folia biologica et geologica 58/1, 77–92, ljubljana 2017 RAZŠIRJENOST LIŠAJEV IZ SKUPINE LOBARIA S. LAT. V SLOVENIJI DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS FROM THE LOBARIA S. LAT. GROUP IN SLOVENIA Tanja MRAK1* http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0022 iZVleČeK Razširjenost lišajev iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. v Sloveniji V Sloveniji iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. zasledimo najdbe petih vrst, in sicer Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. in Lo- baria linita (Ach.) Rabenh., Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. ter Ricasolia virens (With.) H.H. Blom. & Tønsberg in Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. Epifitske vrste iz sku- pine Lobaria s. lat. se pojavljajo v združbi Lobarion, ki je zelo občutljiva na gozdarske posege in zračno onesnaženje. Za naštete vrste smo pregledali zgodovinske in sodobne vire, in izrisali njihove karte razširjenosti. Hkrati smo pregledali, na katerih substratih uspevajo ter v katerih habitatih oz. združbah. Preverili smo status teh vrst v bližnjih evropskih državah, kjer je lihenologija bolje razvita. Naštete vrste so v Sloveniji vezane na območja z veliko količino padavin, največ najdb je z območja alpsko-dinarske pregrade. Za vse vrste, razen za navadnega pljučarja (L. pulmonaria), smo uspeli najti zelo majhno število navedb. Status populacij vrst ni znan. Izpostavili smo možne dejavnike, ki ogrožajo obstoj vrst iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: lihenizirane glive, epifitski lišaji, karte razširjenosti, Lobaria abStRact Distribution of lichens from the Lobaria s. lat. group in Slovenia In Slovenia, findings of five species from the Lobaria s.lat. group of lichens are recorded, namely Lobaria pulmo- naria (L.) Hoffm. and Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabenh., Loba- rina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl., Ricasolia virens (With.) H. H. Blom. & Tønsberg and Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. Epiphytic species from the Lobaria s. lat. group occur in Lobarion community, which is very sensitive to forestry interventions and air pollution. For these species, the his- torical and contemporary sources were investigated and dis- tribution maps produced. At the same time, it was examined which substrates, habitats and forest communities are pre- ferred by the species. The status of these species in neigh- bouring lichenologically better developed European coun- tries, was checked. Listed species are related to areas of high mean annual precipitation areas in Slovenia, most of the finds are from the area of the Alpine-Dinaric barrier. For all species except for L. pulmonaria, we managed to find a very small number of entries. The status of populations is unknown. The potential factors that threaten the existence of species from the group Lobaria s. lat. in Slovenia are highlighted. Keywords: lichenized fungi, epiphytic lichens, distri- bution maps, Lobaria 1 Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, *tanja.mrak@gozdis.si Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 78 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Lobaria s. lat. je skupina lišajev iz družine Lobariaceae. V družino Lobariaceae spadajo največji lišaji na svetu, ki lahko v premeru dosežejo tudi več decimetrov. Filo- genetske raziskave so pokazale, da skupino Lobaria s. lat. tvori sedem manjših ločenih skupin, ki so takso- nomsko na ravni rodu. Od teh rodov v Sloveniji najde- mo tri, in sicer Lobaria s. str. z vrstama L. pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. in L. linita (Ach.) Rabenh., Lobarina z vrsto L. scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. ter Ricasolia z vrsta- ma R. virens (With.) H.H. Blom. & Tønsberg in R. am- plissima (Scop.) De Not. Za rod Lobaria s. str. so značil- ne steljke s satastimi vdolbinami, pri katerih je tomen- tum razvit v obliki žil med izboklinami na spodnji površini. Spore so kratke in široko vretenaste. Rod Lobarina je podoben rodu Lobaria s. str. po obliki krp (lobulov), ima pa gostejši tomentum na spodnji površi- ni, med katerimi so bela gladka območja, ki pa se ne ujemajo z mesti izboklin na spodnji površini. Asko- spore so ozko vretenaste do iglaste in veliko daljše. Za rod Ricasolia so značilne steljke z gladkimi krpami ter enakomeren tomentum po celotni spodnji površini. Rodovi se razlikujejo tudi po vsebnosti lišajskih snovi (Moncada s sod. 2013). Epifitske vrste iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. se pojavlja- jo v združbah iz zveze Lobarion, ki so glavne epifitske lišajske klimaksne združbe gozdnega drevja na obmo- čju Evrope. Poleg vrst iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. te združbe gradijo tudi velike listaste vrste iz rodov Sticta in Pseudocyphellaria, manjši listasti lišaji iz rodov Par- meliella, Pannaria, Nephroma, Peltigera in Parmelia, številni skorjasti lišaji ter mahovi. Združbe iz zveze Lobarion niso vedno izključno epifitske, lahko se poja- vljajo tudi na skalovju. Najbolj značilna in stalna vrsta združb je vrsta L. pulmonaria. Bogat herbarijski mate- rial ter notice v lokalnih naravoslovnih revijah potrju- jejo nekdanjo široko razširjenost združb iz zveze Loba- rion v večini Zahodne Evrope, kjer so imele oceansko- -montanski značaj (Rose 1988). Zgodovinski podatki kažejo, da so druge vrste iz združb zveze Lobarion upadle celo bolj drastično kot sama L. pulmonaria, posebno rodovi s cianobakterij- skimi fotobionti, kot so Collema, Leptogium, Nephro- ma, Pannaria, Parmeliella in Sticta ter tudi vrsta L. scrobiculata (Rose 1988). Vzroki za propadanje združb iz zveze Lobarion so spremembe v načinu gospodarjenja z gozdovi (npr. za- menjava listnatih vrst z iglastimi, vzdrževanje gostih sestojev brez osončenih vrzeli, selektivna sečnja dre- ves, ki merijo v premeru 30-40 cm, prekratka obhodna doba sečnje) (Gauslaa 1995, Rose 1988). Sprememba zgradbe gozda v smislu fragmentacije lahko vpliva na epifitske vrste z lokalnimi spremembami klime ter z vplivom na učinkovitost razširjanja med ustreznimi gozdnimi fragmenti (Ellis & Coppins 2007). V drugi polovici 20. stoletja so združbe iz zveze Lobarion pro- padale tudi zaradi onesnaženja z žveplovim dioksidom (Gauslaa 1995, Rose 1988). 