Agricultura 13: No 1-2:1-4 (2016) DOI: 10.1515/agricultura-2017-0001
G
Growth performance,productivstyaaddiseaee s susceptibility of barley varieties in Slovenia within the Cobra project's site
comparison
Silva GROBELNIK MLAKAR, Manfred JAKOP, Martina ROBACER, Martina BAVEC, Franc BAVEC*
University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia
abstract
Different plant genotypes react ditferentlyinditferent climates. A field experimentwascarried out to estimate the growth per fonmance, ^oductivity ony tliseat es eosr e^Mity of sas ing berle^arietiesm rhc Slrer man chma'f. Wc ret^crvny stome ohrietirr, mamly crfNohd' origin, from ihe "ftchnica1 Unioershy on Denmork, e COBRA proaee- pmrtnee, wpioy were psevionrly	m prtimntefl Wfurs dim-tee nn RERAF phytotoon. Vaektier of t:he higtaet gsoin yicldipCC3 kn ha1 pn
,ynorgreeo'tB 0:146 yg hcMo ^ebasticn) eenrather rhorter .58.7 cmto 67.1 cm) andmostly hadfte holiest specipc gen^nw°ontt5^.3 to c8.0 ko tne L'i end lOO^leesnel weignti3C.2 to )yB g). They developed 1,561 to 2,532 tillers m-2 and 515 to 840 ears m-2 and reached a heading stage between 13th and 25th of May. The tested varieties seem rather insusceptible to 10° eommon diertses, bp1 ruscep^le tecereol lea^tstie cttackr.
Key words: organic breeding, barley, varieties, productivity, disease susceptibility
IntroduCtIon
COBRA (Cooidinating organic plant breeding activitiet for dwoasity) isaCore Orgamc H projgrt wMch hnks ga pgrtnprs end sr arned at ex°andingexisting brceihnjj iino desearfg rctivffles, witísafocus on incrfasing Aeuss ajco potential of j, lana material wiïh a nopta pest enddirsass tiritaren, rae abfiiïyto j^^^ist to emdronmantal, espcoiahy dimatic, variaMHtyand npm;^t^if chart^, ansí tiiat: gas a gegg competóivenesr ^cms1 wandp iCobraahvi.
Wiïhin tíir pt^gteaSi ahfrosroa crap gegrün nhveraitym spring baslty has boan i nvest i g^ft d by ths Facu lty of^^cuftu ra bn° Ltfa ^encee ijln^iaSi nf tlct'Umnessity ocMorftormSlovema. FALS tosto dghe growCanb ^eIIs pcrfcmtntt1 ad wdl ai Üie gissrs e s psoeptAility of íp sprmg ^oIc1 varieties r^t^^in^c1 frem ine Tedmtoa^niversiïyof D enmark
materials andmethodo
Sampler of T rp ring nfrlee verietier i'Aiiiot' f 'Brioe, ^rieVEveogreen) 'nhvio', 7adnta', 'Marl', 'PslCs, 'Selection anO,TronSejet:0 were recplnspliy 2011 Orom she technical Univrroity xf Denmtrk. The vnslehfs ,grany, 'O^i^^o' xnf 'rSnin, are f-row ant ahoihers cre 0-tov sob, types Vaeletiss hoyeSepn shoren accorBinp to titeir rerponre in proCoction paromet:er s to a projeWet Ptdore dimatf as wef so the Blovene afmc^tf, and annlyred m RERAh phytotron (Ingvordsen et al.
acts).
The expeolmen1ci she wcsln cpfedat tiro University Ay-i-fcuitaai Centie lIt t1lvgia (46dna'N, 15oP0'n( g8a m oiS|l., mens air tcmgersture o0the aroals lO.h °C and ancwot roln-eall 7X001 (T 1,00g mm).Thefirsi quarioe oii act5 was warm( eendy onO with jxiagert rainfaiL Cpr1yp was l^hrm w1tll a drTh^fta	hfC^iili fad -X0 mnjetc^f r^maa1C W^i^m
-yd drycocditions vet^e fe^c^omir^ge^tin ^i^ne aod ^^e-
fX ficld^ofp ri^nief^t: win	c^ut ah a (Sns^i^-e eampisolot
nmnVp ^c^^ti ^^xtt^i^e (gowd f onf K ^i^'|sp^ni ^C^er Wt, m^^tsoA slightly acid (pH 5.9), 1.3 % organic matter) and arranged
*Correspondence to: E-mail: frana.bavnc@um.si
in a completely randomized block design. Because a small quantity of seeds had been received, it was conducted in three replications in experimental plots sized 3 m2 (1x3 m). After the seedbed preparation, the plots were fertilised with inorganic fertilisers approved for organic production (Hypercorn, 70 kg ha-1 P2O5 and Patent kali®, 40 kg ha-1 K2O) and the varieties were sown in mid March (220 kg ha-1). The side dressing was performed at the EC 31 growth stage in May (Biosol, 32 kg N ha-1). A tine weeder was used twice until the EC 31 growth stage was reached.
