USE OF TOBACCO AND RELATED PRODUCTS IN SLOVENIA Results of web survey Nov/Dec 2022 USE OF TOBACCO AND RELATED PRODUCTS IN SLOVENIA Results of web survey Nov/Dec 2022 Authors Helena Koprivnikar, Maruša Rehberger, Darja Lavtar, Marina Šinko, Ada Hočevar Grom, Jerneja Farkaš Lainščak Translation Helena Koprivnikar Proofreading Mihaela Törnar Design Andreja Frič Photograph Freepik Published by National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana Publication year 2023 Electronic edition Publication is available at https://nijz.si/ Copyright © 2023 NIJZ All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part by any means and in any medium is prohibited without the written permission of the authors. Infringements are sanctioned in accordance with copyright and criminal law. Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 172741635 ISBN 978-961-7211-16-0 (PDF) CONTENTS KEY FINDINGS 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE PUBLICATION 14 METHODS 15 GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS IN THE PUBLICATION 17 CIGARETTES (manufactured and/or hand rolled) 18 OTHER TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR SMOKING (cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes) 21 WATERPIPES WITH TOBACCO OR HERBAL PREPARATIONS (nargila, shisha) 24 SMOKELESS TOBACCO PRODUCTS (tobacco for oral use (snus), snuff or chewing tobacco) 27 HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS 30 ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES 33 NICOTINE POUCHES 36 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO PRODUCT FOR SMOKING (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes) 39 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO PRODUCT (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products) 41 USE OF AT LEAST ONE OTHER TOBACCO/NICOTINE PRODUCT (electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches) 43 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO OR RELATED PRODUCT (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches) 45 IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING CESSATION (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) 47 IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING QUIT ATTEMPTS (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) 48 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR SMOKING, HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES 49 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES 52 OPINIONS ON THE ADDICTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES 54 OPINIONS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AS SMOKING CESSATION AIDS 56 EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS 58 USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS IN THE HOME LIVING ENVIRONMENT BY RESPONDENT, OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OR VISITORS 61 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS 64 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT OTHER TOBACCO/NICOTINE PRODUCTS (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches) 66 OBSERVATION OF USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES IN DIFFERENT INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS 69 LIST OF FIGURES 72 LIST OF TABLES 73 5 KEY FINDINGS1 Ever smoking/use of different tobacco and related products, total and by gender Ever smoking/use of at least one tobacco or related products was reported by more than half of respondents, the percentage is statistically significantly higher among male than female respondents (Figure 1). Percentages of ever smokers/users are statistically significantly higher among male than female respondents for all individual products and product groups, except heated tobacco products. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 50 Total Cigarettes 53 Male 47 Female 22 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 28 15 14 Waterpipes 16 12 8 Smokeless tobacco products 11 4 11 Heated tobacco products 11 11 15 Electronic cigarettes 17 13 5 Nicotine pouches 6 3 PRODUCT GROUPS 54 At least one tobacco product for smoking 57 50 55 At least one tobacco product 59 51 20 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 22 18 56 At least one tobacco or related product 59 52 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 1: Ever smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 1The most frequently used terms are explained in the Glossary of the most frequently used terms on page 17. 6 Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products, total and by gender Current use of at least one tobacco or related product was reported by almost a third of respondents, the percentage is statistically significantly higher among male than female respondents (Figure 2). The percentages of current smokers/users are statistically significantly higher among male than female respondents for cigars, cigarillos and tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, nicotine pouches and other tobacco/ nicotine products. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 23 Total Cigarettes 23 Male 23 Female 6 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 7 5 3 Waterpipes 4 2 3 Smokeless tobacco products 4 2 6 Heated tobacco products 66 7 Electronic cigarettes 8 6 2 Nicotine pouches 3 1 PRODUCT GROUPS 25 At least one tobacco product for smoking 25 25 27 At least one tobacco product 28 26 11 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 12 10 29 At least one tobacco or related product 31 28 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 2: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 7 Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products, total and by gender Daily use of at least one tobacco or related product was reported by approximately a fifth of respondents, there is no statistically significant difference among genders (Figure 3). Statistically significant differences among genders in the percentages of daily smokers/users are present for waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouches, where percentages of smokers/users are statistically significantly higher among male that female respondents. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 17 Total Cigarettes 17 Male 17 Female 2 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 22 0 Waterpipes 1 0 1 Smokeless tobacco products 2 1 2 Heated tobacco products 2 1 1 Electronic cigarettes 2 1 1 Nicotine pouches 2 1 PRODUCT GROUPS 18 At least one tobacco product for smoking 18 17 20 At least one tobacco product 20 20 4 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 5 4 21 At least one tobacco or related product 21 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 3: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 8 Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products by age Current smoking/use of at least one tobacco or related product was reported by a third of respondents in the younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44), almost a third in the age group 45–64 years and approximately one seventh of respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) (Figure 4). For all individual products and product groups, the percentages differ statistically significantly by age – the percentages tend to be statistically significantly higher in younger age groups. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 20 18–24 26 Cigarettes 25 25–44 13 45–64 7 65–74 8 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 5 2 9 Waterpipes 5 1 0 13 3 Smokeless tobacco products 1 0 9 Heated tobacco products 9 4 1 16 Electronic cigarettes 10 5 1 10 2 Nicotine pouches 1 0 PRODUCT GROUPS 2428 At least one tobacco product for smoking 27 14 31 At least one tobacco product 31 29 14 23 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 16 8 2 33 At least one tobacco or related product 34 30 15 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 4: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. 9 Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products by age Daily smoking/use of at least one tobacco or related product was reported by almost a fifth of respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years), just over a fifth of respondents in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years and approximately one eighth of respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) (Figure 5). For all individual products and product groups, the percentages differ statistically significantly by age – the percentages are generally statistically significantly lower in the oldest age group. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 12 18–24 17 Cigarettes 21 25–44 11 45–64 1 65–74 3 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 11 1 Waterpipes 1 00 7 2 Smokeless tobacco products 00 2 Heated tobacco products 4 2 1 2 Electronic cigarettes 3 1 0 6 1 Nicotine pouches 00 PRODUCT GROUPS 1218 At least one tobacco product for smoking 21 12 19 At least one tobacco product 2023 13 9 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 7 3 1 19 At least one tobacco or related product 22 23 13 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 5: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. 10 Inequalities in current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products Ever, current and daily smoking/use of most of the individual products and product groups differ statistically significantly by education level, employment status and whether the respondent lives alone or not. Approximately one third of respondents with secondary education or less and one quarter of respondents with tertiary education or more currently smoke/use at least one of the tobacco and related products (Figure 6). Percentages of current smokers/users differ statistically significantly by level of education for most of the individual products (except for cigars, cigarillos and tobacco pipes, waterpipes and nicotine pouches) and for all product groups – the percentages are statistically significantly higher among respondents with secondary education. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 28 Secondary or less Cigarettes 18 Tertiary or more 6 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 6 4 Waterpipes 2 3 Smokeless tobacco products 2 7 Heated tobacco products 4 9 Electronic cigarettes 6 2 Nicotine pouches 2 PRODUCT GROUPS 29 At least one tobacco product for smoking 20 32 At least one tobacco product 22 13 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 9 34 At least one tobacco or related product 24 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 6: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by education. 11 Smoking/use of different tobacco and related products by the presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems Ever, current and daily smoking/use of most of the individual products and product groups differ statistically significantly by the presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems. The percentages of smokers/ users are generally statistically significantly higher among respondents with depressive disorder or mental health problems compared to those without mental health problems. Current smoking/use of at least one tobacco or related product was reported by a third of respondents with depressive disorder or mental health problems and just over a fifth of respondents without mental health problems (Figure 7). There are statistically significant differences in the percentages of current smokers/users among respondents with depressive disorder or mental health problems compared to those without mental health problems in the use of cigarettes, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches, tobacco products, other tobacco/nicotine products and tobacco and related products. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT TYPES 27 Depressive disorder or mental health problems Cigarettes 21 No problems in mental health 6 Cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes 6 4 Waterpipes 3 4 Smokeless tobacco products 2 7 Heated tobacco products 5 10 Electronic cigarettes 6 3 Nicotine pouches 2 PRODUCT GROUPS 28 At least one tobacco product for smoking 23 31 At least one tobacco product 26 14 At least one other tobacco/nicotine product 10 34 At least one tobacco or related product 27 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 7: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems. 12 Impact of recently implemented legislative measures on cigarette smoking cessation and quit attempts Among former smokers of cigarettes who quit smoking cigarettes between 2017 and 2022, 14% reported that the legislative measures introduced during this period, i.e. large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging and the ban on characterizing flavours (all measures apply to cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco), had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. The data suggest that plain packaging and the ban on the characterizing flavour menthol had a greater impact on cigarette smoking cessation than large pictorial health warnings and the ban on all other characterizing flavours. Among respondents who are current smokers of cigarettes, and who had made at least one quit attempt in the last few years, 25% indicated that the above measures had encouraged them to try to quit cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. Opinions on the harmfulness and addictiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes A majority (89%) of respondents consider smoking tobacco products to be very or quite harmful to health, three quarters (75%) of respondents consider heated tobacco products to be the same, and less than three quarters (72%) consider electronic cigarettes to be the same. However, just under a tenth (9%) of respondents consider smoking tobacco products to be of little or no harm to health, for heated tobacco products less than a tenth (7%) and for electronic cigarettes just over a tenth (12%). Around 2% of respondents ticked the answer Don't know when asked about the harmfulness of smoking tobacco products, followed by around a sixth (17%) for heated tobacco products and also around a sixth (16%) for electronic cigarettes. Compared to cigarettes, heated tobacco products are considered equally harmful by less than half (44%) of respondents, while electronic cigarettes are considered equally harmful by half (49%). Just under a fifth (18%) of respondents consider heated tobacco products to be more harmful than cigarettes, while approximately a sixth (16%) consider electronic cigarettes to be more harmful than cigarettes. Over a quarter (28%) of respondents and about one sixth (17%) think heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes. When asked about harmfulness, a tenth (10%) of respondents answered Don't know for heated tobacco products and a just under a fifth (18%) for electronic cigarettes. Compared to cigarettes, heated tobacco products are considered equally addictive by around half (52%) of respondents, as are electronic cigarettes (56%). Around a tenth of respondents (10% for heated tobacco products and 9% for electronic cigarettes) consider both products to be more addictive than cigarettes, while 6% of respondents consider heated tobacco products to be less addictive and just over a tenth (12%) consider electronic cigarettes to be less addictive than cigarettes. Around 1% of respondents answered that these products are not addictive, while almost a third (31%) answered Don't know for heated tobacco products and just over a fifth (22%) for electronic cigarettes. Opinions on the effectiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation aids About half of respondents (53%) do not consider heated tobacco products to be effective smoking cessation aids, and almost two-thirds of respondents (62%) do not consider electronic cigarettes to be effective smoking cessation aids. The percentage of respondents who believe that these products are effective smoking cessation aids is 6% for heated tobacco products and about a tenth (9%) for electronic cigarettes. Significant percentages of respondents answered Don’t know about the effectiveness of these products as smoking cessation aids, with 41% for heated tobacco products and just under a third (29%) for electronic cigarettes. 