HACQUETIA 11/2 • 2012, 227-248 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-012-0011-4 FEStUCO-BROMEtEA in western Bulgaria with an emphasis on CIRSIO-BRACHTPODION PINNAtI Kiril VASSILEV1, Iva APOSTOLOVA1 & Hristo PEDASHENKO1 Abstract A total of 546 relevés collected in western Bulgaria and referred to Festuco-Brometea were classified into the alliances Festucion valesiacae, Saturejion montanae, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Chrysopogono-Danthonion caly-cinae. All relevés assigned to alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati were further classified towards lower level which resulted in the description of a new association - Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae and two new subassociations added to ass. Galio lovcense-Artemisietum chamaemelifoliae. Both associations were ecologically well differentiated on the basis of soil parameters (pH and humus content) as well as some additional factors (exposition, land use, etc.). Key words: Balkans, dry grasslands, syntaxonomy, vegetation. Izvleček V zahodni Bolgariji smo naredili 546 vegetacijskih popisov, ki jih uvrščamo v razred Festuco-Brometea in dalje v zveze Festucion valesiacae, Saturejion montanae, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati in Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae. Vse popise, ki smo jih uvrstili v zvezo Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati smo členili na nižje sintaksonomske enote. Opisali smo novo asociacijo - Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae in dodali dve novi subasociaciji k asociaciji Galio lovcense-Artemisietum chamaemelifoliae. Obe asociaciji sta ekološko jasno ločeni na podlagi talnih parametrov (pH in vsebnost humusa) in nekaterih dodatnih dejavnikov (ekspozicija, raba tal, itd.). Ključne besede: Balkan, suha travišča, sintaksonomija, vegetacija. 1. INTRODUCTION The alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati has been described from Central Europe (Klika 1951) within the class Festuco-Brometea. It represents xe-ro-mesophytic grassland communities, occurring in continental and sub-continental parts of Central and Eastern Europe. So far it is reported to be present in Germany (Korneck 1974, Oberdorfer & Kornek 1993, Schubert et al. 2001, Röder et al. 2006), Czech Republic (Chytry & Tichy 2003, Chytry et al. 2007), Slovakia (Fiedler 1985, Michâlkovâ & Sibik 2006, Jarolimek & Sibik 2008, Skodova & Janisovâ 2008, Janisovâ et al. 2010), Poland (Stachurski et al. 2007, Jermaczek-Sitak 2008, 2009), Austria (Kuyper et al. 1978, Muci-na & Kolbek 1993), Hungary (Soo 1980, Kovâcs 1994, Kovâcs 1995, Borhidi 1996, 2003), Ukraine (Goncharenko & Diduhkh 2003, Didukh & Ko-rotchenko 2003, Solomaha 2008) and Lithuania (Korotkov et al. 1991). It is known that the alliance borders Bulgaria to the North and West. For Romania it was mentioned in several studies indicating that its distribution is limited to the mountain and sub-mountain regions (Ratiu et al. 1966, Gergely 1970, Cristea & Csürös 1976, §uteu 1979, Pop et al. 1988, Sanda et al. 1998, 1999, 2008, Kovâcs 2001, Drâgulesku 2004, Kovâcs 2004). The alliance has not been recognized by researchers in former Yugoslavia (cf. Horvat et al. 1974) but recently some data about its distribution in the mountain regions of Western Balkans were provided by Redzic (1999) and for Croatia by Trinajstic (2008). 1 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Street, Bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail: kiril5914@abv.bg, iva@bio.bas.bg, pedashenko@yahoo.com A characteristic common feature of Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati communities is the dominance of Brachypodium pinnatum. This species has wide ecological amplitude and takes part in the composition of different associations, but its distribution optimum is within Cirsio-Brachypodi-on pinnati. In Central Europe, the species often forms common stands with Bromus erectus, whose distribution is associated with Bromion erecti alliance. Heading eastwards, with increasing con-tinentality, the occurrence of Bromus erectus in grasslands decreases. In xero-mesophytic Panno-nian communities, dominated by Brachypodium pinnatum, the species Bromus erectus is missing (Illyes et al. 2007). According to Viragh & Bar-tha (1998), communities formed by Brachypodium pinnatum in Hungary represent different stages of succession between forest and steppe vegetation. So far a comprehensive study of Festuco-Brom-etea in Bulgaria has not been conducted. Tzonev et al. (2009) provided an overview on published syntaxa within the class, but the alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati has not been included. Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati was confirmed in Bulgaria and was recently represented by a new association Galio lovcense-Artemisietum chamaemel-ifoliae, located in a very restricted region in western Bulgaria (Pedashenko et al. 2010). Our recent study revealed a much broader distribution of this alliance in central part of western Bulgaria. The aim of the present study was to review the diversity of alliances within Festuco-Brome-tea in western Bulgaria with special attention to Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati. The studied region is diverse in terms of climate, orography and soil types that determine significant biodiversity. It is much more pronounced regarding dry grasslands as compared to the mesic ones (see also Velev et al. 2010). Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati vegetation has intermediate position between very dry and mesophytic plant communities. It is economically important because it can be managed both as pastures and meadows. 2. MATERIAL & METHODS 2.1 Study Area The study area occupies sub-mountain and mountain regions in the central part of western Bulgaria (Figure 1). Altitude ranges between 1100 and 1450 m. According to Bulgarian climatic division (Velev 2002), it falls into Temperate-Continental region, which is characterized by warm summer and cold winter and by high annual amplitude of air temperature. The average January temperature varies between 0 °C to -4 °C, while the average temperature in July various between 18 to 20 °C (Nikolova 2002). The average annual precipitation is 500-900 mm, but locally the annual amount of rainfall exceeds 1000 mm (Mateeva 2002). Bedrock types are predominantly limestone and dolomite. 2.2 Field Sampling A set of 546 relevés were sampled during 20072010 following the Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet 1965; Westhoff & van der Maa-rel 1973). The plot size was 16 m2, as recommended for grassland communities (Chytry & Otyp-kovâ 2003). A total of 399 soil samples were collected from relevé stands and were analysed for pH and humus. Soil samples were taken from all corners and the centre of the plot at a depth of 0-10 cm. The samples were air-dried before further analyses (ISO 11464: 1994). pH was measured in water solution with 1 : 5 soil/water ratio and pH-meter Jenway3310 (ISO 10390: 2005). Humus was determined according to the modified Turin method (Kononova 1966). All analyses were performed at the Analytical Laboratory of Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Altitude, slope inclination and location were measured by Garmin eTrex Vista whereas the exposition was determined by a compass. Soil depth was estimated as (1) shallow (<10 cm depth), (2) moderately deep (10-20 cm) or (3) deep (>20 cm). Special attention was paid to recording of grazing as a prevailing management for sampled vegetation. It was marked by presence/absence. 