Acrocephalus 25 (122): 109 - 110, 2004
Srebrni sokol
Silver Falcon
Minilo je 25 let.
Ne bom govoril o tem, kak{no je bilo to ~etrtstoletje, niti kaj se je v tem ~asu dogajalo v Dru{tvu za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije. Glede tega obstaja toliko mnenj, kolikor je ljudi, ki nosijo izkaznico, na kateri pi{e DOPPS. Pravzaprav {e ve~, saj teh sprva majcenih rumenih, kasneje pa malce ve~jih zelenkastih papir~kov ne delimo ve~. ^lani so zdaj ~lani le v bazah, na spiskih pla~nikov ~lanarin in tistih, ki jim po{iljamo po{to. Nekaj izmed njih pa jih je ~lanov tudi v srcu, morda celo ve~ina, vendar sam lahko zagotovo trdim to vsaj za nekaj desetin, ki mi jih je usoda velikodu{no spla{ila na kri`i{~e skupnih poti. In prav o slednjih bi ob tej prilo`nosti rad povedal besedo ali dve.
Pred nekaj meseci sem se, podobno kot kar nekaj sotrpinov, prebijal skozi decimetrske sve`nje »doppsovske« kronologije, kronologije zapisnikov in poro~il, pobud, prizadevanj, dopisov, protestov in kon~no predlogov, kontra-predlogov, kontrakontrapredlogov ter, ~e si v tem zaporedju dovolim nekoliko povr{no presko~iti nekaj stopenj naprej (ali nazaj), nekih arhiviranih zadev, ki bi jim bilo verjetno te`ko najti povsem primerno ime. Skratka, da ne bi po nepotrebnem sitnaril, sem med vso to {aro na{el obilo prav tistih re~i, o katerih sem na za~etku tega besedila zapisal, da o njih ne bom govoril. In res ne bom, kajti prepri~an sem, da bi bilo to kot prvo dolgo~asno, osebno obarvano in nazadnje prav ni~ druga~no od kronike odnosov katere koli podobno naravnane dru{~ine, ki je v ve~ji ali manj{i slogi premerila primerljivo koli~ino let. Ne le, da za to sploh nisem kompetenten, saj sam s tokom, ob toku ali celo malo proti toku ideolo{ke reke, imenovane DOPPS, hodim »zgolj« zadnjih 15 let, omenjeni prostor pa bi po svojih mo~eh in presoji rad izkoristil tudi malenkost bolj smotrno.
Ta uvodnik naj bo namenjen vsem, v katerih se pretaka kri sokola.
Vselej rad pose`em po Erjav~evih spisih, ~eprav njega jezik skozi u{esa sodobnega bralca v~asih prav do zob zaskeli zaradi svoje neprikrite antropocentri~nosti. Pri tem pa opazovalec dana{njega ~asa pogosto pozablja na zlagano poni`nost in ceneno pretvarjanje dandana{njega zagovornika narave glede empatije do slednje. V primerjavi s to svetohlinsko dr`o ta~as prevladujo~e konzumisti~no naravnane, pa ~eprav naravovarstvene srenje, se Erjav~ev opis zdi otro{ko iskrena izpoved neobremenjenega uma. In res me, ko sem stikal za opisom sokola, Fran Erjavec tudi tokrat ni pustil na cedilu. O prelestih teh roparic govori takole: »Brez pomisleka lahko re~emo, da so sokoli najlep{e in najpopolnej{e ujede. Vsi se ponosno dr`e, so hitri in gib~ni, zraven pa tudi mo~ni, pogumni in drzni…«.
Med vpra{anja otro{kega uma sodijo tudi tista klasi~na, ki se med dvema pti~arjema zastavijo ob kak{ni res pre{erni prilo`nosti, ~e{ »kateri pti~ bi bil, ~e bi bil pti~«. ^eprav se sam ob omenjenem vpra{anju navadno odlo~am bolj avantgardno, pa moram vendarle priznati, da me ve~inski odgovor »sokol« nikoli ne pusti ravnodu{nega. Nasprotno, mislim, da ga ni med nami, ki si ne
109
Uvodnik / Editorial
bi `elel kdaj smukniti v ko`o tega izjemnega bitja in ujeti veter v vajeti svojega izjemnega telesa.
DOPPS je sokol na slovenskem naravovarstvenem nebu. Kljub temu da so ga preganjali in zastrupljali, zaradi ~esar so nekateri njegovi otroci ostali strti pod tanko lupino jajc, {e vedno prost in mogo~en, drzen in pogumen lovi in usmerja vetrove slovenske ornitologije in varstva narave.
Pred nekaj dnevi je DOPPS praznoval srebrni jubilej, za 25 let vsega ob~udovanja vrednega delovanja smo se obdarili s potico, ki gre vsem pti~arjem najbolj v slast – kola`em strokovnih dognanj in ugotovitev posameznih poznavalcev ptic. Prvi~ po razpadu nekdanje skupne dr`ave med Triglavom in Vardarjem smo bili pri~a kongresu ornitologov. 1. kongres ornitologov Slovenije je dosegel dvoje; prvi~ v zgodovini je zdru`il vse pomembnej{e slovenske in{titucije in posameznike, ki profesionalno ali amatersko delujejo na podro~ju ornitologije. Komur svojega znanja ni uspelo predstaviti na kongresu, je svoje zamisli in poglede na svetlo postavil v vlogi ~lana eminentnega 15-~lanskega Znanstvenega odbora kongresa. Drugi dose`ek dogodka je nekoliko bolj subtilne narave, vendar zato ni~ manj{ega pomena, celo nasprotno. Kongres je po eni strani v de`elo na son~ni strani Alp pripeljal impresivno {tevilo ornitologov iz sosednjih dr`av, ki jih je obseg dogodka vidno ganil, po drugi strani pa je isto nalezljivo ob~utje, ki se je s slovesnim zaklju~kom ob 25. letnici DOPPS razbohotilo v pojav epidemi~nih razse`nosti, zajelo veliko ve~ino doma~e strokovne srenje. V opisovanih dejstvih nikakor ne i{~em razlogov za DOPPSovo samohvalo, ki bi jo dru{tvu utegnil kdo o~itati. Gre namre~ za nekaj drugega – uspeh velike skupine nesebi~nih navdu{encev, zaradi katerih je dogodek ne le sploh ugledal lu~ dneva, temve~ bil tudi spodobno izpeljan. Moje ob~udovanje gre prav tem ravnokar omenjenim – izjemni mno`ici po`rtvovalnih posameznikov, katerih notranjost ves ~as prekipeva od »sokolskega« duha, ter vsem tistim, ki s svojo energijo razpihujete veter, po katerem ta sokol tako pre{erno in neizmerno lahkotno plahuta.
Po velikem dogodku in nedvomno tudi zaradi silovitega vzgornika, ki ga je dogodek spro`il, je sokol zaplaval visoko nad najvi{je alpske vrhove. @elim mu veli~asten pogled in ugoden veter {e naprej!
Borut Rubini~
no
Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111 - 118, 2004
Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake
Gnezdenje kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru
Darko Savelji}1, Borut Rubini}2, Martin Schneider-Jacoby3 & Ondrej Vizi4
1
2
National Institute for Nature Conservation, Tr g Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, P.O. Box 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: dasav@cg.yu
Dru{tvo za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije (DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia), Tr`a{ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: borut.rubinic@dopps-drustvo.si
3 Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider-jacoby@euronatur.org
4 Natural History Museum of Montenegro, Trg Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: vizi@cg.yu
Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS
Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia
Historical data on Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus breeding at Skadar Lake, the largest lake in the Balkans, are presented. Breeding was first confirmed in 1894 but there is then a gap in the literature relating to nesting of this species at the Lake from 1896 to 1965. Intensive research started in 1972 and still continues. The size of the breeding population reached a maximum in 1977 with 52 pairs. The Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake nest on the floating peat islands with the exception of two years when they nested on the rocky island. Most of the data gathered relate to the Pan~eva oka ornithological reserve. Although their population is estimated as stable in the Mediterranean area, the population at Skadar Lake is still highly endangered, although with a small tendency to growth. The most significant impact on the success of this species’ nesting at the Lake results from flooding of nests and human disturbance.
Key words: Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, breeding, Skadar lake, Montenegro, population dynamics
Klju~ne besede: kodrasti pelikan, Pelecanus crispus, gnezdenje, Skadarsko jezero, ^rna gora, populacijska dinamika
1. Introduction                                                        50 pairs in Albania, 500 pairs in Greece, and 120 pairs
in Turkey (Hoffman et al. 1996). The Mediterranean
Dalmatian   Pelican  Pelecanus  crispus  is  a  globally    population is considered to be stable (Perennou et
threatened species. It was formerly listed as vulnerable    al. 2000). In Montenegro, Dalmatian Pelican was
and recently reassessed as conservation dependent,    recorded for the first time in 1891 by Brusina (1891),
mostly due to an increase of population based on    who recorded the species on Skadar Lake. There are
active preservation, particularly at its largest colony of    no records from Skadar Lake for the period between
500 pairs on Mikri Prespa Lake in Greece (Crivelli    1896 and 1965. The first serious investigations were
et al. 2000, BirdLife International 2001). The    conducted in 1972, with annual censuses up to the
species’ breeding population is local and confined to    1990’s. Since then, breeding of Dalmatian Pelicans has
SE Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The    not been confirmed on Skadar Lake (unpubl. data). world population is estimated to have stabilized at        In   this   study,   records   of   breeding   Dalmatian
between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals (BirdLife    Pelicans on Skadar Lake in Montenegro are presented,
International 2002). The latest estimates of breeding    from the first breeding record by Führer (1894) to
population range from 4,031 to 5,196 pairs (Crivelli    the most recent records in 2003. Data on breeding of
et al. 2000, Wetlands International 2002). Only    Dalmatian Pelican on Skadar Lake are summarized for
about 15% of the global population breeds in the    the first time. Mediterranean region: 15 – 20 pairs in Montenegro,
III
D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake
2. Study area and methods
2.1 Study area
Skadar Lake is situated in the very south-eastern part of Montenegro (19o30’ N, 42o30’ E). It is the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula with a water surface of between 354 and 505.8 km2, according to the season and water level. It is 44 km long and 15 km wide. Its main water source is the Mora~a river, which provides more than 60% of the lake’s water. Besides the Mora~a there are many other smaller rivers and sublacustric springs flowing into the lake. Occasionally it is provided with water from the river Drim that flows into the river Bojana, by which the lake is connected to the Adriatic Sea (Buri} & Radulovi} 1983).
Skadar Lake is situated in a crypto-depression with an average depth between 5 and 6 m. Its maximum depth is found in the sublacustric spring Radu{ that is more than 90 m in depth. Water temperature can reach 30°C in summer (Buri} & Radulovi} 1983). Tw o thirds of the lake area is situated in Montenegro and one third in Albania. The Montenegrin part was declared as a national park in 1983 and got IBA status in 1989 (Grimmett & Jones 1989). Since 1995 this part of the lake is also a Ramsar site. The Albanian part of the lake remains without any legal protection. 281 species of birds have been recorded on Skadar lake (Dhora & Savelji} 2001). With about 2,000 breeding pairs of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus Skadar Lake hosts the second largest European colony of this globally threatened species (Vasi} et al. 1992, own data). It is known as the westernmost breeding site of the Dalmatian Pelican in the world and is one of the most important wetlands for wintering water-birds in the Mediterranean basin, where more than 250,000 water-birds are counted annually (Vasi} & Vizi 2000).
2.2 Methods
In spring 2002 we counted nesting Dalmatian Pelicans in Pan~eva oka from a small aeroplane flying over the colony at a height of 300 m. In spring 2003 we visited the same colony twice (May and June) with a boat and approached the inaccessible pelican nests by foot and by swimming. Young pelicans were counted. Records for the previous years were summarized from published sources.
112
3. Results
3.1. Historical data
The presence of Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake was first recorded by Brusina (1891). In 1894 in Hum bay (from 1968 the ornithological reserve Pan~eva oka) 29 pairs were recorded building nests (Führer 1894). As Führer (1894) explains, he took eggs from 15 nests, leaving the eggs from the remaining 14 nests untouched. The latter nests were later destroyed by flooding (Führer 1894). In 1896 Reiser & Führer (1896) again recorded a colony of 20 pairs (Table 1). From then until 1972 detailed research on the birds of Skadar Lake is lacking and records on the presence of pelicans are also lacking. Only in 1965 were 42 pelicans recorded in the mating season at the former breeding place (Ivanovi} 1970). The colony was then disturbed by hunters.
Intensive research on Dalmatian Pelican started in 1972 (Vizi 1975; Table 1). In May 1972 the colony was visited for the first time and 20 nests with 16 to 18 young birds were recorded. In subsequent years severe disturbance of the colony by predators and flooding was recorded (Vizi 1975). The original colony location, Pan~eva oka, was displaced in 1975, because of human disturbance, to another place, Crni `ar, an area consisting of floating peat islands and floating vegetation, situated about 1.5 km to the south (Vizi 1979). Until 1977, when a maximum of 52 pairs was reached, the number of nesting pelicans had been increasing. In 1978 the colony was once more destroyed by high water levels (Vizi 1979). During the 80’s pelicans were mainly nesting on both Crni `ar and on Pan~eva oka.
3.2. Recent status
In the 1990’s, the number of successfully fledged pelicans was low, although disturbances were not recorded. In 1990, 21 pairs were recorded on Crni `ar, but all the eggs and a young bird were later destroyed by hail.
During 1991 and 1992 the colony was located on the stone island of Grmo`ur. Continuous disturbance by tourists resulted in complete abandonment of the colony in subsequent years (Vizi 1995a). Between 1993 and 2001 nesting of Dalmatian Pelicans has not been recorded on Skadar Lake.
The first recent record of nesting pelicans on Skadar Lake was confirmed on 11 Jul 2002 when five
Acrocephalus 25 (m): III - Il8, 2OO4
Table 1: Number of breeding pairs of Dalmatian Pelicans Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake from 1894 to 2003 with number of successfully fedged young, breeding success, type of disturbance (F – food, H – hunting, E – egg collecting, P – predation, G – hail, T – tourism), and nesting location (* years when all the eggs and/or young were completely destroyed but there were pairs present, ? exact number not known, – missing data).
Tabela 1: [tevilo gnezde~ih parov kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru med letoma 1894 in 2003 s {tevilom uspe{no speljanih mladi~ev, uspe{nostjo gnezdenja in tipi motenj (F – poplave, H – lov, E – jemanje jajc, P – plenilstvo, G – to~a, T – turizem) in lokacijo gnezdi{~ (* leta, ko so bila v celoti uni~ena jajca in/ali mladi~i, a so pari ostali v obmo~ju, ? ni natan~nega {tevila parov, – ni podatkov).
Year / leto	No. of breeding	No. of	Breeding success/		Type of	Nesting location/	Source / vir
	pairs / {t.	young / {t.	gnezditveni uspeh		disturbance/	lokacija gnezdi{~	
	gnezde~ih parov 29	mladi~ev	(young/pair) –		tip motenj E, F		
1894						Pan~eva oka	Führer (1894)
1896	20	-		-		Pan~eva oka	Reiser & Führer (1896)
1965	21	-		-	H	Pan~eva oka	Ivanovi} (1970)
1967	30	-		-		-	TeRASSE & Toillard (1967)
1972	20	16 - 18	0.8	- 0.9		Pan~eva oka	Vizi (1975)
1973	24	18		0.7		Pan~eva oka	Vizi (1975)
1974*	16	0		0.0	P	Pan~eva oka	Vizi (1975)
1975	29	11		0.4		Crni `ar	Vizi (1979)
1977	52	46		0.9		Crni `ar	Vizi (1979)
1978*	-	0		0.0	F	Crni `ar	Vizi (1979)
1979	-	3		?		-	Vizi (1979)
1983	II	6		0.5		Crni `ar, Pan~eva oka	O. Vizi
1984	II	5		0.4		Crni `ar, Pan~eva oka	O. Vizi
1986	8	9		1.1		Crni `ar	O. Vizi
1987	14	19		1.4		Crni `ar	O. Vizi
1989	29	7		0.2		Crni `ar	O. Vizi
1990*	21	0		0.0	G	Crni `ar	O. Vizi
1991	7	2		0.3	T	Grmo`ur	Vizi (1991 & 1995b)
1992	15	11		0.7	T	Grmo`ur	Vizi (1995b)
2002	5	2		0.4		Pan~eva oka	Vizi (2003)
2003	7	10		1.4		Pan~eva oka	this work / to delo
Average	19.0	9.8					
(SD)	(+11.7)	(+11.2)					
pairs, followed by two fledged young, were seen at     3.3. Nesting ecology the colony in Pan~eva oka. At the same place, during
two visits in 2003, seven pairs with 10 fledged young Dalmatian Pelicans have bred on three ecologically were recorded only 20 m away from the nesting rafts, different sites on Skadar Lake. The first and most which were set there according to Perennou et al. frequently occupied nesting locality is Pan~eva oka. (2001) (Table 2).                                                        Pan~eva oka (meaning “Pelican’s springs” in local
language) is a vast complex of dead and live flooding vegetation that has formed up to 11 m deep layers of
113
D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake
peat-moss. It consists of floating peat islands accessible only with difficulty, freshwater pools, and thick Salix vegetation. Among other vegetation found there is Salix alba, S. fragilis, Typha angustifolia, and T. latifolia. The pelican colony is situated on a floating island of peat on the southern edge of the Pan~eva oka complex and is surrounded by large colonies of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Pygmy Cormorants Ph. pygmeus, Little Egrets Egretta garzetta and Squacco Herons Ardeola ralloides. The Pelican colony is situated in the basin, not far from the open water.
The second breeding site was in Crni `ar. The area covers a few km2 and lies to the south of Pan~eva oka. It is a complex of mostly live floating vegetation formed mainly by Nuphar luteum, Nymphea alba, Phragmites australis and Trapa natans. Numerous small islands are formed by dead vegetation and peat. The larger islands were also formed from Salix alba and S. fragilis. The pelican colony was situated on an island of dead vegetation, surrounded by a colony of Common Sterna hirundo and Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybridus and a few other water-bird species.
The third locality where pelicans were found breeding in 1991 and 1992 is Grmo`ur island. This rocky island is found close to the north-west shore of the lake, near Virpazar. The island is a few hundred
square metres in area. Vegetation, present mainly on the highest points of the island, consisted of a few Ficus carica, Punica granatum and Vitex agnus-castis plants. Pelicans’ nests were situated close to the water, only a few metres from the shore.
4. Discussion
Historical data and recent observations of Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake show large changes in population numbers. The average breeding population per year is 19 pairs, making it one of the smallest colonies in the Western Palearctic. Regardless of its small size, the species’ population has survived more than 100 years in the area. The absence of nesting was recorded only between 1993 and 2001, most probably due to the increased boat traffic and other intensive human disturbance. With diminution of human activities, the pelican nesting population started to breed again, but still in a very low numbers.
Nests of pelicans on Skadar Lake were typically situated on floating islands of dead vegetation (mostly peat islets). Only in 1991 and 1992 was the rocky island used as a breeding site. The shallow freshwater lake, rich in fish, reed beds and floating water plants provides   good   foraging   and   nesting   possibilities.
Table 2: Comparison of breeding habitat, food prevalence and types of threat to Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus during the breeding period between different breeding localities throughout the area of distribution of the species
Tabela 2: Primerjava gnezditvenega habitata, prevladujo~e hrane in tipov ogro`anja kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus v gnezditvenem obdobju med razli~nimi gnezditvenimi lokacijami v obmo~ju raz{irjenosti vrste
Locality/	Habitat / habitat	Food / hrana	Threats / tipi	Source / vir
lokaliteta		Sairdinius erythrophtalmus,	ogro`anja Flood, hail, human	
Skadar	Peat and reed			Vizi (1981)
(Montenegro)	rafts, solid rocky	Rutilus rubilio, Anguilla	disturbance, predators	
	island	anguilla, Carassius auratus gibellio	(Corvus corone comix)	
Mikri Prespa	Reedbeds, reed	Alburnus alburnus, Rutilus	Flood, degradation	Crivelli (1987),
(Greece)	islets, artificial	rubilio	and erosion of	Catsadorakis
	islands		reed islets, human disturbance, predators (Vulpes vulpes)	et al. (1996), Catsadorakis & Crivelli (2001)
Amvrakikos	?	Anguilla anguilla	?	Crivelli (1987)
(Greece)				
Karavasta	Reedbeds, reed	Anguilla anguilla, Mugil spp.,	Hunting, collecting	Peja et al. (1996),
(Albania)	islets, artificial islands	Gobius bucchichi, Belone belone	chicks, destruction of nests, human	Bino (2000)
disturbance, flood
114
Acrocephalus 25 (m): III - Il8, 2OO4
(continuation of table 2 / nadaljevanje tabele 2)
Locality/	Habitat / habitat	Food / hrana	Threats / tipi	Source / vir
lokaliteta		Cyprinus carpio, Carassius	ogro`anja ?	
Tengiz-	Steppe covered			Andrusenko
Kurgal’d`in	sandy/silty islands	airassius, C. auratus, Rutilus		(1994)
Lakes		sp., Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius,		
(Kazakhstan)		Tinea tinea, Gasterosteus spp.		
Sarakamy{	Flat muddy/sandy	Cyprinus carpio, Styzostedion	Flood, predators	Poslavski &
(Turkmenistan)	islands with or without sparse vegetation, temporary islands	lucioperca, Silurus glanis, Abramis brama, Pelecus cultratus, Aspius aspius, Barbus barbus	(Canis lupus, Sus scrofa)	Chernov (1994)
Ili Delta	Sandy islands,	?	Predators (Corvus corone	Zatkanbaev
(Kazakhstan)	rocky island, rafts		comix, Larus cachinnans,	(1994a & b),
	of reed		Silurus glanis), reed	B. RubiniC
Caspian Sea, Volga Delta (Russia)
N Kazakhstan
Reed beds, sandy islands
Poacae,
Chaenopodiaceae, reed, Tamarix
Cyprinus carpio, Abramis brama, Perca fluviatilis, Rutillus rutilus, Blicca bjoerkna, Neogobius spp., Cobitis caspia
Carassius carassius, C syratuys
S Tyumen	Dead floating
(Russia)	vegetation, reed
	beds
Saltaim-Tengiz	Dead floating
Lakes	vegetation, silty
(Russia)	sand-bar
Alakol’ Lake	Reed rafts, rocky
(Kazakhstan)	island
Manych,	Temporary
Manych Gudilo	islands, floating
lakes, Kalmykija	reed
(Russia)	
Carassius carassius
Cyprinus carpio, Stizostedion spp., Pungitius pungitius
cutting, drying of lakes, fire, poaching, pesticide intoxication, lack of food
Flood, predators (Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Corvus corone cornix, Larus cachinnans), human disturbance
Krivonosov et al. (1994), Roma{ova (1994)
Lack of food, predators     Gordienko (Larus cachinnans,            (1994)
L. ichthyaetus, Aquila heliaca, A. chrysaetos, Haliaetus albicilla, Canis lupus)
Shooting of breeding birds
Azarov (1994)
Predators (Larus spp.)        Blinov et al. (1994)
Shooting, human disturbance, drying, fires
Human disturbance, flood
Annekov (1994), N.N.Berezovikov (pers comm.)
Kazakov et al. (1994), Linkov (1994)
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D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake
Table 3: Breeding success (fedglings per pair) of Dalmatian Pelicans Pelecanus crispus on different breeding localities
Tabela 3: Gnezditveni uspeh ({tevilo speljanih mladi~ev na par) kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na razli~nih gnezditvenih lokalitetah
Locality / lokaliteta	Years of research/	Breeding success/	Source / vir
	leta raziskav	gnezditveni uspeh	
Skadar (Montenegro)	1972 - 2003	0.0 - 1.4	this work / to delo
Mikri Prespa (Greece)	?	1.0 - 1.2	Crivelli (1987)
Amvrakikos	?	0.6 - 0.9	Crivelli (1987)
(Greece)			
Karavasta	1992 - 1993	0.5 - 0.8	Peja et al. (1996)
(Albania)			
Camalti Tuzlasi	1982 - 1993	0.0 - 0.8	Peja et al. (1996)
(Turkey)			
Tengiz-Kurgal’d`in	1974 - 1990	0.2 - 1.4	Andrusenko (1994)
(Kazakhstan)			
Volga Delta	1974 - 1990	0.0 - 1.1	Krivonosov et al. (1994)
(Russia)			
N Kazakhstan	1983 - 1989	0.8 - 1.1	Gordienko (1994)
Bol{oe Beloe Lake	1982 - 1987	0.7 - 1.6	Azarov (1994)
(Russia)			
Tundrovo Lake	1986 - 1987	1.2 - 1.8	Azarov (1994)
(Russia)			
Omelina Lake	1990	1.2	Azarov (1994)
(Russia)			
Similar nesting requirements have been recorded all over the species’ range (Table 2). Additional feeding sites used by pelicans are in the Bojana Delta, Ulcinj saltpans and [asko Lake.
The recorded breeding success of 0.0 – 1.4 successfully fledged young per pair in the period 1972 – 2003 is similar to the range of breeding success in other Dalmatian Pelican colonies (Table 3). However, the Dalmatian Pelican at Skadar Lake is endangered, as only a few pairs have survived, most probably quite old birds. It will take several years with good breeding success to close the age gap in the population.
Dalmatian Pelican’s food at Skadar Lake consisted of the commonest fish species of the area, Scardinius erythrophtalmus, Rutilus rubilio, Anguilla anguilla, and Carassius auratus gibellio (Vizi 1981, own data), similarly to that recorded by other authors in different areas (Table 2).
The types of disturbance at Skadar Lake are similar to those recorded at other breeding places (Table 2). The most common cause of destruction of eggs and young was flooding. Other causes were human disturbance and predation by aerial predators.
Natural disturbance factors have caused lower breeding success, substitutive or late broods, and nest site changes between nesting seasons (Table 3). In the years of most intense human disturbance between 1993 and 2001 no breeding was recorded on the Lake. It may well be, therefore, that the most important factor of disturbance, limiting nesting pair numbers, is the above mentioned human disturbance. During the last few years, the National Park earned money by selling hunting licenses. As the hunting season in Montenegro on waterfowl starts at 15 Aug and ends not before 15 Mar for Garganey Anas querquedula, all water birds are extremely shy.
We suppose that a total lack of effective protection is a reason for the low number of breeding Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake. For example, at the same time as the decrease in the Skadar population, the population at the smaller but ecologically similar Mikri Prespa Lake increased significantly. Effective protection at Skadar Lake would therefore not only provide more stable conditions for the nesting pelicans but very likely also result in an increase of the breeding population, like that on the nearby Mikri Prespa Lake in Greece.
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Acrocephalus 25 (m): III - Il8 , 2OO4
The Albanian proposal to declare Skadar Lake and the Bojana (Albanian Buna) River as a Ramsar site and as a protected area consisting of different categories of protected areas is a great step forward in conservation efforts on Skadar Lake. Only a clear zoning concept on Lake Skadar and a hunting ban at the most important waterfowl sites in Montenegro and Albania could, however, save the extremely small population of the Dalmatian Pelican (see also Schneider-Jacoby 2000 & 2001).
Acknowledgement: We would like to thank to Rockefeller Brothers Fund and DEG for supporting the flight over Lake Skadar and the Bojana-Buna Delta in 2002, UNDP Office in Podgorica for financial support and for assistance for rafts and monitoring of Dalmatian Pelicans on Skadar Lake.
5. Povzetek
Predstavljena je zgodovina gnezdenja kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru. Prvi~ je bilo gnezdenje pelikanov na tem najve~jem balkanskem jezeru ugotovljeno leta 1894. Za njihovo gnezdenje na jezeru med letoma 1896 in 1965 ni literaturnih podatkov. Intenzivnej{e raziskave so se za~ele leta 1972 in trajajo {e danes. Maksimalno velikost je gnezde~a populacija pelikanov dosegla v letu 1977, in sicer 52 parov. Kodrasti pelikani so gnezdili na Skadarskem jezeru na plavajo~ih oto~kih {otnega mahu, z izjemo dveh let, ko so gnezdili na skalnatem oto~ku. Ve~ina zbranih podatkov se nana{a na ornitolo{ki rezervat Pan~eva oka. Kljub temu da je sredozemska populacija kodrastega pelikana stabilna, so skadarski pelikani zelo ogro`eni. V zadnjih nekaj letih pa je vendarle zaznati trend po~asne rasti gnezde~e populacije. Glavna omejitvena dejavnika gnezditvenega uspeha kodrastih pelikanov na Sakadarskem jezeru sta poplavljanje gnezd in vznemirjanje s strani ~loveka.
6. References
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Annekov, B.P. (1994): Trends in the breeding distribution of Pelecanus onocrotalus and P. crispus on the Alakol’ Lakes, Kazakhstan. pp. 64–66 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Azarov, V.I. (1994): Pelecanus crispus in the south of Tyumen region. pp. 51–59 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Bino, T. (2000): Action plan for the Dalmatian pelican in Albania. – Museum of Natural Sciences, Tirana.
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Blinov, V.N., Blinova, T.K. & Yakimenko, V.V. (1994): Pelecanus crispus on the Saltaim-Tengiz lakes in Omsk Region. pp. 59–60 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Brusina, S. (1891): Beitrag zur Ornis von Cattaro und Montenegro. – Ornithol. Jahrb. 2(1): 1–27.
Buri}, M. & Radulovi}, M. (1983): Skadarsko jezero – najve}i hidrografski objekat kopna SR Crne Gore. – Crnogorska Akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Radovi sa Simpozijuma 9: 37–44.
Catsadorakis, G. & Crivelli, A. (2001): Nesting Habitat Caracteristic and Breeding Performance of Dalmatian Pelicans in Lake Mikri Prespa, NW Greece. – Waterbirds 24(3): 386–393.
Catsadorakis, G., Malakou, M. & Crivelli, A. (1996): The Effects of the 1989/1990 drought on the Colonian Waterbirds Nesting at Lake Mikri Prespa, Geece, with Special Emphasis on Pelicans. Ecology, Conservation and management of colonial waterbirds in the Mediterranean region. – Colonial waterbirds, special publication 19: 207–218.
Crivelli, A.J. (1987): The ecology and behaviour of the Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus Bruch, a world-endangered species. – Commission of the European Communities and Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Arles.
Crivelli, A., Catsadorakis, G., Hatzilacou, D., Hulea, D., Malakou, M., Marinov, M., Michev, T., Nazirides, D., Peja, N., Sarigul, G. & Siki, M. (2000): Status and population development of Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus breeding in the Palearctic. – Monitoring and Conservation of Birds, Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Proceedings of the 5th Medvaravis Symposium Gozo, Environement Protection Department Malta, Malta.
Dhora, D. & Savelji}, D. (2001): Bibliography and check list on Shkodra/Skadar lake. Section VII – Ornithology – Birds. – Promotion of networks and exchanges in the countries of the South Eastern Europe. REC & SDC, Podgorica & Shkodra: 52–65.
Führer, L. (1894): Jedna godina ornitolo{kog izu~avanja u Crnoj Gori. – Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini 7: 241–258.
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Gordienko, N.S. (1994): Pelicans in northern Kazakhstan. pp. 45–49 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Grimmett, R.F.A & Jones, T.A. (1989): Important Bird Areas in Europe (IBA). – ICBP Technical public 9, International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge.
Hoffmann, L., Hafner, H. & Salathe, T. (1996): The Contribution of Colonial Waterbird Research to Wetland Conservation in the Mediterranean Region, Ecology, Conservation and management of colonial waterbirds in the Mediterranean region. – Colonial waterbirds, special publication 19: 12–30.
Ivanovi}, B. (1970): Neka ornitolo{ka zapa`anja na Skadarskom jezeru. – Larus 21/22: 137–160.
Kazakov, B.A., Khokhlov, A.N., Pishvanov, Y.V. & Yemtyl, M.K. (1994): Pelicans on wetlands of Predkavkaz’e region (north of the Caucasus). pp. 9–17 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Krivonosov, G.A., Rusanov, G.M. & Gavrilov, N.N. (1994): Pelicans on the northern Caspian Sea. pp. 25–32 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Linkov, A.B. (1994): Pelecanus onocrotalus and P. crispus in Kalmykia. pp. 20–25 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Peja, N., Sarigul, G., Siki, M. & Crivelli, A. (1996): The Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, Nesting in Mediterranean Lagoon in Albania and Turkey. Ecology, Conservation and management of colonial waterbirds in the Mediterranean region. – Colonial waterbirds, special publication 19: 184–189.