13 Exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors Just over half (53%) of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes are exposed to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, 8% at least weekly, 45% less than weekly. The percentage of exposed respondents decreases statistically significantly with age and is statistically significantly higher among men than women. 4% of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes are exposed to aerosols from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes on a daily basis. The percentage of daily exposure is also statistically significantly higher among respondents in younger age groups. Use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the home living environment by respondent, other household members or visitors Among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, about a quarter (24%) reported that they, other household members or visitors use heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in their home living environment. This was reported mainly by respondents in the younger age groups. At least weekly use of these products indoors in the home living environment was reported by 6% of respondents, while less than weekly use was reported by 18% of respondents. Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the home was reported by slightly less than 4% of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, again mainly those in the younger age groups. The percentages do not differ according to whether the premises are occupied by under-aged children or by people at risk (aged 65+ or with chronic diseases). Opinions on the harmful effects of exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors About two thirds of respondents (68%) who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes think that exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors is harmful to health, about a quarter (26%) are undecided and just over one in twenty (6%) think that such exposure is not harmful to health. Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months The highest percentage of respondents, who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, that is almost a third (31%), report having seen the use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in restaurants, bars or clubs. Around one eighth (13%) reported seeing use of these products in the workplace, and around one tenth (9%) in the home living environment. Sources of information about heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouches More than a third (39%) of respondents, who have heard about these products, reported getting information about heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouches on the internet, just under a third (31%) from friends and relatives, a fifth (20%) from users of these products, and about a sixth (17%) on social media, all of which are generally non-credible sources of information about these products. Only 5% of respondents refer to scientific literature and 3% to information from professional organisations or institutions, which are credible sources. Almost all respondents (97%), who have heard about these products, use mainly non-credible sources to get information about heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouches – just under a third (31%) use exclusively non-credible sources and almost two thirds (65%) use more non-credible sources. Around 3% of respondents, who have heard about these products, use mainly credible sources, but most of these also combine them with non-credible sources ones. 14 INTRODUCTION TO THE PUBLICATION In Slovenia, surveys to monitor the use of tobacco and related products among the Slovenian population, are regularly conducted. In the absence of larger nationally representative surveys, we have included questions on this topic in the SI-PANDA online survey to assess the situation. Different types of tobacco and nicotine products have appeared in Slovenia over the last decades, and the questions on the use of all the different products present in Slovenia were included in the survey. In addition, for the first time in Slovenia, the survey also collected data on smoking cessation and attempts to quit smoking in relation to several new legislative measures, opinions on the harmfulness and addictiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes, opinions on the effectiveness of both products as smoking cessation aids, on the exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in indoor environments, the use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the domestic living environment, opinions on the harms of aerosol exposure to heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, sources of information about heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and nicotine pouches, and on the observed use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different types of indoor environments. The research was carried out within the CRP project V3-2237 “Creating a future without tobacco and nicotine” (UP-TiN). Project web address: https://nijz.si/projekti/kljucni-vidiki-na-podrocju-tobacnih-in-povezanih-izdelkov-s-poudarkom-na-neenakostih-ozavescanje-ter-predlogi-ukrepanja-za-slovenijo-brez-tobaka-in-nikotina-v3-2237/. 15 METHODS The SI-PANDA survey was carried out as an online survey to which selected members of the online panel were invited. A representative sample of approximately 1,000 adults aged 18 to 74 years participated in each round of online survey. From December 2020 to April 2023, 26 rounds of SI-PANDA online surveys were conducted on behalf of the NIJZ by Mediana, from 1st till 12th round of survey bi-weekly and from the 13th round of survey onwards the surveys were conducted by Valicon once a month. The data presented in the publication are weighted by gender, age group and statistical region. Questions on tobacco and related products were included in the 22nd and 23rd round of the SI-PANDA survey, which were conducted consecutively from 22 November 2022 to 25 November 2022 on a sample of 1,033 adults aged 18–74 years and from 14 December 2022 to 17 December 2022 on a sample of 1,014 adults aged 18–74 years. Some questions were included in both rounds of the survey, others in only one of them. The questions included in both rounds are questions on the use of different tobacco and related products and questions on smoking cessation and attempts to quit in relation to several new legislative measures. The questions included in both rounds are analysed by combining the responses from both surveys. The data in the publication are presented by gender, age (age groups 18–24, 25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years), level of education (secondary or less, tertiary or more), employment status (employed, inactive, unemployed), whether or not living alone, cohesion region, living environment (urban, suburban, rural) and presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems. In the survey, we asked the respondents about their use of different tobacco and related products. Beside the tobacco products for smoking (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes), other products such as electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches and smokeless tobacco products are also available on the Slovenian market. We have grouped products into different categories: other tobacco products for smoking (cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes); tobacco products for smoking (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes); tobacco products (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products); other tobacco/nicotine products (electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches); tobacco or related products (cigarettes (manufactured and/ or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches). To analyse the associations between the selected variables, we used the chi-square test (χ2) and Bonferroni correction. The two-tailed test was used to test for differences in answer proportions between groups within the same socio-demographic variable (e.g. proportion of current smokers by age group – comparisons between all different pairs of age groups). Here again, Bonferroni correction was considered for the interpretation of differences and p-values. A statistical significance value of p < 0.05 was considered in all cases. Percentages for certain groups may differ due to rounding to decimal places (e.g. the percentage may exceed or be less than 100%). The possibility of fragmenting the data into more numerous groups is limited by the sample size. The publication largely publishes data where the standard error of the share estimate is 5% or less, which means that the estimate is sufficiently precise and is therefore published without restriction. If the standard error of the estimate is more than 5%, an M is added to the share as a less precise estimate. If a particular phenomenon has not been reported, this is indicated by a line in the table. The survey has certain limitations. Selection bias and bias due to self-reporting are possible. Potential bias in the results could also stem from the fact that online surveys face a lower number and lower response rate of less educated people in Slovenia, and that online panels are based on a voluntary basis, i.e. a person has to be a member of the panel to participate in surveys of this kind, which usually requires access to the internet and computer literacy. Comparative analyses of the results of the online survey have shown the suitability of using an online survey for a given purpose, compared to data from the National electronic registry of vaccinated individuals and adverse events following vaccination (eRCO) (Lavtar et al., 2022) and also in comparison to 16 cross-sectional survey data (Berzelak, 2022). Every two weeks or once a month, selected members of the online panel were invited randomly and proportionally, according to selected demographic characteristics (gender, age and statistical region) and population structure, to a representative sampling frame. Approximately 1,000 adults aged between 18 and 74 years participated in each round of the online survey. The survey on tobacco and related products was integrated into an existing survey, SI-PANDA, which otherwise investigates the impact of the pandemic on individuals’ lives. At the end of 2022, when the survey on tobacco and related products was included in the SI-PANDA online survey, although the COVID-19 pandemic was not in full swing, and no special epidemic measures were in place due to the pandemic, there could be response bias due to a different topic than the respondent would have expected, given the title of the SI-PANDA survey and the introduction to the survey. Analyses by level of educational attainment should take into account the fact that younger people may still be in education, and analyses are thus carried out by reference to the level of education they have currently attained. Due to the existence of many tobacco and related products and the distinction between them, each tobacco and related products topic was preceded by an introduction that instructed the respondent which products to have in mind when answering the next few questions. While we have tried to keep the explanation and description of the products as simple as possible, there is still a possibility that this may not have been fully taken into account by the respondents. As the last question in the online survey, we gave respondents the option to leave us a message if they wished. There were only a few comments on the topic of tobacco and related products, in which respondents asked us why so many questions about smoking or the use of tobacco and related products if they had answered that they did not smoke at the start of the tobacco strand. As the tobacco industry affects both smokers and non-smokers, it is important to consider the perspective of those who do not use tobacco or other products. 17 GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS IN THE PUBLICATION Individual products: - cigarettes (rolls of tobacco, wrapped in paper, stuffed with fine-cut tobacco, factory-made or hand-rolled); - cigarillos (a small cigar, larger and thicker than a cigarette but smaller and thinner than a cigar, with an outer wrapper of natural tobacco, filled with crushed tobacco); - cigars (a larger roll of tobacco with an outer wrapper of natural tobacco and filled with crushed tobacco); - tobacco pipes (smoking tobacco with a smoking aid, in this case a pipe); - waterpipes (a device for smoking tobacco or herbal preparations); - smokeless tobacco products (tobacco for oral use (snus) in the form of small pouches which are placed by the user on the gum beneath the upper lip; snuff or chewing tobacco - the user sniffs (inhales) it into the nose or chews tobacco); - heated tobacco products (the user inserts a specially shaped, shorter cigarette containing tobacco into the battery-operated device, the device heats the cigarette, an aerosol containing nicotine and other chemical substances is produced and the user inhales it); - electronic cigarettes (use a battery to heat a liquid containing nicotine (some liquids do not contain nicotine), humectants, flavours, water and other substances to produce an aerosol which is inhaled by the user); - nicotine pouches (small white sachets which are placed against the gum under the upper lip, and contain nicotine, flavours, sweeteners and fillers). Product groups: - other tobacco products for smoking (cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes); - tobacco products for smoking (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes); - tobacco products (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products); - other tobacco/nicotine products (electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches); - tobacco and related products (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches). Use and frequency of use: - ever smoking/use (smoked/used the product at least once in lifetime); - current smoking/use (current smoking/use of the product, daily or occasionally); - daily smoking/use (current daily smoking/use of the product); - occasional smoking/use (current occasional smoking/use of the product, i.e. less often than every day). 