www.stat.si
REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA
STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
Facts
about Women and Men in Slovenia
Ljubljana, December 2007
Foreword
In this brochure we want to draw your attention to some noticeable differences and similarities between the data relating to women and the data relating to men.
Equality of women and men is a foundation of human dignity and democracy; it is the basic principle of the European Community legislation, of constitutions and regulations of EU Member States, and of international and European conventions.
We are encouraged to establish the actual state of equality of women and men from the results of various surveys and analyses, especially in the last decade, which often indicate that there (still) exists (concealed or even explicit) gender-based discrimination, primarily to the detriment of women, which of course is not in accordance with the efforts of EU Member States and other European countries. Serious efforts to abolish gender-based discrimination in all areas of work and life have been taking place for almost three decades.
It is important that all people have equal opportunities, regardless of their differences. The principle of non-discrimination is the basis for providing gender equality: equal recognition and evaluation, roles, power, positions and the active involvement of both genders in all areas of public and private life. This means that men and women need to have equal opportunities not only when they contribute to social development, but also when they are to benefit from the results they achieve. These benefits should be divided as equally as possible.
Although the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and appropriate acts provide the rights which ensure the equality of women and men, women and men in the Slovenian society today frequently have different roles and opportunities. So certain measures, although they are at first glance completely neutral, have different effect on genders and, in the actual exercise of rights in practice, can put a woman or a man in an unequal or worse position. Slovenia has the Office for Equal Opportunities, which makes efforts to reduce the gaps between legal discrimination and the actual equality of women and men in all areas of public and private life.
This brochure presents the position of one gender relative to the other gender in practice on the basis of statistical data.
Indicators are the first step towards developing better policies for women and men; the next step is to understand why certain changes have occurred (what has led to the changes), and only then can we ask ourselves what we can do in that area.
Integrating equal opportunities of women and men into a whole requires the equal participation of women and men at all social levels and their equal representation in the economy, in decision-making, in social and cultural life and, finally, in their everyday life.
Regardless of the society or culture, in today's world the work of women and men is still not equally evaluated. Policy planning still does not take into account the specific needs of more than a half of the population (of course, women must not be treated as a special priority group), and that affects the private and public sphere and the service sector, as well as employment, training and business. Growth, competitiveness and employment, security and the best possible health prevention and care are only some of the objectives of the efforts for equal opportunities of women and men, which can be achieved only with the cooperation of all citizens, both male and female.
Mag. Irena Križman Director-General
Published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 - Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged - Responsible person: Director-General Irena Križman - Edited by Petronela Vertot - Revised by Marina Urbas - English language editing by Boris Panic - Designed by Dušan Weiss and Ada Poklac - Translated by PSD
CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana
314(497.4)
311:316.346.2(497.4)
FACTS about women and men in Slovenia / [edited by Petronela Vertot ; translated by PSD]. - Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije = Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2007
ISBN 978-961-239-148-5 1. Vertot, Nelka 236463872_
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD................................................................................................................................1
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................3
ACTS AND REGULATIONS........................................................................................................4
DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................6
Age structure of the population............................................................................................9
Ethnic and cultural features of Slovenia's population...................................................11
WORK.........................................................................................................................................14
RECONCILIATION OF WORKING AND PRIVATE LIFE........................................................22
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY............................................................................................24
SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN AND MEN.....................................................................29
Health.....................................................................................................................................29
Injuries at work......................................................................................................................37
Absence from work: because of alcohol...........................................................................38
Social inclusion.....................................................................................................................39
Courts and persons convicted of criminal acts...............................................................40
Retired persons....................................................................................................................41
GENDER RELATIONS...............................................................................................................43
Family life and partnership.................................................................................................43
Violence against women in the domestic environment and partnership relations ...47
POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT.....................................................................................................48
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF SOME BASIC CONCEPTS USED....................49
LIST OF COUNTRIES: NAMES AND THEIR ISO CODES (ISO 3166)................................50

