijani, domovina pa je o njem vse predolgo molčala. took him for their own, but his homeland stood silent for too long. Pisalo se je leto 1992, ko je bil prvikrat predstavljen širšemu krogu domačinov in slovenskim misijonarjem, ki so obiskali It was in 1992 when he was finally for the first time presented to the locals and the Slovenian missionaries who visited domovino in se zbrali na srečanju v Škocjanu. In prav tu je bila sprejeta tudi odločitev o postavitvi Knobleharjevega their homeland and met in Škocjan. At this very meeting, it was also decided that a statue of Ignacij Knoblehar should be spomenika v njegovem rojstnem kraju. put up in his place of birth. Ignacij Knoblehar, rojen leta 1819 v mali dolenjski vasici v Škocjanu, je že zelo zgodaj vedel, da želi postati misijonar v Ignacij Knoblehar, born in 1819 in a small village in Škocjan, decided very early that he would like to become a Afriki. Mamine solze, nečloveške razmere v času študija in razmišljanja sovrstnikov ga niso odvrnili od njegove namere. missionary in Africa. His mother’s tears, the difficult conditions during his studies, nor the opinions of his peers could Vabil ga je neznani svet. V svojem kratkem življenju je prehodil izjemno zahtevno pot in sprejemal daljnosežne odločitve. persuade him otherwise. The unknown world called out to him. In his short life, he walked a difficult road and took far-Beli Nil z ljudstvi ob njem je zanj predstavljal središče misijonskega dela. Ljudstva ob Nilu so kmalu ugotovila, da je reaching decisions. The White Nile and the local tribes were the centre of his missionary work. Many people near the Nile Knoblehar eden redkih »tujcev«, ki jim želi pomagati in ki se razdaja za njihov lepši jutrišnji dan. Številni so mu sledili, soon saw that Knoblehar was one of the few foreigners who wanted to help them and exerted himself tirelessly on behalf premnogi ga tudi preganjali in sovražili. of their wellbeing. Many followed him, but many also persecuted and hated him. Bil je pokončen in ponosen mož, v duši za vedno Slovenec in Škocjančan. Ovire, s katerimi se je soočal, ga niso upognile, He was an upstanding and proud man, and he always carried Slovenia and Škocjan in his heart. The difficulties he faced saj je premočrtno sledil svojim zastavljenim ciljem in večino jih je tudi dosegel. Tistim, ki so to hoteli, je podajal znanje, could not bend him, because his desire to achieve his goals was too great. He also achieved most of them. He taught those jih učil osnovnih veščin kulturnega življenja in še marsikaj. Spotoma, na plovbah po Nilu, je natančno opazoval, vse who were willing the basic skill of cultural life and much more. While he was sailing on the Nile, he also made detailed evidentiral, marsikaj tudi narisal. Njegovi dokumenti, shranjeni v največjih evropskih arhivih in knjižnicah, še danes observations and recorded everything, including many drawings. His documents are kept in the finest European predstavljajo dragocen vir podatkov. archives and libraries, and they still serve as a valuable source of information. Jože Kapler Knoblehar je bil izjemno spoštovan in cenjen mož v visokih znanstvenih krogih, sprejele pa so ga tudi znane osebe v Knoblehar was highly respected and appreciated in high scientific circles, and many famous Europeans offered to Evropi. Bil je misijonar, ki je širil krščansko vero in se trudil za odpravo trgovine s sužnji. Bil je graditelj novega življenja receive him. He was a missionary who spread Christianity and fought for the abolition of the slave trade. He was the ob Nilu. V svojem kratkem ustvarjalnem obdobju je storil ogromno dobrega. founder of new life along the White Nile. In his short creative period, he did a lot of good. Škocjančani smo na svojega sina izredno ponosni. Kolikor širše spoznavamo njegovo življenje in delo, toliko bolj ga We, the inhabitants of Škocjan, are very proud of our son. The more we get familiar with his life and work, the more we cenimo in spoštujemo, obenem pa verjamemo, da tisto zares pravo obdobje za oživitev spomina nanj šele prihaja. appreciate and respect him. We believe that the time for his proper homage is yet to come. At the 200th anniversary of ŽUPAN Ob 200. obletnici njegovega rojstva mu kličemo: »Dragi rojak, ponosni smo na tvojo pot in na rezultate tvojega dela. OBČINA ŠKOCJAN his birth, we call out to him: “Dear compatriot, we are proud of what you did and what you achieved. We are proud that Ponosni smo, da si naš.« Širili bomo vedenje o njem in ohranjali spomin nanj, ki je svoja ustvarjalna leta namenil za you are ours.” We will spread this knowledge and preserve the memory of him and the fact that he dedicated his life to MAYOR dosežke v znanosti in za dobro afriških narodov, ime Škocjana pa ponesel v širni svet. scientific achievements and the wellbeing of African peoples, and that he took the name Škocjan to the wide world. MUNICIPALITY OF ŠKOCJAN 8 9 KNOBLEHARJEVO LETO KNOBLEHAR'S YEAR V SLOVENSKEM AT THE SLOVENE ETNOGRAFSKEM MUZEJU ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM Slovenski etnografski muzej, ki bo leta 2023 praznoval stoletnico ustanovitve, hrani raznorodne zakladnice zbirk. The Slovene Ethnographic Museum, which will in 2023 celebrate its 100th anniversary since its establishment, keeps Nekatere med njimi so se oblikovale že v prejšnjih stoletjih in svoje varno domovanje našle v tej osrednji etnološki diverse precious collections. Some of them formed in previous centuries and found their safe haven in this central muzejski instituciji. Posebno mesto med gradivom imajo predmeti in dokumenti, ki izhajajo iz oddaljenejših dežel, v naše ethnological museum. A special place among all the material belongs to objects that came from distant lands and were kraje pa so jih prinesli domači raziskovalci in popotniki, podjetniki, mornarji in misijonarji. Prav te osebnosti so, poleg brought here by local explorers, travellers, entrepreneurs, sailors, and missionaries. These persons, besides the material prinesenega gradiva, deležne naše poglobljene strokovne pozornosti. that they brought, also deserve our in-depth expert attention. Med njimi zaradi izjemnega prispevka še posebej izstopa misijonar v južnem Sudanu in raziskovalec Ignacij Knoblehar, Because of his remarkable contribution, one of them especially stands out – Ignacij Knoblehar, a missionary in South učenjak z izostrenim čutom za prepoznavanje in spoznavanje drugih kultur, okolij, kulturnih krajin in ljudi. Muzej hrani Sudan and explorer, a scholar with a keen sense for recognising and studying foreign cultures, environments, cultural predmete, ki jih je zbral pri odkrivanju novih svetov na svojih poteh po južnem Sudanu in porečju Nila. landscapes and people. Our museum keeps the objects that he gathered while discovering new worlds on his journeys through South Sudan and the Nile Basin. Koliko predanosti, poguma, spretnosti in modrosti pri odstiranju popolnoma drugačnih podob, vrednot, znanj, razumevanj in verovanj je v svoje delo vložil misijonar Ignacij Knoblehar, si le stežka predstavljamo. Njegov prispevek We can hardly imagine how much dedication, courage, skill and wisdom it took Dr. Ignacij Knoblehar to uncover pri raziskovanju južnega Sudanu in porečja Nila je izjemen, prav tako pa je pomembno njegovo delo, s katerim je približal completely different images, values, knowledge, understanding and beliefs. His contribution to the exploration of South afriško kulturo domačemu okolju. Zato se ob njegovi 200-letnici rojstva poklanjamo njegovemu delu in spominu. Sudan and the Nile Basin is extraordinary, while his efforts to present the African culture to the local environment are Slovenski etnografski muzej se ob tem jubileju povezuje tudi z občino Škocjan in krajem Škocjan, ki je Knobleharjev also very important. Therefore, at the 200th anniversary of his birth, we pay tribute to his work and honour his memory. rojstni kraj. At this anniversary, the Slovene Ethnographic Museum cooperates with the Municipality of Škocjan and the town Škocjan, which is the birthplace of Ignacij Knoblehar. Cilji Knobleharjevega leta 2019 so predstavitev njegovega dela, znanj, zbirk, ki jih je prinesel v domače okolje, in umestitev njegovega celostnega prispevka v zgodovinsko-družbeni kontekst. Zadovoljni smo, da smo v ta proces The objective of the Knoblehar’s Year 2019 is to present his work, knowledge and collections that he brought to the local vključeni tudi v Slovenskem etnografskem muzeju, kjer naloge opravljamo z vso odgovornostjo in strokovno environment, and to place his overall contribution into the wider historical and social context. We are happy that the natančnostjo. Slovene Ethnographic Museum can be part of this process and we will perform our tasks with all due responsibility and professional accuracy. Dr. Tanja Roženbergar DIREKTORICA SLOVENSKI ETNOGRAFSKI MUZEJ DIRECTOR SLOVENE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEM 1 0 1 1 »Moje ime je Knoblehar, Ignacij Knoblehar!« Tako bi se naivnega bogoslovca seveda zavrnilo in Knoblehar se je “My name is Knoblehar, Ignacij Knoblehar!” This is how, in office rejected the naive theologian and Knoblehar ended danes v slogu znamenitega angleškega agenta Jamesa znašel na cesti z malo denarja v žepu in z nekaj osebne James Bond style, the young man from Dolenjska could up in the street with little money in his pocket and a bit of Bonda lahko predstavil fant z Dolenjske, ki je vse bolj znan prtljage. Pomoč je prišla iz domovine: z nakazilom denarja introduce himself, because he was always known by his personal luggage. He received help from home: the Lju- po priimku, njegovo ime pa si malokdo zapomni, čeprav mu je pomagal ljubljanski knezoškof Anton Alojzij Wolf, last name and not many people remembered his first name, bljana Prince-Bishop Anton Alojzij Wolf, who constantly ga je dobil po svetniku Ignaciju Lojolskemu. Knoblehar ki je Knobleharja stalno spodbujal pri njegovi odločitvi za although he was named after the saint Ignatius of Loyola. supported Knoblehar in his decision to become a missio- se je rodil v torek, 6. julija 1819, v vasi Škocjan pri Novem misijonski poklic, večkrat pa je tudi kritično komentiral Knoblehar was born on Tuesday, 6 July 1819, in the Slove-nary, transferred some money to him. However, Wolf was mestu. kakšno nepremišljeno dejanje vihravega študenta. V nian town Škocjan near Novo mesto. sometimes also critical of some reckless acts of the fiery veliko podporo mu je bil tudi prijatelj in duhovnik Jožef student. Knoblehar also received support from his friend Po šolanju v Kostanjevici, Celju in Novem mestu je vse Partelj, doma iz Bučke, vasi blizu Škocjana. Partelj je After his schooling in Kostanjevica, Celje and Novo mesto, priest Jožef Partelj from Bučka, a village near Škocjan. kazalo, da bo kot najstarejši otrok prevzel očetov poklic vestno spremljal delo svojega rojaka, mu pošiljal denar in it looked like, as the oldest child, he would stay home and Partelj constantly followed the work of his comrade and he in ostal doma kot gostilničar in mesar. Toda Knoblehar še predvsem strokovno literaturo v nemškem jeziku in celo become an innkeeper and butcher like his father. However, sent him money, specialised literature in German and even ni dopolnil 18 let, ko je spoznal, da bo njegova prihodnost knjige v hebrejščini, ki jih je bilo lažje dobiti v Ljubljani Knoblehar was not even 18 years old when he realised that books in Hebrew, which were easier to get in Ljubljana then usmerjena daleč proč od točilnega pulta in mesarskega kot v Rimu. Da si izboljša gmotno stanje, je Knoblehar his future will lead him far from the bar counter and the in Rome. To improve his economic condition, Knoblehar noža. Prisotnost pri maši v Novem mestu sredi aprila 1837 leta 1842 sprejel delo zasebnega učitelja in vzgojitelja pri butcher’s knife. His presence at a Mass in Novo mesto in accepted the position of a private teacher for the Paulsen je bila lahko naključje, usoda ali božja volja. O tem ne bom družini Paulsen. Danski častnik Fritz Paulsen se je devet April 1837 could have been a coincidence, fate or God’s will. family in 1842. The Danish officer Fritz Paulsen married sodil, saj je mnogo bolj pomembno povedati, da je mašni let prej poročil v Ljubljani z Eliso Thorvaldsen, hčerko Let us not guess, because it is far more important to men-Elisa Thorvaldsen, daughter of the famous Danish sculptor obred vodil sam Friderik Baraga, katoliški misijonar znanega danskega kiparja Bertela Thorvaldsena. Čeprav tion that the Mass was held by Friderik Baraga, a Catholic Bertel Thorvaldsen, nine years earlier in Ljubljana. Altho-med severnoameriškimi ljudstvi na območju Velikih je bil Paulsen protestant, je poročni obred opravil sam missionary among North American peoples in the region ugh Paulsen was a Protestant, Prince-Bishop Wolf himself jezer. Baraga je bil izvrsten retorik in goreč pridigar, ki knezoškof Wolf. Knoblehar je odpotoval v Kopenhagen, of the Great Lakes. Baraga was an excellent rhetorician performed the wedding ceremony. Knoblehar travelled to je v velikem zanosu pripovedoval o svojem delu, ob tem tam ostal celo poletje in se šele pozno jeseni vrnil v Rim. and a passionate preacher who talked about his work with Copenhagen and stayed there the whole summer. He retur-pa seveda ni slutil, da se nekje v množici vernikov, v srcu »Zdaj sem zopet v pristanišču miru, v svetem mestu, čil in great zeal. Little did he know that among all the gathered ned to Rome in late autumn. “Now, I am back at the har-mladega fanta prebuja strast in močna želja po istem zdrav, na novo poživljen ter še bolj navdušen in odločen, believers he inspired passion and a strong desire to go on bour of peace, hale and hearty, with new energy and even poslanstvu kot ga opravlja mož iz prižnice. Knobleharju da se pripravim za veliko borbo,« je zapisal v pismu the same mission as the preacher in the heart of a you- more inspired and determined to prepare for the great bat-je bilo takoj vse jasno: najprej bo šel v Ljubljano, potem prijateljem v domovini. ng man. Knoblehar decided early on that he will first go tle,” he wrote to his friends at home. v Rim in nato kot misijonar v širni svet. Mladenič je živel to Ljubljana, then to Rome and finally as a missionary to z vizijo, ki je bila preprosta in brez ovir. Toda resničnost Čeprav ni bil sprejet na redni študij, se je Knoblehar the wide world. The young man lived with a simple vision Although he was not accepted at the full-time course, je bila bolj zapletena in Knoblehar je kmalu spoznal, da bo uspel dogovoriti z vodstvom Kongregacije za širjenje vere, without any obstacles. However, the reality was more com-Knoblehar managed to agree with the Management of the življenjski cilj dosegel le z marljivim delom, vztrajnostjo da lahko posluša predavanja tujih jezikov. Ustanova je plicated and Knoblehar soon realised that he could only Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples to attend in s preudarnimi odločitvami. Leta 1839 je v Ljubljani bila znana pod imenom Propaganda zaradi uradnega reach his life goals with hard work, persistence and wise foreign language classes. The institution was also known vpisal bogoslovje, po končanih dveh letnikih pa je že latinskega naziva Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Na decisions. In 1839, he enrolled in theology in Ljubljana. Af-as Propaganda due to its official Latin name Congregatio odpotoval v Rim in se priglasil v papeškem uradu za francosko kraljevo akademijo je hodil na predavanja ter two years, he already travelled to Rome and applied at de Propaganda Fide. He could also attend astronomy, ge- širjenje vere v poganskih deželah. Vodstvo urada je iz astronomije, geodezije in slikarstva. Že v Rimu se je the papal office for the evangelisation of pagan lands. The odesy and painting classes at the French Royal Academy. 