2.3 Data Analysis All analyses were carried out in JUICE 7.0 software (Tichy 2002). Modified TWINSPAN (Role-cek et al. 2009) was applied for clustering the total number of sampled relevés and for analysis of alliance heterogeneity. The diagnostic species were calculated by Phi-coefficient (Chytry et al. 2002). Figure 1: Map of study area. Sampled locations of the vegetation are shown related to alliance level. Slika 1: Zemljevid obravnavanega območja. Lokacije vegetacijskih popisov so prikazane na nivoju zvez. Two values were given for each species in the synoptic table: "Fidelity" expressed by the Phi-coefficient and "Constancy" expressed in percentage. All relevé groups were standardized to equal size (Chytry et al. 2006). Only statistically significant values of Phi-coefficients evaluated with Fisher's exact test (P<0.05) are given in the synoptic table. The threshold value for a species to be considered as diagnostic was set up at a Phi-coefficient > 0.3 (multiplied by 100). Species with Phi-coefficient > 0.5 are considered highly diagnostic. All species in synoptic tables were ordered by decreasing value of fidelity. Only accompanying species with constancy >20% are shown. The diagnostic role of the species was also considered on the basis of available literature sources. Quality of the classified syntaxa were tested by Sharpness and Uniqueness indexes. Their values highlight the well-defined and poorly defined vegetation units, taking into account the diagnostic species (Chytry & Tichy 2003). Species with coverage above 50% at least in 5% of the relevés in any cluster were considered as dominants, whereas constant species were those having at least 50% of the presence in a cluster. For the relevés containing heterogeneous group of diagnostic species and which did not fulfil cluster definition criteria, the Positive Frequency - Fidelity Index (Tichy 2002) was applied for assignment to one of the defined vegetation units. Five relevés which were transitional among Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Festucion valesiacae and Saturejion montanae were excluded from the further analyses. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used as indirect ordination technique through the CANOCO software package (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002) to reveal the major environmental gradients determining vegetation distribution. Square root transformation and downweighting or rare species were performed. 2.4 Nomenclature The nomenclature of vascular plants followed Delipavlov & Cheshmedzhiev (2003) and the nomenclature of the bryophytes followed Ganeva & Dull (2009) and Natcheva & Ganeva (2005). The floristic elements were set up according Assyov & Petrova (2002), while the life forms were assessed on the basis of data about the biological type of the species, according to Kozhuharov (1992). The following abbreviations for the syntaxa were used in the text and figures: Chry-Dant -Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae, Cirs-Brach -Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Fest Val - Festucion va-lesiacae, Sat Mont - Saturejion montanae, GalLov-ArtCha centauretosum - Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae centauretosum, GalLov-ArtCha ty-picum - Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae typicum, HiePil-FesDal - Hieracio pilosellae-Festuce-tum dalmaticae. SAMPLES + Chry-Dant □ Cirs-Brach O Fest Val Sat Mont 3. RESULTS ENV. VARIABLES All relevés referred to Festuco-Brometea were classified into alliance level. The alliances Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae, Festucion valesiacae and Saturejion montanae were well distinguished floristically and ecologically (Table 1, Figure 2). The alliances Festucion valesiacae and Sature-jion montanae were typically found within undulating, dryer and warmer habitats of the study area, where the annual amount of precipitation has lower values (Figure 1). Vegetation of both alliances was represented by dry grasslands, dominated by narrow leaved tussock-forming grasses (e.g. species of the genera Festuca, Stipa, Koeleria and Poa). Festucion valesiacae is developed mainly on northern and western slopes with slight inclination, at lower altitude, near villages, as compared to Saturejion montanae which was sampled mostly on southern remote slopes distant from settlements (Figure 2). Festucion valesiacae communities were found on limestone or dolomite, on moderately deep soils, with high content of skeletal material. The soil acidity value varies from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (Figure 3 a, b). These communities are rich of steppe elements (e.g. Festuca vale-siaca, Stipa capillata, Stipa eriocaulis). They have a closed horizontal structure and are currently used actively as pastures. Figure 2: Biplot diagram of DCA at alliance level of class Fes-tuco-Brometea. AL - Altitude, GR - Grazed plots, SL - Slope, S - South, W - West, N - North, SE - Southeast, SW - Southwest, NW - Northwest, E - East, LIM - Limestone, DOL -Dolomite. Eigenvalues: Axis 1 - 0.406, Axis 2 - 0.294. Slika 2: Dvorazsežnostni DCA diagram zvez razreda Fes-tuco-Brometea. AL - nadmorska višina, GR - pašene ploskve, SL - naklon, S - jug, W - zahod, N - sever, SE - jugovzhod, SW - jugozahod, NW - severozahod, E - vzhod, LIM - apnenec, DOL - dolomit. Lastne vrednosti: Os 1 - 0.406, Os 2 -0.294. Saturejion montanae communities were registered only on limestone. The soils were shallow, with frequent carbonate rocky outcrops, which determined the alkaline soil reaction (Figure 3 a, b). Many Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species (e.g. species of the genera Satureja, Thymus, Teucrium, Astragalus) were present in the more termophillous communities of Saturejion montanae. They usually form an open horizontal structure due to the abundance of rocky outcrops. The economical value of this vegetation was low and most of them are abandoned pastures. Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae were considered as transitional vegetation types towards mesic grasslands. Both alliances were locally distributed in the mountain and sub-mountain part of the study region, where higher annual and monthly pre- pH pH Cirsio-Brachipodion Festucion valesiacae Galio lovcense- Hieracio pilosello- Chrysopogoni-Danthonion Saturejion monanae Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae Festucetum dalmaticae Humus content Humus content Cirsio-Brachipodion Festucion valesiacae Galio lovcense- Hieracio pilosello- Chrysopogoni-Danthonion Saturejion monanae Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae Festucetum dalmaticae Figure 3: Box and Whiskers diagrams of pH and Humus content for alliances in class Festuco-Brometea (a-c) and associations in alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion (d-f) where the upper and lower edges of boxes represent the mean ± SE, the points within the boxes are the mean values and the upper and lower whiskers the mean ± 1.96*SE. a) Differences were significant between Cirs-Brach (M = 5.9, SD = 0.8) and Fest Val (M = 6.3, SD = 0.6); t(181) = -4.7, p<0.001, Cirs-Brach and Sat Mont (M = 6.7, SD = 1.2); t(195) = -5.6, p<0.001, Fest Val and Sat Mont; t(224) = -3.1, p<0.005. b) There were significant differences between Cirs-Brach (M = 11.6, SD = 5.9) and Chry-Dant (M = 5.3, SD = 1.9); t(89) = 2.1, p<0.05, Cirs-Brach and Fest Val (M = 7.4, SD = 4.8); t(154) = 4.7, p<0.001, Cirs-Brach and Sat Mont (M = 14.1, SD = 5.9); t(179) = -2.9, p<0.05, Chry-Dant and Sat Mont; t(96) = -3.0, p<0.05, Fest Val and Sat Mont; t(161) = -7.7, p<0.001. c-d) Differences were significant between associations GalLov-ArtCha for pH (M = 5.3, SD = 0.61) and Humus (M = 13.2, SD = 6.9) and HiePil-FesDal (M = 6.4, SD = 0.54); t(75) = -8.2, p<0.001, (M = 10.4, SD = 4.9); t(85) = 2.2, p<0.05. Slika 3: Škatle z ročaji za pH in vsebnost humusa za zveze razreda Festuco-Brometea (a-c) in asociacije zveze Cirsio-Brachypodi-on (d-f). Zgornji in spodnji rob škate predstavlja povprečje ± SE, točke v škatlah so povprečne vrednosti, ročaji pa predstavljajo povprečje ± 1.96*SE. a) Razlike so bile značilne med Cirs-Brach (M = 5.9, SD = 0.8) in Fest Val (M = 6.3, SD = 0.6); t(181) = -4.7, p<0.001, Cirs-Brach in Sat Mont (M = 6.7, SD = 1.2); t(195) = -5.6, p<0.001, Fest Val in Sat Mont; t(224) = -3.1, p<0.005. b) Razlike so bile značilne med Cirs-Brach (M = 11.6, SD = 5.9) in Chry-Dant (M = 5.3, SD = 1.9); t(89) = 2.1, p<0.05, Cirs-Brach in Fest Val (M = 7.4, SD = 4.8); t(154) = 4.7, p<0.001, Cirs-Brach in Sat Mont (M = 14.1, SD = 5.9); t(179) = -2.9, p<0.05, Chry-Dant in Sat Mont; t(96) = -3.0, p<0.05, Fest Val in Sat Mont; t(161) = -7.7, p<0.001. c-d) Razlike so bile statistično značilne med asociacijami GalLov-ArtCha za pH (M = 5.3, SD = 0.61) in humus (M = 13.2, SD = 6.9) in HiePil-FesDal (M = 6.4, SD = 0.54); t(75) = -8.2, p<0.001, (M = 10.4, SD = 4.9); t(85) = 2.2, p<0.05. cipitations are typical (Figure 1). Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae is endemic alliance for the Balkans, characteristic for siliceous bedrock. The study area is geologically diverse and geological features vary significantly within a small area. this is the reason why surveyed communities develop on limestone mixed with silicate patches. this vegetation type is rich in many Balkan species (e.g. Sesleria latifolia, Bromus moesiacus, etc.). Dominants are Danthonia alpina, Chrysopogon gryl-lus, Agrostis capillaris. However, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati includes many Central European species (e.g. Brachypodiumpinnatum, Trifolium alpestre, Polygala major, etc.) that retain a strong presence as good character species for the alliance within the Balkans. The vegetation of these two alliances has been used for grazing in the past. Today the pastures are grazed at low intensity or are abandoned. A subset of 122 relevés (including relevés of Pedashenko et al. 2010), which were classified to alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, was used for the subsequent analysis. We confirmed the association Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelfoliae Pedashenko et al. 2010 and described Hieracio pi-losellae-Festucetum dalmaticae as new associaion according to TWINSPAN clustering (Table 2, 3) and SAMPLES + GalLov-ArtCha □ HiePil-FesDal ENV. VARIABLES Figure 4: Biplot diagram of DCA for associations. Abbreviations are same as on the Figure 2 excluding AH - Average Height and TC - Total Cover. Slika 4: Dvorazsežnostni diagram DCA. Okrajšave so enake kot pri sliki 2 razen AH - povprečna višina in TC - skupna pokrovnost. DCA ordination (Figure 4). The associations had high Uniqueness value which proved their distinct character. The sharpness indexes showed similar number that was a result of species congruence. 3.1 Ass. Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae Pedashenko et al. 2010 Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae typi- cum subass. nova hoc loco Holotypus Table 1, relevé 25 (Pedashenko et al. 2010) Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae cen- tauretosum triumfetti subass. nova hoc loco (Holotypus Table 3, relevé 36) Character species for the association: see Table 3. Differential species for subassociation centau- retosum triumfetti: see Table 3, Figure 5. Constant species of association: Asperula cyn-anchica Thymus longicaulis, Briza media, Teucri-um chamaedrys, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus riparius, Scabiosa columbaria, Sanguisorba minor, Hypericum linarioides. Dominant species of association: Artemisia cha-maemelifolia, Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca paniculata, Festuca rubra, Sesleria latifolia, Stipa pennata. Total cover: from 80% to 100% Altitude range: from 1115 to 1439 m. Basic rock: limestone and dolomite soil pH range: from 4.49 to 6.86, average 5.29 Humus range: from 1.45 to 36, average 13.21 The subassociation Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae typicum is distributed in the inland territories of Ponor Mt., at south-western or south-eastern slopes as well as on plane areas. The communities are maintained as pastures. soils are slightly acidic with pronounced humus content (Figure 3 c, d). The subassociation Centauretosum triumfetti could be considered as transitional vegetation type because it is developed at the transition between Festuco-Brometea and Trifolio-Geranietea. Besides typical diagnostic species for Festuco-Bro-metea there were also abundant Thalictrum minus and Geranium sanguineum that are diagnostic for Trifolio-Geranietea. These communities are long time abandoned pastures and the successional processes leading to shrub and forest vegetation are more advanced. Figure 5 (Slika 5): Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae centauretosum triumfetti subass. nova. 3.2 Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum DALMATicAE ASS. NOVA HOC LOCO Holotypus Table 3, relevé 52 Character species: see Table 3, Figure 6. Constant species: Thymus longicaulis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Sanguisorba minor, Asperula cyn-anchica, Plantago media, Briza media, Scabiosa columbaria, Plantago lanceolata, Hypericum linarioides, Fragaria viridis, Filipendula vulgaris. Dominant species: Corothamnus procumbens. Total cover: from 50% to 100% Altitude range: from 718 to 1399 m. Basic rock: limestone and dolomite. soil pH range: from 4.8 to 7.02, average 6.37 Humus range: from 2.05 to 21.01, average 10.40 This association has wider distribution in the studied area than Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae. It occupies the area of West Balkan Mts (Ponor Mt.), in vicinity of Ravna village (close to the town of Godech), Chepan Mt. (close to the town of Dragoman), Lyubash Mt., Ruy Mt. and Erul Mt. The vegetation is not very dense because