• ACTS AND REGULATIONS1 •
In Slovenia, the principle of equality is provided under Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. It defines the Republic of Slovenia as a democratic and welfare state governed by the rule of law, which ensures the enjoyment and implementation of human rights and fundamental freedoms to all, regardless of their national origin, race, gender, religion, political or other conviction, material standing, birth, education, social status or any other personal circumstance.
Slovenia is among the countries which regulate the principle of equality with a special act. The Equal Opportunities for Women and Men Act (2002) determines common guidelines and foundations for the creation of equal opportunities and the promotion of the equality of genders in different areas of life which are important from the aspect of gender equality (for example political, economic and social areas and education).The Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment Act (2004) upgraded the legal basis for providing the equal treatment of persons in all areas of social life regardless of personal circumstances, including gender. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is an legally binding umbrella instrument for the protection of women's rights, which reaches into all areas of public and private life and obliges Slovenia to adopt all necessary measures, including positive action, for the elimination of discrimination and to provide full equality of genders in all areas, especially political, social, economic and cultural.
Other important universal instruments for the protection of women's rights are the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted in 1966, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in the same year, which bind the contracting states to provide women and men with the equal exercise of all rights and freedoms ensured by both covenants, and the convention of the International Labour Organisation which relates to equal pay for equal work, on the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation, and equal treatment of workers with family responsibilities, and safeguards.
Equal treatment and equal opportunities for both genders are also fundamental legal principles of the European Union, defined both in the Amsterdam Treaty, which is the fundamental EU treaty, and in many directives established in national legislations of the EU Member States. With the Amsterdam Treaty, the European Community pledged that in all its policies and activities it will promote the equality of women and men and will make efforts to eliminate all inequalities resulting from gender (Articles 2 and 3). Within the Council of Europe, the most important documents on the protection of women's rights are the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted in 1950, and the European Social Charter, adopted
1 http://www.uem.gov.si/si/zakonodaja_in_dokumenti/
in 1996, which ensure the non-discriminatory exercise of rights and freedoms ensured by the convention and the charter, regardless of gender, race, skin colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, minority status, property, birth or other status.
More on this can be found on the website of the Office for Equal Opportunities, a government organisation which in Slovenia makes efforts to implement the principle of the equality of women and men in practice (http://www.uem.gov.si).
• DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT •
Number of men and women, Slovenia, 1857-2002 Censuses
number (1000)
year of census
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Population censuses
■	From the mid-19th century, when over a million people lived in the territory of the present-day Slovenia, to the mid-20th century, the number of citizens increased by half a million, and in the last hundred years by over 48%. Under the definition of population used for the 2002 Census, and recalculation of data from the 1991 Census, there were 2.6% or 50,681 more people in Slovenia at the 2002 Census than at the 1991 Census, and the population stood at 1,964,036. The described growth of population was primarily a consequence of immigration, as 28,000 people immigrated to Slovenia in that period. Natural increase in Slovenia in the period between the last two censuses was negative (-3,500 persons). The gender structure of the population changed only slightly in the period: the share of men increased by 0.3 of a percentage point (from 48.5% to 48.8%) in comparison to the data from the 1991 Census.
■	There are more women than men in Slovenia. At the end of 2006, there were 1,023,395 women and girls living in Slovenia, or 51% of 2,010,377 inhabitants. The sex ratio (the number of women per 1,000 men) has been decreasing in Slovenia since 1969.
Population, some indicators by gender, Slovenia, 1857-2002 Censuses
Year Share of women	Growth rate:	Coefficient Coefficient
of census	%	1857=100	of femininity of masculinity
women	men
1857	51.4	100	100	1 055.9	947.1
1869	51.7	103	102	1 068.8	935.6
1880	51.2	107	108	1 049.0	953.3
1890	51.3	112	112	1 053.2	949.5
1900	51.3	115	115	1 051.7	950.9
1910	51.3	120	120	1 051.7	950.8
1921	52.3	121	116	1 097.2	911.4
1931	51.8	128	126	1 076.0	929.4
1948	53.1	135	126	1 131.9	883.5
1953	52.7	140	133	1 112.9	898.6
1961	52.2	147	142	1 092.0	915.8
1971	51.6	157	156	1 066.0	938.1
1981	51.4	172	171	1 059.1	944.2
1991	51.5	179	178	1 063.8	940.0
2002	51.2	178	179	1 048.9	953.4
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
Population projections by major age groups by gender, Slovenia, 31 December 2020
Age group (years)
Women
%
Men
%
under 15
15-64
65+
TOTAL
80+
132 570 647 398 236 271
1 016 239
69 558
13 64 23
100
7
140 481 685 526 174 444
1 000 451
33 226
14 69 17
100
3
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Population projections
Surplus of women over men in Slovenia, 1985-2005 and population projections 20062050 (basic variant)
number (1000)
year
Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Number of population of the Republic of Slovenia and Eurostat - New Cronos
■ The surplus of women over men in Slovenia has been decreasing since the mid-1990s and according to the medium variant of population projections will continue to decrease until the mid-2020s, whereupon it is expected to increase again.
Population projections by major age groups by gender, Slovenia, 31 December 2050
Age group (years)
Women
%
Men
%
under 15
15-64
65+
118 116 528 738 320 879
12 55 33
125 747 536 201 271 168
13 57 29
TOTAL
80+
967 733
18 891
100
12
933 116
81 681
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Population projections
100
9
Age structure of the population
Shares of the population by age groups and gender, Slovenia, 30 June 2006
2-.
1-.
t
OIL.
EL
«- T- cm CM m
in	t- (n (n
in in id id
in in id «3
^ women
] men
00 00 CTl age groups (years)
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Number of population of the Republic of Slovenia
■	The age structure of the population illustrates how Slovenia's population has been developing in the past in terms of numbers, and partially also indicates its probable development in the future. Improved health care has considerably increased average life expectancy in Slovenia, and because the birth rate is decreasing, the number and share of the elderly have increased rapidly.
■	The number of men in Slovenia up to 60 years of age exceeds the number of women in all age groups. Thereafter, the share of women in all age groups is greater than that of men, because women on average die older than men.
■	A simple indicator of population ageing is the mean age of the population. In 1931, the mean age of the population in the territory of present-day Slovenia was 23.3 years (24.1 years for women and 22.3 years for men). Therefore, women were on average 1.8 years older than men. Three decades later, the mean age of the population was 32.1 years (33.4 years for women and 30.6 years for men), which made women on average 2.8 years older than men. At the last census, in 2002, the mean age of Slovenia's population was 39.5 years (41.1 for women and 37.7 years for men), so that women were on average 3.4 years older than men.
Shares of major age groups of women, Slovenia, 1991 and 2005 and projections for
2020 and 2050
%
80-,
60-
40
20
0 to under 15
15 to 64
65+
I 1991 □ 2005 □ 2020 □ 2050
80+ age groups (years)
Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Number of population of the Republic of Slovenia and Eurostat - New Cronos
Shares of major age groups of men, Slovenia, 1991 and 2005 and projections for
2020 and 2050
%
80-,
60
40
20
0_l-------------1_
0 to under 15	15 to 64	65+
I I 1991 □ 2005 □ 2020 □ 2050
Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Number of population of the Republic of Slovenia and Eurostat - New Cronos
■ The majority of Slovenia's population, more precisely 92.1% of women and 90.5% of men, were born in Slovenia; 7.9% of women and 9.5% of men living in Slovenia were not born in Slovenia.
80+ age groups (years)
Ethnic and cultural features of Slovenia's population
Shares of women and men of Slovene nationality, Slovenia, 1991 and 2002 Censuses
%
92-.
90888684. 82.
80.
1991	2002
year of census
^ women	| | men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Censuses 1991 and 2002
■	Slovenia is a homogeneous country in terms of nationality, although the population structure by nationality changed noticeably between the 1991 and 2002 censuses.
■	Among the population enumerated in 2002, 1,631,000 persons declared themselves Slovenes, and almost 12,000 persons declared themselves members of ethnic majorities.
■	The share of those who declare as Slovenes has been decreasing in Slovenia since World War II. In 2002, 83.1% of the population declared as Slovenes (85.4% of women and 80.6% of men). Slovenia's population then included more than 1% of Croats, Muslims and Serbs, respectively. The most noticeable changes happened between 1991 and 2002 in the categories in which national affiliation is not declared: the number of persons with unknown national affiliation (126,000) increased three times by 2002; 48,600 persons did not wish to answer the question, while the number of unaffiliated (12,000) increased by 38% in comparison to the previous census.
■	Among people who declared as Slovenes, Italians or Hungarians, the sex ratio was in favour of women.
Shares of Catholic women and men, Slovenia, 1931, 1953, 1991 and 2002 Censuses
%
100 -,
						OSURS							
													