1 2 1 3 pokazal njegov izjemen talent za risanje, ki ga je v Afriki Kristusov nauk. »Kar človek obrača, Bog obrne!« pravi In Rome, he already developed his exceptional talent for goes “What man tries to turn, God turns over!” and it was uporabil pri dokumentiranju pokrajine porečja Belega star slovenski pregovor in za Knobleharja je bil pravi drawing, which he used in Africa to document the lands- godsend for Knoblehar that the Propaganda Fide decided Nila. V jezuitskem zavodu so Knobleharju prijazno božji dar nepričakovan odlok Propagande o ustanovitvi cape of the White Nile river basin. At the Jesuit Institute, to establish an apostolic vicariate in Middle Africa. The omogočili navzočnost pri učnih urah iz medicine apostolskega vikariata v osrednji Afriki. Odlok je podpisal Knoblehar was kindly allowed to attend medicine and na-decree was signed by Pope Gregory XVI and the Director in naravoslovja. Obe vedi je zelo dobro obvladal in Papež Gregor XVI., ravnatelj Propagande Maksimiljan tural science classes. He mastered both of these sciences of Propaganda Fide Maximilian Ryllo immediately began pridobljeno znanje kasneje koristil pri misijonskem delu. Ryllo pa je takoj začel sestavljati skupino misijonarjev, ki and he used this knowledge for his missionary work. In to form a group of missionaries for the evangelisation of a Že v Rimu se je zanimal za homeopatijo, prijatelj Partelj se bo lotila širjenja krščanstva na ogromnem območju, Rome, he also expressed his interest for homeopathy – his very large area that was bigger than Europe. pa mu je iz Ljubljane poslal celo nekaj homeopatskih večjem od Evrope. friend Partelj even sent him some homeopathy handbooks priročnikov. from Ljubljana. In summer 1846, Knoblehar left Rome and travelled to Sredi poletja 1846 je Knoblehar zapustil Rim in odpotoval Naples, then he took a ship to Malta, and then he sailed Kardinal in varuh papeške knjižnice Giuseppe Mezzofanti, proti Neaplju, od tam pa z ladjo najprej do Malte, nato pa je Cardinal and guardian of the papal library Giuseppe together with missionary Angelo Vinco on the French ste- veliki italijanski poliglot, je slovel po znanju številnih v družbi misijonarja Angela Vinca na francoskem parniku Mezzofanti, a great Italian polyglot, was famous for his amship “Sesóstris” to Alexandria where he learned that jezikov in narečij. Ko je srečal Knobleharja, je v njem takoj »Sesóstris« odplul proti Aleksandriji, kjer je izvedel, da knowledge of many languages and dialects. When he met the Bishop Anetto Casolani refused to become the head of prepoznal nadarjenost za učenje tujih jezikov in ga povabil se je škof Anetto Casolani odpovedal vodstvu vikariata. Knoblehar, he immediately recognised his talent for learthe vicariate. While waiting for the decision from Rome, na svoja predavanja. Knoblehar se mu je oddolžil na ta Čakanje na odločitev iz Rima je izrabil za potovanje v ning foreign languages and he invited him to attend his Knoblehar travelled to the Holy Land and Syria, where he način, da je kardinala naučil slovenščine. Mezzofanti se Sveto deželo in v Sirijo, kjer je ostal osem mesecev in se classes. In turn, Knoblehar helped the Cardinal to learn spent eight months and improved his knowledge of the Ara-je za svojega perspektivnega slušatelja zavzel pri vodstvu izpopolnil v znanju arabskega jezika. Arabsko je govoril Slovenian. Mezzofanti intervened with the directorate of bic language. He spoke Arabic fluently and the Christian Propagande in poleti 1843 je bil Knoblehar sprejet na brezhibno in krščanska skupnost Maronitov v Libanonu the Propaganda Fide to admit the determined young man society of Maronites in Lebanon asked him to teach them redni študij. Tisto leto je bilo na študij vpisanih 106 ga je prosila, da je pri njih poučeval in opravljal mašne as a regular student in the summer of 1843. In that year, and to perform Masses for them. Meanwhile, Maximilian študentov, 30 narodnosti, od Kitajske do Amerike, od daritve. Medtem je mesto vikarja prevzel Maksimilijan 106 students from 30 countries, from China to America Ryllo accepted the position of the Vicar and he immedia- Mongolije do severne Afrike. Sredi marca 1845 je opravil Ryllo, ki je takoj sklical vse sodelavce, da se mu pridružijo and from Mongolia to North Africa, were admitted. In the tely summoned all his colleagues to join him in Alexan-novomašniško posvečenje, nato pa končal še doktorski v Aleksandriji, kjer se je Knoblehar srečal z rojakom middle of March 1845, Knoblehar was ordained a priest dria. There, Knoblehar met another Slovene, Anton Lavrin študij iz teoloških ved. Antonom Lavrinom, avstrijskim konzulom, doma iz and he completed his doctoral studies in theology. Howe- from Vipava, who was an Austrian consul. Lavrin was a Vipave. Lavrin je bil strasten zbiralec egipčanskih starin ver, after he graduated, the Propaganda Fide directorate passionate collector of Egyptian antiquities and he had a Toda po zaključku šolanja vodstvo Propagande ni prav in je imel v Aleksandriji veliko zasebno zbirko umetnin. did not know what task to assign him. First, they wanted to large private art collection in Alexandria. He donated a dobro vedelo, kam z njim. Enkrat so ga nameravali poslati Kranjskemu deželnemu muzeju v Ljubljani je podaril send him to India, then to Sweden, Australia or Persia, but mummy to the Provincial Museum of Carniola in Ljubljana. v Indijo, drugič na Švedsko, pa potem v Avstralijo, nato v mumijo, izjemen logistični podvig pa je bil transport they finally decided that he would stay in Rome as the di-A demanding logistic challenge was also to transport two Perzijo. Naposled so ugotovili, da bi morda lahko ostal v dveh granitnih sarkofagov, ki jih je Lavrin pripeljal rector’s assistant and a lecturer at the Ukrainian Institute. granite sarcophaguses that Lavrin brought to the cemetery Rimu kot podravnatelj in profesor na Ukrajinskem zavodu. na pokopališče v Vipavi. Lavrin je zelo verjetno tudi In the spirit of humility, Knoblehar was ready to accept in Vipava. Lavrin probably also enthused Knoblehar about Knoblehar je bil v duhu ponižnosti pripravljen prevzeti Knobleharja navdušil za dediščino faraonskega Egipta. the position at the institute and to renounce his youthful the legacy of the ancient Egypt and its Pharaohs. While tra-vodenje zavoda in se odpovedati svojim mladostnim Knoblehar si je med potovanjem po Egiptu ogledal vse wishes and ambitions to travel to the unknown world and velling through Egypt, Knoblehar visited all the important željam in viziji, kako bo šel v neznani širni svet oznanjati pomembne znamenitosti, od velikih piramid v Gizi do spread the teachings of Christ. An old Slovenian proverb sights: from the great pyramids of Giza to the Temple of 1 4 1 5 svetišča Ramzesa Velikega v Abu Simblu. Obiskal je tudi Skupina štirih misijonarjev je 24. julija 1847 odplula iz Ramses the Great in Abu Simbel. He also visited the anci-The group of four missionaries left the Egyptian Alexan- starodavno mesto Memfis in od tam za spomin prinesel egipčanske Aleksandrije in naslednje leto 11. februarja so ent city Memphis, from where he brought two small bronze dria on 24 July 1847 and they arrived at the harbour at dva bronasta kipca, božanskega Ozirisa in boginjo zapluli v pristanišče mesta na sotočju Belega in Modrega statues – a figure of Osiris and the cat-shaped goddess Ba-the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile on 11 Bastet v podobi mačke. Oba kipca sta ohranjena v zbirki Nila. Ko so misijonarji prispeli v Kartum, so imeli stet. Both figures are kept in the collection of the National February of the following year. When the missionaries Narodnega muzeja Slovenije. Kot izkušen konzul je bil velikopotezne načrte z organizacijo misijonske mreže, ki Museum of Slovenia. As an experienced consul, Lavrin was first came to Khartoum, they had big plans to organise Lavrin misijonarjem v veliko pomoč, predvsem ko je bilo naj bi jo v nekaj letih razvili v južnih pokrajinah vse tja of great help to the missionaries, particularly when inter-the mission network in a couple of years across the south treba posredovati pri turško-egiptovski vladi, da zagotovi do ekvatorja. Toda zalomilo se je že na samem začetku. vention was needed with the Turkish-Egyptian authorities lands up to the equator. However, they faced difficulties ustrezne dokumente za delo in nemoteno gibanje po deželi. Večmesečno potovanje po Nilu je vse zelo izčrpalo, saj to obtain the documents required for safe conduct and free at the very beginning. The several months long voyage Da so pridobili vse listine, sta posredovala tudi angleška so bili prvič v življenju tako dolgo na reki, kjer bivalne movement in the country. Even the English Queen Victoria on the Nile was exhausting for everybody, because they kraljica Viktorija in avstrijski cesar Ferdinand. razmere niso bile idealne. Veliko naporov je zahtevalo and the Austrian Emperor Ferdinand had to intervene for never sailed on a river for so long before and the living tudi nujno prečkanje puščave, da so se izognili brzicam them to receive all the required documents. conditions were far from ideal. It also took a lot of effort Uradna oblast je nezaupljivo sprejela skupino katoliških na Nilu. Dva tedna so presedeli v neudobnih sedlih na to cross the desert to avoid the rapids on the Nile. For duhovnikov in v misiji Evropejcev slutila prikrite pozibavajočih se kamelah, ki so iz Koroska do Berberja in The official authorities suspected that the mission of these two weeks, they sat on uncomfortable saddles on roc-namene, ki naj bi bili povezani s kolonialnimi interesi v obratni smeri prenašale tovor od enega pristanišča do handpicked Europeans had a hidden agenda of colonial king camels that transported cargo between Korosko and po nepoznanem ozemlju ob Belem Nilu v južnem Sudanu. drugega. Posledice potovanja je najbolje občutil Ryllo, ki greed for the uncharted land along the White Nile in South Berber, from one harbour to another. Ryllo, who develo-Območje do Kartuma je administrativno in vojaško je sredi maja zbolel za mrzlico, mesec dni kasneje pa so ga Sudan. The area up to Khartoum was under the admini-ped a fever in May, most severely felt the consequences of sodilo pod turško-egiptovsko oblast. V času otomanskega že pokopali na obrežju Modrega Nila, na misijonskem vrtu, strative and military rule of the Turkish authorities in the travel. One month later, he was buried at the riversi-imperija, ko je v Egiptu vladal Mohamed Ali, so pod ob katerem so nameravali zgraditi cerkev, šolo in ostala Egypt. During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, when Mo-de of the Blue Nile, in the missionary garden where they egipčansko nadvlado med Asuanom in Kartumom nastale poslopja. Pred smrtjo je Ryllo vsa pooblastila prenesel hamed Ali ruled Egypt, provinces emerged between Aswan intended to build a church, a school and other facilities. province. Prebivalstvo je bilo v glavnem arabsko, veliko na Knobleharja, ki se je dobro zavedal odgovornosti v and Khartoum under the Egyptian supremacy. The popu- Before his death, Ryllo transferred all his authorisations je bilo priseljencev iz Egipta, med njimi tudi nekaj Koptov. kritični situaciji. Hitro je vzpostavil razmere za delovanje lation was mostly Arabic and there were many immigrants to Knoblehar, who was well aware of his responsibility in Mohamed Ali je bil pod močnim pritiskom Angležev in osrednje misijonske postaje v Kartumu, potem pa se je from Egypt, some of whom were Copts. Mohamed Ali was the critical situation. He quickly established the condi-Istanbula, da si prisvoji in pridobi monopol nad južnim odpravil na pot proti ekvatorju. Knoblehar je v Kartumu under great pressure from the English and Istanbul to se-tions suitable for the operation of the mission station in delom vzhodnega Sudana, predvsem v porečju Belega najel ladjo skupaj s posadko, ki jo je vodil Sulejman cure a monopoly over the southern part of eastern Sudan, Khartoum and then he travelled towards the equator. In Nila, kjer je bila obsežna močvirna pokrajina, v strugi Abu Said. Ladja je bila del ekspedicije, ki jo je vsako leto mostly along the White Nile. The territory consisted of vast Khartoum, Knoblehar rented a ship with a crew that was reke pa polno plavajočih otokov iz zraščene trave, ločja in poslal kartumski upravnik proti jugu. Pod upravnikovim swamps and the river was full of floating islands of in- led by Suleiman Abu Said. The ship was part of the expe- različnih vodnih rastlin. Organiziranje večjih vojaških okriljem so bili prisotni tudi trgovci, ki so v zameno tertwined grass, reeds and aquatic plants. It was impossi-dition that the Khartoum governor sent south every year. pohodov v tej pokrajini ni bilo izvedljivo, zato je generalni za steklene bisere od domačinov dobivali slonovino. Iz ble to organise large military campaigns in this area, so The expedition also included merchants who traded glass guverner v Kartumu opustil zamisel, da bi si muslimani pristanišča v Kartumu so izpluli 13. novembra 1849, na the governor general abandoned the idea of Muslims subju-pearls for the local ivory. Knoblehar and the missionari-podredili ljudstva ob Belem Nilu. To je misijonarje še bolj krovu sta bila poleg Knobleharja še misijonarja Emanuel gating the African peoples along the Nile. This additionally es Emanuel Pedemonte and Angelo Vinco sailed from the spodbudilo, da so se intenzivno lotili svojega poslanstva. Pedemonte in Angelo Vinco. encouraged the missionaries to go on their mission. harbour in Khartoum on 13 November 1849. 