1 UVOD 2 MATERIAL IN METODE Zbrani so bili podatki za vse vrste iz skupine Lobaria s. lat., za katere obstaja kakršnakoli informacija o njiho- vem pojavljanju na območju Slovenije: Lobaria pulmo- naria, L. linita, Lobarina scrobiculata, Ricasolia amplis- sima (vključujoč »Dendriscocaulon umhausense«) ter R. virens. Nomenklatura je povzeta po Nimisu (2016), kratki opisi ob slikah pa po Wirthu (1995). Podatke smo zbrali s pomočjo Kataloga liheniziranih in liheni- kolnih gliv Slovenije (Suppan s sod. 2000), podatkovne zbirke Boletus informaticus (Ogris 2008) ter objavlje- nih popisov lišajev oz. omemb navedenih vrst za ob- močje Slovenije v literaturi. Za vse navedbe smo izpisa- li lokacijo pojavljanja, nadmorsko višino, substrat, na katerem je bila lišajska vrsta zabeležena, ter podatke o habitatih ali združbah, v katerih je bila vrsta najdena, v kolikor so bili ti podatki navedeni. Kjer so bile goz- dne združbe poimenovane z neveljavnimi imeni, smo poiskali veljavna imena s pomočjo literature (Kutnar s sod. 2012, Šilc & Čarni 2012). Lokacije pojavljanja smo izrisali v obliki karte razširjenosti na MTB mreži. Znotraj vsakega MTB kvadranta, v katerem je bila vrsta zabeležena, je lahko več lokacij pojavljanja. Pose- bej smo izrisali podatke za obdobje pred letom 1950 in po njem. Pri virih izpred leta 1950 so podatki o naha- jališčih zelo skopi, zato smo vrisali približne lokacije. Npr. če vir navaja, da se lišaj pojavlja v okolici Idrije, smo poiskali, v kateri MTB kvadrant spada mesto Idri- ja. Pri vrsti L. pulmonaria je bilo v nekaterih primerih nahajališče podano tako široko, da ga ni bilo mogoče vrisati v karto. Kot avtorji kart razširjenosti so navede- ni določitelji vrst (po abecednem redu), v kolikor ta podatek ni znan, pa avtorji vira, v katerem je najdba objavljena. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 79folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Slika 1: Lobaria pulmonaria; navadni pljučar – steljka je v navlaženem stanju intenzivno zelena (zgoraj), saj je primarni fotobiont zelena alga, v posušenem stanju pa olivno zelena do rjava (spodaj levo). Zgornja stran steljke je mrežasto-vdolbinasta, z razvitimi sorali in/ali izidiji, občasno tudi z apoteciji (razvidni na sliki zgoraj). Spodnji del prekriva temno rjav tomentum, ki se razrašča na izboklinah v obliki žil, proti robu prehaja v svetlo rjavo barvo (spodaj desno). Figure 1: Lobaria pulmonaria; tree lungworth, lung lichen – thallus in wet condition intensively green (above), as primary photobiont is green algae, and olive-green to brown in dry condition (below to the left). Upper side of the thallus with the comb-like structure, with soralia and/or isidia, apothecia infrequent (visible on picture above). Lower side of the thallus covered by dark brown tomentum on vein like ridges, getting light brown towards the edges. 3 IZSLEDKI 3.1 Lobaria pulmonaria (l.) Hoffm. V Sloveniji je bila vrsta po letu 1950 zabeležena 158x, največkrat na gorskem javorju (46,8 %), sledila je bukev (15,2 %), na ostalih podlagah se je pojavljala v manj kot 5 % (Ulmus glabra, Fraxinus excelsior > Abies alba > Picea abies, Tilia sp. > Quercus sp. > Coryllus avellana > Juglans regia, Pyrus communis, Salix caprea, Sorbus Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 80 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 aucuparia, Populus tremula). V 12,7 % je bila podlaga nedefinirana. Uspeva na skorji, dnišču debla, mahovih na deblu, mahovih na dnišču debla, mahovih na lesu, štorih, skalah. Najdemo jo predvsem v bukovih gozdo- vih (Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993, Anemono trifoliae-Fagetum Tregubov 1962, Ranunculo platanifoli-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum (Horvat 1938) Marinček in Poldini et Nardini 1993, Stellario montanae-Fage- tum (Zupančič 1969) Marinček et al. 1993, mešanih li- stnatih gozdovih, smrekovih gozdovih s primesjo li- stavcev (Hacquetio-Piceetum Zupančič (1980) 1999, Lonicero ceruleae-Piceetum Zupančič (1976) 1994, Stel- lario montanae-Piceetum Zupančič (1980) 1999, Ade- nostylo glabrae-Piceetum M. Wraber ex Zukrigl 1973), na gozdnih robovih, na gozdnih jasah z osamelimi drevesi in na osamelih drevesih v zaselkih. Slika 2: Karta razširjenosti vrste Lobaria pulmonaria v Sloveniji: (a) pred letom 1950 (Arnold F., Biasoletto B., Glowacki J., Kernstock E., Lämmermayr L., Pötsch J.S., Schuler J., Scopoli I.A.) (b) po letu 1950 (Arup U., Batič F., Bilovitz P., Christensen S.N., Grube M., Koch M., Kruhar B., Mayrhofer H., Mrak T., Primožič K., Prügger J., Suppan U., Surina B.) Figure 2: Distribution map of Lobaria pulmonaria in Slovenia: (a) before 1950 (Arnold F., Biasoletto B., Glowacki J., Kernstock E., Lämmermayr L., Pötsch J.S., Schuler J., Scopoli I.A.) (b) after 1950 (Arup U., Batič F., Bilovitz P., Grube M., Koch M., Kruhar B., Mayrhofer H., Mrak T., Primožič K., Prügger J., Suppan U., Surina B.) a b Karta razširjenosti vrste L. pulmonaria kaže, da je tudi vrsta vezana na območja z večjo količino padavin, v nasprotju z ostalimi epifitskimi vrstami iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. pa jo najdemo tudi na Pohorju. Od vseh vrst iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. je tudi najbolj razširjena. Najmanjša nadmorska višina, na kateri je bila vrsta za- beležena je bila 150 m (Krakovski gozd), največja pa 1460 m v Julijskih Alpah. Vrsta je še prisotna na večini območij, kjer se je pojavljala tudi v preteklosti oz. je bila najdena na ob- močjih, ki v preteklosti niso bila lihenološko raziska- na. Historična navedba z Javornikov ni bila ponovno potrjena. Historični viri so jo navajali kot pogosto, npr. Glowacki & Arnold (1871): »posebno v okolici Idrije pogosta«. V nekaterih predelih Slovenije (npr. območje Snežnika) je status vrste še vedno zadovoljiv, steljke so velike in zdrave, na mnogih nahajališčih pa najdemo samo po par primerkov ali celo eno samo steljko, stelj- ke pa so slabo razvite ali poškodovane. 