343 2019 Tržaška številka Kronike – zgodovina Trsta v malem S Kroniko smo se tokrat prvič podali v zamejstvo, saj je pričujoča tematska številka v celoti posvečena Trstu in njegovi okolici. Tako bližnji kot tudi neko- liko daljni okolici, torej tistemu območju, ki je danes v Sloveniji, a je zgodovinsko vedno predstavljalo tr- žaško zaledje. Tržaška številka Kronike sovpada s po- membno obletnico v tržaški zgodovini – leta 1719 je namreč cesar Karel VI. Trst (hkrati z Reko) razglasil za svobodno pristanišče, s čimer se je začel gospo- darski in družbeni vzpon mesta. Kronika, posvečena zgodovini Trsta, je torej izšla kot obeležje 300. oblet- nice tega pomembnega mejnika. Trst je v Habsburški monarhiji veljal za eno najpomembnejših mest in se je zlasti po dograditvi železniške povezave z notranjostjo sredi 19. stole- tja zavihtel na drugo mesto – takoj za prestolnico Dunajem. Hkrati je bil Trst tudi največje slovensko mesto, saj je na primer v začetku 20. stoletja v njem živelo več Slovencev kot v Ljubljani, ki je bila glavno mesto Kranjske, najbolj slovenske med vsemi habs- burškimi deželami. Zgodovina Trsta se seveda ni začela v 18. stole- tju, ampak so njegove korenine veliko starejše. Segajo najmanj do 2. stoletja pr. n. št., ko so Rimljani na njegovem ozemlju postavili tri vojaške tabore, še pred tem pa je tam obstajala keltska naselbina, imenovana Tergeste. Trst je pod Rimljani postal pomembno pri- stanišče, čeprav je bil vedno nekoliko v senci bližnje- ga Ogleja (Akvileje). Rimska oblast se je tudi iz Trsta širila proti vzhodu. O tem pričajo številni rimski spo- meniki, ki izvirajo s slovenskega ozemlja, a jih da- nes hranijo v tržaških kulturnih ustanovah (Julijana Visočnik). Za Trst je tako kot tudi za druga primor- ska mesta značilno, da v njem kontinuiteta z antiko nikoli ni bila prekinjena, saj Slovani tja niso nikoli prodrli, so pa poselili njegovo zaledje in tam ostali do današnjih dni. Eden od dokazov za večstoletno slovansko oziroma slovensko prisotnost je tudi ohra- njena slovenica, uradovalni slovenski zapisi, ki jim na Tržaškem sledimo vse od 17. stoletja naprej (Boris Golec). Trst je v 6. stoletju postal tudi škofija, škofje pa so v njem od srede 10. stoletja izvajali javno oblast, dokler je niso sredi 13. stoletja prevzeli predstavniki posvetne oblasti (Ana Jenko Kovačič). Za razliko od ostalih primorskih mest, ki so v 13. stoletju vsa po vrsti priznala beneško nadoblast, je Trst leta 1382 prostovoljno prešel pod oblast Habs- buržanov in tako za več kot pol tisočletja postal habs- burško okno v svet. Mesto je postajalo konglomerat romanskih, slovanskih in germanskih elementov, kar je dobro razvidno iz popisov prebivalstva od srede 19. stoletja dalje (Roberto Sturman). A to še zdaleč niso bili edini etnični elementi: v tržaškem talilnem loncu se je znašla nepregledna mešanica narodov in etničnih skupnosti, kar se izkaže ob raziskovanju prednikov znamenitega slovenskega (pravnega) zgo- dovinarja Sergija Vilfana (Amalija Maček, Veronika Pflaum, Ana Vilfan Vospernik). V mestu je delovala tudi močna judovska skupnost, ki je prisotna še da- nes, tržaški rabin pa skrbi tudi za pripadnike judov- ske skupnosti v Sloveniji (Renato Podbersič). Mnogostranski vzpon Trsta, ki se je začel v 18. stoletju, se je kazal na več načinov. Širjenju mestnega areala se je pridružilo skokovito naraščanje prebival- stva, kar je v drugi polovici 19. stoletja pripeljalo do ustanavljanja gradbenih družb za gradnjo socialnih stanovanj (Borut Žerjal). Zaradi povečanega obsega trgovanja so že v tridesetih letih 19. stoletja ustano- vili nekaj zavarovalniških, trgovskih in ladjedelniških družb, med katerimi je bil pomemben zlasti zname- niti Avstrijski Lloyd (Peter Vodopivec). Vendar pa Trst ni bil le trgovsko središče, temveč tudi znanstveno vozlišče, v katerem je delovalo več znanstvenih dru- štev in izdajalo lastne publikacije (Daša Ličen), izha- jali so tudi številni časopisi, predvsem v italijanskem in slovenskem, v veliki meri pa tudi v nemškem jezi- ku (Tanja Žigon, Petra Kramberger). Edinstven spo- menik Trstu je postavil Henrik Costa, ki je o njem leta 1838 izdal knjigo in v njej podrobno opisal zlasti njegove naravne danosti ter njegovo gospodarsko in upravno vlogo (Eva Holz). Za Slovence ima Trst večplasten pomen. V prvi vrsti je seveda pomembno to, da je v njem živelo in še danes živi veliko Slovencev. V preteklosti je bil Trst kot metropola privlačen za okolico, kar je pomenilo, da se je slovensko prebivalstvo iz širšega tržaškega zaledja bodisi vanj za stalno naseljevalo bodisi iz nje- ga črpalo nove ideje in jih prenašlo v domače okolje, s čimer so se rušile ustaljene družbene norme (Jasna Fakin Bajec). V širšem zgodovinskem kontekstu pa je treba na primer izpostaviti dejstvo, da je v Trstu v 