1 6 1 7 Na ladji je imel Knoblehar dovolj časa, da se je posvetil dni zatem pa so prispeli na ozemlje Barijcev, ki so daleč On the ship, Knoblehar had enough time to turn to his peoples, and on New Year’s Eve, they sailed to the land of področju, ki mu je bil poleg duhovnega poklica najbližje naokoli sloveli po kakovostnih železnih izdelkih, ki so jih other field of expertise – natural sciences. With the com-the Chir people. They started the year 1850 among the Chir – naravoslovju. Z bogatim znanjem, ki ga je pridobil med izdelovali njihovi kovači. Knoblehar si je z zanimanjem prehensive knowledge that he received in Rome, he started people and they came to the land of the Bari people a few študijem v Rimu, se je lotil pisanja ladijskega dnevnika. ogledal njihovo mojstrsko obvladovanje obrti in za svojo to write a ship’s logbook. During his voyage, he attentively days later. The Bari people were famous for their high-qu-Med plovbo je skrbno zapisoval podatke o smeri kompasa, afriško zbirko je pridobil veliko zapestnic, ogrlic ter made notes on the points of the compass, the ship’s spe- ality iron products made by the local smiths. Knoblehar hitrosti ladje, geografski položaj, vremenske razmere, drugega nakita in uporabnih predmetov, narejenih iz ed, geographic position, weather conditions, air and wa- was very interested in their mastery of the craft and he got temperaturo ozračja in vode, zračni pritisk. Opisal je tudi železa. ter temperatures, and air pressure. He also described the many bracelets, necklaces and other pieces of iron jewelle-rečno strugo z vsemi otoki, nevarnimi skalami in obrežje. riverbed with all its islands, dangerous rocks and the ri-ry and practical products for his African collection. V posebno razpredelnico je za vsak dan plovbe narisal Prišleke je prišel pozdravit barijski poglavar Nigila. verside. He used a special table to draw a vertical drawing vertikalno skico struge in posebej opisal desni in levi Knoblehar je že znal barijski jezik in se dogovoril, da na of the riverbed every day of the voyage, and he separately The arrivals were greeted by the Bari chief Nigila. Knoble-breg. Natančno opazovanje je strnil v kratke in jedrnate njegovem ozemlju v vasi Gondokoro, na desnem bregu described the left and the right riverside. He condensed har could already speak the Bari language and he came to stavke. Obsežnejše besedilo je zapisal pod rubriko Nila, zgradijo prvo misijonsko postajo. Ko so se misijonarji his exact observations in short and concise sentences. He an agreement with the chief that they could build the first »Reise Bericht« oz. potopis. V dnevnik je s svinčnikom naslednjič vrnili nazaj, so zgradili hiše za misijonsko wrote more extensive descriptions under the column “Re- missionary station in the village Gondokoro, on the right narisal tudi štiri risbe: dve s krajinskim motivom in osebje, šolo in cerkev, ki so jo posvetili Mariji in jo ise Bericht” (travel report). He also drew four drawings in bank of the Nile. When the missionaries came back here dve z motivom bivališč domačinov. Besedilo v ladijskem imenovali Sancta Maria ad Flumen Album (Sveta Marija the logbook with a pencil: two with a landscape motif and the next time, they built houses for the missionary staff, a dnevniku je napisano v nemški gotici in je lepo čitljivo. ob Beli Reki). Kasneje je med ljudstvom Kik (ang. Kyk) s two with local settlements. The text in the ship’s log is wri-school and a church, which was consecrated to St. Mary Posebej so zanimivi podrobni geografski opisi pokrajine sodelavci ustanovil še manjšo misijonsko postajo Sv. Križ. tten in German in the Gothic alphabet and is well readable. and named Sancta Maria ad Flumen Album (Saint Mary at in predstavitev različnih ljudstev, s katerimi je imel stike Postaja je dobila ime po koščku lesa iz križa, na katerem Very interesting are also his detailed geographic descripti-the White River). Later, among the Kyk people, Knoblehar med plovbo. V Avstrijski narodni knjižnici na Dunaju je bil križan Jezus Kristus. Dragoceno relikvijo je podaril ons of the landscape and presentations of different peoples established another smaller missionary station called Holy hranijo Knobleharjev ladijski dnevnik iz prvega potovanja, lavantinski knezoškof Anton Martin Slomšek. Postajo that he encountered during his voyage. The Austrian Nati-Cross. They named the station after a piece of wood from v istem zvezku pa so opisana tudi potovanja leta 1853, Sv. Križ so domačini imenovali Kanisa, tj. cerkev, njena onal Library in Vienna keeps the Knoblehar’s logbook from the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified. The precio-1854 in 1857. natančna lokacija pa ni znana; bila je blizu zaselka Abū his first voyage south, and the same book also includes his us relic was donated by the Bishop of Lavant Anton Martin Kūka, med naseljema Shambe in Bor. voyages in 1853, 1854 and 1857. Slomšek. The locals called the Holy Cross station “Kanisa” Že konec novembra se je srečal s Šiluki, nato je spoznal (church), but its exact location is not known. It was near Nuere in Kječe. Slednjim se je še posebej priljubil, saj jim Nigila ni bil prvi poglavar, ki se je srečal s Knobleharjem. At the end of November, he met the Shilluk people, and the village Abū Kūka, between the towns Shamba and Bor. je rešil vrača, ko je le-ta prepovedal svojemu ljudstvu Misijonar je na poti spoznal nekaj poglavarjev in eden se then he met the Neuer and the Kyk people. He became very stike s tujci. Ker so bili prikrajšani za slonovino, so besni je še posebej čudil beli koži, še bolj pa ga je vznemirjala popular with the latter, because he saved their shaman Nigila was not the first chief that Knoblehar met. The mornarji hoteli vrača pokončati, Knoblehar pa jim je to Knobleharjeva košata, lepo pristrižena brada. Toda zaradi who forbade his people to have any contact with foreigners. missionary met several chiefs on his voyage; one of them namero odločno preprečil. Nadaljevali so pot in božič slabih izkušenj z arabskimi trgovci in lovci na sužnje je Because they could not get their ivory, sailors were furio-was especially astonished at Knoblehar’s white skin and so praznovali na območju, ki sta ga naseljevali ljudstvi bilo čutiti nezaupanje do novih prišlekov. Knoblehar se us and wanted to kill the shaman, but Knoblehar stopped even more at his bushy and neatly cut beard. Because of Heliab in Bor, na Silvestrovo pa so zapluli na ozemlje je dobro znašel, saj je segel po svoji harmoniki in pred them. They continued with their voyage and they celebra-their negative experience with Arabic merchants and slave ljudstva Čir. Novo leto 1850 so dočakali med Čirci, nekaj poglavarjem zaigral veselo, poskočno vižo. ted Christmas in the area settled by the Helyab and the Bor hunters, the locals did not trust the new arrivals. However, 1 8 1 9 Poglavar je bil presrečen in je na vsak način hotel Nil in na zemljevidih Afrike je bila vrisana gorska veriga z Knoblehar was very resourceful and he took his harmo-much interest to explore the Nile, and the maps of Africa pregovoriti Knobleharja naj prevzame njegovo mesto, kar imenom »Mesečeve gore«, spod katerih izvira reka Bahr el nica and started playing cheerful and lively songs in front all included a mountain chain called “Moon Mountains”, je misijonar seveda prijazno zavrnil in obljubil, da se bo še Abiad (Bela reka), arabsko ime za Beli Nil. Gorovje naj bi of the chief. The chief was very happy and he wanted to underneath which the river Bahr el Abiad (White River; vrnil in mu kaj zaigral. In res se je še večkrat vrnil, vendar ležalo severno nad ekvatorjem oziroma na 7° zemljepisne persuade Knoblehar to take his place, which the missio- Arabic name for the White Nile) supposedly originated. ne samo s harmoniko, ampak je ob priliki pripeljal s seboj širine. Toda Knoblehar se je januarja 1850 na lastne oči nary kindly declined and promised to come back and play The mountains were supposed to be located north from the harmonij – spomladi 1855 je pripeljal kar tri cerkvene prepričal, da tam ni nobenih gora in da je treba izvir more music for him. He indeed returned many times and, equator – at 7° latitude. However, Knoblehar discovered in zvonove, ki jih je za sudanski misijon naredila ljubljanska Nila iskati južno od ekvatorja. S tem odkritjem je veliko besides his harmonica, he also brought other harmonies – January 1850 that there are no mountains in that location livarna na Prulah pod vodstvom Antona Samasse. prispeval k pobudi, da so se raziskovalci znova vrnili k in spring 1855, he brought three church bells, which were and that the source of the Nile has to be located south from sloviti reki. Čeprav je imel veliko željo, da bi rešil uganko made for the Sudan mission by the Ljubljana Foundry in the equator. This discovery was a significant contributi-Sredi januarja so pripluli do približno 4°40' zemljepisne o izviru Nila, se je zaradi nizkega vodostaja obrnil in se Prule under the supervision of Anton Samassa. on to the initiative that brought the explorers back to the širine, do 606 metrov visokega hriba Logvek, ki je bil 7. marca 1850 vrnil v Kartum. famous river. Although Knoblehar wished he could solve znan tudi kot Džebel Redžaf (Djebel Redjaf). Ime hriba je In the middle of January, they sailed to approximately 4°40' the mystery of the source of the Nile, he had to go back to povezano s pogostimi potresnimi sunki na tem območju. S prvim potovanjem na jug je Knoblehar pridobil latitude, to the 606 metres high hill called Logvek, also Khartoum on 7 March 1850 due to the low water level. Ko se je Knoblehar v spremstvu domačinov povzpel na dragocene informacije o deželi in se ob tem zelo dobro known as Djebel Redjaf. The name of the hill refers to fre-vrh, je ravno takrat prišlo do močnega potresa. Ljudje zavedal, da za uresničitev velikega misijonskega načrta quent earthquakes in this area. When Knoblehar and the During the first voyage south, Knoblehar gained valuable so se vrgli na tla in začeli vpiti. Knoblehar jih je skušal potrebuje precejšnja finančna sredstva, ki jih lahko locals climbed the hill, they experienced a strong earthqu-information on the lands and he understood that he requ- pomiriti, oni pa so mu v paničnem strahu hiteli razlagati, pridobi le na en način – da takoj odpotuje v Evropo. Pred ake. The locals threw themselves on the ground and star-ired a lot more funding to achieve the mission’s goals – he da so potres povzročili duhovi umrlih prednikov, ki so seboj je imel jasen cilj: organizirati redno financiranje ted yelling. Knoblehar tried to calm them down, but they could only get sufficient funding if he immediately went pokopani ob vznožju hriba. Da bi se duše pokojnikov rešile misijonskega dela in poiskati še več novih sodelavcev. were in panic and they explained to him that the earthqu-back to Europe. He had a clear vision: to organise regular podzemlja, skušajo na vse mogoče načine priti na površje Vse to se mu je posrečilo, saj je na Dunaju navdušil ake was caused by the spirits of dead ancestors that were funding of the missionary work and to find more co-wor-in s tem povzročajo potresne sunke. Knoblehar jim je mladega cesarja Franca Jožefa I., ki mu je obljubil osebno buried beneath the hill. They said that the spirits of the kers. He managed to achieve both. In Vienna, he enthu-kot katoliški duhovnik razložil svoj pogled na posmrtno pokroviteljstvo nad misijonom in ustrezno gmotno dead are trying to get from the underground to the surface, sed the young Emperor Franz Joseph I, who promised to življenje, toda domačini ga niso vzeli preveč resno, saj podporo, v Rimu pa je odločno stopil pred novega papeža which is causing these earthquakes. Knoblehar, as a Catho-become a patron of the mission and supply the necessa- niso razumeli, o čem govori. Ko je prišel na hrib, je na Pija IX. in mu v eni uri pojasnil, pod kakšnimi pogoji lic priest, tried to explained his view of the afterlife, but ry funds, while in Rome, he decisively stepped in front of skalnem vrhu vrezal začetnice imena in priimka – I. K. lahko ustvari uspešen afriški misijon. Knoblehar je the locals did not take him seriously, because they did not Pope Pius IX and explained to him in one hour what condi-Knobleharjev podpis je deset let kasneje videl nemški avdienco pri papežu zapustil z dragoceno popotnico. V understand what he was talking about. When Knoblehar tions were required to make the African mission successful. slikar in popotnik Wilhelm von Harnier, ki je hrib eni roki je imel listino o imenovanju za provikarja, v climbed the hill, he carved his initials on a rock at the top. Knoblehar left the papal residence with valuable gifts: in Logvek tudi narisal. drugi pa torbo z lesketajočim se papeževim darilom, s Ten years later, the German painter and traveller Wilhelm one hand, he held a document on his appointment as pro-kelihom in monštranco. Knobleharjev obisk Evrope je von Harnier saw Knoblehar’s signature and he drew the -vicar, and in the other, he carried a bag with a chalice and Med plovbo po Belem Nilu je Knoblehar razmišljal tudi o ostal nepozaben predvsem med rojaki, ki ga sprva sploh Logvek hill. During his voyage on the White Nile, Knoble-a monstrance. Knoblehar’s visit to Europe was unforgetta-neznanih, skrivnostnih izvirih mogočne afriške reke. V niso prepoznali, ko se je sredi poletja 1850 po ljubljanskih har also thought about the unknown and mysterious sou-ble for his fellow countrymen who did not even recogni- Evropi ni bilo pretiranega zanimanja za raziskovanje reke ulicah in po drugih slovenskih krajih sprehajal oblečen rce of the mighty African river. In Europe, there was not se him when he was walking in the streets of Ljubljana in 2 0 2 1 »po turško«, v dolgi halji in s svilenim šalom okoli glave. Nilu. Dolge so od dva do tri metre, z lesenim držalom, midsummer 1850 dressed in a “Turkish style” gown and (19 examples), which are part of the typical equipment car-Bil je prava atrakcija, še bolj pa njegova afriška zbirka, na katerega so nasajene ozke, kakovostno kovane in wearing a silk scarf around his head. He was an attractiried by the peoples along the White Nile. Spears are two to ki jo je širši