3.2 Lobaria linita (ach.) Rabenh. V celotni zgodovini lihenoloških raziskav vemo na Slovenskem samo za tri najdbe (Glowacki 1874, Ho- čevar s sod. 1985, priprave na BLAM ekskurzijo l. 2003 - neobjavljeno), od tega je ena (Hočevar s sod. 1985) dvomljiva. Pri tej najdbi gre verjetno za mlado steljko vrste L. pulmonaria, ki še nima razvitih soralov in/ali izidijev (Suppan s sod. 2000). Obe zanesljivi najdbi izvirata iz gora v okolici Bovca (nad gozdno mejo), kjer med apnencem najdemo silikatne vložke. Najdba iz leta 2003 je z nadmorske višine 1880 m. Glede na to, da gre za vrsto, ki običajno uspeva nad gozdno mejo na svežih, kislih humoznih tleh, na ma- hovih, med silikatnimi skalnatimi bloki (Wirth 1995), je v Sloveniji je možnih rastišč vrste L. linita malo, saj zaradi prevlade karbonatnih kamnin primanjkuje sub- stratov zanjo. Poznavanje lišajske flore nad gozdno mejo je v Sloveniji izjemno slabo, tako da ne poznamo njene dejanske pogostnosti ter velikosti populacij. Poleg tega so steljke na alpskih tratah izjemno težko Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 81folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Slika 3: Lobaria linita; mali pljučar – steljka mrežasto nagubana, zeleno-rjave barve, v navlaženem stanju intenzivneje zelena (primarni fotobiont je zelena alga), brez soralov in izidijev. Apoteciji se pojavljajo redko. Tomentum svetlo rjav, prisoten med izboklinami na spodnjem delu steljke. Figure 3: Lobaria linita; cabbage lung lichen – thallus with net-like structure of ridges, greenish-brown, intensively green when wet (primary photobiont is green algae), without soralia or isidia. Apothecia rarely present. Tomentum of light brown colour, developed between protrusions on the lower side of the thallus. a b Slika 4: Razširjenost vrste Lobaria linita v Sloveniji: a) pred letom 1950 (Glowacki J.) in b) po letu 1950 (Batič F., Mayrhofer H.) Figure 4: Distribution of Lobaria linita in Slovenia: a) before 1950 (Glowacki J.) and b) after 1950 (Batič F., Mayrhofer H.) opazne, sploh v suhem stanju. Glede na pogostnost si- likatnih kamnin nad gozdno mejo v slovenskem pro- storu lahko domnevamo, da je zelo redka ter da so po- pulacije zelo majhne. 3.3 Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. Vrsto je prvi opisal Scopoli v svojem delu Flora Carni- olica iz leta 1772 pod imenom Lichen scrobiculatus, in sicer iz okolice Idrije. Tipski Scopolijev material je iz- gubljen, zato so za lektotip izbrali primerek, ki odgo- varja Dilleniusovemu opisu (Lichenoides pulmoneum villosum, superficie scrobiculata et peltata) in ilustra- ciji »Lichenoides no. 114« v delu Historia Muscorum iz leta 1741 (navaja ju že Scopoli), in je shranjen v oxford- skem herbariju (yoshimura & Isoviita 1969). Število najdb vrste L. scrobiculata je majhno tako pred letom 1950, kot tudi po njem. Najdbe po l. 1950 so zabeležene na substratih: Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudo- platanus, Populus tremula ter Quercus robur, historični viri poleg hrasta navajajo tudi vrsti Fagus sylvatica in Abies alba. Uspeva na deblih ali dniščih debla. Podatki o habitatih, kjer se vrsta pojavlja v Sloveniji, so zelo skopi. Vrsta naj bi uspevala v mešanih listopadnih goz- dovih in na osamelih drevesih. Zabeležena je bila na nadmorskih višinah med 600 in 880 m. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 82 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Slika 5: Lobarina scrobiculata; sivi pljučar - steljka plitvo vdolbinasta, svetlo zeleno-siva, v navlaženem stanju svinčeno siva, saj so primarni fotobiont cianobakterije. V herbariju postane bledo rumene ali sivo-rumene barve (slika levo). Na površini s točkastimi sivo obarvani sorali, ki se med seboj združujejo, na robovih pa so sorali črtalasti (slika v sredini). Izidijev ni. Apo- teciji so zelo redko razviti. Tomentum s posameznimi majhnimi belimi golimi mesti (slika desno), na robovih svetlo rjav, v sredini temno rjav. Figure 5: Lobarina scrobiculata; textured lungworth - thalli with shallow indentations, pale green-grey, lead grey when wet (primary photobiont cyanobacteria). In herbarium, colour changes to pale yellow or grey-yellow (figure to the left). With round- ish grey coloured soralia on the surface, which are getting confluent, and edge soralia (figure in the middle). Isidia are not developed. Apothecia rarely developed. Lower side with distinct small tomentum-free spots of white colour (figure to the right). Tomentum light brown on edges and dark brown in the middle. Slika 6: Razširjenost vrste Lobarina scrobiculata v Sloveniji: a) pred letom 1950 (Arnold F., Dolšak F. Glowacki J., Pötsch J.S., Scopoli I.A.), in b) po letu 1950 (Batič F., Mayrhofer H., Primožič K., Prügger J., Suppan U.). Figure 6: Distribution map of Lobarina scrobiculata in Slovenia: a) before 1950 (Arnold F., Dolšak F. Glowacki J., Pötsch J.S., Scopoli I.A.) and b) after 1950 (Batič F., Mayrhofer H., Primožič K., Prügger J., Suppan U.). a b Razširjenost vrste se ujema z območji največje ko- ličine padavin na padavinski karti Slovenije. Nekatera območja, kjer bi vrsto lahko pričakovali glede na veli- ko količino padavin, bodisi niso bila nikoli v zadostni meri raziskana (npr. Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe, Kara- vanke) bodisi so bila podvržena korenitim gozdarskim posegom (npr. Pohorje). V Panovcu, okolici Idrije in Medvod, na Javornikih in Trnovskem gozdu po letu 1950 L. scrobiculata ni bila več najdena, kljub temu, da so na tem območju potekale intenzivne raziskave lišaj- ske flore. Štiri od petih najdb po letu 1950 so z območja Snežnika. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 83folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 3.4 Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. & »Dendriscocaulon umhausense« Pri vrsti R. amplissima naletimo na taksonomsko in nomenklaturno težavo. »Cefalodiji« te vrste namreč lahko uspevajo samostojno in so bili obravnavani kot samostojen takson z imenom Dendriscocaulon umhau- sense (Auersw.) Degel. Pogosto jih najdemo skupaj z listasto obliko na istem rastišču. Z molekularnimi raz- iskavami so dokazali, da »Dendriscocaulon umhausen- se« gradi ista gliva kot listasto obliko z zelenim primar- nim fotobiontom. Ker lišaj nosi ime po glivi, dveh imen preprosto ne more biti, saj oba rastna tipa gradi ista gliva. Za poimenovanje cianobakterijske različice je predlagano citiranje nepravilnega imena v narekova- jih: »Dendriscocaulon umhausense« ali pa dodajanje pridevka cyan. ali chlor. za nomenklaturno pravilnim imenom, npr. R. amplissima cyan., kar nam prav tako poda informacijo o rastni obliki (Jorgensen 1998). Kot podlage R. amplissima so po letu 1950 zabele- žene naslednje drevesne vrste: Ulmus glabra > Acer pseudoplatanus > Fagus sylvatica, Pyrus communis, v Slika 7: Ricasolia amplissima; bledi pljučar - Lobuli so gladki do valoviti (niso mrežasto nagubani). Primarni fotobiont je zelena alga. Zgornja površina je svetlo siva, v navlaženem stanju zeleno-siva; v herbariju postane svetlo rjava (slika levo). Izidiji in soral niso razviti, apoteciji pa so razmeroma pogosti. Skoraj vedno so prisotni 0,2-1 cm veliki olivno rjavi do črni zunanji grmičasti cefalodiji (desno). Tomentum je rjav, enakomerno razporejen. Figure 7: Ricasolia amplissima – Thalli with smooth to wavy lobules (not with net-like ridges). Primary photobiont green algae. Upper surface pale grey when dry and green-grey when wet; light brown in herbarium (to the left). Isidia and soralia developed, apothecia relatively common. Upper surface with 0.2-1 cm olive brown to black external ramified cephalodia (to the right). Tomentum brown, even. Slika 8: Razširjenost vrste Ricasolia amplissima v Sloveniji pred (Arnold F., Glowacki J., Lettau G., Pötsch J.S., Scopoli I.A., Suza J., Zahlbruckner A.) in po letu 1950 (Arup U., Batič F., Grube M., Mayrhofer H., Mrak T., Prügger J., Spribille T., Surina B.). Figure 8: Distribution of Ricasolia amplissima in Slovenia before (Arnold F., Glowacki J., Lettau G., Pötsch J.S., Scopoli I.A., Suza J., Zahlbruckner A.) and after 1950 (Arup U., Batič F., Grube M., Mayrhofer H., Mrak T., Prügger J., Spribille T., Surina B.). a b Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 84 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Slika 9: Ricasolia virens; zelenkasti pljučar – Temno olivno rjava do zeleno-siva, v namočenem stanju zelena. Herbarijski material je svetlo rjave barve. Primarni fotobiont je zelena alga. Zgornja površina gladka, starejši deli rahlo nagubani. V sredini steljke primarni lobuli pogosto tvorijo majhne sekundarne lobule, ki se medsebojno prekrivajo. Spodnji del steljke svetlo rjav z zelo kratkim tomentumom. Apoteciji razviti na lamini steljke. Figure 9: Ricasolia virens – Thallus dark olive brown to green-grey; green when wet. Herbarium material light brown. Primary photobiont green algae. Upper surface smooth, older parts slightly wrinkled. In the middle of the thallus, primary lobules often form small secondary lobules which are overlapping. Lower part of the thallus light yellow-brown with very short tomentum. Apothecia developed on thallus lamina. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 85folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 nekaterih primerih podatka o podlagi ni. V preteklosti so kot podlage omenjeni tudi Abies alba, Castanea sa- tiva, Quercus sp., Picea abies ter iglavci. Uspeva na dre- vesni skorji ali na lesu, na gozdnih robovih, gozdnih jasah z osamelimi listavci, prostostoječih drevesih na območjih, kjer je gospodarska raba omejena na košnjo in krmljenje divjadi (Prügger 2005), mešanih gozdo- vih. Zabeležena je bila na nadmorskih višinah med 720 m (Babno polje) ter 1400 m (Julijske Alpe). Razširjenost vrste (razen historičnega nahajališča na Donački gori) se ujema z območji največje količine padavin. Nekatera območja, kjer bi vrsto lahko priča- kovali glede na veliko količino padavin, bodisi z lihe- nološkega vidika niso bila nikoli v zadostni meri razi- skana (npr. Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe, Karavanke) bodisi so bila v preteklosti podvržena korenitim goz- darskim posegom (npr. Pohorje). Po letu 1950 je zna- nih dvanajst najdb. Raziskave lišajske flore v 90. letih 20. stol. in začetku 21. stol. so pokazale, da vrsta R. amplissima ne uspeva več na območju Panovca, Javor- nikov, Trnovskega gozda, Šenturške in Donačke gore. Za Panovec že Glowacki (1871), navaja, da je vrsta zelo redka. V Julijskih Alpah, za katere ni historičnih zapisov, ki bi poročali o tej vrsti, je bil po letu 1950 najden samo en primerek. Vsi ostali primerki so bili najdeni na Snežniku ali Goteniški gori. 3.5 Ricasolia virens (With.) H.H. blom. & tøns- berg V Sloveniji je bila vrsta R. virens najdena na drevesnih vrstah Abies alba in Fagus sylvatica. Podatkov o habi- tatih ali gozdnih združbah, v katerih se pojavlja, ni. Za Slovenijo obstaja samo pet historičnih navedb o pojavljanju vrste L. virens, od tega je ena neobjavljena (herbarij F. Dolšak). Po letu 1950 je navedba samo ena, vendar potrjuje širše območje pojavljanja v preteklosti. Glede na to, da naj bi bila R. virens vrsta zmernega pasu z blago klimo ter vlažnih subtropskih predelov (Wirth 1995), je zanimivo, da se te navedbe nanašajo na območje Kamniško-Savinjskih Alp. Ker je v ostalih območjih, ki bi glede na ohranjenost gozdnih ekosiste- mov in količino padavin lahko bile potencialni habitat vrste, novejše lihenološke raziskave niso zabeležile, je v Sloveniji verjetno blizu izumrtja oz. je že izumrla. Slika 10: Karta razširjenosti vrste Ricasolia virens v Sloveniji pred (Arnold F., Degelius G., Dolšak F., Glowacki J.) in po letu 1950 (Batič F.). Figure 10: Distribution of Ricasolia virens before (Arnold F., Degelius G., Dolšak F., Glowacki J.), and after 1950 (Batič F.) in Slovenia. a b 4 RAZPRAVA Vrste iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. so v Sloveniji večinoma omejene na območje z veliko količino padavin (alpsko- -dinarska pregrada, Pohorje). Nekateri predeli Sloveni- je, kjer bi bile klimatske razmere lahko ustrezne za vrste iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. (Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe, Karavanke) lihenološko še vedno niso v zadostni meri raziskani. Na Pohorju je bila zabeležena samo vrsta L. pulmonaria, kar je najverjetneje povezano s korenitimi gozdarskimi posegi v preteklosti. Za obmo- čja pojavljanja velikosti populacij večinoma niso po- znane, v nekaterih primerih pa gre za najdbo samo ene lišajske steljke oz. so steljke slabo razvite ali poškodo- Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 86 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 vane, nobenega podatka pa ni o genski pestrosti, razen za