18 CIGARETTES (manufactured and/or hand rolled) Ever smokers of cigarettes Half (50%) of respondents reported ever smoking of cigarettes (Table 1). Percentages of ever smokers of cigarettes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years compared to those in the youngest age group (18–24 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents that live in Eastern Slovenia compared to those that live in Western Slovenia. Current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of cigarettes Just under a quarter (23%) of respondents are current cigarette smokers and just over a quarter (27%) former cigarette smokers (Table 2). Percentages of current cigarette smokers are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural or suburban environment; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Approximately every sixth respondent smokes cigarettes daily (17%) and occasionally approximately one in twenty (6 %) (Table 2). Percentages of daily cigarette smokers are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the youngest (18–24 years) and oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural and suburban environment; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 19 Table 1: Percentages of ever smokers of cigarettes and those that never smoked cigarettes in life among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever smokers of Never smokers of cigarettes cigarettes % % Total (n = 2,047) 50.2 49.8 Gender Male 53.4 46.6 Female 46.8 53.2 Age 18–24 years 37.6 62.4 25–44 years 48.2 51.8 45–64 years 54.3 45.7 65–74 years 51.8 48.2 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M30.6 M69.4 Male, 25–44 years 53.0 47.0 Male, 45–64 years 57.7 42.3 Male, 65–74 years 57.0 43.0 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M45.4 M54.6 Female, 25–44 years 42.6 57.4 Female, 45–64 years 50.7 49.3 Female, 65–74 years 46.9 53.1 Education Secondary or less 55.8 44.2 Tertiary or more 44.0 56.0 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 60.1 39.9 Male, tertiary or more 45.4 54.6 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 50.9 49.1 Female, tertiary or more 42.6 57.4 Employment status Employed 50.0 50.0 Inactive 50.9 49.1 Unemployed M46.8 M53.2 Living alone No 48.5 51.5 Yes 62.8 37.2 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 52.2 47.8 Western Slovenia 48.0 52.0 Living environment Rural 47.7 52.3 Suburban 50.8 49.2 Urban 52.3 47.7 Mental health No problems in mental health 50.9 49.1 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 49.8 50.2 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 20 Table 2: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former cigarette smokers among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former cigarette daily occasional cigarette smokers cigarette cigarette smokers smokers smokers % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 23.1 17.2 5.9 27.1 Gender Male 22.9 17.0 5.9 30.5 Female 23.3 17.4 5.9 23.5 Age 18–24 years 20.4 11.6 8.7 17.2 25–44 years 25.8 17.5 8.4 22.3 45–64 years 25.4 20.6 4.8 28.9 65–74 years 13.1 11.4 1.7 38.7 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 14.4 7.0 7.5 16.2 Male, 25–44 years 27.8 19.5 8.3 25.2 Male, 45–64 years 25.0 20.4 4.6 32.7 Male, 65–74 years 10.6 8.0 2.5 46.5 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 27.0 16.8 10.1 18.4 Female, 25–44 years 23.6 15.1 8.5 19.1 Female, 45–64 years 25.8 20.9 4.9 25.0 Female, 65–74 years 15.4 14.4 1.0 31.5 Education Secondary or less 27.6 21.6 6.1 28.2 Tertiary or more 18.1 12.3 5.7 25.9 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 26.7 20.3 6.4 33.4 Male, tertiary or more 18.3 13.0 5.3 27.1 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 28.7 23.0 5.7 22.3 Female, tertiary or more 17.8 11.7 6.1 24.8 Employment status Employed 25.9 19.0 6.9 24.1 Inactive 17.5 13.7 3.8 33.4 Unemployed 27.1 18.6 8.6 19.6 Living alone No 21.6 15.9 5.7 26.9 Yes 34.2 26.7 7.6 28.5 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 24.4 17.9 6.5 27.8 Western Slovenia 21.6 16.4 5.2 26.4 Living environment Rural 21.4 15.4 6.0 26.3 Suburban 20.9 15.3 5.6 29.9 Urban 26.0 20.0 6.0 26.3 Mental health No problems in mental health 21.1 15.8 5.3 28.8 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 27.5 20.2 7.3 23.4 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). 21 OTHER TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR SMOKING (cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes) Ever smokers of other tobacco products for smoking Just over a fifth (22%) of respondents reported ever smoking of other tobacco products for smoking (Table 3). Percentages of ever smokers of other tobacco products for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 25–44, 45–64 in 65–74 years compared to those in the youngest age group (18–24 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. Current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of other tobacco products for smoking Approximately one in twenty (6%) respondents are current smokers of other tobacco products for smoking and approximately every sixth (16%) is a former smoker of other tobacco products for smoking (Table 4). Percentages of current smokers of other tobacco products for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. Approximately 2% of respondents smoke other tobacco products for smoking daily, occasionally 4% (Table 4). Percentages of daily smokers of other tobacco products for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 25–44 years compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 22 Table 3: Percentages of ever smokers of other tobacco products for smoking and those that never smoked other tobacco products for smoking in life among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever smokers Never smokers of other tobacco of other tobacco products for smoking products for smoking % % Total (n = 2,047) 21.7 78.3 Gender Male 28.1 71.9 Female 15.0 85.0 Age 18–24 years 17.0 83.0 25–44 years 23.2 76.8 45–64 years 21.1 78.9 65–74 years 22.6 77.4 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 15.7 84.3 Male, 25–44 years 28.5 71.5 Male, 45–64 years 28.4 71.6 Male, 65–74 years 33.9 66.1 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 18.4 81.6 Female, 25–44 years 17.1 82.9 Female, 45–64 years 13.6 86.4 Female, 65–74 years 12.3 87.7 Education Secondary or less 24.3 75.7 Tertiary or more 18.9 81.1 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 33.4 66.6 Male, tertiary or more 21.8 78.2 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 14.0 86.0 Female, tertiary or more 16.0 84.0 Employment status Employed 21.8 78.2 Inactive 22.4 77.6 Unemployed 14.8 85.2 Living alone No 20.5 79.5 Yes 31.1 68.9 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 22.7 77.3 Western Slovenia 20.6 79.4 Living environment Rural 20.0 80.0 Suburban 23.2 76.8 Urban 22.6 77.4 Mental health No problems in mental health 20.6 79.4 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 22.3 77.7 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). 23 Table 4: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of other tobacco products for smoking among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former smokers daily occasional smokers of other smokers smokers of other tobacco of other of other tobacco products for tobacco tobacco products for smoking products for products for smoking smoking smoking % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 5.8 1.9 4.0 15.9 Gender Male 6.6 2.1 4.5 21.4 Female 5.0 1.6 3.4 10.0 Age 18–24 years 7.4 1.1 6.4 9.5 25–44 years 8.4 3.2 5.2 14.8 45–64 years 4.9 1.0 3.8 16.3 65–74 years 1.7 1.4 0.3 20.9 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 7.0 1.1 5.9 8.6 Male, 25–44 years 9.3 3.7 5.6 19.2 Male, 45–64 years 5.4 0.7 4.7 22.9 Male, 65–74 years 3.0 2.3 0.7 30.9 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 7.9 1.1 6.8 10.5 Female, 25–44 years 7.3 2.6 4.7 9.8 Female, 45–64 years 4.3 1.3 2.9 9.3 Female, 65–74 years 0.5 0.5 - 11.8 Education Secondary or less 5.9 2.3 3.6 18.4 Tertiary or more 5.8 1.4 4.3 13.1 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 7.3 2.2 5.1 26.1 Male, tertiary or more 5.9 2.1 3.9 15.9 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 4.3 2.4 2.0 9.6 Female, tertiary or more 5.6 0.8 4.8 10.4 Employment status Employed 7.1 2.0 5.1 14.7 Inactive 3.8 1.5 2.3 18.7 Unemployed 3.4 2.3 1.2 11.3 Living alone No 5.2 1.5 3.6 15.3 Yes 11.0 4.3 6.7 20.1 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 6.2 1.9 4.3 16.5 Western Slovenia 5.4 1.8 3.6 15.2 Living environment Rural 5.5 1.5 4.0 14.5 Suburban 6.3 1.5 4.9 16.9 Urban 5.9 2.4 3.4 16.7 Mental health No problems in mental health 5.8 1.7 4.2 16.4 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 5.8 2.3 3.6 14.7 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 24 WATERPIPES WITH TOBACCO OR HERBAL PREPARATIONS (nargila, shisha) Ever smokers of waterpipes One in seven (14%) respondents reported ever smoking a waterpipe (Table 5). Percentages of ever smokers of waterpipes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban and suburban environment compared to those living in rural environment. Current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of waterpipes Approximately 3% of respondents are current smokers of waterpipes and approximately a tenth (11%) are former smokers of waterpipes (Table 6). Percentages of current smokers of waterpipes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. Less than 1% of respondents smokes waterpipes daily, while occasionally almost 3% (Table 6). Percentages of daily smokers of waterpipes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the age group 25–44 years compared to respondents in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 25 Table 5: Percentages of ever smokers of waterpipes, those that never smoked waterpipes in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever smokers Never smokers Never heard of waterpipes of waterpipes of waterpipes % % % Total (n = 2,047) 13.8 83.8 2.4 Gender Male 15.7 81.8 2.5 Female 11.7 85.9 2.4 Age 18–24 years 18.7 78.5 2.8 25–44 years 22.0 76.4 1.7 45–64 years 9.0 88.7 2.3 65–74 years 4.5 91.4 4.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 16.2 81.4 2.4 Male, 25–44 years 24.8 73.6 1.6 Male, 45–64 years 10.4 87.2 2.5 Male, 65–74 years 6.8 88.7 4.6 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 21.4 75.3 3.4 Female, 25–44 years 18.7 79.6 1.7 Female, 45–64 years 7.6 90.2 2.2 Female, 65–74 years 2.5 93.9 3.6 Education Secondary or less 13.0 83.7 3.3 Tertiary or more 14.7 83.9 1.4 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 15.4 81.2 3.4 Male, tertiary or more 16.1 82.6 1.4 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 10.2 86.6 3.2 Female, tertiary or more 13.3 85.2 1.5 Employment status Employed 16.2 82.0 1.8 Inactive 8.7 87.6 3.7 Unemployed 19.5 79.2 1.2 Living alone No 13.3 84.5 2.2 Yes 17.7 78.4 3.9 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 12.9 84.5 2.7 Western Slovenia 14.8 83.1 2.1 Living environment Rural 11.1 86.5 2.3 Suburban 16.1 81.3 2.6 Urban 15.1 82.4 2.4 Mental health No problems in mental health 13.4 84.2 2.4 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 14.6 82.9 2.5 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). 26 Table 4: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of waterpipes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former smokers of daily occasional smokers of waterpipes smokers of smokers of waterpipes waterpipes waterpipes % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 3.1 0.4 2.7 10.7 Gender Male 4.2 0.7 3.5 11.5 Female 1.8 - 1.8 9.9 Age 18–24 years 8.6 0.7 7.9 10.1 25–44 years 5.1 0.8 4.3 16.8 45–64 years 1.1 0.0 1.1 7.9 65–74 years 0.2 - 0.2 4.3 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 6.2 1.2 4.9 10.1 Male, 25–44 years 8.0 1.5 6.5 16.8 Male, 45–64 years 1.8 0.0 1.8 8.6 Male, 65–74 years - - - 6.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 11.3 - 11.3 10.1 Female, 25–44 years 1.9 - 1.9 16.8 Female, 45–64 years 0.3 - 0.3 7.3 Female, 65–74 years 0.5 - 0.5 2.0 Education Secondary or less 3.6 0.6 3.0 9.4 Tertiary or more 2.5 0.1 2.4 12.2 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 4.7 1.1 3.6 10.7 Male, tertiary or more 3.7 0.2 3.5 12.4 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 2.3 - 2.3 7.8 Female, tertiary or more 1.3 - 1.3 12.0 Employment status Employed 3.6 0.5 3.1 12.6 Inactive 2.1 0.2 1.9 6.6 Unemployed 3.6 - 3.6 15.9 Living alone No 2.6 0.2 2.5 10.6 Yes 6.2 1.7 4.5 11.4 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 3.2 0.5 2.7 9.7 Western Slovenia 2.9 0.2 2.7 11.8 Living environment Rural 3.8 0.6 3.2 7.3 Suburban 3.6 - 3.6 12.5 Urban 2.0 0.3 1.8 13.1 Mental health No problems in mental health 2.8 0.4 2.4 10.6 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 3.6 0.3 3.3 11.0 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 27 SMOKELESS TOBACCO PRODUCTS (tobacco for oral use (snus), snuff or chewing tobacco) Ever users of smokeless tobacco products One in thirteen (8%) respondents reported ever use of smokeless tobacco products (Table 7). Percentages of ever users of smokeless tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to respondents in other age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of smokeless tobacco products Approximately 3% of respondents are current users of smokeless tobacco products and approximately one in twenty (5%) former users (Table 8). Percentages of current users of smokeless tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to respondents in other age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in Western Slovenia compared to those living in Eastern Slovenia. Just over 1% of respondents use smokeless tobacco products daily and the same percentage occasionally (Table 8). Percentages of current users of smokeless tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to respondents in other age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years); • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 28 Table 7: Percentages of ever users of smokeless tobacco products, those that never used smokeless tobacco products in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users Never users Never heard of smokeless of smokeless of smokeless tobacco tobacco tobacco products products products % % % Total (n = 2,047) 7.6 89.8 2.6 Gender Male 11.0 86.3 2.7 Female 4.0 93.4 2.6 Age 18–24 years 20.0 78.6 1.3 25–44 years 10.7 87.4 1.9 45–64 years 4.1 93.3 2.6 65–74 years 2.1 92.9 5.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 23.9 73.5 2.6 Male, 25–44 years 16.1 82.1 1.8 Male, 45–64 years 6.0 91.3 2.7 Male, 65–74 years 3.2 92.0 4.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 15.7 84.3 - Female, 25–44 years 4.7 93.3 2.0 Female, 45–64 years 2.1 95.4 2.5 Female, 65–74 years 1.0 93.7 5.3 Education Secondary or less 9.1 88.4 2.5 Tertiary or more 6.0 91.3 2.