Varieties were evaluated based on heading date (in May), plant height, tillering, susceptibility to the most prevalent diseases in our condition such as Helminthosporium teres, Rhynchosporium secalis and Ramularia collo-cygni (in June), and on harvest (21. July) grain yield, specific weight, moisture (Aquamatic, Perten), and 1000-kernel weight were assessed. Levels of infestation with diseases and damage caused by Oulema melanopus were assessed according to the protocol of the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (logarithmic key based on ranking from 1 to 9: 1 is 0 % and 9 is more than 62 % upper part of plants or leaves area infected) as it is used in national variety tests (FURS 2012) carried out at FALS every year.
The obtained results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statgraphics Centurion (2005) and a comparison of means was performed by the Duncan test (Hoshmand 2006). The results are presented as means ± standard errors (SEM) of three replications.
RESULTS
Results describing the growth and yield performance of 10 tested spring barley varieties are presented in Table 1. Among ten varieties, five were ranked into the highest grain yield group (from 3,993 kg ha-1 in 'Evergreen', 4,018 kg ha-1 in 'Tron Sejet' 4,245 kg ha-1 in 'Brage', 4,412 kg ha-1 in 'Alliot' to 5,146 kg ha-1 in 'Sebastian'). Those varieties are rather shorter (58.7 cm 'Brage' to 67.1 cm 'Alliot'), have higher specific grain weight (54.3 kg 100 L-1 in 'Tron Sejet' to 58.6 in 'Alliot') and, except 'Brage' (31, 9 g), have higher 1000-kernel weight (34.4 to 40.1 g). Except for the variety 'Sebastian' (2,878 tillers m-2, 952 ears m-2), all other most productive varieties revealed a lower number of tillers and ears (1,561 tillers m-2 and 515 ears m-2 in 'Brage' to 2,532 tillers m-2 and 840 ears m-2 in 'Tron Sejet'). The heading days of the tested varieties were ranked between 13th and 25th of May.
Results revealing disease infestation and damage caused by pests are not significantly affected by the variety (Table 2). Generally, varieties are rather insusceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis (values 1.5 to 2.5 in average 1.9 to 2 % upper plant area infected), and medium susceptible to Ramularia collo-cygni (2.0 to 4.0 in average 2.8 to 5 % leaf area infected) and to Helminthosporium teres (values from 3.0 to 5.0, in average 3.7 to 8 % leaf area infected). Oulema melanopus was abundant in all varieties, and the damage was estimated to lie between 7.0 and 8.0 on a 9-point scale (up to 61 % leaf area infested).
Table 1: Difference in plant height (PH, cm), number of tillers and ears (No. m-2), specific weight (SW, kg 100 L-1), grain yield (GY, kg ha-1, adjusted to 14% moisture) 1000-kernel weight (TKW, g) and heading date (day in May) among tested barley varieties
Variety	PH (cm)	No. tillers (per m2)	No. ears (per m2)	SW (kg 100 L-1)	GY (kg ha-1)	TKW (g)	Heading (May)
ANOVA	***	***	***	**	**	**	***
'Alliot'	67.1 ± 0.12d	1,996 ± 52.6d	656 ±22.6d	58.6 ± 0.2ab	4,412 ± 554.6ab	34.4 ±0.58abc	13.d
'Pallas'	70. 7 ± 0.07c	3,024 ± 3.8a	1,008 ± 2.2a	61.6 ± 3.5a	3,130 ± 56.2cde	36.1 ± 0.37ab	21.b
'Mari'	58.1 ± 0.06j	1,379 ± 46.5e	455 ± 16.0e	59.76 ± 0.5ab	3,892 ± 427.3bcde	38.1 ± 2.35a	15.c
'Brio'	78.6 ± 0.10a	1,801 ± 58.6d	596 ± 20.7d	43.06 ± 3.5c	2,920 ± 385.5de	28.7 ± 0.17d	25.a
'Tron Sejet'	75.4 ± 0.12b	2,532 ± 15.6c	840 ± 4.2c	54.3 ± 2.0ab	4,018 ± 324.9abcd	35.7 ± 0.57abc	22.b
'Sebastian'	60.6 ± 0.09g	2,878 ± 132.3ab	952 ± 44.7ab	57.1 ± 0.8ab	5,146 ± 425.8a	37.1 ± 0.53ab	15.c
'Jacinta'	59.5 ± 0.17h	2,732 ± 51.5bc	902 ± 17.2bc	52.4 ± 2.7b	2,7266 ± 237.5e	34.7 ± 0.67abc	15.c
'Evergreen'	64.4 ± 0.18f	2,552 ± 26.7c	837 ± 5.8c	55.3 ± 3.3ab	3,993 ± 37.9abcd	40.1 ± 3.48a	24.a
'Edvin'	65.1 ± 0.03e	1,879 ± 44.8d	620 ± 13.7d	53.3 ± 0.8b	3,744 ± 264.0bcde	30.2 ± 0.03cd	20.b
'Brage'	58. 7 ± 0.15i	1,561 ± 91.8e	515 ± 31.4e	52.7 ± 0.6b	4,245 ± 589.7abc	31.9 ± 3.50bcd	14.cd
Varieties ranked as most productive are in bold "»Significant at P<0.001,** significant at P<0.01
