PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY (SW SLOVENIA) FITOCENOLOŠKI OPIS BUKOVIH GOZDOV V DOLINI RAŠE (JUGOZAHODNA SLOVENIJA) Igor DAKSKOBLER1 ABSTRACT Phytosociological description of Fagus sylvatica forests in the Raša Valley (SW Slovenia) The paper discusses and supplements the knowledge of the phytosociological composition of Fagus sylvatica forests in the Raša Valley, on the northeastern edge of the Karst, or more specifically, in the area between the plateau of Vrhe, the Senožeče lowland and the Karst. They are classified into two associations, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum and Hacque-tio-Fagetum. A new subassociation (-lamietosum orvalae) and a new geographical subvariant (subvar. geogr. Hellebo-rus istriacus) were determined for the association Hacque-tio-Fagetum. Although they occupy small areas these beech forests are an important part of the predominantly oak and hop hornbeam forest vegetation of the Karst, constituting a Natura 2000 habitat type Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion). They are threatened by climate change and excessive logging. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Aremonio--Fagion, Hacquetio-Fagetum, Raša, Kras, Slovenia http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0051 IZVLEČEK Fitocenološki opis bukovih gozdov v dolini Raše (jugozahodna Slovenija) Dopolnili smo vednost o fitocenološki sestavi bukovih gozdov v dolini Raše, na severovzhodnem robu Krasa, natančneje med planoto Vrhe, Senožeškim podoljem in Krasom. Uvrščamo jih v dve asociaciji, Seslerio autumnalis-Fa-getum in Hacquetio-Fagetum. Za slednjo smo ugotovili novo subasociacijo (-lamietosum orvalae) in novo geografsko sub-varianto (subvar. geogr. Helleborus istriacus). Kljub majhnim površinam so ti bukovi gozdovi v zdajšnji prevladujoči hrastovi in črnogabrovi gozdni vegetaciji Krasa pomembni, saj sodijo v Natura 2000 habitatni tip Ilirski bukovi gozdovi (Aremonio-Fagion). Ogrožajo jih podnebne spremembe in premočne sečnje. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Aremo-nio-Fagion, Hacquetio-Fagetum, Raša, Kras, Slovenija 1 Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of Biology, Regional Unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, Igor.Dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1, 71-99, LJUBLJANA 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 1 INTRODUCTION The source of the Raša River is in the area of Osarsko, in the flysch hills that separate the Upper Vipava Valley and the Senožeče lowland (Senožeško podolje) (Radinja 1972). After its headwaters converge it leaves the flysch area and is joined a little more than a kilometre later by the Ločnik creek on the left; the creek begins at Dolenja Vas near Senožeče and is considered by some to be the beginning of the Raša River. In the Cretaceous limestone of the Karst the river had carved a gorge oriented NE-SW. Under the benchmark (survey point) at 612 m the river turns towards northwest and continues its course across the geological fault line. The valley slightly widens only after the confluence with the Griški Potok creek. The slopes on both sides of the gorge are steep, stony and, except for screes and rocks, overgrown with forest. The slopes above the left bank belong to the Karst and the slopes above the right bank to the Vrhe Plateau, to which belong also the slopes of the Griški Potok creek, the first larger right tributary of the Raša. Beech occurs in a major part of the Rasa Valley (Figure 1), but more contiguous stands are preserved only in the upper and partly in the central part of the valley, extending to the confluence with the Griski Potok creek and the shady slopes of this creek. The dominant beech forest community in Rasa, the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, had been described some time ago (Dakskobler 1997) when we discussed also more mesophilous beech stands that supposedly belong to two other associations (Hacquetio-Fage-tum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) and whose stands were observed only in smaller areas in the upper part of the valley. With further phytosociological studies conducted in 2012-2017 we wanted to determine: Into how many associations can beech forests in the Rasa Valley be classified? How similar are mesophilous beech forests in the Rasa Valley to the submontane and montane mesophil-ous beech forests on limestone parent material elsewhere in southwestern Slovenia? 2 METHODS Forests in the Rasa Valley were recorded applying the Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). A total of 34 phytosociological relevés in which beech was either the dominant species in the tree layer or held an important percentage there were entered into the FloVegSi database (T. Seliskar, Vres & A. Seliskar 2003). Floristic similarity between the relevés was estimated with the software package SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). For this purpose, we transformed combined cover-abundance values into ordinal values 1- 9 (van der Maarel 1979). The relevés were arranged into the analytical table (Table 1) based on the results of hierarchical classification using the "(Unweighted) average linkage" - UPGM A method, where we applied Wishart's similarity ratio. The same method was used also in the comparison of floristic composition of mesophilous beech forests in the Rasa Valley with similar beech forests elsewhere in southwestern Slovenia. The nomenclatural source for the names of vascular plants, except for the name Helleborus odorus subsp. is-triacus Schiffner, is Martincic & al. (2007), Martincic (2003, 2011) for the names of mosses, and Silc & Carni (2012) for the names of syntaxa, except for the name of the class Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. 2.1 Ecological description of the study area The predominating geological parent material in the Raša Valley is Cretaceous limestone (Jurkovšek et al. 1996); soils are rendzinas and brown soils on limestone. The climate in the study area is warm, with mean annual temperature of 10 - 11 °C and the vegetation period with mean daytime temperature exceeding 10 °C for around 180 days, from (early) mid-April to mid-(end of) October (Cegnar 1998). The average annual precipitation is 1400 to 1500 mm, with more than half ofprecipitation received during the vegetation period. Precipitation is more frequent and abundant in spring and autumn, less so in winter and summer (Zupančič 1998). The shady slopes of the upper part of the very narrow valley have a colder local climate. This part of the valley is largely wooded. Forests are secondary. On the sunny side of the valley (the right side) they developed mainly through spontaneous afforestation of former pastures and on the shady (left) side as a result of intensive logging in the first half of the 20th century. Stands of three oak-hop hornbeam associations prevail: Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetumpetraeae, Seslerio au-tumnalis-Ostryetum and Aristolochio luteae-Quercetum pubescentis, in smaller areas also stands of associations Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum cerridis, Amelanchiero ovalis-Ostryetum and Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Carpinetum betuli (Dakskobler 1997, 2016, Dakskobler et al. 2017). 