													—
													
													
1931	1953	1991	2002
year of census
^ women	I I men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Censuses 1931, 1953, 1991 and 2002
■	Among the population enumerated in 2002, 1,136,000 people declared themselves Catholic, 46,000 Orthodox and 47,000 Muslim.
■	The share of the majority (Catholic) religion has been decreasing in Slovenia. Among those who declared as Catholics in the 1931, 1953, 1991 and 2002 censuses, the share of women was always higher than the share of men.
■	At the 1953 Census, almost 86% of women and almost 80% of men declared as Catholics, while at the 2002 Census, 61% of women and almost 55% of men declared as Catholics.
Coefficient of masculinity by mother tongue, Slovenia, 1981, 1991 and 2002 Censuses
coefficient 300-
250. 200. 150.
100.
50.
Slovene Italian Hunga- Romany Albanian Mace- German Serbo- Other Unknown rian	donian	Croat languages
mother tongue
I I 1981 □ 1991 □ 2002
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Censuses 1981, 1991 and 2002
■	Among the people of Slovenia enumerated in 2002, 1,723,000 declared Slovene as their mother tongue. Serbo-Croatian language was the mother tongue of 80,000 people, while 51,000 named Croatian as their mother tongue. Slovenia's population is very homogeneous in terms of mother tongue, as Slovene is the mother tongue of 87.7% of the population (89% of women and 86.5% of men). It is followed by Croatian (2.8%), Serbo-Croatian (1.8%), and Serbian and Bosnian (1.6% each). The share of the population whose mother tongue was not mentioned here stood at 1.8%.
■	Individual language groups of people living in Slovenia do not differ one from the other only in terms of their numbers and changes in those numbers, but also in their age and gender structure. In terms of gender, they can be divided into a group in which women predominate (these are persons who speak Slovene, Italian, Hungarian, German and Romany as their mother tongues), and into a group which is dominated by men who speak all other languages as their mother tongues. The majority of the first group constitutes the autochthonous population, while the second group comprises immigrants.
WORK
Difference between the employment rates for men and women, EU-25 Member States, Norway and Switzerland, 2006
rate (%) 50-
40.
30.
20
10
																					
																					
																					
nnnn nT																					
Fl SE LT EE NO DK LV SI DE FR UK FT PL HU NL AT CH BE SK CZ LU IE CY ES IT GR MT
countries
Sources: Eurostat - New Cronos and Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Labour Force Survey
■ In accordance with the expected increase in employment already projected in the Lisbon Strategy, the employment rate for the EU population in 2006 increased to 64.4% (it stood at 62.2% in 2000 and 63.4% in 2005), and 214 million people aged 15 or more were employed. In 2006 the employment rate for women stood at 57.2% (53.7% in 2000 and 56.0% in 2005). The largest difference between the shares of women in paid employment and men in paid employment in the EU Member States was recorded in Malta, Greece and Italy, and the smallest in Finland, Sweden and Latvia.
The employment rates for women and men, Slovenia, 2000-2006
rate (%) 75-,
&SURS
60------------- —
45---------- ------—
30----------------—
15----------------—
0_U---------------------
0 2000 0 2001 0 2002 0 2003 0 2004 0 2005 0 2006
year
women	□ men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Labour Force Survey
■	Among all people aged between 15 and 64, 49.4% of women and 62.5% of men were in employment in Slovenia in 2006.
■	According to data from the 2002 Census, then the labour force in Slovenia stood at 818,304 people (367,064 women in employment and 451,524 men in employment).
■	The largest share of persons in employment in 2006 was, as expected, that of persons in paid employment: 741,586 or 89.9% of all persons in employment. There were 361,514 women in paid employment, or 93.7% of all women in employment, and 402,782 men in paid employment, or 86.9% of all men in employment.
■	Almost half of not only women in employment but also of both women and men in paid employment in 2005 usually had full-time jobs.
■	The share of women in paid employment on fixed-time contracts in Slovenia in 2005 increased in comparison to men.
■	Distinctive differences between women and men in Slovenia in 2005 were noticeable in absenteeism. On average, men are more frequently absent from work because of various work-related injuries, while women were absent from work primarily to care for family members.
The unemployment rates for women and men, Slovenia, 2000-2006
rate (%) 91
©SUBS
7.5---
6--
4.5----------------—
3----------------_
1.5----------------_
0_U---------------------
0	2000 0 2001 0 2002 0 2003 0 2004 0 2005 0 2006
year
1	I women	I I men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Labour Force Survey
■	Unemployment is one of the main indicators measuring coordination between supply and demand in the labour market. It is the most synthetic indicator of the scope of social problems caused by structural disproportions in that market. In 2006, the unemployment rate in Slovenia was 6% (4.9% for men and 7.2% for women).
■	Unemployment in 2006 was, as usual, highest among young people (aged between 15 and 24), and stood at 13.9%. It was 11.6% among young men and 17% among young women. In line with expectations, unemployment was lowest among older people, i.e. in the group of people aged between 55 and 64, standing at 2.6%.
Persons in paid employment, women and men, Slovenia, 1955-2005
number (1000) 500
400
300
200
100
LnLnmioioioioioi^i^i^r^r^coooooooooaiaiaiaiat ai<n<Tio>oiO)0)cacaoioioio>e>9>0)Oioioioioie>?>
rM rM rM
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
1995-1996: ZAP/M; annual average was calculated from March-December data; until 1991 private enterprises are not included.
1997-1999: data from ZAP/M were supplemented with data from SRDAP, i.e. Statistical Register of Employment, (private enterprises with 1 or 2 employees, employees with individual entrepreneurs); annual average was calculated as average of monthly data.
2000-2005: SRDAP; annual average was calculated as average of monthly data.
■	The share of women in paid employment among all persons in paid employment in Slovenia has increased since 1955 by 12.8 percentage points (from 33.4% in 1955 to 46.2% in 2005), while the share of men in paid employment among all persons in paid employment in the same period decreased by the same number of percentage points (from 66.6% in 1955 to 53.8% in 2005).
■	Among persons in paid employment and unemployed persons in Slovenia, there were considerable differences at the 2002 Census between women and men born in Slovenia, and those born outside Slovenia. Among persons in paid employment born in Slovenia, 47.4% were women and 52.6% were men, while among unemployed persons born in Slovenia, 48.2% were women and 51.6% were men. Among persons in paid employment born outside Slovenia, 40.8% were women and 59.2% were men, while among unemployed persons born outside Slovenia, 53.9% were women and 46.1% were men.
Comparison of shares of women in employment and men in employment in twenty most frequent occupations, Slovenia, 2005
occupations
crop and animal producers
shop salespersons, stall and market salespersons, demonstrators first and second stage of basic education teaching professionals
machine-tool operators
helpers and cleaners in offices, hotels and other establishments
heavy-truck and lorry drivers secretaries
agricultural or industrial-machinery mechanics and fitters
waiters, waitresses and bartenders
stock clerks nurses
technical and commercial sales representatives cooks
accounting and bookkeeping clerks farm hands and labourers accountants
directors and chief executives sewing-machine operators
cabinet makers and related workers
legal and related business associate professionals
20
40
60
80
% 100
-1-1-				esuRS
I				
I				
I I				
I				
I				
				
I				
I				
				
				
I				
I I I I				
I				
—'				
I				
I I I I				
I				
■				
I				
I I I				
I				
I				
				
I				
I				
I I I I				
I				
■				
I				
I				
I I				
I				
I				
				
I				
I				
				
				
				
I				
				
				
				