16. stoletju živel Primož Trubar; tam je pod okri- ljem takratnega škofa Petra Bonoma spoznaval nove verske ideje in jih pozneje širil med Slovenci, škof pa mu je zaupal tudi druge, bolj posvetne naloge (Lili- jana Žnidaršič Golec). V 18. in 19. stoletju je v Trstu delovalo veliko podjetnih Slovencev, ki so pomagali graditi njegovo identiteto in prispevali k njegovemu ugledu, čeprav so se mnogi od njih asimilirali bodisi v nemško bodisi v italijansko skupnost (Marta Ver- ginella). Tudi med tržaškimi škofi se je zvrstilo več Slovencev; v letih 1830–1846 je to mesto kot drugi 344 TRŽAŠKA ŠTEVILKA KRONIKE – ZGODOVINA TRSTA V MALEM, 343–346 2019 tržaško-koprski škof zasedal Matevž Ravnikar, za- služen tudi za izbiro grba tržaške škofije, ki je ostal v veljavi do leta 1977 (Jure Volčjak, Miha Šimac). Veli- ko (zlasti tržaških) Slovencev je služilo na avstrijskih ladjah, s katerimi so obpluli svet in domov prinašali nove vtise, znanja pa tudi spominke (zlasti s Kitaj- ske), ki jih njihovi potomci hranijo še danes (Marta Ivašič). Trst je bil na prelomu 19. in 20. stoletja tri- krat prizorišče zborovanj slovenskih učiteljev, ki so so se razvila v prave slovenske in slovanske narodne manifestacije (Branko Šuštar). Med drugo svetovno vojno sta Trst zaznamovala predvsem zbirno in uni- čevalno taborišče Rižarna in njegov zloglasni vodja Odilo Globočnik (po poreklu pravzaprav Slovenec!) (Klemen Kocjančič). Po vojni pa sta se njegova pomen in zapletena identiteta pokazala tudi v tem, da je za nekaj let postal središče nove državne tvorbe, imeno- vane Svobodno tržaško ozemlje (Nevenka Troha). Z dokončno priključitvijo Trsta Italiji se je intenziviral tudi boj za ohranjanje slovenske manjšine, kar se je med drugim kazalo tudi v zavzemanju za slovenski radio (Saša Rudolf). Pregled vsebine tržaške številke Kronike tako po- kaže, da je ta poskušala zajeti čim več obdobij in čim več tematik, čeprav seveda še zdaleč ne vseh. Njen namen ni bil prikaz celotne zgodovine Trsta, temveč določenih vidikov, ki so bili do sedaj morda spregle- dani ali slabše poznani. Vseeno pa lahko rečemo, da tržaška številka Kronike predstavlja tržaško zgodovi- no v malem. Miha Preinfalk odgovorni urednik Kronike 345 2019 Kronika’s thematic issue – a concise history of Trieste Venturing across the border for the first time, the entire thematic issue of Kronika focuses on Trieste and its surroundings – both immediate and more distant, i.e. an area which now forms part of Slovenia, but which historically always constituted the Trieste hinterland. Kronika’s thematic issue on Trieste cor- responds with the three-hundredth anniversary of a watershed event in the city’s history – Emperor Charles VI’s proclamation of Trieste (and Rijeka) a free port in 1719, which laid the foundation for its economic and social ascendancy. With the construction of the railway connection in the mid-nineteenth century, Trieste became one of the most important centres in the Habsburg Mon- archy, second only to Vienna. In the early twentieth century, for instance, it was also the biggest Slove- nian city, home to an even larger Slovenian popula- tion than Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola, figuring as the most Slovenian of all Habsburg crown lands. Of course, the history of Trieste did not begin in the eighteenth century, but has its roots reach- ing much further into the past, to at least the second century BC, when the Romans set up three military camps in the area, and even further back to the Celt- ic settlement, called Tergeste. The Romans turned Trieste into an important port (which nevertheless remained throughout in the shadow of the nearby Aquileia) and spread their rule through the city towards the east. This is attested by many Roman monuments that originate from the Slovenian ter- ritory but are today kept in Trieste’s cultural insti- tutions (Julijana Visočnik). Like other coastal cities, Trieste never completely broke with Antiquity, as the Slavs never penetrated that far and instead settled its hinterland, where they have remained to present day. One piece of evidence testifying to the centu- ries-long Slavic or, rather, Slovenian presence is the preserved slovenica, official Slovenian records in the Trieste area, which can be traced as far back as the seventeenth century (Boris Golec). In the sixth cen- tury, Trieste also became a diocese, with its bishops holding public authority from the mid-tenth century onwards, until it was taken over by the representa- tives of secular power (Ana Jenko Kovačič). Unlike other coastal towns, which all recognized Venetian supremacy in the thirteenth century, Trie- ste voluntarily passed under the Habsburg rule in 1382 and became the Habsburgs’ principal outlet to the world for over five hundred