javnosti predstavil v ljubljanskem liceju. oblikovane konice. Železne osti so izjemno kovaško on, but even more attractive was his African collection that three metres long and they have wooden poles and narrow, Poleg uporabnih predmetov so bili na ogled še različni delo, nastalo po tehnološkem postopku, podedovanem he presented to the public at the lyceum in Ljubljana. The well-forged spearheads. Iron spearheads are examples of kamni, naravna barvila, rastline, preparirani ptiči, iz starejših zgodovinskih obdobij, ki se stoletja ali celo display included useful everyday objects, different stones, exceptional forgings made with technological procedures živ puščavski skakač in ihnevmon. Po Knobleharjevi tisočletja ni spreminjal. Sulične osti barijskih kovačev so natural dyes, plants, stuffed birds and two live animals: a that were inherited from older historic periods and possibly zaslugi so se Slovenci prvič srečali s kulturno dediščino po obliki zelo sorodne sulicam iz evropskih arheoloških desert jerboa and a mongoose. Thanks to Knoblehar, Slove-did not change for centuries or even millennia. Spearhe- različnih ljudstev ob Belem Nilu. Razstavljenih je bilo najdišč iz obdobja Keltov in starejše železne dobe. Najbolj nians for the first time came in touch with the cultural heads made by the Bari blacksmiths have a narrow form that več kot tristo predmetov, obiskovalci so bili navdušeni, nenavaden primerek je nedvomno sulica z dvojno ritage of the peoples along the White Nile. More than three is very similar to the spears that were found on European ljubljanski časopis Laibacher Zeitung pa je objavil celoten vzporedno ostjo na enojnem nastavku. Sodila je v obredni hundred items were exhibited. Visitors were thrilled and archaeological sites from the Celtic period or the older Iron popis Knobleharjeve afriške zbirke. Promocija njegovega inventar vrača, ki jo je uporabljal, da bi pričaral dež, tako the Ljubljana newspaper Laibacher Zeitung published the Age. The most unusual item is a double-pointed spearhead sudanskega misijona je bila načrtno tempirana, kakor da jo je vihtel kvišku in navidezno »prebadal« nebo, da bi complete list of items in the Knoblehar’s African collection. on a single pole. It was used by the shaman who wanted to da bi jo zasnovali promotorji javnih dogodkov sodobnega začelo deževati. The promotion of his Sudan mission was carefully timed, create rain by thrusting the spear upwards and symbolical- časa. Poleg organiziranih javnih nastopov in mašnih as if it would be planned by modern public event promo- ly “piercing” the sky. Knoblehar was very enthusiastic abo-slovesnostih je njegov prihod v Ljubljano pospremila Knoblehar se je navduševal nad mojstrovinami barijskih tors. Besides his public appearances and Mass ceremoni- ut the masterpieces of the Bari blacksmiths, which is why še izdaja posebne knjižice. Na podlagi Knobleharjevih kovačev, zato je razumljivo, da v njegovi zbirki es, his visit to Ljubljana was also accompanied by a special the majority of his collection consists of iron objects. There zapiskov je profesor zemljepisa in zgodovine Vicencij prevladujejo železni izdelki. Veliko je različnih zapestnic, book that was published. Based on Knoblehar’s notes, the are many different bracelets, necklaces and anklets, or, Fereri Klun pripravil nemško in slovensko knjižico z ogrlic in nanožnih obročev, ali pa denimo predpasnik, geography and history professor Vicencij Fereri Klun wro-for instance, an apron made of iron ringlets that only the naslovom »Potovanje po Beli Reki«. sešit iz železnih obročkov, ki so ga lahko nosile samo žene te a German and Slovenian book titled “Potovanje po Beli wives and daughters of chiefs were allowed to wear. The in hčere poglavarjev. V zbirki je tudi preprosta otroška Reki” (Journey on the White Nile). collection also includes a simple child’s necklace with one Glavnina Knobleharjeve zbirke je danes shranjena v ogrlica, na kateri je eden najstarejših amuletov na svetu of the oldest amulets in the world – the double spiral. This Slovenskem etnografskem muzeju in šteje približno 230 – dvojna spirala. Takšen okras je že od prazgodovine The main part of the Knoblehar’s collection is today kept motif represents a divine symbol that protects children predmetov. Knoblehar je nekaj predmetov odpeljal na predstavljal božanski simbol, ki je odganjal nesrečo in at the Slovene Ethnographic Museum, which includes against misfortune and was used since prehistory. This Dunaj, kjer so načrtovali postavitev Nubijskega muzeja, varoval otroka. Simbol dvojne spirale, ki varuje nosečnice approximately 230 items. Knoblehar took some items to symbol also appeared in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, vendar ga niso nikoli zgradili. Danes je 65 predmetov in otroke, so poznali tudi v starem Egiptu in Mezopotamiji, Vienna where they planned to establish a Nubian museum, where it symbolised Nintu – the goddess of birth. A spiral iz Knobleharjeve zbirke shranjenih v Muzeju sveta na kjer je amulet simboliziral boginjo Nintu, boginjo rojstva. but it was never built. Today, 65 items from the Knoble- pendant was still very popular in the 20th century among Dunaju (Weltmuseum Wien). V Knobleharjevi zbirki Spiralni obesek je bil še v 20. stoletju zelo priljubljen pri har’s collection are kept at the World Museum in Vienna Egyptian women, because it symbolically protected them Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja prevladujejo orožje Egipčankah, saj jih je simbolno ščitil med nosečnostjo (Weltmuseum Wien). The Knoblehar’s collection at the during their pregnancy and provided a safe childbirth. (sulice, kiji, loki, puščice, ščiti), glasbila (piščali, rogovi, in zagotavljal varen porod. Afriška zbirka dr. Ignacija Slovene Ethnographic Museum mostly includes weapons ropotulje), lončene pipe, nakit iz železa in slonovine, Knobleharja je na videz arhaična, na prvi pogled zelo (spears, clubs, bows, arrows, shields), musical instruments The African collection of Dr Ignacij Knoblehar looks ar-oblačila in posodje. Zelo zanimive so sulice (19 primerkov), preprosta, brez mask, kipov ali slikovitih barvnih oblačil, (whistles, horns, rattles), clay pipes, iron and ivory jewel-chaic and very simple; it has no masks, statues or colourful ki sodijo med najbolj značilno opremo ljudstev ob Belem ki jih poznamo predvsem iz zahodnoafriške umetnosti. lery, clothes and crockery. The most interesting are spears clothes that we know mostly from West African art. Howe- 2 2 2 3 Toda v sebi nosi bogato vsebinsko sporočilo, saj nas Reise am oberen Nil (Potovanje ob zgornjem Nilu). V knjigi ver, it carries a context-rich message, because it connects mal trampled him to death. He was only 25 years old. In povezuje z različnimi ljudstvi, ki se jim je življenjsko je Knoblehar večkrat omenjen. us with different peoples whose life environment drama- 1866, his brother Adolf published his notes and paintings okolje predvsem zaradi političnih razmer v 20. stoletju tically changed in the 20th century, mostly due to political in a monograph travel publication titled Reise am obe-močno spremenilo. Knobleharjeva zbirka od leta 1850 tke Knoblehar je šestkrat plul po egipčanskem Nilu med conditions. The Knoblehar’s collection from 1850 establi-ren Nil (Travels along the Upper Nile). The book mentions nevidno vez med Slovenci in kulturami v južnem Sudanu. Nubijo in Aleksandrijo in šestkrat je iz Kartuma odplul shed a virtual link between Slovenians and the cultures Knoblehar several times. V zadnjem času je vse bolj aktualna, saj ponuja izvrstno v skoraj 1600 kilometrov oddaljeno vas Gondokoro ter of South Sudan. This collection is becoming increasingly izhodišče za raziskavo medkulturnih povezav in obdobja, kmalu postal eden najboljših poznavalcev mogočne significant, because it provides a great starting point for Knoblehar sailed the Egyptian Nile between Nubia and ko so se Slovenci skoraj celo desetletje na različnih afriške reke. Potem ko mu je leta 1850 Geografsko društvo studying intercultural connections and periods when seve-Alexandria six times, and he also sailed six times from področjih zelo intenzivno srečevali z Afriko. na Dunaju priskrbelo vse potrebne merilne inštrumente, ral Slovenians were very active in various fields in con-Khartoum almost 1600 kilometres to the Gondokoro villa- se je med prvimi lotil načrtnih hidroloških raziskav. V nection with Africa for almost a decade. ge. He soon became one of the best experts on the mighty Pomen večine predmetov nam je znan zaradi dobrih tistem obdobju v Evropi ni bilo pretiranega zanimanja za African river. After the Vienna Geographical Society pro-Knobleharjevih opisov, v veliko pomoč pa so različne risbe raziskovanje reke Nil, in prav s poročili, ki jih je pošiljal v We know the meaning of the majority of items from the vided all the necessary equipment to Knoblehar in 1850, in skice, saj fotografij takrat še niso poznali, dagerotipija Evropo, je Knoblehar obudil razpravo o njenih izvirih. Na well-written descriptions made by Knoblehar, and from he was one of the first persons to perform planned hydro-pa je bila šele na začetku razvoja. Za interpretacijo svojem prvem potovanju je priplul do 4° 40' severne širine, different paintings and drawings, because photography logical research. At that time, there was not much interest predmetov so zelo dragocene barvne risbe že omenjenega štiri leta zatem, v maju 1854, pa se je še bolj približal was not yet invented and daguerreotype was only at the in Europe for the research of the Nile, and by sending his mladega nemškega slikarja in raziskovalca Wilhelma von ekvatorju in prišel skoraj do tretje stopinje. Zaradi zaslug beginning of its development. A precious source for the reports to Europe, Knoblehar revived the discussion of its Harnierja, ki ga večina afrikanistov in antropologov sploh pri raziskavah Belega Nila ga je Geografsko društvo na interpretation of items are the colour paintings painted by source. On his first voyage, he sailed to 4° 40' northern la-ne pozna in njegovo delo neupravičeno ostaja prezrto. Dunaju 13. oktobra 1857 imenovalo za častnega člana. the abovementioned young German painter and explorer titude, and four years later, in May 1854, he came even clo-Harnier je imel izjemen občutek za podrobnosti, predvsem Čeprav si je Knoblehar zelo prizadeval, da bi dosegel izvir Wilhelm von Harnier, who is unknown by the majority of ser to the equator, almost to the 3rd degree. Based on his pri risanju domačinov, njihovih oblačil, nakita in orožja Belega Nila, mu to žal ni uspelo. Veliko odkritje so opravil Africanists and anthropologists and his work is unfairly research of the White Nile, the Vienna Geographical Soci-ter pri upodabljanju njihovega telesnega okrasja (barvanje, John Hanning Speke, James Grant in Richard Francis overlooked. Harnier expressed a great attention to deta- ety named Knoblehar an honorary member of the society brazgotinjenje). Uporabnost marsikaterega predmeta iz Burton, ki so zelo dobro poznali poročila o Knobleharjevih il, especially in his paintings of the locals, their clothes, on 13 October 1857. Although Knoblehar really wanted to Knobleharjeve zbirke je bila ustrezno pojasnjena šele po raziskavah velike afriške reke! jewellery and weapons, and their body decorations (body reach the source of the White Nile, he sadly did not make zaslugi njegovih slik. Še posebej so pomembne slike krajev, painting, scarring). The actual use of many objects from it. John Hanning Speke, James Grant, and Richard Francis ki so povezani s Knobleharjevim misijonarskim delom Ljubitelji pustolovskih zgodb iz Afrike so z zanimanjem the Knoblehar’s collection could only be explained based Burton, who were well familiar with Knoblehar’s research ob Belem Nilu. Narisal je celoten gondokorski misijonski brali knjigo z naslovom A Journey to Central Africa: Life on his paintings. Especially important are the paintings of of the great African river, finally made the discovery! kompleks s cerkvijo in kočami v bližini. Ko je leta 1861 and Landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the places connected with Knoblehar’s missionary work along Harnier risal misijonsko postajo Sv. Križ, ni pomislil, da White Nile, ki jo je leta 1854 napisal ameriški potopisec the White Nile. He painted the whole Gondokoro missiona-Fans of adventure stories from Africa were very interes- bo ta kraj zanj usoden: med lovom je obstrelil bivola in Bayard Taylor. V letih 1851 in 1852 je Taylor večkrat ry complex with the church and the nearby houses. When ted in the book titled A Journey to Central Africa: Life and podivjana žival ga je poteptala do smrti. Star je bil 25 obiskal Knobleharja v Kartumu. Ker se je zanimal tudi za in 1861 Harnier painted the Holy Cross missionary stati-Landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the Whi- let. Leta 1866 je njegov brat Adolf uredil zapiske in risbe južni Sudan, mu je Knoblehar odstopil svoje popotniške on, he did not know that this place would be fatal for him: te Nile, which the American travel writer Bayard Taylor ter jih objavil v monografski potopisni izdaji z naslovom dnevnike in skice. Taylor je pokazal veliko navdušenje when hunting, he wounded a buffalo and the rampant ani- wrote in 1854. In years 1851 and 1852, Taylor several times 2 4 2 5 nad raziskovalnimi poročili ter jih opisal kot zelo temeljita v Ljubljani, ki je dvakrat hotel priti do Kartuma, pa visited Knoblehar in Khartoum. Because he was also in- At home, it was Luka Jeran, chaplain in Ljubljana (Trnovo), in bistveno bolj popolna v primerjavi z zapiski drugih ga je bolezen ustavila že v Egiptu. Jeran je bil urednik terested in South Sudan, Knoblehar gave him his travel who constantly promoted the Knoblehar’s mission. He tri- raziskovalcev. Leta 1854 je Taylor v knjigi podrobno opisal časopisa Zgodnja Danica in je skoraj deset let skrbel za logbooks and drawings. Taylor was very enthusiastic about ed two times to come to Khartoum, but a disease stopped Knobleharjevo raziskovanje Belega Nila. Taylorjev potopis redno objavljanje poročil in pisem iz Sudana. Z Jeranom the research reports and he described them as very thorou-him already in Egypt. Jeran was the editor of the newspa-je v anglosaškem svetu zelo odmeval. O njegovi eksotični je povezan tudi prihod afriških otrok v Ljubljano in gh and significantly more complete than the notes made by per Zgodnja Danica (Early Morning Star) and he regularly vsebini so poročali številni časopisi v Evropi in Ameriki, v ostale kraje na