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 13.4 83.9 2.7 Male, tertiary or more 8.1 89.3 2.6 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 4.1 93.7 2.2 Female, tertiary or more 3.9 93.2 3.0 Employment status Employed 8.5 89.3 2.2 Inactive 6.3 90.3 3.3 Unemployed 4.4 93.1 2.5 Living alone No 7.2 90.4 2.4 Yes 10.4 85.3 4.3 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 7.2 89.5 3.3 Western Slovenia 8.1 90.1 1.8 Living environment Rural 7.6 89.6 2.8 Suburban 7.8 89.7 2.5 Urban 7.5 90.0 2.6 Mental health No problems in mental health 6.8 90.2 3.0 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 9.3 88.8 1.9 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 29 Table 8: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of smokeless tobacco products among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former users of daily occasional users of smokeless users of users of smokeless tobacco smokeless smokeless tobacco products tobacco tobacco products products products % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 2.8 1.4 1.4 4.8 Gender Male 3.9 1.9 2.0 7.0 Female 1.6 0.8 0.8 2.4 Age 18–24 years 12.9 6.9 6.0 7.1 25–44 years 3.3 1.7 1.7 7.4 45–64 years 1.0 0.4 0.6 3.1 65–74 years 0.3 - 0.3 1.7 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 13.5 7.0 6.5 10.4 Male, 25–44 years 5.5 2.6 2.9 10.6 Male, 45–64 years 1.4 0.7 0.7 4.6 Male, 65–74 years 0.7 - 0.7 2.5 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 12.2 6.7 5.5 3.5 Female, 25–44 years 0.9 0.6 0.3 3.8 Female, 45–64 years 0.5 - 0.5 1.6 Female, 65–74 years - - - 1.0 Education Secondary or less 3.4 1.6 1.8 5.6 Tertiary or more 2.1 1.0 1.0 3.9 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 4.8 2.4 2.4 8.6 Male, tertiary or more 3.0 1.3 1.7 5.1 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 1.9 0.8 1.2 2.2 Female, tertiary or more 1.2 0.8 0.4 2.6 Employment status Employed 2.7 1.3 1.5 5.8 Inactive 3.1 1.6 1.5 3.2 Unemployed 1.1 - 1.1 3.4 Living alone No 2.6 1.2 1.4 4.6 Yes 4.4 2.6 1.8 6.0 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 2.2 1.1 1.2 4.9 Western Slovenia 3.4 1.7 1.8 4.6 Living environment Rural 3.2 1.6 1.6 4.4 Suburban 2.9 1.9 1.0 4.9 Urban 2.4 0.8 1.6 5.1 Mental health No problems in mental health 2.4 1.0 1.4 4.4 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 3.6 2.1 1.5 5.7 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age). - no occurrence. 30 HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS Ever users of heated tobacco products Approximately every tenth (11%) respondent reported ever use of heated tobacco products (Table 9). Percentages of ever users of heated tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24 and 25–44 years compared to those in both other age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in suburban environment compared to those living in rural environment; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of heated tobacco products Approximately one in twenty (6%) respondents are current users of heated tobacco products and also one in twenty (5%) former users (Table 10). Percentages of current users of heated tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Almost 3% of respondents use heated tobacco products daily and just over 3% occasionally (Table 10). Percentages of current users of heated tobacco products are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 31 Table 9: Percentages of ever users of heated tobacco products, those that never used heated tobacco products in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users of Never users of Never heard of heated tobacco heated tobacco heated tobacco products products products % % % Total (n = 2,047) 11.2 81.3 7.5 Gender Male 11.4 82.4 6.1 Female 10.9 80.1 9.0 Age 18–24 years 15.8 83.1 1.1 25–44 years 17.6 76.4 6.0 45–64 years 7.8 84.2 8.0 65–74 years 2.5 84.2 13.2 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 12.8 87.2 - Male, 25–44 years 19.5 74.9 5.5 Male, 45–64 years 6.9 87.0 6.1 Male, 65–74 years 2.5 86.1 11.4 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 19.2 78.5 2.3 Female, 25–44 years 15.4 78.2 6.4 Female, 45–64 years 8.8 81.2 10.0 Female, 65–74 years 2.6 82.5 14.9 Education Secondary or less 13.4 80.0 6.6 Tertiary or more 8.7 82.8 8.5 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 13.6 80.0 6.4 Male, tertiary or more 8.9 85.3 5.9 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 13.2 80.0 6.8 Female, tertiary or more 8.5 80.3 11.2 Employment status Employed 14.3 79.3 6.4 Inactive 6.1 84.5 9.4 Unemployed 6.7 85.5 7.8 Living alone No 10.6 82.3 7.1 Yes 15.8 73.5 10.7 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 11.5 80.2 8.3 Western Slovenia 10.8 82.5 6.6 Living environment Rural 9.6 83.5 6.9 Suburban 13.0 79.8 7.2 Urban 11.8 79.9 8.3 Mental health No problems in mental health 10.0 82.1 7.9 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 13.8 79.5 6.6 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 32 Table 8: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of heated tobacco products among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former users of daily users occasional users of heated of heated users of heated tobacco tobacco heated tobacco products products tobacco products products % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 5.8 2.5 3.3 5.4 Gender Male 6.1 2.3 3.8 5.4 Female 5.5 2.7 2.9 5.4 Age 18–24 years 9.4 2.3 7.1 6.4 25–44 years 8.7 4.1 4.6 8.9 45–64 years 4.3 1.9 2.4 3.6 65–74 years 1.1 0.5 0.6 1.4 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 7.5 1.1 6.4 5.3 Male, 25–44 years 10.5 4.1 6.4 9.1 Male, 45–64 years 3.6 1.8 1.9 3.3 Male, 65–74 years 0.7 - 0.7 1.9 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 11.4 3.6 7.9 7.7 Female, 25–44 years 6.7 4.0 2.7 8.7 Female, 45–64 years 4.9 2.0 2.9 3.9 Female, 65–74 years 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Education Secondary or less 7.1 3.4 3.7 6.3 Tertiary or more 4.3 1.4 2.9 4.4 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 7.2 3.3 4.0 6.4 Male, tertiary or more 4.7 1.1 3.6 4.2 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 7.1 3.6 3.5 6.2 Female, tertiary or more 3.9 1.7 2.2 4.6 Employment status Employed 7.9 3.6 4.4 6.4 Inactive 2.6 0.8 1.8 3.4 Unemployed - - - 6.7 Living alone No 5.4 2.0 3.4 5.2 Yes 9.2 6.4 2.8 6.6 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 5.8 2.7 3.1 5.7 Western Slovenia 5.8 2.2 3.6 5.0 Living environment Rural 5.5 2.4 3.1 4.1 Suburban 5.0 1.8 3.3 8.0 Urban 6.5 2.9 3.6 5.2 Mental health No problems in mental health 5.1 2.4 2.7 4.9 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 7.3 2.6 4.7 6.5 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 33 ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES Ever users of electronic cigarettes One in seven (15%) respondents reported ever use of electronic cigarettes (Table 11). Percentages of ever users of electronic cigarettes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups compared to those in older age groups – percentage is decreasing from the youngest to the oldest age group; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents that live in Eastern Slovenia compared to those that live in Western Slovenia; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of electronic cigarettes One in fourteen (7%) respondents are current users of electronic cigarettes and just under a tenth of respondents (8%) are former users (Table 12). Percentages of current users of electronic cigarettes are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in younger age groups compared to those in older age groups – percentage is decreasing from the youngest to the oldest age group; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents that live in Eastern Slovenia compared to those that live in Western Slovenia; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Just under 2% of respondents use electronic cigarettes daily, while occasionally approximately one in twenty (6%) (Table 12). Percentages of current users of electronic cigarettes are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the older age group (65–74 years); • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 34 Table 11: Percentages of ever users of electronic cigarettes, those that never used electronic cigarettes in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users Never users Never heard of electronic of electronic of electronic cigarettes cigarettes cigarettes % % % Total (n = 2,047) 15.4 83.0 1.7 Gender Male 17.4 81.1 1.5 Female 13.2 84.9 1.9 Age 18–24 years 31.5 67.1 1.3 25–44 years 21.4 78.0 0.6 45–64 years 10.7 87.6 1.7 65–74 years 4.4 91.4 4.2 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M28.5 M69.0 2.6 Male, 25–44 years 25.3 74.2 0.6 Male, 45–64 years 11.9 86.9 1.2 Male, 65–74 years 5.7 90.7 3.6 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M34.9 M65.1 - Female, 25–44 years 17.0 82.4 0.6 Female, 45–64 years 9.4 88.4 2.2 Female, 65–74 years 3.2 92.0 4.8 Education Secondary or less 17.6 81.2 1.2 Tertiary or more 12.9 84.9 2.2 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 19.9 78.7 1.4 Male, tertiary or more 14.5 84.0 1.6 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 15.1 84.0 1.0 Female, tertiary or more 11.3 85.8 2.8 Employment status Employed 17.9 80.9 1.3 Inactive 11.2 86.2 2.6 Unemployed 12.7 87.3 - Living alone No 14.6 84.1 1.3 Yes 21.5 74.3 4.1 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 16.6 81.1 2.3 Western Slovenia 14.0 85.0 1.0 Living environment Rural 15.2 83.3 1.5 Suburban 15.5 82.3 2.2 Urban 15.5 83.0 1.5 Mental health No problems in mental health 13.5 84.5 2.0 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 19.5 79.5 1.0 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 35 Table 12: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of electronic cigarettes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former users of daily occasional users of electronic users of users of electronic cigarettes electronic electronic cigarettes cigarettes cigarettes % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 7.3 1.5 5.8 8.1 Gender Male 8.2 2.3 5.9 9.2 Female 6.4 0.8 5.6 6.9 Age 18–24 years 15.8 1.7 14.0 15.8 25–44 years 10.5 2.6 7.9 10.9 45–64 years 4.9 1.2 3.7 5.8 65–74 years 1.5 - 1.5 2.9 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 14.6 2.3 12.3 13.9 Male, 25–44 years 12.7 4.0 8.7 12.6 Male, 45–64 years 5.0 1.5 3.6 6.8 Male, 65–74 years 1.3 - 1.3 4.4 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 17.1 1.1 16.0 17.9 Female, 25–44 years 7.9 1.0 6.9 9.1 Female, 45–64 years 4.7 0.9 3.8 4.8 Female, 65–74 years 1.6 - 1.6 1.6 Education Secondary or less 8.9 1.8 7.1 8.7 Tertiary or more 5.5 1.2 4.3 7.4 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 9.8 2.7 7.1 10.1 Male, tertiary or more 6.3 1.7 4.5 8.2 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 7.9 0.8 7.0 7.2 Female, tertiary or more 4.8 0.7 4.1 6.5 Employment status Employed 8.9 2.1 6.9 8.9 Inactive 4.7 0.6 4.1 6.5 Unemployed 4.7 1.2 3.5 8.0 Living alone No 6.9 1.3 5.5 7.7 Yes 10.7 3.0 7.7 10.8 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 8.4 1.6 6.8 8.2 Western Slovenia 6.1 1.5 4.6 7.9 Living environment Rural 7.9 1.5 6.5 7.3 Suburban 7.1 1.0 6.1 8.4 Urban 6.8 1.9 4.9 8.7 Mental health No problems in mental health 6.3 1.3 5.0 7.2 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 9.6 2.1 7.5 9.9 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 36 NICOTINE POUCHES Ever users of nicotine pouches One in twenty (5%) respondents reported ever use of nicotine pouches (Table 13). Percentages of ever users of nicotine pouches are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years) – the percentage is also higher among respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in the age group 25–44 years; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of nicotine pouches 2% of respondents are current users of nicotine pouches and approximately 3% are former users (Table 14). Percentages of current users of nicotine pouches are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years) – the percentage is also higher among respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in the age group 25–44 years; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Approximately 1% of respondents use smokeless tobacco products daily and similar percentage occasionally (Table 14). Percentages of current users of nicotine pouches are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years) – the percentage is also higher among respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in the age group 25–44 years; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 37 Table 13: Percentages of ever users of nicotine pouches, those that never used nicotine pouches in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users Never users Never of nicotine of nicotine heard of pouches pouches nicotine pouches % % % Total (n = 2,047) 4.9 83.2 11.9 Gender Male 6.4 83.6 10.0 Female 3.3 82.7 14.0 Age 18–24 years 12.1 80.3 7.5 25–44 years 6.5 83.4 10.1 45–64 years 2.9 83.8 13.3 65–74 years 2.0 82.9 15.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 11.8 83.2 5.0 Male, 25–44 years 8.8 82.3 8.9 Male, 45–64 years 4.2 84.5 11.3 Male, 65–74 years 2.6 85.0 12.4 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 12.5 77.1 10.4 Female, 25–44 years 3.9 84.6 11.5 Female, 45–64 years 1.5 83.1 15.3 Female, 65–74 years 1.5 80.9 17.6 Education Secondary or less 5.7 83.4 10.9 Tertiary or more 4.0 83.0 13.0 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 7.6 82.3 10.0 Male, tertiary or more 4.9 85.2 10.0 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 3.5 84.5 12.0 Female, tertiary or more 3.1 80.9 16.0 Employment status Employed 5.5 83.4 11.1 Inactive 4.2 82.3 13.5 Unemployed 1.3 87.1 11.6 Living alone No 4.6 83.8 11.6 Yes 7.3 78.5 14.2 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 4.6 83.0 12.4 Western Slovenia 5.2 83.4 11.4 Living environment Rural 5.2 84.0 10.8 Suburban 4.7 84.2 11.1 Urban 4.7 81.8 13.5 Mental health No problems in mental health 4.1 84.3 11.6 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 6.6 80.8 12.6 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). 38 Table 14: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of nicotine pouches among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Current Current Current Former users of daily users occasional users of nicotine of nicotine users of nicotine pouches pouches nicotine pouches pouches % % % % Total (n = 2,047) 2.0 1.1 0.9 2.9 Gender Male 2.7 1.6 1.1 3.6 Female 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.1 Age 18–24 years 10.0 5.8 4.1 2.2 25–44 years 2.3 1.4 0.9 4.3 45–64 years 0.6 0.2 0.4 2.3 65–74 years 0.3 - 0.3 1.7 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 10.7 5.9 4.7 1.1 Male, 25–44 years 3.2 2.4 0.8 5.7 Male, 45–64 years 1.2 0.5 0.7 3.0 Male, 65–74 years 0.7 - 0.7 1.9 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 9.2 5.7 3.5 3.3 Female, 25–44 years 1.2 0.3 1.0 2.7 Female, 45–64 years - - - 1.5 Female, 65–74 years - - - 1.5 Education Secondary or less 2.4 1.3 1.1 3.3 Tertiary or more 1.6 1.0 0.6 2.4 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 3.2 2.1 1.2 4.4 Male, tertiary or more 2.1 1.1 1.0 2.8 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 1.4 0.4 1.0 2.1 Female, tertiary or more 1.1 0.8 0.2 2.1 Employment status Employed 2.0 1.1 0.9 3.5 Inactive 2.3 1.4 0.9 1.9 Unemployed - - - 1.3 Living alone No 1.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 Yes 4.4 3.0 1.4 2.9 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 1.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 Western Slovenia 2.3 1.4 1.0 2.8 Living environment Rural 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.0 Suburban 2.8 1.7 1.1 1.8 Urban 1.4 0.8 0.5 3.3 Mental health No problems in mental health 1.6 0.8 0.7 2.6 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 3.0 1.8 1.2 3.6 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 39 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO PRODUCT FOR SMOKING (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes) Ever smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking Just over half (54%) of respondents reported ever smoking of at least one tobacco product for smoking (Table 15). Percentages of ever smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 25–44, 45–64 in 65–74 years compared to those in the youngest age group (18–24 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. Current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking A quarter (25%) of respondents are current smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking (Table 15). Percentages of current smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • inactive respondents compared to employed and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. Almost every fifth (18%) respondent smokes at least one tobacco product for smoking daily (Table 15). Percentages of daily smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the youngest (18–24 years) and oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • inactive respondents compared to employed and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in suburban or rural environment. 