72 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In terms of floristic similarity the relevés with dominating beech in the tree layer (Figure 1) formed two larger groups (Figure 2). Based on the dendrogram in this figure we arranged them in Table 1. Three relevés (in the far right part of the dendrogram and at the beginning of Table 1) stood out mainly because beech is not the dominant species in the tree layer. Relevé 1 in Table 1 is a development stage ofbeech forest on a gravelly plain immediately next to the river (potentially belongs into the association Hacquetio-Fagetum), while relevés 2 and 3 are a degradation stage of beech forest on a convex slope (potentially they belong to the association Seslerio au-tumnalis-Fagetum). Relevés on the left side of the dendrogram (relevés 4 -16 in Table 1) can be classified into the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum. Floristi-cally, the group of relevés on the right side of the dendrogram is distinctly different. Although these relevés comprise both character species of the association Sesle- rio autumnalis-Fagetum, namely Sesleria autumnalis and Lathyrus venetus, their entire species composition allows for their classification into other, more mesophil-ous associations. These relevés were made mainly on concave, steep and stony slopes with moister soils. Based on our on-site examinations, site appearance, relief, rockiness and soil conditions they have so far been classified into two associations: Hacquetio-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. To accurately assess our existing classification they should be compared with two syntaxa that were reported and described in this part of Slovenia by Accetto (1989, 1990): Fagetum submonta-num var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis (according to the rules of the Code, Weber et al. 2000, the valid name of this syntaxon is Hacquetio-Fagetum Kosir 1962 var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis Accetto 1990) and Lamio or-valae-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis. However, Accetto did not publish any analytical or synoptic ta- Figure 1: Localities of Fagus sylvatica and researched beech stands in the Raša Valley Slika 1: Nahajališča bukve in njenih preučenih sestojev v dolini Raše 73 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY bles. They might have been preserved in his legacy, which is currently not yet available to the professional public. In making the synoptic table (Table 2) we could therefore only use the descriptions from his study (Ac-CETTO 1989) and the published table which, however, shows only the presence of some of the species (Accet-to 1990). For the stands of the association Lamio orval-ae-Fagetum we also took into consideration six of our relevés from the Cicarija region (Dakskobler & Rescic 2015). The synoptic table therefore shows the frequencies of species in the communities described by Accet-to. These are estimated values, but roughly correspond to the situation on site, although certain species are probably missing. Comparison between four syntaxa, namely our relevés from Rasa, relevés of the syntaxon Fagetum submontanum - Vremscica, Ravnik, relevés of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, separately for Vremscica and Ravnik, and Cicarija, demonstrates that the stands from Rasa are clearly different (Figure 3) and cannot be classified into two, but only into one association. Character species of the association Hac-quetio-Fagetum, as well as certain character species of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, are well represented in the studied stands (better than in the stands of the syntaxon Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis). In terms of site characteristics, such as shady and very rocky slopes, brown rendzina, brown soils on limestone, abundance of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in the tree layer, they resemble the stands of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, whereas in terms of their elevation zone spanning 350 - 550 m a.s.l. and individual Quercus petraea trees in the tree layer they are undoubtedly closer to the stands of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum s. lat. Of the three classification options for this mesophilous submontane stands, namely into the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Hacquetio-Fage-tum or Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, the analyses and comparisons that we have conducted affirmed that the classification into the association Hacquetio-Fagetum is the most justified. The analysis by groups of diagnostic species (Table 3, taking into account the presence of tree and shrub species in different stand layers) demonstrates distinct differences between the studied stands and stands of the 0,7 0,65 0,60,55 -j 0,5 -j 0,45 •■5 0,4 H t« . I 0,35- M ■ Q 0,3 -j 0,25 0,2 0,15-| 0,1 0,05 0 1 2 4 3 6 8 9 10 11 7 19 21 31 5 30 27 26 28 32 33 34 13 18 14 16 22 17 15 23 24 25 29 12 20 Figure 2: Dendrogram of Fagus sylvatica stands in the Raša Valley (UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 2: Dendogram bukovih sestojev v dolini Raše (UPGMA, similarity ratio) 74 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, in particular a significantly higher proportion of diagnostic species of alliances Aremonio-Fagion and Tilio-Acerion, order Fa-getalia sylvaticae and class Querco-Fagetea, and a significantly smaller proportion of species of the order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae and classes Rhamno-Prunetea and Trifolio-Geranietea. However, the adapted synoptic table and its analysis (Tables 2 and 4, tree and shrub species are taken into account only in one layer) demonstrate that the stands of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum in southwestern Slovenia comprise a distinctly higher proportion of species of the alliance Tilio-Acerion and classes Asplenietea trichomanis and Thlaspietea rotundifolii, and a distinctly smaller propor- tion of species of the alliance Erythronio-Carpinion and order Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae than in the stands of the studied beech forests in the Rasa Valley. These findings do not support the classification of the studied stands into the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. There are considerable ecological and floristic differences between the stands in the Rasa Valley and the stands of the syntaxon Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis from Vremscica and Ravnik. The last grow on different elevations, between 500 and 700 m a.s.l., they do not comprise one of the character species of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum, namely Hacquetia epipactis, and in addition, our relevés cannot be classified into any of the subassociations de- Figure 3: Dendrogram of Fagus sylvatica communities on limestone parent material in southwestern Slovenia (UPGMA, similarity ratio) Slika 3: Dendogram bukovih združb na karbonatni podlagi v jugozahodni Sloveniji, UPGMA, similarity ratio HFlo: Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae, this article HFcg Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis, Accetto (1989, 1990) LoFgn Lamio orvalae-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Geranium nodosum, Accetto (1989, 1990) LoFpa Lamio orvalae-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Pseudofumaria alba, Accetto (1989, 1990), Dakskobler & Reščič (2015) 75 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY scribed by Accetto (1989): hieracietosum sylvaticae, galietosum odorati, festucetosum carniolicae, mercuri-alietosum perennis, dryopteridetosum assimilis). The studied mesophilous beech stands in the Rasa Valley are therefore classified into a new subassociation Hac-quetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae subass. nova hoc loco. The differential species of the new subassociation are Lamium orvala, Galeobdolon flavidum, Aconitum lycoctonum, Scilla bifolia, Corydalis cava and Gagea lutea. The listed species characterise rocky sites with sufficient soil moisture, otherwise more characteristic for the stands of the association Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum. The differential species of the new subassociation include Aconitum lycoctonum, after which Accetto (2015) named the subassociation Hacquetio-Fagetum aconitetosum lycoctoni, but the entire species composition and ecology of this subassociation is clearly different from the species composition and ecology of the studied community. The nomenclatural type of the new subassociation, holotypus hoc loco, is relevé 26 in Table 1. Within the new subassociation we distinguish also the variant with Ostrya carpinifolia on slightly drier sites with shallower soils, predominantly rendzi-na. In terms of phytogeography, the stands of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum on the northeastern edge of the Karst are classified into the new geographical subvariant Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria au-tumnalis subvar. geogr. Helleborus istriacus, subvar. geogr. nova. Its differential species are taxa Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus and Acer obtusatum, which do not occur together in other previously described geographical (sub)variants of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum. The submontane beech community in the Rasa Valley therefore differs from the submontane beech community under Vremscica and on the Ravnik plateau (the latter could be also treated as a new geographical subvariant Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora) also in terms of phytogeography. It occurs at lower elevations in a warmer climate, and characterises the geographical particularities of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum in the Karst. Previously, only the stands of the association Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fage-tum (Dakskobler 2006) were known in this area, whereas the stands of this association have not been reported. Kosir (2010: 85) briefly mentions a submontane beech forest with Hacquetia epipactis and Ruscus aculeatus, Hacqetio-Fagetum var. asoc. Ruscus acule-taus in the littoral part of the High Karst, but his description does not refer to the beech community of the Classic Karst. 