Slovenskem. Otroke so misijonarji other researchers. In 1854, Taylor described Knoblehar’s published reports and letters from South Sudan for almost poročevalci pa so neredko opozorili tudi na raziskovalne kupovali na suženjskem trgu v Kartumu in jih pošiljali research of the White Nile in his book in detail. Taylor’s ten years. Jeran was also involved in the arrival of African dosežke slovenskega misijonarja. Minilo je že več let od v Evropo, da bi se izučili za delo v misijonu in se vrnili travelogue was very attention grabbing in the Anglo-Saxon children in Ljubljana and other Slovenian cities. Missiona-srečanja s Knobleharjem, ko je Taylor 15. novembra 1875 nazaj v Afriko. Vse več ljudi se je začelo zanimati za delo region. Numerous European and American newspapers ries bought children on the slave market in Khartoum and pripravil predavanje za člane Ameriškega geografskega v Sudanu, predvsem duhovniki, učitelji in obrtniki, ki reported on its exotic contents, and reporters often pointed sent them to Europe so they could be trained for working društva (American Geographical Society). Takrat je bila so prihajali iz različnih avstrijskih dežel. Veliko je bilo out the achievements of the Slovenian missionary. Several in the mission and then return to Africa. More and more v akademskih krogih razprava o izvirih Nila še vedno tudi slovenskih prostovoljcev. Med njimi zelo izstopa years after meeting Knoblehar, Taylor prepared a lecture people were interested in working in Sudan, mostly priests, živahna in Taylor je obudil spomin na Knobleharja ter Jakob Šašel iz Železne Kaple, ki je neprecenljiv vir za for the members of the American Geographical Society on teachers and craftsmen from different Austrian provinces. ameriške geografe opozoril na njegovo pionirsko delo. razumevanje razmer v Knobleharjevem misijonu. Po 15 November 1875. At that time, the discussion of the sour-There were also many Slovenian volunteers. One of the vo-poklicu je bil puškar in graver, leta 1853 pa se je kot ce of the White Nile was still very lively, and Taylor remem-lunteers was Jakob Šašel from Železna Kapla, who stan- Preden je zaslovel z gradnjo Sueškega prekopa, je prostovoljec priglasil za pomoč v Kartumu, kjer je delal bered the American geographers of the pioneer work done ds out as a precious source for the understanding of the Francoz Ferdinand de Lesseps raziskoval Nil in pri tem kot pisar, toda zaradi bolezni se je že po nekaj mesecih by Knoblehar. conditions in the Knoblehar’s mission. He was a gunsmith mu je bil Knoblehar v veliko pomoč. Tudi znani nemški vrnil domov. Spomine na bivanje v Afriki je leta 1863 and engraver by profession, and he volunteered in 1853 naravoslovec Alfred Brehm se je ustavil pri njem v strnil na 143 straneh rokopisa v lepo izpisani nemški Before he became famous for building the Suez Canal, the for assistance in Khartoum, where he worked as a writer, Kartumu in bil navdušen nad bogatim arhivom zapiskov, gotici. Poleg avtoportreta je v besedilo vključil 33 barvnih Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps explored the Nile and but because of an illness, he had to go back home after a meritev in skic, ki jih je Knoblehar naredil med plovbo po risb, ki ponazarjajo opise dogodkov, ki jih je sam doživel. Knoblehar was of great assistance to him. The famous few months. He wrote his memories of his time in Africa Nilu med Kartumom in Gondokorom. Knobleharjev sloves Rokopis danes hranijo v Mestnem muzeju v Karlovcu German naturalist Alfred Brehm also visited Knoblehar on a 143-page manuscript in a beautifully written German je segel tudi do francoskega pisatelja Julesa Verna, ki ga (Gradski muzej Karlovac). Šašlove risbe dokumentirajo in Khartoum and he was thrilled over the rich archive of Gothic alphabet in 1863. Besides his self-portrait, the ma-je omenil v pustolovskem romanu z naslovom Pet tednov predvsem potovanje od Aleksandrije do Kartuma, zato so notes, measurements and drawings made by Knoblehar on nuscript also included 33 colour drawings of events that he v balonu. Prizor je postavil v elitni popotniški klub The njegove upodobitve starodavnih egipčanskih spomenikov his voyages on the Nile between Khartoum and Gondoko- experienced. Today, the manuscript is kept at the Karlovac Traveller’s Club na londonskem Pall Mallu, kjer so priredili dragocen prispevek k zgodovini egiptologije. Risbe ro. Knoblehar’s fame even reached the French writer Jules City Museum (Gradski muzej Karlovac). Šašel’s drawings zdravico v čast najslovitejšim raziskovalcem Afrike. naravnost zaživijo ob njegovih komentarjih, na primer o Verne, who mentioned Knoblehar in his adventure novel mostly document his travel from Alexandria to Khartoum, Kozarce, napolnjene s francoskim vinom, so vzdignili tudi vzponu na Keopsovo piramido, kamor je v kamniti blok na with the title Five Weeks in a Balloon. He set the stage in which is why his depictions of the ancient Egyptian mo-v spomin na Knobleharja. vrhu vrezal svoje ime. Po napornem vzponu si je v družbi the elite Traveller’s Club on the London’s Pall Mall where numents are a valuable contribution to the history of Egyp-prijateljev privoščil počitek v grobnici, kjer so odprli they proposed a toast to the most famous explorers of Afri-tology. The drawings come to life through his comments; V domovini je za veliko promocijo Knobleharjevega steklenico francoskega vina in nazdravili na čast umrlim ca. They lifted their glasses with French wine also to the for example, when he climbed the Great Pyramid of Cheops misijona vestno skrbel Luka Jeran, kaplan v Trnovem faraonom. Med risbami posebno pozornost pritegne memory of Knoblehar. where he cut his name in a stone at the top of the pyramid. 2 6 2 7 upodobitev barijskega poglavarja Muge, ki je Knobleharja dokončni prepovedi te krute oblike človeškega poniževanja. After the difficult climb, he and his friends took a rest in a prevent the exploitation and the torment of the African spremljal na potovanju iz južnega Sudana do Aleksandrije Največji uničevalec misijona so bile številne bolezni, tomb where they proposed a toast with French wine to the peoples. The missionaries’ fight against slavery significan-in nazaj v Gondokoro. Poglavar je bil zelo naklonjen predvsem smrtonosna malarija. Če bi obstajalo učinkovito dead pharaohs. The most prominent drawing is the one of tly contributes to the final prohibition of this cruel form misijonarjem, saj se je zavedal, da njihova navzočnost na zdravilo, bi misijonsko delo potekalo normalno. Brez the Bari chief Muga, who accompanied Knoblehar on his jo-of human humiliation. However, the biggest destroyer of barijskem ozemlju pomeni najboljšo zaščito pred trgovci s zdravil pa so mladi fantje drug za drugim umirali, urney from South Sudan to Alexandria and back to Gondo- the mission were numerous diseases, especially the deadly sužnji. Šašel je zapisal, da se poglavar Muga nikoli ne loči nekateri samo nekaj mesecev po prihodu v Sudan. V slabih koro. The chief was very friendly towards the missionaries, malaria. If they had an efficient cure, the missionary work od svojega lesenega stolčka, na katerem čez dan poseda, desetih letih je v misijonu umrlo veliko ljudi, med njimi because he knew that their presence on Bari land provided would go on normally. Without medications, young men ponoči pa ga uporablja za vzglavje. Podoben stolček je skoraj dvajset duhovnikov in redovnikov. Knoblehar je the best protection against slave traders. Šašel wrote that died one after the other, some only a few months after co-Knoblehar prinesel v Ljubljano in je danes del stalne preizkušal različne načine zdravljenja, tudi homeopatijo. Chief Muga never goes anywhere without his wooden chair, ming to Sudan. In less than ten years, many people died in razstave v Slovenskem etnografskem muzeju. Toda jeseni leta 1857 je začutil, da tudi njegovo zdravje on which he sits during the day and uses as a headrest at ni-the mission, including almost twenty priests and monks. peša, in se takoj odpravil na pot v domovino. Toda dlje od ght. Knoblehar brought a similar chair to Ljubljana and it is Knoblehar tried out different treatments, also homeopathy. Knobleharjeva misijonska »avantura« v južnem Neaplja ni prišel. Tam so ga hudo bolnega v samostansko part of the permanent exhibition at the Slovene Ethnograp-However, in the autumn 1857 he started to sense that his Sudanu sredi 19. stoletja sodi med najbolj svojevrstna oskrbo sprejeli bosonogi avguštinci. Do zadnjega je upal, hic Museum. health was getting worse and he immediately headed for poglavja afriške, evropske in slovenske zgodovine. Pri da bo ozdravel, da bo obiskal domače v Škocjanu nato pa home. Knoblehar did not make it pass Naples, where the izpolnjevanju prvotnega poslanstva je bil misijon popolna se vrnil nazaj v deželo ob Belem Nilu. Toda velika afriška Knoblehar’s mission “adventure” in South Sudan in the barefoot Augustinians tried to treat him. Until the very end, polomija, saj Katoliška cerkev ni dosegla ciljev, ki si reka Knobleharja ni nikoli več videla. V torek dopoldan, middle of the 19th century is one of the most peculiar chap-he hoped that he would recover, visit his family in Škocjan jih je zastavila. Po Knobleharjevi smrti so misijonarji 13. aprila 1858, se je zanj končalo zemeljsko bivanje. Imel ters of African, European and Slovenian history. In the and then return to the land along the White Nile. The great postopoma zapustili Gondokoro in Sv. Križ. Prvotno je je samo 38 let. sense of its initial agenda, the mission was a disaster, beca-African river never saw Knoblehar again. On Tuesday mor- gondokorski misijonski kompleks stal ob rečnem bregu, use the Catholic Church did not achieve the set objectives. ning, 13 April 1858, his life ended. He was only 38 years old. pozneje pa je Nil spremenil strugo in domačini so se Njegovo kratko življenje je pustilo neskončne sledi v After Knoblehar’s death, missionaries eventually left Gon-odselili nekaj kilometrov proč proti jugu. Nastala je nova zgodovini časa in prostora. Bogastvo njegove zapuščine dokoro and the Holy Cross. At first, the Gondokoro mission Nevertheless, in his short life, he left timeless marks in the naselbina, iz katere je zraslo mesto Džuba (Juba), ki je je izjemno in iz generacije v generacijo se bo prenašal facilities stood directly on the riverside, but later the Nile history of time and space. The significance of his legacy is danes prestolnica leta 2011 ustanovljene Republike Južni spomin na človeka, ki so ga na sotočju Belega in Modrega changed its course and the locals moved a couple of kilome-exceptional, and the memory of him will be handed down Dr. Marko Frelih Sudan. Tudi misijonska centrala v Kartumu ni dolgo Nila klicali Abuna Soliman, ob robu ekvatorja so mu rekli tres towards the south. A settlement appeared which later from generation to generation – the man who the locals obstala, saj so jo leta 1885 opustošili fanatični privrženci Balikan Soliman, za nas pa bo za vedno ostal Knoblehar, became the Juba city – the capital of the Republic of South along the Blue and the White Nile called Abuna Soliman, samooklicanega preroka Mahdija. Ignacij Knoblehar! Sudan established in 2011. The mission central in Kharto-and at the edge of the equator, they called him Balikan Soli-um was also soon abandoned, because the fanatic followers man. To us, he will always be Knoblehar, Ignacij Knoblehar! Za velik dosežek misijonskega dela vsekakor velja of the self-proclaimed prophet Mahdi ravaged it in 1885. omeniti vztrajno nasprotovanje lovcem na sužnje in KUSTOS trgovanju z ljudmi. Knoblehar se je s sodelavci odločno One of the bigger achievements of the missionary work was SLOVENSKI ETNOGRAFSKI MUZEJ upiral izkoriščanju in trpinčenju temnopoltih ljudstev. the persistent opposition to the slave hunters and traffic-CURATOR Boj misijonarjev proti suženjstvu je veliko prispeval k king. Knoblehar and his co-workers were determined to SLOVENE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEM 2 8 1 : DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR (1819-1858) 1 : DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR (1819–1858) Katoliški duhovnik, misijonar, raziskovalec Catholic priest, missionary, explorer of the Belega Nila in zbiralec afriških predmetov. White Nile and collector of African artefacts. 2 : DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR 2 : DR. IGNACIJ KNOBLEHAR Knoblehar se je podpisoval z nemško obliko Ignacij Knoblehar signed his last name in its priimka Knoblecher. Prijateljem se je včasih German Form Knoblecher. In letters to his podpisal kot Ignacij Škocijanski, v Sudanu friends, he also signed his name as Ignacij pa so ga klicali Abuna Soliman (naš oče Škocijanski. In Sudan, they called him Abuna Salomon). Soliman (our father Salomon). 3 : POTOVANJE PO BELI REKI 3 : TRAVEL ON THE WHITE NILE Na podlagi člankov o Knobleharjevem prvem Based on articles on the Knoblehar’s first potovanju po Nilu je ljubljanski profesor travel on the White Nile, the geography and zemljepisa in zgodovine Vicencij F. Klun leta history professor from Ljubljana Vicencij F. 1850 napisal knjižico, ki je bila natisnjena v Klun wrote a book in 1850 that was printed in slovenskem in nemškem jeziku. Slovenian and in German. 4 : JAKLIČEVA KNJIGA O KNOBLEHARJU 4 : BOOK ON KNOBLEHAR BY JAKLIČ Profesor klasične gimnazije v Ljubljani Franc Jaklič, who was a classical gymnasium in doktor teologije Franc Jaklič je med professor and a Doctor of Theology, wrote drugo svetovno vojno napisal temeljno a comprehensive book on Knoblehar during delo o Knobleharju. Zaradi vojne knjiga ni the Second World War. Because of the war, dosegla ustrezne publicitete in je bila kmalu the book did not reach the intended publicity pozabljena. Knjigo z naslovom Apostolski and was soon forgotten. The book was titled provikar Ignacij Knoblehar in njegovi Apostolic Pro-Vicar Ignacij Knoblehar and his misijonski sodelavci v osrednji Afriki je leta Missionary Co-Workers in Central Africa and 1943 izdala založba Ljudska knjigarna v was published in 1943 by Ljudska knjigarna in Ljubljani in obsega 374 strani. Ljubljana. The book had 374 pages. 5 : LICEJ V LJUBLJANI 5 : LYCEUM IN LJUBLJANA 1 . 