40 Table 15: Percentages of ever, current and daily smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever Current Current smokers smokers daily of at least of at least smokers one tobacco one tobacco of at least product for product for one tobacco smoking smoking product for smoking % % % Total (n = 2,047) 54.0 25.0 17.6 Gender Male 57.4 25.3 17.7 Female 50.5 24.7 17.4 Age 18–24 years 41.7 23.8 12.3 25–44 years 53.7 28.3 17.8 45–64 years 56.7 26.8 20.8 65–74 years 55.3 14.1 12.2 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M35.4 16.9 8.2 Male, 25–44 years 58.8 31.3 20.3 Male, 45–64 years 59.6 26.6 20.7 Male, 65–74 years 61.6 12.3 9.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M48.6 31.5 16.8 Female, 25–44 years 47.8 24.8 15.1 Female, 45–64 years 53.7 27.1 20.9 Female, 65–74 years 49.5 15.8 14.4 Education Secondary or less 58.7 29.2 21.9 Tertiary or more 48.8 20.4 12.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 62.9 28.3 20.9 Male, tertiary or more 50.8 21.7 14.0 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 54.0 30.2 23.0 Female, tertiary or more 46.9 19.2 11.7 Employment status Employed 54.1 28.0 19.2 Inactive 54.2 19.0 14.3 Unemployed M51.3 M30.6 19.7 Living alone No 52.3 23.6 16.4 Yes 67.0 36.1 26.7 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 54.7 26.2 18.2 Western Slovenia 53.3 23.7 16.9 Living environment Rural 51.0 23.8 16.0 Suburban 54.9 23.2 15.8 Urban 56.6 27.3 20.1 Mental health No problems in mental health 53.8 23.4 16.3 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 54.5 28.5 20.3 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 41 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO PRODUCT (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products) Ever users of at least one tobacco product Over half (55%) of respondents reported ever use of at least one tobacco product (Table 16). Percentages of ever users of at least one tobacco product are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years compared to those in the youngest age group (18–24 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of at least one tobacco product More than a quarter (28%) of respondents are current users of at least one tobacco product (Table 16). Percentages of current users of at least one tobacco product are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Every fifth (20%) respondent uses at least one tobacco product daily (Table 15). Percentages of daily users of at least one tobacco product are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in suburban or rural environment; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 42 Table 16: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one tobacco product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users Current Current of at least users of at daily users one tobacco least one of at least product tobacco one tobacco product product % % % Total (n = 2,047) 55.0 27.5 19.8 Gender Male 58.6 28.4 19.9 Female 51.1 26.5 19.7 Age 18–24 years 45.7 31.3 18.7 25–44 years 54.3 31.1 20.5 45–64 years 57.3 28.7 22.5 65–74 years 55.8 14.4 12.7 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M42.2 26.8 14.2 Male, 25–44 years 59.6 34.8 23.0 Male, 45–64 years 60.4 29.1 22.4 Male, 65–74 years 61.6 12.3 9.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M49.7 M36.2 23.8 Female, 25–44 years 48.3 27.0 17.6 Female, 45–64 years 54.2 28.4 22.6 Female, 65–74 years 50.5 16.4 15.4 Education Secondary or less 60.2 32.2 24.8 Tertiary or more 49.2 22.3 14.4 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 64.6 32.1 23.7 Male, tertiary or more 51.5 24.1 15.5 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 55.3 32.2 26.0 Female, tertiary or more 46.9 20.6 13.3 Employment status Employed 54.9 30.7 21.7 Inactive 55.5 21.3 16.5 Unemployed M51.3 M30.6 19.7 Living alone No 53.4 26.0 18.5 Yes 67.0 38.4 29.8 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 55.6 28.4 20.1 Western Slovenia 54.3 26.4 19.6 Living environment Rural 51.9 26.5 18.4 Suburban 55.9 26.0 17.9 Urban 57.5 29.3 22.3 Mental health No problems in mental health 54.7 25.7 18.3 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 55.6 31.2 23.3 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 43 USE OF AT LEAST ONE OTHER TOBACCO/NICOTINE PRODUCT (electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, nicotine pouches) Ever users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product A fifth (20%) of respondents reported ever use of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product (Table 17). Percentages of ever users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups compared to those in older age groups – percentage is decreasing from the youngest to the oldest age group; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product Approximately a tenth (11%) of respondents are current users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product (Table 17). Percentages of current users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in younger age groups compared to those in older age groups – percentage is decreasing from the youngest to the oldest age group; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive and unemployed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. One in twenty (5%) respondents uses at least one other tobacco/nicotine product daily (Table 17). Percentages of daily users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24 and 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64, 65–74 years), and also among respondents in the age group 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 44 Table 17: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users of Current users Current daily at least one of at least one users of at other tobacco/ other tobacco/ least one nicotine product nicotine product other tobacco/ nicotine product % % % Total (n = 2,047) 20.3 11.1 4.5 Gender Male 22.3 12.3 5.0 Female 18.1 9.7 3.9 Age 18–24 years 38.1 22.7 8.7 25–44 years 28.3 16.0 6.7 45–64 years 14.7 7.6 3.1 65–74 years 6.2 2.0 0.5 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M34.5 19.5 8.3 Male, 25–44 years 32.8 19.4 7.9 Male, 45–64 years 15.7 8.2 3.4 Male, 65–74 years 6.3 1.3 - Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M42.0 26.3 9.3 Female, 25–44 years 23.2 12.2 5.3 Female, 45–64 years 13.6 7.0 2.8 Female, 65–74 years 6.2 2.6 1.0 Education Secondary or less 23.1 13.1 5.7 Tertiary or more 17.2 8.9 3.1 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 24.9 13.8 6.6 Male, tertiary or more 19.2 10.5 3.1 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 21.0 12.2 4.8 Female, tertiary or more 15.2 7.3 3.1 Employment status Employed 23.6 13.6 5.7 Inactive 14.9 7.3 2.7 Unemployed 15.0 4.7 1.2 Living alone No 19.4 10.4 3.9 Yes 27.0 15.9 9.0 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 20.8 11.3 4.3 Western Slovenia 19.7 10.8 4.7 Living environment Rural 19.3 11.0 4.4 Suburban 21.3 11.3 4.0 Urban 20.7 11.0 4.8 Mental health No problems in mental health 18.2 9.9 4.1 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 24.8 13.7 5.3 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 45 USE OF AT LEAST ONE TOBACCO OR RELATED PRODUCT (cigarettes (manufactured and/or hand-rolled), cigars, cigarillos, tobacco pipes, waterpipes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches) Ever users of at least one tobacco or related product Over half (56%) of respondents reported ever use of at least one tobacco or related product (Table 18). Percentages of ever users of at least one or related tobacco product are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the age group 18–24 years compared to those in the age group 45–64 years; • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. Current (daily, occasional) and former users of at least one tobacco or related product Somewhat less than a third (29%) of respondents are current users of at least one tobacco or related product (Table 18). Percentages of current users of at least one tobacco or related product are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 in 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Approximately every fifth (21%) respondent uses at least one tobacco or related product daily (Table 18). Percentages of daily users of at least one tobacco or related product are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 in 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and unemployed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 46 Table 18: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one tobacco or related product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Ever users Current Current of at least users of at daily users one tobacco least one of at least or related tobacco one tobacco product or related or related product product % % % Total (n = 2,047) 55.9 29.2 20.7 Gender Male 59.4 30.6 21.1 Female 52.2 27.8 20.3 Age 18–24 years 49.3 33.4 19.4 25–44 years 55.6 33.9 21.8 45–64 years 57.5 30.0 23.4 65–74 years 56.4 15.0 12.7 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M46.0 26.8 15.4 Male, 25–44 years 60.8 38.9 24.6 Male, 45–64 years 60.4 30.5 23.6 Male, 65–74 years 61.6 12.9 9.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M53.0 M40.7 23.8 Female, 25–44 years 49.7 28.1 18.7 Female, 45–64 years 54.4 29.4 23.2 Female, 65–74 years 51.5 16.9 15.4 Education Secondary or less 61.0 33.8 25.8 Tertiary or more 50.3 24.2 15.1 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 65.2 34.1 25.1 Male, tertiary or more 52.5 26.4 16.4 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 56.2 33.5 26.7 Female, tertiary or more 48.1 22.0 13.8 Employment status Employed 55.5 32.6 22.9 Inactive 57.0 22.8 16.8 Unemployed M52.4 M31.8 21.0 Living alone No 54.4 27.8 19.4 Yes 67.3 40.1 31.1 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 56.7 30.1 20.7 Western Slovenia 55.0 28.3 20.8 Living environment Rural 52.5 28.1 19.4 Suburban 57.1 28.4 18.9 Urban 58.7 30.8 23.1 Mental health No problems in mental health 55.6 27.1 19.0 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 56.6 33.8 24.6 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 47 IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING CESSATION (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) 214 former cigarette smokers surveyed had quit smoking cigarettes between 2017 and 2022. We wanted to know to what extent the appearance of the packaging and the ban on characterizing flavours influenced their quitting during this time. The appearance of packaging of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco changed during this period due to two new legislative measures, namely large pictorial health warnings introduced in the first half of 2017 and plain packaging introduced in early 2020. The ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco also came into force during this period – the ban on non-menthol characterizing flavours was introduced in the first half of 2017 and the ban on menthol characterizing flavour in the first half of 2020. Among the 214 former cigarette smokers surveyed, 18 (8.5%) reported that the appearance of the packaging had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot; 21 (10.0%) reported that the ban on characterizing flavours (menthol, sweet, fruity and others) in cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. Nine respondents indicated both measures. In summary, among the 214 former cigarette smokers surveyed, 30 (14%) indicated that at least one of the above legislative measures had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot in the period 2017–2022. We wanted to know whether any of the individual measures had a greater impact. Of the 214 former cigarette smokers surveyed, 90 quit smoking cigarettes between 2017 and 2019 and 124 quit between 2020 and 2022. Among the 90 former cigarette smokers who quit smoking cigarettes between 2017 and 2019, 3 (3.5%) reported that the appearance of the packaging (a novelty during this period were the large pictorial health warnings on the packaging of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco) encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot, and 3 (3.5%) reported that the ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes and roll-your own tobacco (at the time the ban did not include menthol) encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. One former cigarette smoker surveyed indicated both measures, so out of 90 former cigarette smokers, 5 indicated that at least one of the abovementioned legislative measures had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. In summary, among the 90 former cigarette smokers surveyed, 5 (5.5%) indicated that at least one of the two legislative measures (large pictorial health warnings and ban on characterizing flavours with the exception of menthol flavour, both for cigarettes and roll-your own tobacco) had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes in the period 2017–2019 to a great extent or quite a lot. Among 124 former cigarette smokers who quit smoking between 2020 and 2022, 15 (12.1%) reported that the appearance of the packaging (a novelty during this period was the plain packaging of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco) encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot, and 18 (14.7%) reported that the ban on all characterizing flavours (the ban on the characterizing flavour menthol in cigarettes and roll-your own tobacco was implemented during this period) encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. Seven respondents indicated both measures, so among 124 former cigarette smokers, 26 indicated that at least one of the two legislative measures (plain packaging, ban on menthol flavour) had encouraged them to quit smoking cigarettes between 2020 and 2022. In summary, among the 124 former cigarette smokers surveyed, 26 (20.9%) reported that at least one of the above-mentioned legislative measures had motivated them to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot between 2017 and 2019. During the same period, 1.7% of those who had quit cited having or being worried about the COVID-19 disease as a reason for quitting (none of these respondents cited any of the legislative measures as a likely reason for quitting). There are no statistically significant differences by gender, education level and cohesion region, while other independent indicators (age, living alone or not, type of living environment, employment status, presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems) show statistically significant differences for each of the observed indicators. 