4 CONCLUSIONS Well-preserved beech forests are very rare in the Karst. Until now, our knowledge has been limited to the stands of the associations Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum and Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum. Several years ago, we described the stands of the first also on the northeastern edge of the Karst, on the shady slopes above the Rasa Valley. In the same area we also described the stands that can be classified (due to their entire species composition) into the new subassociation Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae (the latter indicates a certain similarity with the stands of the association Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, but there is no floristic basis for classifying these stands into this association) and the new geographical subvariant Hacquetio-Fagetum var geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Helleborus istriacus. The stands of the new syntaxon are sufficiently differentiated not only from their contact stands that belong to the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, but also from the submontane beech forests under Vremscica and on the Ravnik plateau, on the margins of the Karst towards the Pivka Valley and Brkini Hills, known as Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis or Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora. These are managed forests with a pronounced protective function, quite removed from transport routes. They belong to the forest site type Submontane Littoral Fagus sylvatica forests on carbonate rocks (Kutnar et al. 2012). Also important is their biotopic function, as they belong to the Natura 2000 habitat type Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion) and are sites of some taxa that are protected in Slovenia (Anon. 2004): Cephalanthera longifolia, C. damasonium, Con-vallaria majalis, Cyclamen purpurascens, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus odorussubsp. istriacus, Lilium martagon, Listera ovata, Neottia nidus-avis. Some of the floristic features typical for the beech forests in the Rasa Valley include several other taxa that are rare in the Karst, such as Laburnum alpi-num, Lathyrus occidentalis var. montanus, Phyteuma spicatum subsp. coeruleum, Veratrum nigrum, Valeriana tripteris, Lonicera alpigena, Tephroseris pesudoc-rispa and Anemone xpittonii, which indicate the vicinity of the Vipava Valley and high-karst plateaus of 76 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Trnovski Gozd and Nanos. Beech forests in the Rasa Valley are threatened by climate change and excessive logging, which could result in regression to sessile oak and hop hornbeam stands. 5 POVZETEK 5.1 Uvod Reka Raša izvira na Osarskem, v flišnem hribovju, ki ločuje Zgornjo Vipavsko dolino in Senožeško podolje (Radinja 1972). Po združitvi povirnih krakov zapusti flišno območje in po nekaj več kot kilometru teka se ji z leve pridruži potok Ločnik, ki izvira pod Dolenjo vasjo pri Senožečah in ga nekateri tudi štejejo za začetek Raše. V krednem apnencu Krasa je izdolbla sotesko, ki ima smer severovzhod-jugozahod. Pod koto 612 m se reka obrne proti severozahodu in teče naprej po geološki prelomnici. Dolina se nekoliko razširi šele po sotočju z Gri-škim potokom. Pobočja na obeh straneh soteske so strma, kamnita, z izjemo melišč in skalovja porasla z gozdom. Pobočja nad levim bregom pripadajo Krasu, pobočja nad desnim bregom pa planoti Vrhe. K njej sodi tudi prvi večji desni pritok Raše, Griški potok. Bukev je vsaj posamično prisotna v večjem delu doline Raše (slika 1), a bolj sklenjeni sestoji so le v njenem zgornjem in deloma srednjem delu, do sotočja z Griškim potokom in na osojnih pobočjih tega potoka. Prevladujočo bukovo gozdno združbo v Raši, asociacijo Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, smo opisali pred leti (Dakskobler 1997). Takrat smo omenili tudi bolj mezofilne bukove sestoje, ki naj bi pripadali še dvema asociacijama (Hacquetio-Fagetum, Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum) in katerih sestoje smo opazili le na manjših površinah v zgornjem delu doline. Z dodatnimi fitocenološkimi raziskavami, ki smo jih opravili v letih 2012-2017, smo želeli ugotoviti naslednje: V koliko asociacij lahko uvrstimo bukove gozdove v dolini Raše? Kolikšna je podobnost mezofilnih bukovih gozdov v dolini Raše s podgorskimi in gorskimi mezofilnimi bukovimi gozdovi na apnenčasti podlagi drugod v jugo -zahodni Sloveniji? 5.2 Metode Gozdove v dolini Raše smo popisovali po srednjeevropski metodi (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Skupno 34 fitocenoloških popisov, v katerih je bila bukev dominantna vrsta drevesne plasti ali je vsaj v njej imela pomemben delež, smo vnesli v podatkovno bazo FloVegSi (T. Seliškar, Vreš & A. Seliškar 2003). Primerjavo floristične podobnosti popisov smo opravili s programom SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). V ta namen smo kombinirane ocene zastiranja in pogostnosti pretvorili v ordinalne vrednosti od 1-9 (van der Maarel 1979). Popise smo v analitsko preglednico (preglednica 1) uredili na podlagi rezultatov hierarhične klasifikacije z metodo kopičenja na podlagi povezovanja (netehtanih) srednjih razdalj "(Unweighted) average linkage" - UPGMA, kjer smo uporabljali Wishartov koeficient podobnosti (similarity ratio). Isto metodo smo uporabili tudi pri primerjavi floristične sestave mezofilnih bukovih gozdov v dolini Raši s podobnimi bukovimi gozdovi drugod v jugozahodni Sloveniji. Nomenklaturni viri za imena praprotnic in se-menk so Martinčič & al. (2007) razen za ime Hellebo-rus odorus subsp. istriacus Schiffner, za imena mahov Martincic (2003, 2011), za imena sintaksonov pa Šilc & Čarni (2012), razen za ime razreda Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937. 5.2.1 Ekološka oznaka raziskovanega območja Prevladujoča geološka podlaga v dolini Raše je kredni apnenec ( Jurkovšek et al. 1996), tla so rendzine in rjava pokarbonatna tla. Podnebje v raziskovanem območju je toplo, s povprečno letno temperaturo 10°C -11 °C in z vegetacijsko dobo s povprečno dnevno temperaturo nad 10 °C okoli 180 dni, od (začetka) srede aprila do srede (konca) oktobra (Cegnar 1998). Povprečna letna višina padavin je od 1400 mm do 1500 mm, približno polovica jih pade v vegetacijskem obdobju. Več padavin je spomladi in jeseni, manj pozimi in poleti (Zupančič 1998). Osojna pobočja zgornjega dela doline, ki je zelo ozka, imajo hladnejše krajevno podnebje. Ta del doline je v glavnem gozdnat. Gozdovi so drugotni in so na prisojni strani doline (desni breg) nastali predvsem z zaraščanjem nekdanjih pašnikov, na osojni strani doline (levi breg) pa kot posledica močnih sečenj v prvi polovici 20. stoletja. Prevladujejo sestoji treh hrastovo-črnogabrovih asociacij: Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum petraeae, Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum in Aristolochio luteae--Quercetum pubescentis, na manjših površinah pa so tudi sestoji asociacij Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum cer-ridis, Amelanchiero ovalis-Ostryetum in Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Carpinetum betuli (Dakskobler 1997, 2016, Dakskobler et al. 2017). 77 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 5.3 Rezultati in razprava Fitocenološki popisi s prevladujočo bukvijo v drevesni plasti (slika 1) so se po floristični podobnosti združevali v dve večji skupini (slika 2). Na podlagi dendro-grama na tej sliki smo jih tudi uredili v preglednico 1. Trije popisi (v skrajno desnem delu dendrograma in na začetku preglednice 1) so floristično precej odstopali, predvsem zato, ker v njih bukev ni dominantna vrsta drevesne plasti. Popis št. 1 v preglednici 1 označuje razvojno stopnjo bukovega gozda na prodnati uravnavi tik ob reki (potencialno sodi v asociacijo Hacquetio--Fagetum), popisa št. 2 in 3 pa degradacijsko stopnjo bukovega gozda na izboklem pobočju (potencialno sodita v asociacijo Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum). Popise v levem delu dendrograma (popis št. 4 -16 v preglednici 1) lahko uvrstimo v asociacijo Seslerio autumnalis--Fagetum. Skupina popisov v desnem delu dendrograma je floristično očitno drugačna. Čeprav v njih tudi uspevata obe značilnici asociacije Seslerio autumnalis--Fagetum, Sesleria autumnalis in Lathyrus venetus, njihova celotna vrstna sestava dopušča možnost uvrstitve v druge, bolj mezofilne asociacije. Te popise smo naredili na večinoma vboklih strmih in kamnitih pobočjih z bolj vlažnimi tlemi. Na podlagi terenskih ogledov, videza rastišč, reliefa, skalnatosti in talnih razmer, smo jih do zdaj uvrščali v dve asociaciji: Hacquetio-Fage-tum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. Za pravilno presojo naše dosedanje klasifikacije bi bila nujna primerjava z dvema sintaksonoma, ki ju je v tem delu Slovenije odkril in opisal Accetto (1989, 1990): Fagetum submon-tanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis (po pravilih Kodeksa, Weber et al. 2000, je veljavno ime tega sinta-ksona Hacquetio-Fagetum Košir 1962 var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis Accetto 1990) in Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis, ki pa analitskih ali vsaj sinteznih tabel ni nikoli objavil. Najbrž so ohranjene v njegovi zapuščini, a ta za zdaj ni dostopna strokovni javnosti. Pri izdelavi sintezne preglednice (preglednica 2) smo si zato lahko pomagali le z opisi iz elaborata (Accetto 1989) in z objavljeno preglednico, ki pa pokaže le na prisotnost nekaterih vrst (Accetto 1990). Pri sestojih asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum smo upoštevali tudi šest naših popisov iz Čičarije (Dakskobler & Reščič 2015). V sintezni preglednici so torej frekvence stalnosti vrst v združbah, ki jih je opisal Accetto, ocenjene, a v grobem ustrezajo stanju na terenu, ob tem, da najbrž nekatere vrste manjkajo. Primerjava med štirimi sintaksoni: naši popisi iz Raše, popisi sintaksona Fagetum submontanum - Vrem-ščica, Ravnik, popisi asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, ločeno iz Vremščice in Ravnika ter Čičarije, pokaže, da so sestoji iz Raše očitno drugačni (slika 3) in da jih ne more- mo uvrstiti v dve asociaciji, temveč kvečjemu v eno. V preučenih sestojih so dobro zastopane značilne vrste asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum (bolj kot v sestojih sintaksona Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis), a tudi nekatere značilnice asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fage-tum. Po nekaterih značilnostih rastišča: osojna precej skalnata pobočja, rajava rendzina, rjava pokarbonatna tla, pogostnost gorskega javorja in gorskega bresta v drevesni plasti, spominjajo na sestoje asociacije Lamio orva-lae-Fagetum, po višinskem pasu uspevanja 350 m - 550 m in pogosti posamični primesi gradna (Quercuspetraea) v drevesni plasti, pa so nedvomno bolj podobni sestojem asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum s. lat. Med tremi možnostmi, da te mezofilne podgorske sestoje uvrstimo v asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Hacquetio-Fagetum ali Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, je na podlagi narejenih analiz in primerjav najbolj utemeljena uvrstitev v asociacijo Ha-cquetio-Fagetum. Analiza po skupinah diagnostičnih vrst (preglednica 3, upoštevana je prisotnost drevesnih in grmovnih vrst v različnih sestojnih plasteh) kaže na očitne razlike preučenih sestojev proti sestojem asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, še posebej v bistveno večjem deležu diagnostičnih vrst zvez Aremonio-Fagion in Tilio-Acerion, reda Fa-getalia sylvaticae in razreda Querco-Fagetea in v bistveno manjšem deležu vrst reda Quercetalia pubescenti-petrae-ae in razredov Rhamno-Prunetea in Trifolio-Geranietea. Prirejena sintezna preglednica in njena obdelava (preglednici 2 in 4, drevesne in grmovne vrste so upoštevane le v eni plasti) pa kažeta, da je v sestojih asociacije Lamio or-valae-Fagetum v jugozahodni Sloveniji očitno večji delež vrst zveze Tilio-Acerion in razredov Asplenietea tricho-manis ter Thlaspietea rotundifolii in manjši delež vrst zveze Erythronio-Carpinion in reda Quercetalia pube-scenti-petraeae kot v sestojih preučevanega bukovja v dolini Raše. Te ugotovitve ne podpirajo uvrstitve preučenih sestojev v asociacijo Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. Med sestoji v dolini Raše in sestoji sintaksona Fage-tum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis z Vremščice in Ravnika so precejšnje ekološke in floristič-ne razlike. Pri slednjih je drugačna že nadmorska višina, od 500 m do 700 m, v njih ni popisana ena od značilnic asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum, vrsta Hacquetia epipactis, naših popisov tudi ne moremo uvrstiti v nobeno od su-basociacij, ki jih navaja Accetto (1989): hieracietosum sylvaticae, galietosum odorati, festucetosum carniolicae, mercurialietosum perennis, dryopteridetosum assimilis. Zato preučene mezofilne bukove sestoje v dolini Raše uvrščamo v novo subasociacijo Hacquetio-Fagetum la-mietosum orvalae subass. nova hoc loco. Razlikovalnice nove subasociacije so vrste Lamium orvala, Galeobdolon flavidum, Aconitum lycoctonum, Scilla bifolia, Corydalis cava in Gagea lutea. Naštete vrste označujejo skalnata 78 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY rastišča z dovolj talne vlage, ki so sicer bolj značilna za sestoje asociacije Lamio orvalae-Fagetum. Med razlikovalnimi vrstami nove subasociacije je tudi vrsta Aconitum lycoctonum, po kateri je Accetto (2015) imenoval subasociacijo Hacquetio-Fagetum aconitetosum lycocto-ni, vendar je celotna vrstna sestava in tudi ekologija te subasociacije očitno različna od vrstne sestave in ekologije preučene združbe. Nomenklaturni tip nove subasociacije, holotypus hoc loco, je popis št. 26 v preglednici 1. Znotraj nove subasociacije razlikujemo še varianto z vrsto Ostrya carpinifolia na nekoliko bolj sušnih rastiščih s plitvejšimi tlemi, prevladujočo rendzino. V fitogeografskem smislu sestoje asociacije Hacque-tio-Fagetum na severovzhodnem robu Krasa uvrščamo v novo geografsko subvarianto Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Helleborus is-triacus, subvar. geogr. nova. Njeni razlikovalnici sta ta-ksona Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus in Acer obtusa-tum, ki se v drugih do sedaj opisanih geografskih (sub) variantah asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum ne pojavljata skupaj. Podgorska bukova združba v dolini Raše se torej tudi v fitogeografskem smislu razlikuje od podgorske bukove združbe pod Vremščico in na planoti Ravnik (to bi lahko obravnavali kot novo geografsko subvarianto Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora). Uspeva na nižji nadmorski višini, v toplejšem podnebju in označujejo geografsko različico asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum na Krasu. V tej pokrajini do zdaj sestojev te asociacije nismo poznali, pač pa le sestoje asociacije Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum (Dakskobler 2006). Košir (2010: 85) sicer zelo kratko omenja podgorsko bukovje s tevjem in bodečo lobodiko Hacqetio-Fagetum var. asoc. Ruscus aculetaus v litoralnem delu Visokega Krasa, a njegov opis se ne nanaša na bukovo združbo matičnega Krasa. 5.4 Zaključki Ohranjeni bukovi gozdovi na Krasu so precejšnja redkost. Do zdaj smo poznali le sestoje asociacij Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum in Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fage-tum. Sestoje prve smo že pred leti opisali tudi na severovzhodnem robu Krasa, na osojnih pobočjih nad dolino Raše. Tam pa smo popisali tudi sestoje, ki jih po celotni vrstni sestavi lahko uvrstimo v novo subasociacijo Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae (ta nakazuje določeno podobnost s sestoji asociacije Lamio or-valae-Fagetum, ni pa floristične podlage, da bi jih tudi uvrstili v to asociacijo) in v novo geografsko subvarianto Hacquetio-Fagetum var geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geog. Helleborus istriacus. Dovolj dobro se razlikujejo ne samo od njim stičnih sestojev asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, temveč tudi od podgorskih bukovih gozdov pod Vremščico in na planoti Ravnik, na obrobju Krasa proti Pivški kotlini in Brkinom, ki jo poznamo z imeni Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis oz. Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora. So gospodarski gozdovi s poudarjeno varovalno vlogo, precej odmaknjeni od voznih poti in sodijo v gozdni rastiščni tip Podgorsko primorsko bukovje na karbonatih (Kutnar et al. 2012). Poudarjena je tudi njihova biotopska vloga, saj sodijo v Natura 2000 habitatni tip: Ilirski bukovi gozdovi (Aremonio--Fagion) in so rastišče nekaterih v Sloveniji zavarovanih taksonov (Anon. 2004): Cephalanthera longifolia, C. damasonium, Convallaria majalis, Cyclamenpurpu-rascens, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus, Lilium martagon, Listera ovata, Neottia nidus-avis. Floristična posebnost bukovih gozdov v dolini Raše so tudi nekateri drugi na Krasu redki taksoni, kot so Laburnum alpi-num, Lathyrus occidentalis var. montanus, Phyteuma spicatum subsp. coeruleum, Veratrum nigrum, Valeriana tripteris, Lonicera alpigena, Tephroseris pesudocri-spa in Anemone x pittonii, ki kažejo na bližino Vipavske doline in visokokraških planot Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa. Bukove gozdove v dolini Raše ogrožajo podnebne spremembe in premočne sečnje. Njihova posledica je lahko regresija v sestoje gradna in črnega gabra. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Iztok Sajko prepared Figure 1 for print. Anonymous reviewer helped us with valuable improvements and corrections. We acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P1-0236). English translation by Andreja Salamon Verbic. 79 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY REFERENCES - LITERATURA Accetto, M., 1989: Opis gozdnih združb G. e. Vrhe in Vremščica. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana (Elaborat, 42 pp.) Accetto, M., 1990: Boreale, südostalpin-illyrische und illyrisch-submediterrane Florenelemente in Waldgesellschaften der slowenischen Čičarija und des Mt. Vremščica. In: Szabo, I. (ed.): Illyrische Einstrahlungen im ostalpin-dinarischen Raum, Pannon Agraruniversität, Keszthely, pp. 9-13. Accetto, M., 2015: Gozdno in drugo rastje na levem bregu Iškega vintgarja = Forest and other plant communities on the Iški vintgar left bank. Acta silvae et ligni (Ljubljana) 106: 1-121. Anonymous, 2004: Uredba o zavarovanih prosto živečih rastlinskih vrstah. Uradni list RS 46/2004. Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. 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Čarni, 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 11 (i): 113-164. Weber, H. E., J. Moravec & J. P. Theurillat, 2000: International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd. Edition. J. Veg. Sci. 11 (5): 739-766. Zupančič, B., 1998: Padavine. In: J. Fridl, D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko (eds.): Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, pp. 98-99. Photos / Fotografije (Photo/Foto: I. Dakskobler) 80 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Figure 4: Stand of the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum in the Raša Valley (early spring aspect) Slika 4: Sestoj asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum v dolini Raše (zgodnji spomladanski videz) Figure 5: Stand of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum in the Raša Valley (early spring aspect) Slika 5: Sestoj asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum v dolini Raše (zgodnji spomladanski videz) 81 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Figure 6: Scilla bifolia, one of the differential species of the subassociation Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae Slika 6: Dvolistna morska čebulica (Scilla bifolia), ena izmed razlikovalnicsubasociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvala Figure 7: Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus, geographical differential species of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum in the Raša Valley Slika 7: Istrski teloh (Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus), geografska razlikovalnica asociacije Hacquetio-Fagetum v dolini Raše 82 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Table 3: Groups of dignostic species in the beech forests of the Raša Valley (relative frequencies) Preglednica 3: Skupine diagnostičnih vrst v bukovih gozdovih v dolini Raše (relativne frekvence) Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka združb) SF HF Number of relevés (Število popisov) 13 18 Aremonio-Fagion 2,9 6,1 Erythronio-Carpinion 3,3 4,8 Tilio-Acerion 3,2 9,6 Fagetalia sylvaticae 26,8 36,5 Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae 27,5 12,8 Quercetalia roboris 1,3 0 Quereco-Fagetea 12,8 17,0 Vaccinio-Piceetea 1,6 0,4 Rhamno-Prunetea 3,0 0,6 Epilobietea angustifolii 0,2 0 Trifolio-Geranietea, Festuco-Brometea 5,2 0,7 Mulgedio-Aconitetea 2,2 1,6 Asplenietea trichomanis, Thlaspietea rotundifolii 1,3 1,5 Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) 8,7 8,4 Total (Skupaj) 100 100 Legend - Legenda SF Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum HF Hacquetio-Fagetum 83 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Table 1: Fagus sylvatica communities in the Raša Valley Preglednica 1: Bukove združbe v dolini Raše Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) Database number of relevé (Številka popisa v podatkovni bazi) Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Parent material (Matična podlaga) Soil (Tla) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Cover in % (Zastiranje v %): Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plast) Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) Moss layer (Mahovna plast) Maximum diameter of trees (Največji prsni premer dreves) Maximum height of trees (Največja drevesna višina) Number of species (Število vrst) Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) Date of relevé (Datum popisa) Locality (Nahajališče) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 273025 251301 235185 232043 232044 232046 232045 232048 232050 232051 232052 232053 232049 251299 251303 273027 335 285 220 420 410 410 425 400 360 430 380 440 410 285 270 340 0 NE NE 5 N N N N NW W N N N NE N NNE N W N N N NE 0 25 25 25 30 25 30 30 20 25 30 30 30 25 30 30 Pr A A A A,L A AR A A A A A A A A A Re Cc Re Cc Re Re Re Cc Cc Re Re Re Re Cc Cc Cc 5 10 10 10 20 35 30 30 20 30 35 30 40 10 20 70 E3b 80 80 80 90 80 90 80 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 30 E3a 20 10 10 10 20 10 20 10 10 10 20 10 10 30 20 E2 20 20 20 15 30 20 15 20 10 20 30 40 20 30 20 30 E1 60 80 70 80 60 70 70 70 70 70 70 60 70 80 70 70 E0 2 10 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 cm 50 30 45 40 40 35 45 35 35 35 19 40 35 35 40 30 m 22 16 24 19 20 18 20 18 20 18 19 20 18 18 20 18 69 38 75 69 63 52 64 47 44 47 47 49 50 77 68 60 m2 400 400 400 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 400 400 7 9 9 3 01 o> ï? ï? Ln cn Ln 44444 ^h ro MS 00 ^ . . _ a\ oo oo oo oo oo ms MS MS MS \o o o o o o o m m m m m oooooooo Diagnostic species of the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) 4 4 3 3 QP Sesleria autumnalis E1 + QP Lathyrus venetus E1 1 Diagnostic species of the association Hacquetio-Fagetum (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) AF Hacquetia epipactis E1 1 . 1 FS Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 1 . + FS Aposerisfoetida E1 1 . . EC Primula vulgaris E1 1 + 1 Differential species of the geographical variant (Razlikovalnice geografske variante) 333344 EC Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus CO Acer obtusatum CO Acer obtusatum CO Acer obtusatum CO Acer obtusatum CO Acer obtusatum E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 1 1 1 + + . 1 2 + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 + + 11... 1 + + . + 1 + 1 1 + geografske variante) 11111 1 + 1 2 1 1 1 + 11 + + + + 1 + + + + + . + + + + . 1 + + + 1 1 1 + r 1 + . + + + 1 1 2 1 + 1 1 11111 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 m m + + 84 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 (N cn cn (N (N 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 m o ^ (N (N (N (N m ^ OOOOO^O^ cncncncncn'Nvo'N 77777444 22222222 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 8 1 9 5 6 7 8 8 5 8 1 2 2 2 0306777 6 1 6 2 8 8 8 4544666 2222222 500 415 420 420 425 360 450 450 460 445 450 460 440 450 445 530 545 530 £ £ £ 30 35 A A Re Re 30 30 5 5 5 £ £ £ 25 30 25 ALR A A Cc Re Cc 10 20 10 30 30 AA Re Re 60 40 -7 5 5 w * ss 5 ¡¡5 25 25 25 15 A A AF A Re Cc Cc Cc 40 20 20 20 £ w £ 30 30 AF A Cc Cc 30 5 5 £ w 30 1 AF A Cc Cc 10 0 £ 5 I s * % 25 25 25 A AL AL Cc Cc Cc 20 30 70 90 80 10 20 10 10 70 40 5 10 80 20 10 40 5 90 90 90 90 90 80 90 70 90 90 80 90 80 90 90 5 20 15 10 1 10 5 60 40 60 5 5 5 10 65 5 30 10 20 5 30 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 20 10 5 10 5 70 80 70 80 70 70 60 70 60 50 60 5 10 20 20 10 5 10 5 5 10 30 45 35 55 45 35 40 50 45 60 40 35 40 40 40 40 35 40 40 22 20 22 20 20 22 22 22 28 25 20 25 22 25 24 26 25 24 42 55 46 56 49 41 32 43 48 75 41 55 65 48 59 40 33 49 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 1 3 1 3 1 a\ a\ a\ a>a>a>a>a>00o0o0 R R R R R R R R o O '3 o O o L '3 o L £ & & £ pi pi £ R R R R R R R R 9999999909 42 42 42 42 24 42 24 24 25 42 7777 375633 ^ ^ ^ CO CO 792669 12 12 22 21 21 21 2966 666666 7 7 7 10 10 10 v> "Si "Si 'C 'C 'C o o o 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 7 1 9 3 2 3 7 8 8 9 9 9 41 14 14 2 8 7 9 0 7 3 4 4 9 9 9 6 6 6 0 0 0 5 5 5 Pr. 