I				
I				
I I I				
I				
■				
I				
I I I I				
I				
I	I I I			
				
I I women	I I men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Register of Employment (SRDAP)
Difference (%) between average gross earnings per hour received by man and those received by woman, EU-25 Member States, 2005
30-,
25
20 15 10
0 EU-25 = 15
N
MT BE SI GR IE IT PT PL HU FR ES LU LT SE LV DK NL AT CZ Fl UK DE SK EE CY
countries
Source: Eurostat - New Cronos
Note: Greece, Ireland, Spain, Slovenia and United Kingdom: provisional data
■	Although girls in Europe achieve better results in school than boys, and although each year more women graduates enter the labour market than men graduates, in 2005 women's earnings were still 15% lower than those of men.
■	In Slovenia in 2005, there were 9.1% more men in paid employment than women in paid employment (the rate stood at 15% in EU-25), while the difference in the average earnings for the same work in Slovenia stood at about 8% to the benefit of men (the rate stood at 15% in EU-25).
■	Statistics show that the difference in earnings in Slovenia increases according to age (women in Slovenia still retire earlier than men), education and years of service (the difference in earnings stands at 30% in the group aged between 50 and 59, and 7% for persons under 30 years of age; for persons with tertiary education the difference stands at more than 30%, and 13% for those with secondary education; for workers with more than 30 years of service in an enterprise the difference is 32%, and is lower by 10% for those working in an enterprise between one and five years).
Average monthly gross earnings of women and men in paid employment by age groups, Slovenia, 2004
SIT (1000) 900-
750.
600-
450-
300-
150-
15-64	15-24	25-34	35-44	45-54	55-64	65+
age groups (years)
I I women	I I men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Structure of earnings statistics
■	In Slovenia in 2004, women received on average almost 93% of the average monthly gross earnings for men. Women were paid better than men only in the age group between 55 and 64, as women with higher education more frequently enter the labour market later, and their younger, less educated colleagues are already retired at that age.
■	The difference in earnings for women and men was highest among plant and machine operators and assemblers (major group 8), as the earnings for women in those occupations reached only 75% of the earnings for men. In case of clerks (major group 4) the difference was the smallest, as earnings for women stood at 94% of earnings for men.
■	Women in Slovenia were better paid than men in construction and transport, storage and communication. The average monthly gross earnings for women in paid employment in construction were almost 18% higher than those for men. This is because women represented only 10% of all persons in paid employment in construction and had better paid management, supervision and office posts, which as a rule require higher education than for lower paid manual labour posts, which are considered as men's field.
Average monthly gross earnings for women in paid employment and men in paid employment by major groups of occupation, Slovenia, 2004
major groups of occupation
legislators, senior officials and managers
professionals
technicians and associate professionals clerks
service workers and shop and market sales workers
skilled agriculture and fishery workers
craft and related trades workers
plant and machine operators
and assemblers
elementary occupations
armed forces
not classified
100
200
—I—
300
—I—
400
—I—
SIT (1000) 500 600
□ ©SUBS
^ women	| | men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Structure of earnings statistics
Ratio between the average monthly gross earnings for women in paid employment and men in paid employment by major groups of occupation, Slovenia, 2004
major groups of occupation
legislators, senior officials and managers
professionals
technicians and associate professionals clerks
service workers and shop and market sales workers
skilled agriculture and fishery workers
craft and related trades workers
plant and machine operators
and assemblers
elementary occupations
armed forces
not classified
%
0	20	40	60	80 100
©SURS
^ women/men ratio
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Structure of earnings statistics
• RECONCILIATION OF WORKING AND PRIVATE LIFE •
Use of spare time, women and men, aged between 20 and 74, in selected European countries, 2003
time (hours) 7-

FR
□
EE
HU
BE
SE
UK
□E
NO
countries
Note: For Slovenia 2001 data
Source: Eurostat, WP Comparable time use statistics, 2005
■	Differences in earnings for women and men are not the only indicators which reflect inequality of genders in the EU labour market. Women more frequently choose jobs with fewer working hours, and more frequently end their careers to take care of their families and family members, which has negative impact on their professional development. Women still lag behind men in taking leading positions, and face more obstacles in their professional path. Their careers are more frequently ended, are slower and shorter, which is why their work is paid less than that of men.
■	According to a report from the European Commission for 2005, men in EU Member States on average spend, regardless of having a full-time or part-time job, 7 hours on unpaid household tasks, while women devote 35 hours to these tasks if they have a part-time job and 24 hours if they have a full-time job. This makes it harder for women to pursue a career even to the same extent as their husbands or partners.
Time use, women and men, aged between 20 and 74, Slovenia, 2001
time (hours) 10-
spare time
□
eating and personal care
i □ n
sleeping travelling household and employment, family care	study
tasks
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Time Use Survey, 2001
■	According to the data on time use for 15 European countries, a woman in Slovenia spends on average almost 8 hours for paid and household work. Among these 15 countries, only a Lithuanian woman spends more time to perform such work.
■	On eating and personal care, a Slovene woman spends as much time as an Estonian and a Finnish woman, 2 hours and 8 minutes, which is the least time among all 15 countries, while French and Italian women spend the most time. With four hours of available leisure time, a Slovene woman ranks 10th among the fifteen countries. A Norwegian woman has the most available spare time, almost 6 hours. Considering that a Norwegian woman spends the same amount of time at work or studying as a Slovene woman, a Norwegian woman has more time for spare time activities, because she spends one hour and 10 minutes less on housework and her family than a Slovene woman. A Slovene woman has 65 minutes less spare time than a Slovene man. This is also the largest difference between the amount of spare time for women and men among all countries which provided data (Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway).
■	Women in Slovenia dedicate to housework and care for their families twice as much time as men. Care for a child or children remains primarily a woman's duty, which is indicated by data which show that women most frequently take absence from work to take care of their children, that women most frequently "decide" to work fewer hours until their child is three years old, and take leave of absence from work to take care of a family member. More promising is the data showing that the majority of today's fathers exercise their right to paternity leave.
• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY •
Shares of women, aged between 20 and 24, with secondary education, EU-25 Member States, 2005
100-,
80-
60.
40-
20-
0 EU-25 = 80
MT FT ES LU DE UK DK IT NL FR BE HU LV EE AT Fl GR IE CY SE CZ LT PL SK SI
countries
Source: Eurostat - New Cronos
Shares of men, aged between 20 and 24, with secondary education, EU-25 Member States, 2005
% 100
80.
60-
40-
20
"0 EU-25 = 74,6
PT MT ES IT LU NL DE CY DK EE BE LV UK GR LT FR Fl HU IE AT SE SI PL CZ SK
countries
Source: Eurostat - New Cronos
Shares of female students in tertiary education, EU-25 Member States, 2005
% 80-,
60-
0 EU-25 = 54,6
40
20
0 II
DE CY CZ GR NL AT ES SK BE LU Fl FR IE UK IT SI FT HU MT PL DK SE LT EE LV
countries
Source: Eurostat - New Cronos
■	Data on education in Slovenia frequently indicate the separate roles of men and women. Their roles are reflected in educational content and programmes, as well as in occupational and study choices. Girls at the secondary education level more frequently take general education courses and those for so-called "women's" occupations, while boys opt for technical occupations. At the post-secondary and higher levels of education, female students more frequently decide to study in social, health, pedagogical and social science fields, while male students dominate technical fields, primarily mechanical engineering, civil engineering, computing and electrical engineering.
■	In the EU-25 Member States in 2005, 5.4% more women than men, aged between 20 and 24, finished at least secondary school. The ratio is similar in the majority of the EU-25 Member States - the difference is lower only in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The highest share of women finishing secondary school was recorded in Slovenia (almost 94%), while the lowest was recorded in Malta (48%).
■	In the EU-25 Member States in 2005, less than 55% of female students were studying at the tertiary level (over 56% in Slovenia).
Shares of women, aged 15 and over, by education, Slovenia, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991
and 2002 Censuses
%
75-,
60.
45-
30.
15-
						