a-iMean values (± SEM) followed by different letters within a column are significantly different (Duncan, a= 0.05)
Table 2: Spring barley varieties assessed for susceptibility to most common diseses and cereal leaf beetle infestation (O. melanopus)
Variety	H. teres	R. secalis	R. collo-cygni	O. melanopus
ANOVA	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
'Alliot'	5.0 ± 0.0	2.5 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.0	7.5 ± 0.5
'Pallas'	4.5 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 1.0	7.5 ± 0.5
'Mari'	4.5 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.0	7.0 ± 0.0
'Brio'	3.5 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.0	2.0 ± 0.0	7.0 ± 1.0
'Tron Sejet'	3.0 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.0	7.5 ± 0.5
'Sebastian'	3.5 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	3.5 ± 0.5	8.0 ± 0.0
'Jacinta'	4.0 ± 1.0	2.0 ± 1.0	3.0 ± 1.0	8.0 ± 0.0
'Evergreen'	2.5 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.0	2.5 ± 0.5	7.5 ± 0.5
'Edvin'	3.5 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.0	7.5 ± 0.5
'Brage'	3.0 ± 1.0	2.0 ± 0.0	4.0 ± 0.0	7.5 ± 0.5
Average	3.7	1.9	2.8	7.5
Varieties ranked as most productive are in bold n.s. - non significant
CONCLUSIONS
Within the COBRA project, the role of crop genetic diversity in spring barley has been investigated for Slovene conditions. Ten spring barley varieties of Nordic origin were tested on their growth performance, productivity and disease susceptibility. Considering the obtained results, some varieties have shown the potential for organic production, however, further evaluation and additional comparison with the most used domestic varieties is planned.
production of 138 spring barley accessions. Eur. J. Agron. 2015; 63: 105-113. 5. Statgraphics® (Release Centurion XV) StatPoint, Inc., 2005.
Acknowledgements
The presented results are an output of the research project COBRA, funded by the Slovenian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food under CORE ORGANIC II.
REFERENCES
1.	Cobra div - Coordinating Organic Plant Breeding Activities for Diversity. [http://www.cobra-div.eu/], accesed January 11, 2016.
2.	FURS (Phytosanitary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia). Assessment of Value for Cultivation and Use of Agricultural Plant Varieties. FURS, Ljubljana, 2012.
3.	Hoshmand AR. Design of Experiments for Agriculture and the Natural Sciences, 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
4.	Ingvordsen CH, Backes G, Lyngkj^r MF, Peltonen-Sainio P, Jensen JD, Jalli M, Jahoor A, Rasmussen M, Mikkelsen TN, Stockmarr A, Jorgensen RB. Significant decrease in yield under future climate conditions: Stability and
Rast, produktivnost in občutljivost na bolezni sort jarega ječmena preskušanih v okviru projekta COBRA v Sloveniji
IZVLEČEK
Odziv na različne podnebne razmere je genotipsko specifičen. V poljskem poskusu smo na sortah jarega ječmena ocenjevali rast, višino pridelka in občutljivost na bolezni v slovenskih pridelovalnih razmerah. Sorte ječmena, predvsem nordijskega izvora, smo prejeli od partnerske institucije Technical University iz Danske, ki je sodelovala v projektu COBRA. Vse sorte so bile predhodno preskušane v fitotronu RERAF, v klimatskih razmerah, ki simulirajo pričakovane podnebne razmere v prihodnosti. Skupina sort z značilno najvišjimi pridelki (med 3.993 kg ha-1 pri 'Evergreen' in 5.146 kg ha-1 pri sorti 'Sebastian'), so bile značilno nižje (58,7 cm do 67,1 cm) in so imele med preskušanimi sortami v večini najvišjo hektolitrsko maso (54,3-58,6 kg 100 L-1) ter maso 1000-zrn (30,2-37,1 g). Razvile so med 1.561 in 2.532 m-2 stranskih poganjkov in med 515 in 840 m-2 poganjkov s klasom. Razvojno fazo klasenje so sorte dosegle med 13. in 25. majem. Preskušane sorte so bile na najpogostejše bolezni ječmena precej neobčutljive, vendar dovzetne na napad žitnega strgača.
Ključne besede: ekološko žlahtnjenje, ječmen, sorte, produktivnost, občutljivost na bolezni