dve lokaciji vrste L. pulmonaria, ki so bile zajete v raziskavo Scheideggerja s sod. (2012). V tej raziskavi so ugotovili, da sta slovenski populaciji v Rajhena- vskem Rogu in Notranjskem Snežniku mešani saj sta vsebovali gene iz dveh različnih genetskih bazenov, kar prispeva k večji genetski pestrosti. Majhne popula- cije so ne glede na genetsko pestrost močno ogrožene, saj jih lahko uniči že en sam katastrofični dogodek (Zoller s sod. 1999). Sicer je Zoller s sod. (1999) na švicarskih populacijah vrste L. pulmonaria ugotovil, da genetska pestrost in velikost populacije nista pove- zani. Večjo genetsko pestrost so zasledili v populaci- jah, kjer se je glivni simbiont razmnoževal spolno. Vendar pa je za vrsto L. pulmonaria znano, da naj bi bil delež spolnega razmnoževanja še manjši od 30 % (dal Grande s sod. 2012), po nekaterih podatki pa še precej manj (Scheidegger s sod. 2012). Tudi v primerih, ko so apoteciji razviti, so pogosto okuženi z glivnim para- zitom in nefunkcionalni (Jordan 1973). Poleg vrste L. pulmonaria naj bi se tudi vrsti L. scrobiculata in L. lini- ta razmnoževali predvsem vegetativno (Nimis 2016). Za vrsto L. pulmonaria so ugotovili, da se njene vegeta- tivne propagule lahko razširjajo le na kratke razdalje, identične genotipe so ugotovili le na največ 230 m od- daljenosti med seboj (Walser 2004). Pri populacijah, ki se razmnožujejo le vegetativno, ob fragmentaciji ha- bitatov torej zelo hitro lahko pride do stanja, kjer se sosednji fragmenti ne morejo kolonizirati, kljub temu, da so razmere za uspevanje vrste tam ugodne. Za vrsto L. pulmonaria je bilo ugotovljeno, da celo blago gospo- darjenje z gozdovi znatno zmanjšajo genetsko pestrost, še preden se pojavijo spremembe v pogostnosti vrste, kar naj bi bilo povezano ravno s fragmentacijo popula- cije v več manjših prostorsko izoliranih populacij, za- radi česar se prostorsko mešanje genotipov zmanjša (Scheidegger s sod. 2012). Podobno je tudi v primeru, ko vrsta naseljuje prosto stoječa, osamela drevesa. Ker se kulturna krajina s prosto stoječimi osamelimi dre- vesi ne vzdržuje več, v bližini ni novih ustreznih sub- stratov za kolonizacijo. Za lokacijo vrste L. amplissima, kjer je vrsta uspevala na gorskem brestu, je bilo ugoto- vljeno, da so prav vsa drevesa, ki jih je bilo 15, v letih 2006-2009 odmrla zaradi okužbe z glivo Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Obermayer 2011), s tem pa tudi vrsta L. amplissima na tej lokaciji. Vrste iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. ogroža tudi intenziviranje kmetijstva s povečanim vnosom dušikovih spojin, saj vrste bodisi ne prenesejo evtrofikacije ali pa le v majhni meri (L. amplissima in L. pulmonaria; Wirth 1995, Nimis 2016), pa tudi zara- ščanje, saj za uspevanje potrebujejo večinoma zado- stno količino difuzne svetlobe (Nimis 2016). Ker so vrste higrofilne, jih lahko prizadene tudi lokalno zmanjšana vlažnost zaradi gozdarskih posegov. Vrsta L. linita, za katero je potencialnih habitatov v Sloveniji zelo malo, bi bila lahko prizadeta zaradi globalnega se- grevanja ozračja, saj gre za arktično-alpsko vrsto, da- ljinskega onesnaženja z dušikovimi spojinami ter uni- čevanja habitatov zaradi športnih dejavnosti v gorah. Glede na navedeno ni presenetljivo, da so v številnih evropskih državah vrste iz rodu Lobaria umeščene na rdeči seznam ogroženih vrst. V Italiji imajo vrste R. amplissima, L. virens in L. scrobiculata status potenci- alno ogrožene vrste, L. pulmonaria pa status najmanj ogrožene vrste (Nimis 2016). V Nemčiji je vrsta L. vi- rens veljala za izumrlo, a so pred cca. desetletjem od- krili eno lokacijo, kjer se je ohranila (Fischer & Kill- man 2008), tudi v Švici velja za izumrlo (Scheidegger s sod. 2002), v Avstriji pa se ne pojavlja (H. Mayrhofer, os. komunikacija). R. amplissima je v Avstriji zelo redka, prav tako L. scrobiculata. R. amplissima in L. scrobiculata sta v Švici ogroženi (Scheidegger s sod. 2002). L. pulmonaria velja za ranljivo vrsto v Švici (Scheidegger s sod. 2002). O terikolnih vrstah (L. li- nita) je podatkov manj, Scheidegger s sod. 2002 jo opredeljuje kot vrsto zunaj nevarnosti, kar gre na račun velike površine, ki ga v Švici zavzemajo krista- linske Alpe. V Italiji je vrsta odsotna povsod, razen v alpski in predalpski regiji, kjer velja za zelo do ekstre- mno redko (Nimis 2016). ZAHVALA Članek je nastal v okviru raziskovalnega programa št. P4-0107, ki ga sofinancira Javna agencija za raziskoval- no dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega prora- čuna, vodi pa prof. dr. Hojka Kraigher. Najlepše se za- hvaljujem dr. Nikici Ogris (Gozdarski inštitut Sloveni- je) za izdelavo kart razširjenosti, dr. Aleksandru Ma- rinšku (Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije) za pomoč pri is- kanju veljavnih imen gozdnih združb ter prof. dr. Helmutu Mayrhoferju (Karl-Franzens Universität, Graz) za podatke o novejših omembah vrst iz skupine Lobaria s. lat. v literaturi za območje Slovenije. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 87folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 Lobaria s. lat. is a group of lichens from Lobariaceae family. Lobariaceae family includes some of the largest lichens in the world that can reach several decimetres in diameter. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the group Lobaria s. lat. is formed from seven distinct groups that were given the genus level. Of these genera, three are found in Slovenia, namely Lobaria s. str. with species L. pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. and L. linita (Ach.) Rabenh., Lobarina with L. scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. and Ricasolia with R. virens (With.) H. H. Blom. & Tøns- berg and R. amplissima (Scop.) De Not. Lobaria s. str. is characterized by thalli with a honeycomb structure where tomentum is developed in the form of veins be- tween the protrusions on the lower surface. Spores are short and broadly fusiform. Genus Lobarina is similar to genus Lobaria s. str. in the shape of lobes, but has a dense tomentum on the lower surface, leaving out smooth circular white areas that do not match with the position of protrusions on the lower surface. Asco- spores are narrowly fusiform to acicular and much longer than in Lobaria