of the presence of bare rock and soil which shares up to 50% of the sample plots. The cryptograms are represented by 3-4% of the total cover. At the same time, the sampled communities are floristi-cally rich and comprise in total of 273 vascular plants. The species number per relevé varies between 24 and 53 (average 35). The height of the herbs in different plots is 8-40 cm while the average for the association is 27 cm. These communities are situated mostly on western or northern slopes (up to 25° inclination) and only occasionally on plane areas. Soils here are shallower and have higher content of skeletal material as well as higher pH and lower humus content compared to the Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae association stands (Figure 3 c, d). The continental character of the vegetation is demonstrated by presence of Euro-Mediterranean (23%), Euro-Asiatic (22%), sub-Mediterranean (13%) and Central European (8%) floristic elements. Relatively high presence of Boreal species (11%) is conditioned by the topography of the Figure 6 (Slika 6): Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae ass. nova. region. Some regional pattern is evident by the presence of Balkan floristic elements (8%). The prevalence of hemicriptophytes (H - 73%), followed by therophytes (T - 15%) is typical for the regional climate. Chamaephytes (Ch), biannu-als (Bi) and geophytes (G) are presented by 6%, 4% and 3% respectively. The new association is considered to be transitional vegetation between xero-mesophytic Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and xerothermic Fes-tucion valesiacae and Saturejion montanae. This is the reason why some character species are trans-gressive towards Festucion valesiacae (e.g. Achillea setacea, Medicago falcata) or towards Saturejion montanae (e.g. Leontodon crispus). The high presence of Sesleria latifolia and Coro-thamnus procumbens, which were dominants in several locations, was a reason for distinguishing of two facieses. Both facieses were localized on the northern slopes of Ponor Mt. Sesleria latifolia facies was recognized also in Galio lovcense-Arte-misetum chamaemelifoliae association (Table 3). The studied associations are well separated in the ordination space (Figure 4). The first axis (eigenvalue 0.341) is related to the management. At present, the Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae communities are extensively used as pastures, whereas communities of Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae are mainly abandoned pastures. The variability expressed by the Second axis (eigenvalue 0.159) is not significant. Both associations are distributed at similar altitude. Differences in humus content and pH between associations are determined by the deeper soils developed in locations of Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae communities. The stands of the ass. Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae are often characterized by shallow soils and higher presence of skeletal component resulting in more alkaline soil reaction. 4. DISCUSSION The diversity of orographic, climatic and ecological features existing in the study region has determined a significant variety of vegetation types, but the dry grasslands are the most widespread. They are of secondary origin and substitute natural forest vegetation characteristic for the region (Bondev 1991). Historical changes have resulted in large territories being used for agriculture. Remnants of semi-natural vegetation still occur on the hills and sub-mountain regions which are not suitable for plowing. The distribution of Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati in western Bulgaria and particularly in the studied region is determined primarily by high annual precipitation. It is also connected with the mountain landscape and its climate. Towards South and East directions the altitude and precipitation decrease and the vegetation changes towards more xerophytic alliances Saturejion montanae and Festucion valesiacae. It could be assumed that on Balkan Peninsula Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati reaches its southeastern boundary within the studied region. Eastwards it becomes replaced by vegetation types rich in steppe elements. Regarding the water regime, the vegetation of Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati is ecologically similar to the Balkan alliance Chrysopogono-Danthonion calyci-nae. The major difference between these alliances is that Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati is distributed on carbonate rocks, while Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae communities are characteristic for siliceous terrains (Rodwell et al. 2002). However, in some cases, the thick soil cover insulates the influence of basic rock and we registered Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae stands on carbonates as well. According to some authors (Mucina & Kol-bek 1993) Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati could be regarded as sub-continental vicariant of the al- liance Bromion erecti. Bromion erecti develops in the Atlantic part of the continent, in some colder habitats and its composition involves large number of Atlantic species (Illyes et al. 2007). In contrast, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati is widespread in mainland Europe and the composition of its communities is gaining less sub-Mediterranean but more steppe species as compared to Bromion erecti, especially in the Pannonian basin (Royer 1991, Mucina & Kolbek 1993, Borhidi 2003). Oberdorfer & Korneck (1993) subordinate Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati to Festucetalia valesia-cae. It is described by the authors as "sub-continental xero-mesophytic grasslands", but presumably with significant presence of continental and steppe plant species. Mucina & Kolbek (1993) include this alliance within Brometalia erecti. This also characterises the alliance as "subcontinental" unlike Bromion erecti, which is sub-Mediterranean and sub-Atlantic vegetation type. Both alliances share many common species. Many Serbian researchers have classified Bromion erecti associations as floristically close to Cirsio-Brachy-podion pinnati, for example Brometum erecti association, reported within the areas of serbian part of Stara Planina Mt. and Kapaonik Mt. (Pavlovic 1955, Mišic et al. 1978, Kojic et al. 1998). Further comparative studies are needed to review both alliances within the Balkans. Dengler et al. (2003) support the decision to combine the mesophytic basiphilous syntaxa of Bromion erecti and Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati within Brachypodietalia pinnati order. In our opinion such classification scheme well describes the xero-mesophytic vegetation of Festuco-Brometea class in the Balkans, where sub-continental, sub-Mediterranean and steppe elements are mixed. The majority of the studied communities have a secondary origin and substitute Quercus dale-shampii, Quercus cerris, Fagus sylvatica and Carpi-nus betulus forests (Tonkov & Bozhilova 1992, Bohn et al. 2004). The presence of some relic species as Artemisia