48 IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING QUIT ATTEMPTS (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) In the last few years, 264 of the surveyed current cigarette smokers had tried to quit smoking cigarettes at least once. We wanted to know to what extent the attempts to quit in the last few years have been influenced by the changes in appearance of the packaging and the ban on characterizing flavours. Among the 264 current cigarette smokers surveyed, 56 (21.1%) reported that the appearance of the packaging had encouraged them to try to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot; 37 (14.2%) reported that the ban on characterizing flavours (including menthol) had encouraged them to try to quit smoking cigarettes to a great extent or quite a lot. 26 of the current cigarette smokers surveyed reported both measures as an incentive to try to quit. In summary, among the 264 current cigarette smokers surveyed, a total of 67 (25%) indicated that at least one of the legislative measures mentioned above had encouraged them to try to quit smoking cigarettes in the period of 2017–2022. 49 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR SMOKING, HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES Tobacco products for smoking Vast majority (89%) of respondents think that tobacco products for smoking are very or quite harmful to health, just below a tenth (9 %) think they are only slightly or not at all harmful, while about 2% ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 19). The percentage of those who think that tobacco products for smoking are only slightly or not at all harmful to health is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 45–64 years compared to those in the age group 18–24 years; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed. Heated tobacco products Three quarters (75%) of respondents think that heated tobacco products are very or quite harmful to health, less than one tenth (7%) think they are only slightly or not at all harmful, while about one-sixth (17%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 19). The percentage of those who think that heated tobacco products are only slightly or not at all harmful to health is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • employed respondents compared to unemployed and inactive. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • female respondents compared to male respondents; • respondents in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years) compared to those in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years); • unemployed and inactive respondents compared to employed. 50 Electronic cigarettes Just below three quarters (72%) of respondents think that electronic cigarettes are very or quite harmful to health, just over one tenth (12%) think they are only slightly or not at all harmful, while about one-sixth (16%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 19). The percentage of those who think that electronic cigarettes are only slightly or not at all harmful to health is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • female respondents compared to male respondents; • respondents in age group 65–74 years compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years), and also among respondents in age group 45–64 years compared to those in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years); • respondents with secondary education or less compared to those with tertiary education or more; • unemployed respondents compared to employed; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone. 51 Table 19: Opinion on the harmfulness of tobacco products for smoking, heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to health, among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Harmfulness of Harmfulness of Harmfulness of tobacco products for heated tobacco electronic cigarettes smoking to health products to health to health Very or quite Slightly Very or quite Slightly Very or quite Slightly or not at all Don’t know or not at all Don’t know or not at all Don’t know % % % % % % % % % Total (n = 1,033) 88.9 9.0 2.1 75.2 7.4 17.3 72.1 11.6 16.2 Gender Male 88.5 9.2 2.3 76.6 10.6 12.8 71.3 14.4 14.3 Female 89.3 8.7 2.0 73.8 4.1 22.1 73.0 8.7 18.3 Age 18–24 years 93.5 5.4 1.1 83.1 10.2 6.7 76.6 13.8 9.6 25–44 years 91.3 7.6 1.1 79.6 8.8 11.6 77.5 12.0 10.5 45–64 years 85.5 11.5 3.0 71.7 7.7 20.6 71.8 11.9 16.3 65–74 years 89.2 7.9 2.8 69.8 2.4 27.8 58.7 9.1 32.3 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 95.4 4.6 - M86.1 11.5 2.5 M77.3 M15.9 6.7 Male, 25–44 years 90.8 8.7 0.5 78.3 12.3 9.3 74.5 15.5 10.0 Male, 45–64 years 84.7 11.4 3.9 74.9 11.3 13.8 70.1 15.1 14.8 Male, 65–74 years 88.3 7.9 3.8 M70.9 3.9 25.2 M63.1 9.0 M27.8 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 91.4 6.3 2.2 M79.9 8.7 11.4 M75.8 11.4 12.8 Female, 25–44 years 91.8 6.4 1.8 81.0 4.7 14.3 80.9 7.9 11.2 Female, 45–64 years 86.3 11.5 2.2 68.4 3.9 27.7 73.7 8.6 17.7 Female, 65–74 years 90.1 8.0 1.9 68.8 1.0 30.3 M54.6 9.1 36.4 Education Secondary or less 86.8 10.2 3.0 72.4 9.4 18.2 68.6 12.4 19.0 Tertiary or more 91.1 7.7 1.2 78.4 5.3 16.4 76.0 10.8 13.2 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 87.1 10.0 2.8 73.1 13.0 13.8 69.1 14.9 15.9 Male, tertiary or more 90.1 8.3 1.6 80.4 7.9 11.7 73.8 13.8 12.4 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 86.5 10.3 3.2 71.6 5.5 22.9 68.1 9.7 22.2 Female, tertiary or more 92.3 7.0 0.8 76.2 2.5 21.2 78.3 7.6 14.1 Employment status Employed 88.1 9.7 2.2 75.8 9.5 14.7 73.8 12.5 13.7 Inactive 90.3 7.5 2.2 73.9 4.4 21.7 69.2 10.0 20.8 Unemployed 89.7 10.3 - M77.4 1.9 M20.7 M70.4 12.1 M17.5 Living alone No 89.8 8.2 2.0 76.9 7.2 15.9 73.8 10.7 15.5 Yes 82.7 14.1 3.2 63.3 9.4 27.3 60.2 18.4 21.4 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 88.3 9.5 2.2 73.1 8.2 18.7 70.1 12.8 17.1 Western Slovenia 89.6 8.4 2.0 77.6 6.6 15.7 74.4 10.4 15.3 Living environment Rural 89.2 8.5 2.2 76.7 7.6 15.7 71.8 11.1 17.1 Suburban 90.6 6.9 2.5 74.7 7.9 17.5 69.3 11.5 19.1 Urban 87.5 10.7 1.8 74.1 7.0 18.9 74.2 12.3 13.5 Mental health No problems in mental health 88.7 9.0 2.3 74.7 6.9 18.4 71.6 11.1 17.3 Depressive disorder or 89.2 8.9 1.9 76.5 8.4 15.1 73.3 12.8 13.9 mental health problems The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 52 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES Heated tobacco products Just under half (44%) of respondents think that heated tobacco products are as harmful as cigarettes, just under a fifth (18%) think they are more harmful, a tenth (10%) think they are less harmful, and more than a quarter (28%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 20). The percentage of those who think that heated tobacco products are less harmful to health than cigarettes is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in other age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years), also among respondents in the age group 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • employed respondents compared to unemployed and inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • female respondents compared to male respondents; • respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years), also among respondents in the age group 45–64 years compared to those in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years); • inactive respondents compared to employed. Electronic cigarettes A half (49%) of respondents think that electronic cigarettes are as harmful as cigarettes, about a sixth (16%) think they are more harmful, also one sixth (17%) think they are less harmful, and just under a fifth (18%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 20). The percentage of those who think that electronic cigarettes are less harmful to health than cigarettes is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in other age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–74 years), also among respondents in the age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years compared to those in oldest age group (65–74 years); • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years); • unemployed and inactive respondents compared to employed. 53 Table 20: Opinion on the harmfulness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes compared to cigarettes, among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Harmfulness of heated tobacco Harmfulness of electronic products compared cigarettes compared to cigarettes to cigarettes More Same Less Don’t know More Same Less Don’t know % % % % % % % % Total (n = 1,033) 18.3 43.5 10.4 27.8 16.4 49.2 16.8 17.6 Gender Male 17.5 45.7 13.5 23.4 15.5 47.9 20.8 15.8 Female 19.1 41.3 7.2 32.4 17.3 50.6 12.6 19.5 Age 18–24 years 8.9 M51.6 24.8 14.7 10.2 M45.6 30.9 13.2 25–44 years 17.8 47.0 12.8 22.4 16.4 50.3 19.1 14.2 45–64 years 21.5 41.3 7.7 29.5 20.2 48.6 14.6 16.6 65–74 years 16.8 37.0 3.7 42.6 10.5 50.2 9.2 30.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 6.7 M54.5 M22.9 M15.9 8.9 M40.7 M37.0 M13.5 Male, 25–44 years 16.1 46.1 16.9 20.9 15.9 49.2 21.6 13.3 Male, 45–64 years 22.5 42.8 10.8 23.9 19.3 46.3 19.8 14.6 Male, 65–74 years 14.6 M46.3 6.6 M32.5 8.5 M53.3 11.7 26.5 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 11.3 M48.3 M27.0 M13.4 11.8 M51.2 M24.2 12.9 Female, 25–44 years 19.8 48.0 8.2 24.0 16.9 51.5 16.3 15.2 Female, 45–64 years 20.4 39.7 4.6 35.3 21.1 51.0 9.3 18.6 Female, 65–74 years 18.8 28.4 0.9 M51.9 12.4 M47.4 6.8 33.3 Education Secondary or less 20.1 42.7 10.1 27.2 17.5 48.3 15.2 19.1 Tertiary or more 16.2 44.5 10.9 28.4 15.2 50.2 18.6 16.0 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 20.5 43.7 13.6 22.2 17.7 46.7 19.6 16.0 Male, tertiary or more 14.1 47.8 13.5 24.6 13.0 49.1 22.2 15.7 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 19.7 41.5 6.3 32.5 17.2 50.0 10.4 22.4 Female, tertiary or more 18.5 41.1 8.1 32.4 17.5 51.2 14.9 16.4 Employment status Employed 18.0 45.2 12.3 24.5 16.1 49.1 19.2 15.6 Inactive 17.8 41.2 7.6 33.3 16.3 50.2 12.9 20.7 Unemployed M25.0 M38.1 5.7 M31.2 M20.5 M42.3 13.8 M23.3 Living alone No 19.0 43.9 9.7 27.4 16.4 49.7 16.6 17.3 Yes 13.0 40.8 16.0 30.2 16.4 45.5 18.4 19.7 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 20.0 42.4 9.5 28.1 18.2 47.5 16.9 17.4 Western Slovenia 16.3 44.8 11.5 27.3 14.3 51.1 16.7 17.9 Living environment Rural 20.1 44.9 7.4 27.5 19.1 45.4 16.4 19.0 Suburban 15.1 41.9 11.9 31.1 15.2 48.0 16.5 20.2 Urban 18.3 43.1 12.7 25.9 14.3 53.8 17.4 14.6 Mental health No problems in mental health 18.3 42.9 10.3 28.6 15.8 51.2 15.2 17.8 Depressive disorder or 18.2 44.9 10.8 26.1 17.6 45.1 20.1 17.2 mental health problems The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 54 OPINIONS ON THE ADDICTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES Heated tobacco products Approximately half (52%) of respondents think that heated tobacco products are as addictive as cigarettes, a tenth (10%) think they are more addictive, approximately one in twenty (6%) thinks they are less addictive, while almost a third (31%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 21). Less than 1% of respondents think they are not addictive. The percentages of respondents who think that heated tobacco products are less addictive than cigarettes do not differ statistically significantly between the different subgroups. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • female respondents compared to male respondents; • respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years), also among respondents in the age group 45–64 years compared to those in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years); • inactive and unemployed respondents compared to employed. Electronic cigarettes More than a half (56%) of respondents think that electronic cigarettes are as addictive as cigarettes, approximately a tenth (9%) think they are more addictive, just above a tenth (12%) think they are less addictive, while more than a fifth (22%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 21). 1% of respondents think they are not addictive. The percentage of respondents who think that electronic cigarettes are less addictive than cigarettes is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in age groups 45–64 and 65–74 years. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in the oldest age group (65–74 years) compared to those in other age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years), also among respondents in the age group 45–64 years compared to those in both younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years). 55 Table 21: Opinion on the addictiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes compared to cigarettes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Addictiveness of heated tobacco Addictiveness of electronic products compared to cigarettes cigarettes compared to cigarettes More Same Less Not Don’t know More Same Less Not Don’t know addictive addictive % % % % % % % % % % Total (n = 1,033) 9.7 52.4 6.2 0.4 31.3 8.9 56.1 11.7 1.0 22.3 Gender Male 10.9 53.5 7.4 0.6 27.7 9.5 54.7 13.8 1.4 20.7 Female 8.4 51.4 4.9 0.2 35.2 8.4 57.6 9.5 0.6 23.9 Age 18–24 years 11.5 M62.1 9.9 - 16.6 10.8 M58.2 17.8 1.1 12.1 25–44 years 8.9 59.5 7.1 0.6 23.9 10.1 58.7 14.1 1.1 15.9 45–64 years 11.2 48.6 5.3 0.5 34.4 9.3 55.7 9.4 1.0 24.7 65–74 years 6.7 40.9 4.1 - 48.3 4.5 50.2 8.5 0.7 36.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M13.6 M66.0 6.7 - M13.7 M16.0 M59.0 M13.7 0.0 11.3 Male, 25–44 years 9.1 58.8 9.3 0.5 22.4 11.7 53.0 17.2 1.6 16.4 Male, 45–64 years 13.0 49.5 5.3 1.0 31.2 9.0 55.6 10.6 1.5 23.4 Male, 65–74 years 8.3 M43.0 8.5 - M40.1 1.2 M53.8 13.6 1.4 M30.1 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 9.0 M57.7 M13.5 - M19.7 4.9 M57.3 M22.4 2.4 12.9 Female, 25–44 years 8.6 60.3 4.7 0.7 25.6 8.3 65.2 10.5 0.6 15.4 Female, 45–64 years 9.4 47.6 5.2 - 37.8 9.6 55.7 8.2 0.5 26.0 Female, 65–74 years 5.2 39.0 - - M55.8 7.5 M47.0 3.9 - 41.7 Education Secondary or less 11.6 49.0 6.6 0.8 32.0 10.2 54.5 10.6 0.8 23.9 Tertiary or more 7.5 56.2 5.7 - 30.5 7.5 57.9 12.9 1.3 20.5 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 14.2 48.8 8.0 1.1 28.0 11.4 53.7 12.5 1.1 21.3 Male, tertiary or more 7.3 58.6 6.8 - 27.3 7.3 55.8 15.1 1.7 20.1 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 8.9 49.1 5.1 0.5 36.4 9.0 55.3 8.6 0.4 26.7 Female, tertiary or more 7.7 53.8 4.6 - 33.8 7.7 60.0 10.5 0.8 20.9 Employment status Employed 8.9 56.4 6.6 0.5 27.5 9.0 57.2 12.2 1.1 20.4 Inactive 10.7 45.9 5.3 0.3 37.8 8.6 54.6 10.4 0.9 25.6 Unemployed 12.0 M46.1 6.2 - M35.7 9.9 M52.3 14.2 - M23.6 Living alone No 9.9 52.8 6.1 0.2 31.0 9.3 56.4 11.4 0.9 22.0 Yes 8.1 50.1 6.5 1.6 33.8 6.2 53.8 14.1 1.6 24.3 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 10.5 53.1 4.9 0.4 31.0 9.7 55.6 11.8 1.2 21.7 Western Slovenia 8.8 51.7 7.5 0.4 31.6 8.1 56.6 11.6 0.8 22.9 Living environment Rural 13.0 48.8 5.8 0.8 31.6 12.2 53.1 9.3 1.5 23.9 Suburban 8.3 52.1 6.6 - 33.0 7.8 54.8 13.1 0.9 23.4 Urban 7.1 56.4 6.3 0.3 30.0 6.3 60.0 13.3 0.5 19.9 Mental health No problems in mental health 9.2 53.6 5.6 0.4 31.2 8.6 56.5 10.5 1.5 22.8 Depressive disorder or 10.7 50.0 7.3 0.4 31.6 9.5 55.2 14.2 - 21.1 mental health problems The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 56 OPINIONS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AS SMOKING CESSATION AIDS Heated tobacco products About half of respondents (53%) think heated tobacco products are not effective smoking cessation aids, 6% think they are, while less than half (41%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 22). The percentages of respondents who think that heated tobacco products are effective smoking cessation aids are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in the age group 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • employed and inactive respondents compared to unemployed; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • female respondents compared to male respondents; • respondents in the age group 25–44 years compared to respondents in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • inactive respondents compared to employed and unemployed, and also among unemployed respondents compared to employed. Electronic cigarettes Almost two thirds (62%) of respondents think electronic cigarettes are not effective smoking cessation aids, approximately a tenth (9%) think they are, while less than a third (29%) ticked the answer Don’t know (Table 22). The percentages of respondents who think that electronic cigarettes are effective smoking cessation aids are statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • respondents in age groups 18–24 and 25–44 years compared to those in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years), additionally among respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in age group 25–44 years; • employed respondents compared to inactive. The percentage of those who ticked the answer Don’t know is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 65–74 years compared to those in age groups 25–44 and 45–64 years, and also among respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years) compared to those in the age group 25–44 years; • inactive respondents compared to employed and unemployed and also among unemployed respondents compared to employed. 