s. str. For genus Ricasolia, plane lobe surface with smooth and uniform tomentum on the lower side is characteristic. Genera also differ in the content of lichen substances (Moncada et al. 2013). Epiphytic species from the group Lobaria s. lat. form a Lobarion alliance, which communities are the main lichen climax communities of forest trees in Eu- rope. In addition to species of Lobaria s. lat. group, large foliose species from Sticta and Pseudocyphellaria genera are present in these communities, as well as smaller foliose lichens from Parmeliella, Pannaria, Nephroma, Peltigera and Parmelia genera, and many crustose lichens and mosses. Communities from the Lobarion alliance are not always exclusively epiphytic and may also occur on rocks. The most significant and permanent species in communities of the Lobarion al- liance is L. pulmonaria. A rich herbarium material and notices in the local scientific journals confirmed the former wide prevalence of Lobarion communities in most of Western Europe, where they had an oceanic- montane character (Rose 1988). Historical data show that other species of Lobarion alliance declined even drastically than L. pulmonaria itself, specifically genera with cyanobacterial fotobi- onts, such as Collema, Leptogium, Nephroma, Panna- ria, Parmeliella and Sticta, as well as L. scrobiculata (Rose 1988). The causes for decline of communities from the Lobarion alliance are changes in forest management (eg. the replacement of deciduous for coniferous spe- cies, maintenance of dense stands with no forest gaps, selective logging of trees, which measure 30-40 cm in diameter, too short rotation period) (Gauslaa 1995, Rose 1988). Changes in the structure of the forest in terms of fragmentation can affect the epiphytic lichen species due to local climate changes and due to impact on the effectiveness of dispersion between the respec- tive forest fragments (Ellis & Coppins 2007). In the second half of the 20th century, strong decline in com- munities from the Lobarion alliance was observed due sulphur dioxide pollution (Gauslaa 1995, Rose 1988). SUMMARy 5 INTRODUCTION 6 MATERIAL AND METHODS Data for all species from Lobaria s. lat. group, for which there is any information about their occurrence in Slo- venia, were collected: Lobaria pulmonaria, L. linita, Lobarina scrobiculata, Ricasolia amplissima (including “Dendriscocaulon umhausense”) and R. virens. The no- menclature is following Nimis (2016). Short descrip- tions accompanying figures are based on Wirth (1995). Data were collected with the help of Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia (Suppan et al. 2000), Boletus informaticus database (Ogris 2008) and published inventories of lichen or references of those species for the territory of Slovenia in the literature. For each reference, the following in- formation was gathered, where available: location, alti- tude, the substrate on which the lichen species was re- corded and habitat or community where the species was found. Invalid names of forest communities were substituted with corresponding valid names according to Kutnar et al. (2012) and Šilc & Čarni (2012). Lo- cations were translated into MTB network distribution maps. Within each MTB quadrant, where the species was recorded, there might be several locations includ- ed. Data for the period before and after 1950 were mapped separately. For the period before 1950, data for locations were very scarce, therefore only approximate locations could have been drawn, eg. if it was referred Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 88 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 that the lichen was occurring in the vicinity of Idrija, the MTB quadrant was assigned to the town of Idrija. In the case of L. pulmonaria, sometimes the location was given so widely that it was not possible to plot it. As authors of distribution maps, determinators of li- chens are given in alphabetical order. Where informa- tion on determinator was not known, author of the reference was given. 7 RESULTS 7.1 Lobaria pulmonaria (l.) Hoffm. After 1950, there were 158 records for L. pulmonaria in Slovenia, in 46.8 % it was reported from Acer pseudo- platanus, followed by Fagus sylvatica (15.2 %). Other substrates were occurring in less than 5 % (Ulmus gla- bra, Fraxinus excelsior > Abies alba > Picea abies, Tilia sp. > Quercus sp. > Coryllus avellana > Juglans regia, Pyrus communis, Salix caprea, Sorbus aucuparia, Popu- lus tremula). In 12.7 % of cases, the substratum was not defined. The species was growing on bark, tree bases, mosses on trunks and trunk bases, mosses on wood, stumps and rocks. It is reported mainly from beech forests (Omphalodo-Fagetum (Tregubov 1957) Marinček et al. 1993, Anemono trifoliae-Fagetum Tregubov 1962, Ranunculo platanifoli-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum (Horvat 1938) Marinček in Poldini et Nardini 1993, Stellario montanae-Fagetum (Zupančič 1969) Marinček et al. 1993), mixed broadleaved forests, spruce forests with admixed broadleaved trees (Hacquetio-Piceetum Zupančič (1980) 1999, Lonicero ceruleae-Piceetum Zupančič (1976) 1994, Stellario montanae-Piceetum Zupančič (1980) 1999, Adenostylo glabrae-Piceetum M. Wraber ex Zukrigl 1973), from forest edges, forest clearings with solitary treed and solitary trees in small settlements. From distribution map of L. pulmonaria it is evi- dent that this species is present in areas with high amount of precipitation. In contrast to other species from Lobaria s. lat. group, L. pulmonaria was found also in Pohorje area. It is the most widespread of all species from Lobaria s.lat. group. It was reported from 150 m a.s.l. in Krakovski gozd to 1460 m a.s.l. in Julian Alps. It is still occurring in areas where it was present in the past and additionally in some areas that were li- chenologically not investigated before. Historical re- cord from Javorniki in Dinaric mountains was not confirmed any more. In historical records, L. pulmo- naria was referred as common, e. g. as in Glowacki & Arnold (1871): »especially in the vicinity of Idrija common«. Nowadays, in some areas of Slovenia (eg. Snežnik), the status of the species is still satisfactory, thalli are big and healthy, while on many locations only some specimens or even single thallus is evidenced, thalli are badly developed or damaged. 7.2 Lobaria linita (ach.) Rabenh. In the whole history of lichenological investigations there are only three findings known for Slovenia (Glo- wacki 1874, Hočevar et al. 1985, BLAM excursion preparations in 2003 - unpublished), one of them is re- garded as doubtful (Hočevar et al. 1985). This record may refer to young poorly developed thallus of L. pul- monaria, with no developed isidia or soralia (Suppan et al. 2000). Both reliable findings are from the moun- tains near Bovec (above tree line), where siliceous in- clusions are found in carbonaceous rocks. The finding from 2003 is from 1880 m a.s.l. As this species is occur- ring on acid soil rich in humus, on bryophytes and be- tween siliceous blocks (Wirth 1995), there are few po- tential sites for L. linita in Slovenia, due to prevalence of carbonate rocks. Knowledge of lichen flora above tree line is extraordinary low, therefore its frequency and the size of populations are not known. Besides all, thalli are hardly noticeable between alpine vegetation, especially in dry condition. As siliceous rocks above tree line in Slovenia are rare, it can be assumed that it is very rare and that the populations are small. 7.3 Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. Species was first described by Scopoli in his Flora Car- niolica from 1772 under the name Lichen scrobiculatus, it originated from the vicinity of Idrija. Type Scopoli‘s material was lost, therefore a lectotype was chosen, that corresponded to Dillenius‘s description (Li- chenoides pulmoneum villosum, superficie scrobicu- lata et peltata) and to illustration »Lichenoides no. 114« in Historia Muscorum from 1741 (already referred by Scopoli), and is kept in Oxford herbarium (yoshimu- ra & Isoviita 1969). The number of findings of L. scrobiculata is small, both before and after 1950. Findings after 1950 are from the substrates Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Po- Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 89folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 pulus tremula and Quercus robur, in historical records also Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba are mentioned be- sides oak. L. scrobiculata is found on trunks or trunk bases. There is very little information on habitats where it was found. It was reported from mixed broadleaved forests and solitary trees from 600 to 880 m a.s.l. Distribution of species corresponds to areas with the highest amount of precipitation in Slovenia. Some areas, where it could potentially occur based on amount of precipitation, either have not been investigated in detail (e.g. Kamniško-Savinjske Alps, Karavanke) ei- ther were intensively managed (e.g. Pohorje). In Pan- ovec (close to Nova Gorica), vicinity of Idrija and Med- vode, on Javorniki and Trnovski gozd L. scrobiculata has not been found any more after 1950, although these areas were thoroughly investigated by lichenologists. 7.4 Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. & »Den- driscocaulon umhausense« In R. amplissima species, there is taxonomic and no- menclature problem. »Cephalodia« of this species can grow independently and were treated as independent taxon named Dendriscocaulon umhausense (Auersw.) Degel. Often, they are found together with foliose form on the same site. Molecular studies have revealed that »Dendriscocaulon umhausense« is built by the same fungus as foliose form with green primary photobiont. As lichens are named after fungus, two names cannot exist as both growth types are formed by the same fungus. To name a cyanobacterial form, a citing of incorrect name in quotation marks was suggested: »Dendriscocaulon umhausense« or adding of a corresponding adjective cyan. or chlor. after the correct name, e.g. R. amplissima cyan. In this way, in- formation on growth form is given (Jorgensen 1998). As substrates for R. amplissima, the following tree species were recorded after 1950: Ulmus glabra > Acer pseudoplatanus > Fagus sylvatica, Pyrus communis, in some cases there was no record on the type of the sub- stratum. In the past, it was reported also from Abies alba, Castanea sativa, Quercus sp., Picea abies and co- nifers. It grows on tree bark or wood on forest edges, forest clearings with solitary broadleaved trees, soli- tary trees in areas where management is limited to hay harvesting and feeding of wild animals (Prügger 2005), and in mixed forests. It was recorded between 720 m.s.l (Babno polje) to 1400 m (Julian Alps). Distribution of the species (except for the histori- cal record from Donačka gora) is matching the areas with the highest amount of precipitation in Slovenia. Some areas, where it could potentially occur based on amount of precipitation, either have not been investi- gated in detail (e.g. Kamniško-Savinjske Alps, Kara- vanke) either were intensively managed (e.g. Pohorje). After 1950, there are twelve findings known. Investiga- tions of lichen flora in 90ties of 20th century and in the beginning of 21st century have shown that R.amplissima does not occur anymore in Panovec (close to Nova Gorica), Javorniki, Trnovski gozd, Šenturška and Donačka gora. For Panovec it was already noted by Glowacki (1871) that it is very rare. For Julian Alps, where there were no historical records, after 1950 only one specimen was found. All other specimens were found at Snežnik or Goteniška gora. 7.5 Ricasolia virens (With.) H.H. blom. & tøns- berg In Slovenia, R. virens was reported from tree spe- cies Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. There is no infor- mation available on habitats or forest communities where it was found. There are only five historical records on occurence of R. virens in Slovenia, one of them is unpublished (herbarium F. Dolšak). After 1950, there is only one record, but is confirming wider area of occurrence in the past. Considering that R. virens is a species of mild temperate to humid subtropic climate (Wirth 1995), it is interesting that these records are referring to alpine region – Kamniško-Savinjske Alps. As recent licheno- logical investigations have not discovered it in its po- tential habitats (areas with high amount of precipita- tion in combination with low disturbance of forest ecosystems), it can be assumed that it is close to extinc- tion or it is already extinct in Slovenia. 