2 . Knobleharjeva afriška zbirka je bila od The Knoblehar’s African collection was avgusta 1850 dalje razstavljena v liceju, exhibited in the Lyceum in Ljubljana from kjer je imel svoje prostore tudi Deželni muzej August 1850 onwards. The Provincial Museum za Kranjsko (Krainisches Landesmuseum). of Carniola (Krainisches Landesmuseum) was Istega leta je stavbo narisal znani slikar also situated here. Franz Kurz zum Thurn und Franz Kurz zum Thurn und Goldenstein. Zaradi Goldenstein painted the building in the same posledic potresa leta 1895 so morali licej year. Because of an earthquake in 1895, they 1905 podreti, prazen prostor so imenovali had to demolish the lyceum in1905. The empty Vodnikov trg. Danes se na tem mestu nahaja space where the lyceum used to be was ljubljanska zelenjavna tržnica. named Vodnikov trg. Today, this is where the Ljubljana vegetable market is situated. 6 : PODOBICA MARIJINEGA DRUŠTVA Na Dunaju je Knoblehar ustanovil Marijino 6 : HOLY CARD OF THE SOCIETY OF ST. MARY društvo (Marienverein) za podporo afriškemu In Vienna, Knoblehar established the Society misijonu. Vrhovni zaščitnik društva je bil of St. Mary (Marienverein) for supporting knez Friderik Schwarzenberg, kardinal in the African mission. Its patron was the nadškof iz Prage. Archbishop of Prague, Cardinal and Prince Friedrich Schwarzenberg. 7 : AVSTRIJSKI CESAR FRANC JOŽEF I. Ignacij Knoblehar je konec oktobra 7 : AUSTRIAN EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH I. 1850 prišel na Dunaj, kjer ga je sprejel At the end of the year 1850, Knoblehar came dvajsetletni cesar Franc Jožef I., ki je to Vienna where he was received by the osebno prevzel pokroviteljstvo nad twenty-year-old emperor Franz Joseph I. who misijonom v Afriki. personally became the patron of the mission in Africa. 8 : PAPEŽ PIJ IX. Knoblehar je bil že eno leto v Evropi, ko je 8 : POPE PIUS IX 10. avgusta 1851 prišel v Rim na avdienco Knoblehar was in Europe for over one year k papežu Piju IX. Na pogovor je prišel kot before he was received by Pope Pius IX misijonski duhovnik, papeške sobane pa je in Rome on 10 August 1851. He came as Dr. Ignacij Knoblehar zapustil z nazivom, ki je bil enakovreden a missionary priest, but he left as the položaju škofa – apostolski provikar za Apostolic Pro-Vicar for Central Africa – a title osrednjo Afriko. Papež mu je podaril tudi equivalent to a bishop. The Pope also gave kelih in monštranco. him a chalice and a monstrance. 3 . 4 . 5 . Jakličeva knjiga o Knobleharju Bo k on Knoblehar by Jaklič Potovanje po Beli reki Travel on the White Nile Licej v Ljubljani / Lyceum in Ljubljana 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . Podobica Marijinega društva Holy Card of the Society of St. Mary Avstrijski cesar Franc Jožef I. Papež Pij IX. Propaganda v Rimu Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I. Pope Pius IX Propaganda in Rome 3 4 9 : PROPAGANDA V RIMU 9 : PROPAGANDA IN ROME Stara stavba Kongregacije za širjenje vere The old building of the Congregation for je bila znana pod imenom Propaganda zaradi the Evangelisation of Peoples was also uradnega latinskega naziva Congregatio de known as Propaganda due to its Latin name Propaganda Fide. Tu se je Knoblehar šolal za Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Here delo v misijonu. Knoblehar was trained to be a missionary. 10 : ALEKSANDRIJA 10 : ALEXANDRIA Vsak mesec je ladja dvakrat odplula iz Trsta Every month, a ship sailed from Trieste to v Aleksandrijo. Tam se misijonarji niso dolgo Alexandria. Missionaries did not stay there for zadržali, ampak so s parnikom nadaljevali long but took a steam ship to Cairo. Austria pot v Kairo. V Aleksandriji je bil avstrijski had a Consulate in Alexandria. The Consul konzulat, kjer je Knobleharju zelo pomagal was Anton Lavrin, a fellow countryman from konzul Anton Lavrin, rojak iz Vipave. Vipava, who helped Knoblehar a lot. 11 : JAKOB ŠAŠEL 11 : JAKOB ŠAŠEL Jeseni 1853 je prišel v Aleksandrijo skupaj s In autumn 1853, he came to Alexandria together skupino izbranih ljudi za pomoč v misijonu. with a group of people who were chosen to Svoje potovanje po Egiptu in naprej vse do help with the mission. He described his journey Kartuma je opisal deset let kasneje. Zapis through Egypt and to Khartoum ten years po spominu je ilustriral z lastnimi risbami. later. He also added own drawings. Šašel’s Šašlov rokopis v nemščini je shranjen v manuscript is kept at the Karlovac Municipal Mestnem muzeju v Karlovcu. Museum. 12 : BARIJSKI POGLAVAR MUGA 12 : BARI CHIEF MUGA Visok skoraj dva metra je z uglajenim in As he was almost two metres tall, Muga prijaznim pristopom presenetil Jakoba Šašla, surprised Jakob Šašel with his well-mannered ki je takoj naredil nekaj risbic in jih poslal v and kind approach. Šašel immediately made domovino. Poglavarja z lesenim stolčkom v some drawings and sent them home. He drew roki je narisal tudi v svoj spominski dnevnik the chief with a wooden chair in his hand also leta 1863. for his memoires in 1863. 10 . 13 : KAIRO 13 : CAIRO Glavne priprave za ekspedicijo proti Kartumu The main preparations for the expedition to so praviloma potekale v Kairu, kjer je Khartoum usually took place in Cairo where Knoblehar nakupil vso potrebno opremo in Knoblehar bought all the required equipment hrano. V prostem času so misijonarji in ostali and food. In their spare time, missionaries sodelavci obiskali svetopisemske kraje, visited biblical places, mosques and, of mošeje in seveda piramide. course, the pyramids. 14 : KAIRO IN PIRAMIDE V GIZI 14 : CAIRO AND THE GIZA PYRAMIDS Jakoba Šašla je prevzel Kairo, še bolj pa Jakob Šašel was very impressed by Cairo and mogočne piramide, zato ni dolgo odlašal even more by the mighty pyramids. He did z vzponom na vrh Keopsove piramide. Po not wait long until he climbed the Pyramid uspešnem podvigu je s prijatelji odšel do of Cheops. Then he and his friends went to a bližnje grobnice in s francoskim vinom tomb nearby and toasted with French wine nazdravil v čast umrlim faraonom. to the dead pharaohs. 15 : BOGINJA BASTET KOT MAČKA 15 : GODDESS BASTET AS A CAT Tako imenovana »Knobleharjeva mačka« The so-called “Knoblehar’s Cat” was found je bila najdena v Memfisu. Boginjo Bastet in Memphis. The goddess Bastet with a slim z vitko žensko postavo in z mačjo glavo female body and a cat head was sometimes so včasih prikazali kot mačko z božansko portrayed as a cat with a divine collar with ovratnico z amuletom. Mačke so Egipčani an amulet. Egyptians worshiped cats as častili kot svete živali in ko so poginile, sacred animals, and when they died, they so jih mumificirali in pokopali na posebnih mummified them and buried them in special pokopališčih. graveyards. 16 : BRONASTI KIPEC BOGA OZIRISA 16 : BRONZE STATUE OF THE GOD OSIRIS Sodeč po nemškem napisu na podstavku According to the German inscription on the je Knoblehar našel kipec med ruševinami base, Knoblehar found the statue among v Memfisu. Oziris je kot vrhovni bog vladal the ruins in Memphis. Osiris ruled as the Aleksandrija / Alexandria v kraljestvu večnosti. Vera v boga Ozirisa supreme god of the kingdom of eternity. je Egipčanom prinašala upanje v posmrtno Faith in Osiris brought Egyptians hope of an vstajenje in večno življenje. eternal afterlife. 11 . 12 . 13 . Barijski poglavar Muga Bari Chief Muga Kairo / Cairo Jakob Šašel Bronasti kipec boga Ozirisa Bronze statue of the god Osiris 14 . 15 . 16 . Boginja Bastet kot mačka God ess Bastet as a cat Kairo in piramide v Gizi / Cairo and the Giza pyramids 4 0 17 : KAČJI PLES 17 : SNAKE DANCE Knobleharjevi sodelavci iz Evrope so se ob Knoblehar’s co-workers from Europe had prihodu v Egipt prvič srečali z novim okoljem, difficulties to adapt to the new environment ki so se ga težko privadili. Multikulturni vrvež in Egypt. In the multicultural bustle in Cairo, v Kairu je prinesel stike z novimi verstvi in they came into contact with new religions navadami. Posebno pozornost so pritegnili and customs. They were especially attracted krotilci kač in njihovi ekstatični plesi s by the snake charmers and their ecstatic strupenimi kačami. dance with venomous snakes. 18 : PRISTANIŠČE BULAQ 18 : HARBOUR BULAQ V največjem pristanišču v Kairu je bil Knoblehar was a regular guest in the Knoblehar že stalni gost. Khayr al-Din Pasha, biggest harbour of Cairo. Khayr al-Din nadzornik pristaniških dokov, je leta 1851 Pasha, the supervisor of the harbour docks, Knobleharju za zmerno ceno prodal večje sold in 1851 a large riverboat, known by its rečno plovilo, poznano pod arabskim imenom Arabic name dahabiya, to Knoblehar at a dahabija. reasonable price. 19 : STELLA MATUTINA 19 : STELLA MATUTINA Knoblehar je ladjo 15. oktobra 1851 blagoslovil Knoblehar blessed the ship on 15 October in krstil z latinskim imenom »Stella Matutina« 1851 and gave it the Latin name “Stella ali po slovensko »Jutranja zvezda«. To ime Matutina” (Morning Star). This name was je bilo ljudem v domovini dobro poznano, saj well-known to the people in his homeland, se je osrednje katoliško glasilo imenovalo because the main catholic bulletin was »Zgodnja danica«. Jutranja zvezda je called “Zgodnja danica” (Morning Star). The tudi simbol božje matere Marije, ki je bila morning star was also the symbol of Mary, zavetnica Knobleharjevega misijona. Mother of God, who was the patron of the Knoblehar’s mission. 20 : 'ŽELEZNA LADJA' Stella Matutina je imela trup obložen z 20 : ‘IRON BOAT’ železnimi ploščami, veliko kajuto na zadnjem Stella Matutina had its hull reinforced with delu ladje pa je dal Knoblehar predelati za iron plates. Knoblehar had the living quarters svoje bivalne prostore in za namestitev for himself and his permanent crew of 14 17 . stalne posadke, ki je štela 14 članov. V kajuti members built at the back. The ship also had je bila tudi kapela, na palubi pa sta bila a chapel and two cannons on its deck. nameščena dva topiča. 21 : COLOSSI OF MEMNON 21 : MEMNONOVA KIPA These two statues used to stand before the Kipa sta nekoč stala pred vhodom v entrance to the monumental temple of the monumentalno svetišče faraona Amenhotepa Pharaoh Amenhotep III in West Thebes near (Amenofisa) III. v zahodnih Tebah pri the today’s Luxor. There is not much left of današnjem Luksorju. Od svetišča ni ostalo the temple, because its building material veliko, saj so gradbeni material uporabili za was used for other structures in Thebes. druge gradnje v Tebah. 22 : MEDINET HABU 22 : MEDINET HABU During their stop at Luxor, Knoblehar and Med postankom v Luksorju so si Knoblehar his co-workers visited the Temple of Amon in sodelavci ogledali Amonovo svetišče v in Karnak, the ruins of the Temple of the Karnaku, ruševine svetišča faraona Ramzesa Pharaoh Ramses III, and the famous Valley of III. in znamenito Dolino kraljev v zahodnih the Kings in West Thebes. Tebah. 23 : LIFE ALONG THE NILE 23 : ŽIVLJENJE OB NILU During his voyage on the Nile, Jakob Šašel Med plovbo po Nilu je Jakob Šašel opisal described different impressions of the life of različne vtise o življenju domačinov, še locals. He was especially interested in their posebej so se mu zdeli zanimivi njihove hiše houses and domestic chores. in domača opravila. 24 : KNOBLEHAR’S CAMP IN PHILAE 24 : KNOBLEHARJEV TABOR V FILAH Josef Gostner, a priest from Tirol, drew Tabor v Filah blizu Asuana na jugu Egipta je the camp in Philae near Aswan in South jeseni 1853 narisal duhovnik Josef Gostner iz Egypt in 1853. The famous Trajan’s Kiosk Tirolske. V ozadju se vidi znameniti Trajanov in the complex of the great temple of the kiosk v kompleksu velikega svetišča boginje goddess Isis can be seen in the background. Kačji ples / Snake dance Izide. V modrem šotoru ob drogu z zastavo Knoblehar sits in the blue tent near the pillar sedi Knoblehar, na sredini v rdeči obleki pa with a flag, chief Muga stands in the middle stoji poglavar Muga. in a red dress. 18 . Pristanišče Bulaq Harbour Bulaq 20 . Jutranja zvezda 19 . Morning S tar 'Železna ladja' / 'Iron boat’ 21 . Memnonova kipa Colossi of Memnon 22 . Medinet Habu 23 . 24 . Knobleharjev tabor v Filah Knoblehar’s camp in Philae Življenje ob Nilu / Life along the Nile 4 8 25 : TRAJANOV KIOSK 25 : TRAJAN’S KIOSK V velikem svetišču boginje Izide dominira An unusual building dominates in the centre nenavadna stavba, ki je znana pod imenom of the great Temple of Isis – the Trajan’s Trajanov kiosk. Ohranjeni reliefi prikazujejo Kiosk. The preserved reliefs show the Roman rimskega cesarja Trajana v podobi faraona, emperor Trajan as a pharaoh presenting gifts kako daruje egipčanskim bogovom. V začetku to the Egyptian gods. Knoblehar performed a novembra 1851 je Knoblehar maševal med mass among the ruins of the Tempe of Isis at ruševinami Izidinega svetišča. the beginning of November in 1851. 26 : ABU SIMBEL 26 : ABU SIMBEL Knoblehar je šestkrat videl slavno svetišče, Knoblehar visited the famous temple carved ki je vsekano v živo skalo. Jakob Šašel je in bedrock six times. Jakob Šašel drew the svetišče narisal in zapisal, da je to kraljeva temple and wrote that this is a king’s tomb. grobnica. Levo svetišče je posvečeno On the left side, there is the temple of the faraonu Ramzesu II., na desni strani pa Pharaoh Ramses II, and on the right side, kraljici Nefertari in boginji Hator. there is the temple of the queen Nefertari and the goddess Hathor. 27 : LOV NA KROKODILA V Egiptu in Sudanu so imeli navado, da 27 : HUNTING CROCODILES nagačenega krokodila obesijo nad glavni There was a custom in Egypt and in Sudan vhod, saj so verjeli, da moč pošasti varuje to hang a stutffed crocodile above the hišo pred roparji in drugimi nevarnostmi. main entrance, because they believed the monster’s power would protect the house from thieves and other dangers. 28 : ŽIRAFI MED VOJAKI Šašel je narisal t. i. tabor egipčanskih vojakov, ki so očitno trgovali z eksotičnimi 28 : GIRAFFES AMONG SOLDIERS živalmi. Žirafe in različno afriško divjad so Šašel drew a camp of Egyptian soldiers arabski trgovci preprodajali na Bližnji vzhod who also traded in exotic animals. Arabic in tudi kupcem iz Evrope. merchants sold giraffes and other African wild animals to the Middle East and to buyers in Europe. Trajanov kiosk 29 : GUGALNICA 25 . Prizor, ki ga ne poznamo z nobenega drugega slikovnega vira v 19. stoletju: gugalnici 29 : SWING Trajan’s Kiosk podobna naprava je mladim fantom rabila za A scene that cannot be found in any other zabavo in telovadbo. graphic sources from the 19th century: a swing-like device used by young boys for fun and exercise. 