57 Table 22: Opinions on the effectiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation aids among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Heated tobacco Electronic cigarettes products as smoking as smoking cessation aids cessation aids Not Not Effective effective Don’t know Effective effective Don’t know % % % % % % Total (n = 1,033) 6.0 53.1 40.9 9.4 61.9 28.7 Gender Male 6.9 59.5 33.6 11.5 62.1 26.5 Female 4.9 46.3 48.7 7.2 61.7 31.1 Age 18–24 years 7.0 M50.7 M42.3 18.6 M47.5 M33.9 25–44 years 9.5 55.6 34.8 12.8 62.4 24.8 45–64 years 4.2 53.2 42.6 7.3 66.7 26.0 65–74 years 1.7 48.7 49.6 1.6 57.3 41.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 9.3 M56.2 M34.4 M20.9 M42.8 M36.3 Male, 25–44 years 11.5 58.4 30.1 15.5 61.8 22.7 Male, 45–64 years 3.8 61.2 34.9 9.4 68.2 22.5 Male, 65–74 years 2.4 M59.7 M37.9 1.1 M58.9 M40.0 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 4.5 M44.6 M51.0 M16.0 M52.7 M31.3 Female, 25–44 years 7.3 52.5 40.2 9.8 63.0 27.2 Female, 45–64 years 4.6 44.8 50.5 5.2 65.1 29.7 Female, 65–74 years 1.0 38.6 60.3 2.0 M55.8 M42.2 Education Secondary or less 6.3 52.2 41.5 8.6 61.8 29.6 Tertiary or more 5.6 54.1 40.3 10.2 62.0 27.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 7.1 61.5 31.4 10.4 63.6 26.0 Male, tertiary or more 6.8 57.2 35.9 12.6 60.4 27.1 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 5.6 42.2 52.3 6.7 59.8 33.5 Female, tertiary or more 4.2 50.8 45.0 7.7 63.7 28.6 Employment status Employed 7.2 55.3 37.5 11.2 63.4 25.4 Inactive 4.5 50.2 45.3 6.1 59.8 34.1 Unemployed - M44.0 M56.0 8.9 M55.7 M35.5 Living alone No 5.7 53.4 40.9 9.1 62.3 28.6 Yes 7.8 51.4 40.9 11.0 58.9 30.0 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 5.4 52.3 42.3 8.4 62.7 28.9 Western Slovenia 6.6 54.0 39.5 10.5 60.9 28.6 Living environment Rural 4.0 52.8 43.2 8.1 60.8 31.0 Suburban 6.4 51.2 42.4 9.3 59.7 31.0 Urban 7.7 54.6 37.7 10.7 64.3 25.0 Mental health No problems in mental health 5.2 53.8 40.9 9.0 62.0 29.0 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 7.5 51.6 40.9 10.2 61.6 28.2 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 58 EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS Just over half (53%) of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes are exposed to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes, mostly less than weekly (Table 23). The percentage of exposed respondents is statistically significantly higher among: • male respondents compared to female respondents; • is decreasing by age and is the highest in the youngest age group (18–24 years) and the lowest in the oldest age group (65–74 years); • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 4% of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes report daily exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes (Table 24). The percentage of daily exposed respondents is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in the oldest age group (65–74 years), also among respondents in age group 25–44 years compared to those in the age group 65–44 years; • employed respondents compared to inactive; • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in rural environment. 59 Table 23: Percentages of exposed and frequency of exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Exposed Frequency of exposure to aerosol to aerosol from heated tobacco products from heated and/or electronic cigarettes tobacco products At Less than Never and/or least weekly electronic weekly cigarettes % % % % Total (n = 1,020) 52.7 7.5 45.2 47.3 Gender Male 57.1 8.3 48.8 42.9 Female 48.0 6.7 41.3 52.0 Age 18–24 years 75.1 15.6 M59.5 24.9 25–44 years 61.1 9.9 51.2 38.9 45–64 years 47.0 5.8 41.2 53.0 65–74 years 34.9 1.7 33.2 65.1 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M70.1 M13.4 M56.6 M29.9 Male, 25–44 years 64.6 11.4 53.2 35.4 Male, 45–64 years 51.9 6.7 45.1 48.1 Male, 65–74 years M43.9 1.4 M42.5 M56.1 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M80.6 M18.0 M62.6 M19.4 Female, 25–44 years 57.0 8.1 48.9 43.0 Female, 45–64 years 41.9 4.9 37.0 58.1 Female, 65–74 years 26.5 1.9 24.6 73.5 Education Secondary or less 52.2 9.3 42.9 47.8 Tertiary or more 53.2 5.5 47.7 46.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 60.8 11.7 49.1 39.2 Male, tertiary or more 53.0 4.6 48.4 47.0 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 43.0 6.8 36.2 57.0 Female, tertiary or more 53.5 6.5 47.0 46.5 Employment status Employed 55.8 8.8 47.1 44.2 Inactive 46.7 5.3 41.3 53.3 Unemployed M53.6 6.1 M47.5 M46.4 Living alone No 52.5 6.5 46.0 47.5 Yes 54.0 14.5 39.5 46.0 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 53.7 8.1 45.5 46.3 Western Slovenia 51.6 6.8 44.8 48.4 Living environment Rural 53.5 7.5 46.0 46.5 Suburban 50.2 5.5 44.7 49.8 Urban 53.4 8.8 44.6 46.6 Mental health No problems in mental health 50.3 6.7 43.6 49.7 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 57.6 9.1 48.5 42.4 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 60 Table 24: Percentages of daily exposed to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Daily exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes % Total (n = 1,020) 4.0 Gender Male 4.4 Female 3.6 Age 18–24 years 6.7 25–44 years 6.3 45–64 years 2.5 65–74 years 1.0 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 6.7 Male, 25–44 years 6.6 Male, 45–64 years 3.4 Male, 65–74 years - Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 6.7 Female, 25–44 years 5.9 Female, 45–64 years 1.6 Female, 65–74 years 1.9 Education Secondary or less 5.1 Tertiary or more 2.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 5.7 Male, tertiary or more 2.9 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 4.4 Female, tertiary or more 2.8 Employment status Employed 5.3 Inactive 1.6 Unemployed 3.6 Living alone No 3.2 Yes 9.8 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 4.7 Western Slovenia 3.3 Living environment Rural 2.6 Suburban 3.4 Urban 5.8 Mental health No problems in mental health 3.5 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 5.0 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 61 USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS IN THE HOME LIVING ENVIRONMENT BY RESPONDENT, OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OR VISITORS Approximately a quarter (24%) of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes, report that they, other household members or visitors use heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment (Table 25). The percentage is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors was reported by just below 4% of respondents, who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes (Table 26). The percentage is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in younger age groups (18–24 and 25–44 years) compared to those in older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years); • respondents that live alone compared to those that do not live alone; • respondents with mental health problems compared to those without them. 62 Table 25: Use and frequency of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Use of use Frequency of use of heated of heated tobacco tobacco products and/or products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors electronic in the respondents’ home cigarettes indoors living environment in the respondents’ home living At least Less Never environment weekly than weekly % % % % Total (n = 1,020) 23.7 5.9 17.8 76.3 Gender Male 23.7 6.0 17.8 76.3 Female 23.6 5.8 17.8 76.4 Age 18–24 years M35.6 11.4 24.2 M64.4 25–44 years 29.1 9.4 19.8 70.9 45–64 years 19.2 3.6 15.6 80.8 65–74 years 15.4 0.5 14.9 84.6 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M29.4 11.3 M18.1 M70.6 Male, 25–44 years 29.6 9.7 19.9 70.4 Male, 45–64 years 19.1 3.4 15.6 80.9 Male, 65–74 years 17.8 - 17.8 82.2 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M42.4 11.4 M31.1 M57.6 Female, 25–44 years 28.6 9.0 19.6 71.4 Female, 45–64 years 19.4 3.8 15.6 80.6 Female, 65–74 years 13.1 1.0 12.2 86.9 Education Secondary or less 24.8 6.4 18.4 75.2 Tertiary or more 22.5 5.4 17.1 77.5 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 28.2 6.3 21.9 71.8 Male, tertiary or more 18.7 5.5 13.2 81.3 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 21.0 6.4 14.6 79.0 Female, tertiary or more 26.5 5.2 21.2 73.5 Employment status Employed 25.2 6.8 18.3 74.8 Inactive 20.8 4.1 16.7 79.2 Unemployed M24.4 6.2 M18.1 M75.6 Living alone No 22.7 5.0 17.7 77.3 Yes 30.9 12.2 18.7 69.1 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 24.2 5.9 18.4 75.8 Western Slovenia 23.1 6.0 17.1 76.9 Living environment Rural 23.7 5.3 18.4 76.3 Suburban 23.8 5.3 18.5 76.2 Urban 23.5 6.8 16.7 76.5 Mental health No problems in mental health 21.6 4.8 16.8 78.4 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 27.9 8.2 19.7 72.1 Living with children, No 22.5 5.7 16.8 77.5 younger than 18 years Yes 26.3 6.3 20.0 73.7 Living with persons aged No 23.8 6.5 17.3 76.2 65+ or with chronic diseases Yes 23.3 4.3 19.0 76.7 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 63 Table 26: Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment % Total (n = 1,020) 3.7 Gender Male 3.7 Female 3.7 Age 18–24 years 8.0 25–44 years 5.6 45–64 years 2.3 65–74 years 0.5 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 9.0 Male, 25–44 years 5.3 Male, 45–64 years 2.4 Male, 65–74 years - Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years 6.7 Female, 25–44 years 6.0 Female, 45–64 years 2.1 Female, 65–74 years 1.0 Education Secondary or less 4.1 Tertiary or more 3.3 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 4.4 Male, tertiary or more 3.0 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 3.7 Female, tertiary or more 3.6 Employment status Employed 4.2 Inactive 2.8 Unemployed 3.8 Living alone No 3.0 Yes 8.8 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 3.7 Western Slovenia 3.7 Living environment Rural 2.9 Suburban 3.4 Urban 4.7 Mental health No problems in mental health 2.7 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 5.8 Living with children, No 3.7 younger than 18 years Yes 3.8 Living with persons aged No 4.2 65+or with chronic diseases Yes 2.5 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). - no occurrence. 64 OPINIONS ON THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS About two-thirds of respondents (68%) who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes think that exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes indoors is harmful to health, about a quarter (26%) are undecided and 6% think that such exposure is not harmful to health (Table 27). The percentage of those who consider this type of exposure not harmful to health is statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in both older age groups (45–64 and 65–74 years) compared to the respondents in the youngest age group (18–24 years), also among respondents from the oldest age group (65–74 years) compared to those in the age group 45–64 years; • unemployed respondents compared to employed. 65 Table 27: Opinion on the harmful effects of exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes is harmful is neither is not harmful to my health harmful, to my health nor harmless to my health % % % Total (n = 1,020) 68.4 25.6 6.0 Gender Male 68.9 24.9 6.3 Female 68.0 26.3 5.7 Age 18–24 years 78.3 19.5 2.1 25–44 years 71.5 24.0 4.6 45–64 years 65.3 28.1 6.6 65–74 years 63.5 26.5 10.0 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M72.5 M25.2 2.3 Male, 25–44 years 69.7 24.9 5.4 Male, 45–64 years 67.1 26.0 6.9 Male, 65–74 years M69.1 21.5 9.4 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M84.8 M13.3 2.0 Female, 25–44 years 73.5 22.9 3.7 Female, 45–64 years 63.4 30.3 6.3 Female, 65–74 years M58.4 31.2 10.5 Education Secondary or less 63.9 29.0 7.1 Tertiary or more 73.4 21.8 4.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 64.9 28.0 7.1 Male, tertiary or more 73.3 21.4 5.3 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 62.9 30.1 7.0 Female, tertiary or more 73.5 22.2 4.3 Employment status Employed 69.5 25.6 4.9 Inactive 68.0 24.6 7.3 Unemployed M56.3 M31.9 11.8 Living alone No 69.2 24.9 5.8 Yes 62.7 30.2 7.2 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 67.8 26.3 5.9 Western Slovenia 69.1 24.7 6.2 Living environment Rural 71.7 22.6 5.7 Suburban 69.2 23.6 7.2 Urban 64.6 29.8 5.6 Mental health No problems in mental health 69.6 24.8 5.7 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 66.1 27.2 6.7 The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 66 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT OTHER TOBACCO/NICOTINE PRODUCTS (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches) The highest percentage of respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products, that is more than a third (39%), report that they obtain information about other tobacco/nicotine products online, just under a third (31%) from friends and relatives, a fifth (20%) from users of these products, and about a sixth (17%) from social media, all of which are generally non-credible sources of information about these products (Figure 8). Only 5% of respondents who have heard of these products refer to professional literature and 3% to information from professional organisations or institutions, which are credible sources. Internet 38.9 Relatives, friends 30.7 Nowhere 22.7 Users of these products 20.1 Social media 17.2 TV 13.1 Printed media 7.6 Advertisements for these products 7.0 Professional literature 5.0 Educational institutions 3.5 Radio 3.3 Professional organisations, institutions 3.0 Manufacturers, sellers of these products 3.0 Elsewhere 2.3 Users associations 1.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 8: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products, among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products, aged 18–74 years (n = 1,020). 67 Almost all respondents (97%) who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products use mainly non-credible sources (Table 29) – just under a third (31%) use exclusively non-credible sources and almost two-thirds (65%) use more non-credible sources (Table 29). 