chamaemelifolia leads to the assumption of primary origin of some of the grasslands as mentioned by Mucina & Kolbek (1993). Communities of Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati in Bulgaria contain species of conservation value on a national and international level, such as Chamaecytisus calcareous, Echium russicum, Sesleria latifolia, Lilium jankae, Lilium martagon, Thesium linophyllon, Tragopogon balcanicus, Silene roemeri. For this reason it is important to give special attention in protecting these communities through appropriate conservation recommendations and management plans Most of the sampled localities are within the NATURA 2000 network and partly represent habitat "6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)". The most serious threats for the studied vegetation are the plowing of grasslands and shrub expansion. Maintenance and supporting of traditional land use could be a relevant tool to ensure the continuation of these favourable conditions as it is generally known to be beneficial to the values of conservation. Vassilev et al. (2011) recommended extensive grazing with sheep density >0.15 ha-1 animal units for semi-natural grasslands in the region as advised by the National Standard 4.1 for maintaining the land in good agricultural and ecological condition (Anonymous 2007). 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A part of this study was funded by the project "Conservation of globally important biodiversity in high nature value seminatural grasslands through support for the traditional local economy'' (UNDP project No. 43595 and GEF ID 2730), co-ordinated by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria. 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Junk, The Hague, pp. 287-399. Received 21. 2. 2012 Revision received 31. 7. 2012 Accepted 3. 8. 2012 Tabela 1: Synoptic table of class Festuco-Brometea. The species are represented by two indicators: Fidelity measure, expressed by the Phi-coefficient (Chytry & al. 2002) and Constancy, expressed in percentages. Highly diagnostic species are mark in dark green, whereas diagnostic species are green. Table 1: Sinoptična tabela razreda Festuco-Brometea. Vrste so predstavljene z dvema vrednostima: mero navezanosti (fi-koeficient (Chytry & al. 2002)) in stalnostjo v odstotkih. Vrste z visoko diagnostično vrednostjo so označene s temno zeleno, diagnostične pa z zeleno. Number of cluster Number of relevés Average species number per relevé Fidelity / Constancy 1 2 3 Phi 4 178 31 C 11 122 236 34 36 28 Phi C Phi C Phi C Ch. species of All. Chrysopogono-Danthonion Danthonia alpina 72 73 --- 10 --- 3 --- 1 Briza media 72 100 18 55 --- 2 --- 1 Carex tomentosa 53 36 --- 1 --- 1 --- 0 Agrostis capillaris 52 55 3 21 --- 1 --- 0 Linum catharticum 50 64 10 33 --- 4 --- 2 Chrysopogon gryllus 48 45 --- 1 --- 9 --- 6 Leucanthemum vulgare 45 45 2 18 --- 3 --- 0 Agrimonia eupatoria 44 45 --- 5 --- 15 --- 2 Trifolium montanum 43 45 6 21 --- 2 --- 0 Rhinanthus rumelicus 38 27 --- 0 --- 7 --- 0 Ch. species of All. Cirsio-Brachypodion Thymus longicaulis --- 9 71 71 --- 2 --- 3 Brachypodium pinnatum --- 9 62 64 --- 5 --- 4 Hypericum linarioides --- 0 58 43 --- 1 --- 1 Asperula cynanchica --- 9 57 77 --- 14 --- 25 Scabiosa columbaria --- 9 51 52 --- 6 --- 6 Bromus riparius --- 9 47 44 --- 2 --- 4 Veronica austriaca s. jacquinii --- 9 43 49 --- 6 --- 15 Primula veris --- 9 41 34 --- 1 --- 2 Sesleria latifolia --- 0 40 28 --- 0 --- 7 Trifolium alpestre --- 36 39 60 --- 8 --- 12 Plantago media --- 36 36 54 --- 13 --- 2 Polygala major --- 0 33 20 --- 4 --- 1 Carlina vulgaris --- 0 33 21 --- 5 --- 1 Artemisia chamaemelifolia --- 9 33 24 --- 0 --- 0 Ch. species of All. Festucion valesiacae Astragalus onobrychis --- 0 --- 2 50 66 --- 42 Festuca valesiaca --- 0 --- 11 44 44 --- 9 Eryngium campestre --- 36 --- 33 34 81 --- 57 Poa angustifolia --- 18 --- 10 33 44 --- 12 Chondrilla juncea --- 0 --- 0 32 14 --- 0 Ch. species of All. Saturejion montanae Artemisia alba --- 0 --- 2 --- 3 67 60 Satureja montana s. kitaibelii --- 0 --- 3 --- 6 56 48 Thymus striatus --- 0 --- 0 --- 5 55 43 Agropyron cristatum --- 0 --- 0 --- 3 47 31 Stipa eriocaulis --- 0 --- 0 --- 11 47 40 Melica ciliata --- 0 --- 1 --- 9 45 37 Hypericum rumeliacum --- 9 --- 2 --- 18 43 49 Number of relevés 11 122 236 178 Hyacintella leucophaea --- 0 --- 7 --- 3 43 34 Astragalus wilmottianus --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 32 13 Helianthemum nummularium --- 18 --- 7 --- 5 32 38 Amygdalus nana --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 30 12 Ch. species of cl. Festuco-Brometea Festuca dalmatica --- 45 16 66 --- 32 17 67 Teucrium chamaedrys --- 27 --- 72 --- 69 --- 69 Leontodon crispus --- 45 --- 45 --- 52 --- 57 Galium verum 24 64 15 56 --- 35 --- 17 Euphorbia cyparissias --- 18 14 46 --- 33 --- 41 Koeleria nitidula --- 45 --- 5 6 39 15 46 Potentilla cinerea --- 0 38 63 --- 13 26 53 Sanguisorba minor --- 55 13 57 5 50 --- 21 Filipendula vulgaris 46 82 31 69 --- 8 --- 12 Thymus callieri --- 64 --- 6 31 68 --- 28 Carex caryophyllea --- 36 17 44 --- 18 --- 23 Asperula purpurea --- 0 28 42 --- 15 13 31 Fragaria viridis --- 18 32 43 --- 15 --- 7 Achillea setacea --- 18 32 40 --- 13 --- 2 Polygala vulgaris 58 45 --- 4 --- 1 --- 0 Hieracium pilosella --- 18 33 45 --- 21 --- 2 Hieracium praealtum s. bauchinii 34 45 --- 14 --- 20 --- 6 Achillea millefolium --- 45 --- 21 12 35 --- 3 Dorycnium herbaceum 27 45 2 27 --- 21 --- 7 Medicago falcata --- 0 --- 28 27 45 --- 26 Muscari neglectum --- 9 --- 7 --- 3 30 28 Dichantium ischaemum --- 0 --- 3 --- 23 25 29 Allium sphaerocephalon --- 0 --- 1 --- 4 28 16 Trinia glauca --- 18 --- 10 --- 3 17 24 Onobrychis arenaria --- 0 --- 25 --- 14 15 26 Stipa capillata --- 0 --- 1 --- 5 15 8 Anthylis vulneraria --- 18 13 29 --- 8 6 24 Seseli peucedanoides --- 9 21 27 --- 3 5 17 Hypericum perforatum --- 27 20 36 --- 16 --- 9 Medicago lupulina --- 27 5 20 --- 15 --- 4 Festuca pseudodalmatica --- 9 --- 4 --- 4 --- 4 Avenula compressa 30 27 --- 3 0 11 --- 2 Centaurea stoebe --- 18 10 27 12 28 --- 7 Potentilla argentea --- 27 --- 6 12 21 --- 1 Hieracium hoppeanum --- 9 --- 1 8 8 --- 2 Euphrasia pectinata --- 27 11 24 --- 13 --- 3 Cerastium banaticum --- 9 30 34 --- 3 --- 16 Carex humilis --- 0 15 21 --- 2 27 28 Orchis morio 42 27 --- 2 --- 2 --- 0 Koeleria macrantha --- 9 39 31 --- 1 --- 1 Pimpinella tragium --- 0 34 31 --- 4 --- 13 Rhodax canus --- 9 --- 0 --- 6 30 26 Other species Sideritis montana --- 0 --- 20 --- 22 40 53 Teucrium polium --- 0 --- 1 --- 18 38 37 Sedum acre --- 0 --- 4 --- 14 36 34 240 Number of relevés 11 122 236 178 Minuartia hybrida --- 0 --- 6 — 8 2l 23 Medicago minima --- o --- 1 23 3o 25 31 Arenaria serpyllifolia --- o --- 7 --- 16 23 25 Trifolium aureum --- o --- 4 35 23 --- 2 Anthoxanthum odoratum 68 91 --- 31 --- 13 --- 3 Festuca nigrescens 47 27 --- o --- o --- o Stachys officinalis 46 45 4 19 --- o --- 1 Scorzonera hispanica 41 27 --- 3 --- o --- 2 Minuartia viscosa --- o 47 3o --- 1 --- 1 Carlina acanthifolia --- 9 44 56 --- 22 --- 7 Chamaecytisus calcareus --- 9 33 26 --- 1 --- 1 Chamaespartium sagittale 23 36 33 43 --- 2 --- 1 Festuca rubra --- 9 31 23 --- 1 --- o Euphorbia niciciana --- 9 --- 2 --- 8 29 28 Lotus corniculatus 32 55 13 39 --- 22 --- 1 Alyssum minus --- o --- 1o --- 22 27 34 Corothamnus procumbens --- 9 --- 11 --- o 24 24 Euphorbia barrelieri --- o --- o --- 2 24 1o Teucrium montanum --- o --- 11 --- 3 23 2o Crupina vulgaris --- 9 --- 4 --- 1o 23 25 Convolvulus cantabrica --- o --- 1 --- 14 23 2o Globularia aphyllanthes --- o --- 19 --- 4 23 25 Scabiosa triniifolia --- 9 --- 6 --- 16 15 22 Inula salicina --- 18 29 29 --- o --- 2 Coronilla varia --- 18 17 26 --- 14 --- 4 Cruciata glabra --- 18 24 23 --- o --- 1 Knautia arvensis --- 18 21 27 --- 7 --- 5 Viola hirta --- 18 21 22 --- 1 --- 3 Crataegus monogyna --- 36 --- 9 --- 19 --- 21 Rhinanthus angustifolius 25 36 2 2o --- 1o --- 1o Plantago lanceolata 29 64 16 52 --- 33 --- 6 Prunus spinosa --- 27 --- 3 --- 11 --- 7 Hypericum maculatum --- 27 1o 2o --- 4 --- o Thesium bavarum --- 36 14 39 --- 12 --- 22 Viola reichenbachiana --- 27 --- 2o --- o --- o Bromus mollis --- 9 --- 1 25 24 --- 8 Convolvulus arvensis --- 27 --- 1 2o 7 --- o Syntrichia ruralis --- 9 --- 6 21 3o --- 3 Rosa species --- o --- 18 21 26 --- 3 Thesium arvense --- o --- 7 22 28 --- 15 Petrorhagia prolifera --- 0 --- l 10 29 --- 26 Table 2: Summarized statistical components of the associations. Tabela 2: Zbrani statistični podatki asociacij. Vegetation unit Total species Average Average Sharpness Uniquiness number species number positive fidelity index index Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae 15l 37 11 33 1 Hieracio pilosele-Festucetum dalmaticae 1l5 35 9 26 1 Table 3: Synoptic table of alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion. Relevés number marked in grey were originally published by Pedashenko et al. (2010). Tabela 3: Sinoptična tabela zveze Cirsio-Brachypodion. Popisi označeni s sivo so bili objavljeni v Pedashenko et al. (2010). Relevé No |1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 ä 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1S 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2S 3 o o cc cc a, 3 r^ <—> ^ 3 r^ 5 <—> ^ <—> ^ <—> r^ cc 5 cc 0 6 0 6 3 7 5 0 4 9 7 5 2 4 9 6 5 6 cc 7 6 4 7 6 Altitude [m] 3 3 14 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 14 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 14 14 3 3 3 2 Exposure 90 90 225 90 315 45 135 1S0 270 270 270 270 360 45 45 45 1S0 1S0 0 90 0 0 1S0 270 1S0 270 1S0 1S0 Inclination [degree] 35 20 15 7 S 12 10 S 10 12 S 10 10 12 15 3 S S 0 6 0 0 10 20 12 7 10 10 Total coverage 70 100 90 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 S0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 Cover of herb layer 65 99 S9 95 100 100 97 100 75 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 7S 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 Cover of mosses 5 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 25 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Average height of the herbs 30 30 25 45 40 45 60 35 25 40 30 30 40 55 30 35 30 30 35 30 30 35 55 35 40 35 35 30 Species number 32 32 41 2S 42 51 37 36 33 33 40 40 35 3S 40 37 39 46 37 44 37 39 41 41 29 36 42 30 Ch. species of ass. Galio lovcense-Artemisetum chamaemelifoliae Pedashenko et al. 2010 H Bal-Anat Inula salicina . + + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 + H Eur-As Potentilla alba . + + + + + + + + + + 2 1 + + + + H Med-OT Stachys officinalis 1 + + + + + + 1 + + 1 H Pann-Pont Artemisia chamaemelifolia 2 + + + 1 2 1 + + + + + 1 4 3 + + 2 + 2 + 2 + Ch Bal Seseli peucedanoides . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H subMed Polygala major + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + H Eur-As Veratrum nigrum + + + + + + + + + + H Eur-Sib Viola hirta . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H SPont Galium lovcense + + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + + 1 2 + + subass. centauretosum H subMed Centaurea triumfetti 1 H Eur-Sib Thalictrum minus 1 H Eur Geranium sanguineum + + 1 H subMed Prunella grandiflora 1 Ch. species of ass. Hieraciopilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae ass. nova H subMed Achillea setacea + H Eur-Med Hieracium pilosella + + 2 + 2 H Pont-Med Leontodon crispus + + H subMed Centaurea stoebe H Eur-As Medicago falcata + H subMed Asperula purpurea + . + + H Eur-Med Carlina vulgaris + facies H Bal Sesleria latifolia 14 2 4 + 1 1 3 4 1 Ch Eur-Med Corothamnus procumbens 1. + Diagnostic species of alliance Cirsio-Brachypodion H Eur-Med Asperula cynanchica + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H SSib Filipendula vulgaris + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 2 + 1 + 1 + + + 2 + + H Boreal Brachypodium pinnatum 1 3 1 2 1 + 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 H Eur-Med Trifolium alpestre + 1 + + + 1 + 2 1 1 + + 1 + + + + 1 1 + + + H Eur-Sib Briza media .1 + 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 H Eur Plantago media + + + + + + + + + + + + H Eur-Med Primula veris + . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H Ssib Avenula pubescens + + 1 3 1 + 1 + H Eur Carex michelii + Diagnostic species of class Festuco-Brometea H Eur Potentilla cinerea 1. + + + 1 + + + + + + + + H subMed Festuca dalmatica 1 1 + 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 H subMed Teucrium chamaedrys + . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H Med Thymus longicaulis 1 + + + 1 + 1 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H Eur-As Galium verum + + + + + + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 CN CO CO ^ O ^ CO ^ m cn m CK co tr. 822989 652 23323 2222222322 co co co co 23233 180 315 45 90 135 90 315 180 270 225 315 315 180 270 W S W SW SE W NE NE SE S SWNW SW SW W S NW SE NE W NE S 5 10 10 8 10 10 20 12 8 10 8 12 15 20 2 10 7 8 20 10 9 15 15 15 10 10 8 10 10 15 7 10 2 8 15 10 100 90 90 100 100 80 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 95 85 70 100 100 80 100 90 100 80 100 90 95 85 100 100 95 95 95 90 80 90 90 95 100 79 100 100 100 95 99 99 100 100 93 100 94 83 68 100 99 79 99 89 100 88 99 88 95 83 100 99 94 93 94 90 20 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 35 40 35 30 35 45 35 30 35 40 35 55 50 30 28 35 23 25 20 30 20 26 20 35 30 30 30 25 35 45 20 30 25 30 40 30 15 35 30 32 39 42 30 33 59 46 33 30 51 37 38 41 38 45 31 40 36 40 28 28 41 26 37 39 38 28 26 38 29 31 "5 H? g 13 •S ■S 3 to 3 t5 k C (%) C (%) + 2 + + 2 1 + + 1 + .+ . . 65 67 -- -5 + + + .1 .+ + + 1 . 58 57 -- -0 + + + + ++ 1. + + + + . . 56 52 -- -0 + + . . 61 60 -- -0 + + ++ + + + + + + . .+ + . + 39 64 -- - 18 + +. .+ + + . . 53 48 -- -0 + + 1. + + + + . . 48 40 -- -0 + + +. +. + + + + . . . . 48 50 -- -5 + + + 1 +. 1+ 1 + + + + . . + + . .+ ++ .+ . . 40 71 -- - 27 ++++ + + .+ + + . . .+ ......................38 26 -- -0 . . + + + .+ + . + . + ......................36 21 -- -0 2 1 . 2 + + .+ + 1 + + ......................40 31 -- -0 .2.. 2 ++ + . . + . ......................30 19 -- -0 + . + + + ....+ + + + + .+ + + + + + + .+ + + + 1 2 1 + 11 + + 1 + + 1 + 1 +. 2 + + + 2 + + + + ++ 1 + + + + + 1 + .+ + + + 1 + + ++ + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + .+ 1 + + + + .+ + 1 + + 11 + + 2 + 1 + + +. + + 1 + + + + + .+ + + + + .+ + + --- 5 67 68 --- 12 79 91 --- 10 74 86 --- 0 65 59 --- 2 58 55 --- 12 67 82 --- 2 55 50 2 3+. . + + + 3222232 5342 --- 33 --- 45 --- 17 --- 27 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + .+ + + + + + + --- 88 --- 73 + 1 + 1 1 + 2 + + + + + + + + .1 + 1 + .1 + + + + + 39 90 --- 55 + 2 4 3 4 3 1 2 + 2 + 2 1 +3 3 3 3 3 1 2+ + 2 1 2 3 + 1+ + --- 60 50 100 + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + .+ + + + .+ 35 76 --- 45 + + 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 + 1 .1 1 1 .+ + 1 + ++ + --- 69 --- 59 + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + .+ + + +. + --- 38 --- 64 + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + .+ 50 69 26 --- 14 --- 14 112 2 27 18 ++ + + + + +. .+ + . . + + . . + 2 2 21 1 + 2 1+ + 12 1 + +. +++ 1 --- 43 52 91 .2 22 . 1 2 3 2 3 22 2 1 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2 21 .2. . --- 38 47 86 .+ + + + + . + + . + + + + +1 . 1 + ++ 1 ++ + ++ . + . 1 --- 67 --- 82 1+ +1 + .+ + 1 1 + + 112 2 1 1 1+ . 1 + .+ 2 11 2 2 + 1 + 1 --- 83 --- 82 ++ .+ + 1+ 1 + 1 + +++ 2 + .+ +. . 56 79 --- 23 Relevé No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 T H subBoreal H Eur-Med H Eur H Eur H Eur-Med H Pont-Med H Eur H Boreal H Eur-Sib T Eur-Med H Eur-Med H Eur-Med subMed H Eur-Sib H Kos H subMed H Eur-Med H Eur-As H Kos H SPont H Pont H subMed H subMed Ch Alp-Med H Eur-Med H Eur-OT H Eur H Eur H Eur-As Other species H Eur-As Ch Eur H sMed-Cas H Boreal T subBoreal T subMed T + + + + + + + + . . + + + + + . . . . + + + . . + . . + + 1 . + . + 11 + . . + . .+.+ . . . + ++++ . . . + Sanguisorba minor Scabiosa columbaria Euphorbia cyparissias Carlina acanthifolia Veronica austriaca s. jacquinii + + + + + + + + + + + Eryngium campestre ........... Koeleria macrantha Carex caryophyllea Fragaria viridis . Minuartia viscosa . Anthylis vulneraria . Dorycnium herbaceum . Euphrasia pectinata . Achillea millefolium + Hypericum perforatum . Teucrium montanum . Hieracium praealtum s. bauchinii . Carex humilis + Poa angustifolia . Onobrychis arenaria . Festuca valesiaca 2 Thesium linophyllon . Trinia glauca . Helianthemum nummularium . Inula oculus-christi . Campanula glomerata . Stipa pennata . Danthonia alpina . Medicago lupulina . 1+ 2+ Med H SPont H Kos T Eur-CAs H Med H Alp-Carp-Bal Ch Eur-Sib H Boreal H subBoreal H Eur-Sib H Eur-Med H Eur-As H Eur-OT H Boreal H Eur-Sib H Eur H sMed-As H Eur-subMed H SPont Chamaecytisus calcareus Chamaespartium sagittale Cruciata glabra Festuca rubra Linum catharticum Sideritis montana Tortella tortuosa Cirsium ligulare Trifolium montanum Convolvulus arvensis Vicia villosa Scorzonera hispanica Festuca paniculata Schistidium apocarpum Genista tinctoria Agrostis capillaris Luzula campestris Hypnum cupressiforme Leontodon autumnalis Acinos alpinus Poa badensis Salvia nemorosa Elymus repens Cichorium intybus Globularia aphyllanthes Dichantium ischaemum Phleum pratense Potentilla argentea + + + 1 ++ ++ +. 1+ .+ ++ .+. +++ + + + . . + + + + + . . + + . + . . . . . + . . + . . . + + ++++ 1+ +. +. ++ ++ ++ +. 1+ +++++ .1 ++ .+ 11 1+ +1 + +++ . + 12 1 +++++ + 1 + . + + 2 + + + + + + + . + +. . + + + + .+ + + + 1 + + 2 1 + 21 . + + + 1 +1 + + + + + . + . . ++ . . + + + ++ 3 + 3 . 3 2 11 1. .2 2 .2 1 + 1 + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ + ++ + ++ + + 2 + + + + ++ + + 1 2 1 + + + + 3 4 + + + + + + + 4 ++ + + ++ + + ++ +++ ++ + + + + + +1 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + . + + + + . . + + + + + + + . + . + + + + + + + + . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . . + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + . . . + + + . . + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + 1 + + + . . . . + . . + + + + + + + . + + + . 22 + . + 1 + . + + + + + + . + . . . . + . . . + + + + + . 2 3 1 1 + + + . + . + + + + + + + + + + + . + + . + . . + + + . + + + + . + . . + + 1 1 . + + + -- 64 + --- 52 . --- 55 . --- 48 + --- 29 . 69 76 . --- 2 . --- 33 . --- 17 . --- 29 + --- 17 + --- 17 . --- 12 . --- 10 . 32 36 . 37 57 0 1 + --- 2 --- 14 --- 0 --- 21 40 26 --- 21 --- 12 --- 14 --- 0 --- 17 --- 14 30 17 --- 0 --- 77 --- 55 --- 41 56 86 --- 9 49 50 --- 23 50 68 26 55 35 50 29 41 32 41 --- 32 --- 9 --- 18 32 18 --- 14 32 41 27 14 --- 27 --- 0 --- 9 --- 9 --- 0 32 18 --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 36 27 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 21 + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + + + . . . + . . . + . + + . + + + 1 . + + + + + + . + + + . . . + + + . + + + + + + 1 . . 2 1 + . 1 2 2 2 . 2 1 + + . . + + + . . + . . + . 24 . + + + + + + + + . + + . + 26 50 --- 23 + + 79 86 --- 9 61 60 --- 0 61 60 --- 0 + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + --- 10 70 77 . + + + + . --- 0 44 32 + . + + . + + + + --- 2 51 45 + . + + + + + + --- 5 44 41 + 46 40 --- 5 + . + + --- 5 --- 18 + . 33 33 --- 5 --- 5 --- 0 --- 7 --- 0 . + . + + --- 0 36 23 40 29 --- 0 .1 + + 29 40 --- 14 40 29 --- 0 + + --- 2 --- 14 . + + . + --- 0 27 14 . + + --- 0 27 14 + --- 0 --- 9 . + + + --- 0 31 23 --- 12 --- 14 + --- 0 27 14 + . + . + + + + + --- 7 31 36 + + --- 0 27 14 .1 --- 12 --- 5 --- 5 --- 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5 + + 1 + 22 + + + + + + + + + + Relevé No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 G Pont-Med H Bal H Ap-Bal H SPont H Eur-Med G Med Bi Boreal H Pont-Bal T Eur H subMed H Eur-Sib G Med-OT H Eur-subMed H Eur-subMed H Kos H Kos H Boreal H Boreal T Med-CAs H Boreal H subMed H Bal H Pont-Med H Eur-As H Med H Pont-subMed H Eur-Med H Pont T Eur-As H Eur-As H Eur-Sib H subMed H subMed H subMed H Kos H Eur-Med H Med H Eur-As H Eur-Sib H Bal H subMed H Boreal H Eur-As Bi Eur H Eur-Sib H Kos G Eur-subMed G Med-OT H Boreal H subBoreal H Eur-As H Eur-Med H subMed Ch Boreal H Pont Ch Bal H Eur-subMed Hyacintella leucophaea Pedicularis grisebachii Verbascum lichnitis Ajuga genevensis Stachys recta Allium flavum Arabis hirsuta Asyneuma canescens Rhinanthus angustifolius Cerastium banaticum Leucanthemum vulgare Muscari neglectum Achillea collina Rumex acetosella Poa pratensis Plantago lanceolata Festuca pratensis Festuca panciciana Acinos rotundifolius Viola canina Anthericum liliago Pastinaca hirsuta Hypericum linarioides Dactylis glomerata Scorzonera cana Pimpinella tragium Coronilla varia Bromus riparius Alyssum minus Rumex thyrsiflorus Ferulago campestris Thlaspi praecox Mercurialis ovata Thesium bavarum Ranunculus acris Hypochaeris maculata Potentilla pedata Anthoxanthum odoratum Carex montana Silene roemeri Inula germanica Centaurea sp. Hypericum maculatum Bromus barcensis Carduus acanthoides Knautia arvensis Prunella vulgaris Ditrichum flexicaule Ornithogalum kochii Centaurea pannonica Stellaria alsine Lathyrus pratensis Veronica chamaedrys Lotus corniculatus Ranunculus repens Juniperus sibirica Alchemilla erythropoda Chamaecytisus jankae Poa compressa + 1 + + + . + . + . + . rr + . 1. + + 1 + 11 . . + + . + . . . + + . 22 . + . +++ + . . + + . . . . . 1 1 ++++++ 1 1 + + + + 1 + . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + + . . + + + . + 1 + . 1 . 1 + + 3 1 1 + + . . . . ++ +. .+ ++ ++ 11 +. ++ + + + . . + + 112 1111 .+ +2 + ++ .+ + + . . + + . + 1 2 2 2 + 1 + . + + . . + + . + + . . 111 . + . ++ + + + + + + + + + + 3 ++ + + + + + + + +++ +++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ +++ ++ + + + +3 + + ++ ++ 3 + + + + + + + + + + + 1+ + 11 + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 + . + . + . + + + . . . + + 1 . + . + . + + . + + + . . + + . . . + . + + + + + . . + + + + . + + . . . 1 . + . . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . + 1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . + . . + . .......+ + .......+ . . . +...... . + . +..... + + + + . + + + + . . . + . + . + + + . + . . . . ..1.1. . + . . . . + + . + + . . . + . . . . + . + + + . . + . 1 . . + + + .1.. 1.11 + + + 2 + + + + + . . + . + . + .+ + + . . . +....... 111. . + 1.11 + .....+..... + .+ + + + +.+ +++ . . + 7 --- 0 12 --- 5 5 --- 14 10 --- 0 7 --- 0 7 --- 5 5 --- 5 5 --- 5 24 --- 18 32 --- 32 21 --- 23 10 --- 9 7 --- 0 7 --- 0 10 --- 18 50 --- 55 7 --- 14 2 --- 14 7 --- 0 7 --- 0 12 --- 23 10 --- 5 52 --- 55 14 --- 9 14 --- 23 43 --- 45 26 --- 23 57 --- 50 21 --- 9 7 --- 0 12 --- 0 10 --- 0 10 --- 0 10 --- 0 10 --- 0 7 --- 0 19 --- 5 45 --- 23 12 --- 0 7 --- 0 10 --- 0 14 --- 0 14 --- 5 12 --- 0 2 --- 9 24 --- 41 7 --- 18 0 32 18 10 --- 5 10 --- 0 7 --- 0 10 --- 0 21 --- 5 36 --- 36 10 --- 5 5 --- 9 10 --- 9 12 --- 14 ■ 5 --- 5 + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + 3 + + +3 + +++ + + + + + ++ + +++ +1 + + + . + ++ + 1 . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + . + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + +++ + + + ++ + + + Species in less than 3 relevés: Scleranthus perennis 51: +, 54: +; Rosa sp. 49: r; Crataegus monogyna 57: r; Thesium divaricatum 52: +; Vicia sativa 52: +, 65: +; Stachys germanica 53: +, 58: +; Verbascum phoeniceum 52: +; Petrorhagia saxifraga 54: +; Satureja montana s. kitaibelii 1: 2; Poa trivialis 29: +; Centaurea jacea 6: +; Sedum album 54: +; Echium vulgare 51: +; Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 16: r; Hypochaeris radicata 35: +, 39: +; Hypochaeris glabra 26: +; Plantago argentea 35: +; Orchis morio 30: +, 61: +; Carex hallerana 14: 3; Agrimonia eupatoria 49: +; Orchis tridentata 19: +, 20: +; Allium carinatum 44: +; Orobanche elatior 30: +, 37: +; Festuca pseudodalmatica 36: +; Thesium arvense 44: +, 45: +; Ranunculus bulbosus 36: +; Gymnadenia conopsea 3: +; Muscari tenuiflorum 58: +; Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus 68: +; Polygala oxyptera 49: +; Myosotis laxa 44: +; Tragopogon pterodes 20: +, 65: +; Avenula compressa 32: +, 39: +; Centaurea chrysolepis 32: +; Botrychium lunaria 2: +, 61: +; Iris reichenbachii 9: +; Potentilla erecta 31: +, 47: 1; Bistorta major 33: +; Viola reichenbachiana 38: +; Agrostis stolonifera 59: +; Arrhenatherum elatius 41: +; Campanula sparsa 34: +, 40: +; Hypericum rumeliacum 44: +; Linum nervosum 34: +; Ononis ar-vensis 13: +; Mentha spicata 23: +; Bromus squarrosus 4: 1; Trifolium incarnatum 56: +; Helleborus odorus 44: +, 57: +; Elymus hispidus 49: +; Trifolium sp. 33: +; Anthriscus sylvestris 44: +; Linum tauricum 3: 2, 14: 1; Potentilla rupestris 34: +; Polygala vulgaris 56: +; Antennaria dioica 13: +; Brachythecium velutinum 34: +; Bromus moesiacus 32: 1; Helianthemum salicifolium 25: +; Campanula persicifolia 2: +, 39: +; Cotoneaster nebrodensis 1: +, 2: r; Scabiosa triniifolia 41: +, 61: +; Agrostis gigantea 44: 2; Cirsium vulgare 21: +, 24: +; Sanguisorba officinalis 6: +; Cerastium fontanum 47: +; Juniperus communis 18: r; Filipendula ulmaria 17: 1; Chamaecytisus lejocarpus 60: +; Gentianella lutescens 60: +, 61: +; Cetraria islandica 49: +, 53: +; Prunus spinosa 67: r; Crupina vulgaris 1: +, 23: +; Clinopodium vulgare 21: +; Tanacetum corymbosum 44: +; Comandra elegans 45: +; Cynoglossum hungaricum 44: +; Orthotrichum anomalum 52: +; Weissia sp. 54: +, 62: +; Nepeta nuda 37: +; Agrostis canina 34: 1; Bellardiochloa violacea 22: +; Taraxacum sp. 52: +; Bryum moravicum 2: +; Euphorbia niciciana 8: +, 17: +; Carduus nutans 41: +; Cirsium arvense 19: +, 22: +; Stellaria graminea 5: +; Sedum hispanicum 1: 1, 20: +; Viola dacica 28: +, 48: +; Rhytidium rugosum 13: +; Molinia arundinacea 34: +; Viola sp. 33: 1; Knautia drymeja 32: +; Grimmia pulvinata 53: +; Pinus sylvestris 53: r, 68: r; Cuscuta approximata 48: +; Abietienella abietina 13: +, 60: +; Rhinanthus minor 1: +; Nardus stricta 27: 1; Carex hirta 22: +; Echium russicum 32: +; Polygala comosa 44: +; Hedwigia ciliata 54: +; Trifolium repens - 14 (+), 49 (+); Scorzonera hispanica - 17 (+), 18 (+); Centaurea orientalis - 51 (+), 63 (+); Thlapsi kovatchii - 2 (+), 50 (+); 1 - 02.07.2009, N43.07611, E 23.19072 4 - 02.07.2009, N43.07979, E 23.19936 7 - 02.07.2009, N43.08059, E 23.20518 10 - 30.06.2009, N43.08862, E 23.20363 13 - 02.07.2009, N43.08393, E 23.20358 16 - 26.06.2009, N43.05635, E 23.24172 19 - 02.07.2009, N43.08834, E 23.22453 22 - 03.07.2009, N43.08392, E 23.22047 25 - 26.06.2009, N43.08918, E 23.18425 28 - 24.06.2009, N43.09784, E 23.13198 31 - 02.07.2009, N43.09150, E 23.12836 34 - 04.07.2009, N43.06542, E 23.30272 37 - 30.06.2009, N43.09205, E 23.20390 40 - 13.07.2009, N43.08149, E 23.28232 43 - 14.07.2009, N43.07958, E 23.12306 46 - 23.06.2009, N43.07720, E 23.12565 49 - 15.07.2009, N43.05377, E 23.26181 52 - 15.07.2009, N43.05601, E 23.26008 55 - 15.07.2009, N43.06029, E 23.25981 58 - 14.07.2009, N43.06120, E 23.22855 61 - 02.07.2009, N43.09245, E 23.11606 64 - 16.07.2009, N43.09324, E 23.11292 2 - 05.07.2009, N43.08124, E 23.20570 5 - 14.07.2009, N43.07379, E 23.24232 8 - 05.07.2009, N43.08851 E 23.20730 11 - 14.07.2009, N43.05858, E 23.23424 14 - 30.06.2009, N43.08946, E 23.21773 17 - 02.07.2009, N43.09226, E 23.18225 20 - 01.07.2009, N43.07850, E 23.21309 23 - 30.06.2009, N43.08851, E 23.20730 26 - 25.06.2009, N43.09676, E 23.13872 29 - 05.07.2009, N43.08277, E 23.28351 32 - 24.06.2009, N43.09730, E 23.12607 35 - 02.07.2009, N43.09605, E 23.20374 38 - 25.06.2009, N43.10619, E 23.13399 41 - 01.07.2009, N43.08632, E 23.21497 44 - 15.07.2009, N43.06050, E 23.26979 47 - 16.07.2009, N43.05607, E 23.26969 50 - 13.07.2009, N43.07084, E 23.28555 53 - 14.07.2009, N43.05165, E 23.22029 56 - 13.07.2009, N43.07493, E 23.27945 59 - 16.07.2009, N43.05458, E 23.27213 62 - 23.06.2009, N43.08713, E 23.11847 3 - 05.07.2009, N43.08278, E 23.19751 6 - 02.07.2009, N43.07144, E 23.18933 9 - 24.06.2009, N43.09267, E 23.12220 12 - 14.07.2009, N43.05416, E 23.22411 15 - 14.07.2009, N43.05635, E 23.24172 18 - 30.06.2009, N43.07670, E 23.20835 21 - 01.07.2009, N53.08380, E 23.22468 24 - 30.06.2009, N43.09205, E 23.20390 27 - 30.06.2009, N43.08892, E 23.22125 30 - 04.07.2009, N43.02832, E 23.27383 33 - 24.06.2009, N43.09917, E 23.12813 36 - 14.07.2009, N43.06807, E 23.23543 39 - 13.07.2009, N43.08379, E 23.28529 42 - 02.07.2009, N43.09579, E 23.13183 45 - 13.07.2009, N43.07133, E 23.29821 48 - 15.07.2009, N43.05838, E 23.25244 51 - 15.07.2009, N43.06817, E 23.26210 54 - 13.07.2009, N43.07447, E 23.27767 57 - 15.07.2009, N43.05604, E 23.25277 60 - 14.07.2010, N43.06403, E 23.24892 63 - 02.07.2009, N43.09290, E 23.11411