8 DISCUSSION Species from the Lobaria s. lat. group are mostly limited to an area with high annual amount of precipitation (Alpine-Dinaric barrier, Pohorje) in Slovenia. Some parts of Slovenia, where the climatic conditions may be appropriate for the species from the Lobaria s. lat. group (Kamniške Alpe, Karavanke) are lichenologically still understudied. At Pohorje, only L. pulmonaria was re- corded, which is most likely related to the radical forest Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 90 folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 management measures in the past. The sizes of popula- tions for locations are mostly not known. However, in some cases, a single lichen thallus of the species was found at a location or the thalli were badly developed and damaged. There is no data on genetic diversity, ex- cept for two locations of L. pulmonaria, which were in- cluded in the study of Scheidegger et al. (2012). This study found that the Slovenian populations from Ra- jhenavski Rog and Notranjski Snežnik are admixed i.e. contain genes from two different genetic pools, which contributes to greater genetic diversity. Anyway, small populations are highly endangered regardless of genetic diversity as they may be destroyed by a single cata- strophic event (Zoller et al. 1999). Otherwise, Zoller et al. (1999) found out that in Swiss populations of L. pulmonaria genetic diversity and size of the population were not linked. Greater genetic diversity was observed in populations where the fungal simbiont reproduced sexually. However, L. pulmonaria is known that, the sexual reproduction occurs in even less than 30 % (dal Grande et al. 2012), furthermore, according to some data the percentage of sexual reproduction is even sig- nificantly smaller (Scheidegger et al. 2012). In general, it is known that even when apothecia are developed, they are often infected with a fungal parasite and there- fore nonfunctional (Jordan 1973). Besides L. pulmona- ria, also L. scrobiculata and L. linita reproduce primar- ily by vegetative means (Nimis 2016). For L. pulmonaria it was reported that its vegetative propagules may dis- perse only on a short distance and that identical geno- types are found only at a maximum distance of 230 m from each other (Walser 2004). In populations, which are propagated only vegetatively, fragmentation of habi- tats can lead to situations where neighbouring frag- ments cannot be colonized due to distance in between, although they might be ecologically suitable. Even mild forest management significantly reduces genetic diver- sity of L. pulmonaria populations before changes in fre- quency occur due to fragmentation of one population into several small populations isolated in space, result- ing in reduced mixing of genotypes (Scheidegger et al. 2012). Similar effects occur in cases where species oc- cupies free-standing isolated trees. As the cultural land- scape of free standing isolated trees is not maintained anymore, there are no appropriate substrates for coloni- zation in the vicinity. For the location, where R. amplis- sima was known to flourish on Ulmus glabra (Prügger 2002), it was found out that all 15 trees died in 2006- 2009 due to infection with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi fun- gus (Obermayer 2011), as well as R. amplissima disap- peared with from this location. As lichens from the Lo- baria s.lat. group cannot tolerate eutrophication or only to a small extent (L. pulmonaria and R. amplissima) (Wirth 1995, Nimis 2016), they are also threatened by intensification of agriculture with increased levels of ni- trogen compounds. They also need a sufficient amount of diffused light for their growth (Nimis 2016), there- fore abandonment of extensive agricultural land use is not advantageous. All lichens from Lobaria s. lat. group are hygrophilous (Nimis 2016), so they can be affected by reduced air humidity as a result of forestry measures. L. linita, with only a small number of potential habitats in Slovenia could be affected by global warming, as it is arctic-alpine species, remote pollution with nitrogen compounds and destruction of habitats due to sports activities in the mountains. Taking all the presented is- sues into account, it is not surprising that in many Eu- ropean countries, species of the Lobaria s.lat. group are placed on the red list of endangered species. In Italy, R. amplissima, R. virens and L. scrobiculata have a status of potentially endangered species, whereas L. pulmonaria is least threatened (Nimis 2016). In Germany L. virens considered to be extinct, but before approx. a decade a location where it has preserved was discovered (Fi- scher & Killman 2008). It is also considered extinct in Switzerland (Scheidegger et al. 2002), whereas in Aus- tria it does not occur (H. Mayrhofer, pers. communica- tion). R. amplissima in Austria is very rare, as well as L. scrobiculata. L. amplissima and L. scrobiculata are en- dangered, and L. pulmonaria is considered as vulnera- ble in Switzerland (Scheidegger et al. 2002). Terrico- lous species L. linita is out of danger in Switzerland (Scheidegger et al. 2002), probably due to large area that is occupied by crystalline Alps. In Italy, the species is absent everywhere except in alpine and subalpine re- gion, where it is very to extremely rare (Nimis 2016). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Author acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P4-0107, lead by prof. dr. Hojka Kraigher). Author thanks dr. Nikica Ogris (Slovenian Forestry Institute) for the preparation of distribution maps, dr. Alek- sander Marinšek (Slovenian Forestry Institute) for the help with syntaxonomical nomenclature and prof. dr. Helmut Mayrhofer (Graz) for data on recent references on Lobaria s. lat. species for Slovenia. Tanja MRaK: RaZŠIRjEnOST LIŠajEV IZ SKUPInE Lobaria S. LaT. V SLOVEnIjI 91folia biologica et geologica 58/1 – 2017 9 LITERATURA - REFERENCES Arso. Vreme in podnebje. Napovedi in podatki. Padavinska karta. Obdobje 1961-1990. 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