						
		1-				
		1				
without incomplete basic secondary post-secondary higher unknown education basic education vocational education education education	education (not higher
education)	education
I I 1961 □ 1971 □ 1981 □ 1991 □ 2002
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Censuses 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002
■	Census results also indicate that an increasing number of women in Slovenia are entering the educational process. At the 1991 Census, almost a half of women (48.2%) had post-secondary or higher education, while in 2002, women with the same level of education represented 53% of Slovenia's population with this level of education; in 1961, the share of women with post-secondary or higher education in Slovenia barely exceeded a quarter (26.8%) of the population with this level.
■	At the 2002 Census, the majority of people with secondary, post-secondary and higher education, similarly to the 1991 Census, were aged between 25 and 44. The share of women who finish their education by the age of 30 at post-graduate level was almost 10% higher than the share of men of the same age.
Shares of men, aged 15 and over, by education, Slovenia, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 Censuses
75-,
60-
45-
30.
15-
	r						
							
				-1			
		1					r-ri"rTl
without incomplete basic secondary post-secondary higher unknown education basic education vocational education education education	education (not higher
education)	education
I I 1961 □ 1971 □ 1981 □ 1991 □ 2002
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Censuses 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002
■	According to the 1991 Census, 43.1% of people in Slovenia finished secondary school (almost a half of them graduating from a craft or vocational school), and by the 2002 Census over half of the total population (54.1%). The share of persons with higher education in Slovenia at the 1991 Census was still low (4.6% with post-secondary education and 4.3% with higher education), but it has increased 2.5 times since the 1971 Census. By the 2002 Census, 13% of the population had educational qualifications higher than secondary level, which is over 4 percentage points up on 1991.
■	Between the last two censuses in Slovenia, the educational structure of the population shifted more in favour of women. At the 2002 Census, men had some 'advantage' in education, being ahead of women only in terms of secondary education (60.6% to 47.9%); in terms of post-secondary or higher education, women overtook men in the decade between the last two censuses (13.3% to 12.6%).
■	In the 2004/2005 academic year, there were more than 300,000 students in Slovenia enrolled in the forms of continuing education. Young people, aged between 15 and 29, comprised the majority, and there were more men (39.5%) than women (33.3%) among them.
Shares of women and men completing higher education undergraduate and postgraduate studies, by age groups, Slovenia, 2002 Census
% 25.
20-
15-
10-
0-L=_
JL
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39	40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 +
I I women - undergraduate higher |	I women - postgraduate higher age groups 'years'
education studies	education programs
| | men - undergraduate higher |	| men - postgraduate higher
education studies	education programs
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
■	The position of women in science in Slovenia does not differ considerably from the position of women in other European countries.
■	Although women and men with degrees are approximately equal in terms of number (sometimes the share of women even exceeds that of men), the number of women enjoying promotion in their careers (for example, from master's degree to the status of full professor) usually drops to about 10% (it varies by subject area, of course), both in Europe and in Slovenia. In education and research, there are more women (59%) than men graduates, but in terms of professional promotion, the number of women decreases; out of 43% women with Ph.D. degree only 15% have the status of full professor.
■	Although the share of women increases in post-graduate studies, it is lower at the Ph.D. level than the share of men, and it is also partly the reason that the share of women employed in science and research is lower than that of men.
■	Also, in terms of scientific field, women dominate in medical and social sciences, and men dominate in natural and technical sciences. In science and research, the share of women in the highest positions is still low.
■	The majority of students in undergraduate and post-graduate studies in Slovenia (both women and men) opt for social sciences, business sciences and law.
■	In 2005, there were 8,994 persons (3,345 or 37% women) working full-time in science and research. There were 5,253 researchers (58.4%) among whom 3,476 or 66.2% were men, and 1,777 or 33.8% were women.
• SOCAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN AND MEN •
Health
Total fertility rate, EU-25 Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, 2005
total fertility rate 2.5-,
1.5.
1--
0.5--
PL SK SI LT CZ IT LV HU GR DE ES AT PT CY CH EE MT BE LU NL SE UK DK Fl NO IE FR IS
countries
Note: For Belgium 1997 data, for Malta 2004 data Source: Eurostat - New Cronos
■	Forty years ago, women in the EU-25 Member States could expect that they would on average give birth to more than 2.5 children. The total fertility rate in the majority of European countries has been dropping: women can expect that they will on average give birth to fewer than 1.5 children.
■	There are still considerable differences between European countries in terms of birth rate: low birth rates are characteristic of all EU newcomers and the countries of East Europe, and high for Northern European countries. The highest birth rate in Europe is recorded in Turkey, where the average number of births per woman is over 2.4, and it is the only country in Europe whose simple population growth is ensured, as the total fertility rate exceeds 2.1. This figure still ensures sustainable population growth.
Total fertility rate, Slovenia, 1954-2006
total fertility rate 3
2.5
1.5
01 Ol 01 Ol O)
O) o o o o
T- r»j rM fM rM
year
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Registration of birth
■	To the total number of live-born children in the European Union, Slovenia contributes approximately 0.4%. With 9.1 live-born children per 1,000 population, Slovenia has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe and even in the world.
■	The total fertility rate in Slovenia has been decreasing since the 1980s, and in 2003 reached 1.2 live births per fertile woman. Since then, the trend in Slovenia started climbing slightly, reaching 1.31 in 2006.
■	Women in the EU-25 Member States on average become mothers for the first time at 28.3 years of age. The mean age at which European women decide to become mothers is rising; the mean age of women upon the birth of their children is rising in all countries. In eight countries (Denmark, Spain, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Liechtenstein and Sweden), the mean age of a mother upon the birth of all her children has already exceeded 30 years, while in Slovenia it has already exceeded 29 years. Among the EU newcomers, the mean age of a woman with a first child is highest in Slovenia, while first-time mothers among the ten EU newcomers are youngest in Lithuania and Latvia (almost 3 years younger than those in Slovenia).
The number of men per 1,000 women by age, Slovenia, 31 December 2006
number of men per 1000 women 1200
900
600
300
0
omoin *-ui0LnQui0Ln0in0Ln0in0in-i-T- T- rMiNmm^^tinLniciDr^rNCOCoaiai
o o
age (yearc)
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Number of population of the Republic of Slovenia
■	Each year the number of newborn boys in Slovenia is somewhat higher than the number of newborn girls, on average 105 boys per 100 girls. Due to the higher infant mortality rate of boys, the value of indicators which show the ratio between the number of men and women in the population levels with the time. At the age of approximately 60 years, the number of men is almost equal to the number of women, and then the difference in the number of people by gender increases in favour of women, and at the age of 80, the number of women is almost double that of men.
■	In EU Member States, about 4.5 million people die each year. In the majority of European countries, the number of deaths per 1,000 population has been decreasing. The opposite trend, an increase in mortality rates in the last four decades, was recorded in the three Baltic States and in Hungary. Mortality rates in EU Member States are lowest in Ireland and in both island countries in the Mediterranean, Cyprus and Malta.
■	A comparable indicator of mortality rates between countries is life expectancy for a newborn child; in Europe life expectancy at birth is as a rule higher in Northern, Western and Southern countries. For example, people in Iceland can expect that, considering that life expectancy remains unchanged, they will reach the highest age (men slightly over 80 years and women slightly over 83).
■	A considerably shorter life expectancy is recorded in the countries of East Europe, where it stands at 63.8 years for men and 72.4 for women1.
1 http://www.cqpress.com/cs/europe/PDFs/TBL-9.pdf
Life expectancy for women at birth, EU-25 Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, 2005
age (years) 100 -,
80-
60--
40--
20--
LV HU LT SK EE CZ PL DK SI CY UK FT MTGR IE NL BE DE LU AT Fl NO IT SE IS ES FR CH
countries
Note: For Italy 2003 data, for France 2004 data Source: Eurostat / U.S. Bureau of the Census
Life expectancy for men at birth, EU-25 Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, 2005
age (years) 100-
80
60--
40--
20--
LT LV EE HU SK PL CZ SI PT Fl DK BE LU FR AT DE GR CY ES UK IT NL MT IE NO SE CH IS
countries
Note: For Italy 2003 data, for France 2004 data Source: Eurostat / U.S. Bureau of the Census
Life expectancy at birth by gender, Slovenia, 1960/1961 and 1993/19994 to 2004/2005
age (years) 100-
80-
60 —
40 —
20 —
T-	*—	(N
^ women	| | men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Registration of death
period
■	The average mortality rate per 1,000 population in Slovenia in the last decade was 9.5. The average age in Europe is increasing. Women born in 1960 can expect that they will live up to almost 72 years of age, and men born in the same year can expect to live until they are 67. For children born in 2005, the life expectancy is considerably longer; boys born in the 2005-2006 period can expect to live up to 74.8 years of age, and girls born in the same period 81.9 years.
■	The life expectancy for a newborn child in Slovenia is shorter than in the EU-15 countries, but is among the longest among the EU newcomers.
■	The average death age in Slovenia is increasing, and the life expectancy for newborn children is extending. A lower mortality rate among women means that women on average live approximately 7 years longer than men. A girl born in Slovenia in 2005 can expect that she will live for 81 years, while a boy born in Slovenia in the same year can expect to live 74 years.
Shares of female and male daily smokers, EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and
Switzerland, 2004
%
60 50 40 30 20 10-

