https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v46i7.4615 Informatica 47 (2023) 23–30 23 
An Analysis of Technology Issues in Mobile Augmented Reality 
 
Tito Pinandita
1,2
, Siti Nurul Mahfuzah Mohamad
1 
and Farah Nadia Azman
1
, Hidayatulah Himawan
3
 
1
Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia 
2
Informatic Engineering, University Muhammadiyah of Purwokerto, Jawa-Tengah, Indonesia. 
3
Informatic, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 
E-mail: titop@ump.ac.id, mahfuzah@utem.edu.my, farah@utem.edu.my, if.iwan@upnyk.ac.id 
 
Keywords: augmented reality, technology, application  
Received: January 16, 2023 
 
Augmented reality technology is currently increasingly modern and growing rapidly, this research is a 
summary of the popularity of augmented reality technology to the present. augmented reality 
application is increasingly being used in the fields of education, health and even used for the military. 
other research describes combining augmented reality with other technologies. This study is to discover 
challenges and opportunities for future augmented reality applications. some studies illustrate that 
there are still some flaws in augmented reality technology. Hopefully in the future the deficiencies found 
in previous studies can be corrected. 
Povzetek: Ta članek obravnava analizo razvoja tehnologije obogatene resničnosti.
 
 
1 Introduction 
In this time of increasingly sophisticated technology, the 
term Augmented Reality (AR) may still sound unfamiliar 
to some. Although in everyday life they often come across 
it and even use it. Augmented reality [1] is a technology 
that inserts 2D and 3D virtual objects into the real 
environment and projects them as reality in real time . 
Using Augmented Reality Technology. Your view of the 
real-world environment is augmented with computer-
generated elements or objects. Augmented Reality is 
related to mediated reality [2] and augmented reality 
technology is now rapidly expanding not only in games 
but also in entertainment, health, business, tourism, 
military and education, etc. AR has already been 
combined with virtual or mixed reality, and now there are 
3D AR displays [3]. Later, this reality can be applied to all 
senses, including hearing, smell and touch. Augmented 
Reality (AR) is one of the revolutionary fields, and it is 
becoming more and more advanced in the use of 
technology. Research and practice with AR focuses on 
placing information virtually in real-world environments. 
This process creates a different context than traditional 
learning and offers an entirely new vision of learning. This 
technology is widely used in areas of human life, in 
addition to healthcare, military, manufacturing and 
education. AR technology is also used to insert certain 
information into the virtual world and display it in the real 
world using additional devices such as webcams, 
computers, mobile phones, androids and glasses [4]. The 
use of today's Android-based mobile phones is very 
diverse for searching information and matching image 
patterns. One emerging image recognition technology is 
augmented reality. AR is a combination of objects. Virtual 
with real objects. This combination provides faster and 
more information about objects. One use of AR is pattern 
matching in the form of images or images. The survey  
shows that most are focused on usage, development, and 
initial evaluation. In AR learning environments, several 
studies have examined the impact of conducting ex 
perimental research to allow deeper conclusions [5]. A 
few years ago, researchers wondered how many studies 
could perform quasi-experimental or experimental studies 
on relatively mature AR commands to reveal their effects. 
Moreover, the affordability of AR has been extensively 
studied in the last decade since the concept of AR 
technology began to be developed. 
Based on a search from research in the Scopus journal, 
1582 documents were obtained with a research period 
from 2017 to 2022 as shown in figure 1. Document per 
year by any source from any researcher show in figure 2.  
 
 
Figure 1: Document from 2017 – 2022 

24 Informatica 47 (2023) 23–30 T. Pinadita et al. 
Figure 2: Document per year by source 
 
 
 
Figure 3: Documents by author 
 
 
 
Figure 4: Documents by subject area 
Figure 3 shows the process of searching for documents 
based on researchers. it can be seen that Mourtzis, D, 
produced 15 articles and Angelopoulos, J, produced 8 
articles. This research can also be seen through the 
development of the subject based on the existing research 
year. It can be seen in figure 4 that computer science has 
33.7% parts and engineering has 25.7%. 
 
2 Related work 
Augmented Reality (AR) is a variation of Virtual 
Environments (VE), or more commonly called Virtual 
Reality. VE technology completely immerses the user in a 
synthetic environment [6]. AR can be used to help 
visualize abstract concepts for understanding and structure 
an object model. Some AR applications are designed to 
provide users with more detailed information than real 
objects. Media is a tool or object that serves as a liaison 
between the recipient and the sender of the message. When 
submerged, the user cannot see the real world around him. 
In contrast, AR allows users to see the real world, with 
virtual objects superimposed or combined with the real 
world. Therefore, AR complements reality, not 
completely replaces it [7]. or more simply Augmented 
reality (AR) aims to develop technology that allows real-
time display of digital content generated by computers 
with the real world. Augmented reality allows users to see 
three-dimensional virtual objects that are superimposed on 
the real world. Thus Augmented Reality (AR) can be 
defined as a technology that is able to combine virtual 
objects in two dimensions or three dimensions into a real 
environment and then bring them up or project them in real 
time [8].  
Simply put, mobile augmented reality is AR that you can 
take with you wherever you go. Most specifically, this 
means that the hardware required to implement an AR 
application is something that you take with you wherever 
you go [9]. Figure 5 show how to augmented reality with 
other technologies. 
 
 
Figure 5: Virtuality continum [7] 
 
 
2.1 Marker base 
Different types of Augmented Reality (AR) markers are 
images that can be detected by a camera and used with 
software as the location for virtual assets placed in a scene. 
Most are black and white, though colours can be used as 
long as the contrast between them can be properly 
recognized by a camera. Simple augmented reality 
markers can consist of one or more basic shapes made up 
of black squares against a white background. More 
elaborate markers can be created using simple images that 
are still read properly by a camera, and these codes can 
even take the form of tattoos [10]. As show at Figure 6. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 6: ARStudio and ARToolkit are patterns designed 
specifically for AR [1]. 
 

An Analysis of Technology Issues in Mobile Augmented Reality… Informatica 47 (2023) 23–30 25 
2.2 Markerless  
In marker-less augmented reality the image is gathered 
through internet and displayed on any specific location 
(can be gathered using GPS). The application doesn’t 
require a marker to display the content. It is more 
interactive than marker based augmentation [1]. Figure 7 
shows the application in use at the end of the building 
information. 
 
 
Figure 7: Marker less AR[13] 
Table 1 shows a comparison of the models on AR 
Technology that is used in many applications today.  There 
are 6 model for AR Technology : marker, face tracking, 
3D Object Tracking, Motion Tracking, GPS Based 
Tracking and Infrared Model. In table 2 show the number 
of studies from statistically research technology 
augmented reality in the last 5 years. It is show 5 AR 
Technology : Mobile Device, AR Glasses, Virtual Retinal 
Display (VTR), Special AR Device and AR Contact 
Lenses. 
Table 1: The comparison of model and method on 
augmented reality 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2: Statistically research technology augmented 
reality in the last 5 years 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 shows the challenges and related problems that are 
found in many education applications related to student 
outcomes, pedagogical contribution, interactions, health , 
even in game applications [31]. 
 
Table 3:  Summary of issue and challenge with regard 
[31] 
 
2.3 Augmented reality applications 
Augmented reality applications are not only applied 
to mobile devices[43], but also special augmented reality 
devices[44][45][46], AR glasses (or smart glasses)[5], 
[47][48], AR contact lenses (or smart lenses)[2], [49], 
[44], Virtual retinal displays (VRD)[50], [45]. AR 
applications are widely applied in various fields including 
: Touch-less interactive augmented reality game on vision-
based wearable device [8] ,  Augmented reality game to 
support therapeutic education for children with 
diabetes[51], VR and Augmented Reality (AR) to Civil 
Engineering education game[52], Augmented reality 
games for teaching and learning English as a foreign 
language [53], Augmented reality for children with 
developmental disabilities[54], Augmented Reality for 
Serious Games [55], a multi-player Underwater 
Augmented Reality (UWAR) experience for swimming 
pool [56], Augmented for tourism[57], augmented reality 
for diagnosis of heart diseases [58]. 
 
3 Method 
A study was conducted to determine the development of 
augmented reality technology and to find out 
shortcomings and future developments to make it easier to 
apply at all times and conditions. There are several steps 
in conducting this literature study. The first step: Perform 
a general database search to find out the extent of the 
Author Issue / Problem And Challenge 
[32] AR is hard to use for the students 
[33] Problem of ergonomics 
[34] The broad file size restricts information sharing 
[33] Causes technological problems (indoor use, 
camera, internet) 
[35] Enhancing the achievement of learning 
[36] Boosting satisfaction 
[35] Strengthening trust 
[37] Boosts spatial capacity 
[38] Encourages self-learning 
[35] Allows multi-sensorial learning 
[38] Reduces prices for laboratory materials 
[39] Physical, technological, sociocultural, 
pedagogical, and management  
[40] Limitation of hardware  
[41] The optimal distance is 15 cm to 25 cm in front of 
the marker  
[42] Markers with room light conditions up to 1000lx 
can be read correctly by the application. 

26 Informatica 47 (2023) 23–30 T. Pinadita et al. 
development of Augmented reality technology using 
Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate, Mendeley and 
Springer. Several sources are references to books, 
journals, conferences, articles, dissertations, reports, from 
2005 to 2020. The word Augmented reality is used to 
search for all types of publications that are applied in all 
fields. Step 2: more searches are selected after the 
publication papers are collected looking for research based 
on developments and augmented reality technology. The 
next step is to do an additional search: to find out how 
many studies use augmented realty, more research is 
limited to 2015 to 2020 using Mendeley's tools. Step 4 
analysis: After studying existing papers, a matrix table is 
created. The final step or the fifth research in the future: 
for further research, an approach will be made to read 
markers in augmented reality faster. 
 
4 Discussion 
The problem that arise in AR is how to read marker, so it 
can display a virtual object that has been computed before, 
basically is how to read the geometry model of human 
hand, then the result from the processing of the human 
hand model geometry is used as a marker, so it can interact 
with a virtual environment on AR as one of the HCI model 
implementation. This process is intended for the 
movement of human hands that have been read as a virtual 
object can communicate virtually using image 
processing[61]. A study presents a powerful method for 
fast reading of Visual Tags, suitable for Augmented 
Reality (AR) environments. Tag detection is based on 
well-known image processing tools, but the combination 
of the two, together with the use of color markers, enables 
strong recognition even with low-cost CMOS or CCD 
cameras and in low-light environments. In particular the 
mixture of colors and tag structure is very unusual in the 
general environment and can be easily detected by color 
filtering and geometric analysis. The proposed tag carries 
binary information encoded in its structure: in the 
presented implementation 32-bit code with 12 bits of 
parity is encoded in the tag but extensions to longer code 
can easily be generated[62]. 
ARTag is a marker system that uses digital coding theory 
to get a very low false positive and inter-marker confusion 
rate with a small required marker size, employing an edge 
linking method to give robust lighting variation immunity. 
ARTag markers are bi-tonal planar patterns containing a 
unique ID number encoded with robust digital techniques 
of checksums and forward error correction (FEC). This 
proposed new system, ARTag has very low and 
numerically quantifiable error rates, does not require a 
grey scale threshold as does other marker systems, and can 
encode up to 2002 different unique ID's with no need to 
store patterns[63].  
The study compared the two recently developed ARTag 
and ARToolkit Plus systems on reliability, detection rates, 
and immunity to exposure and occlusion. Processing in a 
fiduciary system is defined as two stages, detection of 
unique features and verification / identification[64]. 
 
5 Conclusion 
In designing augmented reality-based applications, 
especially base markers, it is necessary to pay attention to 
making clear markers because most markers are black and 
white patterns that are clearly visible [65], because the 
speed of reading markers depends on the ambients light. 
 
Acknowledgement  
This study is supported by Research Group Pervasive 
Computing & Educational Technology (PET), Centre for 
Advanced Computing Technology (C-ACT), Universiti 
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). 
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