Perennou, C., Sadoul, N., Pineau, O., Johnson, A. & Hafner, H. (2000): Management of nest sites for colonial waterbirds. – Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 4. Tour du Valat, Arles.
Poslavski, A.N. & Chernov, Y.Y. (1994): Spring/summer sightings and breeding of Pelecanus crispus and P. onocrotalus in Turkmenia. pp. 79–91 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Reiser, O. & Führer, L. (1896): Materialen zu einer Ornis Balcanica, 4 Montenegro. – Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien.
Roma{ova, A.T. (1994): Breeding bilogy and feeding ecology of Pelecanus crispus and P. onocrotalus in the northern Caspian. pp. 96–99 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2000): Freizeit und Entenschutz am Wasser – Sicherung der Brut- und Rastplätze von Kolbenenten und Moorenten in Deutschland. – Schriftenreihe Landschaftspflege Naturschutz 60: 81–93.
Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2001): Auswirkung der Jagd auf Wasservögel und die Bedeutung von Ruhezonen. – ANL, Laufener Seminarbeiträge „Störungsökologie“ 1/01: 49–61.
Terasse, M & Toillard, B. (1967): Compte-rendu d’un voyage ornithologique en Yougoslavie (27.6.67 au 1.8.67). unpubl. data.
Vasi}, V. , Puzovi}, S. & Vizi, O. (1992): Capacites fo Skadar lake in relation to european regional populations of water birds. – Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode Prirodnja~kog muzeja Podgorica 25: 53–62.
Vasi}, V. & Vizi, O. (2000): Rezultati zimskog prebrojavanja ptica na Skadarskom jezeru. – Republi~ki zavod za za{titu prirode Podgorica, Podgorica.
Vizi, O. (1975): O gnezdjenju pelikana kudravog (Pelecanus crispus Bruch 1832) na Skadarskom jezeru i problem njegove za{tite. – Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode Prirodnja~kog muzeja 8: 5-13.
Vizi, O. (1979): New data on breeding of Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832) on Skadar Lake. – Glasnik Republikog zavoda za za{titu prirode Prirodnja~kog muzeja 12: 125–139.
Vizi, O. (1981): Ornithology of Skadar Lake. p.p. 419–424 – The biota and limnology of Skadar Lake. Univerzitet Veljko Vlahovic, Institut za medicinska istra`ivanja u SRCG, Biolo{ki zavod Titograd & Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.
Vizi, O. (1991): Ornitolo{ke odlike ostrvceta Grmo`ur na Skadarskom jezeru. – Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode Prirodnja~kog muzeja 24: 13–28.
Vizi, O. (1995a): Za{tita Skadarskog jezera od zaga|enja. – Nau~ni skup “Prirodne vrijednosti i za{tita Skadarskog jezera, CANU 44: 31–37.
Vizi, O. (1995b): Uticaj pove}anog uznemiravanja na neke ugro`ene vrste ptica na Skadarskom jezeru. – Nau~ni skup “Prirodne vrijednosti i za{tita Skadarskog jezera, CANU 44: 321–330.
Vizi, O. (2003): Ornitolo{ki do`ivljaji sa Skadarskog jezera. – Natura Montenegrina 2 (I-IX).
Wetlands International (2002): Waterbird Population Estimates, Third Edition. – Wetlands International Global series 12, Wageningen.
@atkanbaev, A.Z. (1994a): Present status of pelicans in the Ili Delta, Kazakhstan. pp. 60–64 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
@atkanbaev, A.Z. (1994b): Some aspects of the ecology of Pelecanus crispus and P. onocrotalus in the Ili Delta, Kazakhstan. pp. 91–96 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester.
Arrived / Prispelo: 5.10.2004 Accepted / Sprejeto: 7.3.2005
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Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
Action plan for the conservation of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in the area of Mt. Ko{enjak (NNE Slovenia)
Jurij Guli~
Zavod RS za varstvo narave OE Maribor, Pobre{ka c. 20/II, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: jurij.gulic@zrsvn.si
Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS
Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia
A decline in numbers of the Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix all over Europe was noted as early as at the end of the 19th century, whereas a truly dramatic decrease in its population became evident after 1970. Slovenia was no exception in this respect; the available data indicate a characteristic decrease and fragmentation of its population in the entire country. Due to the fact that in Slovenia the Black Grouse reaches the southern limit of its distribution, it can be expected that owing to the border effect its habitat will continue to decrease and that the heaviest losses will be suffered by the bird’s subpopulations in the mountainous ranges of medium height. The Black Grouse’s habitat is presumed to be shrinking primarily as a result of gradually overgrown montane grasslands, a rise in the upper treeline, degradation of its habitat (tourism, traffic, etc.) and the ever-increasing pressures by its predators. The numbers of Black Grouse in Slovenia are estimated at 2300 to 2600 individuals, 1% of which inhabit the area of Mt. Ko{enjak. The proposed action plan includes certain measures to be taken in the area (with overgrowing grasslands and forests), monitoring and further study of the species, informing of the people taking part in the action plan and the public itself, and measures that are to affect the population of its predators. The area, in which the action plan is to be implemented in the 2005 – 2011 period, covers 26 ha.
Key words: Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix, action plan, Ko{enjak, land use, Slovenia Klju~ne besede: ru{evec, Tetrao tetrix, akcijski na~rt, Ko{enjak, raba tal, Slovenija
1. Uvod
Koconoge kure Tetraonidae so dober kazalec spreminjanja in ohranjenosti krajine. Ker veljajo za izrazite specialiste, uveljavljajo svojo ozko ekolo{ko ni{o le v ugodnih bivanjskih razmerah (Ingold 2005). V pri~ujo~em delu bom obravnaval le ru{evca Tetrao tetrix. Ru{evec naseljuje celoten pas palearkti~nih gozdov, ve~inoma v borealnih, subarkti~nih in alpskih obmo~jih. Lokalno se pojavlja v coni step. Tako je raz{irjen v borealnih in subarkti~nih gozdovih severne Evrope, osrednje in severne Rusije. Proti zahodu in jugu Evrope se razdeli celovito obmo~je v izolirane skupine (Klaus et al. 1990). Izolirane populacije `ivijo v Alpah ter v nekaterih gorstvih Evrope, v manj{em dele`u pa
po resavah osrednje Evrope (Cramp 1994, Ahrens & Nösel 1998).
Poselitveno obmo~je ru{evca nominantne podvrste Tetrao tetrix tetrix v Sloveniji danes le`i v skrajnem ju`nem delu areala raz{irjenosti. Pri nas se njegovo obmo~je razteza nekako med 1500 in 1800 m n.v. (Smilji~ 1995); na Pohorju in Kobanskem nad 1400 m n.v. (Guli~ 2002). Dele`, ki zajema prostor nad 1500 m n.v., pokriva 2,5% slovenskega ozemlja (Perko 2001).
Najvi{je je raz{irjen v Julijcih, Karavankah, sledijo Savinjske Alpe, na vzhodu pa naseljuje vrhove Pohorja in skrajne severne grebene Kobanskega. Slovenska populacija je glede mejnega areala raz{irjenosti izpostavljena ve~jim nihanjem {tevil~nosti zaradi robnega   efekta.   Problem   je   tudi   oddaljenost   od
II9
J. Guli~: Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
preostalih populacij (»hot stones«), kar lahko pripelje do robnega izginjanja vrste (Bauer & Kalchreuter 1984).
[tevil~no stanje ru{ev~eve populacije na obmo~ju Slovenije za obdobje 2003/04 je bilo ocenjeno na 1100 in 1300 samcev. Zgornja meja oziroma dodatnih 200 osebkov verjetno ponazarja nepojo~e juvenilne samce. Kot skupno {tevilo vseh osebkov ru{evca lahko pri spolnem razmerju 1:1,1 v prid samicam opredelimo nekje med 1100 samcev + 1,1 x 1100 in 1300 + 1,1 x 1100, kar pomeni med 2300 in 2600 osebkov ([tevil~no stanje ru{evca v Sloveniji 2004). V Zimskem ornitolo{kem atlasu Slovenije (Sovinc 1994) je navedena ocena 1500 do 2500 osebkov. V Ornitolo{kem atlasu Slovenije pa je ru{evec opredeljen kot redko raz{irjena vrsta z reproduktivno {tevil~nostjo med 500 in 1000 osebki (Geister 1995).
Glede na dejstvo, da je ru{evec ena od tistih pti~jih vrst, ki so ogro`ene v evropskem merilu, je njegovo aktivno varstvo prek varstvenih organizacij kajpak izjemno pomembno. Najdemo ga v Prilogi I evropske Direktive o ohranjanju prosto`ive~ih vrst ptic (Council Directive 79/409/ EEC, OJ C 139, 13.6.1977), hkrati pa tudi v Prilogi II/2, ki dovoljuje odstrel zunaj gnezditvene sezone (v osmih dr`avah ~lanic Evropske unije), in v Prilogi III/2, ki dovoljuje shranjevanje za prodajo, transport in prodajo `ivih in mrtvih ptic v vseh oblikah in izpeljavah. Vrsta se poleg tega pojavljaje v Prilogi III Bernske konvencije, bolj znane kot Konvencija o varstvu prosto`ive~ega evropskega rastlinstva in `ivalstva ter njunih naravnih `ivljenjskih prostorov (Uradni list RS 1999). Konvencija poziva podpisnike, naj zagotovijo ru{ev~ev varstveni status in da je vsaka izraba (npr. odlov) regulirana tako, da ni prizadeta njegova populacija oziroma da niso povzro~ene resne motnje. Uredba o zavarovanju ogro`enih `ivalskih vrst (Uradni list RS 1993) `e od leta 1993 med drugim prepoveduje lov in ubijanje vseh vrst koconogih kur v Sloveniji. Ru{evec je po novem Zakonu o divjadi in lovstvu ZDLov-1 (Uradni list RS 2004a) ter na podlagi Uredbe o dolo~itvi divjadi in lovnih dob (Uradni list RS 2004b) izvzet iz lova.
Cilji akcijskega na~rta so dose~i ugodno stanje ohranjenosti ru{ev~eve populacije in habitata na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka. Za klju~ne kazalce naj bi {teli:
- stabilnost delne populacije ter njena rast v dalj{em ~asovnem obdobju,
- stabilnost distribucijskih parametrov,
- vzdr`evanje ali povi{anje kakovosti in obsega habitata vrste,
- izbolj{anje statusa, preu~evanja in varovanja vrste,
- pove~ati nivo raziskanosti lokalne populacije in izbolj{ati varstveni status vrste,
120
- posvetiti pozornost upravljanju prostora in zmanj{anju vpliva omejujo~ih dejavnikov,
- zagotoviti zadostno evidentiranje sprememb v {tevil~nosti vrste.
Za ohranitev ru{evca na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka si `e prek 20 let prizadeva lovska dru`ina Dravograd. Pri~ujo~i akcijski na~rt naj bi jim bil nekak{na opora za strokovno opravljanje zadane naloge. Za uspe{no izvedbo na~rta bo potrebno konstruktivno sodelovanje z Zavodom za gozdove Slovenije, Obmo~na enota Slovenj Gradec, lastniki zemlji{~ in Zavodom RS za varstvo narave.
2. Predstavitev obmo~ja akcijskega na~rta
2.1. Opis {ir{ega obmo~ja
Obmo~je obsega del alpskega hribovja v vzhodnem delu alpskega prostora in le`i znotraj regije, ki jo sestavljajo Pohorje, Strojna in Kozjak (slika 1). V {ir{em smislu je to obmo~je del vzhodnih Alp in se proti severu navezuje na pogorje Golice (2140 m n.v.) v sosednji Avstriji (Perko & Oro`en Adami~ 1998). Severno od reke Drave pri Dravogradu se vzpenjajo strma pobo~ja Ko{enjaka (1522 m n.v.), ki je obenem najvi{ji vrh Kozjaka. Za celotno obmo~je je zna~ilna silikatna geolo{ka podlaga, ki omogo~a rast kisloljubnih bukovih gozdov, ter {iroko razvejen sistem povr{inskih voda s {tevilnimi izviri in mokri{~i.
Pokrajina je razmeroma redko naseljena. Prevladuje poselitev v obliki celkov in raztresenih zaselkov, kot so Gori{ki vrh, Ojstrica, Sv. Duh, Velka, Pernice, Mlake in Kozji vrh nad Dravogradom. Prevladujo~a gospodarska raba je gozdarstvo, v manj{i meri pa tudi kmetijstvo, predvsem travni{tvo, pa{ni{tvo in sadjarstvo (Je` 2003). V geolo{ki podlagi prevladujejo blestniki s prehodi v gnajs in diabaz (Mio~ & @nidar~i~ 1976).
Gre za ekolo{ko pomembno obmo~je Ko{enjak EPO 43500 (Uradni list RS 2004c), naravna vrednota Ko{enjak – Kozji vrh (Uradni list RS 2004d), ki je predlagano za zavarovanje kot krajinski park Ko{enjak – Velka (Uradni list RS 2004e).
2.2. Ornitolo{ki pomen
Obmo~je je pomembno za divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus, ki ima na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka in Kozjega vrha {est aktivnih rasti{~. Stabilno stanje subpopulacije odseva uspe{nost ve~namenskega gozdnogospodarskega na~rtovanja. Ob popisu rasti{~ divjega petelina v letu 2003 je bilo zabele`enih 23 aktivnih samcev (Lisi~nik 2003). Tukaj se pojavljata tudi ru{evec (4 aktivna rasti{~a, 5 – 10 aktivnih samcev)
Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Slika 1: Lega obmo~ja akcijskega na~rta za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix v prostoru. Predvidene akcije se bodo uresni~evale le na dolo~enem delu predlaganega obmo~ja, zlasti v njegovem severnem delu ({rafura ponazarja {ir{e obmo~je akcijskega na~rta za ru{evca; vir za kartografsko osnovo: Topografska karta Slovenije 1:500.000, © Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije).
Figure 1: The area covered by the action plan for the conservation of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix. The planned activities are to be implemented only in a specifc part of the proposed area, particularly in its northern section (with the hatching indicating the broader area of the action plan; cartographic source: Topographical map of Slovenia 1:500,000, © Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Slovenia).
in gozdni jereb Bonasa bonasia (Guli~ 2002, Lisi~nik 2003). Kot ka`ejo novej{a opazovanja, je gozdni jereb, katerega {tevil~nost v Sloveniji v zadnjih letih sicer pada (Miheli~ 2004), tukaj {e razmeroma {tevilen (Bo`i~ 2003, L. Bo`i~ ustno). Na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka `ivijo izmed vrst iz Priloge I Direktive o pticah {e ~rna `olna Dryocopus martius, pivka Picus canus, triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus in mali skovik Glaucidium passerinum, ob~asni obiskovalec pa je planinski orel Aquila chrysaetos (Lisi~nik 2003, A. Lisi~nik ustno).
Pojavljanje ru{evca na Ko{enjaku je verjetno antropogenega izvora, kar lahko pove`emo s strukturo habitata na sosednjem Pohorju (Guli~ 2002 & 2003, Guli~ et al. 2003). Ugodne razmere za vrsto je treba pripisati intenzivnemu izkori{~anju gozdov in tradicionalnemu na~inu rabe prostora (novinarjenje,
pa{a `ivine) od 17. st. pa vse do sredine 20. stoletja. @e stara ledinska imena za Ko{enjak, ki so ga imenovali Koko{njak (Kartografski izvor 1:50.000, Slovenj Gradec list 3, 1956) ter Hühnerberg, Hühnerkogel in Hühnerhgel (Arhiv Republike Slovenije AS 178), pri~ajo o kar dolgotrajnem pojavljanju koconogih kur na tem obmo~ju. Ru{ev~ev habitat na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka le`i na sti~i{~u dveh subpopulacij, in sicer tistih na Pohorju in avstrijski Golici. Populacija ru{evca na Ko{enjaku in Golici, skupaj s populacijo na Pohorju, le`i na JV meji areala vrste v Evropi. Med subpopulacijami ru{evca na Ko{enjaku, Golici, Ur{lji gori in zahodnem Pohorju obstajajo migracijske povezave, ki so odlo~ilnega pomena za ru{ev~eve pre`ivetje na obmo~ju SPA Pohorje.
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2.3. Predlagano obmo~je akcijskega na~rta
Ko{enjak je gorski vrh (1522 m n.v.), ki se strmo dviga severno od Drave in Dravograda ter se naslanja na {iroko gorsko gmoto avstrijske Golice kot njen ju`ni odrastek. Od 2140 m visoke Golice ga lo~i pas ni`jega sveta ob zgornjem toku Bistrice. Od kopastega vrha, ki deloma sega tudi na avstrijsko ozemlje, se cepijo trije glavni grebeni, ki se strmo spu{~ajo v Dravsko dolino: Gori{ki vrh na zahodu, Ojstrica v sredini in Kozji vrh na vzhodu. Za vzhodne Alpe, ki vklju~ujejo tudi Ko{enjak in Pohorje, je zna~ilen vzhodnoalpski endemizem. Zaradi specifi~nega geografskega polo`aja ima Ko{enjak zna~aj biolo{kega mostu, prek katerega potekajo naravne povezave. Zna~ilni biotopi so gorski iglasti do me{ani gozdovi na silikatih, antropogena, prete`no suha travi{~a na ju`nih pobo~jih (lokalno tudi bolj vla`na travi{~a) na silikatih ter bukovi gozdovi v dolini Velke. Samo ovr{je pokriva v glavnem sekundaren smrekov gozd, na negozdnih povr{inah se pojavljajo kisla travi{~a in submontanske (predgorske) resave (Je` 2003).
Predlagano obmo~je, kjer naj bi uresni~evali ukrepe za ohranjanje ugodnega stanja subpopulacije ru{evca, obsega povr{ino 965 ha (slika 2). Ve~inoma gre za zasmre~ene gozdove tipa Avenello flexuosae–Piceetum (Marin~ek & ^arni 2002), tu in tam se pojavljajo gorska travi{~a in resave. Na severu se predlagano obmo~je dotika dr`avne meje z Avstrijo, ju`na meja pa poteka po parcelnih mejah nad izohipso 1050 m n.v.
Lastni{tvo zemlji{~ na obmo~ju predlaganega akcijskega na~rta je v ve~ji meri zasebno (71,6%), preostali dele` (28,4%) pa je v dr`avni lasti, pri ~emer gre predvsem za gozdne povr{ine (ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2000). Na o`jem obmo~ju ru{ev~evih rasti{~ so od {tirih znanih rastitvenih prostorov na zasebnem zemlji{~u tri rasti{~a.
Na ovr{ju Ko{enjaka se pojavljajo sekundarna travi{~a, ki se glede na habitatne tipe uvr{~ajo med suha volkovja in podobna kisla travi{~a pod gozdno mejo (koda 35.1) ter med submontanske resave z borovnico, jesensko vreso in drugim grmi~evjem (koda 31.21), tu in tam pa se lahko pojavljajo {e gozdne ~istine z grmovno vegetacijo (koda 31.872; Jogan et al. 2004). Pojavlja se {e asociacija alpskega planin{~ka in volka Homogyno alpinae–Nardetum (Lon~ar 2004). Iz popisov vegetacije travi{~ na Ko{enjaku se ka`e ve~je {tevilo evtrofnih vrst, kar nakazuje prehod h gnojenim travi{~em razreda Molinio–Arrhenatheretea (Lon~ar 2004).
Obmo~je Ko{enjaka je s stali{~a varstva bio-diverzitete in zanjo klju~nih elementov krajine izredno pomembno ter hkrati dovolj veliko in kompleksno,
122
da omogo~a dolgoro~no ohranjanje narave brez ve~jih upravljavskih ukrepov, posebej pomembno pa je tudi kot povezovalno obmo~je, biogenetski most, ki povezuje Pohorje z osrednjim delom vzhodnih Alp (Golica). Je tudi obmo~je evropsko pomembnih habitatnih tipov in habitatov rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst (Je` 2003).
3. Akcijski na~rt
V okviru akcijskega na~rta predvidevam slede~e ukrepe oziroma akcije:
- ukrepe v prostoru (travi{~a v zara{~anju in gozdovi),
- ukrepe v populacijah plenilcev,
- monitoring in preu~evanje vrste,
- informiranje udele`encev in javnosti. Ru{evec potrebuje raznolik habitat, kjer gnezdi,
preno~uje in je zavarovan pred plenilci, se pari in prehranjuje. Pomembne zanj so povr{ine z grmovno in drevesno zarastjo za prehranske potrebe v ~asu debele sne`ne odeje. Ru{ev~evo obmo~je gibanja je veliko nekaj kvadratnih kilometrov, vendar se radij 1,5 km (700 ha) od centra rasti{~a {teje za najbolj kriti~no obmo~je (Black Grouse action plan UK 2003).
Glavna prehrana ru{evcev v spomladanskem ~asu so socvetja {a{ev in muncev, poganjki grmovnih in drevesnih vrst (ru{je Pinus mugo, jerebika Sorbus aucuparia, macesen Larix decidua, rde~i bor Pinus sylvestris), v jesenskem in zimskem ~asu pa resa Erica carnea, borovnica Vaccinium myrtillus, popje bukve Fagus sylvatica, brin Juniperus communis, bor Pinus sp., breza Betula sp., vrba Salix sp., jel{a Alnus sp., trepetlika Populus tremula (Glutz von Blotzheim 1992). Poleg teh vrst sta v njihovi prehrani pomembni {e brusnica Vaccinium vitis-idaea in sle~ Rhododendron sp. (Filacorda et al. 1995).
3.1. Travi{~a in travi{~a v zara{~anju
Na obmo~ju ru{ev~evega `ivljenjskega prostora na slovenski strani je glede na rabo tal (tabela 1, slika 3) v letu 2000 pod travi{~a uvr{~eno 46,8 ha ekstenzivnih travnikov in 26,5 ha intenzivnih travi{~, kar pomeni okoli 7% povr{in. Na o`jem obmo~ju gibanja vrste, predvsem v okolici rasti{~ (radij 400 metrov), je teh povr{in precej manj – okrog 5 ha. ^e k temu pri{tejemo {e travi{~a v zara{~anju, je na tem obmo~ju skupno okrog 8 ha delno razgozdenih povr{in. Ob upo{tevanju dejanskega stanje na terenu je teh povr{in okoli 9 ha. Skupna povr{ina travi{~, travi{~ v zara{~anju oziroma mlade faze gozdnih sestojev na avstrijski strani, ki smo  jih zajeli na  podlagi interpretacije  digitalnih
Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Slika 2: Predlagano obmo~je akcijskega na~rta s predvidenimi ukrepi z vrisanimi rasti{~i ru{evca Tetrao tetrix in divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus
Figure 2: The proposed area of the action plan with measures to be taken in it, and drawn in display grounds of the Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix and Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
ortofoto posnetkov DOF5 (leto snemanja 2000), je okoli 13 ha. Tako je na obmo~ju radija 400 metrov okrog centrov ru{ev~evih rasti{~ skupaj okrog 22 ha povr{in omenjene rabe tal. Na treh rasti{~ih ru{evca je to glede na povr{ino radijev (skupno 150 ha) okoli 15% skupne povr{ine.
Gro`nja: Zara{~anje travi{~ in travi{~ v zara{~anju
Funkcija travi{~ in travi{~ v za~etni fazi zara{~anja je z vidika ekolo{kih zahtev vrste naslednja (Klaus et al. 1990, Storch 2000a, Guli~ 2002):
a) za optimalen rastitveni prostor v ~asu parjenja; izbira rasti{~a temelji na ve~ strategijah, na primer antipredatorski in ogla{anju. Obmo~je okoli rasti{~a je prostor, ki mora samcu ponujati akusti~ne lastnosti, koridor za beg v primeru nevarnosti, ugodne prehrambne razmere, preno~evanje;
b) za potrebe valjenja; kura gnezdi v gosti podrasti do vi{ine 40 cm;
c)  za zadovoljevanje prehranskih potreb v ~asu odra{~anja keb~kov (pester izbor beljakovinske prehrane, kot so mravlje Formicidae, li~inke dvokrilcev Diptera);
d) za prehranske potrebe v jesenskem in zimskem ~asu; v jesenskem ~asu so to borovnice, brusnice in vrese Calluna vulgaris, v zimskem obdobju pa popki in plodovi grmi~evja in posameznih dreves (iglice bora, popki in plodovi jerebike, macesna, brina);
e)  kot skrivali{~e pred plenilci (lisica Vulpes vulpes, kuna belica Martes foina, kuna zlatica M. martes, jazbec Meles meles, kragulj Accipiter gentilis).
Kakovost, velikost in porazdelitev primernih travi{~ (zaplat) so eden izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na gostoto vrste (Baines 1995).
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Tabela 1: Izkaz povr{in rabe tal v maju 2000 na obmo~ju predlaganega akcijskega na~rta (vir: MKGP 2002)
Table 1: Land-use surfaces in May 2000 in the area of the proposed action plan (source: MKGP 2002)
Ukrep A.1: Ko{nja travi{~
Ko{nja kislih travi{~ in altimontanskih resav, na katerih je bilo pred ~asom opu{~eno pridobivanje krme za `ivino. Obstoje~a travi{~a bi bilo treba kositi po prostorskem redu strukturirano, to je v presledkih po ve~ let. Ko{nja naj obsega predvsem tiste dele travi{~, ki se zara{~ajo z invazivnimi vrstami trav, kot so Calamagrostis sp., poko{eno biomaso pa je treba odstraniti. Ko{njo je treba ponoviti enkrat v treh letih. Povr{ine, ki so bogate z zeli{~no plastjo borovnice, brusnice in jesenske vrese, naj se ohranjajo in izvzamejo iz ko{nje; okrog teh povr{in je priporo~ljiva ko{nja v manj{ih zaplatah (do 5 m2) enkrat v treh letih, dokler se povr{ina ne zaraste z omenjenimi vrstami.
Ukrep A.2: Vzdr`evanje grmovne zarasti na zara{~ajo~ih se travi{~ih
Posamezne grmovne in drevesne vrste, kot so jerebika, smreka Picea abies, jelka, macesen, navadni brin, naj se na obmo~ju travi{~ pu{~ajo, tako kot tudi {opi omenjenih drevesnih vrst, zlasti v okolici rasti{~. Drevesne vrste v fazi mladovja naj se ohranjajo kot manj{e zaplate (velikosti do 50 m2), pri ~emer je treba dati prednost ~im bolj heterogeni porazdelitvi (nikakor ne v obliki kvadrata, ampak s ~im ve~jimi jeziki v zaplato).
Tabela 2: Sklep kro{enj in razvojne faze gozdov na obmo~ju predlaganega akcijskega na~rta (PS – [P – posamezno do {opasto raznomerno, SK – GN – skupinsko do gnezdasto raznomerno; vir: ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2000)
Table 2: Canopy density and development phases of forests in the area of the proposed action plan (PS – [P – individual to clustered uneven aged, SK – GN – joint to nest-like uneven aged; source: ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2000)
Raba tal / Land use	Površina/		Delež/
	Surface area		Share
	(ha)	852,63	(%)
Gozd / Forest			89,62
Ekstenzivni travniki/		46,76	4,92
Extensively farmed grassland			
Intenzivni travniki/		26,46	2,78
Intensively farmed grassland			
Zemljišča v zaraščanju/		16,98	1,79
Gradually overgrown land			
Pozidano / Built up		7,87	0,83
Njive in vrtovi / Fields and		0,62	0,06
gardens			
Vode / Waters		0,01	0,00
Skupaj / Total		951,33	100,00
Razvojne faze/			Sklep kro{enj	/ Cano	py density (closure) Rahel / Loose			last/ gaps %	Skupaj	/ Total
Development phases	Tesen /	Tight	Normalen/ Normal				Vrze With ha			
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%			ha	%
Mladovje/ Seedlings	9,4	1,1	22,8	2,8	0,6	0,1	0,0	0,0	32,8	4,0
Drogovnjak/ Polewood stand	20,7	2,5	66,8	8,1	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	87,5	10,6
Debeljak / Stand of mature trees	0,0	0,0	339,8	41,1	135,4	16,4	0,0	0,0	475,2	57,4
Razn. (PS-[P)/ Uneven aged	0,0	0,0	12,0	1,4	51,2	6,2	66,7	8,1	130,0	15,7
Razn. (SK-GN)/ Uneven aged	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	44,5	5,4	17,1	2,1	61,6	7,4
Pionirski gozd/ Pioneer forest	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	4,0	0,5	4,0	0,5
Skupaj / Total	30,1	3,6	446,0	53,9	238,2	28,8	113,0	13,7	827,3	100,0
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Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Slika 3: Raba kmetijskih zemlji{~ v maju 2000 na obmo~ju predlaganega akcijskega na~rta (vir: MKGP 2002) Figure 3: Use of arable land in May 2000 in the area of the proposed action plan (source: MKGP 2002)
Ukrep A.3: Odstranjevanje gozdne zarasti
Kr~enje gozdov naj poteka skladno s fazo presvetljevanja gozdnih sestojev. Sprva naj se kr~ijo povr{ine, ki mejijo na dr`avno mejo. Proces kr~enja povr{in je opredeljen na obdobje 10 let. Kr~itve naj potekajo tako, da se ohranjajo posamezna ve~ja drevesa; kr~enje naj poteka prek stopnje mo~nih presvetlitev. S tem se zavre intenzivno razbohotenje gozdnih trav (zlasti Calamagrostis sp.), ki bi druga~e prerasle celotne ogolele povr{ine. Nastale kr~itve naj imajo gozdni rob ~im bolj strukturiran, tako da po kr~itvi ne bodo nastajale ravne linije med nastalimi travi{~i in gozdom. Ustvarjajo se manj{i jeziki (do ene drevesne vi{ine sestoja). Prehod prek presvetljevanja sestojev (ukrep B.1) naj bo postopen.
3.2. Gozdovi
Kljub velikem naboru habitatnih tipov, ki jih ru{evec naseljuje,  vrsta  ni  izrazito  navezana  na  gozdnato
krajino (Beichle 1987 citirano po Baines 1995, Storch 2000a). Ugodnej{a je ~im manj{a zastrtost tal s kro{njami. Posledica manj{e zastrtosti tal s kro{njami iglavcev (smreka, rde~i bor, macesen) so bolj{e svetlobne in rasti{~ne razmere za rast bujnih zeli{~nih plasti z borovnico in brusnico (Klaus et al. 1990, Baines 1995, Filacorda et al. 1995). Ti dve rastlinski vrsti sta zanj v prehrani bistvenega pomena predvsem v jesenskem ~asu. Povzamemo lahko, da so strjeni gozdni kompleksi brez pritalne vegetacije zanj neugodni. Ru{evec biva samo v predelih z znatnimi povr{inami odprtega terena ali zgodnjih sukcesijskih stadijev gozdov kot tudi starih in mo~no presvetljenih sestojev. Na obmo~ju predvidenega akcijskega na~rta prevladujejo debeljaki (57%), sledijo raznomerni gozdovi (skupaj 23%), manj je drogovnjakov in pomlajencev (tabela 2). Dele` mladovij in pionirskih gozdov je majhen (pod 5%). Glede sklepa kro{enj prevladujejo gozdovi z normalnim (446 ha) do rahlim sklepom (283 ha); zavzemajo 83% obmo~ja. Gozdov s tesnim sklepom kro{enj je malo (pod 4%), z vidika
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J. Guli~: Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
Tabela 3: Lesna zaloga gozdov v nara{~ajo~ih stopnjah po 100 m3/ha v letu 1998 na obmo~ju predvidenega akcijskega na~rta (vir: ZGS oe Slovenj Gradec 2000)
Table 3: Timber-growing stock at increasing grades at 100 m3/ha in 1998 in the area of the proposed action plan (source: ZGS oe Slovenj Gradec 2000)
Lesna zaloga/	Povr{ina / Surface	area
Timber-growing	ha	%
stock (m3/ha)		
< IOO	51,3	6,2
IOI - 200	39,7	4,8
20I - 3OO	308,7	37,3
3OI - 4OO	333,0	40,2
> 4OI	94,6 827,3	11,4
Skupaj / Total		100,0
ru{ev~eve biologije pa je najpomembnej{i vrzelasti sklep kro{enj, katerih povr{ina presega 13%. Rahlega do vrzelastega sklepa je najve~ v fazi raznomernih gozdov in pomlajencev. V gozdovih na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka je bil pozimi 2002/03 mo~an snegolom, ki je tu in tam {e dodatno presvetlil gozdne sestoje, zlasti nad 1300 m n.v. Znaten dele` gozdov (77%) ima lesno zalogo med 200 in 400 m3/ha (tabela 3).
Najugodnej{a struktura habitata ru{evca ob upo{tevanju lesne zaloge so mo~no presvetljeni stari debeljaki, katerih lesna zaloga ne presega 300 m3/ ha. Tak{ni gozdovi se razprostirajo pove~ini nad 1300 m n.v. Glede vrste gozdov (tabela 4) prevladujejo jelovja s sekundarnim smre~jem, sledijo visokogorska smrekovja ter bukovi gozdovi.
Gro`nja: Tesen sklep kro{enj gozdov na o`jem obmo~ju rasti{~
Kljub mo~nemu snegolomu v letu 2002/2003, ki je prizadel gozdove Ko{enjaka, je na o`jem obmo~ju ru{ev~evih rasti{~ prevelik dele` sestojev z izrazito neprimernim sklepom kro{enj za ru{evca. Ti sestoji so v fazi debeljakov, drogovnjakov in ponekod v raznomerni fazi.
Ukrep B.1: Presvetljevanje gozdnih sestojev okrog centrov rasti{~
Presvetljeni gozdovi naj imajo po izvedbi del videz zna~ilnih vrzelastih gozdov na zgornji gozdni meji. Za ohranjanje stabilne strukture sestojev naj se gozdno gojitvena dela opravljajo tako, da so sestoji ~im manj ogro`eni pred vremenskimi vplivi, {e posebej pred vetrovi. Vzgoja in nega tak{nih struktur mora biti opredeljena tudi v gozdnogospodarskem na~rtu enote. Tu in tam naj se pu{~ajo posamezni {opi dreves, zlasti z ohranjanjem plodonosnih drevesnih vrst. Posekana drevesa naj se v manj{i meri pu{~ajo na mestu poseka, preostali del (3/4) pa naj se iz gozdov odstrani, gozdni red (vejevje in vrhovi naj se zlagajo ob drevesne panje – izbolj{anje razmer kritja za vrsto). Obvezno naj se pu{~ajo starej{a markantnej{a drevesa, ki so `e ali so potencialna za mesta posedanja ptic. To so zlasti drevesa smrek, macesna, rde~ega bora in bukve. Presvetljevanje sestojev naj se opravlja postopoma (v obdobju 10 let); ohranjajo naj se mravlji{~a, pu{~ajo naj se vejnate smreke. Razpored povr{in, namenjenih presvetljevanju, naj se med posameznimi rasti{~i prostorsko dopolnjuje in povezuje z razgozdenimi in zara{~ajo~imi se povr{inami onkraj dr`avne meje.
Tabela 4: Gospodarski razredi gozdov na obmo~ju predvidenega akcijskega na~rta (vir: ZGS oe Slovenj Gradec 2000) Table 4: Managed forest classes in the area of the proposed action plan (source: ZGS oe Slovenj Gradec 2000)
Gospodarski razred gozda / Managed forest class
Visokogorski smrekovi gozdovi na revnej{ih rasti{~ih / High altitude
spruce forests at poorer natural sites
Revna jelovja s sekundarnim smre~jem / Poor fir-wood with secondary
spruce-wood
Bogatej{e jelovje na silikatu / Richer fir-wood on silicate
Zmerno acidofilni bukov gozd / Moderate acid-loving beech forest
Rasti{~a zmerno kislih bukovih gozdov / Sites with moderately acid beech forests
Skupaj / Total
Povr{ina / Surface area
ha
150,1
609,8
%
17,9
72,6
71,1	8,5
3,5	0,4
5,3	0,6
839,8	100,0
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Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Ukrep bo pripomogel k pove~anju ugodnej{ih prehranskih in gnezditvenih povr{in (ve~ podrasti), kot tudi k ve~ji povezanosti med rasti{~i.
Gro`nja: Vrstna sestava drevesnih vrst
Na dolo~enih povr{inah manjkajo tiste drevesne vrste, ki so pomembne za zadovoljevanje prehranskih potreb ru{evca v zimskem obdobju. Poleg smreke so to predvsem jerebika, macesen in rde~i bor.
Ukrep B.2: Ohranjanje in saditev jerebike in macesna
Ohranjajo naj se obstoje~a drevesa, tako da se jim zagotavlja primeren rastni prostor, ozave{~ati je treba lastnike gozdov o pomenu teh vrst. Kot ukrep naj se sadita jerebika in macesen v manj{ih skupinah z individualno za{~ito. Saditi ne smemo na samem rastitvenem prostoru, ampak na prisojnih legah na obmo~jih presvetlitev gozdnih sestojev. Z ukrepom bo s~asoma dose`ena bolj{a zastopanost teh vrst.
3.3. Saditev grmovne zarasti
V grmovni plasti prevladuje skorajda izklju~no smreka. Pojavljajo se {e jerebika, bukev in macesen, manj je rde~ega bora in navadnega brina. V vi{e le`e~ih gozdovih nad 1300 m n.v. se gozdno mladje pojavlja posami~no in v manj{ih zaplatah (ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2000).
Gro`nja: Pomanjkanje pestrosti vrst v grmovni plasti
Pomanjkanje vrstne pestrosti v grmovni plasti zmanj{uje ugodne prehranske razmere.
Ukrep C.1: Saditev grmovnih vrst
Sadijo naj se vrste, kot sta navadni brin in ru{je. Brin naj se ponekod sadi na prisojnih zara{~ajo~ih se povr{inah nad 1350 m n.v. Predvidevam, da bi bilo treba skupno posaditi do 100 sadik navadnega brina. Ru{je naj se prav tako sadi na zara{~ajo~ih se povr{inah, kjer ni velike bojazni, da ga bodo v naslednjih 20ih letih prerasla drevesa. Ru{je naj se sadi v skupinicah po nekaj sadik nad 1350 m n.v.
3.4. Uravnavanje populacije plenilcev
Kot plenilce ru{evca navajajo kragulja, skobca Accipiter nisus, kanjo Buteo buteo, planinskega orla, veliko uharico  Bubo bubo, krokarja  Corvus corax,  lisico,
volka Canis lupus, kuno belico in rosomaha Gulo gulo, v Srednji Evropi pa so glavni plenilci lisica, kuna belica in kragulj (Storch 2000a). V Sloveniji je lisica splo{no raz{irjena vrsta, `ivi vse do zgornje gozdne meje, ponekod {e vi{je (Kry{tufek 1991). Lisica `ivi na celotnem obmo~ju Ko{enjaka in Velke. Gostota lisi~ine populacije v zadnjem obdobju nekoliko niha. Trendi odstrela ka`ejo na rast {tevil~nosti vse do leta 1999 (ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2001). Pove~anje je izrazito zlasti po letu 1992. Iz podatkov o upravljanju z lisico v desetletnem obdobju (ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2001) je zanesljivo le, da je odstrel nara{~al med letoma 1990 in 1998. Glede na leto 1990 je bil v letu 1998 ve~ji kar za 2,7- krat. Leta 1998 je bil odstrel najvi{ji, in sicer 0,9 lisice na 100 ha lovne povr{ine. S cepljenjem lisic proti steklini smo zavrli tudi naravne regulacijske mehanizme. Sicer je lisica prehranski oportunist (Labhardt 1994), njen glavni plen pa so glodalci, ki lahko sestavljajo do 90% prehrane (Kry{tufek 1991). Prehranska pestrost je odvisna predvsem od letnega ~asa in razpolo`ljivega plena v dolo~enem prostoru (Pilli & De Battisti 2000).
Odstrel kune belice je bil pove~an po letu 1992 (150 osebkov). Najvi{ji je bil leta 1996, ko je bil glede na leto 1991 (127 osebkov) skoraj 3-krat vi{ji (ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec 2001). Previsoka gostota populacije ka`e, da ukrepi varstva in gojitve niso bili uspe{ni oziroma so bili morda usmerjeni v napa~ne akcije.
Gro`nja: Prevelika {tevil~nost plenilcev koconogih kur
Zaradi ob~utnih sprememb v krajini, lovstvu in naravovarstvu (za{~ita vrst naravnih plenilcev), se je pritisk predatorjev na koconoge kure v zadnjih 30 letih izrazito pove~al (Storch 2000a & b). Gozdna razdrobljenost, gnojenje povr{in, velike koli~ine odpadkov kot vir hrane so vplivali na velik porast plenilcev glodalcev in ptic (Schmalzer & Uhl 2000). [tevil~nost lisic je po Evropi drasti~no narasla po uvedbi vakcinacije zoper steklino v 80ih letih (Vos 1995). Ka`e, da je v srednji Evropi najve~ji plenilec gnezd ru{evca divji pra{i~ Sus scrofa, katerega {tevil~nost se je v habitatih koconogih kur lokalno zelo pove~ala (Klaus 1985). V obmo~jih srednje Evrope, kjer je ptica kriti~no prizadeta, je kontrola plenilcev eden izmed klju~nih ukrepov za izbolj{anje populacijskih kazalcev vrste (Holst Jorgensen 1995).
Ukrep D.1: Uravnavanje populacije plenilcev
Zaradi pomanjkanja konkretnih podatkov o {tevil~nosti   plenilcev   v   ru{ev~evem   habitatu   na
127
J. Guli~: Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
obmo~ju akcijskega na~rta je vsakr{no uravnavanje populacije vpra{ljivo in neargumentirano. Pri lisici in kuni belici je treba spremljati {tevil~nost oziroma trend in zdravstveno stanje populacije, na osnovi tega pa oceniti, v kak{ni meri vplivata ta dva plenilca na ru{ev~evo populacijo.
[tevil~nost lisic in kun je mogo~e ocenjevati z direktnimi in indirektnimi metodami. Med indirektne metode uvr{~amo: sledove, zasedenost lisi~in – legla, ogla{anje v obdobju parjenja ipd. Direktne metode, ki so v uporabi pri monitoringu lisic, so telemetrijsko spremljanje osebkov, ulov, ozna~evanje in ponovni ulov, radioaktivno ozna~evanje iztrebkov, naklju~no videvanje in sistemati~no {tetje (Beltrán et al. 1991, Sadlier et al. 2004). [tevil~nost lisic lahko ocenjujemo na podlagi najdenih iztrebkov in mest uriniranja (Webbon et al. 2004), lahko pa se ugotavlja tudi na podlagi transektne metode in no~nim {tetjem lisic s pomo~jo reflektorjev (Ruette et al. 2003).
Na podlagi rezultatov bo mogo~e pripraviti ukrepe, ki bodo usmerjeni k morebitnemu zmanj{anju {tevil~nosti lisice in kune belice. Postavljanje krmi{~ in mrhovi{~ za divje pra{i~e v `ivljenjski prostor ptice ne sodi.
3.5. Monitoring in preu~evanje
Dosedanje vedenje o okoljskih parametrih osrednjega `ivljenjskega prostora ru{evca kot tudi o delni populaciji na Ko{enjaku je pomanjkljivo. Podatki o pojavljanju vrste na tem obmo~ju izvirajo le iz statistike, ki jo vodi LD Dravograd. Lastnosti ru{ev~evega habitata na Ko{enjaku so v dolo~eni meri lahko primerljive s habitatom na Pohorju (Guli~ 2002, Guli~ et al. 2003).
Gro`nja: Nezadostno poznavanje populacijskih parametrov vrste in njenega `ivljenjskega prostora.
Gro`nja se ka`e predvsem v pomanjkljivem poznavanju parametrov subpopulacije, kot sta starostna in spolna struktura. Prav tako je pere~e dejstvo, da je ptica lovna vrsta na sosednji avstrijski strani meje. Tudi podatki o rasti{~ih in {tevilu pojo~ih petelinov v spomladanskem ~asu kot tudi trendi v subpopulaciji na sosednji strani meje niso zbrani.
Ukrep E.1: Monitoring vrste in habitata
V obmo~jih, kjer se za potrebe na~rtovanja gozdnega prostora `e tradicionalno opravlja {tetje koconogih kur, so se s~asoma izoblikovale {tevilne metode {tetja. Lo~imo spomladansko in jesensko {tetje  osebkov;
128
~as popisovanja je odvisen predvsem od tipa ptice in lovske tradicije. Spomladanski ~as je primeren za {tetje pojo~ih samcev, ki lahko poteka na rasti{~nih prostorih ali pa po za~rtanih transektih. Za reprodukcijsko sposobnost vrste se upo{teva {tevilo pojo~ih samcev in {tevilo aktivnih rasti{~ na velikost obmo~ja. Pri jesenskem {tetju prevladuje transektna metoda; za vrednotenje stanja v populaciji se upo{tevata starostna in spolna struktura. Tretji pristop, ki je raz{irjen v Severni Ameriki, temelji na pridobljenih podatkih o odstreljenih pticah iz kontrolnih lovskih postaj ter iz vpra{alnikov (Storch 2000a). V nekaterih delih Evrope in Severne Amerike je monitoring ru{evca eden od pogojev za gospodarjenje z gozdovi. Posamezne evropske dr`ave imajo v ta namen zasnovane standardizirane in statisti~ne sheme monitoringa, kjer spremljajo velikost, strukturo in trende v populaciji (Lindén 1996 citirano po Storch 2000a). Kakovost podatkov, zbranih na podlagi tradicionalnih na~inov {tetja osebkov na rasti{~ih, je pri dolo~enih vrstah koconogih kur nezanesljiva (Klaus et al. 1989).
Za potrebe pri~ujo~ega akcijskega na~rta se bomo odlo~ili za spomladansko {tetje vrste, ki se uporablja tudi drugod po Sloveniji (Poro~ilo o {tetju ru{evca... 1997 – 2004). Opazovanje in {tetje osebkov naj se opravi v spomladanskem ~asu na obmo~ju rasti{~nega prostora. Posku{a naj se zagotoviti popis vseh aktivnih ter deloma aktivnih rasti{~, tako da je opazovanje opravljeno v teku enega dne. Tak{no opazovanje naj se opravi dvakrat v rastitveni sezoni. Najprimernej{i ~as za opazovanje je med koncem meseca marca do sredine maja v zgodnjih jutranjih urah. Opazovanja naj se zapisujejo v za to izdelane obrazce ter zbirajo na enem mestu. S pomo~jo programskih orodij GIS naj se dobljeni podatki o pojavljanju ptice in spremembah v `ivljenjskem prostoru posku{ajo ovrednotiti skozi modeliranje. Za poglobljeno vrednotenje habitata vrste bi bilo treba opraviti ve~letne telemetrijske raziskave, kar pa ni predmet tega akcijskega na~rta.
3.6. Informiranje udele`encev in javnosti
Koconoge kure so prvenstveno ogro`ene zaradi ~love{kih motenj v prostoru, zato je informiranje in izobra`evanje prebivalstva pomemben ukrep tovrstnih varstvenih programov. Ozave{~ena javnost lahko bistveno pripomore k uspehu naravovarstvenih naporov.
Gro`nja: Pomanjkanje naravovarstvene ozave{~enosti
Javnost ni dovolj dobro seznanjena s pomenom varstva narave. Tudi v vzgojno-izobra`evalnem procesu se te
Acrocephalus 25 (m): IV) - 134, 2OO4
Tabela 5: Velikost povr{in, kjer naj bi se opravljala dela v prostoru po predvidenih ukrepih na Ko{enjaku
Tabela 5: Surface areas at Mt. Ko{enjak where various activities as per proposed measures are to be carried out
Predvidene akcije/                                Obseg povr{in/
Proposed activities                                 Surface areas
ha           %
Vzdr`evanje grmovne zarasti                     3,9               15 Brushwood maintenance
Presvetljevanje gozdnih sestojev/              12,5             48 Canopy opening in forest stands
Ko{nja travi{~/                                        5,7              22
Mowing of grasslands
Odstranjevanje gozdne zarasti/                 4,2              16
Removal of trees
Skupaj / Total                                       26,3           100
tematike vse premalo poudarjajo. Obiskovalci nimajo klju~nih informacij, ki bi jih seznanile o pomenu varstva narave na Ko{enjaku. Obstaja gro`nja, da se na grebenu naredijo nove poti, da se postavi dodatna turisti~na infrastruktura ter da se pove~a dostopnost obiskovalcev v mirnej{a obmo~ja.
Ukrep F.1: Izobra`evanje in ozave{~anje javnosti
S pomo~jo naravovarstvenih organizacij (npr. Zavod RS za varstvo narave, Dru{tvo za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije) naj se zagotovi predstavitev na temo »Ru{evec in varstvo narave« v osnovni {oli v Dravogradu in pripravi posvet z okoli{kimi lovskimi dru{tvi. Informiranje mladine naj poteka v sklopu {olskega programa v obsegu ene {olske ure. V ta namen naj se pripravi ilustrirana zlo`enka. Na planinskem domu na Ko{enjaku naj se obiskovalcem v poletnem ~asu delijo zlo`enke. Ob planinski poti, ki vodi na Ko{enjak, naj se na parkirnem mestu ob domu postavi opozorilna tabla, ki bo izletniku na poljuden na~in predstavila ru{evca, njegov `ivljenjski prostor ter vzroke ogro`enosti. Omeji naj se nadelava novih planinskih in pohodni{kih poti po samem grebenu ter v gozdovih nad 1100 m n.v. V sam proces izobra`evanja in informiranja javnosti je treba vklju~iti vse udele`ence v prostoru, od lastnikov zemlji{~, izletnikov, {portnih organizacij do lovskih organizacij in planinskih dru{tev.
3.7. Izvedba in obseg predvidenih del
Predvidena dela v prostoru se bodo na obmo~ju akcijskega   na~rta   opravljala   na   povr{ini   26   ha
(tabela 5), pri ~emer se bodo posamezne akcije dopolnjevale. Najve~ji poudarek bo na presvetljevanju gozdnih sestojev ter posami~nih ko{njah znotraj novo nastalih svetlobnih zaplat. Predvideni ukrepi naj bi se izvajali predvsem v tretjem (juliju, avgustu, septembru) in ~etrtem (med oktobrom in koncem decembra) obdobju leta (tabela 6). Z vidika `ivljenjskega cikla vrste je to {e dopusten ~as za usmerjeno ukrepanje v njihovem `ivljenjskem okolju.
4. Zaklju~ek
Ko{enjak (1522 m n.v.) je skrajni zahodni in obenem najvi{ji vrh Kozjaka, ki se naslanja na {iroko gorsko gmoto avstrijske Golice (2140 m n.v.). Na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka `ivi 1% ru{ev~eve populacije v Sloveniji. Pojavljanje ru{evca na Ko{enjaku je verjetno posledica antropogenih dejavnikov. Ugodne razmere za to vrsto so posledica intenzivnega izkori{~anja gozdov, novinarjenja in pa{a `ivine vse od 17. do sredine 20. stoletja. @ivljenjski prostor obsega zasmre~ene gorske gozdove, na samem grebenu se pojavljajo gorska travi{~a in resave. Zaradi opu{~anja tradicionalne rabe prostora se travi{~a naglo zara{~ajo, gozdni sestoji tvorijo sklenjen sklep kro{enj. Cilji pri~ujo~ega akcijskega na~rta so dose~i ugodno stanje ru{ev~eve subpopulacije in njegovega habitata. Predvideni ukrepi so usmerjeni v vzdr`evanje in ve~anje kakovosti in obsega habitata vrste (ko{nja travi{~, presvetljevanje sestojev, sadnja grmovnih vrst), v izbolj{anje statusa, preu~evanja in varovanja vrste. Nadalje bo treba zagotoviti stabilnost delne populacije ter njeno rast v dalj{em ~asovnem obdobju kot tudi zadostno evidentiranje sprememb v {tevil~nosti vrste. Da bi dosegli bolj{o raziskanost lokalne populacije in izbolj{ati varstveni status vrste, bo potrebno sodelovanje z upravljalci lovi{~ onkraj dr`avne meje. Posebno pozornost bo treba nameniti javnosti in jo prek informativnih sredstev ozave{~ati o pomenu varstva narave na Ko{enjaku. Predlagano {ir{e obmo~je, kjer naj bi se uresni~evali ukrepi za ohranjanje ugodnega stanja subpopulacij ru{evca, obsega 965 ha. Obmo~ij, kjer bi se opravljali posegi v sam osrednji habitat, je 26 ha. Akcijski na~rt je predviden za obdobje 2005 – 2011.
5. Povzetek
Upadanje {tevil~nosti ru{evca Tetrao tetrix po vsej Evropi je bilo zaznati `e ob koncu 19. stoletja, prav dramati~no pa se je njegova populacija za~ela zmanj{evati po letu 1970. Slovenija pri tem ni nobena izjema; dostopni podatki za celotno dr`avo ka`ejo na zna~ilen upad in fragmentiranje populacije. Zaradi
129
J. Guli~: Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
dejstva, da ru{evec pri nas dosega ju`no mejo areala raz{irjenosti vrste, lahko pri~akujemo, da se bo njegov `ivljenjski prostor zaradi robnega efekta {e naprej zmanj{eval. Pri tem bodo najve~jih izgub dele`ne prav subpopulacije v sredogorju. Predvidevamo, da se ru{ev~ev habitat zmanj{uje predvsem zaradi zara{~anja gorskih travi{~ in dvigovanja zgornje gozdne meje, degradacije habitata (turizem, promet ipd.) in pove~anega pritiska plenilcev. [tevil~no stanje ru{evca v Sloveniji se giblje med 2300 in 2600 osebki, od tega na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka `ivi 1% njegove populacije. Akcijski na~rt predvideva ukrepe v prostoru (travi{~a v zara{~anju in gozdovi), monitoring in preu~evanje vrste, informiranje udele`encev akcijskega na~rta in javnosti, ukrepe v populaciji plenilcev. Predvidevana dela na obmo~ju akcijskega na~rta zajemajo povr{ino 26 ha. Predvideni ukrepi naj bi se uresni~evali v obdobju med letoma 2005 in 2011.
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[tevil~no stanje ru{evca v Sloveniji (2004): Zavod RS za varstvo narave, zbiranje podatkov (neobjavljeno).
Uradni list RS (1999): Konvencija o varstvu prosto `ive~ega evropskega rastlinstva in `ivalstva ter njunih naravnih `ivljenjskih prostorov – Bernska konvencija (Zakon o ratifikaciji Konvencije o varstvu prosto `ive~ega evropskega rastlinstva in `ivalstva ter njunih naravnih `ivljenjskih prostorov, MP 17/99).
Uradni list RS (1993): Uredba o zavarovanju ogro`enih `ivalskih vrst ({t. 57/93).
Uradni list RS (2004a): Zakon o divjadi in lovstvu ZDLov-1 ({t.16/04).
Uradni list RS (2004b): Uredba o dolo~itvi divjadi in lovnih dob ({t. 101/04).
Uradni list RS (2004c): Uredba o ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih ({t. 48/04).
Uradni list RS (2004d): Pravilnik o dolo~itvi in varstvu naravnih vrednot ({t. 111/04).
Uradni list RS (2004e): Odlok o spremembah in dopolnitvah prostorskih sestavin dolgoro~nega plana Ob~ine Dravograd za obdobje 1986–2000 in srednjero~nega dru`benega plana Ob~ine Dravograd za obdobje 1986–1990, dopolnjen leta 2001 ({t. 72/04).
Vos, A. (1995): Population dynamics of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) after the disappearance of rabies in county Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 1987-1992. In: Helle, E. & Hentton, J. (eds.): North Europ. Symp. on the Acology of Small and Medium-sized Carnivores, Lammi, Finland, April 1994. – Ann. Zool. Fenn. 32(1): 93-97.
Webbon, C.C., Baker, P. & Harris, S. (2004): Faecal density counts for monitoring changes in red fox numbers in rural Britain. – Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 768-779.
ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec (2000): Gozdnogospodarski na~rt GE Dravograd, obdobje 1998-2007.
ZGS OE Slovenj Gradec (2001): Desetletni lovskogojitveni na~rt za Pohorsko lovskogojitveno obmo~je, obdobje 2001-2010.
Prispelo / Arrived: 28.9.2004 Sprejeto / Accepted: 7.3.2005
I3I
J. Guli~: Akcijski na~rt za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na obmo~ju Ko{enjaka (SSV Slovenija)
PRILOGA / APPENDIX
Tabela 6: Pregled ukrepov in ~as izvedbe za potrebe na~rtovanja del v okviru akcijskega na~rta za varstvo ru{evca Tetrao tetrix na Ko{enjaku (siva polja ponazarjajo ~asovna obdobja uresni~evanja ukrepov: I – januar do marec, II – april do junij, III – julij do avgust, IV – oktober do december)
Table 6: An overview of the measures and time of their implementation required for the planning of works to be carried out within the action plan for the conservation of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix framework in the area of Mt. Ko{enjak (with grey surfaces indicating the periods in which measures are to be carried out: I – January to March, II – April to June, III – July to August, IV – October to December)
132
*r
Leto / Year                                    2005                         2006                         2007                         2008                         2009                         2010                          2011
Ukrep / Measure                 I       II     III    IV     I      II     III    IV     I      II     III    IV     I       II     III    IV     I       II     III    IV     I      II     III    IV     I      II     III    IV
A. Travišča in zaraščajoča se travišča / Grasslands and gradually overgrown grasslands:
A. 1 Košnja travišč/ Mowing A.2 Vzdrževanje	K	K ¦		¦   K
grmovne zarasti na zaraščajočih se travišč/ Maintenance of brushwood in gradually				
ovregrown grasslands				
A.3 Odstranjevanje gozdne zarasti/ Removal of trees	m	¦		
B. Gozdovi / Forests:				
B.l Presvetljevanje gozdnih sestojev okrog centrov rastišč/ Opening of forest stands around display				
site centers		^H		^M
B.2 Ohranjanje, sadnja jerebike in macesna/	1		^	
Preservation and planting of Mountain Ash and Larch			1	
C. Saditev grmovne zarasti / Planting of brush	wood:			
C.l Saditev plodonosnih grmovnih vrst / Planting of fructiferous brush species	1		l	
Leto / Year                                        2005	2006		2007		2008		2009				2010			2011	
Ukrep / Measure                   I       II     III    IV      I       II     III     IV      I       II     III				IV     I	II     III	IV     I	II	III	IV	I    II   III			IV     I	II     III	IV
D. Uravnavanje populacije plenilcev / Regulation of predator populations:															
D.l Uravnavanje populacije plenilcev/ Regulation of predator populations		1													
E. Monitoring vrste in habitata / Monitoring of the species and its habitat:															
E.l Monitoring vrste in habitata / Monitoring of the species and its habitat			1       1										1		
F. Izobraževanje in ozaveščanje javnosti / Public awareness building and education:
El Izobraževanje in ozaveščanje javnosti/ Informing of the public and its awareness building
a
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W
o a"
L
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Acrocephalus 25 (m):    FJJ - 138, 2OO4
Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) found in the Great Tit Parus major in Slovenia
Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) najdena v veliki sinici Parus major v Sloveniji
Aleksandra Vergles Rataj1, Marija Nemec2, Ksenija Vlahovi}3, Renata Lindtner-Knific4 & Alenka Dov~4
1 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbi~eva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: aleksandra.vergles@vf.uni-lj.si
2 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Clinic for ruminants with ambulatory clinic, Cesta v Mestni log 47, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: marija.nemec@vf.uni-lj.si
3 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, Heinzelova 55, HR-1000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: vlahovic@vef.hr
4 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Cesta v Mestni log 47, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: renata.lindtner@vf.uni-lj.si, alenka.dovc@vf.uni-lj.si
Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS
Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia
The abdominal cavity of a dead Great Tit Parus major was found to be full of soft, dirty white and yellowish parasites. Exhaustion, dehydration, airsacculitis and perihepatitis were recorded in the dead bird. The digestive tract and faeces were examined using the fotation method, and found to be parasitologically negative. The parasites from the abdominal cavity were flariae, which belong to the genus Aprocta sp. The size of the female parasite was between 10.5 and 12.2 cm. The male was smaller, between 9.0 and 9.5 cm. The eggs had thick walls with larvae and the egg size was 450 x 250 µm. This is the frst record and description of Aprocta sp. in the Great Tit in Slovenia.
Key words: Parus major, Great Tit, parasites, flariae, Aprocta sp., Slovenia Klju~ne besede: Parus major, velika sinica, zajedavci, flarije, Aprocta sp., Slovenija
1. Introduction
The Great Tit Parus major is widespread and numerous in most parts of Europe. It is common and widespread species in Slovenia, although it is scarcer at higher altitudes. In Slovenia there are about 300,000 breeding pairs (Geister 1995). In winter, the species is present in large numbers in urban areas, and very common in mixed focks with other passerine species (Sovinc 1994).
The nematode superfamily Aproctoidea is divided into two families, Aproctidae and Desmidocercidae. Little is known about their life cycles but it is likely that the family Aproctidae is more present in land birds, living in their air sacs, while the Desmidocercidae family is more frequent in piscivorus water birds, e.g. cormorants and albatrosses. Species from the latter family are found in air sacs, kidneys, livers, lungs, gall bladder, intestines and gizzard (Anderson 2000).
Haematophagous arthropods transmit eggs or larvae (microflariae) to vertebrates, where adult flariae develop. Developmental forms move through lymphatic ducts or blood vessels in the host’s body. Adult flariae live in tissue or the peritoneal cavity where they breed, producing eggs (Loye & Zuk 1991).
Pinto et al. (1997) described the species Aprocta pyrrhurae (Raillet & Henry 1910), which they recorded in the body cavity of Cyanocorax Jays from Brazil. They had also found these species in parrots (Pinto et al. 1993). Oniki et al. (2002) recorded the species Aprocta golvani (Diaz-Ungria 1963) in birds in Brazil. In addition, Aprocta sp. was often found in intraorbital sinuses and eye cavities (Quentin et al. 1976, Brglez 1981, Okulewicz 1984, Hernandezrodriguez et al. 1986, Lepojev et al. 1990, Manfredi et al. 1992). Brglez (1981) recorded the flarian species Aprocta turgida in the nasal cavity of Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus in Slovenia. Lepojev et al. (1990) were the
135
A. Vergles Rataj et al.: Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) found in the Great Tit Parus major in Slovenia
frst to describe the same species of parasites in nasal sinuses of a Black-headed Gull in Serbia (Lepojev et al. 1990). Manfredi et al. (1992) found Aprocta matronensis (Raillet & Henry 1910) in the eye cavity of Carrion Crows Corvus corone corone from Northern Italy. Aprocta cylindrica (Linstow 1883), which was recorded in songbirds in Africa, also lives in eye cavities (Quentin et al. 1976). In Poland, Aprocta cylindrica was frst recorded in 1984 in the Robin Erithacus rubecula. The species Aprocta intraorbitalis was found in nasal sinuses of crows and songbirds (Hernandezrodriguez et al. 1986).
In the present study we describe, for the frst time in Slovenia, flariae from the genus Aprocta sp. in the Great Tit.
2. Material and methods
A single Great Tit was found dead in the area of Kresnice near Litija in January 2001. A post mortem examination was performed. Liver, intestine and parasites from the abdominal cavity were examined bacteriologically and parasitologically. Liver was exposed to general bacteriological examination. Faecal samples were examined for the presence of endoparasites, using the fotation method (Thienpont et al. 1979). We found parasites in the abdominal cavity, washed them out with water, separated them with an entomological needle and identifed them by morphological criteria.
3. Results
Necropsy of the Great Tit showed general exhaustion and dehydration. Macroscopically, airsacculitis and perihepatitis were also recorded. Air sacks and surface of liver were clotted with white-yellowish fbrinous thick masses measuring about 1 mm. Bacteriological examination of liver was negative. Examination of the digestive tract revealed no parasites, but rather minor catarrhallic enteritis. During macroscopic examination of the ball of soft, yellowish dirty white parasites from the abdominal cavity, we found a large number of adult flariae of both sexes. The body of the parasite was cylindrical, fragile and yellowish dirty white colour. The size of the female parasite was between 10.5 and 12.2 cm. The male was smaller, between 9.0 and 9.5 cm. In its mouthpart we noticed four small tubes, which continued into the interior like wide pipes. Males had spicula of unequal size, one was spindly twisted, the other fat with the back distal part gently curved. Both spicula were distally fat. The female had a mouthpart similar to that observed in males. The
136
vulva was near the mouthpart (Figure 1). The back part of the female had a semi-circular shape (Figure 2). A large number of eggs with larvae of the frst stage were recorded in the uterus. The eggs had thick walls with larvae and the egg size was 450 x 250 µm. The nematode was determined as the genus Aprocta sp.
Figure 1: The anterior end of an adult female of Aprocta sp. found in a Great Tit Parus major from Slovenia (magnifcation 100x)
Slika 1: Sprednji del odrasle samice flarije Aprocta sp., najdene v veliki sinici Parus major iz Slovenije (100x pove~ava)
4. Discussion
This study presents the frst record and description of flariae, which belong to the genus Aprocta sp., in the Great Tit in Slovenia. According to the morphological data the parasite belongs to the family Aproctidae (Skrjabin & Stikhobalova 1945), genus Aprocta sp. Brglez (1981) found the parasite from the same genus in the body cavity of Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix in Slovenia where, according to him, the genus Aprocta sp. is frequent in Hooded Crows. Our description reveals differences from the parasites
Acrocephalus 25 (m):    FJJ - 138, 2OO4
Figure 2: The back distal part of the adult female with eggs of Aprocta sp. found in a Great Tit Parus major from Slovenia (magnifcation 100x)
Slika 2: Zadnji distalni del odrasle samice flarije Aprocta sp. z jaj~eci, najdene v veliki sinici Parus major iz Slovenije (100x pove~ava)
described previously. The males of flaria recorded in the Great Tit were up to 3.0 cm longer than those in the Hooded Crow. Other morphological differences have not been established.
Representatives of the superfamily Aproctoidea are small to medium-sized nematodes found in air sacs, nasal cavities and subcutaneous tissues of head and neck of birds and often also in eye cavities (Anderson 2000).
The primary site of nematode infection is hard to determine, since nematodes easily migrate to neighbouring organs (Anderson 2000). In our case it was also hard to determine whether the flariae were primarily present in the abdominal cavity of the Great Tit although the whole abdominal cavity was flled with the parasites.
References often mention flarial parasites from the genus Aprocta in Passeriformes. They were found mostly in intraorbital sinuses, eye cavities and nasal
cavity but not in the abdominal cavity. We have confrmed that flariae from genus Aprocta sp. can live also in the abdominal cavity.
5. Povzetek
V trebu{ni votlini mrtve velike sinice Parus major je bilo polno mehkih umazano belih in rumenkastih parazitov. Pri ptici so bili ugotovljeni: splo{na iz~rpanost, dehidracija, aerosakulitis in perihepatitis. Pregled prebavnega trakta in iztrebkov, opravljen s fotacijsko metodo, je bil parazitolo{ko negativen. Pregledani paraziti iz trebu{ne votline so bile flarije iz rodu Aprocta sp. Velikost samice parazita je bila med 10,5 in 12,2 cm. Samec je bil manj{i, dolg med 9,0 in 9,5 cm. Jaj~eca so bila debelostena z larvami in velika 450 x 250 µm. To je prvi zapis in opis Aprocta sp,. najdenega v veliki sinici v Sloveniji.
6. References
Anderson, R.C. (2000): Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates.
– CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Brglez, J. (1981): Zajedavci pri pticah v Sloveniji – Cestoda,
Nematoda,   Acanthocephala.   –   Zbornik   Biotehni{ke
fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, suplement 5, Veterinarstvo,
Ljubljana. Diaz-Ungria, C. (1963): Nématodes parasites, nouveaux ou
intéres-sants du Vénézuela. – Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp.
38: 893-913. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije: raz{irjenost
gnezdilk. – DZS, Ljubljana. Hernandezrodriguez,  S.,  Gutierrezpalomino,  P.  &
Martinezgomez, F. (1986): Aprocta intraorbitalis n. sp.
(Nematoda, Aproctoidea) parasite of the azure winged
magpie   Cyanopica   cyanus   (Passeriformes,   Corvidae).
– Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 61: 65-69. Lepojev, O., Kulisic, Z., Aleksic, N. & Dimitrijevic, S.
(1990): Nematodes of gulls (Larus ridibundus L.) in the
Belgrade area. – Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 40: 159-162. Loye, L.E, & Zuk, M. (1991): Bird Parasite Interaction.
Ecology evolution and behaviour. – Oxford University
Press, New York. Manfredi, M.T., Saino, A. & Genchi, C. (1992): Aprocta
matronensis in crows (Corvus corone corone) from northern
Italy. – Parasitologia 34: 97-101. Okulewicz, A. (1984): Parasitic Nematoda of the robin
Erithacus rubecula L. (Turdidae) from the region of
Wroclaw. – Wiad. Parazytol. 30: 585-594. Oniki,    Y.,    Kinsella,    J.M.,   Willis,    E.O.    (2002):
Pelecitus helicinus Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Filarioidea,
Diroflariinae) and other nematode parasites of Brazilian
birds. – Mem. Ins. Oswaldo Cruz 97: 597-598. Pinto,  R.M.,  Vicente,  J.J.  &  Noronha,  D.  (1993):
Nematode parasites of Brazilian psittacid birds, with
emphasis on the genus Pelecitus Railliet and Henry, 1910.
– Mem. Ins. Oswaldo Cruz 88: 279-284.
137
A. Vergles Rataj et al.: Aprocta sp. (Aproctoidea, Nematoda) found in the Great Tit Parus major in Slovenia
Pinto, R.M., Vicente, J.J. & Noronha, D. (1997): Nematode Parasites of Brazilian Corvid Birds (Passeriformes): A General Survey with a Description of Viktorocara brasiliensis n. sp. (Acuariidae, Schistorophinae). – Mem. Ins. Oswaldo Cruz 92: 209-214.
Quentin, J.C., Troncy, P.M. & Barre, N. (1976): Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, an oviparous flaria parasite of ploceid birds from Tchad. Larval morphogenesis. – Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 51: 83-93.
Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana.
Thienpont, D., Rochette, F. & Vanparijs, O.F.J. (1979): Diagnosing helminthiasis through coprological examination. – Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse.
Arrived / Prispelo: 25.10.2004 Accepted / Sprejeto: 7.3.2005
138
Acrocephalus 2J (m):    139 - 148, 2OO4
Contribution to the knowledge of avifauna of KaracadaG, Southeastern Anatolia (Turkey)
Prispevek k poznavanju avifavne Karacadaga v jugovzhodni Anatoliji (Tur~ija)
of Biology, 21280 DIyarbakir, Turkey,
Recep Karakas
University of Dicle, Science & Art Faculty, Department e-mail: rkarakas@dicle.edu.tr
1.  Introduction
Turkey possesses diverse habitat types due to the varying climatic and topographic conditions and it lies on two main bird migratory routes. The avifauna is therefore rich. The ornithological importance of Turkey has been demonstrated by many researchers, national and international (e.g. Ergene 1945, Kumerloeve 1963, Beyazit 1982, Beaman 1986, Siki 1988, Kiziroglu 1989, Martins 1989, Eames 1990 & 1991, Kasparek 1992, Ayvaz 1993, Kirwan & Martins 1994 & 2000, Kirwan 1995, Kiliç 1999, Kirwan et al. 1999). In spite of this, some parts of Anatolia have not been studied adequately due to the recent security restrictions and to the extreme climatic conditions (Kirwan & Martins 1994, Magnin & Yarar 1997). However, a few studies are available from certain localities in South-eastern Anatolia (Biricik 1996, Kiliç 2001, Karakas & Kiliç 2001 & 2002). The region constitutes the intersection area between Anatolia and the Middle East. An avifaunistic survey will help to evaluate and monitor future changes in the avifauna. It will also be helpful in preparing distribution maps in the region and for establishing its conservation status.
2.  Study area and Method
2.1. Study area
Karacadag (7200 km2) is an isolated, inactive volcanic mountain in South-eastern Anatolia, which divides the region in the Diyarbakir basin from the §anliurfa plateau. The highest peak of the mountain is Mergimir (1981 m a.s.l.). Other high peaks are Kollubaba (1957 m a.s.l.) and Besrek (1350 m a.s.l.). Some streams exist in the area, many of which dry out during the summer. The region has a typical steppe climate with an average temperature of 15°C, maximum of 42°C (July) and minimum of -2.7°C (January). Precipitation occurs primarily in winter and spring with an average of 491 mm/year (based on data of last 61 years); snowfalls
occur during the winter, sometimes also in November and March (Turkish State Meteorological Service unpubl). In some parts of the area there are paddy felds.
On Karacadag the most important tree species are two species of Oak (Quercus brantii, Q. infectoria boissieri,), two species of Celtis (C. glabrata, C. tournefortii), three species of Crataegus (C. aronia var. aronia, C. monogyna monogyna, C. orientalis var. orientalis), Nettle Pistacia khinjuk, Wild Pear Pyrus syriaca var. syriaca and Ash tree Fraxinus angustifolia angustifolia. In the open areas, especially above 1300 – 1400 m a.s.l., some species of Milk Vetch (e.g. Astragalus gumnifer, Acantholimon acerosum) are found as dominant in steppe vegetation. The forest is predominant at south and southeast slopes of the mountain. Mountain foothills are covered mainly by meadows. There are a few small settlements with some nomadic family who are staying near the summit of mountain during spring and summer season for stockbreeding aim. In some parts of the area negative anthropogenic effects, including raising livestock, have caused erosion, and the area has been turned to desert. Hunting is very intensive, especially during the winter in January and February. Human activities such as cattle and sheep-grazing are widespread (Ertekin 2002).
2.2. Methods
Ornithological observations were carried out between March 2001 and March 2002, covering six survey routes (Figure 1). Routes were examined by vehicle and by walking from early morning to afternoon. In total, 20 feld days were conducted (Table 1). During the breeding season, the feld day frequency and the observation time were increased. Standard ornithological equipment and identifcation methodology has been used for identifying birds with line transects methodology. The transects were not evenly spaced, and observations were carried out on
139
R. KarakaŞ: Contribution to the knowledge of avifauna of Karacadag, South-eastern Anatolia (Turkey)
Figure 1: Study area of Mt. Karacadag˘ with survey routes marked: I. Diyarbakir to Besrek hill, II. the new road Diyarbakir to Siverek, III. the old road Diyarbakir to Siverek, IV. the road Diyarbakir to the summit of Karacadag˘, V. the road Diyarbakir to Alatosun, VI. the road Diyarbakir to Ovabag˘
Slika 1: Obravnavano obmo~je gore Karacadag˘ z ozna~enimi popisnimi linijami: I. Diyarbakir – Besrek hrib, II. nova cesta Diyarbakir – Siverek, III. stara cesta Diyarbakir – Siverek, IV. cesta Diyarbakir – summit na Karacadag˘u, V. cesta Diyarbakir – Alatosun, VI. cesta Diyarbakir – Ovabag˘
routes (see Figure 1). All observed birds were registered. In surveys we collected mainly qualitative and not quantitative data. For the systematic list of birds, Kasparek & Bilgin (1996) was followed. Courtship behaviour, sighting of egg, chick or nest during feld excursions were taken as criteria of species reproductive status – if courtship behaviour was observed and egg, chick or nest was recorded, the species was considered as a confrmed breeder (C). All species showing signs of courtship behaviour in an appropriate breeding
habitat during the breeding season were considered as probable breeders (P). Resident species (R) were those found in the area in all seasons, and summer migrants (SM) during spring and summer; the latter could also breed in the area. Winter visitors (WV) were those seen in the area only during the winter season. Passage migrant (PM) were seen only during the spring and autumn migration times.
Table 1: Number of feld days per month carried out in Karacadag˘ area
Tabela 1: Število terenskih dni v posameznih mesecih, opravljenih na obmo~ju Karacadag˘a
Years / leta
Jan       Feb      Mar       Apr      May      Jun        Jul        Aug     Sep        Oct      Nov      Dec     Total/
skupaj
i6
Total / skupaj
200I
3
3
2
3
i
i
i
i
i
2002
I
I
2
4
2
3
3
2
3
20
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
140
Acrocephalus 2J (m):    139 - 148, 2OO4
3. Results and Discussion                                              (Beaman 1986, Kasparek 1986, Martins 1989, Eames
1990, Kirwan 1995) were not found in our study, e.g.
Altogether 85 bird species were registered (Table 2).     Elenoras Falcon Falco elenorae, Red-wattled Plover
There  were   35   confrmed   breeders,   19   probable     Vanellus   indicus,    Pin-tailed    Sandgrouse    Pterocles
breeders,   33   summer  migrants,   21   residents,   14     alchata, Scops Owl Otus scops, Eagle Owl Bubo bubo,
winter visitors, and 17 passage migrants. According to     Long-eared Owl Asio otus, Desert Lark Ammomanes
the Red Data Book criteria (Kiziroglu 1993) I found,     deserti,   Pale   Rock  Sparrow Petronia  brachydactyla,
among breeders, one species threatened with extinction     Yellow-throated     Sparrow     Petronia     xanthocollis,
(A.1.2),   12  severely endangered  species   (A.2),   15     and Cinereous  Bunting Emberiza cineracea.  In  all
endangered species (A.3), 11 potentially endangered     mentioned studies breeding probability was recorded
species (A.4) and, among non-breeders, four severely     for the Birecik and Halfeti area, and not especially for
endangered species (B.2) and one endangered species     Karacadag. There are also historical records for Little
(B.3). The largest number of bird species was recorded     Bustard  Tetrax tetrax and Desert Finch Rhodospiza
in spring time (Figure 2).                                                 obsoleta from  South-eastern Anatolia (Parr 1981),
Some species recorded in this study, such as Honey     but no recent records. Rose-coloured Starling Sturnus
Buzzard Pernis apivorus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus,     roseus was recorded (Murphy 1984), but breeding was
Short-toed  Eagle   Circaetus gallicus,   Lesser  Spotted     not confrmed. In this study we confrmed its breeding
Eagle Aquila pomarina, Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni,     in the region the frst time.
Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus, Peregrine Falcon          In the area near Diyarbakir 102 bird species were
Falco peregrinus,   Black-eared   Wheatear   Oenanthe     recorded (Biricik 1996), but here the water reservoir
hispanica and Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus were not     area was included. Furthermore 136 bird species were
reported in Diyarbakir in earlier studies (Kumerloeve     recorded at Göksu Dam, which is situated about 45
1967, Vielliard 1968).                                                     km south-east of Karacadag (Karakas & Kiliç 2002).
Lesser Kestrel, listed as vulnerable according to     The present study shows some differences, especially
IUCN categorization, is a colony breeder in the area     in waterbird species due to the habitat differences.
(Hilton-Taylor 2000). 38 birds of prey Falconiformes     Karacadag  has  mainly  steppe  habitats   and  so  is
occur in Turkey (Kasparek & Bilgin, 1996), and 19 of    important as a foraging area for the Montagus Harrier
them were observed in the study area (Table 2).                   Circus pygargus, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufnus,
In the present study, some species were recorded for     Lesser Kestrel etc., as already mentioned by Magnin
the frst time in South-eastern Anatolia: Hen Harrier     et al. (2000).
Circus   cyaneus,   Lesser   Spotted   Eagle,   Red-footed         In   their  description   of the   distribution   of 49
Falcon,   Merlin   Falco   columbarius,   and   Peregrine     species in South-eastern Turkey Kirwan & Martins
Falcon. In contrast, some species that were noted in     (1994) mentioned another 10 species not found in
the other studies of South-eastern Anatolian avifauna     our study:  Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus,
	50
	40   -
	30
	20
	10 -
	0


Jan       Feb       Mar      Apr      May      Jun       Jul        Aug      Sep       Oct      Nov      Dec
Months / meseci
Figure 2: Maximum number of recorded species in Karacadag˘ area according to the time of year
Slika 2: Maksimalno {tevilo ugotovljenih vrst na obmo~ju Karacadag˘ a po posameznih mesecih
141
R. Karakas: Contribution to the knowledge of avifauna of Karacadag, South-eastern Anatolia (Turkey)
Bittern Botaurus stellaris, Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris, Smew Mergellus albellus, Eleonora’s Falcon, Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni, Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus, Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka, Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus, and Cinereous Bunting. According to them the seasonal status for Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata was uncertain, but we found it to be a passage migrant in the area.
Local people in Karacadag reported that Chukar Alectoris chukar was seen from time to time in the region until some years ago, but during our study we had no sightings. The reason may be the decreased population of this species as a result of increased hunting pressure. Breeding of Spectacled Warbler Sylvia conspiciliata has been recorded from Karacadag in a recent study (Welch & Welch 2004), but was not found in this study.
The results of this study show that the region has an important bird potential. The data presented constitute a basis for further research and conservation.
Acknowledgements: I thank Dr. Al Vrezec for his help with the manuscript. Also, thanks are due to Engin. GEM for his help in mapping the study area and the Turkish State Meteorological Service, Diyarbakir Station for meteorological data.
Summary
Ornithological observations were carried out between March 2001 and March 2002 in certain parts of Karacadag, which is located south-west of Diyarbakir, South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Karacadag is an isolated, inactive volcanic mountain, and its surface is mainly coated with basaltic stone and soil with some cultivated areas on foot hills. 85 bird species were recorded in the area. Among these, breeding was confrmed for 35 species, and another 19 species were presumed to breed in the area. 44 species are listed as endangered, e.g. Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus is in the A.1.2 category (threatened with extinction), 12 species are in A.2 (severely endangered), 15 in A.3 (endangered), 11 in A.4 (potentially endangered), four in B.2 (severely endangered, not breeding) and one species in B.3 category (endangered, not breeding), according to the Turkish “Red Data Book”. However, Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, which is listed as vulnerable (VU A1) according to IUCN classifcation, is breeding in the area. The list of bird species will help to evaluate and compare the changes in the bird fauna in the future and serve as the basis for future research and conservation efforts in the region.
142
Povzetek
Pri~ujo~i prispevek predstavlja rezultate ornitolo{kih raziskav, opravljenih med marcem 2001 in marcem 2002 v nekaterih delih Karacadaga, ki leži jugozahodno od Diyarbakirja v jugovzhodni Anatoliji, Tur~ija. Karacadag je osamljena nedejavna ognjeni{ka gora, prekrita predvsem z bazaltnimi kamninami, ob njenem vznožju pa je tudi nekaj obdelovanih povr{in. V obravnavanem obmo~ju je bilo zabeleženih 85 vrst ptic, med njimi 35 potrjenih in 19 domnevnih gnezdilk. 44 izmed teh vrst je v Tur~iji uvr{~enih v “Rde~i seznam”: ka~ar Circaetus gallicus v kategoriji A.1.2 (vrsta, ki ji grozi izginotje), 12 vrst v kategoriji A.2 (mo~no ogrožena vrsta), 15 v kategoriji A.3 (ogrožena vrsta), 11 v kategoriji A.4 (potencialno ogrožena vrsta), 4 v kategoriji B.2 (mo~no ogrožena negnezde~a vrsta) in 1 vrsta v kategoriji B.3 (ogrožena negnezde~a vrsta). Na obravnavanem obmo~ju gnezdi tudi južna postovka Falco naumanni, ki jo je IUCN klasifciral kot ranljivo vrsto (VU A1). Predstavljeni seznam pti~jih vrst, ugotovljenih v obmo~ju, naj bi bil v pomo~ pri vrednotenju in primerjavi sprememb pti~je favne v prihodnosti in osnova tako za bodo~e raziskovalce kot naravovarstvene aktivnosti v tej regiji.
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143
R. KarakaŞ: Contribution to the knowledge of avifauna of Karacadag, South-eastern Anatolia (Turkey)
APPENDIX / PRILOGA
Table 2: List of bird species recorded in the study area surrounding Mt. Karacadag, with risk status and maximum numbers of individuals counted each month (+ species was recorded, but not counted; Migration status: R - Resident, SM - Summer migrant, WV - Winter visitor, PM - Passage migrant; Breeding status: C - Confrmed breeding, P - Probable breeding). Risk status (according to Kiziro lu 1993): A.1.2 Threatened with extinction, A.2 severely endangered, A.3 endangered, A.4 potentially endangered, B.2 severely endangered (not breeding), B.3 endangered (not breeding).
Tabela 2: Pregled pti~jih vrst, ugotovljenih na obmo~ju gore Karacadag, z gnezditvenim statusom, selitvenim statusom in ogoroženostjo vrst ter maksimalnim {tevilom ptic, ugotovljenih v posameznih mesecih (+ ugotovljeno le pojavljanje vrste; selitveni status: R - stalnica, SM - poletni gost, WV - zimski gost, PM - preletni gost; gnezditveni status: C - potrjena gnezditev, P - verjetna gnezditev). Ogroženost (Kiziro lu 1993): A.1.2 vrsta, ki utegne v celoti izginiti, A.2 mo~no ogrožena vrsta, A.3 ogrožena vrsta, A.4 potencialno ogrožena vrsta, B.2 mo~no ogrožena vrsta (ne gnezdi), B.3 ogrožena vrsta (ne gnezdi).
144
Month /
Status / status
*r
Spe
: / vrsta
2002 I           II          III        IV
V
2001 VI        VII      VIII       IX
Breeding/        Migration/
gnezditev            selitev
X
XI
XII
Risk/
ogroženost
Ciconia ciconia Ans er albifrons Pernis apivorus Milvus migrans Neophron percnopterus Gyps fulvus Ciraietus gallicus Circus aeruginosus Circus cyaneus Circus pygargus Accipiter nisus Buteo buteo Buteo rufinus Aquila pomarina Aquila chrysaetos Hieraaetus pennatus Falco naumanni Falco tinnunculus Falco vespertinus Falco columbarius Falco peregrinus Gallinago gallinago Tringa ochropus Actitis hypoleucos Larus ridibundus Larus armenicus
23
350        100 800       400
19
18
30
	3	
I	1	1
	1	1
I		
I		
3 4	2 2	
1		
		1	
6	8	11	30
1	4	5	5
29
I                I
13     48
I
7
C
P P
P P C C
SM WV PM SM SM SM PM PM WV PM WV
R
R PM
R SM SM
R
PM WV PM PM WV PM
R
R
A.3 B.2 A.3 A.4 A.3 A.2 A.1.2 A.3 A.3 A.3 A.4 A.3 A.2 A.2 A.3 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.2 B.2 A.2 B.2 B.2 A.3 B.3
Spe
: / vrsta
2002 II          III
IV
V
Month / meseci
2001 VI        VII      VIII       IX
X
XI
XII
	Status / status	
Breeding/	Migration/	Risk/
gnezditev	selitev	ogroženost
-	PM	A.2
C	R	-
C	R	A.4
P	R	-
C	SM	A.2
C	R	A.2
C	R	A.3
p	SM	A.2
C	SM	A.4
C	SM	A.4
C	SM	A.2
C	SM	A.2
C	R	-
C	SM	-
p	SM	A.3
C	R	-
C	R	-
C	SM	-
-	PM	A.3
-	PM	-
-	PM	A.4
C	R	A.4
C	SM	-
-	WV	-
p	SM	_
>
O
o
3
3
O 1 rt P-
OQ
^
3
> 3

Chlidonias leucopterus Columba livia Columba palumbus Streptopelia decaocto Streptopelia turtur Streptopelia senegalensis Athene noctua Caprimulgus europaeus Apus apus Merops apiaster Coracias garrulus Upupa epops Melanocorypha ailandra Melanocorypha bimaculata Cahindrelhi rufescens Galerida cristata Alauda arvensis Hirundo rustica Anthus campestris Motacilla flava Motacilla cinerea Motacilla alba Cercotrichas galactotes Erithacus rubecula Luscinia svecica
35
150 50
25 200
23
1 131 45
24 61
2 32
5
21
2
1
118
33
51 34 86
40 19
13 3 5 1
70
34 2 1
41 6
2
47 27 62
45 11
25
6 1
50 1
35
30
5
2
3 15
25
39
16
40        112
4            4
1                1
170
23        157 400
2             5
Spe
: / vrsta
2002 II          III
IV
V
Month / meseci
2001 VI        VII      VIII       IX
X
XI
Irania gutturalis Phoenicurus ochruros Phoenicurus phoenicurus Oenanthe isabellina Oenanthe oenanthe Oenanthe hispanica Oenanthe finschii Turdus merula Sylvia communis Sylvia atricapilla Phylloscopus colly bita Muscicapa striata Parus major Sitta neumayer Oriolus oriolus Lanius collurio Lanius minor Lanius senator Lanius nubicus Pica pica Corvus frugilegus Corvus corone comix Sturnus vulgaris Sturnus roseus Passer domesticus
-e-        Passer hispaniolensis
35
2 JO
23 25
497
5
27
7 5             2
1
5
2
4
2
16
40 2390
2550
220 20
3
							2
	18		5			27	3
0	15	19 2 5	16 3	15 2	60 1	29 3	12
3	6	9	4	1	2		
16
23
46
25
43
53           150      200
		Status / status		
	Breeding/	Migration/	Risk/	O
	gnezditev	selitev	ogroženost	
XII				C/1
	P C C P	SM WV SM SM SM	A.3	1 0 0
	C	SM	-	
	C	SM	-	
I	-	WV	-	
	P	SM	-	
	P	SM	-	
	P	SM	-	
	-	PM	-	
30	-	WV	-	
	C	R	-	
	C	SM	-	
	p	SM	-	
	-	PM	-	
	C	SM	-	
	-	PM	-	
1           6	C	R	-	
26	-	WV	-	
	-	WV	-	
3         64	C	R	-	
	C	SM	-	
4-                   +	C	R	-	
	C	SM	_	
Spe
: / vrsta
Month / meseci
2002 II          III
IV
V
VI
VII
								Status / status	
2001					Breeding/ gnezditev			Migration/ selitev	Risk/ ogroženost
VIII	IX	X	XI	XII					
		IOO		20		C		R	-
		45		53		-		WV	-
15	12			8 17 IOO		C C C		R WV wv SM SM	A.4 A.4 A.4 A.3
>
O
o 3
3
o
1
rt
frag
Petronia petronia
Fringilla coelebs                         35
Carduelis carduelis                      9
Carduelis cannabina
Emberiza schoeniclus                150
Emberiza mehinocephala
Miliaria cahindra
30
33
16
75
55
47 71
105
16
3
53
^
3
> 3
g1
Acrocephalus 2J (m): 149 - IJ2, 2OO4
Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina: situation and perspectives
Ornitologija in varstvo ptic v Bosni in Hercegovini: razmere in perspektive
Dra`en Kotro{an1, Jasminko Mulaomerovi}2 & Adi Habul2
1 Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Zmaja od Bosne 3, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail: kotrosan@bih.net.ba
2 Ornitolo{ko dru{tvo «Na{e ptice», Semira Fra{te 6, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail: naseptice@hotmail. com
Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS
Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia
1. Introduction
The frst records on birds in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) can be found in travel books edited during the mid-19th century. Expeditions organized by German and Austrian museums, aimed at collecting biological materials, collected specimens of birds hunted in BiH. Organized investigations started with the foundation of the National Museum of BiH, in 1888, and were connected to the name of Otmar Reiser, the founder of ornithology in BiH (Obratil 1980, Kotro{an 2002). In the period that followed, the development of ornithology was limited by political, economical and social factors, and this situation was refected in the development of organized movements for the protection of habitats and bird population. The same situation may pertain today. In spite of the rather long history of ornithology, BiH still represents “terra incognita” for those interested in the feld. Numerous serious consequences resulted, for example, in the appearance of incorrect data on birds and their habitats in BiH, in the ”Bird check list of the World, Bosnia and Herzegovina” (Lepage 2004). Also, the expected cooperation and support in the development of programs for nature and bird protection by international and specialist European associations, which could improve the situation, are lacking.
2. Ornithology in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The frst reliable information on BiH birds is published in the works of Dombrowski, Kadisha, Platz and others, during the 1880s. But the foundation of the National Museum of BiH was the precondition for establishing a research centre for ornithological investigation in BiH (Obratil 1980). Up to now two main periods of centre activities could be recognized.
The frst one, from 1888 up to 1920, was marked by the work of Otmar Reiser in the area of fauna and taxonomy. An all-inclusive review of his research was presented in the frst, and the only, monograph on BiH avifauna (Reiser 1939). The second period, 1964 – 1992, was connected to the work of Svjetoslav Obratil dedicated to fauna and bird ecology. Special signifcance is attached to the work done in the areas of Hutovo blato and Barda~a, which present the frst systematic investigations of these very important bird areas. Together with Obratil, a few researchers from Serbia and Croatia contributed signifcantly to the recognition of BiH avifauna, especially Dragutin Rucner with his work in the delta area of the river Neretva (Kotro{an & Papes unpubl.).
Between these two periods very little was published about birds in BiH, as well as in the period after 1992. Of course, the war and post-war period did not favour bird investigations. The mine felds, and lack of material and human resources contributed to the very slow recovery of these activities. But it is worth underlining that the National Museum of BiH has been the only institution that employed ornithologists throughout the whole period.
It is also important to note that Branislav Ga{i}, curator of the Museum of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, is engaged in ornithology and some results can be expected. But in general, from 1995 till 2004, very few publications appeared (Ga{i} 2001, Mulaomerovi} et al. 2002, Rubini~ 2002a, b, c, d & e, Surina 2002 a & b, [tumberger 2002 a & b). Some efforts have been made by NGOs, especially in monitoring, numbering and surveying some species. The foundation of the NGO “Na{e ptice” (“Our birds”), which is aimed at developing bird research, is welcome (Kotro{an 2003).
149
D. Kotro{an et al.: Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina: situation and perspectives
2.1. Inventory
The frst, all-inclusive review on avifauna in BiH was prepared by Reiser (1939). A more detailed review, which included Reiser’s results as well as those of other ornithologists during 1888 – 1920, was made by Obratil (1980) in his six papers published in the period 1967 – 1977.
Tw o inventories of BiH avifauna have been made by Matvejev & Vasi} (1973) and Obratil (1980). The latter listed 315 species. According to Matvejev & Vasi} (1973) 218 species were recorded as nesting. Comparison of the two lists showed highly signifcant differences. For example Pallid Swift Apus pallidus was on the list in 1973 as a breeding bird (nesting was notifed in Neum), but not on the second list. The list published by Lepage (2004), which includes 318 – 319 bird species, should also be mentioned. In all these lists, probably based on the 1973 inventory, some species are missing that have been recorded in BiH, such as Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis and Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis, while some others as Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas galactotes that is listed by mistake and Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus, never notifed in BiH, are on the list. Generally, it could be concluded that there is no list that can be authorized.
All this led to the preparation of the new, revised systematic list of BiH avifauna, based on inventories in the 19th and 20th centuries. According to the new list, 322 bird species were registered in BiH (Kotro{an & Papes unpubl.). Also, having in mind identifed changes, it will be necessary to prepare a new atlas of breeding birds. Even Obratil & Matvejev (1989) stated 15 breeding bird species that have become extinct. Some new preliminary investigations have confrmed this increasing trend.
2.2. Collections
The National Museum of BiH possesses the largest bird collection in the country. It consists of 9528 specimens from 350 species, of which 4783 (305 species) originate from BiH. Besides this collection, the Museum possesses collections of eggs (5000) and nests (55), again mainly from BiH. These collections form the basis for scientifc research in the areas of fauna, taxonomy, biogeography and ecology. Up to now they are used mainly for research in the feld of bird fauna and ecology. Very limited investigations have been made in taxonomy (Kotro{an & Lelo 2002).
Less rich but important collections are found in the museums in Banja Luka, Travnik and Tuzla. The only
150
published catalogue belongs to the Museum of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka (Ga{i} 1999).
There is no evidence concerning private collections or collections of hunter associations.
3. Bird protection
The frst sign of decrease of bird populations in BiH was observed in the frst decade of the 19th century (Bre`an~i} 1984). It is known that the population of breeding Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus population in BiH had expired by the middle of 19th century (Obratil & Matvejev 1989).
Up to 1992 bird protection was defned by the “Law on nature protection”. Under this law 252 bird species are protected. In 1954 the reserve Hutovo blato was put under protection and in 1969 the colony of water birds at Barda~a, also. All the legislatives were in accordance with the International Conventions for bird protection and the protection of wetlands (La Convention de Ramsar, La Convention de Paris), ratifed by ex-Yugoslavia. But in spite of the legislatives, protection of bird species and their habitats was at a low level and without adequate control (Bre`an~i} 1984).
After independence and signing of the Dayton Agreement the State of BiH realised the obligation to obey international conventions on environmental protection. But still BiH has not ratifed any convention on bird protection or their habitats. Even, it is better to say that bird protection does not exist offcially in BiH. The situation with regard to once protected areas, such as Hutovo blato and Barda~a, is also unsatisfactory. The special focus is on illegal hunting and illegal trade of threatened and rare species (Panjeta 2003).
It is important to emphasize that BiH still has no “Red data book”. The only suggestion on categorization of the threat to birds was made by Obratil & Matvejev (1989). Their dossier included 97 species that belong to different levels or categories of threat. Of course war activities (1992 – 1995) as well as poisoning, notifed in the last 15 years, caused drastic changes in numbers of some endangered species, which infuenced the threat category for some of them. The best example is the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus designated as V – vulnerable, which is nowadays totally extinct and needs to be designated as Ex – extinct. According to the preliminary investigation (B. Ga{i} pers. comm.) a similar situation can be expected with some other birds of prey. Further, the dossier was based mainly on species distribution, less on the numbers that need to be revised. In short, BiH has to get a “Red data book”.
Acrocephalus 2J (m): 149 - IJ2, 2OO4
3.1. IBAs
The special topics, when the bird protection in BiH is in focus, belong to the Internationally Important Bird Areas – IBAs. Namely, three areas in BiH are marked as IBAs (Grimmett & Jones 1989): Hutovo blato, Barda~a and Bora~ko Lake. The accepted categorization needs to be discussed again knowing the levels of investigations. It is not clear why Lake Bora~ko belongs to the same group with Hutovo blato and Barda~a. Its area is not systematically explored. For avifauna there are some old and a few, manly insuffcient data. The only systematic exploration of avifauna of Barda~a was done in the period 1970 – 1983. New data are based on short visits (1 to 2 days). In the last 2 – 3 years indications of drastic changes are recorded. Up to now only Hutovo blato is the area that is systematically explored. Even in the last period (Obratil 2001) there are data, which indicate changes, mainly decrease of bird populations.
However, some other areas in BiH could probably fulfll the criterions for IBAs, as Livanjsko polje or the Park of nature Blidinje. Consequently it is really urgent to revise IBAs program in BiH and include other potential important areas.
At the end, there are needs to emphasize that birds investigation in BiH are based on recording of bird species, very rare on population and numbering.
4. Discussion
The history of avifauna in BiH shows very close connection between research, scientifc exploration and protection of birds and their habitats. In spite the fact that BiH ornithology was relied on the work of only one person, there was very limited number of ornithologists, the fauna of birds in BiH is studied on the rather high level, on special aspects of fauna and ecology (area and space distribution). However, quantitative data are missing. That infuenced the categorization of threatened species: some species just missed from the list of endangered birds. This fact for sure, shapes actual relation to the bird protection, if any. In the post war period the development of ornithology was very limited by lacking of human and material resources. There are three active ornithologists, who could shape the efforts of a few bird observers whose work was uncoordinated. It is also important to emphasize foundation of the frst ornithology association in BiH, as much as the fact that we posses potentials, e.g. museums and other collections, which are making develop of different areas in ornithology possible. Ornithology development, with the stress on
monitoring and census projects, will make adequate access to the bird conservation. Passing a law entries and signing the internationally conventions are the frst prerequisite for the bird protection and protection of their habitats. It is necessary to stress a need for improvement of BiH institutions as National museum of BiH, and other NGOs which are trying to solve problems connected with ornithology in BiH. Because of that, help and cooperation of institutes and organizations from a broad is very important and helpful.
Summary
In the paper, the base information about ornithology in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is carried out, the level of avifauna knowledge in BiH, potentials and current conditions about protection of birds and their habitats in BiH. In spite of diffculties the ornithologists, especially after the last war, succeeded to carry on long tradition of ornithology in BiH. One of the most important things is that numbers of new ornithologist and bird observers is increasing. Besides the National museum in BiH, big role in affrmation of ornithology in BiH has NGO “Na{e ptice”. Unfortunately, BiH economic and politic situation is not good, so it makes impossible to run any bigger scientifc project. This situation has negative effects on protection of birds and their habitats. After all, this situation is result of the fact that BiH did not sign even one international agreement about bird protection. The main goal is to deal these problems and for that the help and improvement of connections with another organizations and institutes from other countries is needed.
Povzetek
V ~lanku so predstavljeni osnovni podatki o ornitologiji v Bosni in Hercegovini (BiH), raven avifavnisti~nega znanja ter potenciali in trenutne razmere glede varstva ptic in njihovih habitatov v dr`avi. Ornitologom se je kljub mnogim te`avam, posebno po zadnji vojni, posre~ilo nadaljevati dolgoletno ornitolo{ko tradicijo v BiH, pri ~emer je {e posebej pomembno, da {tevilo novih ornitologov in opazovalcev ptic nenehno nara{~a. Pomembno vlogo pri uveljavljanju ornotologije igra poleg Narodnega muzeja nevladna organizacija “Na{e ptice”. @al pa je ekonomski in politi~ni polo`aj v dr`avi trenutno tako slab, da ni mogo~e izpeljati niti enega ve~jega znanstvenega projekta, kar seveda ni dobro za varstvo ptic in njihovih habitatov v BiH. Navsezadnje je tak{no stanje posledica dejstva, da dr`ava ni podpisala
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D. Kotro{an et al.: Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina: situation and perspectives
nobenega mednarodnega sporazuma o varstvu ptic. Poglavitni cilj je zatorej spopasti se s temi problemi, za kar pa v BiH potrebujejo pomo~ in bolj{e povezave z organizacijami in in{titucijami iz drugih dr`av.
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152
Rubini~,   B.   (2002b):   Common   Crane   Grus   grus.   –
Acrocephalus 23 (112): 106–107. Rubini~, B. (2002c): Red-rumped Swalow Hirundo daurica.
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23 (112): 106. Surina,   B.   (2002b):   Wallcreeper   Tichodroma   muraria.
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Arrived / Prispelo: 28.9.2004 Accepted / Sprejeto: 7.3.2005
Acrocephalus 2J (122): 153 - 155, 2004
Odnos ljudi do zlatovranke Coracias garrulus na posebnem obmo~ju varstva (SPA) »Doli slovenskih goric«
The people’s attitude towards European Roller Coracias garrulus at »Doli Slovenskih goric«, a Special Protected Area (SPA) in NE Slovenia
Barbara Zak{ek1, Maja Garbajs2 & Damijan Denac3
1 Zg. Voli~ina 128, SI-2232 Voli~ina, Slovenija, e-mail: barbara.zaksek@guest.arnes.si
2 Pru{nikova 48, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija
3 Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@nib.si
Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS
Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia
1. Uvod                                                                   2. Metoda
[tevil~nost zlatovranke Coracias garrulus se je hkrati z njenim gnezditvenim arealom od konca 19. stoletja mo~no zmanj{ala (BirdLife International/ European Bird Census Council 2000). Stanje je postalo {e posebej zaskrbljujo~e po letu 1970; ponekod so zlatovrankine gnezditvene populacije celo izumrle (na primer v Nem~iji), medtem ko je drugje njena {tevil~nost kriti~no upadla (na primer Latvija, Avstrija, Slova{ka, ^e{ka; Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). Tudi v Sloveniji se je njena populacija od tedaj mo~no skr~ila (Bra~ko 1986), tako da na posebnem obmo~ju varstva (SPA) Doli slovenskih goric (Bo`i~ 2003), ki je bilo utemeljeno in opredeljeno za ohranitev populacije zlatovranke pri nas (Uradni list RS 2004), danes gnezdi le {e od 3 do 7 parov. Doli Slovenskih goric so tradicionalno oblikovana kulturna krajina. Za tak tip krajine je zna~ilno, da brez tradicionalnih oblik rabe prostora s strani ~loveka ne more obstajati (Bezzel 1982).
Ker je ohranitev zlatovranke na posebnem obmo~ju varstva neposredno povezana z na~ini kmetovanja in rabe, ima pri njenem varstvu pomembno vlogo lokalno prebivalstvo. Na{ namen je bil opraviti raziskavo v obliki ankete o poznavanju in mnenju doma~inov o tej ptici in sodelovanju pri njenem varstvu. @eleli smo zbrati tudi ljudska imena za zlatovranko in podatke o njeni nekdanji in trenutni raz{irjenosti. Novej{e raziskave o ljudskih imenih ptic v Sloveniji so redke, kot je denimo imenski ornitolo{ki atlas Istre, Lexicon ornithologicum Histriae Slovenicae (Filipi 1993). Poleg dragocenih podatkov iz ljudskega izro~ila, ki jih je mo~ pridobiti z anketo med doma~ini, je lahko tak{na metoda tudi pomembno dopolnilo populacijskih raziskav vrst (Schulz 1999).
Podatke smo zbrali z anketo, ki smo jo opravili na posebnem obmo~ju varstva »Doli Slovenskih goric«. Na obmo~ju smo naklju~no izbrali ceste (slika 1), ob katerih smo obiskali vse hi{e in opravili intervjuje z doma~ini. V posamezni hi{i smo anketirali tudi ve~ ljudi, vendar kot lo~ene zapise. V anketo smo poleg splo{nih podatkov o anketirancu (prebivali{~e, starost, spol) vklju~ili {e preizkus poznavanja zlatovranke, da bi bili podatki karseda natan~ni. Preizkus smo opravili podobno kot Serra (2003). Anketiranci so zlatovranko morali prepoznati med slikami zlatovranke, velikega skovika Otus scops in smrdokavre Upupa epops. Intervju smo nadaljevali le, ~e je anketiranec zlatovranko prepoznal. Z anketo smo zbirali podatke o imenu vrste, anketiran~evih opazovanjih zlatovranke in o njihovi pripravljenosti, da sodelujejo pri varstvu ptice. Podatke o opazovanjih smo vrisovali na karto TTN 1:50.000. Po zaklju~ku anketiranja smo vse zbrane podatke vnesli v bazo, izdelano s programskim orodjem Access verzija 2000, s katero smo opravili tudi vse analize.
3. Rezultati in diskusija
Anketo smo opravili med 5. in 14.12.2003. Dol`ina prevo`ene poti je bila 78 km, na kateri smo obiskali 178 hi{. Anketirali smo 203 doma~ine, 100 mo{kih in 103 `enske. Vsi anketiranci so bili starej{i od 30 let. Povpre~na starost anketirancev je bila 56 let. Zlatovranko je pri preizkusu s slikami uspe{no prepoznalo 96 (47%) anketiranih. Skupina starej{ih ljudi (> 50 let) je zlatovranko prepoznala uspe{neje (56%) kot skupina mlaj{ih (30 – 50 let; 31%). Razlog za to je verjetno njeno vse manj{e {tevilo v zadnjih desetletjih v Slovenskih goricah.
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B. Zak{ek et al.: Odnos ljudi do zlatovranke Coracias garrulus na posebnem obmo~ju varstva (SPA) »Doli slovenskih goric«
Tabela 1: Ljudska imena za zlatovranko Coracias garrulus na posebnem obmo•ju varstva »Doli slovenskih goric« v letu 2003
Table 1: Folk names for the European Roller Coracias
garrulus   in   the   Special   Protected   Area   (SPA)   »Doli slovenskih goric« in the year 2003
Ljudska imena/      [tevilo ljudi/     Odstotek ljudi [%]/
Folk names          No. of people         Percentage of
people [%]
zlatovrenka                   45                          47
zlatovranka                  36                          38
la{ka vrana                   12                           12
zlata vrana                     3                            3
Skupaj / Total              96                        100
Doma~ini so najpogosteje uporabljali imeni zlatovrenka in zlatovranka, redkeje pa la{ka vrana in zlata vrana (tabela 1). Ime zlatovrenka so uporabljali v izpeljankah zlatovrenkla in zlatovrenklja. Ime la{ka vrana smo zasledili na S in SZ delu obmo~ja (Slatenik, Drankovec, Sp. Jakobski dol, Ro~ica), ime zlatovrenka
Slika 1: Lokacije gnezdišč zlatovranke Coracias garrulus, dobljene s pomočjo ankete v letu 2003 (  - nekdanje gnezdišče, ^ - gnezdišče leta 2003, ¦ - območje, kjer so domačini zlatovranko največkrat opazovali, črna črta - meja posebnega območja varstva, sive črte - prevožene ceste med opravljanjem ankete, sivo polje - območje rabe imena zlatovrenka)
Figure 1: European Roller’s Coracias garrulus breeding sites obtained with the aid of questionnaire ( - former breeding site, ^ - breeding site in 2003, ¦ - area where Rollers were most frequently observed by the locals, black line - SPA border, grey lines - roads covered during the questionnaire, grey feld - area where folk name »zlatovrenka« was used)
pa na J in JV delu (Vukovje, Zg. Partinje, Jurovski dol, Malna, Zg. Gasteraj, @itence; slika 1). Izjem ni bilo. Najverjetneje sta nekdanja raz{irjenost zlatovranke in pogosta raba imen botrovali njihovi pestrosti. Imen zelena vrana in smrdovranka, ki ju omenja Erjavec (1870), anketiranci niso uporabljali in zanju menimo, da sta `e mrtvi besedi. Zelena vrana je tudi najstarej{e in izvirno zapisano ime zlatovranke, ki ga najdemo v delu @ige Zoisa Nomenclatura carniolica iz leta 1797 (Jan~ar 1999).
Izvedeli smo za {est nekdanjih in eno aktivno gnezdi{~e zlatovranke (slika 1). Ocenjujemo, da so dobljeni podatki o gnezdenju in obmo~jih najpogostej{ih opazovanj (slika 1) informativne narave, njihovo ovrednotenje pa bi zahtevalo dodatno terensko delo.
Polovica (50%) anketiranih doma~inov (n = 102) je bila pripravljena aktivno sodelovati pri ohranitvi zlatovranke. Neopredeljenih je bilo 25% ljudi, prav toliko jih ni bilo pripravljeno aktivno sodelovati. Rezultat se nam zdi pomembno naravovarstveno izhodi{~e in ka`e na ugodne razmere za ukrepe varstva zlatovranke. Tu je treba upo{tevati, da anketiranim doma~inom niso bili predstavljeni nobeni konkretni primeri ali prednosti sodelovanja (na primer fnan~na podpora za obmo~ja Natura 2000) in so odgovarjali neobremenjeno. Menimo, da lahko zlatovranko na obravnavanem posebnem obmo~ju varstva {tejemo za karizmati~no vrsto (Kry{tufek 1999), saj ji je javno mnenje naklonjeno in se ljudje zavzemajo za to, da bi jo zavarovali.
Zlatovranka je pri nas kriti~no ogro`ena vrsta s populacijo, ki lahko propade zaradi stohasti~nih dogodkov. Pove~anje populacije je znano v Avstriji (Sackl et al. 2004), kjer varstveni program (EU – ÖPUL) za zlatovranko temelji na prostovoljnem sodelovanju lastnikov zemlji{~. Kmetje opravljajo natan~no dolo~ene ukrepe pri upravljanju s travniki in drugih oblikah kmetovanja. Zanje prejmejo letne subvencije (Das Lebensministerium pisno). O zadovoljstvu ljudi, vklju~enih v program, pri~a podatek, da se jih iz leta v leto ve~ odlo~a za sodelovanje. Leta 2003 je tako v programu, ki se je za~el leta 1996, sodelovalo `e 450 kmetov, noben pa se ni sodelovanju odpovedal (B. Wieser pisno). Glede na stanje populacije in odnos ljudi do zlatovranke pri nas menimo, da bi s podobnim programom lahko ohranili vrsto v Sloveniji.
154
Acrocephalus 2J (122): 153 - 155, 2004
Povzetek
Na posebnem obmo~ju varstva Doli slovenskih goric smo ugotavljali, ali so ljudje pripravljeni aktivno sodelovati pri varstvu zlatovranke Coracias garrulus. Zbirali smo tudi ljudska imena za zlatovranko in podatke o njeni nekdanji in trenutni raz{irjenosti. Anketirali smo 203 doma~ine, 100 mo{kih in 103 `enske, vsi so bili starej{i od 30 let. Ljudje so za zlatovranko najpogosteje uporabljali imeni zlatovrenka in zlatovranka, redkeje pa la{ka vrana in zlata vrana. Ime zlatovrenka so uporabljali v izpeljankah zlatovrenkla in zlatovrenklja. Od doma~inov smo izvedeli za njenih sedem nekdanjih gnezdi{~, in polovica anketiranih je bila pripravljena aktivno sodelovati pri njenem ohranjanju. Zlatovranka je zato primerna karizmati~na vrsta z velikim varstvenim potencialom na obravnavanem obmo~ju. Menimo, da bi bila izvedba projekta varstva zlatovranke z aktivno vlogo doma~inov uspe{en na~in za ohranitev in pove~anje populacije te mo~no ogro`ene vrste v Sloveniji.
Summary
The main objective of the research was to determine the willingness of the locals to take active part in the conservation of European Roller Coracias garrulus in the Special Protected Area (SPA) Doli slovenskih goric. The area is interwoven by traditional cultural landscape, created and maintained by the local people. No conservation projects have been carried out in the SPA so far, and our goal was to establish the people’s general attitude towards the species and its conservation. Simultaneously we gathered the Roller’s folk names in the area and data on the species’ former and present distribution. Data were obtained with the aid of questionnaire flled by the locals. 203 people took part, 100 men and 103 women, all aged above 30. Most commonly used folk names for the Roller were »zlatovrenka« and »zlatovranka«, the last being its regular name in Slovenia. The name »zlatovrenka« was used in derivatives »zlatovrenkla« and »zlatovrenklja«. Less frequently used names were »la{ka vrana« and »zlata vrana«. The people told us about seven breeding sites of the Roller. Six were abandoned and one was still active. Half of all participators were willing to take active part in the conservation regarding the bird under consideration, one quarter refused to participate, and one quarter of them were ambivalent. We believe that the introduction of a conservation project including the locals and based on promotion of the traditional way of land-use could be a successful way for the conservation of this critically endangered species in Slovenia.
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Prispelo / Arrived: 2.12.2004 Sprejeto / Accepted: 7.3.2005
I55
Acrocephalus 2J (122): 157 - 160, 2004
Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del
Thesis Summaries
Vrezec, A. (2000): Vpliv nekaterih ekolo{kih dejavnikov na raz{irjenost izbranih vrst sov (Strigidae) na Krimu [The effects of some ecological factors on the distribution of selected owl species (Strigidae) on Krim Mountain]. – Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana.
Mentor / Supervisor: doc. dr. Boris Kry{tufek Somentor / Co-Supervisor: doc. dr. Davorin Tome UDC 598.88:591.5(497.4Krim)(043.2)=863, 94 pages Avtorjev elektronski naslov / Author’s e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si
Mt. Krim is the north-western part of the Velika Notranjska plateau, which rises over the southern border of Ljubljansko barje. The main altitude of this plateau is between 800 and 850 m a.s.l. and the highest peak is Krim (1107 m a.s.l.). The area belongs to the Dinaric zoogeographical region. The greater part of the slopes of Mt. Krim are covered by Dinaric beech and fr forest Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum, with some different subassociations. The dominant tree species are White Fir Abies alba and Beech Fagus sylvatica. On the southern slopes there are also some termophilus forest associations as Ostryo-Fraxinetum and Querco-Ostryetum. The forest on Mt. Krim is relatively well preserved, with a high proportion (48%) of thick-trunk trees growth phase (diameter of trunks is >30 cm). In these forests three owl species typical of forest habitats are breeding: Ural Owl Strix uralensis, Tawny Owl Strix aluco and Tengmalms Owl Aegolius funereus.
A census of owls was performed as a point transect with 41 census points on three transects. The census points were 1000 to 1500 m apart. The playback method for owl detection was used. One transect was surveyed three times every month. The other two transects were additional for covering a larger part of the area. The range of hearing the playback in the forest habitat was estimated as 0.5 km. For this reason the survey area round every census point was defned as 0.78 km2. The whole survey area covered 32.2 km2. The surveys were carried out at night. The stops were approximately 15 to 20 minutes long with 10 minutes of playback, then few minutes listening, and again playback followed by monitoring of trees for owls with
a lamp. For every survey area certain ecological factors were defned: altitude, slope, proportion of clearings, presence of settlement, exposition, type of forest (mixed, coniferous or deciduous forest), dominant vegetation, and growth phase. The data were collected from maps and written sources.
The number of pairs per survey area were recorded. Two estimates of ecological density are presented: the number of pairs per forest area, and the number of pairs per area inside species’ altitudinal distribution. The Ural Owl exhibited a high density of 0.98 – 3.17 pairs/10km2 (forest: 1.14 – 3.57 pairs/10km2 of forest; altitude: 1.06 – 3.41 pairs/10km2) compared to other European data. The densities of the Tawny Owl (2.38 – 5.88 pairs/10km2; forest: 2.68 – 6.82 pairs/10km2 of forest; altitude: 2.56 – 5.88 pairs/10km2) and Tengmalm’s Owl (0.98 – 3.97 pairs/10km2; forest: 1.14 – 4.61 pairs/10km2 of forest; altitude: 2.56 – 8.06 pairs/10km2) were lower compared with other European data. The population sizes of owls on Mt. Krim were estimated to be 13 – 45 pairs for Ural Owl, 33 – 82 pairs for Tawny Owl and 13 – 56 pairs for Tengmalm’s Owl. A large population decrease was observed for Tengmalm’s Owl between 1997 and 2000 on transect 1. The reasons for this decrease are still unknown.
A similar dynamic of seasonal vocal activity has been observed for all three owl species. Seasonal vocal activity probably depends mainly on the night length and breeding activity of the owls. The frst peak of vocal activity is reached in spring (from February to March), followed by a break in vocal activity from June to July. The second peak occurs in autumn (from August to October) and is followed by the second break in winter (from November to December). Tawny and Tengmalm’s Owls start to vocalize in January and Ural Owls in March. A break in summer divides the breeding and non-breeding periods. Ural and Tawny Owls vocalize mainly with singing or advertising calls through the whole year. Autumn singing by Tengmalm’s Owl is rare, because in this part of the year it vocalizes signifcantly with smacking calls.
The Ural Owl is the species with the greatest tolerance in its altitudinal distribution, for it is found in districts ranging from 410 to 1060 m a.s.l. The Tawny Owl is a lowland species, selecting signifcantly only lower altitudes (320 – 850 m a.s.l.). The Tengmalm’s
157
Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del / Thesis Summaries
Owl is a highland species, which signifcantly selects a very narrow altitudinal zone (700 – 940 m a.s.l.). It seemed that in the non-breeding period, owls moved to lower altitudes, but differences between breeding and non-breeding altitudinal distributions were not signifcant.
Ural Owls live in areas covered mainly with mixed forests (85%), but no signifcant selection of any of the ecological factors mentioned above was observed. The Tawny Owl is a lowland species, and also signifcantly selects areas with settlements and areas covered by coniferous forests. Tengmalm’s Owl is a highland species, which signifcantly selects areas covered by forest subassociation, Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum omphalodetosum (77%). Discriminant analysis was used for searching rules of owl distribution on Mt. Krim. The Ural Owl and Tengmalm’s Owl have been shown to be the most similar species in terms of ecological factors. This similarity was confrmed by testing differences between owl distribution patterns on Mt. Krim. The differences were signifcant between distributions of Ural and Tawny Owl (D2=15.4, p=0.004) and between Tawny and Tengmalm’s Owl (D2=22.07, p<0.0001). The difference between distributions of Ural and Tengmalm’s Owl was not signifcant.
To understand competition and coexistence it is important to know the species’ ecological niches. Tengmalm’s Owl is the most specialized of the three owl species as it has the narrowest ecological niche (0.45; Shannon-Wiener diversity index). Overlap of ecological niches (measured by MacNaughton – Wolf similarity index) was the greatest between the Ural and Tengmalm’s Owl (0.80) and the least between the Tawny and Tengmalm’s Owl (0.57). Larger overlap of niches, however, does not necessarily mean greater competition. The situation on Mt. Krim is probably the consequence of former competitive exclusion which resulted in narrowing of the ecological niche of some species (e.g. Tawny Owl). On the other hand, coexistence between some species is also possible (e.g. Ural and Tengmalm’s Owl). The reason probably lies in strong ecological isolation mechanisms between these two owl species.
158
DenAc, K. (2003): Smrtnost vreten~arjev na cestah Ljubljanskega barja [Road mortality of vertebrates on Ljubljansko barje (Slovenia)]. Graduation Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana.
Mentor / Supervisor: doc. dr. Ivan Kos
UDC 656.11:596(497.4Ljubljansko barje) (043.2)=863,
62 pages
Avtorjev elektronski naslov / Author’s e-mail:
katarina.senegacnik@guest.arnes.si
Environmental fragmentation due to increasingly dense road networks limits dispersion and causes isolation of (sub)populations and a decrease in their viability. Traffc directly causes an increase in animal mortality. Roads alter the behaviour (size and location of home ranges, dispersion, foraging) and reproductive success of animals, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the environment. They enable spreading of non-native species and increased use of environment by people. Due to roads the species’ composition of communities and their population sizes change. The main factors infuencing the presence of a species on the road are: species’ ecology and activity pattern, weather, season, topography and vegetation along the roadside and illumination of the road. Some species search for food or gastroliths on the roads. Roads and road verges are warmer and free of snow earlier in the season than other parts. Road verges can offer breeding places or perches to some species. Numerous reptiles use roads for thermoregulation. The probability of an animal getting hit by a vehicle depends on the following factors: physical characteristics of the road, animal’s size, speed, activity pattern and the direction of its road crossing; vehicles’ speed and their »activity pattern«. Traffc greatly affects slow species, species with low reproduction potential, species with high population densities along the roads and species with large home ranges and long dispersion distances. The correlation between traffc density and mortality can be positive, negative or absent. The infuence of roads on populations depends on the sex and age of road casualties and the time of death. It is most pronounced in the case of adult female casualties before reproduction. In my thesis I tried to evaluate the infuence of traffc on vertebrate species of Ljubljansko barje. I determined the infuence of different types of habitat along the road on the number of casualties and species’ composition of thanatocenosis. I also attempted to determine the correlation between traffc density and the density of casualties. I located black spots for amphibians.
Acrocephalus 2J (m): IJ7 - ICO, 2OO4
Data was gathered on the roads of the central part of Ljubljansko barje between 1 Sep 2000 and 30 Aug 2001. The total length of roads was 26.1 km. Carcasses on both sides of the road were surveyed at least once a week. The whole length was divided into 9 sections according to the type of habitat alongside the road. The sections with the same type of habitat were then joined in analysis (settlements: 15.3 km, open landscape: 5.55 km and forest edge: 5.25 km). Open landscape comprised intensively managed meadows, extensively managed wet meadows and felds. The censuses were done by bicycle or car (max. speed 40 km/h). During spring night censuses one section of the road was counted on foot because of migrating Common Newts Triturus vulgaris. Their numbers would have been greatly underestimated if surveyed from a car. From February to May roads were surveyed in each rainy night because of the migration of amphibians. Carcasses were determined to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Where possible, sex and age were also determined. The location of each carcass (side or middle of the road) was noted. Carcasses were removed from the road in order to avoid double counting.
Altogether 2045 carcasses were found, belonging to 4 vertebrate classes and 59 different species (8 species or 1788 individuals of amphibians, 4 sp. or 48 ind. of reptiles, 27 sp. or 98 ind. of birds and 20 sp. or 111 ind. of mammals). Eudominant taxa were Common Toad Bufo bufo, Brown Frogs, Rana temporaria and R. dalmatina, and Common Newt; dominant was Common Tree Frog Hyla arborea. The highest density of casualties (286.3 ind./km) was found at forest edge and is largely attributable to amphibian migration from wintering to spawning sites and back. Amphibians and reptiles reached highest densities at forest edge (274.5 ind./km and 6.5 ind./km, respectively), the latter due mostly to juvenile and subadult dispersal and migration to wintering sites in the forest. The most common reptile species were the Grass Snake Natrix natrix and the Slow-worm Anguis fragilis. Birds and mammals showed lowest densities at forest edge (2.1 ind./km and 3.2 ind./km, respectively). Small mammals inhabiting forests are reluctant to venture out to open areas such as roads, because of the greater chance of being preyed upon. In my opinion, the same holds true for many birds that breed in the forest (with the exception of Song Thrush Turdus philomelos, Blackbird T. merula and Robin Erithacus rubecula which can often be seen foraging on roadsides, forest edges and feld edges). The middle density of casualties (56.4 ind./km) was found on roads in open landscape. Birds and
mammals reached highest densities in this type of habitat (5.8 ind./km and 6.1 ind./km, respectively) with Tree Sparrow Passer montanus, Arvicolidae and Soricidae being the most common taxa. The most of the birds were killed during autumn migration. At that time corn harvesting is in full run with many spilled grains remaining on the roads for birds to feed on. In the time of autumn foods on Ljubljansko barje (November) many small mammals are killed while attempting to cross roads which are fooded up to their verges. At the same time birds are killed by passing vehicles when feeding on earthworms that come onto the roads. The lowest density of casualties was recorded in settlements (15.0 ind./km) – they consist mostly of birds and mammals (3.6 ind./km and 3.9 ind./km, respectively), with House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Eastern Hedgehog Erinaceus concolor and Feral Cat Felis silvestris being the commonest species. The lower densities of casualties in this type of habitat are attributable to several factors: (1) lower population densities of non-synantropic species due to traffc, (2) absence of amphibian migration routes and (3) experience in avoiding traffc.
The majority of vertebrates were killed in March, which refects the migration time of amphibians from wintering to spawning sites. A lesser peak was detected in September and October and is largely due to amphibian migration in the opposite direction. The least vertebrates were killed from December to January (hibernation of amphibians, reptiles, bats, hedgehogs; absence of certain bird species; decreased activity of most other species). The majority of amphibians were killed from February to May (maximum in March) and September to October. The lowest numbers were detected in January. These data refect the temporal pattern of their migrations among different habitats (wintering, spawning and summer feeding sites). Their migration began in the frst week of February, but massively one month later in the beginning of March, with the ambient temperature of 6oC. There was an increase of migrating individuals during rainy nights. The presence on the road of some amphibians even during winter is probably a consequence of a very mild winter 2000/01 with unusually high temperatures. Reptiles were killed from April to October with a peak in August – September (dispersion of juvenile and subadult individuals, migration to wintering sites). The majority (69.6%) of reptiles were juveniles and subadults. Juveniles were found from the second week of August (Grass Snake) to the last week of September (Slow-worm). They were absent in late autumn and winter due to hibernation. Birds were killed in all months, except in December. In winter, there is less
159
Povzetki diplomskih, magistrskih in doktorskih del / Thesis Summaries
food on the roads and many species of birds migrate south and are therefore absent. 91.8% of casualties belonged to passerines and 8.2% to non-passerines. The majority of birds (76.5%) were killed from May to September (that roughly encompasses breeding time, juvenile dispersal and autumn migration). Among those with known age there were 25.8% juveniles but this percentage is underestimated due to diffcult age determination in the genus Passer. Mammals were killed throughout the whole year, but signifcantly less in the winter. This is a result of some species’ hibernation (Eastern Hedgehog, bats) and decreased activity of others.
When determining the correlation between traffc density and the density of casualties, there was insuffcient data on traffc density to make a reliable correlation diagram (the data was available only for three sections). The negative relationship between the two is very obvious when using data for all vertebrates. That is due to the fact that the section with lowest traffc density crosses the amphibian migration route and the road with highest traffc density does not. With the exclusion of amphibian data there is still a negative relationship but now the differences are very small. The data on traffc density for all sections should be obtained and population densities of vertebrates alongside road monitored.
Tw o black spots for amphibians were discovered. The frst one is located on the frst 1400 m of section no. 2 (open landscape). The second one comprises the entire section no. 5 (5.25 km) passing through forest edge. Six more such spots were discovered on the rest of Ljubljansko barje.
The established number of killed vertebrates should be regarded as minimal for a one year period. The carcasses disappear between censuses (due to carrion feeders, removal by hunters, rain, ploughing, high traffc density and sticking to tyres), they are less visible if lying on road verges and when surveyed from a car.
In my opinion, road mortality does not endanger the long-term survival of vertebrate populations on Ljubljansko barje, taking into consideration the present density of roads and traffc. The only exception to this might be some slow moving amphibian species such as Common Toad and Common Newt. In this case, roads cause massive elimination of sexually mature specimens before they can reproduce.
i6o
Acrocephalus 25 (m): l6l - 177, 2OO4
Iz ornitoloŠke beleZnice
From the ornithological notebook
Slovenija / Slovenia
Rumenokljuni slapnik Gavia adamsii & Beloliska Melanitta fusca
Yellow-billed Diver & Velvet Scoter - 1 Yellow-billed Diver and 2 Velvet Scoters at Se~ovlje saltpans (UTM UL83, SW Slovenia) on 19Mar 2004. Fourth record of the Yellow-billed Diver in Slovenia.
Dne 19.3.2004 sem sklenil izkoristiti svoj nekajdnevni obisk v Sloveniji na Obali. V Se~oveljskih solinah je bilo nenavadno tiho. V nekaterih bazenih sploh ni bilo vode, drugi pa so bili, z izjemo nekaj re~nih Larus ridibundus in rumenonogih galebov Larus cachinnans, prazni. Poleg muzeja solinarstva se je ogla{al samoten belo~eli de`evnik Charadrius alexandrinus, na vodi pa se je pozibaval par srednjih `agarjev Mergus serrator. Poleg teh ptic sem opazil {e nekaj velikih belih Egretta alba in sivih ~apelj Ardea cinerea ter nekaj malih ptic, kot so na primer bela pastirica Motacilla alba, rumeni strnad Emberiza citrinella in poljski vrabec Passer montanus. Ob izlivu Dragonje v Piranski zaliv sem za~el pregledovati morsko gladino. Teleskop sem najprej usmeril proti hrva{kim {kolj~i{~em, na katerih je posedalo nekaj kormoranov Phalacrocorax carbo, in ga nato po~asi premikal proti portoro{kim pla`am. V vidnem polju sem sre~eval posamezne ~opaste Podiceps cristatus, rjavovrate Podiceps grisegena in ~rnovrate ponirke Podiceps nigricollis ter nekaj mlakaric Anas platyrhynchos. Nato sem v smeri portoro{kih skladi{~, na oddaljenosti okoli 200 m od brega, zagledal dve raci, ~rni in ve~ji od vseh drugih. Bili sta beloliski. To vrsto ptice dobro poznam iz Poljske, kjer na balti{ki obali prezimuje v velikih jatah. Uro kasneje sem na pribli`no istem mestu zagledal ptico, ki sem jo dobro poznal z razli~nih slik. [lo je za rumenokljunega slapnika v zimskem perju. Bila je velika, siva ptica z velikim, svetlim kljunom z rumenkasto konico, ki ga je dr`al navzgor. V primeri z meni znanimi rde~egrlimi slapniki je bil kljun opazovanega slapnika o~itno mo~nej{i. Sivi trup ptice, dokaj globoko potopljen v vodo, je bil prekrit z vzorcem, ki je ustvarjal vtis velikih, svetlih lusk. Prsi, ki so samo neznatno molile iz vode, so bile bele, debeli in kratki vrat pa je bil na straneh temnej{i. Le spredaj in na grlu je bil svetel.
Črno oko se je izrazito razločevalo od svetlejšega ozadja. Na licih so bile izrazite temnejše lise. Celo je bilo dokaj temno in nekoliko izbočeno. Ptica se je gugala na majhnih valovih in si čistila peruti. Čez nekaj časa se je potopila in ostala pod vodo okoli pol minute. Opisano opazovanje rumenokljunega slapnika je Nacionalna komisija za redkosti potrdila za četrto opazovanje v Sloveniji. Zadnjič je bila vrsta v Sloveniji opazovana le leto prej, 2003, ravno tako na morju, in sicer v Strunjanu [Vrezec, A. & Rubinič, B. (2003): Rumenokljuni slapnik Gavia adamsii. — Acrocephalus 24 (118): 109]. Namen mojega obiska na slovenski obali je bil preveriti, ali južne vrste ptic, ki še niso priletele na Poljsko, prebivajo na sončni strani Alp, kjer čakajo na lepše vreme. Namesto njih pa sem srečal severne vrste, ki bi jih prej pričakoval na Poljskem kot v Sloveniji.
Maciej Szymariski, ul.Bemardyriska la/67, 02-904 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail: macszym@yahoo.com
Črna štorklja Ciconia nigra
Black Stork — regularly occurring along the Sava river near Kresnice (260 m a.s.l., UTM VM80, central Slovenia) in the summer months from 2002 to 2004, and observation of 1 individual near Črni vrh in Tuhinjska valley (600 m a.s.l., UTM VM81, central Slovenia) on 11 Jul 2004
V Kresnicah na južnem bregu Save (260 m n.v.), približno 200 m V od mostu čez Savo, se je od leta 2002 do 2004 v poletnih mesecih redno pojavljala črna štorklja. Navadno je stala na grušču tik ob vodi, kjer se je verjetno prehranjevala. Čeprav je ob Savi več gozdičkov, kjer bi utegnila gnezditi, gnezda nisem nikoli našel. Očitno je Sava na tem predelu pomembno prehranjevališče črne štorklje, saj je bila vrsta tu opazovana že daljnega leta 1983 [Matvejev, S.D. (1984): Črna štorklja Ciconia nigra. — Acrocephalus 5 (19/20): 22]. Sicer pa sem črno štorkljo v bližini opazoval tudi 11.7.2004 v Tuhinjski dolini pri Črnem vrhu (600 m n.v.).
Andrej Kapla, Cesta Hermana Debelaka 21, SI-1430 Hrastnik, Slovenija, e-mail: trechus@volja.net
i6i
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Čopasta črnica Aythya fuligula
Tufted Duck — female leading 6 chicks at Hraše pools on 1 Sep 2004 (UTM VM51, N Slovenia); frst confrmed breeding record for the Gorenjska region since 1992
Med bolj ali manj rednimi obiski Hraških mlak pri Smledniku v zadnjih desetih letih sem se nemalokrat spraševal, zakaj tu čopasta črnica ne gnezdi že vse od leta 1991, ko sta bila tu opazovana 2 para z 8 mladiči [Bibič, A. (1992): Čopasta črnica Aythya fuligula. — Acrocephalus 50: 21]. Dejstvo je namreč, da se tu pojavlja v kar lepem številu v vseh letnih časih in mlaki zapusti šele tedaj, ko ju prekrije led. Toda 1.9.2004 se mi je naposled le prikradel nasmeh na usta, ko sem zagledal samico, vodečo 6 napol odraslih mladičev. Od leta 1992, ko je bil na Brdu pri Kranju opazovan par teh rac s sedmimi mladiči [Geister, I. (1995) Ornitološki atlas Slovenije — DZS, Ljubljana], je to prvi potrjeni podatek o gnezdenju čopaste črnice na Gorenjskem. Sicer pa je povsem mogoče, da čopasta črnica med popisi v preteklosti ni bila v Sloveniji zabeležena kot gnezdilka kratko malo zato, ker glede na večino podatkov pri nas gnezdi razmeroma pozno. Seveda pa se hkrati vsiljuje vprašanje, ali ni mogoče, da je mlaka v Hrašah glede na svojo velikost že »preobremenjena« z drugimi podobnimi gnezdilkami in je bila čopasta črnica kratko malo prisiljena gnezditi pozneje.
Henrik Ciglič, Likozarjeva 7, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenija, e-mail: cigi@s5.net
Črni škarnik Milvus migrans
Black Kite — late observation of 1 individual on 12 Oct 2004 at Medvedce reservoir SE of Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia)
Dne 12.11.2004 sem med obhodom vodnega zadrževalnika Medvedce jugovzhodno od Pragerskega v SV Sloveniji opazoval prvoletnega črnega škarnika. Gre za redek pozen podatek. V pregledu Acrocephalusov 2000 — 2004 nisem našel kasnejšega datuma. Večina teh ptic se namreč seli iz Evrope avgusta, le malo pa jih ostane do septembra ali dlje [Cramp S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. — Oxford University Press, Oxford].
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklavž, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si
162
[krjan~ar Falco subbuteo
Hobby – an individual pursuing a fock of bats at dusk on 11 Sep 1996 near Ormo` (UTM WM94, NE Slovenia)
Z Borutom [tumbergerjem sva jasen in hladen ve~er, 11.9.1996, pre`ivela pri bazenih za odpadne vode Tovarne sladkorja d.d. v Ormo`u. Spremljala sva intenzivno selitev pobre`nikov Charadriiformes, posebej prodnikov treh vrst, malega Calidris minuta, spremenljivega C. alpina in srpokljunega prodnika C. ferruginea, ki jih je bilo skupaj ~ez 100. V mraku so najino pozornost pritegnile »ptice«, ki so letale iz smeri Drave proti bazenom. Hitro sva ugotovila, da gre pravzaprav za ve~je netopirje, najverjetneje so bili mra~niki Nyctalus sp., za katere je znano, da se selijo [Kry{tufek, B. (1991): Sesalci Slovenije. – Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana]. Nad lagunami je jata netopirjev lovila `u`elke, njihovo {tevilo pa je naraslo ~ez 500. V tej jati sva nenadoma zagledala {krjan~arja, ki jih je lovil kot za {alo, in videti je bilo, da netopirji nimajo prav nobene obrambe pred njim. Mrak je zakril njihov ples, {krjan~ar pa je z gostijo nadaljeval v no~. O~itno netopirji Chiroptera v prehrani {krjan~arja niti niso tak{na redkost, saj so bili najdeni med ostanki plena denimo tudi na {krjan~arjevem gnezdu v Lescah [Kozinc, B. (1999): Analiza ostankov plena iz gnezda {krjan~arja Falco subbuteo. – Acrocephalus 20 (93): 50-52].
Damijan Denac, Gorki~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@nib.si
Gozdni jereb Bonasa bonasia Hazel Grouse – late brood; female with 2 chicks (approx. 2 weeks old) observed on 19 Jun 2003 near Lo{ki potok (UTM VL66, S Slovenia)
Na makadamski cesti med Lo{kim potokom in Lo{ko dolino je 19.6.2003 moj avto preletela samica gozdnega jereba z mladi~em. Ustavil sem in pregledal okolico, kjer sta vzletela. Nenadoma sem opazil {e enega operjenega mladi~a, ki je otrpnil na suhi veji na tleh. Pribli`al sem se mu na dva metra, vendar ni zletel. Tedaj se je v bli`ini oglasila samica, kli~o~ svojega mladi~a. Stopil sem za glasom in tedaj zagledal dva mladi~a in samico v zraku. Habitat je primeren za gozdnega jereba – mozai~en z zara{~ajo~imi travniki in odraslim gozdom ter pestro sestavo drevesnih in grmovnih vrst. Presene~a zelo pozno leglo. Mladi~i so bili po oceni stari okoli dva tedna. Obi~ajno se izvalijo v drugi polovici maja [Bergman, H.H., Klaus, S.,
Acrocephalus 25 (m): l6l - 177, 2OO4
Muller, F. , Scherzinger, W., Swenson, J.E. & Wiesner, J. (1996): Die Haselhuhner. – Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei Bd. 77, Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg], to leglo pa je zamujalo za dober mesec. Verjetno so bili mladi~i iz nadomestnega legla.
Mirko Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2A, SI-1310 Ribnica, Slovenija, e-mail: mirko.perusek@zgs.gov.si
@erjav Grus grus
Common Crane – observation of a fock of 32 individuals on 7 Nov 2004 on Meni{ija plateau near Pokoji{~e (UTM VL48, Central Slovenia); the area of Meni{ija could possibly serve as an important corridor for migration of large bird species, considering that data on observation of several other migrating species are also at hand, including Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus, Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus, and Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus
Dne 7.11.2004 sem pred hi{o na Pokoji{~u v daljavi zasli{al znano ogla{anje in kmalu opazil jato `erjavov v zna~ilnem klinu. Na{tel sem 32 ptic, ki so nekaj ~asa kro`ile nad Sebonjim lazom (804 m n.v.) zahodno od Pokoji{~a ter kmalu zatem izginile v oblaku v smeri proti zahodu. V zadnjih letih se redno pojavljajo poro~ila o opazovanjih `erjavov v Sloveniji, predvsem z obmo~ja SV Slovenije [Vrezec, A. (1995): @erjav Grus grus. – Acrocephalus 16 (71): 128; Bra~ko, F. (2003): @erjav Grus grus. – Acrocephalus 24 (117): 75; Labus, N. & Krofel, M. (2003): @erjav Grus grus. – Acrocephalus 24 (118): 111; D. Bordjan ustno]. Iz osrednje Slovenije so znani podatki s Cerkni{kega jezera [Kmecl, P. & Ri`ner, K. (1993): Pregled vodnih ptic in ujed Cerkni{kega jezera; spremljanje {tevil~nosti s poudarkom na preletu in prezimovanju. – Acrocephalus 14 (56/57): 4-31; Vrezec, A. & Eler{ek, T. (2003): @erjav Grus grus & togotnik Philomachus pugnax. – Acrocephalus 24 (116): 32], Ljubljane [Legi{a, P. (1998): @erjav Grus grus. – Acrocephalus 19 (89): 118] in Ljubljanskega barja (E. Vukeli~ ustno). Obmo~je Meni{ije bi lahko bilo pomemben koridor za selitev `erjavov in tudi nekaterih drugih ve~jih vrst, ki izkori{~ajo termiko. Dne 10.9.2004 sem na primer opazoval mladosten osebek rjavega lunja Circus aeruginosus, ki je preletel Mali Trebelnik (807 m n. v., UTM VL58) v smeri proti Ljubljanskemu barju. Trije (3) sr{enarji Pernis apivorus so bili o~itno na selitvi, ko so dne 23.5.2003 kro`ili nad vasjo Zabo~evo v Borovni{ki dolini (A. Vrezec pisno). Z Ljubljanskega barja ob vzno`ju Meni{ije v bli`ini Borovnice pa je bil opazovan tudi beloglavi
jastreb Gyps fulvus [Szymanski, M. (2002): Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus. — Acrocephalus 23 (112): 110].
Miha Krofel, Zavrh pri Borovnici 2, SI-1353 Borovnica, Slovenija, e-mail: mk_lynx@yahoo.co.uk
Veliki skovik Otus scops
Scops Owl - an adult (brown morph) sitting on 2 eggs in a hollow of an old apple tree on 28 Jun 1997 in the village of Markovci (UTM WM99, Gori~ko, NE Slovenia). On 9 Aug, 2 fedged young were found crouching in the hollow.
Leta 1997 smo v okviru ornitolo{kega raziskovalnega tabora v Markovcih sistemati~no popisovali ptice mozai~ne kulturne krajine na Gori~kem za potrebe opredelitve obmo~ja IBA. Med popisovanjem po metodi {tetja na povr{ini smo pregledali tudi vsa ve~ja dupla v visokodebelnih sadovnjakih. Dne 28.6.1997 smo v skupini, ki smo jo sestavljali Dominik Bombek, Barbara Pislak, Jakob Smole in pisec, naleteli na gnezdo velikega skovika. Odrasli veliki skovik, rjava razli~ica, je negibno sedel v duplu na dveh jajcih. Jablana z duplom je rasla v manj{em odprtem visokodebelnem
163
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
sadovnjaku, ki je obkro`al hi{o in gospodarsko poslopje nad pokopali{~em v vasi Markovci (glej sliko). Drevo je bilo od neprometne va{ke ceste oddaljeno pribli`no 5 m, od najbli`je stavbe pa 10 m. Travnik v sadovnjaku je bil ko{en, duplo je bilo pribli`no 1,5 m nad tlemi. Vhodna odprtina je bila velika 25 × 19 cm, duplo je bilo globoko 20 cm. Dne 9.8.1997 sta v duplu ~epela `e 2 povsem operjena mladi~a, ki sta gotovo `e letela, kar pa je zanimivo, saj se mladi~i skovikov, potem ko zapustijo duplo, po literaturnih podatkih praviloma vanj ne vra~ajo ve~ [Cramp, S., ed. (1994): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the eastern Palearctic. Vol. 4, Terns to Woodpeckers. – Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Populacija velikega skovika na Gori~kem je najve~ja kontinentalna populacija v Sloveniji [[tumberger, B. (2000): Veliki skovik Otus scops na Gori~kem. – Acrocephalus 21 (98/99): 23-26], skoviki pa so najpogostej{i na obmo~jih mozai~ne krajine z visokodebelnimi sadovnjaki. Podatkov o najdenih gnezdih velikega skovika pri nas, posebej v SV Sloveniji, prakti~no ni, in na{e vedenje o gnezditveni ekolo{ki ni{i te sovice je zelo skopo.
Damijan Denac, Gorki~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@nib.si
Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus Three-toed Woodpecker – late nest in a dead Norway Spruce Picea abies. An adult feeding the young on 15 Jul 2004 in the Beech and Fir forest Omphalodo-Fagetum s. lat. with predominant deciduous trees at Stojna in the Ko~evsko region (UTM VL58, S Slovenia)
Navadno sem dupla z mladi~i triprstega detla opazoval v drugi polovici maja. Na jugozahodni strani ko~evske Stojne sem 15.7.2004 opazoval krmljenje `e precej velikih mladi~ev triprstega detla v jelovo bukovem gozdu Omphalodo-Fagetum s.lat. Gnezdilno duplo v vi{ini 4,5 m je triprsti detel izdolbel v odmrli smreki Picea abies prsnega premera 25 cm. Habitat je nekoliko neobi~ajen za to vrsto, saj prevladujejo listavci, odmrlih dreves pa je v okolici malo. Razlog za gnezdenje je verjetno treba iskati v neobi~ajnih razmerah, saj se v tem delu Stojne `e od leta 2002 pojavljajo prenamno`itve podlubnikov Scolytidae na jelki Abies alba in smreki. Obilje hrane na posameznih drevesih je izkoristil tudi triprsti detel z zelo pozno gnezditvijo, in to v prete`no listnatem sestoju.
Mirko Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2A, SI-1310 Ribnica, Slovenija, e-mail: mirko.perusek@zgs.gov.si
^opasta sinica Parus cristatus Crested Tit – fedged young observed on 30 Jun 2004 in orchard at Mala Slav{ina (UTM WM75, Slovenske gorice, NE Slovenia)
Dne 30.6.2004 smo se Luka Bo`i~, Klarisa Sipo{, Jan Vodovnik, Barbara Zak{ek in pisec teh vrstic odpravili popisovat ptice kulturne krajine na obmo~je Slovenskih goric. Okoli 6.00 zjutraj smo v sadovnjaku v kraju Mala Slav{ina na jablanah opazili sinice. Podrobnej{i pregled je razkril, da gre za speljane mladi~e ~opaste sinice. Ornitolo{ki atlas gnezdilk [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana] za obmo~je Slovenskih goric ~opaste sinice ne navaja, saj na tem obmo~ju ni ve~jih iglastih gozdov, ki so glavni habitat vrste.
Jurij Han`el, @idovska ulica 1, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija
Hrva{ka / Croatia
Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus Mali labod – prvi podatek za naravni park Kopa~ki rit in drugi veljavni podatek za Hrva{ko; 3 osebki so bili opazovani 4.11.2004 v dru`bi 800 gosi (600 sivih gosi Anser anser, 120 belo~elih gosi A. albifrons, 80 njivskih gosi A. fabalis) na ribnikih Podunavlje v naravnem parku Kopa~ki rit (UTM CR25, V Hrva{ka). Avtorji navajajo {e pregled dosedanjih podatkov o pojavljanju malega laboda na Hrva{kem: (1) delta reke Neretve (nezanesljiv podatek; Csörgey 1902), (2) Lonjsko polje, 14.2.1998 (Krivo{i} 1998, Mu`ini} & Vasilik 2002). (barvna priloga – slika 1)
During a regular bird monitoring on 4 Nov 2004 at Podunavlje fshponds, Kopa~ki Rit Nature Park, the frst author observed three swans landing in the midst of a fock of 800 geese. The birds landed approximately 800 metres from the observer and at frst glance appeared to be Snow Goose in view of their short necks and small size. A closer look, however, revealed that they were larger than geese, but smaller than Mute or Whooper Swans, two species that are relatively common during the winter in this area. Also, their clearly visible diagnostic black and yellow bills, with yellow base with rounded end, as opposed to the sharply ending yellow base in Whooper Swans that extends well beyond nostrils, revealed that the observed birds were Bewick’s Swans (Colour appendix – Figure 1). The birds joined the fock of 600 Greylag Geese Anser anser, 120 White-fronted Geese A. albifrons, and 80
164
Acrocephalus 25 (m): l6l - 177, 2OO4
Bean Geese A. fabalis at around 11:00 when geese return from arable land to the fshponds for drinking and resting. After landing, the swans began to swim and bathe, occasionally chasing Greylag Geese that approached them too close. Later they sat on the tree-stump, resting and preening. Later on, the Bewick’s Swans were also observed by the second author, Stjepan Tkal~evi}, and Vatroslav [krnjug. Breeding in Russian tundra and wintering mainly in northwestern Europe, Bewick’s Swan is a very rare species in Croatia. The frst occurrence of Bewick’s Swans in Croatia was confrmed on the basis of a killed specimen from the Neretva delta in Dalmatia [Csörgey, T. (1902): Fünf Monate in Spalato. – Aquila 10 (1/4): 66-104]. However, Csörgey (1902) did not give the exact date of its recovery nor mentioned the fate of the body. According to some resources, the specimen ended in the Natural History Museum Trieste, but since there is no such account in Sadini’s catalogue, recent authors consider this record as doubtful [Sadini, G. (1960/ 61): La raccolta regionale degli ucceli conservata nel Museo Civico di Storia naturale in Trieste. – Atti Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Trieste 22: 67-131; Kralj, J. (1997): Croatian ornithofauna in the last 200 years. – Larus 46: 1-122]. The frst accepted record of Bewick’s Swan in Croatia dates back to 14 Feb 1998 when four birds were observed between Mu`ilov~ica and Krate~ko villages in Lonjsko Polje Nature Park. These birds were photographed by Lea Krivo{i} from Sisak. From these photographs, Bewick’s Swans could be determined without any doubts [Krivo{i}, L. (1998): U Lonjskom polju – 243. pti~ja vrsta. – Ve~ernji List, 26.02.1998; Mu`ini}, J. & Vasilik, @. (2002): The frst tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus) in Croatia. – Israel Journal of Zoology 48(3): 248-249]. Based on these data, we can conclude that our observation is the third possible occurrence and second valid record of Bewick’s Swans in Croatia. Also it is the frst record for Kopa~ki Rit Nature Park, whose total number of bird species has now reached 292.
Jozsef Mikuska, Department of Biology, University of Osijek, L. Jagera 9,
HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
Tibor Mikuska, Kopa~ki rit Nature Park Management Offce, Ul. P. Sandora
33, HR-31327 Bilje, Croatia, e-mail: tibor@kopacki-rit.com
Alma Mikuska, Department of Biology, University of Osijek, L. Jagera 9,
HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia, e-mail: almaogresevic@yahoo.com
^apljica Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern – four records from the end of April 2004 on the island of Kor~ula (S Dalmatia): (1) exhausted individual at the village of Ra~i{~e (UTM XH65) on 27 Apr, (2) 1 individual at Donje Blato
(UTM XH75) on 29 Apr, (3) 1 exhausted female at Donje Blato on 30 Apr, and (4) 5 individuals on pond near Vela Luka (UTM XH45) on 29 Apr
Ob prihodu s terena na biolo{kem taboru na Kor~uli v ju`ni Dalmaciji dne 27.4.2004 sem zvedel, da je skupina pod mentorstvom Andreja Kaple v naselju Ra~i{~e na{la iz~rpano ~apljico. Le-to so si lokalni otroci dobesedno podajali med sabo. Kljub hitremu posredovanju je ~apljica kmalu poginila. Drugo ~apljico smo opazili 29.4. na Donjem Blatu. Tam se je spreletela z enega grma na drugega. Naslednjega dne je na tem istem mestu Andrej Kapla na{el samico ~apljice. A tudi ta je ~ez nekaj ur poginila. Predvidevam, da sta bila oba osebka popolnoma iz~rpana. Istega dne je Vesna Cafuta opazovala jato petih ~apljic ob kalu blizu Vele Luke. Morda je otok Kor~ula pomemben kot po~ivali{~e te ptice na njeni poti ~ez Sredozemsko morje.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Ju`ni sokol – nova vrsta za naravni park Vransko jezero (UTM WJ46, S Dalmacija); dne 31.10.2004 je osebek lovil v kmetijskem obmo~ju med Benkovcem in Biogradom
At 10.40 on 31 Oct 2004, a Lanner Falcon fying from the direction of Vransko Jezero Nature Park tried to settle down on dry branches of a thick poplar along the Benkovac - Biograd road some four kilometers before the town in the agricultural area near the main canal. I could clearly see its thin beard and the more elegant, slenderer jizz as that of the larger Peregrine with longer wings and tail, but smaller in size. The bird was attacked by two Hooded Crows Corvus corone cornix, and while comparing the sizes of the two species, the falcon seemed to be slightly larger with longer wings. It few off low over the cultivated area westwards in chase of birds. The area was full with smaller migrants such as pipits and wagtails, but also focks of Yellow-legged Larus cachinnans and Black-headed Gulls L. ridibundus. The Lanner is a new bird species for Vransko Jezero, as it does not appear in the list of 234 species occurring in the Park [Radovi}, D., Tuti{, V. & Kralj, J. (2004): Inventarizacija i valorizacija ornitifaune Parka prirode Vransko Jezero. – Zavod za Ornitologiju HAZU, Zagreb]. The Croatian population is estimated at only 5 pairs [Radovi}, D., Kralj, J., Tuti{, V. & ]ikovi}, D.
165
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
(2003): Crvena knjiga ugro`enih ptica Hrvatske. – MZOPU, Zagreb].
Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider-jacoby@euronatur.org
Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla Pritlikava tukalica – tri vrste tukalic, verjetno na selitvi, opazovane v mrtvici Ti{ina v Buda{evem pri Sisku (UTM XL13, Lonjsko polje, V Hrva{ka): (1) 1 osebek grahaste tukalice Porzana porzana 16.8.2002, (2) 1 osebek male tukalice Porzana parva 15.8., 16.8., 1.9. in 8.9.2002 in (3) 1 osebek pritlikave tukalice 11., 15. in 16.8.2002. Gre za prva opazovanja pritlikave tukalice na Lonjskem polju.
In August and September 2002, I frequently visited the Ti{ina oxbow at Buda{evo near Sisak. I was paying special attention to crakes, which during my visits fed on water lilies and dried-up mud along the reed belt. I was able to observe them particularly well from the angling platforms, in some places even less than 2 metres away from the observed birds. I managed to identify all three Porzana species. I saw one (1) specimen of Spotted Crake Porzana porzana on 16 Aug 2002. Little Crake Porzana parva was recorded on 15 Aug 2002 (1), 16 Aug 2002 (2), 1 Sep 2002 (1), and 8 Sep 2002 (1). Baillon’s Crake, on the other hand, was seen on 11 Aug 2002 (3), 15 Aug 2002 (1), and 16 Aug 2002 (1). Let me underline that I was dealing strictly with individuals, mainly males. Apart from the above stated birds, I saw a few more individuals which, however, could not be identify with utmost certainty. I presume that the recorded birds were on migration and that these unusually frequent observations were due to the extremely dry summer and, consequently, the very low water level in the oxbow. Namely, the birds searching for food moved to more open spaces, out of the reed and willow shelter, and were therefore much easier to observe. The observation of Baillon’s Crake was no doubt of the greatest interest. The occurrence of crakes in the area of Lonjsko polje has been so far reported only by M. Schneider-Jacoby [Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1988): Endangered and rare birds in the alluvial wetlands of the Sava river on the Posavina/ Croatia. – Larus 40: 167–178], who registered, on 23 Apr1986 at Krapji \ol, a male Little Crake during its display calling, and at least 10 pairs of Spotted Crake at four different localities. In the same work, he reported on his observations of four small crakes at Poganovo polje on 15 Aug 1986, which he was apparently unable
to identify with certainty (Little or Baillon’s Crake). However, according to his dissertation [Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1993): Vögel als Indikatoren für das ökologische Potential der Saveaue und Möglichkeiten für deren Erhaltung. – Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Biologische Fakultät der Universität Konstanz, Konstanz], he observed only Little and Spotted Crakes. Upon my enquiry he confrmed that that the disputable observation probably concerned Little Crake (M. Schneider-Jacoby pers. comm.). Consequently, this is the frst confrmed record of the Baillon’s Crake for the area of Lonjsko polje. Baillon’s Crake is a rare breeder in Croatia, both in the interior and in the coastal parts of the country. It has been known to breed at Jelas polje and Slavonska Podravina [Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednjih dvjesto godina. – Larus 46: 1-112] and in the Neretva valley [Sackl, P. , Bo`i~, L. & [tumberger, B. (2003): Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla on the lower Neretva river: notes on a possible breeding location in southern Dalmatia. – Acrocephalus 24 (116): 21–27], whereas in the area of Baranja it has been registered only as a rare passage migrant [Mikuska, J., Mikuska, T. & Romuli}, M. (2002): Vodi~ kroz biolo{ku raznolikost Kopa~kog rita, Knjiga I: Ptice. – Matica hrvatska Osijek i Javna ustanova Park prirode “Kopa~ki Rit”, Osijek].
@eljko Vasilik, S.Bereka 11, HR-44202 Topolovac, Croatia, e-mail: zeljko.vasilik@ina.hr
^oketa Gallinago media
Great Snipe – 1 individual observed on 30 Apr 2004 in a wet meadow at Donje Blato near the town of Kor~ula (UTM XH75, Kor~ula Island, S Dalmatia)
Na biolo{kem taboru na Kor~uli v ju`ni Dalmaciji sem 30.4.2004 obiskal Donje Blato pri mestu Kor~ula. Takoj ob prihodu na delno poplavljeni del kompleksa travnikov sem spla{il srednje veliko ptico. Bila je ~oketa. Ptica me je ve~krat obkro`ila in se kakih sto metrov stran spustila v travo. ^oketa je dopolnila bogato avifavno, na katero smo do tistega trenutka naleteli na Donjem Blatu. Gre za opazovanje redke ptice v Dalmaciji [Rucner, D.(1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb].
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si
166
Acrocephalus 25 (m): l6l - 177, 2OO4
White Wagtail Motacilla alba Bela pastirica – po~ivali{~e v trsti~ju na zahodni strani Vranskega jezera (UTM WJ46, S Dalmacija); vsaj 1400 ptic je bilo opazovanih 31.10.2004 na preletu med 16.30 in 16.55 v jatah s 50 do 150 osebki
On 31 Oct 2004, between 16.30 and 16.55 hrs, at least 1400 White Wagtails few over the new built ornithological ringing station in Vransko Jezero Nature Park to the reed beds at the west end of the Lake, arriving from the cultivated areas west of the Lake. The fock sizes were estimated at 50 to 150 individuals. As the eastern wind was blowing, the birds few very low only 10 m above the vegetation. The reed belt is protected as the Park’s core zone and as one of the most important reed beds on the Eastern Adriatic coast. It would be interesting to describe the functions of the area for bird species, which use this site as their night quarters throughout the year.
Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider-jacoby@euronatur.org Gojko Pintur, Vransko Jezero Nature Park, Kralja Petra Sva~i}a 2, HR-23210 Biograd n/m, Croatia, e-mail: pp-vransko-jezero@zd.hinet.hr
Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis Spanish Sparrow – two new colonies found on Pelje{ac Peninsula (S Dalmatia); on 13 Jun 2004, a large colony (at least 50 breeding pairs) was found in the village Praprotno on the coast (UTM YH14), and a colony with approximately 20 nests on 14 Jun 2004 in Trpanj park (UTM XH86)
Travni{ki vrabec je gnezdilka polotoka Pelje{ac v ju`ni Dalmaciji. Obmo~je naseljuje v manj{ih kolonijah, ki jih ve~inoma najdemo v naseljih [Vrezec, A. (2003): Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis. – Acrocephalus 24 (118): 115–116]. Doslej so bile kolonije najdene v sedmih naseljih [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb; Vrezec, A. (2001): Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis. – Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 132; Vrezec 2003]. Ve~ina kolonij, z izjemo kolonije v Malem Stonu, je manj{ih z le nekaj gnezde~imi pari (Vrezec 2003). V juniju 2004 sva se s Petro Vrh namenila poiskati {e kak{no kolonijo te na Hrva{kem sicer precej ekspanzivne vrste [npr. Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednih dvjesto godina. – Larus 46: 1-112; Rubini~, B. (2001): [irjenje severozahodne meje gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca Passer hispaniolensis vzdol` Jadranske obale: kako se vede
nova populacija v hrva{ki Istri. – Acrocephalus 22 (109): 207–211]. Na{la sva dve koloniji, in sicer prvo dne 13.6.2004 v vasi Praprotno tik ob morju, kjer sva ocenila, da v kro{njah borov Pinus sp. gnezdi vsaj 50 parov, in v naselju Trpanj, kjer sva dne 14.6.2004 v mestnem parku ravno tako v kro{njah borov na{tela kakih 20 gnezd. Obe koloniji sodita med ve~ji na Pelje{cu, vpra{anje pa je, ali gre za stari ali za povsem novo nastali koloniji.
Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si
Srbija (Srbija in ^rna gora)/ Serbia (Serbia & Montenegro)
Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Rjavovrati ponirek – 14 osebkov (13 odraslih, 1 mladosten) 3.4.2004 na ribnikih v Be~eju (UTM DR14, Vojvodina, S Srbija) v treh skupinah (5, 5 in 4 os.)
The spring migration of Red-necked Grebe in Vojvodina (N Serbia) starts in the second half of March and ends in the frst half of May. However, migration focks with more than 10 birds are very rare [Hulo, I. (1997): Migration of birds from orders of Gaviidae, Podicipedidae and Anatidae on Pali} lake between 1981 – 1996. – Ciconia 6: 51-70]. So far, its migration in central part of the Tisa valley has been documented only during the autumn [[}iban, M. (2004): New data on some rare species recorded on Biserno ostrvo and Be~ej fshpond. – Ciconia 12, in print]. Together with Milan Ru`i} and Robert MacCurrach, the author visited Be~ej fshponds on 3 Apr 2004. On “Pond 3”, 14 Red–necked Grebes (13 adults and 1 immature) were observed in 3 separate focks (5, 5 and 4 individuals). These focks were observed among 100 Black-necked Grebes Podiceps nigricollis, 70 – 80 Wigeons Anas penelope and about 120 Shovelers Anas clypeata. This is the frst documented spring observation of this species on the fshponds and, so far, the biggest fock of Red–necked Grebes recorded in Serbia.
Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu
Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pritlikavi kormoran – ve~ primerov kr{itev varstva vrste s strani lovcev na obmo~ju Zapadne Morave v okolici ^a~ka (Z Srbija); najdbe kadavrov ustreljenih
167
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
ptic: (1) 1 kadaver na bregu Zapadne Morave pri vasi Trnava (UTM DP55) 18.3.2002, (2) 1 star kadaver blizu Trbu{anov (UTM DP45) 24.3.2002, (3) 1 sve` kadaver v gramoznici na Ateni~kem polju (UTM DP55) 30.1.2002 (glej sliko), (4) kakih 10 dni star kadaver v gramoznici na Trnavskem polju (UTM DP55) 8.2.2003
On the Zapadna Morava and its four reservoirs in the vicinity of ^a~ak (W Serbia), up to 300 Pigmy Cormorants regularly spend the winter [Ru`i}, M. (2004): Evaluation of predation levels of fsh-eating birds on fsh of the Me|uvr{je reservoir with special reference to cormorants Phalacrocorax spp. – Bele`nik Ov~arsko-Kablarske klisure 3, in print]. During our survey of the wintering focks, local hunters were seen on several occasions pursuing the focks and shooting at them. Cadaver of the frst shot bird was found on 18 Mar 2002 on the bank of the Zapadna Morava next to the village of Trnava (UTM DP55). On 24 Mar 2002, an old corpse was found in the scrubs close to the river near Trbu{ani (UTM DP45). In the gravel-pit at Ateni~ko polje (UTM DP55), one freshly killed specimen was found on 30 Jan 2002 foating on the water surface (see photo). In the gravel-pit of Trnavsko polje (UTM DP55), about ten days old corpse, stuck in willow branches, was found on 8 Feb 2003. Most probably, all these birds were shot during the intensive winter waterfowl hunting season. According to our observations, illegal hunting performed by local hunting clubs are the main threat to this species in the Zapadna Morava valley, especially in the autumn and winter months. The reason is most likely the hunters’ widespread lack of knowledge about its legal protection. According to the Action Plan for the Pygmy Cormorant in Europe, it is recommended that a ban on hunting should be implemented in all areas where more than 100 individuals of Pygmy Cormorants spend the winter [Crivelli, A.J., Nazirides, T. & Jerrentrup, N. (1996): The Action Plan for the
168
Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) in Europe. – BirdLife International & European Commission, Brussels].
Milan Ru`i}, Ul.8/8 N. N. Atenica, 32000 ^a~ak, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: rob@eunet.yu
Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu
Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus
Plevica   –   gnezditveno   sumljiv   osebek   opazovan
na ribnikih v Be~eju (UTM DR14, V Ba~ka) dne
1.6.2004
One of the special features of Be~ej fshponds (eastern Ba~ka, Vojvodina, UTM DR14) in 2004 were tiny ponds created in the former „Pond 1“ after its partitioning. The works aimed at deepening the ponds as well as constructing and consolidating the embankments, created numerous shallow depressions full of water. The ditch, in which a sluice was built, was connected with one of the fshponds’ channels, which provided water for the shallow depressions. This niche, gradually overgrown by sedge Carex sp., was obviously very rich in food, which has been proved by the presence of numerous foraging ducks, waders, herons and Spoonbills Plalatela leucorodia throughout March, April and May. The water, however, started to evaporate very fast during May, leaving just small patches in early June. Near the edge of one of them, 1 Glossy Ibis foraged on 1 Jun 2004. This species has already been observed on migration at Be~ej fshponds: fve records are known so far, the latest one from the spring migration on 13 May 1991, when two individuals were recorded [Luka~, [. & Luka~, A (1992): Ornitofauna ribnjaka “Be~ej”. – Ciconia 4: 4–27]. Although the June observation may indicate possible breeding in the local mixed heron colony [Puzovi}, S., Gergelj, J. & Luka~, [. (1999): Heron and cormorant colonies in Serbia 1998. – Ciconia 8: 11–114], this possibility is minimal due to the absence of Glossy Ibis during inspection on 30 May and 20 June 2004, and during the very frequent visits paid to the fshpond this year. However, a possibility of one or two pairs of Glossy Ibises breeding in the heron colony on Jazovo fshpond (UTM DR38) in 2004 is greater. Namely, two adults were seen circling above the colony during its inspection for the purpose of Spoonbill colour ringing on 20 Jun at 18:00 hrs. The ibises came from the north, where vast saline meadows are known to spread, and after circling continued to the east. On Jazovo fshpond, where migrating Glossy Ibises were seen almost regularly, possibly 3 [Gergelj, J., Tot, L. & Frank Z. (2000): Birds of Tisa area from
Acrocephalus 25 (in): l6l - 177, 2OO4
Kanjiza to Novi Becej. – Ciconia 9: 121–158] or 4 pairs bred in 1998 (Puzovid et al. 1999) in one of the two large local heron colonies.
Marko  Tucakov,   Marka  Ore{kovi}a   9,   25275   Ba~ki   Breg,   Serbia  and
Montenegro, e-mail: mtucakov@eunet.yu
Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro,
e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu
Antun @uljevi}, Vere Gucunje 20, 25000 Sombor, Serbia and Montenegro,
e-mail: buza@@ravangrad.net
Black Stork Ciconia nigra
Črna štorklja – 7 osebkov opazovanih na selitvi pri zaselku Podvorce v mestu Leskovac (UTM EN87, JV Srbija) dne 18.5.2003
On 18 May 2003 afternoon, 2 plus 5 Black Storks were seen fying over Podvorce, the old part of Leskovac (SE Serbia), towards the west. It is possible that these birds landed on Turekovac feld, where dump of the “Mesoprodukt” meat processing company is situated and where I had already observed several heron species and White Stork Ciconia ciconia on some earlier occasions, but never the Black Stork. As there are no suitable breeding sites for the Black Stork nearby, it can be stated that I actually observed a migrant fock.
Slobodan Kuli}, 28. marta 25, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: avikula@ptt.yu
Pintail Anas acuta
Dolgorepa raca – ve~ja jata 150 – 200 osebkov na jezeru Mezgarica pri Kru{evlju (SZ Ba~ka, Vojvodina, UTM CR59) dne 13.3.2004 in okoli 100 osebkov dne 14.3.2004
On 13 Mar 2004, a rather cloudy but warm spring day, I and Dra`enko Rajkovi} visited Lake Mezgarica near Kru{evlje (NW Ba~ka, Vojvodina UTM CR59) where, according to our experience from the previous years, several waterbird species should be seen at this time of the year. On the very small natron lake, we saw several ducks and geese resting. The most numerous among them was the Pintail with 150 – 200 individuals. Although this species is a regular spring migrant in Vojvodina, large focks of migrating birds are rarely seen here [Šoti, J. & Dimitrijevic, S. (1974): Prilog poznavanju ornitofaune Vojvodine (Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiformes, Anseriformes zapadnog dela Banata). – Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke 46: 127–160]. Apart from these birds, we saw about 80 Shovelers Anas clypeata, 50 White–fronted Geese Anser albifrons, 1
Curlew Numenius arquata and 100 Lapwings Vanellus vanellus on the same lake and on its banks. I visited the lake again on the following day, 14 Mar 2004. In its central part, I counted 100 Pintails, 50 Wigeons Anas penelope, 10 Mallards A. platyrhynchos, one Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, 35 Godwits Limosa limosa and 10 Redshanks Tringa totanus. In the surrounding meadows, I recorded 300 foraging Lapwings and about 600 Starlings Sturnus vulgaris, and no less than 100 Cranes Grus grus in the adjoining feld.
Dejan \api}, Vuka Karad`i}a 134, 25284 Stani{i}, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: mrki04@neobee.net
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Ozkokljuni  liskono`ec  –  1  osebek 3.9.2004  na jezeru Rusanda pri Melencih (UTM DR44, Z Banat, Vojvodina); jezero je zelo pomembno za sele~e se vodne ptice, {e zlasti, ko so okoli{ka mokri{~a suha
On 3 Sep 2004, Milan Ru`i}, Robert MacCurrach and I decided to pay a visit to the Rusanda natron lake near Melenci (UTM DR44, W Banat, Vojvodina). The water area was diminishing due to the summer heath; in its central part, the lake was only 20 – 30 cm deep. On its northern side, we observed one Red-necked Phalarope, slowly swimming and feeding close to the bank, just about 10 m from us, which enabled us to observe it thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. This is the frst documented observation of this species on Rusanda in 42 years; the last specimen was recorded in autumn 1962 [Antal, L., Ferenbach, J., Miku{ka, J., Pelle, I. & Szlivka, L. (1971): Register of birds of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. – Larus 23: 73–121]. Apart from the Red-necked Phalarope we observed large numbers of other migrants resting and feeding on the lake, mainly waders. There were around 400 Curlews Numenius arquata, 10 – 20 Whimbrels N. phaeopus, 90 – 100 Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta, at least 2 Black-winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus, 60 – 70 Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, 35 – 40 Spotted Redshanks Tringa erythropus, 1 Greenshank T. nebularia, 3 – 4 Wood Sandpipers T. glareola, around 20 Ruffs Philomachus pugnax, about 20 Little Ringed Plovers Charadrius dubius, 1 Ringed Plover Ch. hiaticula, 5 – 10 Shovelers Anas clypeata, and 2 – 3 Garganeys A. querquedula. This indicates huge importance of the lake for waterbird migration, especially when other local natron lakes, Slano Kopovo and Okanj, are dry.
Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu
169
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Jay Garrulus glandarius
[oja – opazovana jesenska selitev; 29.9.2004 je bilo med 9:45 in 12:30 nad mrtvico Mrtva Tisa pri Ba~kem Gradi{tu (UTM DR24, V Ba~ka, Vojvodina) opazovanih 38 osebkov, najve~, 32, med 12:10 in 12:25 uro, ki so leteli v smeri SZ-JV
Between 9:45 and 12:30 on 29 Sept 2004, I and Robert MacCurrach counted 38 Jays fying over the Mrtva Tisa oxbow near Ba~ko Gradi{te (UTM DR24, E Ba~ka, Vojvodina). The highest infux of birds was recorded between 12:10 and 12:25, when 32 birds were seen fying individually or in groups containing up to 4 individuals, once with 4 Rooks Corvus frugilegus. The Jays were fying in NW-SE direction. Arable land, cottages, gardens, orchards (especially Common Walnut Juglans regia) and this large oxbow with its reedbeds predominate in the area. Similar focks had also been observed in Slovenia, although during spring migration [Bra~ko, F. (2001): [oja Garrulus glandarius. –Acrocephalus 22 (109): 238]. On the same day, we also saw a solitary bird on the embankment along the Tisa river on Biserno ostrvo and one individual in the orchard situated next to the Rusanda natron lake near the village of Melenci.
Marko [}iban, Bate Brki}a 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: sciban@eunet.yu
Crna gora (Srbija in Crna gora)/ Montenegro (Serbia & Montenegro)
Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus
Beloglavi jastreb – beloglavi jastreb velja v ^rni gori za izumrlo gnezdilko, a je bil v zadnjem ~asu dvakrat opazovan na deponiji pri Podgorici (UTM CN50, osrednja ^rna gora): (1) 5 osebkov se je hranilo na kadavrih januarja 2001 in (2) 3 osebki dne 13.2.2002
In the 19th century, the Griffon Vulture was classifed as a breeder in Montenegro. On Mt. Durmitor it bred in Crvena stijena [Reiser, O. & Führer, L. von (1896): Materialien zu einer Ornis Balcanica, Teil IV, Montenegro. – Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien]. However, the research carried out in the 1980s did not confrm its breeding in the area [Vasi}, V, Marinkovi}, S. & Vizi, O. (1990): Fauna Durmitora. – Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, knjiga 23, Odjeljenje prirodnih nauka, knjiga 14, sveska 4, Podgorica]. This has been further corroborated by the latest investigations, in which this species is classifed as
„reproductively extinct” [Marinkovic, S. & Gruba~, B. (2000): Beloglavi sup, Gyps fulvus. Atlas of Serbian Birds of Prey. – Institute for The Protection of Nature of Serbia, Beograd]. In the last few decades, the Griffon Vulture has been recorded in the Prokletije Mts. and at city landfll in Podgorica. At this 54 ha large dump even dead cattle are deposited. In the winter months, Griffon Vultures were registered twice at the Podgorica landfll, feeding on the dead animals’ corpses. In January 2001, fve Griffon Vultures were seen on the carcases, whereas on 13 Feb 2002 three individuals were recorded there. At the end of the 19th century, a colony of these birds was known to inhabit the canyon of the Cijevna river, no more than about 2 km from the present landfll [Firer, L. (1894): Jedna godina ornitolo{kog izu~avanja u Crnoj Gori. – Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini, 7: 241-258].
Darko Savelji}, National Institute for the Protection of Nature, Trg Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: dasav@cg.yu
Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus
Kragulji orel – dve opazovanji iz ju`ne ^rne gore: (1) 1 odrasel osebek 27.4.2003 v letu nad Veliko Pla`o SV od Ulcinja blizu izliva reke Bojane (UTM CM53), (2) 1 odrasel osebek 16.10.2004 med kro`enjem nad goro Sveti \or|e nad reko Bojano blizu Ulcinjskih solin (UTM CM54). Avtorji domnevajo, da kragulji orel gnezdi v gorskem zaledju reke Bojane.
During the last century, the Bonelli’s Eagle’s population numbers drastically declined throughout its core European breeding area in the western Mediterranean. With its status largely unknown, its population estimates for the Balkans are lacking or widely differ [Snow, D.W. & Perrins, CM., eds. (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Concise Edition. – Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York; Heath, M., Borggreve, C. & Peet, N. (2000): European Bird Populations: Estimates and Trends. – BirdLife Conservation Ser. 10, BirdLife International, Cambridge]. The Montenegrin numbers were estimated by Snow & Perrins (1998) at 3 - 5 breeding pairs. Their estimate appears to be based on the published records by F. Agnew (18 Aug 1935, Zogaj), V Wendland (^1944, between Cetinje and Lake Skadar), VF. Vasi} and M.R. Shepherd (30 Apr 1974, 30 Apr and 9 May 1975, Lake [asko) [Thorpe, W.H., Cotton, P.T. & Holmes, P.F. (1936): Notes on the birds of lakes Ohrid, Malik, and Prespan and adjacent parts of Yugoslavia, Albania, and
170
Acrocephalus 25 (122): 161 - 177, 2004
Greece. – Ibis 6 (Ser. 13): 557–580; Kattinger, E. (1958/59): Contribution to the study of the birds of Albania (Shqipenija) and certain adjacent Yugoslav regions. – Larus 12/13: 123–216; Vasi}, V.F. (1979): Popis faune ptica podru~ja Ulcinja (ju`na Crna Gora). – Biosistematika 5: 71–111]. In contrast, Vizi [Vizi, O. (1981): Ornithology of Lake Skadar. pp. 391–424 In: Karaman, G.S. & Beeton, A.M. (eds.): The Biota and Limnology of Lake Skadar. – Univerzitet “Veljko Vlahovi}”, Smithsonian Institution & Center for Great Lake Studies, University of Wisconsin – Titograd, Washington D.C. & Milwaukee] lists Bonelli’s Eagle as irregular winter visitor for the Lake Skadar area. During the breeding bird surveys and waterfowl counts in the Bojana/Buna delta and the Ulcinj salt-pans for EURONATUR we saw the species on two occasions between Apr 2003 and Oct 2004. Around 19:30 p.m. on 27 Apr 2003 a Bonelli’s Eagle glided a few metres above the ground inland from the sea, putting up a group of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus, which rested in sand dunes of Velika Pla`a, south-east of Ulcinj, close to the Bojana river mouth, before perching in a high White Poplar Populus alba on the edge of coastal woodlands. According to its almost white underparts, very pale forearms, black mid-wing bars and subterminal tail-band we identifed it as an adult bird. During later bird surveys in spring and summer 2003 and 2004 in the entire river corridor we found no other evidence for the presence of the species. But, another adult was seen during the wader counts at the Ulcinj salt-pans in the early afternoon of 16 Oct 2004. We watched the eagle for 5 to10 minutes, soaring up very high above the hills behind Sveti ?orde and afterwards gliding, without losing height, above the Bojana river into Albanian territory. Bonelli’s Eagles are highly sedentary and even outside the breeding season usually do not go beyond a radius of 50 km of eyrie or roost (Snow & Perrins 1998). According to our recent sightings of adult birds during the breeding season (late Jan – May), the species appears to nest in the mountainous hinterland of the Bojana river. Regular sightings of the species between 1974 and 1981 in southern Montenegro are also mentioned in a review for raptors of the former Yugoslavia [Vasi}, V., Gruba~, B., Su{i}, G. & Marinkovi}, S. (1985): The status of birds of prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. pp. 45–53 In: Newton, I. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Conservation Studies on Raptors. – ICBP Technical Publ. 5, Cambridge].
Peter Sackl, Stmk. Landesmuseum Joanneum, Raubergasse 10, A-8010 Graz,
Austria, e-mail: peter.sackl@stmk.gv.at
Tina   Lon~ar,   Gosposvetska   12,   SI-2000   Maribor,   Slovenia,   e-mail:
martina_loncar@yahoo.com
Jakob     Smole,     Cafova     4,     SI-2000     Maribor,     Slovenia,     e-mail:
jakob.smole@email.si
Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia, e-mail: stumberger@siol.net
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Ju`ni sokol – 5 opazovanj iz ju`ne ^rne gore: (1) 1 odrasel osebek kro`i 5.5.2003 nad goro Sutjel pri Re~u na desnem bregu Bojane (UTM CM64), (2) 1 odrasel osebek lovi 2.11.2003 ob obali v mestu Ulcinj (UTM CM54), (3) 1 mladostni osebek opa`en 4.5.2003 pri Donji Klezni na Bri{kem polju ob [askem jezeru (UTM CM64), (4) 1 samec lovi 18. in 25.10.2004 blizu prelaza Vidikovac ob Skadarskem jezeru (UTM CM65). Avtorji ocenjuejo, da na 850 km2 velikem obmo~ju okoli [askega jezera in na gorskem grebenu ob Skadarskem jezeru gnezdita 1 do 2 para.
The European breeding area of the Lanner Falcon is restricted to the central and eastern Mediterranean, with its total population currently estimated at 200 to 370 breeding pairs. While Italy hosts > 55% of the population, only scarce or unclear information is at hand for the Balkan Peninsula [Heath, M., Borggreve, C. & Peet, N. (2000): European Bird Populations: Estimates and Trends. – BirdLife Conservation Ser. 10, BirdLife International, Cambridge; Radovi}, D., Kralj, J., Tuti{, V. & ]ikovi}, D. (2003): Crvena knjiga ugro`enih ptica Hrvatske. – Ministrarstvo za{tite okoli{a i prostornog ure|enja, Zagreb]. In Montenegro, Reiser & Führer [Reiser, O. & Führer, L. von (1896): Materialien zu einer Ornis Balcanica, IV. Montenegro. – Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien] found inland nesting sites in the mountains of the upper Mora~a river, the Ku~i Mountains along the Albanian border, and near Gra|ani, Crmnica Highlands, between Lake Skadar and the Adriatic Sea during the late 19th century. Between Apr and May 1967 – 1975, the species was seen several times in Petrovac, Ulcinj and at Lake [asko in southern Montenegro [Boswall, J. & Dawson, R. (1975): Spring notes on the birds of southern Montenegro with special reference to wetlands. – Bull. B.O.C. 95: 4–5; Vasi}, V., Gruba~, B., Su{i}, G. & Marinkovi}, S. (1985): The status of birds of prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. pp. 45–53 In: Newton, I. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Conservation Studies on Raptors. – ICBP Technical Publ. 5, Cambridge]. For Albania, reliable data are more or less lacking. But in March 1944, E. Kattinger saw two solitary Lanners on the southern Albanian coast [Kattinger, E. (1958/59): Contribution to the study of the birds of Albania (Shqipenija) and certain adjacent
I7I
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Yugoslav regions. – Larus 12/13: 123–216], whereas H. Kolbe noticed a specimen on the old castle of Shkoder in Jun/Jul 1959 [Kolbe, H. (1962): Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Albanien. – Beitr. Vogelkd. 8: 121–139]. Recently, scattered observations from the Kurvelesh Mountains, Thethi area and the south-east of the country are mentioned [Leonardi, G. (2001): Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus. – BWP Update 3(3): 157–174]. Concentrating on waterbirds and wader surveys we visited, with the aid of EURONATUR, the Ulcinj salt-pans, the lowlands of the Bojana/Buna river corridor in southern Montenegro and Albania, and the coastal mountains south of Lake Skadar during the six expeditions between late Apr 2003 and Oct 2004. Together with D. Savelji} (Podgorica) we noted solitary Lanners on various occasions, including (1) an adult falcon circling above Mount Sutjel in Re~ along the right bank of the Bojana river, before hunting along the Reci i Ri hills into the Albanian part of the river corridor on 5 May 2003, and (2) an adult hunting along the coastline at the old town of Ulcinj on 2 Nov 2003. (3) A bird in juvenile plumage was seen during point counting soaring above the hills near Donja Klezna in Bri{ko polje at Lake [asko in the late morning of 4 May 2003. On two occasions, i.e. on (4) 18 and (5) 24 Oct 2004 between 11:00 – 11:20, during daytime watching of bird migration across the pass Vidikovac, a solitary male was seen hunting along the mountain ridge into the Albanian part of Lake Skadar. On 18 Oct the falcon swooped down from the ridge across the northern slope of the mountain, unsuccessfully attacking a small fock of White Wagtails Motacilla alba, which fed along the lake’s shoreline. According to our data, the area of approximately 850 km2 may host 1 - 2 bp around Lake [asko and on the mountain ridge along the southern shore of Lake Skadar. Leornadi (2001) estimated the population for the Balkans at < 30 bp, with 10-20 bp along the Dalmatian coast, 3 - 5 bp in Serbia, and 2 -5 bp for Montenegro. In the EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds, numbers for the Balkans are given with < 100 bp [Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. (1997): The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. – T & AD Poyser, London].
Peter Sackl, Stmk. Landesmuseum Joanneum, Raubergasse 10, A-8010 Graz,
Austria, e-mail: peter.sackl@stmk.gv.at
Tina   Lon~ar,   Gosposvetska   12,   SI-2000   Maribor,   Slovenia,   e-mail:
martina_loncar@yahoo.com
Jakob     Smole,     Cafova     4,     SI-2000     Maribor,     Slovenia,     e-mail:
jakob.smole@email.si
Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia, e-mail: stumberger@siol.net
172
Crane Grus grus
@erjav – ve~ novej{ih podatkov o pojavljanju `erjava v ju`ni ^rni gori: (1) jata 24.3.2004 na ^emavskem polju pri Podgorici (UTM CN50); (2) 1 osebek 8.4.2004 na severni obali Skadarskega jezera (UTM CM47); (3) 18 osebkov 9.4.2004 v Ulcinjskih solinah (UTM CM54); (4) 7 ptic leti dne 26.10.2004 nad goro Lov~en (1300 - 1750 m n.v.) pri Boki Kotorski (UTM CM29); (5) 23 `erjavov po~iva dne 9.11.2004 v skupini s ~apljami in kodrastimi pelikani Pelecanus crispus v Ulcinjskih solinah (UTM CM54)
South of their main resting sites in the Carpathian Basin, the Dalmatian and Montenegrin coast is situated along the western or central Balkan section of the Cranes’ east European fyway. This section of the fyway across the Adriatic Sea and southern Italy into North Africa is used by north-eastern European populations during spring and autumn migrations. Till the early 20th century, cranes were found in large numbers as passage and very irregular winter visitors throughout the wetlands of Lake Skadar area and Bojana/Buna river corridor in southern Montenegro and northern Albania [Reiser, O. & Führer, L. von (1896): Materialien zu einer Ornis Balcanica, Teil IV, Montenegro. – Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien; Ivanovi}, B. (1970): Neka ornitolo{ka zapa`anja na Skadarskam jezeru. – Larus 21/22: 137–160]. E. Kattinger saw various focks migrating northwards along the Albanian coast in March 1942 [Kattinger, E. (1958/59): Contribution to the study of the birds of Albania (Shqipenija) and certain adjacent Yugoslav regions. – Larus 12/13: 123–216]. In the wake of large-scale destruction of wetlands, unregulated hunting and other disturbances, stop-over sites at Lake Skadar and the former Zogajsko lake (Ulcinj salt-pans) were largely deserted during the 1970s and 1980s [Vasi}, V.F. (1979): Popis faune ptica podru~ja Ulcinja (ju`na Crna Gora). – Biosistematika 5: 71–111; Vizi, O. (1981): Ornithology of Lake Skadar. pp. 391–424 In: Karaman, G.S. & Beeton, A.M. (eds.): The Biota and Limnology of Lake Skadar. – Univerzitet “Veljko Vlahovi}”, Smithsonian Institution & Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin – Titograd, Washington D.C. & Milwaukee]. Currently no information on crane migration is available for the area. During spring and autumn 2004, we noted various focks at historically known resting sites in southern Montenegro. On 24 Mar 2004, Cranes rested at ^emovsko polje near Podgorica. But according to the local newspapers, more focks were present in the lowlands between the northern shore of Lake Skadar and the Lov~en Mountains in late March,
Acrocephalus 25 (122): 161 - 177, 2004
with unknown numbers shot by local hunters. Around 17:00 on 8 Apr, a solitary adult was seen soaring up at the northern shore of Lake Skadar, close to the Albanian border, and migrating to the north, while another fock of 18 birds rested in the Ulcinj salt-pans on 9 Apr. In the autumn, around 14:15 on 26 Oct, we noticed from the road at the northern coastline of Risanski zaljev in the Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) a fock of 7 Cranes migrating during sunny and almost windless weather approximately 800 metres above the ridge of the Lov~en Mountains (1300 - 1750 m a.s.l.) to the south-east. In the late afternoon of 9 Nov, during heavy rain with strong easterly winds, a fock of 23 Cranes was found resting among herons and Dalmatian Pelicans Pelecanus crispus in the Ulcinj salt-pans. Numbers of resting and wintering Cranes in Hungary and Israel’s Hula valley have signifcantly increased to approximately 85,000 birds since the 1970s, while numbers frequenting the central Balkan fyway following a long-term decrease are currently estimated at 12,000 birds [Prange, H. (1999): Der Zug des Kranichs Grus grus in Europa. – Vogelwelt 120: 301-315]. Our data illustrate the recent use of stop-over sites at Lake Skadar and in the Ulcinj salt-pans and the need for adequate control of shooting and other human disturbances throughout the wetlands along the Adriatic east coast.
Darko Savelji}, National Institute for the Protection of Nature, Trg Becir bega
Osmanagica 16, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: dasav@cg.yu
Martin   Schneider-Jacoby,   Euronatur,   Konstanzer   Strasse   22,   D-78315
Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider.jacoby@euronatur.org
Jakob     Smole,     Cafova     4,     SI-2000     Maribor,     Slovenia,     e-mail:
jakob.smole@email.si
Tina   Lon~ar,   Gosposvetska   12,   SI-2000   Maribor,   Slovenia,   e-mail:
martina_loncar@yahoo.com
Peter Sackl, Stmk. Landesmuseum Joanneum, Raubergasse 10, A-8010 Graz,
Austria, e-mail: peter.sackl@stmk.gv.at
Great Black-headed GullLarus ichthyaetus Ribji galeb – verjetno prvi podatek za Srbijo in ^rno goro; dne 7.11.2004 je bil odrasel osebek opazovan v Ulcinjskih solinah (UTM CM54, J ^rna gora)
Between 15.20 and 15.30 on 7 Nov 2004, a Great Black-headed Gull was observed at the Ulcinj saltpans. The conditions were poor with heavy easterly wind (about 5) and rainfall. The observation was made out of the car. Some documentary photos were also made. The bird was observed at a distance of about 100 to 200 m changing from the second row of basins to the frst. The bird was as big as the Yellow-legged Gulls Larus cachinnans and much bigger than the Black-headed Gulls L. ridibundus, which were in the same ponds. It was an adult. The black head was only slightly
lighter at the front of the head. Some brown feathers at the wings and between the legs under the belly could originate from pollution. Using the telescope, the white ring around the eye was visible. The great yellow bill was very prominent with the black band at the end. Very good visible identifcation marks were the extensively white primaries, which were also seen during its fight. The white pattern on the upper wing was similar to that of the Black-headed Gulls. Thus the grey colour on the wings is separated from the black and white tips of the primaries by a broad white band in contrast to other large gulls. The observation was made during the monitoring programme of Euronatur in cooperation with the Solana Ulcinj and the Centre for the Preservation and Monitoring of the Birds of Montenegro. According to literature [Matvejev, S.D. & Vasi}, V.F. (1973): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae, IV/3, Aves. – SAZU, Ljubljana], the record is probably the frst for the species in Serbia and Montenegro.
Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Euronatur, Konstanzer Strasse 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider.jacoby@euronatur.org
Bolgarija / Bulgaria
Shoveler Anas clypeata
Raca `li~arica – mo`no gnezdenje na mo~virju Dragoman (42°56’N, 23°04’E; Z Bolgarija); 8.7.2003 opazovana 2 samca in 1 samica
On 8.7.2003, while investigating the composition of the breeding avifauna of Dragoman Marsh situated in the northwestern part of Sofa Plain (42°56’N, 23°04’E; Western Bulgaria), two male and one female Shovelers few away. Given the good environmental conditions there (extensive reedbeds with small open water bodies, deep and overgrown with Reed Phragmites australis canals etc.), the habitat was rather favourable for breeding of this species. According to Yeatman [Yeatman, L. (1976): Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de France de 1970 a 1975. – Société Francaise d’Ornithologie, Paris], the observation could be classifed as probable breeding. The last records of nesting Shovelers in the region of Sofa originate from 1973 [Ivanov, B. & Nankinov, D. (1978): [Breeding of the Shoveler (Anas clypeata) in Bulgaria]. – Orn. Inf. Bull. 3: 13-18 (in Bulgarian)]. It is likely that solitary pairs or possibly even non-breeding individuals remain irregularly in the wetlands within this area, but sometimes successful breeding may also occur.
Ivailo Nikolov, Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., BG-1000 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: ivailo_nikolov@abv.bg
173
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Eleonora’s Falcon Falco ekonome & Griffon Vulture Gyps fiilvus
Sredozemski sokol & beloglavi jastreb — opazovanje skupine 4 sredozemskih sokolov in 1 beloglavega jastreba 3.8.2002 ju`no od vasi Kesten v zahodnih Rodopih ob bolgarsko-gr{ki meji (1600 m n.v., 41.55N, 24.40E; J Bolgarija)
On 3 Aug 2002, between 13:00 and 16:30 p.m., a group of four Eleonora’s Falcons (three specimens of the light morph and one dark coloured) were observed south of Kesten village in the Western Rhodopi Mts., South Bulgaria (41.55N, 24.40E). The locality is situated on the Bulgarian-Greek border, at 1600 m a.s.l. The falcons were fying above the montane meadows surrounded by old primeval Spruce forests. From the Greek side of the border, there were also an old Austrian pine Pinus nigra forest and some high rocks. The falcons were present during all three hours we spent there. They were probably feeding on large insects. At about 14:00 p.m., a Griffon Vulture came from a southerly direction and entered Bulgarian territory. It stayed close only for few minutes and soon few away in a northeasterly direction. Eleonora’s Falcon is a rare and irregular, non-breeding, summer visitor in Bulgaria [Simeonov, S., Michev, T. & Nankinov, D. (1990): Fauna na Balgaria, vol. 20, Aves.-1. – BAS, Sofa (in Bulgarian)]. The closest breeding localities of the species are on some Aegean islands in Greece [Handrinos, G. & Akriotis, T. (1997): The birds of Greece. – A & C Black, London]. In Bulgaria, the observations were made mostly in summer and late spring and were restricted to the lowlands or low hilly areas in the south part of the country – around Burgas, eastern low parts of Rhodopi Mts., the Struma river valley between Petrich and Sandanski (Simeonov et al. 1990, B. Nikolov & I. Hristov pers. comm). According to some local people, a group of three Griffon Vultures had been seen at Kesten in the summer 2001. Griffon Vulture breeds in the Bulgarian part of the eastern Rhodopi Mts. (Simeonov et al. 1990). The breeding sites are situated 100 km east of Kesten. There are some breeding pairs also in the Greek part of Rhodopi Mts. (Handrinos & Akriotis 1997). Probably, some Griffon Vultures from the Greek population visit the rocks in the border area to the south of Kesten regularly.
Peter Shurulinkov, Institute of Zoology (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences),
BG-1000 Sofa, Tzar Osvoboditel,1, Bulgaria, e-mail: shurulinkov@mail.bg
Emil Komitov, Prof. Asen Vassilev str., 8, BG-4700 Smolyan, Bulgaria
Tsvetan  Zlatanov,   132,  K.   Ohridski,   BG-1756  Sofa,   Bulgaria,  e-mail:
tzvetan_zlatanov@yahoo.com
Kostadin Vultchev, “Vitosha” Nature Park, Antim I str.,17, BG-1303 Sofa,
Bulgaria, e-mail: kdvalchev@abv.bg
Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Sloka – dve redki opazovanji pojo~ih samcev v okolici mesta Devin v zahodnih Rodopih (UTM KG82, JZ Bolgarija): (1) 2 samca dne 20.4.2004 v starem gozdu rde~ega bora Pinus syvestris (1500 m n.v.), (2) 1 samec dne 21.4.2004 v starem gozdu rde~ega bora in smreke Picea abies (1650 m n.v.)
On 20 and 21 Apr 2004, 3 displaying Woodcocks were registered in the region of Devin town, Western Rhodopes (UTM KG82, SW Bulgaria). On 20 Apr, 2 males were observed displaying continuously between 5.40 and 6.00h local time in about 60-year old Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris forest at approximately 1500 m a.s.l. On the following morning (21 Apr), a third male was heard singing at about 5.30h local time in mature Scots Pine and Spruce Picea abies mixed forest few kilometres away from the foregoing locality and at approximately 1650 m a.s.l. The Woodcock is considered a very rare species during the breeding season in the Rhodope Mountains [Michev, T. & Petrov, T. (2000): Birds of the Rhodopes. – Mari – 90, Sofa]. The nearest known breeding site is the area around the town of Chepelare (UTM LG02) [Nankinov, D., Simeonov, S. & Michev, T. (1997): Fauna of Bulgaria. Vol. 26, Aves, Part II. – Prof. M. Drinov, Sofa]. The birds observed were found in their typical habitat. The Woodcock’s preferred breeding habitat in Europe is deciduous or mixed woodland, as well as conifer plantations, especially in Fennoscandia, where it breeds mainly in mature spruce forests [Hagemeijer, E.J.W. & Blair, M.J., eds. (1997): The EBCC Atlas of European breeding birds: their distribution and abundance. – T & AD Poyser, London]. In Bulgaria, it inhabits different types of forests at different altitudes (Nankinov et al. 1997), although following Hagemeijer & Blair (1997), in S Europe it breeds only at higher altitudes. The Woodcock is probably much more widely distributed and numerous in the Western Rhodopes and also at the national level than suspected [Stoyanov, G., Shurulinkov, P. , Kjutchukov, D., Spakovski, P. , Delov, V. Vultchev, K. & Stoyanov, A. (2003): Vom Bruten der Waldschnepfe Scolopax rusticola in Bulgarien. – Orn. Mitt. 55 (6): 211–217]. In Bulgaria, it is poorly studied as it is diffcult to count them accurately [Hirons, G. (1983): A fve-year study of the breeding behaviour and biology of the Woodcock in England – a frst report. pp. 51–67 In: Kalchreuter, H. (ed.): Proceedings of the 2nd European Woodcock and Snipe Workshop. – IWRB, Slimbridge], and in the majority of regional bird studies it lacks a special
174
Acrocephalus 25 (m): l6l - 177, 2OO4
method of Woodcock detection to be applied due to its shy behaviour, camoufage plumage and crepuscular activity.
Stoyan Ch. Nikolov, Central Laboratory of General Ecology, 2 Gagarin Str., BG-1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: snikolov@ecolab.bas.bg
Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Kup~ar – prvo opazovanje leucisti~nega osebka v Bolgariji. Dne 25.8.2004 je bil opazovan leucisti~ni osebek ob ~rnomorski obali v zaselku Momchil blizu mesta Balchik (220 m n.v., UTM NJ90, SZ Bolgarija) v dru`bi nekaj normalno obarvanih kup~arjev. Obmo~je le`i na selitveni poti “Via Pontica”. Avtorji navajajo nekaj primerov vrst, kjer so v Bolgariji na{li popolnoma albinisti~ne ali leucisti~ne osebke: mo~virska ali srpi~na trstnica Acrocephalus palustris / scirpaceus, mlakarica Anas platyrhynchos, poljski vrabec Passer montanus, mestna lastovka Delichon urbica, rjavoglavi srakoper Lanius senator in veliki strnad Miliaria calandra. (barvna priloga – slika 2)
On 25 Aug 2004, we observed a leucistic Northern Wheatear on the Black Sea coast next to the Momchil quarter near the town of Balchik (UTM NJ90, NW Bulgaria). The site was at 220 m a.s.l. and 700 m from the sea and was located along the Via Pontica migratory route. The bird was observed twice in the same place – between 18.43 and 18.57 and between 19.21 and 19.25 h local time. It was with white-buff coloured head, back, breasts and sides of the body, lighter belly and undertail and with snow-white wings, with pinkish-yellow bill and legs and dark eyes (Colour appendix – Figure 2). Two markings were visible, snow-white supercilium on the white-buff head and grayish margin of the snow-white tail. Owing to its coloration, the bird was well visible from afar, but it was comparatively shy and diffcult to approach. It was moving on the ground in search of insects, sometimes fying from one place to another and keeping more or less together with few Northern Wheatears. Comparing it with the other present wheatears in shape, posture, proportions and behaviour, we identifed it as Northern Wheatear. It is the frst record of leucistic Wheatear in Bulgaria. There have been many records of different albino variations in bird coloration so far in Bulgaria, but most of them have remained unpublished. Albino variations for 15 passerine species from different European countries for the 1800 -1900 period are presented in the royal collection of the National Museum of Natural History [Graezer (1907): Collection du musée d’histoire naturelle de
son Altesse Royale Ferdinant I. - Imprimerie de l’état, Sofa], but the albino wheatear variation is missing. After this period and especially in the last decade of the past century, there were some more observations of leucistic birds in Bulgaria: Reed or Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris / scirpaceus [Georgiev, D., Podlesnii, P. & Mladenov, K. (1997): Observations of albino birds. – About birds 2: 12], Mallard Anas platyrhynchos [Georgiev, D. & Nikolov, S. (1997): Observations of albino birds. – About birds 2: 12], Tree Sparrow Passer montanus [Nikolov, S. & Stojnov, E. (1997): Observations of albino birds. – About birds 2: 12], House Martin Delichon urbica [Panajotov, S. (1997): Observations of albino birds. – About birds 2: 12], but even considering the unpublished data, such as leucistic Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator in the NE Bulgaria during the summer 2004 (Nikolov et al. in prep.), we have been unable to fnd any information about observation of leucistic Wheatears in Bulgaria. The majority of announcements about records of white birds in Bulgaria do not state clearly, whether it was pure albinism or leucism, which might be due to the long distance of observation. Albino birds have been classifed into few groups [Pettingill, J. (1958): A Laboratory and Field Manual of Ornithology. – Burgess Publishing, Minneapolis]. The above-mentioned white Northern Wheatear belongs to the partial albinos, as it exhibits lack of pigment in the plumage, eyes, or unfeathered parts, but not all three. Partial albino birds are also known as “leucistic birds” as they lack normal pigmentation and appear white [Hawkins, J. & Reidl, W. (2003): A white Downy Woodpecker at Haines Junction. – Yukon Warbler, Spring (2003): 13]. There was lack of eumelanine (black pigmentation), but some pheomelanine (beige pigmentation) was present in the plumage coloration of the white Northern Wheatear, which explains the pale nuances observed. It is interesting that most of the observations are concentrated along the Black Sea coast in northeast Bulgaria. Our opinion is that this is due to the high concentration of birds along the Via Pontica migration road and to the intensive research around the numerous wetlands located in this area. In this observation as well as in other observations of leucistic birds keeping together with normal coloured birds (Panajotov 1997), observations of white House / Sand Martin Delichon urbica /Riparia riparia near the Tjulenovo village during the autumn migration in 2003 and leucistic Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra in the area of the village Radovec in the Sacar Mountains in September 2004 (own data), no aggressive or some other negative intraspecifc attitude towards the light individuals was recorded. What is more, the leucistic
175
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Northern Wheatear was even seen chasing a Lesser Grey Shrike Lantus minor, which came close to it.
Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Prof. Zlatozar Boev and Frédéric Malher for their support during the preparation of this report.
Stoyan Ch. Nikolov, Central Laboratory of General Ecology, 2 Gagarin Str.,
BG-1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: snikolov@ecolab.bas.bg
Svetoslav   D.   Spasov,   Bulgarian   Society   for   the   Protection   of  Birds   /
BirdLife    Bulgaria,    BG-1111    Sofa,    P.O.    Box    50,    Bulgaria,   e-mail:
svetoslav.spasov@bspb.org
Thierry Meeus, Rue Arthur Hardy 34, A 1300 Limal, Belgium, e-mail:
thierry.meeus@skynet.be
Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Pogorelček – doslej najve~ja sele~a se jata na sofjskem obmo~ju; jata 54 osebkov je bila opazovana 23.10.2004 ob ribnikih Petrach, 20 km zahodno od Sofje (573 m n.v., 42.833 N, 23.133 E; osrednja Bolgarija)
On 23 Oct 2004, during a regular bird census in the wetlands around Sofa, a fairly big fock of Redstarts was recorded at Petarch fshponds, located some 20 km to the west of Sofa along the Blato River (573 m a.s.l.; 42.833 N, 23.133 E). There were 54 individuals, feeding on Plum Prunus sp. and Willow Salix sp. trees close to the last fshpond. This is probably the most numerous compact migrating group of Redstarts observed in the Sofa region during the last few decades. According to Nankinov [Nankinov, D. (1982): [The birds of Sofa region]. – Orn. Inf. Bull. 12: 1–386], the autumn passage of Redstarts around Sofa lasts until the beginning of November.
Radoslav Stanchev, “Gen. Danail Nikolaev”10 Blvd., Entr. C, Ap. 55, BG-1527 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail radoslav_stanchev@mail.bg
Turčija / Turkey
White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus
Rožnati pelikan – ve~ tiso~glava jata (ocena 1000 - 10000 osebkov) dne 2.10.2004 med vzletanjem s povr{ine somorni~ne lagune Akyatan gölu ju`no od Adane (J Tur~ija)
On 2 Oct 2004, we were on our way from the town of Karataş south of Adana in S Turkey to the Akyatan gölu IBA site. On the water surface of the lagoons, we saw a huge fock of White Pelicans. The fock lifted from the surface and few towards us. We estimated the fock at least a thousand individuals. We made a flm of it and later on showed it to other ornithologists, who estimated the number of individuals at around 10,000. Other interesting birds in the lagoon were Caspian Terns   Sterna  caspia,   Slender-billed  Gulls
176
Larus genei, Mediterranean Gulls L. melanocephalus, and Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenia, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova    8,    SI-1000    Ljubljana,    Slovenia,    e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina Mali klinka~ – med poldrugo uro trajajo~im {tetjem sele~ih se ujed dne 6.10.2004 smo v eni izmed dolin v pogorju Nur daglar pri mestu Dörtyol (J Tur~ija) zabele`ili naslednje ptice: 150 malih klinka~ev, 1 egiptovskega jastreba Neophron percnopterus, 1 kragulja Accipiter gentilis, 1 malega orla Hieraaetus pennatus svetle oblike, 5 ka~arjev Circaetus gallicus, 10 kratkoprstih skobcev Accipiter brevipes, 40 sr{enarjev Pernis apivorus, 40 rjastih kanj Buteo rufnus in 3 sokole plenilce Falco cherrug
On 6 Oct 2004, we arrived to one of the valleys in the Nur daglar mountain range near Dörtyol in S Turkey. These mountains constitute a well-known migration route for various birds of prey. In an hour and a half, we counted 150 Lesser Spotted Eagles, 1 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, 1 Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, 1 light form of Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, 5 Short-toed Eagles Circaetus gallicus, 10 Levant Sparrowhawks Accipiter brevipes, 40 Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus, 40 Long-legged Buzzards Buteo rufnus, and 3 Saker Falcons Falco cherrug.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenia, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova    8,    SI-1000    Ljubljana,    Slovenia,    e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Hobby Falco subbuteo
[krjan~ar – obalna selitev {krjan~arjev med 7. in 9.10.2004 na obmo~ju mesta Anamur (J Tur~ija); skupaj opa`enih 15 osebkov
Between 7 and 9 Oct 2004, we observed a coastal migration of Hobbies in the area of Anamur in S Turkey. On 7 Oct 2004, we spotted 10 individuals in the dusk on the coast of Anamur. On the next day we saw 4 individuals at the same place. On 9 Oct 2004 we observed a single individual in the ancient town of Anamurium. In all cases, the birds few in an E-W direction. Only the last individual stayed for a longer time in the area, whereas the remaining birds just few over and continued their fight along the coast. This species has a very wide migration route without any
Acrocephalus 25 (122): 161 - 177, 2004
obvious bottlenecks [Cramp S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. – Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Common Terns Sterna hirundo, Red-rumped Swallows Hirundo daurica and a solitary Osprey Pandion haliaetus took the same migration route.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova   8,    SI-1000   Ljubljana,    Slovenija,   e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius
Kaspijska skalna kokoš – dve opazovanji v zahodnem delu pogorja Ala Daglar blizu mesta Çukurbag (osrednja Tur~ija) dne 28.9.2004: (1) kita 15 osebkov na travnatem pobo~ju (2500 m n.v.) in (2) kita 4 osebkov med letom na skalno polico (2000 m n.v.)
In the afternoon of 28 Oct 2004, on the second day of our trip to the western part of Ala Daglar mountain range near Çukurbag, we startled a fock of 15 Caspian Snowcocks from a high mountain meadow. In the evening of the same day, we saw 4 individuals landing on a cliff ledge. The observed birds belong to the westernmost population of this rare and shy species. Although the area is a well-known breeding place of the species, no estimates of its population are at hand. The frst group of these birds was spotted at approximately 2500 m a.s.l., and the second at around 2000 m a.s.l. In the summer, they are usually found at an altitude over 2800 m a.s.l., and lower down from October onwards [Cramp, S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. – Oxford University Press, Oxford].
Guide. – HarperCollins, London] nor in other literature [Cramp, S., ed. (1978): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. – Oxford University Press, Oxford; BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. – BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12, BirdLife International, Cambridge]. Armenian Gull was the commonest waterbird on this part of the lake.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenia, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova    8,    SI-1000    Ljubljana,    Slovenia,    e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria Skalni plezal~ek – 2 osebka v pogorju Ala daglar blizu mesta Çukurbag (osrednjaTur~ija); 1 osebek pri gorskem izviru 29.9.2004, drugi 28.9.2004 v eni izmed suhih sotesk
On 29 Sep 2004, during our visit of Ala daglar Mts. near Çukurbag in central Turkey, we chanced upon a small mountain spring after a long and tiresome walk to the mountain pass. After about fve minutes, a Wallcreeper joined us at the spring. The bird was clearly thirsty, as it few very close to us. One day earlier, on 28 Sep 2004, we had the opportunity of seeing another Wallcreeper in a gorge of dried up stream in the same mountains.
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenia, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova    8,    SI-1000    Ljubljana,    Slovenia,    e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenia, e-mail:
dejanonih@email.si
Ana    Vidmar,    Polan{kova    8,    SI-1000    Ljubljana,    Slovenia,    e-mail:
ana_vidmar@email.si
Armenian Gull Larus armenicus
Armenski galeb – ve~ osebkov na jezeru Egridir
(osrednja Tur~ija) med 12. in 13.10.2004
Between 12 and 13 Oct 2004, while birdwatching at Lake Egridir, the ffth largest lake in Turkey, we saw several Armenian Gulls there. We noticed, however, that the species was not mentioned for this area in our feld guide [Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterström, D & Grant, P. (1999): Collins Bird
177
Acrocephalus 25 (m): IJt) - l8o, 2OO4
Nove knjige
New books
Singer, D. (2004): Kateri pti~ je to? Pti~i Evrope (prevod T. Kern & J. Gregori) - Zalo`ba Narava, Ol{evek, Kranj. 430 str., ISBN 961-91407-2-9. Cena: 5900 SIT (4500 SIT za ~lane DOPPS)
Evropska ornitolo{ka knji`nica je dandanes zelo dobro zalo`ena z najrazli~nej{imi priro~niki za dolo~anje ptic. To je seveda razumljivo, saj je osnova za vsakr{no ornitolo{ko delo, tako ljubiteljsko kot znanstveno, pravilna dolo~itev vrste. Med klju~i za dolo~anje so gotovo najbolj v ospredju priro~niki z barvnimi risbami ptic, denimo Jonssonov (1992) in Collinsov (Mullarney et al. 1999). Za ve~je podrobnosti sta v rabi za pevce Svenssonov (1970) in za nepevce Bakerjev (1993) priro~nik, za dolo~anje ptic v roki pa denimo dihotomni tekstovni klju~ Kry{tufek & Jan`ekovi~ (1999). Navkljub vsemu pa imajo ornitolo{ki za~etniki s temi klju~i kar nekaj te`av, saj ve~inoma nimajo stika s pticami v roki ali pa jih prevelike podrobnosti, kot so natan~ni opisi starosti in podvrst, zmedejo pri dolo~anju. Za za~etnika je najprimernej{i slikovni klju~, ki z bogato zbirko slik oziroma fotografj na karseda preprost na~in uporabnika pripelje do pravilne dolo~itve v naravi opazovanega pti~a. Vse to je zdru`eno v priro~niku Welcher Vogel ist das? avtorja Detlefa Singerja, izdanem v letu 2002 pri zalo`bi Kosmos. Priro~nik je za Slovenijo v letu 2004 pripravila Zalo`ba Narava, prevod pa je za slovenski prostor strokovno priredil Janez Gregori.
V priro~niku bomo na{li bogato zbirko odli~nih fotografj vseh na{ih ptic, z izjemo nekaj neavtohtonih ube`nic, in ve~ine vrst, ki se pojavljajo v Evropi. Ustvarjalci so pri pripravi te`ili k temu, da bralcu predstavijo pti~ji svet Evrope s kar najbolj kakovostnimi in nazornimi fotografjami, ki so tudi glavna odlika dela. Med fotograf so namre~ tudi nekatera vodilna imena evropske naravoslovne in ornitolo{ke fotografje, denimo Peter Buchner, Benny Gensbol, Dick Forsman, Dietmar Nill, ~e na{tejem le nekatere nam bolj znane. Ve~ina vrst je predstavljenih s serijo fotografj, ki prikazujejo ptico v razli~nih obarvanostih perja, glede na starost in spol ter v razli~nih pozicijah, kar je za terensko dolo~anje pogosto klju~nega pomena. Ob tem pa se klju~ pri nekaterih za dolo~anje starosti bolj kompleksnih skupinah, denimo galebih, ne spu{~a v prevelike podrobnosti, saj bi to lahko preve~ zmedlo novope~ene ornitologe.
Delo je namenjeno predvsem dolo~anju, zato je temu primerno tudi strukturirano. V uvodu je pojasnjenih nekaj pojmov, pomembnih za nadaljnje razumevanje klju~a. Posebej dobrodo{lo za terensko opazovanje je primerjalno velikostno dolo~evanje z referen~nimi splo{no znanimi vrstami, kot so doma~i vrabec Passer domesticus, kos Turdus merula, doma~i golob Columba livia f. domestica, re~ni galeb Larus ridibundus, siva vrana Corvus corone cornix, kanja Buteo buteo, mlakarica Anas platyrhynchos in srebrni galeb Larus argentatus, ~eprav v slovenskem prostoru pri slednjem pride bolj v po{tev sorodni rumenonogi galeb Larus cachinnans. Vse referen~ne vrste so opisane z dol`ino in maso ter ilustrirane na platnici priro~nika. Tak{no opredeljevanje velikosti je za opazovanje v naravi precej bolj uporabno kot pa centimetrske primerjave. Drugi del uvodnih poglavij so pravzaprav navodila za opazovanje, ki bodo pri{la prav vsakemu za~etniku. Tretji del pa s kratkimi opisi predstavi vse v Evropi pojavljajo~e se dru`ine ptic, kar je `e prvi vtis o pestrosti evropske avifavne.
Dolo~evalni del, jedro knjige, je poleg bogate slikovne opremljenosti bogat tudi z opisi ptic. Vsak opis zajema, poleg posodobljene karte raz{irjenosti vrste v zahodni Palearktiki, {e besedni opis, razdeljen
179
Nove knjige / New Books
na sedem podnaslovov: (1) posebnost (izjemna zna~ilnost, po kateri ptico najhitreje prepoznamo), (2) zna~ilnosti (kratek opis ptice), (3) podobne vrste (da se izognemo zamenjavam), (4) ogla{anje (besedni opis ogla{anja, ki opozori na neke zna~ilnosti), (5) habitat (kratek opis `ivljenjskega prostora z navedbo statusa v Sloveniji), (6) razmno`evanje (gnezditvene navade) in (7) prehrana (glavni viri hrane). Besedni opis je tudi prvi vpogled v ekologijo vrst, kar nam bo v pomo~ ne le pri dolo~evanju, pa~ pa tudi kot za~etek za bolj podrobno preu~evanje. Na koncu je zato dodan {e seznam literature s pomembnej{imi doma~imi in tujimi ornitolo{kimi deli, kjer bomo svoje znanje o pticah lahko {e poglobili.
Nenazadnje naj omenim {e platnice, ki so pri tem priro~niku nekaj posebnega. Tu so z besedo in sliko predstavljeni glavni elementi, pomembni pri terenskem opazovanju ptic, od telesnih zna~ilnosti do vedenjskih in prostorskih posebnosti. Ni~ ni torej narobe, ~e z opazovanjem za~nemo kar pri platnicah. Klju~ nas bo potem vodil k pravilni dolo~itvi. Lahko re~em, da smo s prevodom knjige Kateri pti~ je to? Slovenci dobili pravi terenski ornitolo{ki priro~nik, ki mu je bolj kot na knji`ni polici mesto v naravi, torej tam, kjer se bomo sre~ali z nepoznano pti~jo vrsto. Pridani podnaslov s knjigo v naravo je zato povsem ustrezna oznaka!
Al Vrezec
Najave in obvestila
Announcements
Nagrada Zlati legat 2003
The Golden Bee-eater Award 2003
Zlati legat je nagrada, ki jo DOPPS podeljuje za najbolj{e slovensko delo s podro~ja ornitologije. Letos smo podelili nagrado za leto 2003, denarna sredstva zanjo je ponovno prispevalo podjetje Bioteh d.o.o. iz Ljubljane. Upravni odbor DOPPS je imenoval komisijo v sestavi: Damijan Denac (~lan), prof. dr. Alenka Gaber{~ik (~lanica), dr. Primo` Kmecl (~lan) in Toma` Miheli~ (predsednik), ki se je sestala 10.2.2005 in izbrala dela v o`ji izbor, nominirana dela in nagrajeno delo.
Dela o`jega izbora so vsa tista, ki jih predlaga vsak ~lan komisije. Seznam o`jega izbora del se je bil:
Bo`i~, L. (2003): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja
za ptice v Sloveniji 2. Predlogi posebnih za{~itenih
obmo~ij (SPA) v Sloveniji. – DOPPS, Monografja
DOPPS {t.2, Ljubljana. Denac, D. (2003): Upad populacije in sprememba rabe
tal v lovnem habitatu rjavega srakoperja Lanius collurio
v [turmovcih. – Acrocephalus 24 (119): 97–102. Denac, K. (2003): Population dynamics of Scops Owl
Otus scops at Ljubljansko barje. – Acrocephalus 24
(119): 127–134. Govedi~, M., Jan`ekovi~, F. & Kos, I. (2002): Prehrana
kormorana Phalacrocorax carbo na obmo~ju reke Save
od Ljubljane do Zagorja. – Acrocephalus 23 (110/
111): 5–20. Rubini~, B. (2003): Fenologija in {tevil~nost galebov
Laridae na obmo~ju ju`ne Dalmacije. – Acrocephalus
24 (119): 135–144. [tumberger, B. & Velevski, M. (2002): White Stork
Ciconia ciconia survey in Pelagonia indicates a decrease
in its breeding population and colony disintegration.
– Acrocephalus 23 (112): 67–74. Tome, D. (2002): Effect of foods on the distribution of
meadow birds on Ljubljansko barje. – Acrocephalus
23 (112): 75–79. Trontelj, P. (2001): Popis kosca Crex crex v Sloveniji
leta 1999 ka`e na kratkoro~no stabilno populacijo.
– Acrocephalus 22 (108): 139–147. Vrezec, A. (2003): Slovensko poimenovanje tipov pti~jih
mladi~ev. – Acrocephalus 24 (117): 67–72. Vrezec. A. (2003): Breeding density and altitudinal
distribution of the Ural, Tawny and Boreal Owls in
north Dinaric Alps. – Journal of Raptor Research
37(1): 55–62.
i8o
Acrocephalus 25 (122): 180 - 181, 2004
Sledil je izbor nominirancev, pri katerem pa ni bilo te`av, saj so glede na kakovost posebej izstopala naslednja tri dela: Bo`i~eva Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice, Veliki skovik (Scops Owl) Katarine Denac in Vrez~eve sove (Owls).
Delo Luke Bo`i~a odlikujejo obse`nost, izvirnost in uporabnost podatkov, jasno razdelana metoda in kriteriji za opredeljevanje obmo~ij. Obmo~ja, pomembna za ptice, so predstavljena celovito (geografski opis, habitati, ornitolo{ki pomen, ogro`enost), poljudno in strokovno suvereno hkrati. Dodaten pomen delu so tudi za vsa obmo~ja napisane naravovarstvene smernice. Zaobjema vso dr`avo na enovit na~in, kar se je izkazalo za klju~no pri uresni~evanju obveznosti do Evropske skupnosti pri slovenskem priklju~evanju uniji. Uporabno ni samo za naravovarstvenike, temve~ si lahko z njim pomagajo tudi obiskovalci obmo~ij, uporabniki in doma~ini.
Katarina Denac je v svojem delu zaobjela populacijsko dinamiko velikega skovika Otus scops na Ljubljanskem barju. Metoda je jasno predstavljena in vklju~uje veliko {tevilo popisovalcev, kar daje delu dodatni pomen in je omogo~ilo, da je bilo celotno obmo~je spremljano v ve~ zaporednih letih. Je klasi~en primer monitoringa vrste, ki je v Sloveniji prakti~no {e ne poznamo. Delo je uporabno z vidika varstva vrste kot tudi pri argumentaciji in nadaljnjem opredeljevanju Barja kot obmo~ja pomembnega za ptice.
^lanek Ala Vrezca je bil objavljen v mednarodni znanstveni reviji s faktorjem vpliva (IF), kar je garancija za izjemno kvalitetno, metodolo{ko jasno in izvirno delo. Za prepoznavnost slovenske ornitologije v mednarodnih krogih imajo tak{na dela zato najve~jo veljavo in izbrani ~lanek za o`ji izbor ni tu nobena izjema. Avtor je {tiri leta sistemati~no popisoval tri vrste sov na obmo~ju severnih Dinaridov in zbiral podatke o njihovih gostotah in vi{inski raz{irjenosti. Poleg populacijskih sprememb je s podatki v diskusiji nakazal tudi mo`nost zanimivih medvrstnih interakcij in jih prikazal v povsem novi dimenziji. Te je v kasnej{ih raziskavah tudi potrdil.
Izmed nominiranih del je najve~je {tevilo to~k prejelo delo Luke Bo`i~a, zato je bila nagrada Zlati legat 2003 podeljena njemu.
Vsem, ki ste sodelovali s svojimi prispevki, predvsem pa nominirancem in pa seveda nagrajencu Luki Bo`i~u, iskreno ~estitam.
Toma` Miheli~, predsednik `irije Zlati Legat 2003
Čestitam
Luki Božiču
ob podelitvi nagrade Zlati legat 2003
za delo
»Mednarodno pomembna območja za ptice v Sloveniji 2«
DOPPS, Monografja DOPPS št.2, Ljubljana
Al Vrezec, glavni urednik
181
barvna priloga / colour appendix
Figure 1: Three Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus accompanied by two Mute Swans C. olor on the Podunavlje fshponds, Kopa~ki rit Nature Park (E Croatia), during winter 2004/2005 (photo: M. Romuli}) - see page 164
Slika 1: Trije mali labodi Cygnus columbianus v družbi dveh labodov grbcev C. olor na ribnikih Podunavlje, naravni park Kopa~ki rit (V Hrva{ka), v zimi 2004/2005 (foto: M. Romuli}) - glej stran 164
Figure 2: Leucistic individual of Northern Wheater Oenanthe oenanthe, the Black Sea coast next to the Momchil quarter near the town of Balchik (NW Bulgaria), 25 Aug 2004 (photo: T. Meeus) - see page 175
Slika 2: Leucisti~ni osebek kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe, ~rnomorska obala v zaselku Momchil blizu mesta Balchik (SZ Bolgarija), 25.8.2004 (photo: T. Meeus) - glej stran 175
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Letošnja tema mednarodnega fotografskega natečaja Je »Ptice Iz naše soseske«.
Natečaja se lahko udeležijo amaterski In profesionalni fotografi z vsega sveta, ki bodo svoja dela poslali do 16. septembra 2005 v skladu z razpisnimi pogoji. Pošljite digitalne fotografije ali diapozitive, po novem pa tudi fotografije, posnete z mobilnikom. Vsak avtor lahko pošlje največ deset fotografij, ne glede na obliko nosilca slike. Natečaj je anonimen, prispela dela bo ocenila in nagradila mednarodna strokovna žirija.
Podrobnejše informacije:
DOPPS, vsak delavnik 10. do 14. ure, tel: 01426 58 75,
www.ptlce.org in www.mobKel.sl/totonatecaJ.
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