30 : BRZICE NA NILU »Kaj takega v zgodovini plovbe še ni bilo,« je pisalo v časopisu leta 1852. To je bil čudež 30 : RAPIDS OF THE NILE na Nilu! Zanj je poskrbel komaj 26 let star “Something like this never before happened duhovnik Janez Kocjančič z Gorenjske, ki je in the history of sailing!” was written in a uspel ladjo Stella Matutina spraviti proti newspaper in 1852. This was a miracle on toku po šestih brzicah ali kataraktih. Za the Nile! 26-year-old priest Janez Kocjančič izjemen podvig je najel tudi do 200 ljudi in from Gorenjska managed to get the ship po več kot treh mesecih je ladja zaplula v Stella Matutina against the current over umirjeni zgornji tok reke. six rapids or cataracts. He hired up to 200 people for this extraordinary achievement, and after more than three months, the ship 31 : MED KATARAKTI IN PUŠČAVO sailed in the slow-flowing upper part of Karta prikazuje karavanske poti čez puščavo the river. na območju, kjer je bila plovba po Nilu zaradi kataraktov preveč nevarna. 31 : BETWEEN CATARACTS AND THE DESERT The map shows the path of the caravan 32 : KARAVANA where sailing on the Nile was too dangerous Da so se izognili brzicam na Nilu, so popotniki because of the cataracts. s kamelami prečkali puščavo. Karavana decembra leta 1853: prvi je jahal vodnik, za njim Knoblehar. Med tovorom so bili 32 : CARAVAN tudi trije zvonovi za misijonske postaje v To avoid the rapids of the Nile, travellers južnem Sudanu. Prehod čez puščavo na poti crossed the desert with camels. Caravan Korosko–Berber je trajal skoraj dva tedna. in December 1853: the first traveller is the guide, followed by Knoblehar. Their cargo also included three bells for the missionary stations in South Sudan. The trip across the desert from Korosko to Berber lasted almost two weeks. 26 . 27 . Abu Simbel Lov na krokodila / Hunting crocodiles 28 . Žirafi med vojaki Giraffes among soldiers 30 . Gugalnica 29 . Swing Brzice na Nilu / Rapids of the Nile 31 . Med katarakti in puščavo Betwe n cataracts and the desert 32 . Karavana / Caravan 5 6 33 : PUŠČAVSKI VIHAR 33 : DESERT STORM Divja moč narave je v puščavi pogosto The brute force of nature often surprised the presenetila kot vrtinčast vihar, ki visoko travellers in the desert as whirlwind storms pod nebo dviguje pesek. Knoblehar in rose and sent sand high towards the sky. sodelavci so imeli težave s puščavskim Knoblehar and his co-workers encountered vetrom in velikimi temperaturnimi problems with desert winds and great razlikami. temperature differences. 34 : MEROE 34 : MEROE Decembra leta 1853 se je misijonska In December 1853, the mission’s caravan karavana na poti v Kartum ustavila v bližini on their way to Khartoum stopped near the nekdanje prestolnice Meroe. Knoblehar je former capital Meroe. Knoblehar took his new nove sodelavce odpeljal na ogled slavnega co-workers to see the famous tomb with grobišča z manjšimi piramidami. smaller pyramids. 35 : OB MODREM NILU 35 : ALONG THE BLUE NILE Knoblehar je na levem bregu Modrega Nila On the left riverbank of the Blue Nile, kupil veliko zemljišča za gradnjo različnih Knoblehar bought a large land to build stavb za potrebe v misijonu. Posestvo je bilo different buildings for the mission. The land ločeno od obrežja z visokim obzidjem. was separated from the riverside by a high wall. 36 : OBMOČJE MISIJONA Misijonske hiše v Kartumu so bile v 36 : AREA OF THE MISSION obdobju Mahdijeve revolucije (1881–1898) The mission’s houses in Khartoum were izpostavljene uničenju in propadu. destroyed and ruined during the Mahdist Revolution (1881–1898). 37 : MAKSIMILJAN RYLLO Bil je idejni vodja afriškega misijona. Leta 37 : MAXIMILIAN RYLLO 1848 je bil star 45 let, ko je prišel v Kartum, He was the mastermind of the African kjer se je njegova življenjska pot hitro mission. He was 45 years old in 1848 when končala. Pokopali so ga na misijonskem vrtu. he came to Khartoum where his life ended 33 . quickly. He was buried in the mission’s garden. 38 : BAYARD TAYLOR Ameriški popotnik in pisatelj je med bivanjem v Kartumu leta 1851 obiskal 38 : BAYARD TAYLOR Knobleharja, ki ga je seznanil s svojimi The American traveller and writer visited raziskavami Belega Nila. Taylor je o Knoblehar in 1851 during his stay in Knobleharjevih dosežkih predaval v Khartoum. Knoblehar told him about his Ameriškem geografskem društvu (American research of the White Nile. Taylor presented Geographical Society) v New Yorku. Knoblehar’s achievements in the American Geographical Society in New York. 39 : MISIJON V KARTUMU Misijonski stavbni kompleks z vrtom in 39 : MISSION IN KHARTOUM sadovnjakom. Na vrtu so bili pokopani tudi The mission’s facility with a garden and an nekateri misijonarji (M. Ryllo, J. Kocjančič, orchard. Some missionaries were buried D. Comboni). in the garden (M. Ryllo, J. Kocjančič, D. Comboni). 40 : RAZPOREDITEV PROSTOROV V tlorisu so označeni posamezni prostori: 40 : LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY kapela (a), sprejemnica (b), stanovanjske The ground plan shows individual rooms: sobe (c), šolske sobe (d), skladišče (e), chapel (a), reception (b), residential rooms kuhinja (f), delavnici (g), vrt (i). (c), schoolrooms (d), storage (e), kitchen (f), workshops (g), garden (i). 41 : OBOKAN HODNIK Notranje dvorišče je obdajal večji obokan 41 : ARCHED CORRIDOR hodnik, ki je sprehajalcem nudil prijetno The inner courtyard with a large arched senco. corridor that provided a pleasant shade. 42 : MISIJON V RUŠEVINAH 42 : MISSION IN RUINS Puščavski vihar / Desert storm Mahdijeva revolucija je bila uničujoča The Mahdist Revolution destroyed the za katoliški misijon, saj fanatični catholic mission, because the fanatic fundamentalisti niso dopuščali prisotnosti fundamentalists did not tolerate other drugih verstev v Kartumu. religions in Khartoum. 35 . Ob Modrem Nilu Along the Blue Nile 34 . Območje misijona 36 . Area of the mis ion Meroe 37 . 38 . Maximilian Ryl o Bayard Taylor Misijon v Kartumu 39 . Mission in Khartoum 41 . 42 . Misijon v ruševinah 40 . Razporeditev prostorov Mis ion in ruins Layout of the facility Obokan hodnik / Arched corridor 6 4 43 : LADIJSKI DNEVNIK 1849 43 : SHIP’S LOGBOOK 1849 Značilna stran ladijskega dnevnika, v A typical page of a ship’s logbook where katerega je Knoblehar tabelarično vpisoval Knoblehar entered tabular data based podatke o različnih meritvah. Poleg številnih on different measurements. Besides the numeričnih podatkov so zanimive tudi numerical data, there are also interesting vertikalne skice rečne struge in obrežja ter vertical drawings of the riverbed and the rubrika Reise Bericht (Potopis), kjer so opisi riverside, and the section Reise Bericht naravnega okolja in domačinov. (travel report) with descriptions of the natural environment and the local residents. 44 : LADIJSKI DNEVNIK 1857 V potopisu iz leta 1857 Knoblehar omenja, 44 : SHIP’S LOGBOOK 1857 kako se mu je zdravje v Kartumu nenadoma In the travel report (Reise Bericht) from poslabšalo, da je moral hitro zapustiti 1857, Knoblehar mentions how his health misijonsko stavbo. Med plovbo proti severu je dramatically worsened in Khartoum and večkrat nezavesten ležal v ladijski kajuti, ki that he had to quickly leave the missionary jo v zapisu imenuje »mastaba« – t.j. grobnica, building. During his northbound voyage, he kot nizka pravokotna stavba grobnic iz often laid unconscious in the ship’s quarters, faraonskega obdobja pred gradnjo velikih which he described as »mastaba« – a low piramid. Zelo malo je znanega o tem, kako je rectangular tomb from the pharaoh period bolni Knoblehar s karavano prečkal puščavo before the great pyramids. Not much is in plul po Nilu čez cel Egipt. Iz arhivskih virov known about how the sick Knoblehar and his imamo podatek, da je Aleksandrijo zapustil 5. caravan crossed the desert and sailed the januarja 1858. Nile all across Egypt. Archive sources state that he left Alexandria on 5 January 1858. 45 : VAS ŠILUKOV TUNAN Knoblehar je 3. novembra 1849 prispel v 45 : VILLAGE OF THE SHILLUK PEOPLE: TUNAN Tunan in v dnevnik je s svinčnikom narisal On 3 November 1849, Knoblehar arrived in pogled na strjeno naselje s kočami, med Tunan and drew into his logbook with a pencil katerimi so visoke lesene ograde, ki a view of a dense settlement of cottages preprečujejo dostop v vas in ljudi varujejo with high wooden fences that protect the pred sovražniki in divjimi živalmi. Skrajno village and its people against enemies and levo stoji stražar in v desni roki pokončno wild animals. On the far left, there is a guard 43 . drži dolgo sulico. Levo nogo ima pokrčeno in holding an upright long spear. His left leg 44 . jo opira na desno koleno. Na desni strani pred is bent and resting on his right knee. On kočo stoji oseba, obrnjena v levo, in v roki the right side in front of a cottage, there is drži veliko tobačno pipo. V vasi je 25 koč. a person standing and looking to the left, holding a large tobacco pipe. There are 25 cottages in the village. 46 : HRIBOVJE NYAMER Med plovbo iz Kartuma proti jugu je Knoblehar v dnevnik narisal samo štiri risbe, na katerih 46 : NYAMER HILLS lahko občudujemo njegov mojstrski občutek While sailing south from Khartoum, Knoblehar za detajle. Risbe so narejene s svinčnikom drew only four drawings in his logbook, v velikosti približno 14 x 4 cm. Po besedah demonstrating his incredible attention to slovitega nemškega zoologa Alfreda Brehma detail. His drawings of approximately 14 x 4 je imel Knoblehar veliko lastnih risb v svoji cm were made with a pencil. According to pisarni v Kartumu. the famous German zoologist Alfred Brehm, Knoblehar had many own drawings in his office in Khartoum. 47 : VAS NUEROV Naselje z velikimi okroglimi kočami z visoko slamnato streho. Leva koča ima spredaj na 47 : VILLAGE OF THE NUER PEOPLE sredini vhod. Narisanih je pet koč, ki so v A village with large round cottages with večjih presledkih razvrščene po pokrajini. a high straw roof. The cottage on the left has its entrance in the middle. There are five cottages that are randomly arranged 48 : NA LOVU throughout the landscape. Domačina s sulicami napadata povodnega konja. 48 : HUNTING Locals with spears attacking a hippopotamus. 49 : BUJNO RASTLINJE Gosto poraščeno obrežje, vodne rastline in Ladijski dnevnik 1857 plavajoči otoki so Knobleharju med plovbo 49 : LUSH VEGETATION Ladijski dnevnik 1849 povzročali veliko preglavic. Ladja se je včasih Dense vegetation along the riverbanks, zapletla med rastline, ki so jih morali mornarji aquatic plants and floating islands caused ročno odstraniti. problems to Knoblehar during his sales on Ship’s logbook 1857 the river. The ship sometimes got caught Ship’s logbo k 1849 in plants and sailors hat to remove them by hand. HribovjeNyamer 46 . Nyamer hills 45 . Vas Nuerov 47 . Vil age of the Nuer people Vas Šilukov: Tunan / Vil age of the Shil uk people: Tunan 48 . 49 . Na lovu / Hunting Bujno rastlinje / Lush vegetation 7 0 50 : BIVOLI 50 : BUFFALOS Afriški bivol je bil zaradi ogromnih rogov The African buffalo with its large horns was a priljubljena trofeja divjih lovcev. popular hunting trophy among poachers. 51 : DINKOVSKA VAS 51 : DINKA VILLAGE Dinka so živeli na vzhodnem obrežju Nila in The Dinka people lived on the eastern v porečju reke Sobat. Že v času Knobleharja shore of the Nile in the Sobat river basin. In so bili Dinka največja etnična skupina ob Knoblehar’s time, Dinka were already the Belem Nilu. largest ethnic group along the White Nile. 52 : NUERI 52 : NUER PEOPLE Po zunanjosti so bili podobni Dinkam, imeli so They looked like Dinka, had similar language soroden jezik in navade. and customs. 53 : KIKI 53 : KYK PEOPLE Kiki so bili eden od rodov ljudstva Dinka. Bili The Kyk people were one of the Dinka tribes. so zelo revni, saj niso imeli rodovitne zemlje They were very poor, because they did not in pašnikov. Med nilotskimi ljudstvi so bile own any fruitful land or pastures. The women ženske strastne kadilke. of the Nilotic peoples were passionate smokers. 54 : WILHELM VON HARNIER Izjemen nemški slikar je sam sebe narisal 54 : WILHELM VON HARNIER v družbi domačinov med poljedelskimi The outstanding German painter painted opravili. Večina afrikanistov in antropologov himself and the locals working on the field. sploh ne pozna tega nadarjenega slikarja in Most Africanists and anthropologists do njegovega potopisa. Čeprav je dragocen vir not even know this talented painter and his za preučevanje različnih kultur ob Belem Nilu, travelogue. Although he offers an excellent je v sodobni strokovni literaturi neopravičeno source of information for the study of prezrt. different cultures along the White Nile, he is wrongfully overlocked in modern scientific literature. 50 . 55 : BARIJSKI PLES Plešejo v dveh krogih: ženske v notranjem, moški v zunanjem. Med hitrim gibanjem in 55 : BARI DANCE poskakovanjem vihtijo goreče slamnate They dance in two circles: women in the plamenice. Ples traja do zore in vsi kar na inner circle and men in the outer circle. While plesišču poležejo in zaspijo. quickly moving and jumping, they swing burning straw torches. The dance goes on until morning and everyone lies down and 56 : SVETI KRIŽ falls asleep on the dance floor. Na bregu stoji belo pobarvana misijonska cerkvica, v kateri je bila relikvija Jezusovega križa. Relikvijo je podaril škof Anton Martin 56 : HOLY CROSS Slomšek. Wilhelm von Harnier je leta 1861 White-coloured missionary church on the narisal opuščeno misijonsko postajo, kmalu riverbank where the relic of the Jesus’s cross zatem pa je na lovu postal žrtev ranjenega stood. The relic was donated by the bishop bivola. Star je bil 25 let. Anton Martin Slomšek. Wilhelm von Harnier painted the abandoned missionary station in 1861. Shortly afterwards, he was killed by a 57 : GONDOKORO wounded buffalo while hunting. He was only Knoblehar je bil star 30 let, ko je prvič prišel v 25 years old. Gondokoro. Imel je velike načrte za misijonsko postajo, ki jih ni uspel uresničiti. Normalno misijonsko delo so onemogočile bolezni in 57 : GONDOKORO umiranje mladih sodelavcev. Knoblehar was 30 years old when he first came to Gondokoro. He had big plans for the missionary station, but he was unable to 58 : BELENIAN realise them. Diseases and deaths of young Knoblehar je ob neki priložnosti izrazil co-workers prevented normal missionary željo, da bi starost preživel v hišici, ki bi si work. jo postavil ob vznožju hriba Belenian. Tudi ta želja se mu ni uresničila, saj starosti ni dočakal, smrt pa ga je počakala v Neaplju. 58 : BELENIAN Bivoli / Buffalos Knoblehar once said he wished to spend his old age in a small house at the foot of the Belenian hill. His wish could never come true, as he never reached old age. Death was waiting for him in Naples. 51 . Dinkovska vas Dinka village 53 . Nueri 52 . Nuer people Kiki / Kyk people 54 . 