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 3 2 1 2 1 + + + + 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 + 13 100 18 100 34 100 + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 2 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 4 31 17 94 23 68 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 54 15 83 24 71 + 1 1 1 1 + . 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 10 77 14 78 26 76 + + + 1 1 1 1 + 2 1 1 + 3 23 12 67 16 47 + + + + 8 62 4 22 15 44 1 + 1 1 1 + . + 1 1 + + 1 1 + + . 11 85 15 83 29 85 + r 10 77 2 11 13 38 + + . . r .. r . . . r . . . + 7 54 6 33 13 38 + 10 77 1 6 11 32 r . . . + . . . . 12 92 2 11 16 47 r + + + + + + . . . . r . . + + + 12 92 11 61 23 68 85 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica 2 1 1 1 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 Differential species of tha subassociation (Razlikovalnice subasociacije) AF Lamium orvala E1 + FS Galeobdolonflavidum E1 + QF Scilla bifolia E1 . MuAAconitum lycoctonum E1 + FS Corydalis cava E1 . QF Gagea lutea E1 . AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 + Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 1 Knautia drymeia Anemone x pittonii Geranium nodosum EC Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 1 . 1 + Erythronium dens-canis E1 . . . 1 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 . . + . Lonicera caprifolium E2a . + + . Crocus vernus subsp. vernus Helleborus odorus AI Alnion incanae SP Populus nigra Frangula alnus MA Angelica sylvestris TA Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudoplatanus Acer pseudoplatanus Ulmus glabra Ulmus glabra Ulmus glabra Ulmus glabra Ulmus glabra Acer platanoides Acer platanoides Acer platanoides Acer platanoides Tilia platyphyllos Tilia platyphyllos Tilia platyphyllos Tilia platyphyllos Tilia platyphyllos Juglans regia Juglans regia E3b . . r Juglans regia E2b . . + Aruncus dioicus Thalictrum aquilegiifolium Adoxa moschatellina Geranium robertianum Tephroseris pseudocrispa Corydalis solida Phyllitis scolopendrium Polystichum aculeatum FS Fagetalia sylvaticae 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E3b E2a E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E3b E3a E2b E1 E3b E3a E2b E2a E1 E2a E3b E2b E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3b E3a E2b E2b E2a + + + + 111111 54 11 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + + r r + + + 2 4 1 + 1 86 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Pr. 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 1 + 2 . + 1 + + + .1 22 + 1 2 + + . 1 + 44 11 55 + 1 44 1 1 1 1 1 11 + + 2. + . + + 5535 + + + + + 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 . + + + 1 1 + 2 1 . + + + + + + + + + + + r r + + + + 2 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 1 1 + 1 . + 1 1 + + + + r r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 2 15 17 94 20 59 7 54 14 78 22 65 0 0 16 89 16 47 7 54 10 56 18 53 0 0 6 33 6 18 0 0 6 33 6 18 12 92 14 78 29 85 1 8 14 78 17 50 4 31 0 0 4 12 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 5 38 16 89 23 68 5 38 12 67 17 50 1 8 2 11 4 12 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 3 23 7 39 11 32 1 8 7 39 8 24 0 0 3 17 3 9 1 8 4 22 6 18 5 38 15 83 21 62 1 8 5 28 6 18 0 0 4 22 4 12 1 8 6 33 7 21 0 0 4 22 5 15 1 8 8 44 9 26 0 0 4 22 4 12 0 0 2 11 2 6 1 8 1 6 2 6 1 8 8 44 9 26 1 8 2 11 4 12 1 8 1 6 2 6 1 8 2 11 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 3 17 5 15 3 23 2 11 6 18 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 15 4 22 6 18 3 23 0 0 4 12 0 0 2 11 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 13 100 18 100 34 100 10 77 15 83 25 74 1 8 0 0 1 3 11 85 15 83 27 79 6 46 8 44 16 47 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + r r + + + + + + + + + + r + + r + + + + + + + 5 + 1 87 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 Fagus sylvatica El + . + + + + + + + Lathyrus vernus El + . + + + l l l l l l l l l l + Lilium martagon El + . l l l + l + + l l l Galium laevigatum El l + + l + l l + l l l l + + Mercurialis perennis El + . + + + + l + + l + + + + Symphytum tuberosum El + . + + + + + + + + Heracleum sphondylium El + . + + + l + + + l + l l l + Euphorbia dulcis El + . + + + + + + + + + l + Polygonatum multiflorum El + + l + + + l Prenanthes purpurea El l l l l l l l l l Viola reichenbachiana El + . + + + + + + + + Dryopteris filix-mas El r + + + Daphne mezereum E2a l + + + + + + + + + Carpinus betulus E3b 2. 2 l Carpinus betulus E3a ll + + + + + Carpinus betulus E2b + Carpinus betulus El Pulmonaria officinalis El + r + r + r l + Salvia glutinosa El . + + + + + + + + + + + + Campanula trachelium El + . + + + + + Actaea spicata El + + Cardamine bulbifera El l. Euphorbia amygdaloides El + . + + l l Laburnum alpinum E3a + + Laburnum alpinum E2b + + + r r Laburnum alpinum E2a + + + + Laburnum alpinum El r + + + + Melica nutans El + . + + + Sanicula europaea El + Neottia nidus-avis El + . r + Phyteuma spicatum subsp. coeruleum El + + Cephalanthera damasonium Mycelis muralis Sambucus nigra Sambucus nigra Galeobdolon montanum Galium odoratum Prunus avium Prunus avium Prunus avium Prunus avium Allium ursinum Brachypodium sylvaticum Carex sylvatica Lonicera alpigena QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae El . El . E2b . E2a . El . El . E3b . E3a . E2a + El . El + El + El + E2a . Fraxinus ornus E3b + Fraxinus ornus E3a l l l + + + + + + l l l l l l + Fraxinus ornus E2b l l + l + l + l l + l 2 l l Fraxinus ornus E2a + l + + l + l l l Fraxinus ornus El + + l + + Ostrya carpinifolia E3b l l l + l + 2 l Ostrya carpinifolia E3a l l + + + + + + l l l l l Ostrya carpinifolia El + Tanacetum corymbosum El + + + + + + l l l + + + + + Melittis melissophyllum El + + + l l l l l l l l l l l Convallaria majalis El l l l + + l l l l + + Cornus mas E2b + + l + + + r + l l Cornus mas E2a + + + Quercus cerris E3b 2 2 r r + + r l r Quercus cerris El + Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) E3b + + + l + + l + + r l + + + + 88 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 + + + 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 1 + + 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 + + 1 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 1 r 3 + 1 + 1 + + + r 1 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 1 1 1 + 1 + . . + . 1 + . + + + 2 + 11 + 1 + + 34 Pr. 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 7 54 8 44 16 47 + 13 100 15 83 30 88 1 10 77 18 100 29 85 + 13 100 13 72 27 79 + 11 85 14 78 27 79 + 8 62 16 89 25 74 + 12 92 10 56 24 71 + 10 77 10 56 22 65 + 6 46 15 83 22 65 1 9 69 13 72 22 65 + 7 54 13 72 22 65 + 4 31 17 94 21 62 9 69 9 50 19 56 1 8 8 44 11 32 + 5 38 10 56 17 50 1 8 2 11 3 9 0 0 1 6 1 3 + 5 38 9 50 17 50 + 10 77 5 28 17 50 4 31 8 44 14 41 1 2 15 10 56 12 35 0 0 7 39 8 24 4 31 2 11 7 21 2 15 0 0 2 6 5 38 0 0 5 15 4 31 0 0 4 12 5 38 2 11 7 21 3 23 3 17 7 21 + 0 0 5 28 6 18 2 15 2 11 5 15 2 15 3 17 5 15 3 23 1 6 4 12 + 1 8 3 17 4 12 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 4 22 4 12 1 8 1 6 3 9 0 0 3 17 3 9 r 0 0 2 11 3 9 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 2 6 + 0 0 2 11 3 9 0 0 1 6 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 . + + . + + . + + . + + . + + 1 + + r 1 1 + + r + 1 0 13 13 9 4 6 11 1 13 13 11 7 3 7 1 6 0 100 100 69 31 46 85 8 100 100 85 54 23 54 8 46 6 33 11 39 44 22 50 0 44 17 22 39 6 17 17 0 2 22 16 16 13 12 22 1 22 17 15 17 4 12 4 8 6 65 47 47 38 35 65 3 65 50 44 50 12 35 12 24 + + + + + r + + + + + . + r r + r r 2 + + r r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + r r + + + 89 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY QF Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sorbus aria E3a + + + + + + 1 Sorbus aria E2b + + + + 1 + Sorbus aria E2a + + + 1 + Sorbus aria E1 + Asparagus tenuifolius E1 + + + + + + + Euonymus verrucosa E2b + + + Euonymus verrucosa E2a + + + + Cnidium silaifolium E1 + r + + + Mercurialis ovata E1 + + + Cotinus coggygria E2b + + + Cotinus coggygria E2a + + + 1 Tamus communis E1 + + + + Orchis purpurea E1 + + Acer monspessulanum E3b + + Acer monspessulanum E3a r Acer monspessulanum E2a + + Asparagus acutifolius E1 r + + Ruscus aculeatus E2a + 2 + Peucedanum austriacum E1 + + Arabis turrita E1 r Clematis recta E1 + + Calamintha sylvatica E1 + Mercurialis xpaxii E1 + Paeonia mascula E1 + Lathyrus niger E1 + Quercus pubescens E3b r Sorbus austriaca s.lat. E2b r Quercetalia roboris Serratula tinctoria E1 + + + + + + 1 + Hieracium racemosum E1 r r + Castanea sativa E3b r Castanea sativa E2a + Quereco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa E1 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + + Carex digitata E1 + + 1 + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + + Hepatica nobilis E1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 1 Quercus petraea E3b 1 3 2 2 2 + 1 + + 2 + + + 3 Quercus petraea E3a 1 + + + + + + 1 Quercus petraea E2a + Quercus petraea E1 + + + + + Lonicera xylosteum E2a + + + + + + + + Hedera helix E3a + 1 + + + Hedera helix E1 + 1 1 + + 1 Aegopodium podagraria E1 1 + + + Corylus avellana E3a 1 Corylus avellana E2b 1 + 1 + + + + + Corylus avellana E1 + Acer campestre E3b + Acer campestre E3a 1 + Acer campestre E2b + Acer campestre E2a 1 + + Acer campestre E1 + + + Crataegus laevigata E2b 1 + + + Crataegus laevigata E2a + Veratrum nigrum E1 + + + + + + 1 Clematis vitalba E2b + + r + r + Clematis vitalba E2a + Clematis vitalba E1 + + + Cephalanthera longifolia E1 + Listera ovata E1 r + + + Rosa arvensis E2a + Anemone ranunculoides E1 90 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Pr. 4_16 . . +........... + + + + . + + 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 + 1 1 + + + + + . . + + + + + .1 1 2 1 1 1 1 + + r + + 2. r + r r + + + + + r + + + + . . + + 1 + r 1 + r . + + + + + + + + + + + + . + . + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + 1. + . + + + .1. + . . + . . . + + + . . + + + . + 1 . . + 1 1 + 1 Pr. 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 7 54 1 6 8 24 6 46 0 0 6 18 5 38 0 0 5 15 1 8 1 6 2 6 6 46 0 0 7 21 2 15 0 0 3 9 4 31 1 6 5 15 4 31 0 0 5 15 2 15 1 6 5 15 3 23 0 0 3 9 3 23 0 0 4 12 2 15 0 0 4 12 1 8 0 0 3 9 1 8 0 0 2 6 1 8 1 6 2 6 2 15 1 6 3 9 1 8 0 0 3 9 1 8 0 0 3 9 2 15 0 0 2 6 1 8 1 6 2 6 2 15 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 8 62 0 0 8 24 3 23 0 0 3 9 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 54 16 89 26 76 13 100 9 50 25 74 12 92 10 56 25 74 12 92 11 61 25 74 8 62 3 17 11 32 1 8 0 0 1 3 5 38 2 11 7 21 7 54 8 44 16 47 3 23 2 11 7 21 3 23 9 50 15 44 3 23 10 56 14 41 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 38 6 33 14 41 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 17 4 12 1 8 3 17 5 15 0 0 2 11 3 9 2 15 3 17 6 18 2 15 8 44 11 32 2 15 6 33 10 29 1 8 4 22 5 15 6 46 1 6 8 24 6 46 0 0 6 18 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 23 3 17 6 18 0 0 4 22 5 15 3 23 1 6 5 15 0 0 4 22 5 15 0 0 4 22 4 12 + + + r + r + r + r + r + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 91 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) Cerastium sylvaticum E1 Crataegus curvisepala E2b Crataegus curvisepala E2a Melica uniflora E1 Viola mirabilis E1 Viola riviniana E1 Dactylis polygama E1 Malus sylvestris E3b Malus sylvestris E2b Pulmonaria stiriaca E1 Pyrus pyraster E3a Pyrus pyraster E1 Glechoma hederacea E1 Platanthera bifolia E1 Carex pilosa E1 Moehringia trinervia E1 Ranunculus ficaria E1 Festuca heterophylla E1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Solidago virgaurea E1 Hieracium murorum E1 Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 Valeriana tripteris E1 Maianthemum bifolium E1 Oxalis acetosella E1 RP Rhamno-Prunetea Berberis vulgaris E2a Euonymus europaea E2a Euonymus europaea E1 Crataegus monogyna E3a Crataegus monogyna E2b Crataegus monogyna E2a Crataegus monogyna E1 Ligustrum vulgare E2a Cornus sanguinea E2 Rhamnus catharticus E2b Rosa sp. E2a Robinia pseudoacacia E3b Robinia pseudoacacia E2b Juniperus communis E2b Prunus spinosa E2a Prunus insititia E2a EA Epilobietea angustifolii Fragaria vesca E1 Galeopsis pubescens E1 Torilis japonica E1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Campanula rapunculoides E1 . . t t . 1 t . t t 1 t 1 1 t t Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 . . t t . t r1 1 t t . t 1 1 1 Iris graminea E1 . t t t . t t t Paeonia officinalis E1 . . t t t t 1 Lilium carniolicum E1 . r . . t r t Laserpitium latifolium E1 r . t . t Lilium bulbiferum E1 t . t t Thalictrum minus E1 r. t Anthericum ramosum E1 t . t Polygonatum odoratum E1 . t Euphorbia angulata E1 t MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Senecio nemorensis E1 . . t t t t t t . t t Lathyrus occidentalis var. montanus E1 t t t t . Senecio ovatus E1 t t t t t t r t t r t t t t t t t t r r t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t 92 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Pr. 4_16 + . . + + . + + + 1 + . + Pr. 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 0 0 3 17 4 12 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 3 17 3 9 0 0 3 17 3 9 3 23 0 0 3 9 1 8 2 11 3 9 0 0 2 11 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 6 2 15 0 0 2 6 1 8 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 8 62 1 6 9 26 4 31 1 6 5 15 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 8 62 0 0 9 26 2 15 3 17 7 21 1 8 1 6 2 6 1 8 1 6 3 9 3 23 0 0 4 12 2 15 1 6 4 12 2 15 0 0 2 6 1 8 0 0 3 9 3 23 0 0 3 9 2 15 0 0 2 6 2 15 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 2 15 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 11 85 7 39 19 56 11 85 0 0 12 35 4 31 0 0 6 18 4 31 0 0 5 15 3 23 0 0 4 12 3 23 0 0 3 9 1 8 0 0 3 9 2 15 0 0 2 6 2 15 0 0 2 6 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 7 54 5 28 13 38 4 31 0 0 4 12 1 8 1 6 2 6 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 93 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 FB Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis E1 Brachypodium rupestre E1 AT Asplenietea trichomanis, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Asplenium trichomanes E1 Polypodium vulgare E1 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 Moehringia muscosa E1 Hieracium pospichalii E1 Hieracium bifidum E1 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Peltigera canina Atrichum undulatum Plagiochila asplenioides Brachythecium rutabulum Plagiomnium cuspidatum Plagiomnium undulatum Thuidium tamariscinum Eurhynchium striatum Fissidens taxifolius Metzgeria furcata Hypnum cupressiforme Brachythecium velutinum Neckera pennata E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 Isothecium alopecuroides E0 + + .1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 Ctenidium molluscum E0 . + 1 + + 1 1 + + + + + 1 + 1 1 Neckera crispa E0 . + .1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 Schistidium apocarpum E0 + + + + + . + + Porella platyphylla E0 + + Neckera complanata E0 . + . + + Fissidens dubius E0 + + + + + Homalothecium sp. E0 + + + + + Homalothecium sericeum E0 + Anomodon attenuatus E0 Anomodon viticulosus E0 Homalothecium lutescens E0 . + + + + Plagiothecium denticulatum E0 + + Tortella tortuosa E0 + 1 . + Collema sp. E0 + + + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Legend - Legenda Pr. Presence (number of relevés in which the species is presented) - število popisov, v katerih se pojavlja vrsta Fr. Frequency in % - frekvenca v % A Limestone - apnenec F Flysh - fliš L Marl - laporovec R Chert - roženec Re Rendzina - rendzina Cc Chromic Cambisols - rjava pokarbonatna tla SP Salicetea purpureae MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 94 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY 17 18 + + + + . + + + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + + + 2 2 + + 1 + 2 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + . . . +......+..... . . . . + .... + ... .......+ ....+ . 