Ln
J
FT CY SK LT Fl GR LV IT MT SE EE CZ PL BE IE FR DE ES CH SI HU NL UK IS NO DK AT
countries
women	| | men	EU, women = 19,6	EU, men = 34,2
Source: Eurostat - Health Interview Surveys (HIS round 2004]
■	Analysts of health in Europe find that women on average live 6 years longer than men, but they live more years with impaired health. Certain diseases, such as osteoporosis, are more frequent and more widespread among women. Other diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer or mental health difficulties, affect both men and women, but to different degrees.
■	For example, mental illnesses have a considerable influence on the quality of life, and therefore can influence disease and mortality rates. By 2020, depression is expected to be the main cause of women's illnesses in some EU Member States.
■	Special health difficulties have occurred in the last few decades: eating disorders (they primarily affect teenage girls and young women], HIV and AIDS, sexual and reproductive health difficulties, while violence against women affects physical and mental health.
■	The higher percentage of female smokers in certain EU Member States considerably increases the risks of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases among women.
Shares of people (aged 15 and older) with overweight and obesity, certain European countries (2000-2004)
SIT (1000) 30-,
25-
20-
15-
10
NO CH IT DK SE NL IE DE IS BE ES SI EE CZ LT EL HU LV PL MT Fl
countries
^ women	| | men
Source: World Health Organisation database (http://www.who.int)
■	Unhealthy lifestyle (including overweight and obesity) has a strong influence on the occurrence of numerous diseases.
■	Due to biological factors, women and men at a certain age vary in their sensitivity to different diseases. In the whole of Europe, including Slovenia, the cancer mortality rate is higher for men than for women. In 2005, 2,307 men (235 per 100,000 men) and 1,777 women (174 per 100,000 women) died of cancer in Slovenia. The most common forms of cancer among women were breast cancer (38.1 per 100,000 women), colon and anal cancer (36.2 per 100,000 women) and lung cancer (26.9 per 100,000 women). The most common forms of cancer among men were lung cancer (82 per 100,000 men), colon and anal cancer (36.2 per 100,000 men) and prostate cancer (31.2 per 100,000 men).
Mean age at death for women and men, Slovenia, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2004, 2005
age (years) 100-
80.
60.
40
20.
1980
1990
1995
2004
2005
^ women	| | men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Registration of death
■	Men live considerably shorter lives than women. Slovenia is characterised by great differences between the mean age at death for men and women. Men are usually exposed to higher risks, perform more difficult manual labour, and live less healthy lives than women. They also die younger because of these factors. The mean age at death for men in Slovenia (69 years) is almost 9 years lower than that for women (78 years). In the last three decades, this average rose by almost 6 years, while the average for women increased by more than 7 years.
■	The mean age at death for men is also lower than that for women because of various injuries.
Injuries at work
Injuries at work per 1,000 persons in paid employment relative to activity - by gender, Slovenia, 2005
activity
agriculture, hunting, forestry fishing
mining and quarrying manufacturing
electricity, gas and water supply construction
wholesale, retail; certain repair hotels and restaurants transport, storage and communication financial intermediation real estate, renting & business activities public administ.& defence; comp.soc.sec education
health and social work other social and personal services
^ women	| | men
Source: Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia, Injuries at work
■ There are between 24,000 and 26,000 reported cases of injury at work in Slovenia, including 50 fatalities1. The most common causes of injury at work are walking, being struck, collisions with objects, and falls; the most frequently injured body parts are hands, fingers, the neck, wrist, arms and eyes (foreign bodies in the cornea). Most injuries at work and most fatal injuries usually occur in construction, mining (men suffer the majority of injuries) and manufacturing.
number of injuries per 1000 persons in paid employment 0	20	40	60	80
1 http://www.cilizadelo.si
Absence from work: due to alcohol
Temporary absenteeism of women and men in paid employment due to illness, injury and poisoning directly attributed to alcohol, Slovenia, 2005
Cases of absence	Days of absence	Average
		duration of single
number share	number share	absence
		in days
Women	225	14.2	21 678	24.2	96.4
Men	1 362	85.8	67 831	75.8	49.8
Source: Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia, Alcohol consumption and indices of harmful use of alcohol - Slovenia 2005
■	In 2005, there were 1,587 cases of temporary absence from work (0.20% of all cases) in Slovenia due to illnesses, injuries and poisoning directly attributed to alcohol, and 89,509 lost calendar days (0.63% of all lost days). A single temporary absence from work because of these causes lasted on average 56.4 days.
■	The frequency of such absences was 5 times higher for men than for women. However, a single temporary absence from work for men lasted on average less (49.8 days) than that for women (96.4 days).
■	The number of cases of temporary absence from work per 1,000 persons in paid employment for men was highest in the group aged between 45 and 49, and for women in the group aged between 50 and 54. As much as 77.3% of all cases occurred in the group aged between 40 and 59.
Social inclusion
At-risk-of-poverty rate for the population aged at least 16, with regard to the most frequent activity status by gender, Slovenia, 2004
at-risk-of poverty rate 30-
25
20
15 10
persons in persons self-employed not in the unemployed retired	other
employment in paid persons labour force persons persons economically employment	inactive persons
women	I I men	most frequent activity status
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Survey on Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
■	The at-risk-of-poverty rate and magnitude of social exclusion of vulnerable social groups is not equal for both genders. It is higher for women than for men, primarily for older women, and the most among retired women who live alone.
■	A special group of women who are the most frequently in the position of social exclusion are rural women, as their opportunities to exercise certain social rights are limited and they have less access to certain services.
■	At-risk-of-poverty rate in Slovenia in 2004 was the highest among women over 65 (36%).