55 . Barijski ples / Bari dance Wilhelm von Harnier 57 . Gondokoro 56 . Belenian 58 . Sveti Križ / Holy Cros 7 8 59 : LOGVEK 59 : LOGVEK Wilhelm von Harnier je upodobil hrib Logvek in Wilhelm von Harnier painted the hill Logvek v komentarju zapisal, da se je nanj povzpel tudi and added a comment that Knoblehar also Knoblehar. Knoblehar je že leta 1850 priplul climbed the hill. Knoblehar came to the 606 do 606 metrov visoke vzpetine Logvek in na metres high hill in 1850 and chiselled his skalnem vrhu pustil vklesan podpis »I. K.«. initials on the rocky top of the hill. 60 : NAČELEK 60 : HEADBAND Železni načelek ali diadem so nosili samo Iron headbands or diadems were only worn poglavarji, vrači in vodje bojevnikov. Široka by chiefs, shamans and warrior leaders. kovinska plošča, ki je krasila čelo, je bila The wide metal plate that was worn on the prvotno polirana do bleščečega sijaja. forehead was initially polished and shiny. 61 : OBESEK Z ROGOVI 61 : PENDANT WITH HORNS Usnjen obesek s petimi rogovi antilope. Na Leather pendant with five antelope horns. usnjenem traku so še ostanki dlake, rogovi so There is still some hair on the leather band. lepo prevrtani in privezani s tanko vrvico. Horns are bored and bound with a thin string. 62 : AMULETNA OGRLICA 62 : AMULET NECKLACE Ogrlica z amuleti (oklep želve, buča, živalski Necklace with amulets (turtle shell krempelj, usnje in šop žime). Majhne bučke with spikes, pumpkin, claw, leather and so uporabljali kot zaščitni amulet proti horsehair). Small pumpkins were used as a hudobnim silam, šamani oz. čarovniki dežja protective amulet against evil forces, while pa so imeli v bučkah spravljene različna shamans or rain wizards used them to store zdravilna zelišča in mazila. different medicinal herbs and ointments. 63 : OBREDNA OGRLICA 63 : CEREMONIAL NECKLACES Usnjeno ogrlico z železnimi obeski in školjčno Shamans wore leather necklaces with iron lupino je nosil šaman pri obrednem plesu. pendants and shells during their ceremonial Žvenketanje kovinskih obeskov je odganjalo dance. The rattle of metal pendants zle duhove. protected them against evil spirits. 59 . 64 : AMULETNA OGRLICA 64 : AMULET NECKLACE Na usnjeni vrvici so privezani različni amuleti Leather string with different amulets (turtle (oklep želve s paličicami, cof iz žime v shell with sticks, horsehair in a cut horn, odrezanem rogu, fragment preluknjane kosti). fragment of a bored bone). 65 : OKLEP ŽELVE S PALIČICAMI 65 : TURTLE SHELL WITH STICKS Prvotno je bilo na oklepu pritrjenih več Initially, several iron sticks were attached to železnih paličic. Verjetno je amulet imel tudi the turtle shell. The amulet probably also had zvočni učinek. a sound effect. 66 : ŽENSKI PREDPASNIK 66 : WOMAN’S APRON Ženski predpasnik iz železnih obročkov. Woman’s apron made of iron ringlets. Only the Takšne predpasnike so smele nositi le chief’s wives and daughters were allowed poglavarjeve žene in hčere, ker je šlo za to wear such aprons, because this was a predmet, ki je ženski določal družbeni status. symbol of their social status. 67 : ŽELEZNI OBROČKI 67 : IRON RINGLETS Ženski predpasnik iz železnih obročkov. Woman’s apron made of iron ringlets. 68 : ŽENSKI PAS 68 : WOMAN’S BELT Pas iz preluknjanih okroglih ploščic, narejenih iz Belt of bored round disks made of ostrich lupine nojevega jajca. Takšne pasove so nosile eggshells. Women wore such belts in ženske pri tradicionalnem skupinskem plesu. traditional group dances. 69 : ROPOTULJA NA VRVICI 69 : RATTLE ON A STRING Logvek Ženske so pri plesu nosile veliko ropotajočega Women wore a lot of rattling decorations okrasja. V prepognjeno pločevino so dali while dancing. They put small stones in bent kamenčke ali železne kroglice in dobili so tinplate to create rattles. Female dancers ropotuljice, ki so si jih plesalke privezale bound them around their waist. okoli pasu. 60 . 61 . 62 . Načelek / Headband Amuletna ogrlica Obesek z rogovi Amulet necklace Pendant with horns 63 . 64 . 65 . Amuletna ogrlica Obredna ogrlica Amulet necklace Ceremonial necklaces Oklep želve s paličicami / Turtle shell with sticks 66 . 67 . Ženski predpasnik / Woman‘s apron Železni obročki / Iron ringlets 68 . 69 . Ženski pas / Woman’s belt Ropotulja na vrvici / Rat le on a string 8 8 70 : PLESALKE 70 : FEMALE DANCERS Podobno okrasje plesalk na risbi Wilhelma Decorations similar to the ones worn by von Harnierja najdemo tudi v Knobleharjevi the female dancers on the painting by zbirki (zapestnice, nanožnice, uhani, zvončki Wilhelm von Harnier can also be found in the za pasom). Kloblehar’s collections (bracelets, anklets, earrings, belt bells). 71 : SIGNALNI ROG Izvrstno izdelan in ohranjen signalni rog je 71 : SIGNAL HORN delno prevlečen z usnjem. Podobne rogove Excellently made and preserved signal horn, so barijski poglavarji uporabljali še v prvi partially covered with leather. Bari chiefs polovici 20. stoletja. still used similar horns in the first half of the 20th century. 72 : ŽLICA Žlica je izdelana iz slonovine in okrašena 72 : SPOON s črnimi pikami. Knobleharju se je zdelo Spoon made of ivory and decorated with zanimivo, da ljudje tudi v osrednji Afriki black dots. Knoblehar found it interesting pri jedi uporabljajo žlice, zato je zbral that also the peoples in Middle Africa use več primerov, da jih pokaže rojakom v spoons and he collected several items to domovini. show them to his compatriots at home. 73 : ŽAGA 73 : SAW Misijonarji so bili začudeni, da domačini ob Missionaries were amazed that the locals Belem Nilu poznajo uporabo žage. Ignacij along the White Nile knew how to use a saw. Knoblehar je v Ljubljano prinesel izjemen Ignacij Knoblehar brought to Ljubljana an primer žage z dvostranskim nazobčanim excellent example of a saw with cutting listom. teeth on both sides. 74 : KERAMIČNA PIPA 74 : CERAMIC PIPE Domačini ob Belem Nilu so bili strastni kadilci Locals along the White Nile were passionate tobaka, ki so ga skupaj z ogljem natlačili v tobacco smokers. They stuffed tobacco velike glinene čase z nastavkom za dolgo, together with charcoal into a large clay 70 . votlo leseno cev. Misijonarji so velike kadilske pipe that had a hole for a long wooden pipe domačinov imenovali 'šibuk'. Tobak so tube. Missionaries called these large local dobili od arabskih trgovcev, v zameno pa smoking pipes “shibuk”. They got tobacco so jim dali izdelke iz slonovine, ebenovine from Arab merchants in exchange for in železni nakit. Knoblehar je prinesel pet products made of ivory or ebony and iron tobačnih pip. jewellery. Knoblehar brought five tobacco pipes back to Europe. 75 : KERAMIČNA PIPA Barijska pipa ima tobačno čašo z rogljičastim 75 : CERAMIC PIPE nastavkom za stabilno lego pri kajenju. The Bari pipe has a horn-like smoking bowl for Površina keramike je glazirana, vrezan okras a stable position while smoking. The ceramic pa je obarvan z rdečo okro. surface is glazed and decorated with ochre- coloured incisions. 76 : KERAMIČNA PIPA Dvodelna tobačna časa s temno glazuro, rob 76 : CERAMIC PIPE pa je okrašen z luknjicami in rdeče obarvan z Double ceramic pipe with a dark glazing. naravnim barvilom iz okre. Its edge is decorated with incisions and naturally coloured with ochre. 77 : PRIJEMALKE ZA TOBAK IN OGLJE Dolge železne prijemalke za premikanje 77 : TONGS FOR TOBACCO AND CHARCOAL žarečega oglja in tlečega tobaka. Ena Long iron tongs for moving burning charcoal prijemalka je okrašena z zvončkom, druga and tobacco. One tong is decorated with z obročkom. Še danes kadilci vodnih pip a bell and one has an iron ring. Smokers of uporabljajo podobna prijemala za premikanje water pipes still use similar tongs for moving oglja in tobaka. charcoal and tobacco. 78 : ZAPESTNICA 78 : BRACELET Knoblehar in njegovi sodelavci so bili Knoblehar and his co-workers were amazed navdušeni nad različnimi izdelki kovačev. by different items made by blacksmiths. Čeprav so uporabljali zelo preprosto Although the used very simple metal Plesalke / Female dancers tehnološko znanje za obdelavo kovine, so treatment techniques, they could make very znali narediti zelo zanimiv nakit. Na sliki je interesting jewellery. The figure shows a ženska zapestnica. woman’s bracelet. 72 . Žlica / Spo n 71 . Žaga / Saw 73 . Signalni rog Signal horn 75 . Keramična pipa Ceramic pipe 74 . Keramična pipa 76 . Ceramic pipe Keramična pipa / Ceramic pipe 78 . 77 . Zapestnica / Bracelet Prijemalke za tobak in oglje / Tongs for tobac o and charcoal 9 6 79 : OGRLICA S SPIRALO 79 : NECKLACE WITH SPIRAL Otroška ogrlica je narejena iz žice, na katero This children’s necklace has iron rings and a so nataknjene železne cevčice in obesek pendant with a double spiral. This is one of dvojne spirale, ki sodi med najstarejše the oldest amulets in the world. The ancient amulete na svetu. Starodavni simbol dvojne symbol of the double spiral that protects spirale, ki varuje nosečnice in otroke, so pregnant women and children was also used poznali v starem Egiptu in v Mezopotamiji. in ancient Egypt and in Mesopotamia. 80 : OČESNO BODALO 80 : EYE DAGGER Rogovilasto palico s sekirico so uporabljali Bari warriors used an iron hatchet with a Barijci. Ko so nasprotnika z udarci ostre pointy forked handle. When they struck their sekire pobili na tla, so mu iztaknili oči, opponent to the ground, they used the forked da jih med umiranjem ne bi gledal. Pogled dagger to pierce his eyes so the opponent umirajočega poraženca bi namreč utegnil biti would not be able to look at them while he was usoden tudi za zmagovalca. dying. They believed that a look from a dying opponent could also be fatal for the winner. 81 : OKRA ZA IZDELAVO BARVILA Knoblehar je iz Sudana prinesel tudi kose 81 : OCHRE PIGMENT rdečkaste okre, ki so jo domačini ob Belem Knoblehar brought from Sudan also pieces of Nilu zdrobili v prah in zamešali z maščobo. red ochre that the locals along the White Nile Tako so dobili naravno mazilo za krašenje crushed to powder and mixed with fat to get telesa. a natural pigment for decorating their bodies. 82 : PRUČKA IN VZGLAVNIK 82 : STOOL AND HEADREST Pručka, izdelana iz enega kosa lesa, je bila Stool, made from one piece of wood, was a statusni simbol poglavarjev. Pri počitku status symbol of chiefs. When resting and in spanju so pručko uporabili za vzglavje. sleeping, the stool was used as a headrest. Vodoravne in navpične prečke predstavljajo Horizontal and vertical crossbars presented magično oviro, ki varuje spečega pred zli a magical obstacle that protected them duhovi, škorpijoni in kačami. against evil spirits, scorpions and snakes. 79 . 83 : FRANZ MORLANG Z DOMAČINI 83 : FRANZ MORLANG WITH LOCALS Franz Morlang je bil zadnji misijonar, ki je Franz Morlang was the last missionary that skrbel za misijon v Gondokorju. V ozadju se took care of the mission in Gondokoro. There vidi cerkev s križem. Barijci so okrašeni z is a church with a cross in the background. različnim nakitom, v rokah imajo sulice, The Bari people wear different jewellery loke, palice in kij. Dva moža kadita, ženi and hold spears, bows, sticks and a club. nosita predpasnik. Podobni uporabni Two men are smoking and the wives are predmeti in orožje (razen kija) so tudi v wearing an apron. Similar practical items and Knobleharjevi zbirki. weapons (except a club) are also included in the Knoblehar’s collection. 84 : SULIČNA OST Sulična ost je izvrsten kovaški izdelek. 84 : SPEARHEAD Spearhead is an excellent forging. 85 : DVOJNA SULIČNA OST Takšno sulico je uporabljal šaman pri 85 : DOUBLE SPEARHEAD posebnem obredu z namenom, da v obdobju Such spears were used by shamans in special suše ustvari dež. Med plesanjem in petjem rituals to create rain in dry periods. While je s sulico navidezno prebadal nebo, da bi the shaman was dancing and singing, he začelo deževati. symbolically pierced the sky so rain could come down. 86 : KOVAČA PRI DELU Kovači so bili najpremožnejši družbeni sloj. 86 : BLACKSMITHS AT WORK Toda njihov poklic je bil preziran in sovaščani Blacksmiths were the wealthiest social class, jih niso spoštovali, ker so bili brez živine. but their vocation was despised and other villagers did not respect them, because they Ogrlica s spiralo / Necklace with spiral did not own any livestock. 87 : SULICE »Sulica je pri njih zakon!« je spomladi leta 1855 zapisal misijonar Anton Überbacher, 87 : SPEARS ko je prispel med Barijce v Gondokoro. V The missionary Anton Überbacher wrote: “The Knobleharjevi zbirki so sulice okrašene s spear is their law” in 1855 when he came to trakovi iz kačje kože in ovite z železnimi the Bari people in Gondokoro. The spears in trakovi. the Knoblehar’s collection are decorated with strips of snakeskin and wrapped in iron bands. 80 . Očesno bodalo Eye dagger 82 . Okra za izdelavo barvila 81 . Ochre pigment Pručka in vzglavnik / S to l and headrest 83 . 84 . 85 . Sulična ost Dvojna sulična ost Spearhead Double spearhead Franz Morlang z domačini / Franz Morlang with locals 86 . Sulice / Spears 87 . Kovača pri delu / Blacksmiths at work LITERATURA IN VIRI SLIKOVNEGA GRADIVA : BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATION : EBERS, G., Aegypten in Bild und Wort, Stuttgart-Leipzig 1879. FRELIH, M., Sudanska misija 1848–1858: Ignacij Knoblehar – misijonar, raziskovalec Belega Nila in zbiralec afriških predmetov / Sudan Mission 1848–1858: Ignacij Knoblehar – Missionary, Explorer of the White Nile and Collector of African Objects, Ljubljana 2009. HARNIER VON, W., Reise am oberen Nil: Nach dessen hinterlassenen Tagebuchern herausgegeben von Adolf v. Harnier, Darmstadt-Leipzig 1866. JAKLIČ, F., Apostolski provikar Ignacij Knoblehar in njegovi misijonski sodelavci v osrednji Afriki, Ljubljana 1943. KLUN, V. F., Potovanje po Beli reki: Po izvirnih rokopisih provikarja osrednje Afrike dr. Ignacija Knobleharja predelal Vincencij Fererij Klun, Ljubljana 1850. SCHASCHEL (ŠAŠEL), J., Bilder aus dem Oriente aufgenommen wahrend einer Reise nach Aegypten, Nubien, Sudan in den Jahren 1853 und 1854 / Slike s Orijenta nastale tijekom jednog putovanja u Egipat, Nubiju i Sudan godine 1853 i 1854, Karlovac 2003. TAYLOR, B., Journey to Central Africa: Life and Landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the White Nile, New York 1854. Slovenski etnografski muzej / Slovene Ethnographic Museum, Ljubljana Mestni muzej Karlovec / Karlovac City Museum (11,12,14,17,20-24,26-29,32) Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, Ljubljana (foto Tomaž Lauko: 5,16,17) Avstrijska narodna knjižnica, Oddelek za rokopise in stare tiske, Dunaj / Austrian National Library, Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books, Vienna (43-47). Internet: commons.wikimedia.org: 7-8.