years. As illustrated by population censuses carried out from the mid- nineteenth century onwards (Roberto Sturman), the city gradually turned into a conglomerate of Roma- nic, Slavic, and Germanic elements, but its diversity certainly did not end there: the Trieste melting pot comprised an inconceivable mix of ethnic communi- ties, as demonstrated by the research on the ances- try of the famous Slovenian (legal) historian Sergij Vilfan (Amalija Maček, Veronika Pflaum, Ana Vilfan Vospernik). The city was also home to a strong Jew- ish community, which is still present today, with the Trieste rabbi providing spiritual care to members of the Jewish community in Slovenia as well (Renato Podbersič). Starting in the eighteenth century, Trieste’s mul- tifaceted ascendancy manifested in a multitude of ways. The urban sprawl entailed a drastic population growth, which spurred the founding of construction companies for the erection of social housing dur- ing the second half of the nineteenth century (Borut Žerjal). Due to the increased trading volume, the first insurance, as well as commercial and shipbuild- ing companies were established already in the 1830s, the most prominent among which was the famous Austrian Lloyd (Peter Vodopivec). Apart from being a trading centre, Trieste was also a research nexus and the seat to several scientific associations which ope- rated and issued their own publications there (Daša Ličen). Several newspapers circulated in the city as well, primarily in the Italian and Slovenian langua- ges, and a considerable number also in the German language (Tanja Žigon, Petra Kramberger). A unique monument dedicated to Trieste was Henrik Costa’s book (1838), with detailed descriptions of its natural conditions as well as its economic and administrative role (Eva Holz). Trieste’s significance for the Slovenes is a many- sided one. First and foremost, it was and continues to be home to many Slovenes. In the past, Trieste as a metropolis was attractive for its surroundings, which meant that Slovenian inhabitants of the wider Trie- ste hinterland either settled in the city permanently or drew new ideas from it and transposed them to their domestic environments, thus breaking down the established social norms (Jasna Fakin Bajec). In a broader historical context, special mention ought to be made of the fact that Primož Trubar lived in Trieste in the sixteenth century; under the patronage of the then Bishop Pietro Bonomo, he learned about new religious ideas and later spread them among the Slovenes, while the bishop also entrusted him with other, more secular tasks (Lilijana Žnidaršič Golec). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a signifi- 346 KRONIKA’S THEMATIC ISSUE – A CONCISE HISTORY OF TRIESTE, 343–346 2019 cant community of industrious Slovenes worked in Trieste, co-shaping its identity and contributing to its reputation, even though many assimilated in the German or Italian communities (Marta Verginella). There were also several Slovenes among the Trieste bishops; in 1830–1846, the office of the second Bi- shop of Trieste–Koper was assumed by Matevž Ravnikar, who is also credited with the selection of the coat of arms of the Trieste Diocese, which re- mained in use until 1977 (Jure Volčjak, Miha Šimac). Many (especially Trieste) Slovenes served aboard Austrian ships, sailing to the far corners of the world and bringing home new impressions, knowledge, as well as souvenirs (especially from China), which are now kept by their descendants (Marta Ivašič). At the turn of the twentieth century, Trieste hosted three teachers’ gatherings, which constituted veritable Slo- venian and Slavic national manifestations (Branko Šuštar). During the Second World War, the city was marred by the concentration and extermination camp Risiera di San Sabba (Rižarna), led by the in- famous Odilo Globočnik – himself of Slovenian des- cent! (Klemen Kocjančič). After the war, the signifi- cance and complex identity of Trieste also manifest- ed in it becoming the centre of the new state entity, called the Free Territory of Trieste (Nevenka Troha). Its final annexation to Italy intensified the struggle for the preservation of the Slovenian minority, which was also reflected in the endeavours to establish the Slovenian radio (Saša Rudolf). A quick look at the contents clearly shows that Kronika’s thematic issue on Trieste attempted to co- ver as many periods and themes as possible, although by no means all of them. Rather than present the entire history of Trieste, it narrowed its focus on cer- tain aspects that have so far been perhaps neglected or less known. Nevertheless, Kronika’s thematic issue on Trieste can be said to provide a concise history of the city. Miha Preinfalk, Managing Editor of Kronika