4_16 Fr. Pr. 17_34 Fr. Pr.1 _34 Fr. 1 8 0 0 1 3 2 15 0 0 3 9 2 15 0 0 2 6 5 38 6 33 11 32 4 31 5 28 10 29 1 8 3 17 4 12 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 11 85 17 94 30 88 13 100 13 72 28 82 13 100 10 56 24 71 7 54 7 39 14 41 2 15 8 44 10 29 3 23 5 28 8 24 5 38 1 6 6 18 5 38 1 6 6 18 1 8 3 17 5 15 0 0 4 22 4 12 0 0 4 22 4 12 4 31 0 0 4 12 2 15 1 6 3 9 3 23 0 0 3 9 3 23 0 0 3 9 1 8 1 6 2 6 1 8 1 6 2 6 1 8 1 6 2 6 0 0 2 11 2 6 0 0 2 11 2 6 0 0 2 11 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 1 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 0 0 1 6 1 3 + + + + r + + + + + 1 + + + + 1 95 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Table 2: Synoptic table of the associations Hacquetio-Fagetum and Lamio orvalae-Fagetum in southwestern Slovenia Preglednica 2: Sintezna tabela asociacij Hacquetio-Fagetum in Lamio orvalae-Fagetum v jugozahodni Sloveniji Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Sign for syntaxa (Oznaka združb) 1 HFlo 2 HFcg 3 LoFgn 4 LoFpa TA FS Author (Avtor) ID MA MA IDMA Aremonio-Fagion Lamium orvala E1 94 10 90 83 Hacquetia epipactis E1 83 Cyclamen purpurascens E1 78 30 20 67 Cardamine enneaphyllos E1 78 70 100 100 Anemone xpittonii E1 6 Geranium nodosum E1 6 50 70 Calamintha grandiflora E1 60 70 100 Cardamine trifolia E1 50 70 Vicia oroboides E1 30 20 10 Aremonia agrimonoides E1 10 70 67 Rhamnus fallax E2b 10 5 17 Erythronio-Carpinion Galanthus nivalis E1 89 20 Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus E1 83 Erythronium dens-canis E1 67 Primula vulgaris E1 22 10 10 Isopyrum thalictroides E1 11 60 Crocus vernus subsp. vernus E1 10 10 Tilio-Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus E3a 39 50 50 33 Aruncus dioicus E1 22 10 Ulmus glabra E3a 22 30 40 17 Acer platanoides E3a 11 10 17 Adoxa moschatellina E1 11 70 Juglans regia E2a 11 Tilia platyphyllos E3b 11 67 Polystichum aculeatum E1 6 30 80 83 Phyllitis scolopendrium E1 6 70 50 Corydalis solida E1 6 Arum maculatum E1 20 20 Stellaria montana E1 10 70 10 Geranium robertianum E1 60 83 Polystichum braunii E1 50 Euonymus latifolia E2a 40 17 Cardamine impatiens E1 17 Chrysosplenium alternifolium E1 17 Fagetalia sylvaticae Fagus sylvatica E3b 100 100 100 100 Lilium martagon E1 100 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 94 90 80 100 Symphytum tuberosum E1 89 Lathyrus vernus E1 83 50 33 Polygonatum multiflorum E1 83 67 Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum E1 78 80 100 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 78 17 Mercurialis perennis E1 78 30 70 Galium laevigatum E1 72 Prenanthes purpurea E1 72 70 70 33 Viola reichenbachiana E1 72 Aposeris foetida E1 67 10 10 Actaea spicata E1 56 70 70 67 Euphorbia dulcis E1 56 60 Heracleum sphondylium E1 56 Daphne mezereum E2 50 50 50 83 Pulmonaria officinalis E1 50 60 67 Campanula trachelium E1 44 17 96 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Carpinus betulus Cardamine bulbifera Corydalis cava Salvia glutinosa Sanicula europaea Sambucus nigra Galium odoratum Melica nutans Mycelis muralis Phyteuma spicatum subsp. coeruleum Prunus avium Euphorbia amygdaloides Neottia nidus-avis Allium ursinum Galeobdolon montanum Cephalanthera damasonium Lonicera alpigena Tilia cordata Paris quadrifolia Scrophularia nodosa Poa nemoralis Leucojum vernum Cardamine pentaphyllos Festuca altissima Carex sylvatica QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Sesleria autumnalis Lathyrus venetus Ostrya carpinifolia Tanacetum corymbosum Cornus mas Campanula rapunculoides Acer obtusatum Fraxinus ornus Convallaria majalis Melittis melissophyllum Quercus cerris Arabis turrita Sorbus aria (Aria edulis) Euonymus verrucosa Mercurialis ovata Acer monspessulanum Sorbus torminalis Cnidium silaifolium Piptatherum virescens QR Quercetalia roboris Veronica officinalis Hieracium racemosum Hieracium sabaudum Rubus hirtus Pteridium aquilinum QF Querco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa Scilla bifolia Quercus petraea Hepatica nobilis Aegopodium podagraria Hedera helix Carex digitata Lonicera xylosteum Corylus avellana Crataegus laevigata E3b E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E3 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E1 E2 E1 E3 E3 E1 E1 E3 E1 E3 E2 E1 E3 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E3 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E2b E2b 1 44 39 33 28 28 22 17 17 17 17 11 11 11 6 6 6 100 94 50 44 39 39 33 33 22 17 17 6 6 6 6 6 2 30 80 10 60 40 20 70 30 10 20 40 30 10 10 10 10 70 70 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 10 80 70 10 40 70 20 70 10 10 70 50 10 70 70 10 50 60 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 61 56 56 50 50 44 33 33 50 20 80 50 40 10 30 4 33 67 0 17 50 33 33 83 17 83 67 0 17 33 10 83 17 100 33 50 17 50 33 50 17 17 17 10 17 17 10 17 17 100 67 17 67 3 97 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Successive number (Zaporedna številka) Gagea lutea Cephalanthera longifolia Anemone ranunculoides Rosa arvensis Clematis vitalba Acer campestre Melica uniflora Cerastium sylvaticum Crataegus curvisepala Dactylis polygama Laburnum alpinum Viola riviniana Carex pilosa Festuca heterophylla Ranunculus ficaria Listera ovata Moehringia trinervia Veratrum nigrum Galium schultesii Vinca minor Cruciata glabra Platanthera chlorantha Viburnum opulus VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Hieracium murorum Oxalis acetosella Solidago virgaurea Calamagrostis arundinacea Avenella flexuosa Luzula luzuloides Maianthemum bifolium Orthilia secunda Picea abies Dryopteris expansa Gymnicarpium dryopteris Blechnum spicant Lycopodium annotinum Rosa pendulina SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sorbus aucuparia Populus tremula RP Rhamno-Prunetea Euonymus europaea Crataegus monogyna EA Epilobietea angustifolii Rubus idaeus Fragaria vesca Galeopsis speciosa Solanum dulcamara Urtica dioica Sambucus racemosa MA Deschampsia cespitosa MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Aconitum lycoctonum Senecio nemorensis Senecio ovatus Athyrium filix-femina Saxifraga rotundifolia TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Hieracium bifidum Festuca carniolica Pseudofumaria alba Geranium lucidum E1 E1 E1 E2 E2 E3 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E3 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E2a E1 E2 E3 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 1 33 22 22 22 17 17 17 17 17 11 11 11 6 6 6 6 6 6 17 6 56 28 6 2 10 60 50 20 50 20 10 30 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 10 5 5 1 1 30 20 20 10 60 50 10 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 10 5 10 5 10 50 40 60 70 70 10 17 17 17 17 17 33 10 17 83 17 10 10 10 50 50 10 17 10 50 10 17 10 17 17 33 10 100 17 3 4 6 98 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019 IGOR DAKSKOBLER: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF FAGUS SYLVATICA FORESTS IN THE RAŠA VALLEY Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 Gymnocarpium robertianum E1 10 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium trichomanes E1 33 50 70 100 Polypodium vulgare E1 28 40 60 83 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 17 40 50 50 Moehringia muscosa E1 40 60 83 Cymbalaria muralis E1 100 Cystopteris fragilis E1 17 Ceterach officinarum E1 10 ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lišaji) Isothecium alopecuroides E0 94 20 100 Ctenidium molluscum E0 72 40 70 83 Neckera crispa E0 56 50 70 100 Porella platyphylla E0 44 10 50 Schistidium apocarpum E0 39 Neckera complanata E0 28 50 Anomodon viticulosus E0 22 40 33 Anomodon attenuatus E0 22 17 Homalothecium sericeum E0 17 Brachythecium rutabulum E0 11 17 Plagiomnium cuspidatum E0 11 30 Plagiomnium undulatum E0 11 30 50 Atrichum undulatum E0 6 20 10 17 Neckera pennata E0 6 40 60 Peltigera canina E0 6 83 Plagiothecium denticulatum E0 6 33 Brachythecium velutinum E0 6 Homalothecium sp. E0 6 Plagiochila asplenioides E0 6 Homalothecium lutescens E0 40 67 Dicranum scoparium E0 20 20 Fissidens dubius E0 20 50 Polytrichum formosum E0 20 20 67 Thamnobryum alopecurum E0 10 60 83 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 10 5 17 Leucobryum glaucum E0 1 Eurhynchium striatum (inc. E. angustirete) E0 60 17 Homalothecium philippeanum E0 33 Cladonia rangiferina E0 33 Thuidium tamariscinum E0 17 Tortella tortuosa E0 17 Legend - Legenda ID Igor Dakskobler; MA Marko Accetto HFlo Hacquetio-Fagetum lamietosum orvalae, this article HFcg Fagetum submontanum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis, Accetto (1989, 1990) LoFgn Lamio orvalae-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Geranium nodosum, Accetto (1989, 1990) LoFpa Lamio orvalae-Fagetum var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis subvar. geogr. Pseudofumaria alba, Accetto (1989, 1990), Dakskobler & Reščič (2015) MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 99 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 60/1 - 2019