3% of respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products use mainly credible sources, but most of these combine credible sources with non-credible sources. The percentages of those using only non-credible sources are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age group 45–64 years compared to those in youngest age group (18–24 years); • unemployed respondents compared to employed; • respondents living in suburban environment compared to those living in urban environment. The percentages of those using mostly non-credible sources are statistically significantly higher among: • respondents in age groups 25–44 in 45–64 years compared to those in the youngest age group (18–24 years); • respondents living in urban environment compared to those living in suburban environment. 68 Table 28: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches), among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Only non- More non- More Only credible credible credible credible sources sources sources sources % % % % Total (n = 753) 31.4 65.1 3.3 0.1 Gender Male 29.1 66.9 4.0 - Female 34.0 63.2 2.6 0.2 Age 18–24 years M41.1 M50.7 8.2 - 25–44 years 31.0 66.2 2.4 0.3 45–64 years 29.6 68.3 2.1 - 65–74 years 29.9 64.9 5.2 - Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years M32.3 M54.4 M13.3 - Male, 25–44 years 30.2 67.7 2.1 - Male, 45–64 years 26.9 70.4 2.7 - Male, 65–74 years M29.1 M65.1 5.8 - Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M50.9 M46.6 2.6 - Female, 25–44 years 32.0 64.5 2.8 0.6 Female, 45–64 years 32.4 66.1 1.5 - Female, 65–74 years M30.6 M64.7 4.7 - Education Secondary or less 31.3 65.3 3.4 - Tertiary or more 31.6 64.9 3.2 0.2 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 27.2 68.1 4.7 - Male, tertiary or more 31.2 65.5 3.3 - Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 35.9 62.1 2.0 - Female, tertiary or more 32.0 64.3 3.2 0.5 Employment status Employed 30.0 66.9 2.9 0.2 Inactive 33.0 62.5 4.5 - Unemployed M42.2 M57.8 - - Living alone No 31.9 65.3 2.8 - Yes 28.5 63.7 6.9 0.9 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 32.8 64.6 2.6 - Western Slovenia 30.0 65.7 4.1 0.2 Living environment Rural 31.4 65.3 3.3 - Suburban 37.3 59.3 3.3 - Urban 28.0 68.3 3.3 0.3 Mental health No problems in mental health 31.7 64.8 3.4 0.2 Depressive disorder or mental health problems 31.0 65.8 3.2 - The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. - no occurrence. 69 OBSERVATION OF USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES IN DIFFERENT INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS The highest percentage of respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes, that is almost a third (31%), report that they observed the use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in restaurants, bars or clubs, approximately one in eight (13%) in the workplace, approximately one in ten (11%) elsewhere and also approximately one in ten (9%) in home living environment (Figure 9 and Table 29). Restaurants, bars, clubs 30.7 Workplace 13.2 Elsewhere 10.8 Home living environment 9.0 Private vehicles 7.6 Public transport 5.6 Educational institutions 3.9 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Figure 9: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years (n = 1,020). 70 Table 29: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. Public Home living transport Private vehicles environment Workplace Educational institutions Restaurants, bars, clubs Elsewhere Nowhere % % % % % % % % Total (n = 1,020) 9.0 13.2 3.9 5.6 7.6 30.7 10.8 47.8 Gender Male 8.0 17.1 3.7 7.3 9.9 33.6 12.5 42.2 Female 10.1 9.0 4.1 3.7 5.1 27.5 9.1 53.8 Age 18–24 years 17.6 13.3 18.7 20.2 16.8 M59.7 12.4 18.3 25–44 years 10.7 19.3 4.4 6.0 7.5 33.9 9.8 43.6 45–64 years 7.3 11.9 1.3 2.6 7.0 23.0 10.9 53.4 65–74 years 4.6 2.5 0.6 3.6 3.6 25.2 12.1 60.6 Gender X Age Male, 18–24 years 11.3 11.3 M16.0 M24.3 M16.0 M63.1 M13.5 M20.9 Male, 25–44 years 10.6 24.7 5.0 7.5 9.1 34.1 12.3 37.0 Male, 45–64 years 6.2 16.6 1.0 3.8 11.0 28.0 11.2 46.4 Male, 65–74 years 4.0 2.8 - 5.3 5.2 M28.2 15.6 M57.4 Gender X Age Female, 18–24 years M24.6 M15.4 M21.8 M15.8 M17.6 M55.9 11.2 M15.3 Female, 25–44 years 10.8 13.0 3.7 4.2 5.8 33.7 7.0 51.1 Female, 45–64 years 8.4 6.9 1.5 1.3 2.8 17.7 10.6 60.8 Female, 65–74 years 5.2 2.3 1.2 2.1 2.1 22.5 8.7 63.6 Education Secondary or less 9.0 15.2 5.2 7.1 6.9 28.2 9.2 48.7 Tertiary or more 9.0 10.9 2.4 4.0 8.3 33.3 12.6 46.8 Gender X Education Male, secondary or less 6.7 20.9 5.2 9.1 9.9 33.0 10.4 41.0 Male, tertiary or more 9.4 12.8 2.1 5.3 9.8 34.3 14.8 43.4 Gender X Education Female, secondary or less 11.6 9.0 5.2 4.8 3.7 23.1 7.9 56.9 Female, tertiary or more 8.6 9.0 2.8 2.5 6.6 32.4 10.4 50.4 Employment status Employed 10.3 18.9 3.3 4.5 8.7 30.3 10.4 44.7 Inactive 6.5 3.9 4.9 8.2 6.3 31.6 11.9 51.6 Unemployed 10.0 2.2 4.2 1.8 2.0 M28.4 8.6 M63.5 Living alone No 8.7 12.9 3.9 5.2 7.4 30.9 11.2 47.8 Yes 11.7 15.2 3.8 8.2 9.0 29.0 7.9 47.8 Cohesion region Eastern Slovenia 8.4 14.3 3.8 5.7 6.6 30.2 9.9 47.2 Western Slovenia 9.8 11.9 4.0 5.4 8.6 31.2 11.9 48.4 Living environment Rural 7.1 13.1 3.8 5.4 6.6 31.8 10.8 49.4 Suburban 8.0 13.9 4.2 5.4 6.6 29.4 10.0 48.6 Urban 11.6 12.8 3.8 5.9 9.1 30.3 11.4 45.6 Mental health No problems in mental health 7.7 13.0 2.8 4.8 6.3 28.2 10.5 51.5 Depressive disorder or 11.8 13.6 6.1 7.2 10.2 35.8 11.5 40.3 mental health problems The coloured groups by independent variables are those with statistically significant differences present between categories within the same independent variable (p < 0.050); the percentages shown are statistically significantly different within individual categories of the same independent variable (Bonferroni correction). E.g., if the cells are coloured in independent variable Gender, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the genders; if the cells are coloured in independent variable Age, then the percentages are statistically significantly different between the age groups. For most of the variables, the explanation on which groups have statistically significantly different percentages is included in the text (except for sex X age and sex X education). M less precise estimate. 71 Literature Berzelak, J., Rehberger, M., Lavtar, D. in Zaletel, M. (2022). Could timeliness be improved by using an online access panel? : case study of the pandemic fatigue survey. V: European Conference on Quality in Official Statistics (Q2022), Vilnius, 8 - 10 June 2022. Brussels: Eurostat. https://q2022.stat.gov.lt/scientific-information/papers-presentations/session-34. Lavtar, D., Vrh, M., Mrzel, M., Rehberger, M., Berzelak, J. in Zaletel, M. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination rates: comparison of administrative and survey data. V: European Conference on Quality in Official Statistics (Q2022), Vilnius, 8 - 10 June 2022. Brussels: Eurostat. 72 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Ever smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 5 Figure 2: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 6 Figure 3: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. 7 Figure 4: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. 8 Figure 5: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. 9 Figure 6: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by education. 10 Figure 7: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems. 11 Figure 8: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products, among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products, aged 18–74 years. 66 Figure 9: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years. 69 73 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Percentages of ever smokers of cigarettes and those that never smoked cigarettes in life among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 19 Table 2: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former cigarette smokers among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 20 Table 3: Percentages of ever smokers of other tobacco products for smoking and those that never smoked other tobacco products for smoking in life among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 22 Table 4: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of other tobacco products for smoking among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 23 Table 5: Percentages of ever smokers of waterpipes, those that never smoked waterpipes in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 25 Table 4: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former smokers of waterpipes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 26 Table 7: Percentages of ever users of smokeless tobacco products, those that never used smokeless tobacco products in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 28 Table 8: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of smokeless tobacco products among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 29 Table 9: Percentages of ever users of heated tobacco products, those that never used heated tobacco products in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 31 Table 8: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of heated tobacco products among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 32 Table 11: Percentages of ever users of electronic cigarettes, those that never used electronic cigarettes in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 34 Table 12: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of electronic cigarettes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 35 Table 13: Percentages of ever users of nicotine pouches, those that never used nicotine pouches in life or never heard of them among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 37 Table 14: Percentages of current (daily, occasional) and former users of nicotine pouches among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 38 Table 15: Percentages of ever, current and daily smokers of at least one tobacco product for smoking among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 40 Table 16: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one tobacco product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 42 Table 17: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one other tobacco/nicotine product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 44 Table 18: Percentages of ever, current and daily users of at least one tobacco or related product among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 46 Table 19: Opinion on the harmfulness of tobacco products for smoking, heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to health, among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 51 74 Table 20: Opinion on the harmfulness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes compared to cigarettes, among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 53 Table 21: Opinion on the addictiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes compared to cigarettes among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 55 Table 22: Opinions on the effectiveness of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation aids among respondents aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 57 Table 23: Percentages of exposed and frequency of exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 59 Table 24: Percentages of daily exposed to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 60 Table 25: Use and frequency of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 62 Table 26: Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 63 Table 27: Opinion on the harmful effects of exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 65 Table 28: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches), among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 68 Table 29: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected independent variables. 70 National Institute of Public Health Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Telephone: + 386 1 2441 400 E-mail: info@nijz.si Website: https://nijz.si/ Document Outline Figure 1: Ever smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. Figure 2: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. Figure 3: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, total and by gender. Figure 4: Current smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. Figure 5: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by age. Figure 6: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by education. Figure 7: Daily smoking/use of different tobacco and related products among respondents, aged 18–74, by presence of depressive disorder or mental health problems. Figure 8: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products, among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products, aged 18–74 years (n = 1,020). Figure 9: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years (n = 1,020). Table 23: Percentages of exposed and frequency of exposure to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic Table 24: Percentages of daily exposed to aerosol from heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other selected i Table 25: Use and frequency of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco produ Table 26: Daily use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors in the respondents’ home living environment by the respondent, other household members or visitors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-ci Table 27: Opinion on the harmful effects of exposure to aerosol of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes indoors, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and oth Table 28: Sources of information about other tobacco/nicotine products (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches), among respondents who have heard of other tobacco/nicotine products aged 18–74 years, by socio-demographic and other Table 29: Observation of use of heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes in different indoor environments in the last 12 months, among respondents who have heard of heated tobacco products and/or e-cigarettes aged 18–74 years, bysocio-demogr IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING CESSATION (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) IMPACT OF RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED LEGISLATIVE MEASURES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING QUIT ATTEMPTS (large pictorial health warnings, plain packaging, ban on characterizing flavours, including menthol) OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR SMOKING, HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES OPINIONS ON THE HARMFULNESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES OPINIONS ON THE ADDICTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES COMPARED TO CIGARETTES OPINIONS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AS SMOKING CESSATION AIDS EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS IN THE HOME LIVING ENVIRONMENT BY RESPONDENT, OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OR VISITORS OPINIONS ON THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO AEROSOL OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES INDOORS SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT OTHER TOBACCO/NICOTINE PRODUCTS (heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, nicotine pouches) OBSERVATION OF USE OF HEATED TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND/OR ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES IN DIFFERENT INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES