1 © Author(s) 2024. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Sodobni vojaški izzivi, 2024 – 26/št. 3 Contemporary Military Challenges, 2024 – 26/No. 3 UVODNIK Liliana Brožič SODOBNO VOJSKOVANJE DOI: 10.2478/cmc-2024-0016 Sodobno vojskovanje je v zadnjih dveh letih in pol povsem zapolnilo pozornost nacionalne in svetovne javnosti. Prevladujeta predvsem dve vojni območji, ponovni izbruh sovražnosti na Bližnjem vzhodu in ruska agresija nad Ukrajino. Za obe je značilno, da so svetovna javnost in njene organizacije povsem nemočne v iskanju rešitev, s katerimi bi jim uspelo vsaj začasno, če ne trajno, zaustaviti spopade in organizirati različne procese v podporo iskanju diplomatskih in mednarodnih rešitev. Vpletene strani se delijo na tiste, ki si nikakor ne morejo pomagati same, in na tiste, ki ne upoštevajo mednarodnih dogovorov, mednarodnega prava, človekovih pravic in številnih drugih svetovnonazorskih in demokratičnih postulatov. Generalna skupščina Združenih narodov (ZN) je septembra 2024 potrdila predlog nezavezujoče resolucije, ki v skladu z mnenjem Meddržavnega sodišča v Haagu zahteva konec izraelske okupacije palestinskih ozemelj v enem letu. Za resolucijo je glasovalo 124 od 193 članic ZN, vzdržalo se jih je 43, proti pa jih je bilo 14. Novi predsednik Generalne skupščine Philemon Yang pa je dejal, da sta Generalna skupščina in Varnostni svet ZN dolžna končati nezakonito prisotnost Izraela na zasedenih palestinskih ozemljih ter da je treba zagotoviti vladavino prava in pravičnost (Delo, 2024). Kako to doseči, še ni znano. 1 NOVI NAČINI VOJSKOVANJA Medtem ko mednarodna skupnost išče diplomatske, mednarodnopravne in mirovne rešitve, se sodobno vojskovanje v praksi ves čas razvija, izpopolnjuje in dobiva nove razsežnosti. Izkušnje z uporabo turških brezpilotnih zrakoplovov v Siriji, Libiji, Gorskem Karabahu in Ukrajini kažejo, da so taki sistemi zelo učinkoviti in prinašajo pomembno novost v teorijo in prakso vojskovanja (Besenyő in Málnássy, 2024). Uvod 2 Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges V začetku leta 2023 je iz Rusije presenetila vest, da je bil razlog za obsežen raketni napad Makejevke v ukrajinskem Donbasu povečana uporaba mobilnih telefonov, ki so jih ruski vojaki uporabili ob prehodu iz starega v novo leto. To naj bi omogočilo ukrajinski strani, da je določila koordinate lokacije vojaškega osebja za raketni napad (N1 SLO, 2024). Septembra 2024 so mediji poročali o pozivnikih, ki jih je razneslo v času, ko so jih uporabljali pripadniki Hezbolaha, kar je povzročilo smrtne žrtve. V nadaljevanju pa je razneslo tudi ročne radijske postaje v uporabi te iste teroristične skupine (MMC, 2024a). Iz Ukrajine dnevno poročajo o žrtvah in izpopolnjenih oblikah bojevanja z brezpilotnimi zrakoplovi, ki povzročajo vedno večjo škodo. V Zaporožju so na primer samo v eni noči našteli 22 takih zrakoplovov, ruska stran pa je objavila vest, da je bilo ukrajinskih zrakoplovov 125 (MMC, 2024b). Med pomembnimi dejavniki v vojskovanju je zagotovo hibridno vojskovanje, ki poteka v kibernetskem prostoru. Ta način vojskovanja ni nov. Kot pravi Štrucl, je v uporabi že dlje, vendar je največje razsežnosti dosegel v obdobju pred ruskim vojaškim napadom na Ukrajino (Štrucl, 2022) in se še vedno intenzivno razvija. V sodobnih spopadih se tako ne uporabljajo samo klasične oblike bojevanja z najnovejšo opremo in oborožitvijo (Šlebir, 2022), ampak tudi povsem novi načini, kako v največji možni meri čim bolj škodovati sovražniku. Pri tem si tisti, ki bijejo bitko, močno prizadevajo, da bi čim bolj izključili neposredno udeležbo človeških virov, ki jih poskušajo nadomestiti z različnimi napravami in povezavami med njimi. Naučene lekcije nas spodbujajo, da se moramo na sodobno vojskovanje ustrezno odzvati. Ne samo v smislu, da bomo pripravljeni na take in podobne novosti, ampak tudi da bomo na sodobnem vojskovališču imeli ustrezno strateško prednost. Kako to prednost doseči, v svojem poročilu ugotavlja Mario Draghi. Pri prepoznavanju ukrepov za večjo konkurenčnost Evropske unije se je osredotočil na povsem novo evropsko varnostno okolje, na pomembnost premostitve inovacijske vrzeli, na skupno razogljičenje in konkurenčni načrt, na povečano varnost in zmanjševanje odvisnosti od drugih, na povečanje finančnih investicij in krepitev upravljanja. Znotraj teh vsebinskih sklopov se je osredotočil tudi na pomen krepitve evropske obrambne industrije, brez katere ni mogoče zagotavljati varnosti in obrambe Evropske unije (Draghi, 2024). Med pomembne dejavnike pri zagotavljanju evropske varnosti sodi tudi področje evropske vojaške mobilnosti, za katero Fiott meni, da bi se morali bolj osredotočiti na njen logistični vidik. Napredek na tem področju lahko po njegovem mnenju pomembno prispeva k prednosti pri sodobnem vojskovanju (Fiott, 2024). Liliana Brožič 3 Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges 2 SODOBNO VOJSKOVANJE Z VIDIKA AVTORJEV Chinedu Simplicius Udeh v prispevku Nigerijske oborožene sile in protigverilske operacije v Severovzhodni Nigeriji: ocena stanja analizira dolgotrajne operacije nigerijskih oboroženih sil proti terorističnim in uporniškim skupinam, kot sta Boko Haram in Zahodnoafriška provinca Islamske države. Prispevek temelji na analizi dokumentov in terenski raziskavi. V prispevku Gospodar zračnega prostora – zmagovalec avtorja Matic Baliž in Vladimir Prebilič izhajata iz predpostavke, da je obvladovanje zračnega prostora temeljni pogoj za zmago v vojni, saj omogoča večjo svobodo in učinkovitost pri izvajanju vojaških nalog. Med rusko ofenzivo na Ukrajino je bilo pričakovati, da bo Rusija zagotovila zračno prevlado, vendar se to ni zgodilo, kar je pomembno vplivalo na potek vojne v Ukrajini. Uravnoteženje zahtev po pripravljenosti vojske in varstva okolja je ključno za uspešno upravljanje okoljskega vidika civilno-vojaških razmerij. V prispevku Okoljski vidik civilno-vojaških razmerij: priložnosti in izzivi za Slovensko vojsko so Silvo Grčar, Andrej Sotlar in Katja Eman raziskali stališča poveljnikov enot Slovenske vojske. Ta odražajo pozitivno ekološko naravnanost, pri čemer objektivno zaznavajo določene vplive vojaških dejavnosti na okolje. Svetovni prvaki v usposabljanju: zapleteno razmerje Nemčije z vojaškimi silami za specialno delovanje je prispevek Anne M. Gielas, v katerem avtorica proučuje primere skrajno desničarskega ekstremizma v nemškem poveljstvu specialnih sil kopenske vojske, ki se že več let uvrščajo na naslovnice mednarodnih medijev. Ogorčenje javnosti v Nemčiji in zahteva po spremembah sta ponudila priložnost za prestrukturiranje ne le teh, temveč vseh nemških vojaških sil za specialno delovanje. Palestinska militantna skupina Hamas je 7. oktobra 2023 začela obsežno skupno ofenzivo proti Izraelu. Hkrati s kinetičnimi napadi so različni akterji kibernetskih groženj, ki jih pripisujejo Hamasu, Hezbolahu, Iranu in Rusiji, sprožili kibernetske napade na izraelske informacijske sisteme v komercialnih, industrijskih in vladnih sektorjih. Tal Pavel analizira kibernetske napade in izraelske protiukrepe na področju kibernetske varnosti v prispevku Izogibanje »digitalnemu 7. oktobru«: študija o kibernetskem vojskovanju proti Izraelu med vojno oktobra 2023. SODOBNO VOJSKOVANJE 4 Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges 1. Besenyő, J., in Málnássy, A., 2024. Geopolitical Dimension of Libyan Drone Warfare: The Use of Turkish Drones on the North African Battlefields. Obrana a strategie 24, no. 1: 03- 17, https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.24.2024.01.003-017, dostopno 1. oktobra 2024. 2. Delo, 2024. Generalna skupščina ZN zahteva konec izraelske okupacije Palestine. https:// www.delo.si/novice/svet/v-rafi-na-jugu-gaze-ubiti-stirje-izraelski-vojaki, dostopno 29. septembra 2024. 3. Draghi, M., 2024. The future of European Competitiveness. https://commission.europa. eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness%20_%20A%20competitiveness%20stra- tegy%20for%20Europe.pdf, dostopno 30. septembra 2024. 4. Fiott, D., 2024. Keep it Moving: From Mobility to Logistics in European Defence. https:// csds.vub.be/publication/keep-it-moving-from-mobility-to-logistics-in-european-defence/, dostopno 30. septembra 2024. 5. MMC, 2024a. Guverner Zaporožja: V ruskih napadih ranjenih 11 ljudi. https://www. rtvslo.si/svet/vojna-v-ukrajini/guverner-zaporozja-v-ruskih-napadih-ranjenih-11-lju- di/722589, dostopno 29. septembra 2024. 6. MMC, 2024b. Nove eksplozije v Libanonu: Po pozivnikih razneslo še ročne radijske po- staje v uporabi Hezbolaha. https://www.rtvslo.si/svet/bliznji-vzhod/nove-eksplozije-v-li- banonu-po-pozivnikih-razneslo-se-rocne-radijske-postaje-v-uporabi-hezbolaha/721340, dostopno 30. septembra 2024. 7. N1 SLO, 2024. Moskva: Telefoni vzrok »najbolj smrtonosnega napada na ruske sile«. https://n1info.si/novice/svet/po-najbolj-smrtonosnem-napadu-na-ruske-sile-moskva- -vzrok-pripisala-telefonom/, dostopno 30. septembra 2024. 8. Šlebir, M., 2022. Točka osredotočenja: od teoretskega okvira do praktične rabe koncepta. Sodobni vojaški izzivi, letnik 24, številka 1, maj. https://doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11. cmc.24.1.1, dostopno 1. oktobra 2024. 9. Štrucl, D., 2022. Ruska agresija na Ukrajino: kibernetske operacije in vpliv kibernetskega prostora na sodobno bojevanje. Sodobni vojaški izzivi, 24(2), str. 103-123, https://doi. org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.24.2.6, dostopno 1. oktobra 2024. email: liliana.brozic@mors.si ORCID:0000-0002-0508-2477 Introduction Liliana Brožič Literatura 5 © Author(s) 2024. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Sodobni vojaški izzivi, 2024 – 26/št. 3 Contemporary Military Challenges, 2024 – 26/No. 3 EDITORIAL Liliana Brožič MODERN WARFARE DOI: 10.2478/cmc-2024-0017 In the last two and a half years, modern warfare has completely captured the attention of the national and global public. Two war zones in particular, the renewed outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East and the Russian aggression against Ukraine, have dominated. Both are characterised by the fact that the world public and its organizations have been completely helpless in their search for solutions that would succeed, at least temporarily if not permanently, in stopping the fighting and in organizing the various processes in support of the search for diplomatic and international solutions. The parties involved are divided into those who have no way of helping themselves and those who do not respect international agreements, international law, human rights and many other world-view and democratic postulates. In September 2024, the UN General Assembly approved a non-binding draft resolution calling for an end to the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories within one year, in line with the opinion of the International Court of Justice in The Hague. The resolution was supported by 124 of the 193 UN members, 43 abstained and 14 voted against. According to the new President of the General Assembly, Philemon Yang, the General Assembly and the UN Security Council have an obligation to end Israel’s unlawful presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and to ensure justice and the rule of law (UN, 2024). The way to achieve this is not yet known. 1 NEW WAYS OF WARFARE While the international community seeks diplomatic, international law-related and peacekeeping solutions, modern warfare in practice is constantly evolving, refining and taking on new dimensions. The experience of the use of Turkish drones in Syria, Libya, Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine shows that such systems are highly effective Introduction 6 Liliana Brožič and bring important innovations to the theory and practice of warfare (Besenyő and Málnássy, 2024). In early 2023, Russia was surprised to learn that a large-scale missile attack by Makiivka in the Ukrainian region of Donbas was the reason for the increased use of mobile phones by Russian soldiers on the New Year’s eve. This allegedly allowed the Ukrainian side to locate and pinpoint the coordinates of the location of the military personnel for the missile attack (BBC, 2024a). In September 2024, the media reported that the pagers exploded while Hezbollah members were using them, causing fatalities. Further, hand-held radios used by the Hezbollah have also exploded (BBC, 2024b). Daily reports from Ukraine show casualties and sophisticated forms of drone warfare causing increasing damage. In Zaporizhzhia, 22 such drones were counted in only one night, while the Russian side reported 125 Ukrainian drones (Reuters, 2024). One of the important factors in warfare is certainly the hybrid warfare taking place in cyberspace. This type of warfare is not new. According to Štrucl (2022), it has been in use for a long time. It has, however, reached its greatest proportions in the period before the Russian military attack on Ukraine and is still developing intensively. Modern warfare thus uses not only classical forms of warfare with the latest weapons and equipment (Šlebir, 2022), but also entirely new ways of harming the enemy as much as possible. In doing so, those fighting the battle are working hard to minimizethe direct involvement of human resources, which they are trying to replace with various devices and links between them. Lessons learned encourage us to respond appropriately to modern warfare. Not only in the sense of being prepared for such and similar innovations, but also to have the right strategic edge in the modern theatre of war. How to gain the edge is the focus of Mario Draghi’s report, which, in order to make Europe more competitive, focuses on the entirely new European environment in which it finds itself, on the importance of closing its innovation gap, on its common decarbonisation and its competitive agenda, on its increased security and reduced dependence on others, on its increased financial investment and on its strengthened governance. Within these themes, it also focuses on the importance of strengthening Europe’s defence industry, without which its security and defence cannot be guaranteed (Draghi, 2024). One of the important factors in ensuring Europe’s security is European mobility, an area where Fiott (2024) believes we should focus more on the logistical aspect. Advances in this area, in his view, can make a significant contribution to the advantages of modern warfare. Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges 7 2 MODERN WARFARE FROM THE AUTHORS’ PERSPECTIVE Chinedu Simplicius Udeh in his article Nigerian military and counter-insurgency operations in North-East Nigeria: an assessment provides an analysis of the Nigerian Armed Forces’ long-standing operations against terrorist and insurgent groups such as Boko Haram and the West African Province of the Islamic State. The paper is based on document analysis and field research. The article Airspace Master - A Winner by Matic Baliž and Vladimir Prebilič is based on the premise that airspace mastery is a prerequisite for winning a war, as it allows military tasks to be carried out with greater freedom and efficiency. During the Russian offensive on Ukraine, there was an expectation that Russia would secure air superiority, but this did not happen, which had a significant impact on the course of the war in Ukraine. Balancing the requirements of military readiness and environmental protection is key to the successful management of the environmental aspect of civil-military relations. In the paper titled The environmental aspect of civil-military relations: opportunities and challenges for the Slovenian Armed Forces, Silvo Grčar, Andrej Sotlar and Katja Eman explore the views of SAF unit commanders. These reflect a positive ecological attitude, objectively perceiving certain impacts of military activities on the environment. World champions in training: Germany’s difficult relationship with its military special operations forces is an article by Anna M. Gielas, which examines examples of far-right extremism in the German Army’s Special Forces Command that have been making international headlines for several years. The public outrage in Germany and the demand for change have provided an opportunity to restructure not only these, but all German military special operations forces. On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas launched a major joint offensive against Israel. In parallel with the kinetic attacks, various cyber threat actors attributed to Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran and Russia launched cyber attacks against Israeli IT systems in the commercial, industrial and government sectors. Tal Pavel analyses cyber-attacks and Israeli counter-measures in the field of cyber-security in his article Avoiding a “Digital 7 October”: a study on cyberwarfare against Israel during the October 2023 war. Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges MODERN WARFARE 8 Sodobni vojaški izzivi/Contemporary Military Challenges 1. BBC, 2024a. Makiivka: Russia blames missile attack on soldiers‘ mobile phone use. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64159045 (Accessed on 30 September 2024). 2. BBC, 2024b. What we know about the Hezbollah device explosions. https://www.bbc.com/ news/articles/cz04m913m49o (Accessed on 30 September 2024). 3. Besenyő, J., and Málnássy, A., 2024. Geopolitical Dimension of Libyan Drone Warfare: The Use of Turkish Drones on the North African Battlefields. Obrana a strategie 24, no. 1: 03-17, https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.24.2024.01.003-017 (Accessed on 1 October 2024). 4. Draghi, M., 2024. The future of European Competitiveness. https://commission.europa. eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness%20_%20A%20competitiveness%20stra- tegy%20for%20Europe.pdf (Accessed on 30 September 2024). 5. Fiott, D., 2024. Keep it Moving: From Mobility to Logistics in European Defence. https:// csds.vub.be/publication/keep-it-moving-from-mobility-to-logistics-in-european-defence/ (Accessed on 30 September 2024). 6. Reuters, 2024, Russia downs 125 Ukrainian drones, residential apartment hit in Voronezh, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-downs-125-ukrainian-drones-residential-a- partment-hit-voronezh-2024-09-29/ (Accessed on 29 September 2024). 7. Šlebir, M., 2022. Centre of gravity: from theoretical baseline to the practical application of the concept. Contemporary Military Challenges, volume 24, issue 1 May, https://doi. org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.24.1.1 (Accessed on 1 October 2024). 8. Štrucl, D., 2022. Russian aggression on Ukraine: cyber operations and the influen- ce of cyberspace on modern warfare. Contemporary military challenges, https://doi. org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.24.2.6 (Accessed on 1 October 2024). 9. UN, 2004. General Assembly mulls over resolution demanding end of israel’s oc- cupation of Palestinian land within 12 Months. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&- source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/ga12625.doc. htm&ved=2ahUKEwiM6tCe6fGIAxW_xgIHHQbnJAMQFnoECBMQAQ&usg=AOv- Vaw2ww1bmO0Z4X9gO5Gm9CJIS (Accessed on 1 October 2024). email: liliana.brozic@mors.si ORCID: 0000-0002-0508-2477 References Liliana Brožič