■	Among the inactive population in 2004, the most at risk were unemployed persons (25%), with women being slightly more at risk than men. High at-risk-of-poverty rates (20%) were also recorded for retired women and other inactive persons. With regard to the most frequent status of activity, persons in paid employment were in the best position regardless of gender.
The courts and persons convicted of crimes
Shares of women among all convicted persons by type of criminal offence, Slovenia,
2000 and 2005
%
15-,
©SUflS
12---
9
6--
3-----------
0 ---------------
total	assault	serious assault	theft	drug-related
criminal offences
__.	__.	type of criminal offence
I_I 2000	I_I 2005
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Statistical survey on adults against whom criminal proceedings have been legally concluded
■	Of those convicted of crimes each year in Slovenia, less than 10% are women and more than 90% are men (primarily for theft and assault).
■	In the majority of cases, adult persons convicted of crimes were sentenced to imprisonment (88% were men and 12% women).
■	Besides judges, courts of general jurisdiction also employ junior experts and trainees; they represent on average a third of all employees at a court. There is a total of between 800 and 900 judges, of whom more than 70% are women, while the share of female judges by court type varies: more than 75% of judges at district courts are women, while they represent less than 35% of judges at the Constitutional Court.
Shares of convicted women and men by type of criminal offence, Slovenia, 2000 and 2005
Types of criminal offences	2000	2005
	women	men	women	men
Total	8.2	91.8	6.1	93.9
Assault	6.4	93.6	3.8	96.2
Serious assault	5.3	94.7	10.6	89.4
Theft	9.0	91.0	10.0	90.0
Drug-related criminal offences	12.5	87.5	9.2	90.8
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Statistical survey on adults against whom criminal proceedings have been legally concluded
Retired persons
Shares of women receiving pensions by type of pension, Slovenia, 2000 and 2006
% 80
60-
40-
20
X
old age pensions
disability pensions
survivor's pensions
widow pensions
national pensions
I I 2000 □ 2006
Source: Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, 2006 Report
type of pension
■	Among women who received pensions in Slovenia between 2000 and 2006, the share of those who received widow and national pensions increased, while the shares of those who received old-age, disability and survivor's pensions decreased. During this period, the share of men who received old-age pensions and, to some extent, the share of those men who received widow and national pensions increased, while the shares of those men who received disability and survivor's pensions decreased.
■	The legal requirements for acquiring the right to a pension, in particular to an old-age pension, have been changing and becoming stricter since the 2000 pension reform. The actual age of men and women upon retirement has also been rising, from 56 years and 1 month to 57 years and 4 months for women (by 1 year and 3 months), and from 61 years to 61 years and 8 months (by 8 months) for men. In the last two years, the age of men upon retirement has not risen and even fell (due to the right to a reduced age limit for children, as it can be exercised by the father instead of the mother). In comparison with 2005, the actual retirement age for women in 2006 increased by 1 month, and remained level for men.
Shares of men receiving pensions by type of pension, Slovenia, 2000 and 2006
% 80
60.
40-
20.
old age pensions
disability pensions
survivor's pensions
widow pensions
national pensions
I I 2000 □ 2006
Source: Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, 2006 Report
type of pension
■	There was a total of 511,000 recipients of all types of pension (old-age, disability, survivor's and widow pensions) in Slovenia in 2006.
■	In 2006, retired persons represented 26.7% of Slovenia's population, which was 0.2 of a percentage point more than in 2005.
■	Recipients of old-age pensions comprised the highest share (60.1%), followed by recipients of disability pensions (17.9%), recipients of survivor's and widow pensions (17.2 %), which was 95.2% of all recipients; recipients of other types of pension (military pensions, recipients of pension advance, recipients of farmers' pensions) totalled 1.5%, while recipients of national pensions constituted 3.3% of all recipients of pensions.
■	The average age upon old-age retirement under the general rules for compulsory insurance in 2006 was 57 years and 4 months for women, and 61 years and 8 months for men.
■	The average disability retirement age under the general rules was 50 years and 4 months for women, and 53 years and 5 months for men.
• GENDER RELATIONS
Family life and partnership
Marital status of people in Slovenia, 2002 Census
% 60-,
50-
40. 30. 2010-
n_
single
married
widow/widower
divorced
marital status
□ women	□ men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
■	At the 2002 Census, there were 150 thousand people living alone in Slovenia (as single households), of which 93 thousand or 62% were women, and 57 thousand or 38% were men. The figure is 2.2 times larger than for 1948 and is the highest share of single households in Slovenia since World War II. The majority of men living in single households were young or middle-aged, while the majority of women living in single households were aged 60 or more.
■	The majority (1.7 million, or 78%) of the two million Slovenes at the 2002 Census lived in families. 84% of all women and 89% of all men lived in families, which comprised 41% children and 59% of adults, of whom 31.8% were wives, mothers or female cohabiting partners, and 27.4% were husbands, fathers or male cohabiting partners.
■	In comparison with 1991 Census data, the number of families in Slovenia increased by 2002 by 12 thousand, and in comparison to the 1981 census by 33 thousand; meanwhile, the number of family members decreased. The average family in Slovenia in 2002 had 3.1 members, while the average family with children had 3.4 members, and there were 428 thousand such families. In terms of the number of members, families of married couples with children (3.7 members) ranked first, and were followed by families of cohabiting partners with children (3.5 members), while the average single-parent family had 2.3 members.
Shares of single women and single men aged 15 and over, by age groups, Slovenia,
2002 Census
%
30-,
25
20--
15--
10--
UhR
m m m n-, n_
o__□_
T-	fN
00 00 age groups (years)
^ single women I I single men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
Shares of married women and married men aged 15 and over, by age groups,
Slovenia, 2002 Census
%
15-,
12-
		
		i
		
rh		

5
u\
]] married women | I married men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
age groups (years)
Shares of widows and widowers aged 15 and over by age groups, Slovenia, 2002
Census
%
25-,
20-
15-
10.
in
J]
Ol^Ol^Ol^Ot^Ot T-rMrMmm^-^-Lnin lAoLnoLnoL/ioin
widows	| | widowers
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
age groups (years)
Shares of divorced women and divorced men aged 15 and over by age groups, Slovenia, 2002 Census
25-,
20-
15-
10-
m
n n-
3
]] divorced women | | divorced men
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
age groups (years)
The number of women living in families by their age and by family types, Slovenia, 2002 Census
number (1000)
- married, without children
married, with children	cohabiting, without children
mother with children	cohabiting, with children
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
■ Although the number of marriages in Slovenia has been declining since 1972 (when the highest number of marriages since World War II were recorded - almost 16 thousand), to less than 6 thousand in 2005, married couples (73.7%) were still the most common form of family in Slovenia at the 2002 Census. Although the number of families has been constantly increasing (by 34 thousand or 6.5% between 1981 and 2002), the share of families with 'married couples with children' has been decreasing (by 10.3% in the same period).
The number of men living in families by their age and by family types, Slovenia, 2002 Census
number (1000)
- married, without children	years of age
married, with children	cohabiting, without children
father with children	cohabiting, with children
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 census
Violence against women in the domestic environment and partnership relations
■	Violence in the domestic environment and partnership relations is concealed, and it is therefore harder to recognise and prevent it. The majority of such acts of violence are committed at home. The majority of victims are women, who live in a marriage or a common law marriage with the persons who commit violent acts.
■	Professional institutions (health, social, judicial and educational) and the police do not keep data on domestic violence in a coordinated manner; therefore the monitoring of the incidence of violence against women in the domestic environment and partnership relations is rather limited.
■	According to estimates from NGOs which operate in the area of the prevention and elimination of the consequences of violence against women, the share of unreported violence in Slovenia, especially when it comes to violence in the domestic environment and partnership relations, is much higher than indicated by the official data.
• POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT •
Representation of female and male candidates for the National Assembly, by age groups, Slovenia, 2004
* © SURS 100-, - - - - - -
80—
60— - - - - - —
40—	----------—
20— - - - - - _
0_U------------
total up to 29 years 30-39	40-49	50-59	60+
age groups (years)
female candidates | | male candidates
Source: National Electoral Commission
■	The representation of women in political decision-making in Slovenia is far below the European average. Women in Slovenia are relatively rare in representative institutions (e.g. the National Assembly, the National Council) and this is perhaps even more the case in leading business positions. The number of male assistant professors and full professors at faculties is far higher than that of female assistant professors and full professors, although the student population is predominantly female.
■	In the 2006 local elections in Slovenia, women constituted 21.5% of municipal councillors (13.1% in 2002, 12.0% in 1998, and 10.8% in 1994).
■	In the 2004 general election, 1,395 candidates from 20 parties ran for 90 seats in Parliament.
■	Among all candidates, 24.9% were women (23.4% in 2000), and they were represented in all parties.
■	The share of women among deputies elected to Parliament was at its highest in 1990 (18.7%), and lowest in 1996 (7.8%); it reached 12.2% in 2004.
• DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF SOME BASIC CONCEPTS •
COEFFICIENT OF MASCULINITY for men in a certain calendar year is the ratio between the number of men and the number of women multiplied by 1,000.
COEFFICIENT OF FEMININITY for women in a certain calendar year is the ratio between the number of women and the number of men multiplied by 1,000.
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE is the average number of live born children per one woman in reproductive age (15-49 years) in the calendar year.
NEW CRONOS is a database of the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat).
DATABASE is a multi-user, formally defined and centrally controlled data collection. It provides a multitude of linked data which are stored in a computer system. Access is centralised and enabled with a database management system.
2002 census - Census of Population, Households and Housing, Slovenia, 2002
SRDAP - Statistical Register of Employment, which contains all persons in employment, irrespective of whether they are permanently or temporarily employed and whether they work full time or part time.
ZAP/M - Monthly Report on Earnings and Persons in Paid Employment in Enterprises, Companies and Organisations.
LIST OF COUNTRIES: NAMES AND THEIR ISO CODES (ISO 3166)
Name of country	ISO code
TOTAL EU-15	EU-	15
TOTAL EU-25	EU-	25
Austria	AT	
Belgium	BE	
Cyprus	CY	
Czech Republic	CZ	
Denmark	DK	
Estonia	EE	
Finland	FI	
France	FR	
Greece	GR	
Ireland	IE	
Iceland	IS	
Italy	IT	
Latvia	LV	
Lithuania	LT	
Luxembourg	LU	
Hungary	HU	
Malta	MT	
Germany	DE	
Netherlands	NL	
Norway	NO	
Poland	PL	
Portugal	PT	
Slovakia	SK	
Slovenia	SI	
Spain	ES	
Sweden	SE	
Switzerland	CH	
United Kingdom	UK	
OTATHTTgni
How to obtain statistical data and information?
•	on Statistical Office's website
www.stat.si
•	via mail, phone, fax or e-mail
address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
phone: +386 1 241 51 04 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 answering machine: +386 1 475 65 55 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si
•	by ordering statistical publications
address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
phone: +386 1 241 52 84 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 e-mail: prodaja.surs@gov.si
•	by visiting the Information Centre
office hours: Monday to Thursday from 9.00 to 15.30 Friday from 9.00 to 14.30